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HISTORY 


OF 


ARIZONA 


BY 

THOMAS  EDWIN  FARISH, 

ARIZONA  HISTORIAN 


VOLUME  V 


PHOENIX,  ARIZONA 
1918 


Copyrighted  1918, 

BY 

THOS.  EDWIN  FAEISH, 

ARIZONA    HISTORIAN 


The  Filmer  Brothers  Electrotype  Company 

Typographers  and  Stereotypees 

San   Francisco 


1714348 


LIST  OF  ILLUSTRATIONS. 


Steak's  Pass  by  Moonlight Frontispiece 

John  A.  Rush Facing  Page     31 

Philip  Drachman    Facing  Page     32 

Apache  Pass  from  Fort  Bowie Facing  Page  102 

First  Granite  Gorge,  Grand  Canyon Facing  Page  122 

James  White Facing  Page  144 

Maj.  J.  W.  Powell Facing  Page  169 

Chas.  a.  Shibell Facing  Page  318 

(iii) 


CONTENTS. 


VOLUME  V. 

CHAPTER  I. 

THE    FOURTH    LEGISLiATTIRE.  P^ 

Members  of— Message  of  Governor  McCormick— Report  of 
Territorial  Auditor — Memorials  to  Congress — Laws  Passed 
by  Legislature — Capital  Located  at  Tucson — McCormick 
Elected  Delegate  to  Congress— Boards  of  Supervisors  Au- 
thorized to  Create  School  District— Edward  J.  Cook,  Biog- 
raphy—John A.  Rush,  Biography— Philip  Drachman,  Biog- 
raphy     

CHAPTER  II. 

THE  FIFTH   LEGISLATURE. 

Convening  of  —  Governor's  Message  —  Memorials  —  Resolutions — 
Death  of  Henry  Jenkins— Murder  of  A.  M.  Erwin  by  In- 
(lians — Treasurer's  Estimate  of  Expenses — Contention  Be- 
tween Arizona  and  California  as  to  Boundary  Line — Appoint- 
ments by  Governor— Report  of  Territorial  Auditor— R-eport 
of   Territorial  Treasurer — Indebtedness  of   Territory 

CHAPTER  III. 

THE  FIFTH  LEGISLATURE   (Continued). 

Acts   Passed    by— Dancing    Licensed— Act    to    Establish    Public 

Schools— Text  of— Act  Locating  Territorial  Prison  at  or 

Near  Phoenix 

CHAPTER  IV. 

WHAT   CONGRESS   DID   FOR   ARIZONA. 

Collection  District  Proposed— Improvements  on  Colorado  River 
Indian  Reservation— Speech  of  Delegate  Bashford  Upon— 
Debate  Upon— Amendment  to  Postal  Bill— Delegate  Bash- 
ford's  Speech  Upon— Acts  of  Third,  Fourth  and  Fifth 
Legislatures  Legalized— Sixth  Legislature  Held  at  Tucson 

(V) 


33 


Vi  CONTENTS. 

CHAPTEE  V. 

EXPLORATIONS    AND    SURVEYS.  P 

Kansas  Pacific  Eailway's  Expedition  for  Southern  Railway  to 
Pacific  Coast— Story  of  by  William  A.  Bell— Fort  Bowie- 
Murders   by  and   Adventures  with  the  Indians 


100 


CHAPTER  VI. 
EXPLORATIONS  AND  SURVEYS  (Continued). 
Passage  Through  Grand  Canyon  of  James  White,  Prospector- 
Personnel  of  Prospecting  Party— Attacked  by  Indians- 
Part  of  Party  Killed— Making  of  Raft  by  White  and  One 
Companion— Voyage  Through  Canyon— White's  Companion 
Drowned— White  Continues  Alone— Experience  With  In- 
dians—Arrival  at   Callville 122 

CHAPTER  VII. 

EXPLORATIONS  AND  SURVEYS  (Continued), 
story  of  White's  Trip  Made  Official  U.  S.  Senate  Document- 
Article    by     Thomas    F.     Dawson — Statement    in     Rocky 
Mountain  Herald— White's  Own  Statement— Corroborative 
Evidence— White's  After  Life    144 

CHAPTER  VIII. 

EXPLORATIONS  AND  SURVEYS  (Continued). 
Major  Powell's  First  Exploration  of  the  Grand  Canyon — 
Cataract  Canyon— Description  of  Walls  of  Canyon— Three 
of  Party  Leave  and  Go  Overland — End  of  First  Explora- 
tion— Mormons — Approximate  Distance  by  River — Major 
Powell's  Second  Exploration  of  the  Grand  Canyon— White's 
Story  Branded  Fabrication  by  Dellenbaugh 


169 


CHAPTER  IX. 

THE    MILITARY. 

General  Mason's  Report— Different  Indian  Tribes— Forts  in 
Arizona — General  McDowell's  Report — Praise  for  Arizona 
Volunteers — Expeditions  Against  Indians — Conditions  in 
Arizona  by  Major-General  Halleck   183 

CHAPTER  X. 

THE  MILITARY  (Continued). 
Report  of  Colonel  .Tones,  Inspector — Remoteness  of  Arizona 
Bar  to  Frequent  Inspections — Recommends  Separate  Mili- 
tary District  for  Arizona  and  Concentration  of  Troops — 
Also  Recommends  More  and  Better  Buildings — General 
McDowell's  Remarks  on  Colonel  Jones'  Report — Statement 
of  Conditions   206 


CONTENTS.  Vll 

CHAPTER  XI. 

THE  MILITARY   (Continued).  page 

General  Orders  as  to  Location  of  Troops  in  Arizona— Remarks 
of  General  McDowell— Easy  Times  for  Government  Con- 
tractors—General Gregg  Orders  That  All  Indians  Off 
Reservations  be  Treated  as  Hostiles— Interference  With 
Order  by  Indian  Agent  Dent— General  Gregg's  Order 
Countermanded  by  General  McDowell— General  McDowell 
Criticised  by  Governor  McCormick— General  McDowell's 
Second  Annual  Report  —  Reports  Expeditions  Against 
the    Indians    236 

CHAPTER  XII. 

THE  MILITARY  (Continued). 
Major-General  Halleck's  Report  for  1867-68— Describes  Con- 
ditions in  Arizona— Urges  That  More  Troops  be  Sent  to 
Arizona— Expeditions  Against  Hostile  Indians— Frequent 
Desertions  of  Soldiers— Report  of  Brigadier-General 
Thomas  E.  Dcvin  of  Expedition  Against  the  Hostiles 261 

CHAPTER  XIII. 

INDIAN    TROUBLES. 

Attack  on  T.  Lambertson — Killing  of  Henry  Twaddle — Kill- 
ing of  Gonzales— Attack  on  LeRoy  Jay  and  William  Tre- 
han — Fight  With  Frenchmen  on  HassaVampa — Attacks  in 
and  Around  Wickenburg— Jackass  Smith— Expedition  of 
Lieut.  Cradlebaugh  Against  Indians— Jackson  McCracken's 
Plight— Killing  of  George  Bowers— Experience  of  "Jeff" 
Davis — Orick  Jackson  Describes  Conditions — Thomas  Thomp- 
son Hunter's  Description  of  Conditions — Hostilities  at  Fort 
Bowie— Killing  of  Commander  of  Post— Murder  of  Col.  Stone 
and  Escort — Duel  Between  Keeper  of  Station  and  One  of 
Cochise's  Band— Murder  of  Mail  Carrier  Fisher— Attack 
on  W.  A.  Smith  and  Companions — Depredations  Around 
Tucson— Camp  Grant  Massacre— Mrs.  Stephen's  Fight  With 
Indians — "Miner"  Editorial  on  Situation — W.  M  Saxton 
Killed    279 

CHAPTER  XIV. 
INDIAN  TROUBLES  (Continued). 
Indian  Question  not  Solved — General  Mason  Succeeded  by 
Colonel  Wallen  and  Colonel  Lovell— General  Gregg  and 
General  Crittenden  Succeed  Colonels  Wallen  and  Lovell — 
Arizona  Declared  Military  District  by  General  Halleck— 
General  McDowell  Makes  Visit  to  Arizona— Raids  and 
Massacres     Continue — Expedition     by     General     Gregg At- 


Vlll  CONTENTS. 


PAGE 

tack  on  Miller's  Ranch — Bravery  of  Mrs.  Miller — A.  M. 
Erwin,  Member  of  Legislature,  Killed  by  Indians — General 
Ord  Succeeds  General  McDowell — Charles  Spencer  and 
Party  Attacked  by  Indians — Expedition  by  General  Alex- 
ander— La  Paz  Threatened  by  Indians — Attack  Upon 
Joseph  Melvin  and  J.  P.  Gibson — Josiah  Whitcomb 
and  Party  Attacked  by  Indians — George  D.  Bowers 
and  Party  Attacked,  Bowers  Killed — Begole  and  Thompson 
Attacked,  Thompson  Killed— Fight  at  Burnt  Ranch — Jake 
Miller  Kills  Indian  Chief  and  Saves  Ranch  and  Stock — 
E.  A.  Bentley,  Editor  and  Proprietor  of  "Miner"  Ivilled  by 
Indians — Murders  and  Raids  in  Southern  Part  of  Arizona 
Detailed  by  Charles  A.  Shibell — Sol  Barth's  Experience 
With  Cochise 297 

CHAPTER  XV. 

PROGRESS    OF    THE    TERRITORY. 

Building  Boom  in  Tucson — Leading  Merchants — Indian  Raids — 
A.  J.  Doran's  Experience  With  Pah-Utes — Loyalty  of  In- 
dians— Biography  of  J.  W.  Sullivan — His  Early  Experiences 
in  the  Territory — Biography  of  John  H.  Marion 327 


HISTORY  OF  ARIZONA. 

VOLUME  V. 


HISTORY  OF  ARIZONA. 


CHAPTER  I. 

THE  FOURTH  LEGISLATURE. 

Members  of — Message  of  Governor  McCormick 
— Report  of  Territorial  Auditor — Memo- 
rials to  Congress — Laws  Passed  by  Legis- 
lature— Capital  Located  at  Tucson — Mc- 
Cormick Elected  Delegate  to  Congress — 
Boards  of  Supervisors  Authorized  to  Cre- 
ate School  District  —  Edward  J.  Cook, 
Biography — John  A.  Rush,  Biography — 
Philip  Drachman,  Biography. 

The  Fourth  Territorial  Legislative  Assembly 
convened  at  Prescott  on  the  4th  day  of  Septem- 
ber, and  ended  on  the  7th  day  of  October,  1867. 
The  following  were  the  members  of  the  Council 
and  the  House  of  Representatives : 


COUNCIL. 

Name, 

Residence 

Occupation. 

Age.  Where  Born. 

(Yavapai  County) 
John  W.  Simmons, 
Daniel  S.  Lount, 
Lewis  A.  Stevens, 

Prescott, 
Agua  Caliente, 
Prescott, 

Farmer, 

Miner, 

Farmer, 

56  Tennessee. 
47  Canada   West. 
52  Mississippi. 

(Mohave  County) 
William  H.  Hardy, 

Hardyville, 

Merchant, 

45  New  York. 

(Pah-TUe  County) 
Octavius  D.  Gass, 

Callville, 

Ranchero,. 

39  Ohio. 

(Yuma  County) 
Alexander  McKey, 

La  Paz, 

Miner, 

40  Kentucky. 

(Pima   County) 
Daniel  H.  Stiekney, 
Mortimer  R.  Platt, 
Henry  Jenkins, 

,  Tucson, 
Tucson, 
Tubac, 

Merchant, 

Lawyer, 

Lawyer, 

55  Massachusetts. 
31  New  York. 
55  New  York. 

V— 1 

(1) 

HISTORY   OF   ARIZONA. 


HOUSE   OF  BEPEESENTATIVES. 


Name. 

Residence.         Occupation.  Age. 

Where  Born 

(Yavapai  County) 

James  S.  Giles, 

Prescott, 

Farmer, 

31 

Delaware. 

John  A.  Eush, 

Prescott, 

Lawyer, 

48 

Missouri. 

John  H.  Matthews, 

Kirkland  Valley, 

,   Farmer, 

47 

Alabama. 

Edward  J.  Cook, 

Prescott, 

Merchant, 

42 

Alabama. 

Andrew  Cullumber, 

Walnut  Grove, 

Farmer, 

52 

Ohio. 

John  T.  Dare, 

Prescott, 

Printer, 

26  New  York. 

(Mohave  County) 

Nathaniel  S.  Lewis, 

Hardyville, 

Miner, 

37 

Indiana. 

(Pah-Ute  County) 

Royal  J.  Cutler, 

St.  Joseph, 

Farmer, 

39 

New  York. 

(Yuma  County) 

Oliver  Lindsey, 

La  Paz, 

Farmer, 

32 

New  York. 

G.  W.  Hanford, 

Eureka, 

Miner, 

New  York. 

John  Henion, 

Williams  Fork, 

Miner, 

(Pima    County) 

Charles  W.  Lewis, 

Tubac, 

Farmer, 

40 

Virginia. 

John  B.  Allen, 

Tucson, 

Merchant, 

49 

Maine. 

Marvin  M.  Richardson, 

Tubac, 

Merchant, 

41 

New  York. 

Underwood  C.  Barnett, 

Tucson, 

Farmer, 

35 

Arkansas. 

Francis  M.  Hodges, 

Tucson, 

Merchant, 

29 

Missouri. 

Solomon  W.  Chambers, 

Calabazas, 

Farmer, 

45 

Ohio. 

Philip  Drachman, 

Tucson, 

Merchant, 

37 

Poland. 

All  the  members  of  the  Council  attended,  but 
G.  W.  Hanford  and  John  Henion,  elected  from 
Yuma  County  as  Representatives,  failed  to  put 
in  an  appearance. 

The  Legislature  organized  by  the  election  of 
Octavius  D.  Gass,  of  Pah-Ute  County,  as  Presi- 
dent, and  Almon  Gage,  as  Secretary  of  the  Coun- 
cil, and  Oliver  Lindsey,  of  Yuma  County,  as 
Speaker,  and  Follett  G.  Christie  as  Chief  Clerk 
of  the  House. 

In  his  message  to  the  Legislature  Governor 
McCormick  called  attention  to  the  fact  that  the 
Wallapais,  the  Pah-Utes,  and  a  portion  of  the 
Yavapais  were  on  the  warpath,  and  that  it  was 
necessary  that  additional  forces  should  be  sent  to 
the  Territory.     He  also  urged  a  separate  mili- 


THE  FOURTH   LEGISLATURE.  O 

tary  department  for  the  Territory.  In  this  con- 
nection he  said : 

''The  system  of  small,  temporary  posts,  by 
which  at  least  one-half  the  troops  in  the  Terri- 
tory are  now  rendered  unavailable,  will  doubt- 
less be  set  aside ;  a  few  forts  will  be  established 
at  points  chosen  by  those  familiar  with  the  dis- 
tricts, from  actual  observation,  from  which 
troops  can  be  hurled  in  force  against  any  part 
of  the  Indian  country  and  kept  there  until  the 
end  sought  is  fully  attained ;  co-operative  move- 
ments will  be  made  from  various  parts  of  the 
Territory ;  raiding  parties  will  be  promptly  fol- 
lowed to  their  retreats  however  remote,  and  the 
service  instead  of  being  so  generally  irksome 
and  profitless  as  to  provoke  even  good  soldiers 
to  desertion,  will  have  the  fascination  which 
always  attends  formidable  and  successful  mili- 
tary movements. 

"It  has  lately  been  alleged  abroad  that  Ari- 
zona is  a  vortex  into  which  the  greater  portion 
of  the  available  military  material  upon  the 
Pacific  Coast  disappears.  Taking  into  consid- 
eration the  vast  extent  of  the  country,  and  the 
agility  of  the  hostile  Indians,  the  number  of 
troops  now  here  is  comparatively  small,  amount- 
ing in  the  district  of  Prescott,  to  less  than  one 
man  to  one  hundred  square  miles.  If  the  Terri- 
tory is  in  any  sense  a  vortex  it  has  been  made  so 
through  the  unfortunate  system  to  which  I  have 
referred,  and  against  a  continuation  of  which 
economy  and  reason  most  earnestly  protest. 
Yet  with  the  greatly  increased  efficiency  of  the 
troops  already  here,  which  must  come  should  the 
Territory  be  made  a  distinct  Department,  some 


4  HISTORY   OF   ARIZONA. 

addition  to  the  force  will  be  required  in  order 
to  secure  the  early  attainment  of  peace,  and,  in 
accordance  with  the  popular  wish,  I  have  lately 
made  a  vigorous  appeal  to  the  Department  com- 
mander for  more  regulars,  and  also  renewed  my 
application  to  the  War  Department  (based 
upon  the  memorial  of  the  Second  Assembly), 
for  authority  to  raise  a  regiment  of  Territorial 
volunteers  to  serve  for  the  term  of  two  years. 

''An  Act  of  Congress  adopted  at  the  late  spe- 
cial session  (in  July)  provides  a  commission  to 
select  permanent  reservations  for  all  the  Indian 
tribes  now  occupying  the  Territories  east  of  the 
Rocky  Mountains,  and  if  said  Indians  fail  to 
remove  to  the  reservations  the  Secretary  of  War 
is  authorized  to  accept  the  services  of  mounted 
volunteers  from  the  Governors  of  the  several 
States  and  Territories,  not  exceeding  four  thou- 
sand men  in  number ;  and  for  such  term  of  ser- 
vice as  in  his  judgment  may  be  necessary  for  the 
suppression  of  Indian  hostilities. 

"I  do  not  understand  that  this  law  is  appli- 
cable to  Arizona,  although  our  necessity  is,  and 
I  venture  to  say  will  be  much  greater  than  that 
of  any  of  the  Territories  east  of  the  Rocky 
Mountains;  and  I  think  it  will  not  be  difficult 
under  a  proper  representation  of  facts  by  you 
(through  our  Delegate  in  Congress)  to  have  its 
provisions  for  our  benefit.  I  will  not  here  en- 
ter into  an  argument  to  establish  the  advantage 
of  securing  a  native  regiment,  but  be  content 
with  the  assertion  that  while  highly  appreciating 
the  efficiency  of  the  regulars  in  the  battles 
named,  and  giving  them  all  deserved  credit,  I 
am  still  of  the  opinion  that  no  troops  can  begin 


THE   FOURTH    LEGISLATURE.  0 

to  cope  with  the  Apaches  and  other  hostile 
Indians  of  this  Territory  in  their  mountain  fast- 
nesses so  successfully  and  at  so  little  cost  as  the 
volunteers. 

"That  the  General  Government  will  listen  to 
our  reasonable  and  necessary  appeal  for  a  sepa- 
rate Department,  and  for  more  troops,  I  most 
sincerely  hope ;  for  with  affairs  as  they  now  exist 
here  and  have  existed  since  the  Territory  came 
under  the  American  flag,  'patience  has  ceased  to 
be  a  virtue.'  It  will  be  alike  unjust  to  the 
people  who  have  come  here  expecting  protec- 
tion, to  the  thousands  eager  to  settle  here,  to  the 
officers  sent  here  to  establish  civil  law  and  order, 
and  highly  discreditable  to  a  government  more 
able  than  ever  before  to  give  security  for  life 
and  property  to  all  its  citizens,  if  relief  is  not 
speedily  granted. 

''While  the  war  in  the  East  continued  it  was 
not  to  be  expected  that  much  attention  would  be 
given  to  the  frontier,  but  now  there  would  seem 
to  be  no  excuse  for  neglect  to  overcome  the  one 
great  barrier  to  our  prosperity,  unless,  as  it  is 
sometimes  asserted,  the  Government  does  not 
deem  the  country  worthy  of  occupation  and  de- 
velopment. Those  who  are  familiar  with  its 
rare  mineral  resources,  its  rich  fertile  valleys, 
its  unrivalled  pastoral  lands,  its  equable  and 
salutary  climate,  its  genial  skies,  and  all  its 
capabilities  and  possibilities,  taken  as  a  whole 
(notwithstanding  its  large  extent  of  desert  and 
mountain),  consider  the  assertion  absurd.  Ari- 
zona will  compare  favorably  in  all  respects  with 
any  of  the  mineral-bearing  Territories  of  the 
Union,  while  in  climate  it  possesses  a  decided 


b  HISTORY   OF   ARIZONA. 

advantage  over  all.  To  those  who  have  here 
found  homes  and  health,  who  are  endeared  to 
the  country  by  years  of  sacrifice  and  by  friend- 
ships here  formed,  whose  beloved  dead  here 
'sleep  the  sleep  that  knows  no  waking/  the 
hostility  of  a  few  thousands  of  abject  wild  men, 
but  a  single  remove  from  the  brute  creation,  who 
should  not  be  allowed  to  stay  the  march  of  civil- 
ization for  a  day,  and  who  if  properly  dealt  with 
would  melt  before  the  strong  arm  of  the  Govern- 
ment like  snow  beneath  the  noonday  sun,  is  alike 
repulsive  and  intolerable. 

''Whatever  the  conclusions  of  Congressional 
committees,  or  of  special  commissioners,  after 
hurried  and  superficial  visits  to  the  plains,  or  the 
theories  of  well  meaning  philanthropists,  to 
those  who  have  lived  among  the  Indians,  who 
have  dealt  with  them,  who  know  their  innate 
treachery,  who  are  familiar  with  their  barbarous 
deeds,  who  comprehend  their  low  nature  and  in- 
stincts, it  is  folly  to  talk  of  expecting  good  re- 
sults from  a  persuasive  policy.  The  Indian  of 
to-day,  whatever  he  may  have  been  in  the  past, 
is  not  to  be  bound  by  treaties,  annuities,  or  by 
favor  of  any  kind  unless  first  made  clearly  to 
understand  that  the  white  man  is  his  master, 
and  intends  to  be  such  for  all  time.  For  this 
reason  it  is  idle,  as  I  have  already  asserted,  'to 
talk  to  the  Apache  (or  to  any  hostile  Indian), 
of  reservations,  while  he  feels  any  security  for 
life  or  property  outside  of  them.'  Yet  at  the 
same  time,  so  far  from  urging  extermination 
which  is  supposed  by  many  to  be  the  war  cry  of 
all  Arizonians,  I  have  favored  reservations,  pro- 
vided the  Indians  placed  upon  them  can  and  will 


THE   FOURTH    LEGISLATURE.  i 

be  kept  there.  To  allow  them  to  go  and  come  at 
will  is  to  subsist  and  equip  them  for  robbery  and 
murder.  This  has  been  clearly  and  sadly  dem- 
onstrated. A  system  of  reservations  is  needed 
here  quite  as  much  as  in  the  Eastern  territories. 
'  One  Indian, '  as  a  competent  writer  upon  Indian 
affairs  asserts,  'requires  for  his  maintenance,  by 
his  methods  of  living,  as  much  territory  as  will 
support  a  thousand  men  who  live  by  civilized 
methods,  and  when  by  the  natural  flow  of  popu- 
lation, the  thousand  civilized  men  require  for 
their  homes  the  place  roamed  over  by  one 
Indian,  it  is  justice  to  all  men  that  he  should 
give  way. ' 

"He  must  do  so,  and  his  only  security  is  upon 
a  reservation,  where,  as  his  highest  motive  is  to 
get  something  to  eat  without  labor,  he  will  be 
well  accommodated,  and  in  time  may  be  taught 
habits  of  industry,  although  the  task  will  be  a 
difficult  one.  Excepting  those  long  since  pro- 
vided in  this  Territory  for  such  really  friendly 
tribes  as  the  Pimas  and  Maricopas,  there  is  but 
one  reservation,  that  at  Half  Way  Bend  upon 
the  Colorado  River  above  the  town  of  La  Paz, 
for  the  proper  preparation  of  which,  for  the  re- 
ception of  such  of  the  river  and  other  Indians 
disposed  to  peace  as  now  have  no  fixed  homes, 
an  appropriation  of  fifty  thousand  dollars  has 
been  made  by  Congress  and  is  now  being  ex- 
pended by  the  Indian  Superintendent,  who  also 
has  an  appropriation  this  year  of  seventy  thou- 
sand dollars  for  the  general  care  of  the  friendly 
Indians  throughout  the  Territory.  While  the 
reservation  upon  the  Colorado  will  probably  be 
sufficient  for  the  river  Indians  and  those  who 


8  HISTORY   OF   ARIZONA. 

may  be  forced  upon  it  from  the  country  between 
the  Colorado  and  the  Verde,  there  should  in  my 
judgment,  be  an  extensive  reservation  provided 
somewhere  in  the  eastern  portion  of  the  Terri- 
tory, perhaps  upon  the  upper  Gila,  for  such  of 
the  Apaches  as  may  sue  for  peace.  At  each  res- 
ervation there  should  be  a  sufficient  strength  of 
troops  to  make  escape  on  the  part  of  the  Indians 
an  utter  impossibility,  and  trade  and  inter- 
course by  the  whites,  if  allowed  at  all,  should  be 
guarded  by  regulations  calculated  to  prevent 
fraud  and  demoralization. ' ' 

In  regard  to  mines  and  mining.  Governor  Mc- 
Cormick  said : 

' '  The  appearance  of  sulphurets  in  many  of  the 
lodes  opened  in  Central  Arizona  necessitates  the 
provision  of  new  machinery  for  the  reduction 
and  separation  of  the  ores,  and  until  this  can  be 
supplied  most  of  our  quartz  mills  will  be  idle. 
Parties  who  have  made  tests  of  the  sulphurates, 
upon  a  small  scale,  pronounce  them  exceedingly 
rich  and  have  no  doubt  they  can  be  worked  in 
large  quantities  to  great  advantage."  He  also 
said: 

"Operations  upon  the  copper  mines  at  Will- 
iams' Fork,  which  have  been  generally  sus- 
pended during  the  summer  owing  to  the  remark- 
ably low  price  of  copper  and  for  other  reasons, 
will,  I  am  informed,  be  renewed  upon  a  large 
scale  during  the  present  fall  and  ensuing  winter. 

"In  Southern  Arizona  the  Indian  disturb- 
ances and  other  causes,  as  here,  have  to  a  great 
degree  interrupted  operations  in  the  mines,  but 
their  owners  have  not  lost  confidence  in  their 


THE   FOURTH   LEGISLATURE.  if 

wealth,  and  are  eager  to  proceed  in  their  de- 
velopment at  the  earliest  practicable  moment. 

''The  proposed  opening  of  the  port  of  Lib- 
ertad,  in  Sonora,  will,  it  is  believed,  render  the 
shipping  of  copper  ore  from  Southern  Arizona 
a  profitable  enterprise,  and  otherwise  prove  a 
source  of  great  advantage  to  the  people  of  that 
part  of  the  Territory  who  cherish  a  lively  hope 
that  the  government,  having  extended  its  lines 
upon  the  north,  will  take  measures  to  acquire  a 
portion  of  Sonora,  at  least  sufficient  to  bring  the 
ports  of  Libertad  and  Guaymas  under  the 
American  flag ;  an  acquisition  of  territory  likely 
to  prove  far  more  profitable  to  the  Union  than 
that  recently  secured,  and  absolutely  essential 
to  the  proper  development  of  a  large  and  impor- 
tant part  of  Arizona." 

The  Governor  made  the  following  reference 
to  agriculture  in  the  Territory : 

"In  the  face  of  all  the  annoyances  from  the 
Indians  experienced  during  the  present  season 
by  our  ranchmen,  they  have,  with  few  excep- 
tions, the  promise  of  large  and  excellent  crops. 
It  is  found  that  the  land  improves  by  cultiva- 
tion, and  that  the  soil  in  most  of  the  valleys  is 
of  the  richest  character.  Indian  corn  grows 
luxuriantly,  and  it  is  estimated  that  more  will 
be  produced  in  this  military  district  this  year 
than  will  be  required  for  the  use  of  the  troops 
and  the  citizens.  Contracts  to  supply  the  Gov- 
ernment have  lately  been  let  at  prices  less  than 
those  paid  but  a  year  since  for  the  transporta- 
tion of  grain  from  California. 

"The  fine  farming  valleys  below  the  Gila  are 
more  productive  than  ever  before,   and   it  is 


10  HISTORY   OF   ARIZONA. 

clearly  shown  that  not  only  corn  and  small  grain, 
but  fruits  and  vegetables  of  all  kinds,  will  thrive 
in  many  parts  of  the  Territory — Avhile  in  sev- 
eral localities,  cotton  and  tobacco  have  been 
raised  with  much  success.  Although  discon- 
nected and  generally  in  small  parcels,  the  agri- 
cultural lands  of  the  Territory,  in  the  aggregate, 
amount  to  a  large  area,  unusually  large  and 
fertile  for  what  is  commonly  called  a  desert 
country. 

' '  Their  general  cultivation,  and  the  use  of  the 
extensive  grazing  lands,  (abounding  in  grasses, 
nutritious  at  all  seasons,)  which  is  only  delayed 
by  the  insecurity  of  life  and  property,  must, 
whenever  practicable,  so  reduce  the  cost  of  living 
here  as  to  make  the  Territory  one  of  the  most 
attractive  upon  the  Pacific  slope,  and  gTeatly 
facilitate  all  business  pursuits. 

"It  has  been  Avell  said,  'He  who  cultivates  the 
land  the  best  is  likely  to  defend  it  the  best,'  and 
I  look  upon  the  care  and  enthusiasm  with  which 
our  farmers  follow  their  honorable  and  useful 
calling,  (one  of  vital  importance  in  connection 
with  mining,)  in  constant  risk  and  exposure,  as 
the  most  hopeful  feature  in  the  present  state  of 
the  Territory." 

The  Governor  stated  that  there  had  been  a 
very  marked  and  gratifying  improvement  in  the 
mail  service  in  the  Territory  since  the  adjourn- 
ment of  the  last  Legislature;  that  service  be- 
tween San  Bernardino  and  Prescott,  and  be- 
tween Salt  Lake  and  Callville  and  Arizona  City 
had  been  increased  to  a  semi-weekly  service; 
that  the  Overland,  from  the  Eio  Grande  to  the 
Pacific,  via  Tucson,  had  been  re-established,  and 


THE   FOURTH   LEGISLATURE.  11 

weekly  service  given,  which  was  to  be  increased 
to  three  services  a  week  in  coaches,  which,  as  the 
Governor  said,  "will  afford  the  people  of  South- 
ern Arizona  a  great  accommodation,  and  prove 
advantageous  to  the  whole  Territory."  He 
recommended  also  an  increase  in  the  mail  ser- 
vice to  other  points. 

In  reference  to  the  public  schools,  he  said: 

"In  the  opinion  of  many  of  the  people  the 
time  has  come  for  some  definite  and  liberal  pro- 
vision for  the  establishment  and  maintenance 
of  public  schools  in  the  Territory.  In  the 
larger  settlements  there  are  numerous  children, 
and  the  thought  of  permitting  them  to  grow  up 
in  ignorance  is  not  to  be  tolerated,  while  to  sus- 
tain private  schools  is  an  expense  which  in  most 
cases  the  parents  cannot  afford.  Section  11, 
Chapter  XXIII,  of  the  Code  of  the  Territory 
provides  as  follows : 

"  'Sec.  11.  As  soon  as  there  shall  have  ac- 
cumulated sufficient  funds,  and  a  necessity 
exists  therefor,  the  Legislature  shall  provide 
for  a  system  of  common  school  education,  at  the 
public  expense,  and  may  at  any  time  authorize 
a  tax  to  be  levied  by  school  districts  for  the  sup- 
port of  schools,  until  such  system  of  common 
school  education  shall  be  established.' 

"The  First  Assembly,  by  Act  approved 
November  7th,  1864,  appropriated  a  small  sum 
for  public  schools  in  the  towns  of  Prescott,  Tuc- 
son, La  Paz,  and  Mohave  City,  to  be  void  and 
of  no  effect  unless  said  towns,  by  taxation, 
appropriation  or  individual  enterprise,  in  each 
case  furnished  a  like  sum  of  money. 


12  HISTOKY   OF   ARIZONA. 

''If  I  am  correctly  informed  none  of  the 
towns  have  complied  with  this  requirement,  and 
the  funds  of  the  Territory  have  not  been  used. 
The  sums,  however,  are  insufficient  to  be  of 
more  than  temporary  benefit  and  sufficient 
funds  have  not  yet  accumulated,  as  required 
by  the  section  of  the  Code  referred  to,  to  sup- 
port a  system  of  common  school  education,  yet 
I  think  the  popular  sentiment  will  heartily  sus- 
tain you  in  providing  such  a  system  and  in 
authorizing  the  counties  to  levy  a  reasonable 
special  tax  for  its  support,  according  to  the 
judgment  of  their  Supervisors." 

Speaking  of  the  courts,  the  Governor  said : 

"Civil  law  and  order  reign  throughout  the 
Territory  to  a  gratifying  degree.  The  Courts 
are  all  well  organized,  and  criminals  are 
promptly  arrested  and  punished,  although  here, 
as  everywhere  upon  the  frontier  there  are  those 
who  forget  that  'liberty  consists  in  the  power  of 
doing  that  which  is  permitted  by  the  law,'  who 
justify  personal  redress  for  wrongs  and  allow 
sympathy  rather  than  evidence  to  control  their 
judgment.  This  class  is  not  large,  however, 
and  will  diminish  with  every  year  as  our  popu- 
lation increases,  and  the  importance  of  main- 
taining the  dignity  of  the  law  under  all  circum- 
stances is  better  understood. 

"In  Yavapai  County  a  substantial  jail  is  in 
process  of  construction,  and  steps  have  been 
taken  for  the  erection  of  similar  buildings  in 
other  counties,  but  as  it  will  be  some  time  before 
they  are  fitted  for  use,  it  has  been  suggested 
to  me,  and  I  give  you  the  suggestion,  that  it 
will  be  wise  for  your  honorable  bodies  to  enact 


THE   FOURTH   LEGISLATURE.  13 

a  law  authorizing  the  Sheriffs  of  the  respective 
counties  to  employ  or  cause  to  be  employed,  all 
able  bodied  male  prisoners  as  laborers  upon  the 
roads,  or  in  such  public  works  as  may  be  most 
required.  This  is  the  custom  in  many  States 
and  Territories,  even  where  the  jail  accommo- 
dations are  ample,  and  it  has  been  found  to  con- 
duce both  to  the  health  of  the  prisoners  and  to 
the  accomplishment  of  much  useful  labor. ' ' 

He  called  the  attention  of  the  Legislature  to 
an  Act  of  Congress,  approved  January  22,  1867, 
appropriating  the  net  proceeds  of  the  Internal 
Eevenue  for  the  year  1866,  and  up  to  1868,  in- 
clusive, for  the  purpose  of  erecting  under  the 
direction  of  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior,  peni- 
tentiary buildings  at  such  places  as  should  be 
designated  by  the  Legislatures  of  the  Terri- 
tories, and  approved  by  the  Secretary  of  the 
Interior.  The  sum  appropriated  for  use  in 
Arizona  w^as  limited  to  the  sum  of  forty  thou- 
sand dollars.  The  Governor  recommended 
that  the  site  should  be  selected  at  this  session 
of  the  Legislature  and  that  work  should  begin 
on  the  Territorial  Prison. 

The  Governor  further  reported  that  two  of 
the  most  important  federal  offices  in  the  Terri- 
tory were  unoccupied  much  of  the  time  because 
of  the  wholly  inadequate  compensation  allowed 
their  incumbents  by  Congress,  the  offices  being 
those  of  Marshal  'and  District  Attorney  and 
suggested  that  the  Legislature  should  petition 
Congress  to  make  the  salaries  of  such  offices 
such  that  their  occupants  could  hold  them  with- 
out personal  sacrifice,  and  give  the  proper  time 
and  attention  to  the  important  duties  required. 


14  HISTORY   OF   ARIZONA. 

In  reference  to  the  finances  of  the  Territory, 
he  stated  that  the  total  Territorial  indebtedness 
amounted  to  twenty-eight  thousand,  three  hun- 
dred and  seventy-five  dollars  ($28,375)  in  na- 
tional currency;  that  nine  thousand  dollars  of 
the  gold  bonds  issued  under  the  authority  of  the 
First  Legislature,  would  become  due  during  the 
ensuing  year  and  that  provision  should  be  made 
for  their  payment. 

The  report  of  the  Territorial  Auditor  was 
submitted  to  the  Legislature,  and  is  as  follows : 

"Prescott,  September  7th,  1867. 
"To    the    Honorable    the    Fourth    Legislative 
Assembly : 

"In  accordance  with  the  provisions  of  Chap- 
ter 20,  Howell  Code,  I  respectfully  submit  my 
report  of  the  accounts  audited,  and  of  the  war- 
rants issued  by  me,  in  payment  of  said  accounts, 
since  November,  1866,  to  the  present  date. 

"I  have,  since  the  first  day  of  November, 
1866,  audited  the  claims  as  per  list  appended 
hereto,  amounting  in  all,  to  three  thousand  and 
ninety- three  dollars  and  one  cent,  ($3,093.01) 
for  which  I  have  issued  warrants  on  the  general 
fund. 

"The  Territorial  Treasurer,  on  the  2d  of 
August,  rendered  me  a  statement  of  the  money 
and  other  Territorial  securities  received  by  him 
in  payment  for  taxes,  and  of  the  disbursements 
made  by  him  from  the  date  of  his  last  settle- 
ment with  the  Board  of  Territorial  Commis- 
sioners, a  copy  of  which  I  hereto  append. 

"Sec.  V  of  the  Act  to  provide  for  the  expense 
of  Arizona  Territory,  approved  October  30th, 


THE   FOURTH   LEGISLATITRE.  15 

1'866,  authorizes  the  Sheriff  or  Collector,  to  re- 
ceive warrants  drawn  by  the  Auditor,  in  pay- 
ment of  taxes,  fines,  etc.,  due  the  Territory  at 
par,  and  that  such  shall  be  received  by  the  Treas- 
urer in  settlement  with  the  Sheriff  or  Collector. 

"I  respectfully  suggest  as  an  act  of  justice 
to  all  parties,  that  Sec.  V.  of  the  above  act  be 
repealed  and  an  act  passed  that  warrants  be 
paid  by  the  Territorial  Treasurer  only,  and  in 
the  order  in  which  they  are  drawn  by  the 
Auditor. 

"I  am,  with  much  respect, 

"Your  Obedient  Servant, 

"JAMES  GRANT,  Auditor." 

Congress  was  memorialized  to  allow  the  Gov- 
ernor of  the  Territory  to  raise  a  regiment  of 
volunteer  troops;  to  increase  the  jurisdiction 
of  Justices  of  the  Peace  from  one  hundred  to 
three  hundred  dollars ;  to  allow  duties  to  be  paid 
in  currency  instead  of  in  gold,  alleging  that  it 
cost  from  five  to  ten  per  cent  to  bring  in  gold 
from  California  according  to  the  distance;  pro- 
testing against  the  annexation  of  any  portion 
of  Arizona  to  the  State  of  Nevada,  and  also 
memorializing  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  as 
follows : 

"To  the  Hon.  Hugh  McCuUoch,  Secretary  of 
the  Treasury: 

"Sir: — Your  'memorialists,  the  Legislative 
Assembly  of  the  Territory  of  Arizona,  respect- 
fully represent  that  the  sums  enumerated  be- 
low have  been  assumed  by  the  Territory  of 
Arizona  as  shown  by  the  accounts  of  the  Terri- 
torial Treasurer : 


16  HISTORY   OF   ARIZONA. 

*'To  William  T.  Howell  for  preparing 
a  Code  of  laws  for  the  Terri- 
tory   $2,500.00 

''E.  A.  Bentley  for  printing  said 

Code   2,994.75 

"William  T.  Howell  for  reading 

proof  of  said  Code 250.00 

"T.  A.  Hand  for  printing  Gov- 
ernor's Message,  journals, 
rules,  &c.,  of  First  Legis- 
lature    1,121.00 

"E.  A.  Bentley  for  printing  Code 
and  Acts  of  the  Territory 
in  the  Arizona  Miner  news- 
paper    $1,747.00 

"R.  C.  McCormick  for  amount 
paid  for  enrolling  bills  passed 
by  the  First  Legislature 850.62 

"R.  C.  McCormick  for  amount 
paid  P.  H.  Dunne  for  com- 
position, press  work,  paper 
and  binding  Governor's  mes- 
sage (1864)  and  compendium 
of  laws  of  the  First  Legis- 
lative Assembly  in  Spanish.  .       950.00 

"Making  a  total  of: $10,413.37 

"Ten  thousand  four  hundred  and  thirteen 
37/100  dollars,  all  of  which  your  memorialists 
believe  should,  under  the  provisions  of  the 
Organic  Act,  and  according  to  the  custom  of 
the  Government  in  regard  to  other  Territories, 
be  paid  out  of  the  United  States  Treasury. 

"Your  memorialists  further  represent  that 
the  population  of  the  Territory  is  so  small,  that 


THE   FOURTH    LEGISLATURE.  17 

the  Territory  is  now  in  debt  with  increasing 
expenses,  that  in  no  year  since  the  organization 
of  the  Territory  has  the  appropriation  allowed 
by  Congress  been  consumed,  and  that  they 
therefore  most  respectfully  and  confidently  ask 
that  the  amount  of  ten  thousand  four  hundred 
and  thirteen  and  37/100  dollars  be  allowed  the 
Territory  of  Arizona  from  the  United  States 
Treasury  for  the  payment  of  the  accounts 
aforesaid.  Therefore : 

"Resolved,  that  the  Secretary  of  the  Terri- 
tory, the  Hon.  J.  P.  T.  Carter,  is  hereby  re- 
quested to  transmit  a  copy  of  this  memorial  to 
the  Hon.  Hugh  McCulloch,  Secretary  of  the 
Treasury,  and  to  use  all  honorable  means  in  his 
power  to  have  the  amount  aforesaid,  allow^ed 
the  Territory  of  Arizona. 

"Approved  October  5,  1867." 

This  Legislature  also  memorialized  Congress 
for  an  increase  in  pay  of  the  members  and  offi- 
cers of  the  Legislative  Assembly,  asking  an  in- 
crease from  three  to  six  dollars  for  the  per 
diem  of  the  legislators;  for  an  appropriation 
for  the  construction  of  military  roads,  and  wells 
upon  the  same,  and  that  the  Quartermasters  at 
the  several  military  posts  in  the  Territory,  be 
authorized  to  purchase  supplies  in  the  open 
market. 

Among  the  concurrent  resolutions  was  one  as 
follows : 

"Whereas,  the  people  of  the  United  States, 
and  particularly  those  of  the  frontier  terri- 
tories, occupied  by  hostile  Indians,  have  been 
given  an  implied,  if  not  an  expressed,  assur- 

V— 2 


18  HISTORY   OF   ARIZONA. 

ance  by  the  Government  that  the  army  should 
protect  them,  and  their  property,  while  strug- 
gling against  the  difficulties  and  dangers,  and 
enduring  the  privations  incident  to  the  settle- 
ment and  development  of  new  countries;  and 
whenever  an  officer  of  any  rank  in  the  military 
service  fails  to  carry  out  whatever  is  necessary 
to  this  object,  either  from  inability  to  compre- 
hend the  situation,  from  mistaken  s>Tiipathy 
with  the  savage,  from  a  disposition  to  arbi- 
trary use  of  power,  from  a  lack  of  definite 
policy,  or  from  any  motive  or  for  any  cause 
whatever,  it  is  then  the  right  of  the  people  to 
petition  for  relief,  and  it  is  therefore 

"Resolved,  by  the  House  of  Eepresentatives, 
the  Council  concurring,  that  we  do  earnestly  re- 
quest that  the  Territory  of  Arizona  be  removed 
from  under  the  command  of  the  present  De- 
partment Commander,  Brevet  Major  General 
Irwin  McDowell,  and  made  into  a  separate  De- 
partment, with  the  commanding  officer  residing 
within  its  limits,  and  reporting  directly  to 
Major  General  Halleck,  commanding  the  Divi- 
sion of  the  Pacific. 

"Resolved,  that  in  our  present  District  Com- 
manders, Generals  Gregg  and  Crittenden, 
Colonels  Lovell,  Sanford  and  Price,  and  their 
subordinates,  we  recognize  officers  of  ability, 
energy  and  the  right  disposition,  whose  com- 
bined movements  against  the  hostile  Indians 
will  speedily  rid  us  of  the  incubus  which  clogs 
and  paralyzes  every  enterprise  here,  if  they  are 
directed  by  a  comjpetent  commander  upon  the 
ground,  familiar  with  the  movements  of  the 
Indians,  and  prompt  to  take  advantage  of  the 


THE   FOURTH    LEGISLATURE.  19 

same,  as  well  as  to  see  that  the  troops  are  prop- 
erly supplied,  the  posts  advantageously  located, 
and  to  secure  such  additional  force  as  may  from 
time  to  time  be  required. 

"Resolved,  that  the  Secretary  of  the  Terri- 
tory is  hereby  requested  to  forward  a  copy  of 
these  resolutions,  with  a  copy  of  the  message 
of  the  Governor,  to  the  Secretary  of  War,  to 
Generals  Grant,  Halleck  and  McDowell,  to  our 
Delegate  in  Congress,  and  to  each  of  the  Sen- 
ators and  Members  of  Congress  from  the 
Pacific  Coast." 

This  resolution  was  probably  the  outgrowth 
of  a  misunderstanding,  or,  rather,  quarrel,  be- 
tween the  Executive  and  General  McDowell, 
which  will  be  treated  of  further  as  this  history 
progresses. 

There  was  some  opposition  to  this  resolution, 
coming  principally  from  Yavapai  members, 
who,  no  doubt,  had  no  very  kindly  feeling 
toward  the  Governor  on  account  of  the  part  he 
had  taken  in  removing  the  capital  to  Tucson, 
for  at  that  time,  in  Arizona  particularly,  pros- 
perity followed  the  flag  that  waved  over  the 
capital.  Here  contracts  were  made  by  the  Gov- 
ernment, and  nice  fat  contracts  handed  around 
to  the  faithful.  Along  these  lines,  to  show  the 
feeling  against  the  Governor,  I  copy  the  follow- 
ing report  of  the  select  committee  concerning 
the  financial  condition  of  the  Territory,  of 
which  Mr.  Giles  of  Yavapai  was  chairman. 
This  report  is  found  upon  page  101  of  the  Jour- 
nal of  the  Fourth  Legislative  Assembly,  and  is 
as  follows: 


20  HISTORY   OF   ARIZONA. 

"Your  coinmittee  to  whom  was  referred  the 
subject  matter  contained  in  the  resolution 
passed  by  the  House  on  the  12th  inst.,  appoint- 
ing a  select  committee  of  five  to  examine  into 
the  financial  aifairs  of  the  Territory.  To  ascer- 
tain the  total  indebtedness  of  the  Territory — 
what  bonds  or  other  evidences  of  indebtedness 
have  been  issued  from  the  organization  of  the 
Territory  up  to  the  present  time,  for  what  pur- 
pose, and  by  what  authority,  etc.,  beg  leave  to 
report  that  they  have  performed  the  duty  as- 
signed them  and  find  the  total  indebtedness  of 
the  Territory  to  be  twenty-eight  thousand,  three 
hundred  and  seventy-five  dollars  in  currency. 
Your  committee  find  that  gold  bonds  to  the 
amount  of  fifteen  thousand  dollars,  bearing  in- 
terest at  the  rate  of  ten  per  cent  per  annum, 
payable  in  three  years  from  date  of  issuance, 
principal  and  interest  payable  in  gold  coin,  have 
been  issued  by  the  Territorial  Treasurer  in  liqui- 
dation of  warrants  drawn  upon  him  by  the 
Territorial  Auditors,  and  that  there  are  now 
outstanding  warrants  covering  the  balance  of 
the  Territorial  indebtedness. 

"Your  committee  find  on  examination  that 
Territorial  warrants,  drawn  on  the  Territorial 
Treasurer  to  the  amount  of  six  thousand  four 
hundred  and  ninety-seven  nineteen  one-hun- 
dredths  ($6,497.19)  dollars,  have  been  issued 
to  Coles  Bashford  as  Attorney-General  of  the 
Territory;  and  that  the  following  Territorial 
gold  bonds  bearing  interest,  the  interest  payable 
annually,  has  been  paid  to  said  Coles  Bashford 
as    Attorney-General    as    salary  and   traveling 


THE   FOURTH   LEGISLATURE.  21 

expenses  in  part  satisfaction  of  said  warrants, 
to- wit:  Bonds  number  74,  75,  76,  77,  78,  79,  80, 
81,  82,  83,  84,  85,  86,  87,  88,  89,  90,  91,  92,  93,  94, 
95,  96.  The  interest  on  which  has  been  paid  to 
August  15,  1867. 

"Also  bonds  numbers  107,  108,  109,  110,  111, 
112,  113,  114,  115,  116,  117,  118,  119,  120,  121, 
122,  123,  124,  125,  126,  127,  128,  129,  130,  131, 
132,  133,  134.  The  interest  on  which  has  been 
paid  to  August  15,  1866.  Also  bonds  numbers 
141,  142,  143,  144,  145,  146,  147,  148,  149,  150. 
The  interest  on  which  has  been  paid  to  August 
15th,  1867.  Amounting  in  the  aggregate  to 
three  thousand  one  hundred  and  fifty  dollars, 
and  the  said  Coles  Bashf  ord  now  holds,  if  he  has 
not  transferred  the  same,  warrants  numbers  31, 
42,  51,  52,  55,  105,  106,  amomiting  to  three  thou- 
sand three  hundred  and  forty  seven  nineteen 
one-hundredths  dollars  (3,347.19).  Your  Com- 
mittee find  that  Coles  Bashford  was  first  ap- 
pointed Attorney-General  for  the  Territory  by 
Governor  Goodwin  on  February  1st,  1864,  and 
for  said  appointment  your  committee  are  un- 
able to  find  any  law.  The  Organic  Act  nowhere 
furnishes  the  authority,  and  if  done  under 
Chapter  sixteen  of  the  laws  of  New  Mexico, 
creating  the  office  of  Attorney- General,  ap- 
proved February  2,  1859,  your  committee  be- 
lieve it  was  illegal,  for  that  act  was  amended  by 
an  act  passed  by  the  Legislature  of  said  Terri- 
tory, approved  February  28th,  1862,  and  by  an 
act  passed  by  said  Legislature  approved  Janu- 
ary 28th,  1863.  Thereby  circumscribing  the 
duties  of  Attorney-General  for  the  Territory  of 
New   Mexico,  by  making   said   officer   District 


22  HISTORY   OF   ARIZONA. 

Attorney  for  the  First  Judicial  District  of  said 
Territory,  and  ex  officio  Attorney-General  for 
the  Territory,  reducing  his  salary  from  fifteen 
hundred  to  six  hundred  dollars.  Under  this 
illegal  appointment,  as  your  committee  believe, 
Coles  Bashf ord  acted  as  Attorney-General  until 
Nov.  10th,  1864.  And  for  said  services  was  al- 
lowed and  paid  in  bonds  of  the  Territory,  the 
sum  of  one  thousand  one  hundred  and  sixty- 
six  dollars.  On  November  10th,  1864,  an  act 
of  the  Territorial  Legislature  creating  the  offices 
of  Attorney-General  and  fixing  his  salary,  was 
approved,  and  the  said  Coles  Bashford  w^as  con- 
tinued or  reappointed  Attorney- General,  which 
appointment  was  a  plain  violation  of  that  part 
of  the  Organic  Act  w^hich  says  that  'no  member 
of  the  Legislative  Assembly  shall  hold  or  be  ap- 
pointed to  any  office  which  shall  have  been 
created,  or  the  salary  or  emoluments  of  which 
shall  have  been  increased  while  he  was  a  mem- 
ber during  the  term  for  which  he  w^as  elected 
and  for  one  year  after  the  expiration  of  such 
term. ' 

"The  said  Coles  Bashford  being  at  that  time 
a  member  of  the  Legislature,  elected  for  two 
years.  And  your  committee  find  that  the  said 
Coles  Bashford  held  said  office  of  Attorney- 
General  from  November  10th,  1864,  to  Decem- 
ber 31st,  1866;  and  your  committee  believe 
illegally.  And  that  from  time  to  time  Terri- 
torial warrants  on  the  Territorial  Treasurer 
were  issued  to  the  said  Coles  Bashford  as 
Attorney-General,  from  the  said  10th  day  of 
November,  1864,  to  December  31st,  1866, 
amounting  to  four  thousand  eight  hundred  and 


THE   FOURTH   LEGISLATURE.  28 

forty-seven  nineteen  one-himdredtlis  ($4,847.- 
19)  dollars,  which  amount,  (if  not  transferred), 
he  now  holds  against  the  Territory  in  the  shape 
of  bonds  and  Territorial  warrants. 

"Your  committee  also  find  that  the  Third 
Legislature  by  an  act,  approved  Oct.  30th,  1866, 
abolished  the  office  of  Attorney-General.  And 
that  from  December  1st,  1866,  under  an  act  of 
the  Third  Legislature,  approved  October  27th, 
1866,  the  District  Attorney  for  the  county  of 
Yavapai  has  been  paid  for  services  as  Attorney- 
General. 

"Your  committee  believe  that  the  appoint- 
ment of  Coles  Bashford  as  Attorney-General 
was  in  violation  of  law,  and  that  his  claims  for 
services  as  such,  were  illegal,  and  should  not 
have  been  allowed  by  the  board  of  Territorial 
Auditors.  And  we,  your  committee,  recom- 
mend that  you  take  such  steps  as  are  necessary 
to  stop  the  payment  of  said  bonds  and  warrants 
issued  to  pay  said  Coles  Bashford  for  services 
as  Attorney- General. 

"Your  committee  also  find  that  under  Chap- 
ter twenty-one  of  the  Howell  Code,  the  Governor 
of  the  Territory  is  authorized  to  appoint  an 
Adjutant-General,  and  that  his  compensation 
shall  be  whatever  amount  the  Territorial  Au- 
ditors shall  allow.  Under  said  law  we  find  that 
one  W.  T.  Flower  was  appointed  Adjutant- 
General,  and  for  services  which  your  committee 
could  not  see,  was  paid  a  warrant  for  the  sum 
of  three  hundred  and  twelve  dollars  and  fifty 
cents. 

"Flower  was  removed  or  resigned,  and  one 
"W.  H.  Garvin  was  appointed,  and  has  held  the 


24  HISTORY   OF   ARIZONA. 

position  of  Adjutant-General  up  to  the  present 
time,  and  continues  still  to  hold  it,  drawing  at 
stated  times  his  regular  warrants;  and  to  him 
have  been  issued  warrants  to  the  amoimt  of  one 
thousand  three  hundred  and  two  dollars  and 
thirty-two  cents. 

"During  a  part  of  the  years  1865  and  1866, 
we  find  that  the  said  Adjutant- General  did  per- 
form some  services,  as  the  Territory  had  during 
that  time  some  troops  in  the  field,  and  your  com- 
mittee can  understand  why  warrants  were  issued 
to  him  during  that  time.  But  your  committee 
cannot  understand  why  he  should  be  paid  when 
no  services  were  rendered.  Your  connnittee 
find  that  within  the  past  year,  when  the  Terri- 
tory had  no  troops,  when  no  militia  is  organized, 
that  warrants  to  the  amount  of  six  hundred  and 
fifty-five  dollars  have  been  issued  to  the  said 
W.  H.  Garvin,  as  Adjutant-General  for  the  Ter- 
ritory, as  salary  and  office  expense.  But  as  it 
has  been  allowed  in  accordance  with  law,  we 
suppose  it  must  be  paid. 

"Your  committee,  how^ever,  recommend  that 
a  law  be  passed  repealing  that  section  of  Chap- 
ter XXI  of  the  Howell  Code,  authorizing  the 
Territorial  Auditor  to  allow  such  claims  in  the 
future. 

"Your  committee  find  that  a  warrant  for  two 
thousand  nine  hundred  and  ninety-four  dollars 
and  seventy- five  cents  was  issued  to  E.  A.  Bentley 
for  printing  the  Howell  Code;  that  a  warrant 
for  two  thousand  five  hundred  dollars  was  is- 
sued to  W.  T.  Howell,  Commissioner,  to  prepare 
the  Howell  Code,  and  that  a  w^arrant  for  two 
hundred  and  fiftv  dollars  was  issued  to  the  same 


THE   FOURTH   LEGISLATURE.  25 

W.  T.  Howell  for  reading  proof  of  the  Howell 
Code;  that  a  warrant  for  one  thousand  seven 
hundred  and  forty-seven  dollars  was  issued  to 
E.  A.  Bentley  for  printing  laws  of  the  Territory 
in  the  Arizona  Miner;  that  a  warrant  for  one 
thousand  one  hundred  and  twenty-one  dollars 
was  issued  to  T.  A.  Hand  for  printing  Gov- 
ernor's Message,  Journals  of  the  First  Legisla- 
ture and  the  Rules  of  the  House  and  Council  of 
the  First  Legislature ;  that  a  warrant  for  eight 
hundred  and  fifty  dollars  and  sixty-two  cents 
was  issued  to  R.  C.  McCormick  for  amount  paid 
by  him  for  enrolling  bills  passed  by  the  First 
Legislature — amounting  in  the  aggregate  to  the 
sum  of  nine  thousand  four  hundred  and  sixty- 
three  and  37/100  dollars,  which  your  com- 
mittee believe  were  improperly  charged  against 
the  Territory,  and  feel  assured  would  be  re- 
funded to  the  Territory  if  the  proper  repre- 
sentations were  made  at  Washington.  Your 
committee  therefore  recommend  that  you  take 
such  steps  as  are  necessary  to  get  the  matter 
before  the  Treasurer  of  the  United  States. 

"Your  committee  also  find  that  warrants  were 
issued  to  A.  M.  White,  T.  Hodges,  P.  McCannon, 
and  R.  C.  McCormick,  amounting  to  the  sum  of 
one  thousand  four  hundred  and  ninety-one 
dollars,  for  expenses  incurred  in  Col.  K.  S. 
Woolsey's  expedition  against  the  hostile  In- 
dians. And  your  committee  believe  that  if  the 
matter  was  fairly  represented  to  the  Congress 
of  the  United  States,  an  appropriation  would  be 
made  for  our  relief. 

"Your  committee  find  that  the  balance  of  the 
outstanding  indebtedness  of  the  Territory  is  for 


26  HISTORY   OF   ARIZONA. 

salaries  due  the  Territorial  Auditor  and  Treas- 
urer, and  for  printing,  interest  on  bonds  and 
other  incidental  expenses,  amounting  to  the  sum 
of  nine  thousand  two  hundred  and  eight  dol- 
lars and  sixty-two  cents. 

"Your  committee  find  that  the  Governor  and 
Secretary,  being  officers  of  the  government  of 
the  United  States,  were,  by  section  ten  of  the 
Organic  Act,  which  says:  'No  person  holding  a 
commission  or  appointment  under  the  United 
States,  except  postmaster,  shall  be  a  member  of 
the  Legislative  Assembly,  or  shall  hold  any 
office  under  the  govermnent  of  said  Territory,' 
prohibited  from  holding  the  office  of  Auditor; 
and  that  the  Attorney-General  w^as  also  pro- 
hibited from  acting  as  Auditor,  under  the  same 
section,  which  says  that  no  member  of  the  Legis- 
lative Assembly  shall  hold  or  be  appointed  to 
any  office  which  shall  have  been  created,  or  the 
salary  or  emoluments  of  w%ich  shall  have  been 
increased,  w^hile  he  w^as  a  member,  during  the 
term  for  which  he  was  elected,  and  for  one  year 
after  the  expiration  of  such  term.  All  of  which 
is  respectfully  submitted. 

"JAMES  S.  GILES, 
"Chairman,  Select  Committee." 

There  w^as  introduced  at  this  session  of  the 
Legislature  for  the  first  time,  an  act  to  create 
Maricopa  County,  which  was  defeated  in  the 
House  by  a  vote  of  eight  to  six. 

Among  the  laws  passed  by  this  Legislature 
was  one  to  prevent  the  improper  use  of  deadly 
weapons  in  the  towns  and  villages  of  the  Terri- 
tory, which  would  be  considered  in  our  day  a 
queer  piece  of  legislation.     It  read  as  follows : 


THE   FOURTH    LEGISLATURE.  27 

"Section  1.  That  any  person  in  this  Terri- 
tory, having,  carrying,  or  procuring  from  an- 
other person,  any  dirk,  dirk-knife,  bowie  knife, 
pistol,  gun,  or  other  deadly  weapon,  who  shall 
in  the  presence  of  two  or  more  persons,  draw 
or  exhibit  any  of  said  deadly  weapons  in  a  rude, 
angry  or  threatening  manner,  not  in  necessary 
self  defence,  or  who  shall  in  any  manner  unlaw- 
fully use  the  same  in  any  fight  or  quarrel,  the 
person  or  persons  so  offending  upon  conviction 
thereof  in  any  criminal  court  in  any  county  of 
this  Territory,  shall  be  fined  in  any  sum  not  less 
than  one  hundred  nor  more  than  five  hundred 
dollars  or  imprisonment  in  the  county  jail  not 
less  than  one  nor  more  than  six  months,  in  the 
discretion  of  the  court;  or  both  such  fine  and 
imprisonment,  together  with  the  cost  of  prose- 
cution. 

"Section  2.  That  any  person  or  persons  hav- 
ing or  carrying  any  pistol  or  gun  who  shall  in 
the  public  streets  or  highways  discharge  the 
same  indiscriminately,  thereby  disturbing  the 
peace  and  quiet,  and  endangering  the  lives  of  the 
inhabitants  of  any  town  or  neighborhood  in  this 
Territory,  such  person  or  persons  upon  con- 
viction thereof  before  any  Justice  of  the  Peace 
in  the  county  where  such  offence  may  be  com- 
mitted shall  be  fined  in  any  sum  not  less  than 
ten  nor  more  than  fifty  dollars  and  imprison- 
ment in  the  county  jail  not  less  than  two  nor 
more  than  ten  days,  in  the  discretion  of  the 
Justice  of  the  Peace,  together  with  the  cost  of 
prosecution. 

"Sec.  3.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  all  sheriffs, 
deputy  sheriffs,  constables,  and  all  peace  officers 


28  HISTORY   OF   ARIZONA. 

and  private  citizens  to  see  that  the  provisions 
of'  section  second  of  this  act  are  enforced,  by 
informing  on  all  persons  violating  its  provi- 
sions, by  having  them  arrested  and  brought  be- 
fore the  proper  officer  for  trial  and  punishment. 

"Sec.  4.  It  is  hereby  made  the  duty  of  all 
civil  and  peace  officers  in  this  Territory  to  be 
diligent  in  carrying  into  eifect  the  provisions 
of  section  one  of  this  act,  as  well  also  as  all  grand 
juries,  or  grand  jurors,  to  enquire  into  and  make 
presentment  of  each  and  every  offence  against 
the  provisions  of  said  section  one  of  this  act 
which  shall  come  within  their  knowledge.  And 
it  is  also  made  the  duty  of  all  judges  in  this  Ter- 
ritory to  give  said  section  one  in  charge  of  the 
grand  juries  at  each  term  of  their  respective 
courts. ' ' 

An  act  was  passed  permanently  locating  the 
capital  or  seat  of  government  of  the  Territory 
of  Arizona  in  Tucson,  which  was  to  take  effect 
after  the  first  day  of  November,  1867.  There 
was  a  great  deal  of  scandal  attending  the  re- 
moval of  the  capital.  The  Miner  claimed  that 
it  was  done  through  fraud,  saying,  in  an  edi- 
torial under  date  of  November  30th,  1867: 

"We  are  assured  upon  good  authority  that 
improper  proceedings  to  the  extent  of  buying 
three  or  four  members  of  the  Fourth  Legisla- 
ture, and  pledging  to  Governor  McCormick  to 
support  him  for  Congress  at  that  place  (Tuc- 
son). If  this  does  not  come  under  the  head  of 
improper  proceedings,  we  are  at  loss  to  know 
what  does." 

While,  of  course,  there  is  no  direct  evidence 
to  show  that  fraud  was  used  in  moving  the  capi- 


THE   FOURTH   LEGISLATijRE.  29 

tal,  the  fact  remains  that  Pima  County  gave 
Governor  McCormick  a  very  large  vote  the  next 
year  when  he  was  a  candidate  for  Delegate  to 
Congress,  he  being  elected  by  the  following  vote : 


County 

Republican, 
R.  C.  McCormick 

Democrat, 
John  A.  Rush 

Independent, 
Samuel  Adams 

Yavapai 
Mohave 

202 
23 

425 
40 

9 
9 

Yuma 

80 

300 

- 

Pima 

932 

71 

14 

Total:  1,237  836  32. 

The  Fourth  Legislature  also  passed  an  act 
concerning  public  schools,  which  gave  to  the 
Board  of  Supervisors  in  the  several  counties  the 
right,  whenever  there  was  a  village  or  a  settle- 
ment with  a  resident  population  of  not  less  than 
one  hmidred  persons,  and  covering  an  expanse 
of  country  not  more  than  four  square  miles,  to 
set  aside  such  district  for  a  school  district: 
"when  any  number  of  legal  voters  residing  in 
such  district  may  make  application  to  the 
Board  of  Supervisors  for  the  establishment  of 
public  schools  in  such  district."  Sections  4  and 
5  of  this  act  are  as  follows : 

''Sec.  4.  The  Board  of  Supervisors  shall, 
upon  the  receipt  of  such  petition,  define  the 
boundaries  and  limits  embracing  such  territory 
or  tract  of  land  on  which  such  settlement  is  lo- 
cated, and  declare  the  same  a  school  district, 
numbering  such  districts  in  the  order  in  which 
the  same  are  created. 

''Sec.  5.  The  Board  of  Supervisors  shall, 
immediately  upon  the  creation  of  such  district, 


30  HISTOEY   OF   ARIZONA. 

levy,  in  addition  to  the  taxes  authorized  by  law 
to  be  levied  for  county  and  Territorial  purposes, 
a  tax  of  not  more  than  one-half  of  one  per  cent, 
on  the  assessed  value  of  all  the  taxable  property 
within  the  limits  of  each  district,  as  shown  by 
the  last  assessment  roll  of  the  County  Assessor." 

This  is  the  first  legislation  in  Arizona  creating 
School  Districts,  which  has  been  followed  ever 
since. 

There  was  also  an  act  passed  amendatory  of 
Chapter  38,  of  the  Howell  Code,  "Finances  and 
Taxation, ' '  which  read  as  follows : 

"Sec.  19.  An  annual  ad  valorem  tax  of  fifty 
cents  upon  each  one  hundred  dollars  value  of 
taxable  property  is  hereby  levied  and  directed 
to  be  collected  and  paid  for  Territorial  purposes 
upon  the  assessed  value  of  all  property  in  this 
Territory  not  by  this  act  exempt  from  taxation ; 
and  upon  the  same  property  the  Board  of 
Supervisors  of  each  county  is  hereby  authorized 
and  empowered  annually  to  levy  and  collect  a 
tax  for  county  expenditures  not  exceeding  one 
dollar  and  fifty  cents  upon  each  one  hundred 
dollars  of  the  taxable  property  in  such  county ; 
and  upon  the  same  property  the  Board  of  Super- 
visors of  each  county  is  hereby  authorized  and 
empowered  annually'to  levy  and  collect  such  ad- 
ditional or  special  taxes  as  the  laws  of  this 
Territory  may  authorize  or  require  them  to  levy 
and  collect;  provided,  however,  that  whenever 
the  Board  of  Supervisors  levy  any  tax  they  shall 
cause  such  levy  to  be  entered  on  the  record  of 
their  proceedings  and  shall  direct  their  clerk 
to  deliver  a  certified  copy  thereof  to  the  Sheriff 
and  Treasurer  of  the  County,  each  of  whom  shall 


JOHN    A.   RUSH. 


THE   FOUKTH   LEGISLATURE.  31 

file  said  copy  in  his  office,  and  on  the  first  Mon- 
day in  July  in  each  year  the  Board  of  Super- 
visors shall  proceed  to  estimate  and  to  ascertain 
the  amount  of  taxes  necessary  to  be  assessed 
upon  the  taxable  property  of  the  county  for  the 
year  next  ensuing  not  exceeding  for  all  pur- 
poses two  dollars  upon  each  one  hundred  dol- 
lars of  the  value  of  the  taxable  property,  in  such 
county.  In  such  estimate  they  shall  specify  the 
amount  to  be  raised  for  each  particular  purpose. 
If  for  any  cause  said  Board  shall  not  meet  on 
the  day  above  specified,  they  may  meet  for  such 
purpose  at  any  time  within  ten  days  there- 
after." 

Edward  J.  Cook,  one  of  the  members  of  this 
Legislature,  was  a  native  of  Alabama.  He  went 
to  California  in  the  early  days  of  that  State,  and 
about  the  year  1865  came  to  Arizona,  settling 
in  Prescott,  where  he  engaged  in  merchandising. 
He  represented  Yavapai  County  in  this  legisla- 
ture, and  afterwards  served  three  or  four  years 
as  Treasurer  of  Yavapai  County.  He  died  in 
Prescott  in  the  early  nineties. 

John  A.  Rush  was  a  member  of  this  Legisla- 
ture, and  a  Candidate  for  the  office  of  Delegate 
to  Congress,  running  against  Governor  McCor- 
mick  in  1868.  He  first  settled  in  the  Salt  River 
Valley,  and  thereafter  went  to  Prescott  and 
began  practicing  law,  in  which  profession  he 
was  associated  with  Hon.  E.  W.  Wells  from 
1875-76  to  1889. 

Philip  Drachman,  a  member  of  this  Legisla- 
ture, was  bom  in  Poland  in  1830,  and  came  to 
the  United  States  when  only  sixteen  years  of 
age,  arriving  in  Arizona  in  1863.     He  engaged 


32  HISTORY   OF   ARIZONA. 

in  the  general  merchandise  business  at  Tucson, 
and  became  one  of  the  prominent  business  men 
of  that  place.  During  a  busy  business  career, 
however,  he  found  time  to  serve  the  territory 
and  the  town  of  his  adoption,  as,  in  addition  to 
being  a  member  of  the  Fourth  Territorial  Legis- 
lature, he  was  a  member  of  the  city  council  of 
Tucson  for  several  terms.  A  man  of  strong 
individuality  he  left  his  mark  upon  the  town 
of  his  adoption,  and  also  upon  the  then  Terri- 
tory of  Arizona.  He  died  in  the  year  1889, 
after  a  long  and  honorable  residence  in  Arizona, 
leaving  behind  him  children  who  have  continued 
his  good  work,  one  of  whom,  Mose  Drachman, 
sei-ved  as  State  Senator  from  Pima  County  in 
the  Second  State  Legislature.  Another,  Sam- 
uel Arizona  Drachman,  said  to  be  the  second 
child  born  of  Caucasian  parents  in  Tucson,  is  at 
this  time,  1918,  a  leading  merchant  in  that  city. 


nilLIL'    DKACIIMAX. 


THE   FIFTH   LEGISLATURE.  33 

CHAPTER  II. 

THE  FIFTH  LEGISLATURE. 

Convening  of  —  Governor's  Message  —  Mem- 
orials—  Resolutions  —  Death  of  Henry 
Jenkins  —  Mueder  of   A.   M.   Erwin   by 
Indians  —  Treasurer's    Estimate  of   Ex- 
penses —  Contention    Between    Arizona 
and  California  as  to  Boundary  Line — 
Appointments  by  Governor  —  Report  of 
Territorial   Auditor  —  Report  of   Terri- 
torial  Treasurer — Indebtedness  of  Ter- 
ritory. 
The  Fifth  Legislature  convened  in  Tucson  on 
the  10th  day  of  November,  and  ended  on  the 
16th  day    of   December,  A.    D.    1868.     In  this 
legislature  Mohave  and  Pah-Ute  Counties  were 
represented  in  the  Council  by  Octavius  D.  Gass. 
John  T.  Alsap,  from  Yavapai  County,  a  resident 
of  the  Salt  River  Valley,  was  the  only  member 
of  the  Council  from  that  County.     Pima  County 
was    represented   in   the    Comicil  by    Estevan 
Ochoa  of  Tucson,  Henry  Jenkins  of  Tucson,  who 
died   during  the   session  of  the  Legislature  on 
November  20th,  1868,  Daniel  H.    Stickney,  of 
Casa  Blanco,  and  Alexander  McKay,  of  Tubac. 
Joseph  K.  Hooper,  who  had  been  elected  to  the 
Council  from  Yuma  County  did  not  attend  the 
session,  so  that  county  was  not  represented. 

It  will  be  seen  that  there  was  only  a  bare  ma- 
jority of  the  upper  house  during  the  greater 
portion  of  this  Legislature,  as  at  that  time  it 
was  composed  of  nine  members. 

V— 3 


34  HISTORY  OF   ARIZONA. 

In  the  House  of  Representatives  Andrew  S. 
Gibbins  represented  Pah-Ute  County,  and  John 
Smith  was  the  only  representative  from  Yava- 
pai County  out  of  six  who  had  been  elected. 
This  was  Jolm  Y.  T.  Smith,  whose  home  at  the 
time  was  at  Camp  McDowell.  Thomas  J.  Bid- 
well  and  Oliver  Lindsey,  both  of  La  Paz  repre- 
sented Yuma  County.  All  of  the  Pima  delega- 
tion, consisting  of  Jesus  M.  Elias,  Francis  H. 
Goodwin,,  Hiram  S.  Stevens,  John  Owen,  John 
Anderson,  Sol.  W.  Chambers,  and  Robert  M. 
Crandal  were  present  during  the  session.  The 
lower  House  was  entitled  to  a  membership  of 
eighteen,  of  whom  seven  failed  to  appear. 

This  Legislature  organized  by  the  election  of 
John  T.  Alsap  President  of  the  Council,  and 
Thomas  J.  Bidwell  Speaker  of  the  House. 
Among  the  officers  of  the  Council  were  L.  M. 
Jacobs,  who  was  Engrossing  Clerk,  and  B.  M. 
Jacobs,  Enrolling  Clerk.  They  were  afterwards 
prominently  identified  with  the  mercantile  and 
banking  business  in  Tucson.  Another  officer  of 
the  Council  was  the  Chaplain,  Bishop  A.  B.  Sal- 
pointe,  whose  activities  in  connection  with  the 
early  history  of  the  Catholic  Church  in  Arizona 
have  heretofore  been  recited,  and  who  is,  at  the 
present  time,  the  presiding  Catholic  Bishop  of 
the  State. 

Governor  McCormick,  in  his  message,  called 
the  attention  of  the  Legislature  to  the  activities 
of  the  hostile  Apaches,  and  criticised  the  course 
pursued  by  the  Federal  Government  which  had 
produced  no  results  proportionate  to  the  ex- 
pense incurred,  leaving  the  Apache  as  bold  and 


1714348 

THE   FIFTH   LEGISLATURE.  35 

successful  in  that  day  as  ever  before.  He 
recommended  the  renewal  of  the  memorials  to 
Congress  of  the  Third  and  Fourth  Legislatures ; 
urging  the  enlistment  of  volunteers  by  the  Gov- 
ernment for  the  subjugation  of  the  Apaches. 

In  reference  to  railroads  and  telegraphs,  he 
said: 

' '  The  building  of  a  railroad  across  the  Terri- 
tory is  one  of  the  most  important  steps  toward 
the  subjugation  of  the  Apache  that  can  be  taken, 
and  for  this  reason  and  for  many  others  that 
will  occur  to  you,  I  suggest  that  you  pray  Con- 
gress to  render  such  assistance  to  the  company 
or  companies  proposing  to  build  such  road  as 
will  insure  an  early  completion  of  the  work. 
Were  the  Territory  not  infested  with  hostile 
Indians  the  difficulty  and  expense  of  getting 
here  until  such  railroad  is  provided  must  make 
it  slow  of  settlement  and  prove  a  great  draw- 
back to  its  progress.  Under  existing  circum- 
stances its  construction  were  equal  to  the 
sending  here  of  a  dozen  regiments  of  troops, 
and  is  essential  in  order  to  make  the  country 
available  to  the  public,  and  to  secure  to  the  Gov- 
ernment the  revenues  which  with  proper  aid  it 
will  so  abundantly  return. 

*' Parties  who  since  the  meeting  of  the  last 
Assembly  have  surveyed  the  routes  across  the 
Territory  declare  them  to  be  most  practicable, 
and  there  is  a  growing  belief  both  in  California 
and  the  East  that  the  popular  and  profitable 
Pacific  railroad  will  go  through  Arizona. 

''In  this  connection  I  may  refer  to  the  fact 
that  telegraphic  communication  is  now  complete 


36  HISTORY   OF   ARIZONA. 

to  Santa  Fe,  New  Mexico,  and  that  by  connect- 
ing mails  we  receive  news  from  all  parts  of  the 
world  in  ten  days,  I  am  informed  that  parties 
stand  ready  to  extend  the  wires  across  Arizona 
to  California  if  reasonable  encouragement  is 
given.  If  you  can  in  any  way  assist  the  enter- 
prise I  am  sure  you  will  do  so." 

The  Indian  question  was  treated  as  follows: 
"The  active  military  movements  against  the 
Wallapais  brought  most  of  them  to  terms  some 
months  since,  and  a  number  were  placed  upon  a 
temporary  reservation  near  Fort  Mohave,  but 
I  learn  they  are  again  upon  the  warpath,  roam- 
ing chiefly  upon  the  Mohave  and  Prescott  road. 
They  are  a  weak  tribe  and  their  hostility  cannot 
continue  long. 

''When  work  upon  the  Great  Colorado  reser- 
vation was  suspended,  owing  to  the  exhaus- 
tion of  the  Congressional  appropriation,  the 
Apache,  Mohave,  Yavapai  and  other  Indians 
gathered  there,  took  to  the  mountains,  and 
depredations  near  La  Paz  and  Wickenburg  are 
attributed  to  them.  If  they  have  begun  hostili- 
ties it  is  probably  in  view  of  the  recent  killing 
by  citizens  of  a  venerable  chief  and  others  of 
their  tribes  at  La  Paz,  a  transaction  which 
whether  partaking  of  the  unjustifiable  char- 
acter now  reported  or  not,  goes  to  demonstrate 
the  importance  of  legislation  to  prevent  the 
assumption  by  irresponsible  parties  of  steps 
which  sooner  or  later  must  produce  disastrous 
results,  counteracting  the  influence  of  the  au- 
thorities and  leading  Indians  to  lose  all  con- 
fidence in  the  whites.     While  no  treatment  can 


THE   FIFTH    LEGISLATURE.  37 

in  my  judgment  be  too  severe  for  the  hostile 
Indians,  those  disposed  to  be  friendly  should  be 
entitled  to  the  same  protection  from  the  laws 
as  other  persons  owing  allegiance  to  the  Gov- 
ernment enjoy. 

"The  Pimas  and  Maricopas  lost  a  part  of 
their  crops  by  the  unusual  flood  of  September 
last,  but  they  are  generally  prosperous,  although 
but  slightly  provided  for  by  the  Government. 

"All  who  comprehend  the  Indian  character 
will  rejoice  that  the  Indian  commission  has 
reached  the  view  long  held  on  the  frontier,  that 
the  Government  should  cease  to  recognize  the 
Indian  tribes  as  a  domestic  independent  nation, 
except  so  far  as  it  may  be  required  to  recognize 
them  as  such  by  existing  treaties,  and  by  treaties 
made  but  not  yet  ratified;  that  hereafter  all 
Indians  should  be  considered  and  held  to  be 
individually  subject  to  the  laws  of  the  United 
States  except  where  and  while  it  is  otherwise 
provided  in  such  treaties.  Such  course  will  be 
commended  to  Congress  by  the  Commission, 
with  another  good  suggestion,  viz.:  to  clothe, 
protect  and  assist  all  Indians,  no  matter  of 
what  tribe,  who  will  go  upon  the  reservations 
and  stay  there." 

The  Governor  said,  in  reference  to  mmes  and 
mining : 

"The  Wickenburg  gold  mines  are  worked 
without  interruption,  and  steadily  yield  a  large 
revenue.  The  Vultvire  lode,  the  Comstock  of 
Arizona,  now  has  a  wide  and  merited  fame.  It 
is  one  of  the  richest,  most  extensive  and  remark- 
able deposits  of  gold  quartz  upon  the  continent, 


38  HISTORY   OF   ARIZONA. 

and  its  return  to  this  time  is  believed  to  be  an 
earnest  of  what  may  be  expected  from  it  in  the 
future. 

' '  Unfortunately  the  mills  erected  in  the  vicin- 
ity of  Prescott  were  put  either  upon  worthless 
lodes  or  upon  those  in  which  ores  predominate 
which  cannot  be  made  to  pay  by  ordinary  treat- 
ment. The  chlorination  process  has  lately  been 
introduced  there,  and  it  is  expected  that  it  will 
prove  successful  as  in  California  and  Colorado. 
If  such  is  the  case,  the  hopeful  people  who  have 
clung  to  that  paii:  of  the  Territory,  under  most 
annoying  delays  and  disappointments,  will 
speedily  reap  the  reward  due  their  patience  and 
pertinacity. 

"Upon  the  Colorado  river  little  is  doing  in 
mining;  the  low  price  of  copper  has  not  war- 
ranted the  continuous  working  of  the  lodes  at 
Williams  Fork  and  other  points,  although  a  re- 
newal of  operations  at  an  early  date  is  prom- 
ised. From  the  Eureka  and  Castle  Dome  dis- 
tricts there  is  a  steady  and  profitable  shipment 
of  lead  ore  to  San  Francisco,  and  work  upon 
several  silver  lodes  in  that  district  is  vigorously 
prosecuted  as  it  is  upon  several  gold  lodes  near 
La  Paz  and  Hardyville. 

"Below  the  Gila,  the  Cababi  mines  continue 
to  yield  a  good  return  of  silver  and  a  fine  mill  is 
in  process  of  erection  at  Apache  Pass,  where  the 
gold  lodes  are  attracting  much  attention  and  give 
excellent  promise.  Confidence  in  the  mineral 
resources  of  the  Territory  is  unshaken,  and  those 
most  familiar  with  them  believe  that  once  secure 
from  Indian  depredations  and  made  accessible 


THE   FIFTH   LEGISLATURE.  39 

by  the  iron  rail,  Arizona  mil  take  front  rank 
among  gold,  silver,  and  copper  producing  dis- 
tricts of  the  world. 

''Late  last  year,  at  the  request  of  J.  Ross 
Browne,  United  States  Mining  Commissioner, 
I  prepared  as  complete  a  statement  of  the  min- 
eral discoveries  and  results  in  the  Territory  as 
the  time  and  material  at  my  command  would 
admit  of.  It  will  be  found  in  his  elaborate  re- 
port upon  the  'Mineral  Resources  of  the  States 
and  Territories  West  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,' 
published  by  Congress,  and  although  imperfect 
in  some  particulars,  will,  I  trust,  be  serviceable 
to  the  Territory  in  giving  the  public  an  idea  of 
its  mineral  affluence,  and  attracting  capital  and 
population. 

"Arizona,  in  common  with  the  other  mineral 
bearing  Territories,  is  interested  in  the  passage 
of  the  bill  now  before  Congress  looking  to  the 
endowment  of  a  School  of  Mines  from  the  pro- 
ceeds of  the  tax  upon  gold  and  silver  bullion,  a 
most  necessary  and  promising  scientific  move- 
ment, and  it  may  be  well  for  you  to  add  to  the 
appeal  in  its  behalf  by  a  memorial  or  resolution 
as  you  deem  best." 

In  reference  to  Agriculture,  he  said : 

"Although  the  seasons  vary  with  each  year, 
it  is  now  well  established  that  most  of  the  val- 
leys and  river  bottoms  throughout  the  Terri- 
tory may  be  successfully  cultivated.  Much 
attention  is  given  to  agriculture,  and  the  prod- 
uct of  the  year  is  largely  in  excess  of  that  of 
any  previous  one.  Corn,  wheat,  and  barley 
attain  a  perfect  growth  at  most  points,  and  the 


40  HISTORY   OF   ARIZONA. 

vegetables  will   compare  favorably  with  those 
of  any  country.     About  Prescott  the  yield  of 
potatoes  of  an  excellent  quality  has  this  year 
been  large.     The  few  fruit  trees  planted  to  this 
time  are  thrifty,  and  it  is  thought  the  favorite 
fruits  can  be  raised  at  various  places  in  the  Ter- 
ritory.    The  military  are  supplied  with  grain 
without  drawing  upon  California  as  in  years 
past,  and  comparatively  little  flour  is  brought 
from  abroad.     The  prospect  is  that  at  an  early 
day  all  required  will  be  made  in  this  Territory. 
"The   new   and   prosperous   farming   settle- 
ments of  Phoenix,  upon  the  Salt  River,  and 
Florence  on  the  Gila  river,  are  demonstrating 
the  richness  of  the  soil  in  the  broad  valleys  of 
those  great  streams  and  the  facility  with  w^hich 
it  may  be  irrigated  and  cultivated.     The  climate 
is  found  to  be  neither  oppressive  nor  unhealthy 
as  heretofore  popularly  supposed,  and  the  belief 
that  large  communities  have  subsisted  upon  the 
produce  of  the  valleys  in  the  far  past  is  strength- 
ened by  the  accumulating  evidence  of  their  rare 
fertility.     Tens  of  thousands  of  acres  as  valu- 
able and  easy  of  tillage  as  those  now  occupied 
remain  unclaimed,  and  as  the  region  is  central, 
near  to  the  reservations  of  the  friendly  Pima 
and  Maricopa  Indians,  and  seldom  molested  by 
the  Apache,  it  offers  peculiar  inducements  to 
settlers,  and  is  commended  to  the  numerous  par- 
ties  crossing   the   Territory   from   Texas   and 
other  states  as  having  advantages  equal,  if  not 
superior,  to  any  held  out  to  them  farther  west. 
"While  the  lands  that  do  not  need  irrigation 
and  those  that  may  be  irrigated  from  streams 


THE   FIFTH   LEGISLATURE.  41 

are  extensive  and  all  sufficient  for  a  much  larger 
population  than  is  here  at  present,  the  soil  of 
much  of  what  is  known  as  the  desert  country, 
is  exceedingly  rich,  and  if  supplied  with  water 
by  a  system  of  artesian  wells,  as  there  is  every 
reason  to  believe  it  may  be  at  a  reasonable  cost, 
must  abundantly  repay  cultivation.  The  great 
valleys  and  plains  upon  the  roads  from  the 
Colorado  to  Wickenburg  and  Prescott,  those 
between  Sacaton  and  Tucson,  and  the  plains 
about  Tucson,  those  of  the  Cababi  and  Fresnal 
districts,  and  others  not  frequented  by  the 
Apaches,  and  more  accessible  than  much  of  the 
land  now  occupied,  may,  I  believe,  with  such 
wells,  be  made  to  blossom  as  the  rose,  and  to 
produce  crops  that  will  surprise  the  world.  I 
recommend,  if  the  existing  laws  of  the  Terri- 
tory regarding  wells  upon  deserts  is  not  liberal 
enough  to  induce  the  sinking  of  artesian  wells, 
that  it  be  made  so." 

Under  the  head  of  "Various  Recommenda- 
tions" the  Governor  recommended  that  more 
attention  be  given  to  educational  matters;  that 
a  new  and  earnest  memorial  to  Congress  re- 
garding the  boundaries  of  the  Territory  at 
Arizona  City,  (Yuma),  should  be  presented  to 
Congress;  that  encouragement  should  be  given 
citizens  establishing  ferries  on  the  Gila  and  Salt 
rivers ;  such  ferries  being  an  absolute  necessity 
to  communication  between  the  lower  and  upper 
country  several  months  in  each  year,  and  the 
travel  not  being  sufficient  to  support  them ;  that 
the  act  of  the  last  Assembly  "to  prevent  and 
punish  the  sale  of  liquor  to  Indians,  does  not 


42  HISTORY   OF   ARIZONA. 

secure  the  ends  desired,  and  should  be  made 
more  complete  and  stringent."  That  although 
the  thoroughfares  throughout  the  Territory 
were  generally  good,  in  some  of  the  mining  dis- 
tricts, particularly  in  Yavapai  county,  there 
was  need  of  improvement  and  certain  new  roads 
were  necessary  to  ready  communication,  among 
them  being  one  from  Wickenburg  to  Prescott, 
via  Walnut  Grove,  which  would  save  many 
miles  of  travel  between  those  points,  and  one 
from  Phoenix  to  Prescott,  via  the  Agua  Fria, 
which  would  open  a  direct  and  comparatively 
short  route  from  Tucson  to  Prescott;  that  no 
aid  having  been  given  by  the  Government  for 
the  building  of  roads  in  the  Territory,  a  reason- 
able appropriation  for  the  construction  of  these 
new  roads  and  for  such  improvements  upon 
existing  roads  as  may  be  necessary  could,  with 
propriety,  be  asked  of  Congress. 

Continuing,  the  Governor  stated: 

' '  There  is  a  gratifying  improvement  in  social 
life  throughout  the  Territory.  In  the  chief 
towns  the  houses  are  of  a  better  character  than 
a  year  or  two  since,  and  the  ranchmen  who  have 
prospered  have  generally  improved  their  struc- 
tures. There  is  a  gromng  disposition  to  live 
rather  than  stay  here,  to  build  homes  and  make 
them  attractive,  to  cultivate  household  affec- 
tions and  loves,  and  society  is  assuming  that 
organization  which  is  necessary  to  pleasing  and 
profitable  existence." 

The  Governor  concluded  his  message  by  re- 
ferring to  his  election  as  a  Delegate  to  the 
Forty-First  Congress  of  the  United  States,  and 


THE   FIFTH    LEGISLATURE.  43 

pledged  his  support  there  to  all  measures  which 
might  be  introduced  to  upbuild  and  promote  the 
prosperity  of  the  Territory. 

The  first  memorial  passed  by  this  Legislature 
was  one  to  Congress  asking  for  an  appropria- 
tion of  a  hundred  thousand  dollars  for  the  erec- 
tion of  a  capital  building  at  Tucson,  the  seat 
of  government.  Another  w^as  to  the  Secretary 
of  War  asking  that  authority  be  given  to  the 
commanding  officers  of  the  various  military 
posts,  to  furnish  arms  and  ammunition  to  citi- 
zens known  to  them,  whenever  it  was  believed 
by  said  commanding  officer  that  such  citizens 
could  and  would  render  effective  service  against 
hostile  Indians,  the  arms  to  be  receipted  for  by 
the  parties  to  whom  they  w^ere  loaned,  and  to  be 
promptly  returned  upon  the  completion  of  the 
service  for  which  they  were  given. 

Another  memorial  to  Congress  asked  that  the 
time  fixed  by  Congress  for  the  appropriation  of 
the  net  proceeds  of  the  Internal  Ee venue  to  the 
building  of  a  penitentiary,  be  extended  until 
the  sum  appropriated,  forty  thousand  dollars, 
should  have  accumulated.  Another  asked  for 
the  establishment  of  a  Mail  Route  from  Tucson 
to  Sasabi  Flat,  and  still  another  asked  Congress 
for  an  appropriation  of  $2,000  to  pay  for  a 
library  for  the  Territory.  The  Legislature  also 
memorialized  Congress  for  an  appropriation  to 
codify  the  laws  of  the  Territory,  and  also  asked 
that  a  Surveyor-General  be  appointed  for  the 
Land  district"  of  Arizona  Territory,  and  for  an 
appropriation  to  survey  the  land  in  said  dis- 
trict. 


44  HISTORY   OF   ARIZONA. 

This  Legislature  passed  joint  or  concurrent 
resolutions  as  follows : 

One  requesting  the  Territory's  Delegate  in 
Congress  to  ask  for  the  establishment  of  a  mail 
route  from  Tucson  to  Wickenburg  via  Camp 
Grant,  Florence,  Phoenix  and  Camp  McDowell ; 
also  that  a  semi-weekly  service  be  put  on  from 
Prescott,  Arizona,  to  Albuquerque,  New  Mexico ; 
one  recommending  the  establishment  of  a  United 
States  Depositary  at  Tucson;  also  a  joint  reso- 
lution which  is  in  the  nature  of  an  appropria- 
tion bill,  which  reads  as  follow^s: 

"Be  It  Resolved  by  the  Legislative  Assembly 
of  the  Territory  of  Arizona : 

"That  the  Territorial  Treasurer  shall  set 
apart  from  the  Territorial  funds,  from  time  to 
time,  a  sufficient  amount  of  money  to  pay  all  the 
legal,  current  and  contingent  expenses  of  the 
Territory  of  Arizona,  for  the  year  ending 
December  first,  A.  D.  one  thousand  eight  hun- 
dred and  sixty  nine. 

"Approved,  December  15,  1868." 

A  concurrent  resolution  was  passed  asking 
Arizona's  Delegate  in  Congress  to  solicit  an 
appropriation  of  five  thousand  dollars  to  be 
given  as  a  premium  to  the  person  or  persons 
who  should  first  sink  an  artesian  well  upon  the 
desert  lands  of  the  Territory,  the  same  to  be 
paid  by  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior,  upon  his 
receiving  satisfactory  proof  that  such  well  was 
a  success,  said  proof  to  be  furnished  by  the  Gov- 
ernor and  Secretary  of  the  Territory;  also  the 
following  resolution  regarding  his  Excellency 
Governor  Richard  C.  McCormick: 


THE  FIFTH   LEGISLATURE.  45 

''Eesolved,  by  the  House  of  Representatives, 
the  Council  concurring,  that  the  fifth  Legis- 
lative Assembly,  cordially  joins  in  the  sentiment 
expressed  by  previous  Legislatures,  that  his 
Excellency  Governor  Richard  C.  McCormick, 
has  both  in  his  official  and  personal  relations, 
shown  himself  to  be  the  true  friend  and  intel- 
ligent advocate  of  the  best  interests  of  Arizona. 

"Resolved,  that  his  long  and  zealous  public 
service,  in  the  face  of  many  obstacles,  and  his 
thorough  knowledge  of  the  country  and  its  re- 
sources, will  entitle  him  to  the  confidence  shown 
by  the  people  in  his  election  as  their  Repre- 
sentative in  the  Congress  of  the  United  States, 
and  must  ever  honorably  identify  his  name  with 
the  organization  and  history  of  the  Territory." 

One  member  of  the  Legislature,  Henry  Jen- 
kins, of  Pima,  died  during  the  session.  The 
following  obituary  by  one  of  his  colleagues,  Mr. 
McKey,  of  Pima,  was  delivered  in  the  Council 
on  the  20th  of  November : 

"Mr  President — It  becomes  my  sorrowful 
duty  this  morning  to  announce  to  this  body  the 
demise  yesterday  at  one  o'clock  P.  M.  of  one  of 
the  most  honored  and  esteemed  members  of  this 
Council,  Hon.  Henry  Jenkins,  from  Pima 
County.  He  was  a  gentleman  of  the  'olden 
school, '  so  much  so,  in  fact,  he  never  could  adapt 
himself  fully  to  the  latter  day  free  and  easy 
life  of  the  West.  Of  an  excellent  education, 
and  a  careful  early  training,  he  never  forgot 
those  associations.  Much  in  public  life  and  ever 
popular,  familiar  with  all  public  questions,  and 
having  a  high  sense  of  honor,  as  a  pioneer  he 


46  HISTORY   OF   ARIZONA. 

was  hopeful  and  patient ;  as  a  legislator  he  was 
ever  careful,  judicious  and  upright;  as  a  citi- 
zen, liberal,  courteous  and  public  spirited. 
Having  frailties  as  all  have,  even  they  'leaned 
to  virtue's  side.'  He  was  a  member  of  the 
Third,  Fourth  and  Fifth  Legislatures  of  Ari- 
zona, and  in  his  earlier  years  he  had  been  a 
member  of  the  New  York  Legislature,  and  was 
there  considered  the  peer  of  the  great  states- 
men of  the  Empire  State. 

"He  leaves  a  family  in  Albany,  New  York, 
to  mourn  his  loss.  We  regret  him  as  a  brother 
member,  and  as  an  esteemed  citizen,  but  not  as 
those  who  have  no  hope.  We  have  faith  to  be- 
lieve that  we  shall  all  meet  again  beyond  the 
valley  and  shadow^  of  death.  May  his  remains 
rest  in  peace." 

^Another  member  of  this  Legislature  was 
killed  by  the  Apaches  before  the  Legislature 
convened,  A.  M.  Erwin,  upon  whose  death  a  spe- 
cial committee  reported  the  following  resolu- 
tions expressive  of  the  sympathy  and  condo- 
lence of  the  Legislature : 

''Whereas,  it  has  pleased  an  all  wise  Provi- 
dence to  call  from  our  midst  Mr.  A.  M.  Erwin, 
a  member  elect  of  this  body,  and  whereas,  in  his 
decease  our  Territory  has  lost  one  of  its  most 
noble  and  energetic  citizens,  therefore,  be  it 

"Resolved,  that  we  fully  appreciate  the  brave 
and  valuable  services  rendered  to  the  people  of 
this  and  adjoining  Territories  by  the  deceased 
during  his  term  of  service  in  the  California 
Volunteers. 

"Eesolved,  that  we  deeply  sympathize  with 
the  relatives  of  the  deceased,  that  one  so  young, 


THE   FIFTH   LEGISLATURE.  47 

SO  brave,  so  noble  iii  all  his  traits  of  character, 
should  be  thus  early  taken  from  them  by  the 
fatal  hand  of  the  so  much  dreaded  Apache. 

"Resolved,  that  the  Clerk  of  this  House  fur- 
nish the  relatives  of  the  deceased  with  an  ofii- 
cial  copy  of  these  resolutions. ' ' 

The  committee  on  Military  and  Indian 
Affairs  made  the  following  report : 

"First.  The  Territorial  Militia  have  neither 
organization  nor  ammunition.  Therefore,  we 
are  unable  to  afford  any  protection  to  the  people 
of  this  Territory,  and  this  condition  will  con- 
tinue unless  the  General  Government  furnishes 
the  requisite  means  of  defense. 

"Second.  The  Indians  of  the  Territory  are 
arrayed  in  deadly  hostility  to  the  whites,  butch- 
ering and  robbing  on  the  highways  and  ranches, 
and  every  footpath  from  the  Rio  Grande  to  the 
Colorado  river.  Life  and  property  are  unsafe 
even  in  the  immediate  vicinity  of  military  posts. 
The  time  has  arrived,  in  the  opinion  of  your 
committee,  when  some  decided  action  should  be 
taken  in  the  premises,  so  that  white  settlers  in 
the  country  can  understand  whether  they  have 
the  predominating  power,  or  that  the  Govern- 
ment will  protect  its  citizens  against  a  horde  of 
demons  in  human  shape,  called  'Lo!  the  poor 
Indian. ' 

"The  Legislature  of  the  Territory  has  re- 
spectfully memorialized  Congress  for  the  four 
past  consecutive  terms;  but  up  to  the  present 
time  no  action  has  been  taken  in  the  premises. 

"Your  committee  are  of  the  opinion  that  our 
Delegates  have  been  negligent  of  their  duty,  or 


48  HISTORY   OF   ARIZONA. 

the  Government  has  been  unmindful  of  the 
wants  of  the  citizens  of  this  Territory. 

"The  present  military  force  in  the  Territory 
is  inadequate  to  the  protection  of  the  citizens 
therein ;  and  it  matters  not  how  well  the  present 
number  of  troops  may  be  disposed  of,  or  how- 
ever anxious  the  commanding  officer  of  the  dis- 
trict or  the  officers  and  soldiers  under  his  com- 
mand may  be,  to  render  assistance  to  the 
settlers,  under  the  present  arrangement  of  mili- 
tary affairs.  Every  effort  would  prove  an  en- 
tire failure,  unless  a  larger  number  of  troops 
can  be  placed  in  the  command  of  the  district 
commander,  in  order  to  give  them  the  opportu- 
nity of  making  rapid  movements,  and  following 
up  the  same  with  success. 

"But  so  long  as  certain  Indians  are  permitted 
to  draw  rations  from  certain  government  posts 
or  reservations,  so  called,  to  sustain  their 
families  and  supply  their  own  wants,  and  fit 
themselves  out  for  a  more  successful  campaign 
against  the  whites,  it  is  utterly  impossible  for 
the  military  to  put  an  end  to  these  infernal 
devils,  called  Apaches. 

' '  Your  committee  fully  believes  in  placing  the 
entire  management  of  Indian  affairs  under  the 
control  of  the  military  commanders  of  the  dif- 
ferent military  districts,  until  they  are  subju- 
gated and  placed  on  reservations ;  and  are  made 
to  earn  their  bread  by  the  sweat  of  their  brows, 
instead  of  murdering  and  robbing  the  whites. 
The  blood  of  white  men  cries  revenge  from 
every  hill,  valley  and  nook. 

' '  The  mourning  of  the  fond  wife  for  her  hus- 
band is  borne  on  every  breeze.     The  cry  of  the 


THE  FIFTH   LEGISLATURE.  49 

orphan  is  heard  in  every  hamlet.  Numbers  of 
our  people  have  been  taken  captive,  tortured 
cruelly,  and  burned  at  the  stake.  During  the 
last  seven  years  over  eight  hundred  persons 
have  been  murdered  in  the  highways  and 
ranches  within  the  limits  of  this  Territory. 
The  roads  and  by^vays  throughout  this  Terri- 
tory are  marked  by  monuments  of  savage 
ferocity ;  fresh  victims  fall  day  by  day  on  their 
journey  through  the  country. 

"Your  Committee  would  be  unmindful  of 
their  duty  as  Eepresentatives  of  the  people,  and 
as  citizens  of  the  Territory  did  they  fail  to 
represent  their  constituents  as  a  law-abiding, 
industrious  and  ever  hopeful  community. 

"Your  Committee  would  urgently  request  our 
Delegate  in  Congress  to  represent  the  facts  set 
forth  in  this  report  in  unqualified  terms. 

"(Signed)     D.  H.  STICKNEY, 
"Chairman    of    Committee    on    Military    and 
Indian  Affairs. ' ' 

An  estimate  of  the  expense  for  running  the 
Territory  for  the  year  ending  November  1st, 
1869,  was  made  by  John  B.  Allen,  Territorial 
Treasurer,  and  was  as  follows : 

"TERRITORY  OF  ARIZONA, 

"Office  of  the  Treasurer. 

"Tucson,  December  8,  1868. 
"Hon.    Thomas    J.    Bidwell,    Speaker    of   the 
House  of  Representatives,   Fifth  Legisla- 
tive Assembly. 
"Sir: — In  pursuance  to  law,  I  herewith  sub- 
mit an  estimate  of  the  current  expenses  of  the 

V— 4 


50  HISTORY   OF   ARIZONA. 

Territory  from  November  1st,  1868,  to  Novem- 
ber, 1st,  1869,  viz. : 

Expenses  of  Supreme   Court,   as  au- 
dited    by    Judges     of    the     late 

Supreme  Court $  293.52 

Salary  of  Territorial  Auditor 650.00 

Salary  of  Territorial  Treasurer 650.00 

Rent  of  room  for  Territorial  Library. .  150.00 

Distribution  of  Acts  and  Journals ....  50.00 

Territorial  Prisoners   500.00 

Incidental  Expenses 150.00 

Total $2,443.52 

' '  Other  expenses  may  arise  during  the  year. 
"Very  respectfully, 
"Your  obedient  servant, 
' '  ( Signed)     JOHN  B.  ALLEN, 

"Territorial  Treasurer." 

In  reference  to  the  contention  as  to  the  bound- 
ary line  between  Arizona  and  California,  the 
Committee  on  Counties  and  County  Boundaries, 
through  its  Chairman,  Mr.  McKey,  submitted 
the  following: 

"Mr.  President: — It  devolves  upon  me  to  re- 
port, as  Chairman  of  the  Committee  on  Coun- 
ties and  County  Boundaries  from  the  Council 
and  the  Committee  on  Federal  Relations  from 
the  House,  who  met  jointly,  and  who  had  under 
consideration  the  matter  of  the  disputed  strip  of 
land  south  of  the  Gila  river  and  east  of  the 
Colorado,  and  in  connection  therewith,  a  report 
made  by  the  Hon.  Mr.  Meagher  to  the  Cali- 
fornia Legislature  upon  the  subject: 


THE   FIFTH   LEGISLATURE.  51 

''He  says,  speaking  of  that  State,  that  'our 
southern  boundary  has  been  considered  in  this 
State  as  determined  and  run  by  the  Boundary 
Commissioners  of  Mexico  and  the  United 
States. ' 

"As  to  this  point  none,  I  presume,  are  dis- 
posed to  disagree  with  him,  but  as  to  what  pre- 
cise territory  was  included  in  that  boundary 
there  seems  to  be  a  question  in  the  minds  of  the 
California  Legislators. 

"The  report  before  referred  to,  appears  to 
be  based  upon  as  much  ignorance  with  regard 
to  this  question,  as  was  the  action  of  the  first 
two  Legislatures  of  Arizona,  which  committed 
the  grave  error  of  memorializing  Congress  upon 
the  subject;  when,  if  they  had  examined  the 
question,  they  would  have  f oimd  that  the  State 
of  California  never  claimed  the  disputed  land, 
and  that  Congress  had  specifically  included  it 
in  the  Territory  of  New  Mexico  in  the  Organic 
Act  for  that  Territory. 

"The  Constitution  of  California  in  giving  the 
boundaries  of  that  State,  claims  the  middle  of 
the  main  channel  of  the  Colorado  River  below 
the  thirty-fifth  parallel  of  north  latitude  down 
to  the  line  between  Mexico  and  the  United 
States,  as  her  line. 

"Arizona  claims  that  the  western  boundary 
line,  consists  of  the  middle  of  the  main  channel 
of  the  Colorado  river,  running  southerly  to  the 
Sonora  line. 

"How  it  was  possible  for  the  first  Legislature 
of  this  Territory  to  overlook  her  own  acts,  as  to 
this  matter,  and  the  language  of  the  Organic 
Act  of  New  Mexico,  so  far  as  to  recognize  the 


52  HISTORY   OF  ARIZONA. 

usurpation  by  the  county  of  San  Diego,  as  to 
cause  it  to  memorialize  Congress  upon  the  sub- 
ject, is  a  matter  of  astonishment,  to  say  the  least 
of  it. 

"Mr.  Meagher  says  'Recently  the  Territory 
of  Arizona  has  set  up  a  claim, '  etc. 

''He  is  mistaken  in  his  statement:  we  have 
always  claimed  this  Territory  and  have  ever 
maintained  that  there  were  no  tenable  reasons 
why  San  Diego  should  hold  any  authority  over 
it.  Let  us  see  for  what  reasons  or  upon  what 
grounds  we  base  these  claims. 

"In  the  first  place,  in  the  year  1849,  Cali- 
fornia, by  the  vote  of  her  people  ratified  the 
Constitution  of  that  State,  in  which  the  limits 
are  plainly  set  forth.  After  fixing  the  north- 
ern line  to  where  it  intersects  the  39th  degree 
of  north  latitude,  it  says :  Thence  running  in  a 
straight  line  in  a  southerly  direction  to  the  river 
Colorado,  at  a  point  where  it  intersects  the  35th 
degree  of  north  latitude,  thence  down  the 
middle  of  the  channel  of  said  river  to  the  bound- 
ary line  between  Mexico  and  the  United  States, 
as  established  by  the  treaty  of  May  30th,  1848, 
thence  west,  etc.,  to  the  Pacific  Ocean. 

"Now,  Sir,  it  would  appear  that  the  above- 
quoted  language  was  sufficient  to  satisfy  any  un- 
prejudicial  mind  that  California  never  claimed 
an  inch  of  land  east  of  the  Colorado  river,  nor 
has  she  ever  done  so,  until  the  last  session  of  the 
Legislature  of  that  State,  which  was  induced  by 
the  wrong  action  of  the  Legislature  of  this  Ter- 
ritory in  memorializing  Congress  to  give  to  us 
that  which  I  shall  convince  any  and  all  who  will 
carefully  examine  the  subject,  was  always  ours. 


THE  FIFTH   LEGISLATURE.  53 

But  before  entering  into  a  description  of  the 
peculiarities  of  the  junction  of  the  Gila  and 
Colorado  rivers,  I  deem  it  necessary  to  draw 
your  attention  to  the  provisions  of  the  treaty  of 
Guadalupe  Hidalgo. 

"In  that  treaty  (article  5)  after  bounding  the 
Southern  Territory  acquired  thereby,  until  com- 
ing to  the  Gila  river,  it  says : 

"  'Thence  down  the  middle  of  the  Gila  until 
it  empties  into  the  Rio  Colorado;  thence  across 
the  Rio  Colorado,  following  the  division  line 
between  Upper  and  Lower  California  to  the 
Pacific  Ocean.'  But,  says  the  treaty,  in  order 
to  preclude  all  difficulty  in  tracing  upon  the 
limit  separating  Upper  from  Lower  California, 
it  is  agreed  that  the  said  limits  shall  consist  of 
a  straight  line  down  to  the  Rio  Gila,  where  it 
unites  with  the  Colorado  to  a  point  on  the 
Pacific  Ocean,  etc. 

''To  those  who  are  not  conversant  with  the 
minute  points  of  the  geography  of  the  junction 
of  these  two  rivers,  it  is  necessary  to  say  that  at 
the  junction,  and  for  miles  around  and  above 
this  junction,  it  is  one  immense  mud  flat,  over 
which  the  Colorado  river  (at  all  times  when 
high)  overflows;  and  all  the  apparent  circum- 
stances go  to  show,  and  those  who  were  on  the 
ground  at  the  time  of  running  the  line  by  the 
Commissioners  who  fixed  the  line  between  the 
Republic  of  Mexico  and  the  United  States,  by 
the  treaty  of  Guadalupe  Hidalgo,  say  that  all 
of  said  flat  country  was  inundated  at  that  time. 

"This  accounts  for  fixing  the  initial  point  up 
the  Rio  Gila  some  hundreds  of  yards  from  its 
actual  mouth,  when  both  rivers  are  low,  advan- 


54  HISTORY   OF   ARIZONA. 

tage  being  taken  of  the  high  condition  of  the 
Colorado,  in  connection  with  the  language  of 
the  treaty,  which  says : 

''  'That  the  boundary  line  between  Upper  and 
Lower  California  shall  consist  of  a  straight  line 
drawn  from  the  middle  of  the  Rio  Gila,  where 
the  Colorado,  etc' 

"The  high  condition  of  the  Colorado  at  the 
time,  owing  to  the  flatness  of  the  country,  left 
the  place  of  unity  between  the  two  streams  very 
indefinite ;  but  a  point  was  agreed  upon  between 
the  Commissioners  from  which  to  start,  for  the 
purpose  of  dividing  the  two  Californias.  But 
there  is  no  good  reason  to  doubt  but  that  the  in- 
tention of  the  plenipotentiaries  was  at  the  time 
of  making  the  treaty,  to  cross  the  Colorado  river 
directly  from  the  fact  that  the  general  course 
of  the  Colorado  is  north  and  south,  and  this 
dividing  line  runs  directly  west;  but  owing  to 
a  short  bend  from  south  to  west,  this  line  start- 
ing from  the  agreed  initial  point,  did  not  cross 
the  Colorado  until  the  Commissioners  had  run 
six  and  a  half  miles,  cutting  off  a  strip  of  land 
between  the  line  and  the  river  on  the  west  vary- 
ing from  a  few  hundred  yards  to  three-quarters 
of  a  mile  in  width. 

"It  must  be  kept  in  view,  however,  that  this 
line  was  to  be  run  for  the  express  purpose  of 
dividing  Upper  from  Lower  California. 

"Now  that  it  is  understood  that  this  line  was 
for  the  sole  purpose  of  dividing  the  Californias, 
will  any  one  claim  that  it  divided  any  part  of  the 
Californias  before  it  crossed  the  Eio  Colorado'? 

"If  either  of  these  States  ever  claimed  an 
inch  of  territory  east  of  the  Colorado  river. 


THE   FIFTH   LEGISLATURE.  00 

then  it  were  possible,  but  as  neither  of  them 
ever  made  any  such  claim,  then  it  is  simply 
ridiculous  to  suppose  that  this  line  divided  them 
before  reaching  their  territory ;  the  initial  point 
notwithstanding,  which  was  so  fixed  by  the  Com- 
missioners for  the  reasons  before  given.  And 
when  running  this  line,  where  they  struck  the 
bank  of  the  Gila  on  the  south  or  western  side, 
from  the  middle  of  the  mouth  thereof,  they 
came  to  the  bank  some  four  hundred  yards  from 
the  Colorado  river,  and  run  six  and  one  half 
miles  before  coming  to  the  Colorado  river.  But 
bearing  in  mind  that  California  in  her  Consti- 
tution claims  the  middle  of  the  Colorado  as  her 
boundary,  as  between  her  and  any  other  Terri- 
tory of  the  United  States,  and  this  Constitution 
was  accepted  by  Congress,  and  California  was 
admitted  as  a  State,  September  9th,  1850. 

"The  Organic  Act  creating  the  Territory  of 
New  Mexico  by  Congress  was  approved  on  the 
same  day,  and  in  giving  the  boundary  limits  of 
said  Territory,  in  this  act  they  commenced  the 
boundary  in  the  Colorado  river,  where  the 
boundary  line  with  the  Republic  of  Mexico 
crosses  the  same;  thence  easterly  with  the  said 
boundary  line  to  the  Eio  Grande,  with  the 
meanderings  east,  north  and  then  west,  until  it 
intersects  the  line  of  California  at  the  north- 
west corner  of  Pah-Ute  County ;  thence  back  on 
the  California  line  down  the  Colorado  river  to 
the  place  of  beginning.  I  ask,  is  this  conclu- 
sive? 

"California  has  never  claimed  this  disputed 
territory  until  the  action  of  her  last  Legislature. 
And  Congress,  right  at  the  time  of  the  admis- 


56  HISTORY   OF   ARIZONA. 

sion  of  California  as  a  State,  did  include  this 
strip  within  the  limits  of  the  Territory  of  New 
Mexico,  and  has  since  created  all  the  Territory 
west  of  a  certain  line,  the  Territory  of  Arizona, 
which  had  been  included  with  the  former  limits 
of  New  Mexico. 

"In  the  name  of  common  sense  and  good  rea- 
son, if  this  strip  of  land  belonged  to  California, 
why  did  not  California  protest,  or  why  has  she 
not  long  before  this  made  complaint?  Or,  if 
we  admit  for  a  moment  that  it  did  belong  to  her, 
why  did  Congress  commence  the  boundary  of 
New  Mexico  by  starting  six  and  a  half  miles 
off  the  edge  or  border  of  the  Territory  to  be  pre- 
scribed by  said  boundary,  and  follow  thence 
easterly,  northerly,  and  westerly  to  the  Cali- 
fornia line,  at  the  northwest  corner  of  Pah-Ute 
County;  and  thence  following  said  California 
lilies  back  and  down  the  Colorado  river  to  place 
of  beginning?  What  was  the  object  in  com- 
mencing six  or  seven  miles  down  the  Colorado 
river  and  running  to  the  Gila  by  the  line  form- 
erly established  by  the  Commissioners,  and  then 
afterwards,  when  they  got  back  to  the  mouth  of 
the  Gila  river,  why  did  they  run  do^^m  the  river 
to  the  place  of  beginning? 

"Did  the  territory  included  within  these  lim- 
its below  the  Gila  belong  to  California?  Sir, 
it  is  presumption  to  contend  for  any  such  thing. 
Now,  Mr.  President,  all  of  the  foregoing  may 
be  summed  up  in  these  few  questions : 

"Has  California  ever  claimed  this  strip  of 
land  before  her  last  session?  She  has  never 
before  claimed  it. 


THE  FIFTH   LEGISLATURE.  57 

*'Do  her  constitutional  bounds  claim  it? 
That  instrument  does  not  claim  any  territory 
west  of  the  Colorado  river,  nor  ever  has,  nor  did 
either  of  the  old  Calif  ornias  under  Mexican  rule 
claim  any  such  thing. 

"But  Congress  did  claim  and  include  it  within 
the  bounds  of  the  Territory  of  New  Mexico  in 
her  Organic  Act.  And,  last,  though  not  least, 
Arizona  did  claim  it  from  her  first  organization. 
But  from  want  of  a  proper  understanding  in  the 
first  two  Legislatures  she  did  conmiit  the  grave 
mistake  in  memorializing  Congi^ess  to  give  her 
territory  already  belonging  to  her  by  nature,  by 
the  Organic  Act,  and  the  law  of  this  Territory 
and  the  laws  of  Congress." 

The  foregoing  seems  to  have  been  conclusive 
as  to  that  controversy  as  there  was  no  subse- 
quent action  taken  in  reference  thereto  by 
California  or  by  Congi-ess. 

The  Governor  submitted  the  following  to  the 
Legislature : 

"TERRITORY  OF  ARIZONA, 

"Office  of  the  Governor. 

"Tucson,  December  12,  1868. 
"Hon.  John  T.  Alsap,  President  of  the  Council: 

"Sir:  The  following  appointments  have  been 
made  by  me  since  the  adjournment  of  the  last 
legislature,  and  are  respectfully  submitted  to  the 
Council  for  confirmation: 

"December  31st,  1867,  John  B.  Allen,  Terri- 
torial Treasurer. 

"July  1st,  1868,  Charles  H.  Lord,  Territorial 
Auditor,  vice  James  Grant,  resigned. 


58  HISTORY   OF   ARIZONA. 


a 


'July  20tli,  1868,  John  S.  Thayer,  as  Probate 
Judge,  vice  Sidney  R.  DeLong,  resigned. 

''September  7th,  1868,  James  H.  Toole,  Ad- 
jutant-General. 

"(Signed)  EICHAED  C.  McCORMICK." 

The  Territorial  Auditor  made  the  following 
report : 

"Tucson,  October  20th,  1868. 
"Hon.  R.  C.  McCormick,  Governor  of  the  Ter- 
ritory of  Arizona. 
"In  accordance  with  the  provisions  of  sec- 
tion 10  of  the  Act  approved  October  5th,  1867, 
I  herewith  furnish  you  a  full  exhibit  of  the 
claims  audited  and  warrants  issued  by  me  from 
the  time  of  my  appointment,  July  1st,  1868,  to 
this  date. 

"I  am,  with  respecti,  your  obedient  servant. 
"CHARLES  H.  LORD, 
' '  Territorial  Auditor, ' ' 

LIST  OF  CLAIMS  AUDITED  AND  WAR- 
RANTS ISSUED,  1868. 

July  1st,  1868. 

Claim  No.  116— Lord  &  Williams,  for 
cost  and  charges  on  bond  books  for 
Territory,  under  act  of  October  5th, 
1867.     Warrant  No.  140 $  75 .  00 

Claim  No.  117— Lord  &  Williams,  for 
interest  on  bonds,  gold  or  equiva- 
lent; Act  of  October  5th,  1867. 
Warrant  No.  141  475.00 

Claim   No.   118— Lord   &   Williams,  for 
interest  on  bonds.  Act  October  5th, 
1867.     Warrant  No.  142 475.00 


THE   FIFTH   LEGISLATURE.  59 

Claim  No.  119— Lord  &  Williams,  for 
interest  on  bonds,  Act  of  October 
5tli,     1867,     gold     or     equivalent. 

Warrant  No.  143 275.00 

July  3rd,  1868. 

Claim  No.  120— G.  H.  Oury,  for  six 
months'  salary  as  Attorney  Gen- 
eral; Act  October  5t\  1867.  War- 
rant No.  145  30. 00 

July  24tb,  1868. 

Claim  No.  121— J.  B.  Allen,  for  three 
months '  salaiy  as  Territorial  Treas- 
urer; under  Act  October  5th,  1867. 

Warrant  No.  145 162 .  50 

October  19th,  1868. 

Claim  No.  122— P.  R.  Brady,  Sheriff  of 
Pima  County,  for  care  of  Terri- 
torial prisoners;  Act  of  October 
5th,  1867.     Warrant  No.  146 192.00." 

The  Territorial  Treasurer  made  the  follow- 
ing report : 

''TERRITORY  OF  ARIZONA, 

''Office  of  the  Treasurer. 

"Tucson,  November  1,  1868. 
"To  the  Honorable  the  Fifth  Legislative  As- 
sembly : 
"In  compliance  with  the  requirements  of  sec- 
tion 10,  of  'An  Act  concerning  Territorial  In- 
debtedness, '  approved  October  5th,  1867,  I  have 
the  honor  to  submit  herewith  a  report  of  the 
transactions  of  the  office  from  the  15th  of  Jan- 
uary, 1868,  at  which  time  I  assimaed  its  duties, 
to  this  date,  accompanied  by  statements  rela- 


60  HISTORY   OF   ARIZONA. 

tive  to  the  financial  condition  of  the  Territory, 
more  particularly  detailed  by  statement  'A'; 
showing  in  tabular  form  an  account  of  all  Bonds 
issued  by  the  Treasurer  since  the  organization 
of  the  Territory. 

"Statement  'B'  giving  a  detail  of  all  war- 
rants outstanding,  with  interest  thereon,  com- 
puted November  1st,  1868. 

"Statement  'C,'  an  exhibit  of  all  receipts  and 
disbursements. 

"Statement  'D,'  recapitulating  the  above,  and 
showing  the  entire  indebtedness  in  currency, 
up  to  November  1st,  1868. 

"I  regret  to  say  that  no  report,  either 
monthly  or  quarterly  has  been  received  at  this 
office  from  the  Treasurer  of  Pah-Ute  County 
since  my  assuming  the  office ;  from  the  Treas- 
urer of  Mohave  County  since  July  last ;  from  the 
Treasurer  of  Yuma  County  since  August  8th; 
and  from  the  Treasurer  of  Yavapai  County 
since  July  6th. 

"I  do  not  know,  nor  have  I  had  any  means  of 
ascertaining,  what  amount  of  taxes  has  been 
levied  and  collected  in  the  above  mentioned 
counties  during  the  present  year  for  Territorial 
purposes. 

"The  report  of  the  proceedings  of  the  Board 
of  Supervisors  of  Yavapai  County,  as  published 
in  Miner,  states  that  twenty-five  cents  on  the  one 
hundred  dollars  was  levied  for  Territorial  pur- 
poses, although  the  law  requires  that  fifty  cents 
on  the  one  hundred  dollars  should  be  levied. 

"It  will  be  too  apparent  to  you,  from  a  con- 
sideration of  this  statement,  that  a  careful  re- 
vision of  the  revenue  laws  is  necessary. 


THE   FIFTH   LEGISLATURE.  61 

"Although  the  people  have  cheerfully  con- 
tributed of  their  hard  earnings  a  sufficient 
amount  to  meet  all  the  obligations  of  the  Terri- 
tory, yet  through  the  delinquency  of  a  few 
county  officers,  who  were  sworn  to  perform,  and 
are  paid  to  do  their  duty,  we  are  compelled  to 
declare  officially  that  Arizona  has  failed  to  make 
good  her  promises  to  pay. 

"ESCHEATED  ESTATES. 

"During  the  last  five  years  many  of  our  bold 
pioneers  have  fallen  by  the  hand  of  the  dread 
Apache,  and  some  by  disease,  who  have  left  large 
estates  to  the  Territory,  and  yet  not  a  dollar 
has  reached  the  Treasury  from  this  source,  al- 
though some  estates  have  been  in  the  hands  of 
administrators  for  years.  It  is  due  to  the  mem- 
ory of  those  worthy  men  that  the  proceeds  of 
their  estates  be  applied  toward  establishing 
public  schools,  so  that  their  labor  may  find  some 
reward. 

"In  this  connection  I  would  respectfully 
recommend  the  passage  of  a  special  act  in  re- 
spect to  escheated  estates  now  in  the  hands  of 
the  several  administrators,  the  effect  of  which 
will  be  to  place  within  one  year,  into  the  Treas- 
ury, the  proceeds  of  all  escheated  estates. 

"I  would  furthemiore  respectfully  recom- 
mend that  the  County  Treasurers  be  made  ex 
officio  Public  Administrators  of  their  respective 
coimties,  and  be  required  to  make  quarterly  re- 
turns to  the  Territorial  Treasurer,  the  same  as 
in  other  matters. 

"The  proceeds  of  escheated  estates  once  in  the 
Treasury,  the  Legislature  could  make  such  dis- 
position thereof  as  they  deem  proper. 


62  HISTORY   OF  ARIZONA. 

''The  act  approved  October  oth,  1868,  entitled 
'An  Act  concerning  Territorial  Indebtedness,' 
contemplated  the  funding  of  the  Bonds  and 
Warrants  therein  specified. 

"No  bonds  have  been  issued  under  the  j)rovi- 
sions  of  that  Act.  A  question  involving  the 
legality  of  the  act  having  arisen,  and  being  now 
pending  before  the  Courts,  parties  holding  those 
Bonds  and  Warrants  prefer  retaining  them, 
and  the  Treasurer  is  barred  from  paying  them 
princi]3al  or  interest.  The  repeal  of  sections  1, 
2,  3,  4,  7  and  9  of  said  act  is  necessary. 

"It  may  be  of  interest  for  you  to  know  that 
the  amomit  of  internal  revenue  assessed  in  Pima 
County  from  January  1st  to  October  30th,  1868, 
is  $7,791,  and  the  amount  collected  up  to  Novem- 
ber 1st,  1868,  $6,0'50. 

"No  statement  has  been  received  from  the 
Collectors  in  other  counties. 

"All  of  which  is  respectfully  submitted. 
"JOHN  B.  ALLEN, 
' '  Territorial  Treasurer. ' ' 

The  statement  "D,"  referred  to  in  the  Treas- 
urer's Eeport,  showed  that  from  the  1st  day  of 
June,  1868,  to  and  including  the  31st  day  of  Oc- 
tober, 1868,  the  Treasurer  had  received  from  all 
sources,  the  sum  of  $8,479.86,  and  that  dur- 
ing the  same  period  he  had  disbursed  the 
sum  of  $5,611.80,  leaving  cash  in  the  Treasury, 
$2,868.06.  At  the  date  last  mentioned  the  Ter- 
ritory had  a  total  outstanding  indebtedness  of 
$62,961.05,  evidenced  by  bonds  and  warrants. 


THE  FIFTH   LEGISLATURE.  63 


CHAPTER  III. 

THE   FIFTH  LEGISLATURE    (Continued). 

Acts  Passed  by  —  Dancing  Licensed  —  Act  to 
Establish  Public  Schools — Text  of — Act 
Locating  Territorial  Prison  at  or  Near 
Phoenix. 

The  first  act  of  any  importance  was  an  act  to 
license  dance  houses,  which  read  as  follows : 

"Section  1.  It  shall  be  lawful,  and  the  col- 
lectors of  licenses  of  the  several  counties  of  this 
Territory  are  hereby  authorized  and  directed 
to  collect  a  license  tax  of  not  more  than  twenty 
nor  less  than  five  dollars,  of  any  and  all  persons 
who  shall  keep  a  dance  house  within  the  limits 
of  any  town  or  village  in  this  Territory,  which 
license  shall  be  collected  for  each  night  of  danc- 
ing. 

"Sec.  2.  All  moneys  collected  under  the 
provisions  of  this  act  shall  be  appropriated  by 
the  Supervisors  of  the  respective  counties,  to 
grading  and  repairing  of  the  streets  of  the  town 
or  village  in  which  such  license  shall  be  collected. 

"Sec.  3.  This  act  shall  be  governed  by  the 
license  laws  of  this  Territory  in  all  respectsp 
except  the  manner  of  the  appropriations  of  the 
moneys. ' ' 

At  that  time  there  was  no  mining  camp,  vil- 
lage or  town  in  the  Territory  that  was  not  en- 
livened after  dark  with  the  music  of  the  dance, 
where  the  belles  of  the  lower  world  held  high 
carnival  and  the  boys  spent  their  time  and 
money  between  dances  on  drinks. 


64  HISTORY   OF   ARIZONA. 

An  act  concerning  pnblic  highways  and  streets 
in  towns  having  a  population  exceeding  five 
hundred,  provided  for  a  street  superintendent 
to  be  appointed  by  the  Board  of  Supervisors,  at 
such  compensation  as  they  might  deem  advisable 
to  see  that  all  the  streets  were  properly  laid  out 
and  graded.  Under  this  act  the  street  superin- 
tendent was  empowered  to  compel  any  owner  of 
any  lot  or  lots  to  grade  the  same,  or  the  streets 
in  front  thereof  as  he  saw  fit,  and  in  case  any 
owner  should  fail  or  refuse  to  comply  with  the 
provisions  of  the  act  in  this  respect,  the  street 
superintendent  was  empowered  to  bring  suit 
before  a  justice  of  the  peace  of  the  county  in 
which  the  said  town  was  located,  and  upon  con- 
viction of  such  person  or  persons,  he  or  they 
should  be  fined  not  less  than  ten  nor  more  than 
a  hundred  dollars  for  each  and  every  violation 
of  the  act.  All  fines  collected  were  to  be  paid 
into  the  county  treasury  and  all  such  moneys 
were  to  be  applied  by  the  Board  of  Supervisors 
to  the  purpose  of  repairing  the  streets  or  high- 
ways of  the  towns  in  which  such  fines  were  col- 
lected. Provision  was  made  also  for  the  re- 
demption of  the  bonds  of  the  Territory  issued 
under  an  act  approved  November  9th,  1864, 
entitled  '*An  Act  to  provide  for  the  contingent 
expenses  of  the  Territorial  Government,"  and 
also  for  the  payment  of  Territorial  Warrants; 
also  an  act  creating  the  office  of  Attorney- 
General  of  the  Territory,  defining  his  duties, 
and  fixing  his  salary  at  $400  per  annum. 

This  Legislature  passed  an  act  to  establish 
public  schools  in  the  Territory  of  Arizona, 
which  was  the  first  earnest  eifort  in  legislation 


THE  FIFTH  LEGISLATURE.  65 

in  that  direction,  it  being  a  matter  of  great  im- 
portance at  the  time,  and  as  it  became  the 
foundation  of  our  school  systemi,  I  give  the  act 
in  its  entirety : 

"Section  1.  That  the  Board  of  Supervisors 
of  each  of  the  several  organized  counties,  and 
every  county  that  may  be  hereafter  organized 
within  tliis  Territory,  be  and  they  are  hereby 
constituted  Boards  of  Education  for  each  of  the 
several  coimties  of  this  Territory,  in  which  they 
have  been  duly  elected  as  Boards  of  Super- 
visors; and  shall  perform  such  duties  as  such 
Boards  of  Education,  as  may  be  required  of 
them,  by  the  provisions  of  this  act.  They  shall 
hold  their  offices  during  the  time  for  which  they 
have  been  elected  as  said  Boards  of  Supervisors 
for  their  several  Counties. 

"Sec.  2.  Said  Boards  shall  hold  an  annual 
meeting,  at  the  County  seat  of  each  of  their  re- 
spective counties,  on  the  same  or  subsequent  day 
of  their  first  regular  meetings  as  Boards  of 
Supervisors;  and  such  other  special  meetings 
during  the  year  as  the  Boards  may,  in  their 
judgment,  deem  proper  and  necessary. 

"Sec.  3.  Said  Boards  of  Education  of  the 
several  counties  in  this  Territory,  shall  from 
time  to  time,  as  they  may  deem  proper,  recom- 
mend to  the  Legislature  such  alterations,  revi- 
sions and  amendments  of  existing  laws,  relating 
to  Common  Schools,  as  in  their  judgment  are 
demanded,  in  order  to  the  perfecting  of  a  system 
of  general  education  in  this  Territory ;  and  they 
shall  annually  make  a  report  of  their  official 
doings,  and  of  the  state  and  condition  of  the 

V— 5 


66  HISTORY   OF   ARIZONA. 

schools  in  their  respective  counties,  to  the  Legis- 
lature during  the  first  week  of  its  session. 

"Sec.  4.  Said  Boards  may  at  any  time  fill  a 
vacancy  in  the  office  of  Superintendent  of  Pub- 
lic Schools  in  their  respective  counties. 

"Sec.  5.  The  Boards  of  Education  in  the 
several  counties  shall  select  a  list  of  books  for 
the  different  branches  usually  taught  in  Com- 
mon SchoolSj,  which  list  shall  constitute  the  text 
books  for  district  schools,  and  shall  cause  such 
list  to  be  published  in  all  the  newspapers  in  said 
county,  in  the  month  of  January  in  each  year; 
and  on  and  after  such  publications,  no  other 
books  but  those  prescribed  in  the  list  by  said 
Boards,  shall  be  used  in  any  of  the  district 
schools  in  their  respective  counties,  except  by 
permission  of  the  Superintendent  of  Public 
Schools  or  the  District  Board. 

"Sec.  6.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  Board 
of  Suj)ervisors  of  the  several  counties  in  this 
Territory,  to  divide  their  counties  into  school 
districts  when  necessary,  and  subdivide  the  same 
whenever  petitioned  by  a  majority  of  the  citi- 
zens thereof,  and  to  furnish  the  County  Ee- 
corder  of  such  county  with  a  written  description 
of  the  boundaries  of  each  district  so  formed; 
which  description  must  be  filed  with  said  County 
Recorder  before  said  district  shall  be  entitled 
to  proceed  with  its  organization  by  the  election 
of  School  District  officers.  Whenever  it  shall 
be  deemed  necessary  to  form  a  School  District 
from  parts  of  two  or  more  counties,  it  shall  be 
the  duty  of  the  Board  of  Supervisors  of  each 
county  in  which  any  part  of  the  proposed  joint 
district  shall  be  situated,  to  imite  in  laying  out 


THE  FIFTH   LEGISLATURE.  67 

such  joint  district;  and  the  Board  of  Super- 
visors so  assisting,  shall  file  a  description  of  said 
joint  district  with  the  County  Recorder  of  their 
county;  provided,  however,  that  said  Boards 
shall  not  be  allowed  to  form  a  district,  unless  the 
area  comprising  said  district  shall  contain 
within  its  limits  twenty  children  of  the  age 
four  and  under  twenty-one. 

"Sec.  7.  The  several  counties  in  this  Terri- 
tory shall,  at  their  annual  election,  elect  a  com- 
petent person  to  be  Superintendent  of  Public 
Schools  in  and  for  such  county,  who  shall  hold 
his  office  during  the  school  year  commencing  on 
the  first  of  November,  or  until  his  successor  is 
elected  and  qualified;  who  shall  receive  for  his 
service  four  dollars  each  day  actually  spent  in 
the  discharge  of  his  legal  duties,  and  a  reason- 
able sum  for  his  annual  report  to  the  County 
Board  of  Education  in  his  county;  and  every 
Superintendent  of  Schools  shall  make  out  in 
detail  his  account  for  official  services  rendered, 
and  make  oath  or  affirmation  to  the  correctness 
of  the  same  before  some  Justice  of  the  Peace 
in  the  county  in  which  he  resides,  which  oath 
or  affirmation  shall  be  certified  by  said  Justice 
before  such  Superintendent's  account  shall  be 
presented  to  the  County  Recorder  for  allow- 
ance, who  shall  audit  and  allow  the  same,  or  so 
much  thereof  as  is  just  and  reasonable,  and  the 
same  shall  be  paid  out  of  the  County  Treasury 
upon  the  order  of  the  County  Recorder,  who  is 
empowered  to  draw  orders  for  the  same ;  but  no 
order  shall  be  drawn  to  any  such  Superinten- 
dent until  he  shall  have  filed  vnth.  the  County 
Recorder  a  receipt  from  the  County   Board  of 


68  HISTORY   OF   ARIZONA. 

Public  Schools  for  the  statistical  returns  of  the 
preceding  school  year,  in  pursuance  of  the 
requirements  of  section  seventeen  of  this  act. 

"Sec.  8.  The  County  Superintendent  of 
Public  Schools  shall  have  charge  of  the  common 
school  interests  of  the  county.  He  shall  before 
he  enters  upon  the  discharge  of  the  duties  of  his 
office,  take  and  subscribe  an  oath  or  affirmation 
to  support  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States 
and  the  act  organizing  this  Territory,  and  faith- 
fully to  discharge  the  duties  of  his  office,  which 
oath  or  affirmation  shall  be  filed  in  the  office  of 
the  County  Eecorder.  He  shall  execute  a  bond 
with  approved  security,  payable  to  the  Board  of 
County  Supervisors;  for  the  use  of  common 
schools  in  said  county,  in  the  penal  sum  of  five 
hundred  dollars.  Said  bond  must  be  approved 
by  the  Board  of  Supervisors,  and  filed  in  the 
office  of  the  County  Recorder. 

"Sec.  9.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  County 
Treasurer,  on  the  first  Monday  of  April  in  each 
year,  to  furnish  the  County  Superintendent  of 
Public  Schools  with  a  statement  of  the  amount 
of  money  in  the  County  Treasury  belonging  to 
the  School  Fund,  and  he  shall  pay  the  same  upon 
the  order  of  said  Superintendent  to  the  proper 
district  officers 

"Sec.  10.  It  shaU  be  the  duty  of  the  County 
Superintendent  of  Public  Schools,  on  the  sec- 
ond Monday  of  April  in  each  year,  or  as  soon 
thereafter  as  he  shall  receive  the  statement  of 
the  County  Treasurer!,  certifying  the  amount  of 
money  in  the  County  Treasury  for  the  use  of 
common  schools  for  the  current  year,  to  appor- 
tion such  amount  to  the  several  districts  or  parts 


THE  rrPTH  LEGISLATURE.  69 

of  districts  within  the  county,  in  proportion  to 
the  members  of  children  residing  in  each,  over 
the  age  of  four  and  under  the  age  of  twenty-one 
years,  as  the  same  shall  appear  from  the  last 
annual  reports  of  the  Clerks  of  their  respective 
districts,  and  he  shall  draw  his  order  on  the 
County  Treasurer  in  favor  of  the  several  dis- 
trict Treasurers,  for  the  amount  so  apportioned 
to  each  district. 

''Sec.  11.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  County 
Superintendents  to  visit  all  such  common  schools 
within  their  respective  coimties  as  shall  be  or- 
ganized according  to  law,  at  least  once  each  year, 
and  oftener  if  they  shall  deem  it  necessary.  At 
such  visitations  the  Superintendents  shall  ex- 
amine into  the  state  and  condition  of  such 
schools  as  respects  the  progress  in  learning  and 
the  order  and  government  of  the  schools;  and 
they  may  give  advice  to  the  teachers  of  such 
schools  as  to  the  government  thereof  and  the 
course  of  study  to  be  pursued  therein,  and  shall 
adopt  all  requisite  measures  for  the  inspection, 
examination  and  regiilaton  of  the  schools,  and 
for  the  improvement  of  the  scholars  in  learning. 
Every  superintendent  of  common  schools  shall 
take,  or  cause  to  be  taken,  between  the  first  day 
of  October  and  the  thirtieth  day  of  November 
in  each  year,  an  enumeration  of  all  the  children 
resident  in  his  county,  between  the  ages  of  four 
and  twenty-one  years. 

"Sec.  12.  He  shall  see  that  the  annual  re- 
ports of  the  Clerks  of  the  several  school  districts 
in  his  county  are  made  correctly,  and  in  due 
time. 


70  HISTORY   OF   ARIZONA. 

"Sec.  13.  He  shall  hold  a  public  examina- 
tion for  all  persons  offering  themselves  as 
teachers  of  common  schools,  at  the  comity  seat 
of  his  county,  on  the  last  Saturday  of  April  and 
October  in  each  year,  notice  of  which  shall  be 
given  as  publicly  as  possible;  at  which  time  he 
shall  grant  certificates  for  not  less  than  three 
months  nor  more  than  one  year,  to  such  persons 
as  he  may  find  qualified  to  teach  orthograi3hy, 
reading,  writing,  arithmetic,  geography  and 
English  grammar.  All  persons  offering  them- 
selves as  teachers,  must  produce  evidence  of 
good  moral  character,  and  possess  the  requisite 
capacity  to  conduct  and  govern  a  common 
school;  and  any  person  receiving  such  certifi- 
cate shall  be  deemed  a  qualified  teacher  within 
the  meaning  of  this  act.  Persons  applying  to 
the  County  Superintendent  for  a  certificate  at 
any  other  time  than  at  the  public  examination, 
shall  pay  to  the  said  Superintendent  the  sum  of 
one  dollar  for  his  services. 

"Sec.  14.  Whenever  a  school  district  shall 
be  foi-med  in  any  County,  Superintendent  of 
Public  Schools  of  such  County,  shall  within 
fifteen  days  thereafter,  prepare  a  notice  of  the 
formation  of  such  district,^  describing  its  bound- 
aries and  stating  the  number  thereof,  and  ap- 
pointing a  time  and  place  for  the  district  meet- 
ing. He  shall  cause  the  notice  thus  prepared 
to  be  posted  in  at  least  five  public  places  in  the 
district,  at  least  ten  days  before  the  time 
appointed  for  such  meeting. 

"Sec.  15.  The  County  Superintendent  of 
Public  Schools  shall  perform  all  other  duties  of 


THE  FIFTH  LEGISLATURE.  71 

his  said  office  that  now  are,  or  hereafter  may  be 
prescribed  by  law;  and  he  shall  deliver  to  his 
successor,  within  ten  days  after  the  expiration 
of  his  term  of  office,  all  books  and  papers  per- 
taining to  his  office. 

''Sec.  16.  If  any  vacancy  occurs  in  the  office 
of  County  Superintendent  of  Public  Schools, 
by  death,  resignation  or  otherwise,  notice 
thereof  shall  be  given  by  the  County  Recorder 
to  the  Board  of  Supervisors,  who  shall  as  soon 
as  practicable  appoint  some  suitable  person  to 
fill  the  vacancy;  and  the  person  receiving  such 
appointment,  shall,  before  entering  upon  the  dis- 
charge of  the  duties  of  his  office,  file  his  oath  or 
affirmation  in  the  County  Recorder's  office  as 
hereinbefore  provided,  and  he  shall  discharge 
all  the  duties  of  the  office  of  County  Superin- 
tendent of  Public  Schools  until  a  successor  is 
elected  and  qualified.  He  shall  also  give  a  like 
bond  to  that  required  by  this  act  to  be  given  by 
the  County  Superintendent  of  Public  Schools. 

"Sec.  17.  The  County  Superintendent  shall 
make  full  and  complete  annual  returns  to  the 
several  Boards  of  Supervisors  in  their  respec- 
tive counties,  between  the  first  and  thirty-first 
day  of  October  in  each  year,  of  the  number  of 
children  between  the  ages  of  four  and  twenty- 
one  years,  in  the  school  districts  within  their 
respective  counties ;  also  the  number  of  qualified 
teachers  employed,  the  length  of  time  each  dis- 
trict school  has  been  taught  during  the  year, 
the  kind  of  text  books  used ;  and  the  amounts  ex- 
pended in  each  district,  out  of  moneys  raised 
for  educational  purposes,  and  for  what  pui7)ose 
such  amount  was  expended ;  the  amoimts  raised 


72  HISTORY   OF  ARIZONA. 

in  each  district  and  the  county,  by  taxation  or 
otherwise,  for  educational  interests,  and  any 
other  items  that  may  be  of  service  to  the  Comity 
Boards  of  Education  in  preparing  their  annual 
reports. 

"Sec.  18.  The  inhabitants  qualified  to  vote 
at  a  school  district  meeting^,  lawfully  assembled, 
shall  have  power : 

"First:  To  appoint  a  chairman  to  preside  at 
said  meeting,  in  the  absence  of  the  Director. 

"Second:  To  adjourn  from  time  to  time. 

"Third :  To  elect  a  Director,  Clerk  and  Treas- 
urer, w^ho  shall  possess  the  qualifications  of 
voters,  as  prescribed  in  the  next  section  of  this 
act,  at  the  first  and  each  annual  meeting  there- 
after. 

"Foui-th:  To  designate  by  vote  a  site  for  a 
district  school  house. 

"Fifth:  To  vote  a  tax  aimually,  not  exceed- 
ing one-half  per  cent  on  taxable  property  in  the 
district,  as  the  meeting  shall  deem  sufficient,  to 
purchase  or  lease  a  site,  and  to  build,  hire  or 
purchase  a  schoolhouse,  and  to  keep  in  repair 
and  furnish  the  same  with  the  necessary  fuel, 
stoves  and  benches. 

"Sixth:  To  vote  a  district  tax  annually,  not 
exceeding  one-half  of  one  per  cent,  on  the  tax- 
able property  in  the  district,  for  the  pay  of 
teachers'  wages  in  the  district. 

"Seventh:  To  authorize  and  direct  the  sale 
of  any  school  house  site,  or  other  property  be- 
longing to  the  district,  when  the  same  shall  no 
longer  be  needful  for  the  district. 

"Eighth:  To  vote  such  tax  as  may  be  neces- 
sary to    furnish  the    school   house  with  black- 


THE  FIFTH  LEGISLATURE.  73 

boards,  outline  maps,  and  apparatus  necessary 
for  illustrating  the  principles  of  science,  or  for 
discharge  of  any  debts  or  liabilities  of  the  dis- 
trict lawfully  incurred;  provided,  the  tax  shall 
not  exceed  one-fourth  of  one  per  cent  per 
annum,  and  may  be  applied  to  any  other  pur- 
poses by  a  vote  of  the  district  at  any  regularly 
called  meeting. 

"Ninth:  To  give  such  directions  and  make 
such  provisions  as  may  be  deemed  necessary  in 
relation  to  the  prosecution  or  defense  of  any  suit 
or  proceeding  in  which  the  district  may  be  a 
party. 

"Tenth:  To  alter  or  repeal  their  proceedings 
from  time  to  time,  as  occasion  may  require,  and 
to  do  any  other  business  contemplated  in  this 
act. 

"Sec.  19.  The  following  persons  shall  be  en- 
titled to  vote  at  any  district  meeting.  All 
persons  possessing  the  qualifications  of  electors, 
as  defined  by  the  act  organizing  this  Territory, 
and  the  laws  of  this  Territory,  and  who  shall  be 
actual  residents  of  the  district  at  the  time  of 
offering  to  vote  at  such  election. 

"Sec.  20.  If  any  person  offering  to  vote  at 
a  school  district  meeting  shall  be  challenged  as 
unqualified  by  any  legal  voter,  the  chairman 
presiding  shall  declare  to  the  person  challenged 
the  qualifications  of  a  voter,  and  if  such  chal- 
lenge be  not  withdrawn,  the  chairman,  who  is 
hereby  authorized,  shall  tender  to  the  person 
offering  to  vote,  the  following  oath  or  affirma- 
tion: 'You  do  solemnly  swear  (or  affirm)  that 
you  are  an  actual  resident  of  this  district,  and 
that  vou  are  qualified  by  law  to    vote  at  this 


74  HISTORY   OF   ARIZONA. 

meeting.'  Any  person  taking  such  oath  or  af- 
firmation, shall  be  entitled  to  vote  on  all  ques- 
tions voted  upon  at  such  meeting. 

"Sec.  21.  Every  school  district  shall  be 
deemed  duly  organized  when  the  officers  con- 
stituting the  district  board  shall  be  elected ;  they 
shall  signify  their  acceptance  to  the  County 
Superintendent  in  writing,  which  he  shall  file 
in  his  office.  Every  person  duly  elected  to  the 
office  of  Director,  Clerk  or  Treasurer  of  any 
school  district,  and  having  entered  upon  the 
duties  of  his  office,  shall  neglect  or  refuse  to 
perform  an}^  duty  required  of  him  by  the  provi- 
sions of  this  act,  shall  forfeit  the  sum  of  ten 
dollars  to  the  School  District  Fund. 

"Sec.  22.  The  officers  of  each  school  district 
shall  be  a  Director,  Clerk  and  Treasurer,  who 
shall  constitute  the  District  Board,  and  wdio 
shall  hold  their  respective  offices  until  the  an- 
nual meeting  next  following  their  election  or 
appointment,  and  until  their  successors  are 
elected  and  qualified. 

"Sec.  23.  Every  school  district,  organized  in 
pursuance  of  the  provisions  of  this  act,  shall  be 
a  body  corporate,  in  law,  and  shall  possess  the 
usual* powers  of  a  corporation  for  public  pur- 
poses, by  the  name  and  style  of  'School  District 
No.  (such  number  as  may  be  designated  by  the 
County  Superintendent),  County,  (the  name  of 
the  county  in  which  the  district  is  situated) 
Territory" of  Arizona,'  and  in  that  name  may 
sue  and  be  capable  of  contracting  and  being  con- 
tracted with,  and  holding  such  real  or  personal 
estate  as  it  may  come  in  possession  of  by  will 


THE  FIFTH   LEGISLATURE.  75 

or  otherwise,  or  as  is  authorized  to  be  purchased 
by  the  provisions  of  this  act. 

"Sec.  24.  An  annual  meeting  of  the  qual- 
ified directors  of  each  school  district  shall  be 
held  on  the  last  Saturday  of  September  of  each 
year,  at  such  hour  as  the  District  Board  shall 
name.  Special  meetings  may  be  called  by  any 
member  of  the  District  Board,  or  by  any  five 
legal  voters,  but  notice  of  such  special  meeting, 
stating  the  purposes  for  which  it  is  called,  shall 
be  posted  in  at  least  three  public  places  within 
the  district,  ten  days  previous  to  the  time  of 
meeting. 

"Sec.  25.  Whenever  the  time  for  holding  an 
amiual  meeting  in  au}^  district  shall  pass  with- 
out such  meeting  being  held,  the  Clerk,  or  in  his 
absence,  any  other  member  of  the  District 
Board,  within  twenty  days  after  the  time  for 
holding  said  annual  meeting  shall  have  passed, 
may  give  notice  of  a  special  meeting  by  putting 
up  written  notices  thereof  in  three  public  places 
within  the  district,  at  least  five  days  previous 
to  the  time  of  meeting ;  but  if  such  meeting  shall 
not  be  notified  within  twenty  days,  as  aforesaid, 
the  County  Superintendent  may  give  notice  of 
such  meeting  in  the  manner  provided  for  form- 
ing new  districts;  and  the  officers  chosen  at  such 
special  meeting  shall  hold  their  offices  until  the 
next  annual  meeting,  and  until  their  successors 
are  elected  and  qualified. 

"Sec.  26.  The  qualified  voters  at  each  an- 
nual meeting,  or  at  any  special  meeting  duly 
called,  may  determine  the  length  of  time  a  pub- 
lic school  shall  be  taught  in  their  district  for  the 
ensuing  year,  and  whether  such  a  school  shall  be 


76  HISTORY   OF  ARIZONA. 

taught  by  a  male  or  female  teacher,  or  both,  and 
whether  the  school  money  to  which  the  district 
may  be  entitled  shall  be  applied  to  the  support 
of  the  Summer,  or  Winter  term  of  the  school, 
or  a  certain  portion  to  each ;  but  if  such  matter 
shall  not  be  determined  at  the  annual  or  any 
special  meeting,  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  Dis- 
trict Board  to  determine  the  same. 

''Sec.  27.  The  Director  of  each  district  shall 
preside  at  all  district  meetings,  and  shall  sign 
orders  drawn  by  the  Clerk,  authorized  by  a  dis- 
trict meeting  or  by  the  District  Board,  upon  the 
Treasurer  of  the  district,  for  moneys  collected 
or  received  by  him  to  be  disbursed  therein.  He 
shall  appear  for  and  in  behalf  of  the  district  in 
all  suits  brought  by  or  against  the  district,  un- 
less other  directions  shall  be  given  by  the  voters 
of  such  district  at  a  district  meeting. 

"Sec.  28.  The  Clerk  of  each  district  shall 
record  the  proceedings  of  his  district  in  a  book 
provided  by  the  district  for  that  purpose,  and 
shall  enter  therein  copies  of  all  reports,  made 
by  him  to  the  County  Superintendent;  and  he 
shall  keep  and  preserve  all  records,  books  and 
papers  belonging  to  his  office,  and  deliver  the 
same  to  his  successor  in  office. 

''Sec.  29.  The  said  Clerk  shall  be  Clerk  of 
all  district  meetings,  when  present ;  but  if  such 
Clerk  shall  not  be  present  at  any  district  meet- 
ing, the  voters  present  may  appoint  a  Clerk  of 
such  meeting,  who  shall  certify  the  proceedings 
thereof,  and  the  same  shall  be  recorded  by  the 
Clerk  of  the  district. 

"Sec.  30.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  Clerk 
to  give  at  least  ten  days'  notice  previous  to  any 


THE  FIFTH  LEGISLATURE.  77 

annual  or  special  district  meeting,  by  posting  up 
notices  thereof  at  three  or  more  public  places 
in  the  district,  one  of  which  notices  shall  be 
affixed  to  the  outer  door  of  the  school  house,  if 
there  be  one  in  the  district ;  and  said  Clerk  shall 
give  the  like  notice  of  every  adjourned  meet- 
ing, when  such  meeting  shall  have  been  ad- 
journed for  a  longer  period  than  one  month. 
Every  notice  for  a  special  district  meeting  shall 
specify  the  objects  for  which  such  meeting  is 
called,  and  no  business  shall  be  acted  upon  at 
any  special  meeting,  not  specified  in  said  notice. 

''Sec.  31.  The  Clerk  of  the  district  shall 
draw  orders  upon  the  Treasurer  of  the  district, 
for  moneys  in  the  hands  of  such  Treasurer, 
which  have  been  apportioned  to  or  raised  by  the 
district  to  be  applied  to  the  payment  of  teach- 
ers' wages,  and  apply  such  money  to  the  pay- 
ment of  teachers'  wages  as  shall  have  been  em- 
ployed by  the  district  Board,  or  by  the  citizens 
of  the  district;  and  the  said  Clerk  shall  draw 
orders  on  the  said  Treasurer  for  moneys  in  the 
hands  of  such  Treasurer,  to  be  disbursed  for 
any  other  purpose  ordered  by  a  district  meeting, 
or  by  the  district  Board,  agreeably  to  the  provi- 
sions of  this  act. 

''Sec.  32.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  Clerk  to 
make  out  tax  lists  of  all  taxes  legally  authorized 
by  the  district;  and  annex  to  such  tax  lists  a 
warrant  under  the  hand  of  said  Clerk  directed 
to  the  said  Treasurer  of  said  district,  requir- 
ing said  Treasurer  to  collect  the  same  therein 
named. 

"Sec.  33.  The  Clerk  of  each  district  shall, 
between  the  first  and  twentieth  days  of  Septem- 


78  HISTORY   OF   ARIZONA. 

ber  in  each  year,  make  out  and  transmit  a  re- 
port in  writing  to  the  County  Superintendent 
of  Public  Schools  showing : 

"First:  The  number  of  children,  male  and 
female,  designated  separately,  residing  in  the 
district,  or  part  of  district,  on  the  last  day  of 
August  previous  to  the  date  of  such  report,  over 
the  age  of  four  and  under  the  age  of  twenty-one 
years. 

"Second:  The  number  of  children  attend- 
ing school  during  the  year,  their  sex,  and  the 
branches  taught. 

"Third:  The  length  of  time  a  school  has 
been  taught  in  the  district  by  qualified  teacher, 
the  name  of  the  teacher,  the  length  of  time 
taught  and  the  wages  paid. 

"Fourth:  The  amount  of  money  received 
from  the  County  Treasurer  within  the  year,  and 
the  manner  in  which  the  same  has  been  applied. 

' '  Fifth :  The  amount  of  money  raised  by  the 
district  in  such  year,  and  the  purposes  for  which 
it  was  raised. 

"Sixth:  The  kind  of  books  used  in  the 
school,  and  such  other  facts  and  statistics  in  re- 
gard to  the  district  schools  as  the  County  Super- 
intendent may  require. 

"Sec.  34.  Whenever  a  school  district  shall 
lie  partly  in  two  or  more  counties,  the  Clerk  of 
such  district,  in  making  his  annual  report,  shall 
carefully  designate  the  number  of  children  resi- 
dent in  the  parts  of  the  counties  composing  the 
district,  and  shall  report  to  the  County  Super- 
intendent of  Common  schools  of  each  of  the 
counties  in  which  such  district  may  be  situated. 


THE  FIFTH  LEGISLATURE.  79 

''Sec.  35.  The  Treasurer  shall  execute  to  the 
district  a  bond,  in  double  the  amount  of  money, 
as  near  as  can  be  ascertained,  to  come  into  his 
hands  as  Treasurer  of  the  district  during  the 
year,  with  sufficient  securities,  to  be  approved 
by  the  Director  and  Clerk,  conditioned  to  the 
faithful  discharge  of  the  duties  of  said  office. 
Such  bond  shall  be  filed  with  the  district  Clerk, 
and  in  case  of  the  breach  of  any  condition 
thereof,  the  Director  shall  cause  a  suit  to  be 
commenced  thereon  in  the  name  of  the  district, 
and  the  money  collected  shall  be  applied  by  such 
Director  to  the  use  of  the  district  as  the  same 
should  have  been  applied  by  the  Treasurer,  and 
if  such  Director  shall  neglect  or  refuse  to  prose- 
cute, then  any  householder  of  the  district  may 
cause  such  prosecution  to  be  instituted. 

"Sec.  36.  If  the  Treasurer  shall  fail  to  give 
bond  as  required  in  this  act,  or  from  sickness, 
or  any  other  cause,  shall  be  unable  to  attend  the 
duties  of  said  office,  the  District  Board  shall 
appoint  a  Treasurer,  who  shall  possess  all  the 
powers  of  the  District  Treasurer,  and  shall,  be- 
fore entering  upon  the  duties  of  said  office,  give 
a  bond  as  the  District  Treasurer  is  required  to 
give. 

"Sec.  37.  The  Treasurer  of  each  district 
shall  apply  for  and  receive  from  the  County 
Treasurer  all  school  money  apportioned  to  his 
district,  and  shall  collect  all  district  taxes  as- 
sessed in  pursuance  of  the  provisions  of  this 
act,  and  pay  over  on  the  order  of  the  Clerk, 
signed  by  the  Director  of  such  district,  all 
money  so  received  or  collected  by  the  said 
Treasurer. 


80  HISTORY   OF  ARIZONA. 

"Sec.  38.  If  any  District  Treasurer  shall 
refuse  or  neglect  to  pay  over  any  money  in  the 
hands  of  such  Treasurer  belonging  to  the  dis- 
trict, it  shall  be  the  duty  of  his  successor  in 
office  to  prosecute  without  delay,  the  official 
bond  of  such  treasurer  for  the  recovery  of  such 
money. 

"Sec.  39.  If,  by  the  neglect  of  any  Treas- 
urer, any  school  money  shall  be  lost  to  any 
school  district,  which  might  have  been  received 
from  the  County  Treasurer,  or  collected  from 
the  district  tax  assessed,  said  Treasurer  shall 
forfeit  to  such  district  the  full  amount  of  the 
money  so  lost. 

"Sec.  40.  The  Treasurer  shall  present  to 
the  district,  at  each  annual  meeting,  a  report  in 
writing,  containing  a  statement  of  all  moneys 
collected  by  him  from  the  County  Treasurer 
during  the  year,  from  assessments  in  the  dis- 
trict, and  the  disbursements  made,  and  exhibit 
the  vouchers  thereof,  which  report  shall  be  re- 
corded by  the  Clerk ;  and  if  it  shall  appear  that 
any  balance  of  money  is  in  his  hands  at  the  time 
of  making  such  report,  he  shall  immediately 
pay  such  balance  to  his  successor. 

"Sec.  41.  The  District  Board  shall  purchase 
or  lease  such  a  site  for  a  school  house,  as  shall 
have  been  designated  by  the  voters  at  a  district 
meeting,  in  the  corporate  name  thereof,  and 
shall  build,  hire,  or  purchase  such  school  house, 
as  the  voters  of  the  district,  in  a  district  meet- 
ing, shall  have  agreed  upon,  out  of  the  funds 
provided  for  that  purpose,  and  make  sale  of  any 
school  house  site  or  other  property  in  the  dis- 
trict, and  if  necessary,  execute  a  conveyance  of 


THE  FIFTH   LEGISLATUKE.  81 

the  same  in  the  name  of  their  office  when  law- 
fully directed  by  the  voters  of  such  district  at 
any  regular  or  special  meeting,  and  shall  carry 
into  effect  all  lawful  orders  of  the  district. 

"Sec.  42.  The  District  Board  shall  have  the 
care  and  keeping  of  the  school  house  and  other 
property  belonging  to  the  district.  They  shall 
have  power  to  make  such  rules  and  regulations 
relating  to  the  district  library  as  they  may  deem 
proper,  and  to  appoint  some  suitable  person  to 
act  as  librarian,  and  to  take  charge  of  the  school 
apparatus  belonging  to  the  district. 

"Sec.  43.  The  District  Board  shall  have 
power  to  admit  scholars  from  adjoining  dis- 
tricts, and  remove  scholars  for  disorderly  con- 
duct in  attendance  at  school. 

"gee.  44.  The  District  Board  in  each  dis- 
trict shall  have  power  to  contract  with  and  hire 
qualified  teachers,  for  and  in  the  name  of  the 
district,  which  contract  shall  be  in  writing,  and 
shall  specify  the  wages  per  week,  or  month,  as 
agreed  upon  by  the  parties,  and  such  contract 
shall  be  filed  in  the  district  Clerk's  office;  but 
no  District  Board  shall  have  power  to  hire  any 
person  as  a  teacher,  unless  such  person  pro- 
duce a  certificate  of  qualification  signed  by  the 
County  Superintendent. 

"Sec.  45.  The  District  Board  shall  provide 
the  necessary  appendages  for  the  school  house, 
during  the  time  a  school  is  taught  therein,  and 
shall  keep  an  account  of  all  expenses  thus  in- 
curred, and  present  the  same  for  allowance  at 
any  regular  district  meeting. 

"Sec.  46.  That  all  schools  established  under 
the  provisions  of  this  act,  shall  at  all  times  be 
V— e 


82  HISTORY   OF   ARIZONA. 

equally  free  and  accessible  to  all  the  children 
resident  therein,  over  four  and  under  twenty- 
one  years,  subject  to  such  regulations  as  the  Dis- 
trict Board  in  each  district  may  prescribe. 

"Sec.  47.  If  a  vacancy  should  occur  in  any 
District  Board  by  death,  resignation,  or  other- 
wise, the  County  Superintendent  shall  appoint 
some  suitable  person  to  fill  such  vacancy. 

"Sec.  48.  In  every  school  district  there  shall 
be  taught :  orthography,  reading,  writing,  arith- 
metic, geography  and  English  grammar  if  de- 
sired, during  the  time  school  shall  be  kept,  and 
such  other  branches  of  education  as  may  be  de- 
termined by  the  District  Board. 

"Sec.  49.  The  amount  of  district  tax  shall 
not  exceed  one  and  one-half  per  cent,  per  an- 
num. It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  Board  of 
Supervisors  of  each  county  in  this  Territory,  at 
The  time  of  making  the  annual  assessment,  to 
levy  (in  addition  to  the  taxes  already  author- 
ized by  law  to  be  levied)  one-fifth  of  one  per 
cent,  on  all  the  taxable  property  in  each  county 
in  this  Territory,  for  the  support  of  public 
schools  in  each  of  said  counties,  to  be  collected 
at  the  time  and  (in)  the  manner  prescribed  by 
law  for  the  collection  of  other  taxes;  said  tax, 
when  collected,  shall  be  distributed  to  the  sev- 
eral school  districts  in  each  county  in  propor- 
tion to  the  number  of  children  over  four  and 
under  twenty-one  years  of  age  therein;  and  shall 
be  drawn  from  the  County  Treasury  upon  the 
order  of  the  County  Superintendent  of  Public 
Schools. 

"Sec.  50.  Said  taxes  w^hen  collected,  to- 
gether with  all  moneys  specially  appropriated 


THE  FIFTH   LEGISLATURE.  83 

by  the  acts  of  this  and  all  former  Legislatures, 
for  the  use  and  support  of  public  schools  in  this 
Territory,  shall"  be  paid  into  the  County  Treas- 
ury, and  be  drawn  out  as  hereinbefore  pro- 
vided; said  fund,  so  created,  shall  be  known  as 
the  Common  School  Fund,  and  shall  not  be  paid 
out  for  any  other  purpose,  except  for  the  hire 
and  pay  of  competent  teachers. 

"Sec.  51.  All  taxes  raised  and  collected  in 
any  school  district,  for  any  of  the  purposes  au- 
thorized in  this  act,  shall  be  assessed  on  the 
same  kind  of  property  as  taxes  for  county  pur- 
poses are  assessed. 

"Sec.  52.  The  Clerk  of  the  school  district, 
in  making  out  any  tax  list,  shall  enter  therein 
the  names  of  all  persons  liable  to  pay  a  school 
tax,  the  amount  of  personal  property  to  be  taxed 
to  each  person,  and  a  description  of  all  taxable 
real  estate  in  the  district,  distinguishing  that 
owned  by  non-residents  of  the  district,  and  he 
shall  set  opposite  to  each  description  of  taxable 
property  the  valuation  of  the  same,  and  the 
amount  of  tax  charged  upon  such  property,  and 
to  each  person  respectively,  or  tract  of  land 
owned  by  non-residents;  and  such  description 
and  valuation  of  taxable  property  shall  be  as- 
certained, as  far  as  possible,  from  the  last  as- 
sessment roll  of  the  County. 

"Sec.  53.  Whenever  any  real  estate  in  any 
school  district  shall  not  have  been  separately 
valued  in  the  assessment  roll  of  the  county,  and 
the  value  of  such  estate  cannot  be  definitely  as- 
certained from  such  assessment  roll,  the  Dis- 
trict Board  of  such  district  shall  estimate  the 


84  HISTORY   OF   ARIZONA. 

value   of  the   same,   and  apportion  the  taxes 
thereon. 

"Sec.  54.  The  warrant  annexed  to  any  tax 
list,  shall  be  under  the  hand  of  the  Clerk  of  the 
district,  and  shall  command  the  Treasurer  of 
the  district  to  collect  from  each  of  the  persons 
and  corporations  named  in  said  tax  list,  the  sev- 
eral sums  set  opposite  their  names,  within  forty 
days  from  the  date  thereof,  and  within  twenty 
days  from  the  time  of  receiving  such  warrant 
to  personally  demand  such  tax  of  the  persons 
charged  therewith  and  residing  within  his  Dis- 
trict; and  that  if  any  tax  shall  not  be  paid 
within  twenty  days  thereafter,  to  collect  the 
same  by  distress  and  sale  of  property  in  the 
same  manner  as  the  county  taxes  are  collected; 
and  the  said  Treasurer  shall  execute  the  said 
warrant  and  return  the  same  to  the  Clerk  at  the 
expiration  of  the  time  limited  therein  for  the 
collection  of  such  tax  list;  provided,  that  when 
the  owners  of  property  within  the  district  are 
non-residents,  they  shall  be  notified,  by  the 
Treasurer,  if  their  place  of  residence  is  known, 
and  if  within  the  county  they  shall  make  pay- 
ment within  thirty  days;  if  not  within  the 
county,  but  in  the  Territory,  they  shall  pay 
within  forty  days,  and  if  without  the  Territory 
they  shall  make  payment  within  sixty  days. 
Provided,  further,  that  said  Treasurer  shall  be 
entitled  to  collect  two  per  cent  over  and  above 
the  sums  to  be  collected  in  the  tax  list.  And 
whenever  the  said  Collector  shall  be  compelled 
to  resort  to  distress  and  sale  of  property  to  ob- 
tain any  tax,  he  shall  be  entitled  to,  and  may 
take  out  of  the  proceeds  of  such  sale,  in  addition 


THE  FIFTH  LEGISLATURE.  85 

to  the  above  mentioned  fees,  the  same  fees  as 
the  County  Collector  is  entitled  to  under  similar 
circumstances. 

*'Sec.  55.  The  warrant  issued  by  the  Clerk 
of  any  school  district,  for  the  collection  of  any 
district  tax  authorized  by  the  provisions  of  this 
act,  may  be  executed  anywhere  within  the  limits 
of  the  county ;  and  such  warrants  shall  have  the 
like  force  and  effect  as  a  warrant  issued  for  the 
collection  of  county  taxes;  and  the  Treasurer  of 
the  district,  to  whom  any  such  warrants  may  be 
delivered  for  collection  of  a  tax  list,  shall  pos- 
sess the  like  powers  in  the  execution  of  the  same 
as  provided  by  law  for  the  collection  of  county 
taxes. 

"Sec.  56.  Whenever  any  error  may  be  dis- 
covered in  any  district  tax  list,  the  district 
Board  may  order  any  money  which  may  have 
been  improperly  collected  on  such  tax  list  to  be 
refunded,  and  authorize  the  Clerk  of  the  district 
to  amend  and  correct  such  error  in  said  tax  list. 

*'Sec.  57.  Whenever  any  district  tax,  law- 
fully assessed  shall  be  paid  by  any  person  on 
account  of  any  real  estate  whereof  he  is  only 
tenant,  such  tenant  may  charge  and  collect  of 
the  owner  of  such  estate,  the  amount  of  tax  so 
paid  by  him,  unless  some  agreement  to  the  con- 
trary shall  have  been  made  by  the  tenant. 

"Sec.  58.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  teacher 
of  every  district  school,  to  make  out  and  file 
with  the  district  Clerk  at  the  expiration  of  each 
term  of  school,  a  full  report  of  the  whole  num- 
ber of  scholars  enrolled,  distinguishing  between 
male  and  female,  the  average  number  in  daily 
attendance,  the  text  books  used,  the  branches 


86  HISTORY   OF   ARIZONA. 

taught,  and  the  number  of  pupils  engaged  in 
the  study  of  said  branches.  Any  teacher  who 
shall  neglect  or  refuse  to  comply  with  the  re- 
quirements of  this  section,  shall  forfeit  the  sum 
of  ten  dollars  to  such  a  school  district,  at  the 
discretion  of  the  District  Board. 

''Sec.  59.  Every  Clerk  of  a  District  Board 
who  shall  wilfully  sign  a  false  report  to  the 
County  Superintendent  of  his  county,  shall  be 
deemed  guilty  of  a  misdemeanor,  and  punished 
by  a  fine  not  exceeding  one  hundred  dollars,  or 
by  imprisonment  not  exceeding  three  months. 

''Sec.  60.  Every  School  District  Clerk  or 
Treasurer,  who  shall  neglect  or  refuse  to  de- 
liver to  his  successor  in  office,  all  records  and 
books  belonging  to  his  office,  shall  be  subject  to 
a  fine  not  exceeding  fifty  dollars. 

"Sec.  61.  When  any  kind  of  judgment  shall 
be  obtained  against  any  school  district,  the  Dis- 
trict Board  shall  levy  a  tax  on  the  taxable  prop- 
erty in  the  district,  for  payment  thereof;  such 
tax  shall  be  collected  as  other  school  district 
taxes,  but  no  execution  shall  issue  on  judgment 
against  a  school  district. 

"62.  No  school  district  officer  in  this  act, 
shall  receive  any  compensation  for  his  services 
out  of  the  County  or  School  District  Fund. 

"63.  All  acts  and  parts  of  acts  in  conflict 
with  the  provisions  of  this  act  are  hereby  re- 
pealed." 

The  word  "members"  in  Sec.  10,  is  e^adently 
a  misprint  for  "numbers."  Other  sections  of 
the  act  being  crudely  expressed,  the  meaning  is 
vague  and  uncertain,  but  with  all  its  defects 
this  law  was  the  foundation  upon  which  was 


THE  FIFTH   LEGISLATURE.  87 

reared  the  unsurpassed  common  school  system 
of  Arizona. 

This  Legislature  also  passed  an  Act  locating 
the  Territorial  Prison  at  or  near  the  town  of 
Phoenix  in  the  county  of  Yavapai  and  Terri- 
tory of  Arizona,  which  act  was  approved  De- 
cemher  7th,  1868.    This  law  was  never  enforced. 


88  HISTORY   OF   ARIZONA. 


CHAPTEK  IV. 

WHAT  CONGRESS  DID  FOR  ARIZONA. 

Collection  District  Proposed — Improvements 
ON  Colorado  Eiver  Indian  Reservation — 
Delegate  Bashford's  Speech  upon — De- 
bate UPON — Amendment  to  Postal  Bn.L — 
Delegate  Bashford's  Speech  upon — Acts 
OF  Third,  Fourth  and  Fifth  Legislatures 
Legalized  —  Sixth  Legislature  held  at 
Tucson. 

At  the  Congressional  Session  of  1867-68,  Coles 
Bashford,  the  Arizona  Delegate  in  Congress, 
introduced  a  bill  to  create  a  collection  district 
for  Arizona,  which  bill  was  read  the  first  and 
second  time  and  referred  to  the  Committee  on 
Ways  and  Means,  where  it  remained. 

On  May  29,  1868,  an  amendment  to  the 
Appropriation  Bill  was  introduced  by  Mr. 
Windom,  reading  as  follows: 

''For  completing  construction  of  irrigating 
canal  on  the  Colorado  reservation,  breaking  and 
fencing  lands,  purchase  of  seeds,  teams  and 
tools,  construction  of  agency  buildings,  subsist- 
ence, etc.,  $84,500." 

Upon  this  amendment  Mr.  Bashford  spoke  as 
follows :  May  29,  1868. 

"Mr.  Chairman,  I  had  not  intended  to  say 
anything  upon  this  amendment  proposed  by  the 
chairman  of  the  Committee  on  Indian  Affairs. 
That  committee  made,  so  far  as  they  were  able, 
a  careful  examination  into  this  subject,  and 
although  there  was  not  a  full  attendance,  the 


WHAT  CONGRESS  DID  FOR  ARIZONA.  89 

members  present  were  unanimously  in  favor  of 
the  amendment  now  offered.  Now,  Mr.  Chair- 
man, as  the  representative  on  this  floor  of  Ari- 
zona Territory,  I  wish  to  state  what  I  know  of 
the  Indians  of  that  country  after  a  residence 
there  of  some  five  years. 

''The  amendment  proposes  to  bring  together 
some  ten  thousand  Indians  who  now  have  no 
local  habitation,  no  home,  and  put  them  upon 
the  reservation.  During  the  discussion  upon 
this  bill  I  have  heard  a  great  deal  about  our 
Indian  policy.  It  has  been  argued  that  the 
policy  pursued  by  the  Government  is  unwise. 
But,  sir,  can  any  better  Indian  policy  be 
adopted  than  that  contemplated  by  this  amend- 
ment, which  is  to  give  the  Indians  a  home,  to 
put  them  upon  a  reservation  where  they  can  be 
self-sustaining  ^ 

''The  principal  difficulty  in  making  treaties 
with  the  Indians  has  been  that  when  you  have 
made  a  treaty,  the  Indians  having  no  home,  you 
have  not  been  able  to  enforce  it.  You  cannot 
punish  them  when  they  violate  their  treaty  obli- 
gations. But  when  you  put  them  upon  a  res- 
ervation, where  they  gather  about  them  their 
families,  their  horses,  their  cattle,  where  they 
engage  in  the  cultivation  of  their  fields,  they 
always  keep  their  treaties,  because  they  can  be 
punished  when  they  violate  them.  Sir,  the  true 
Indian  policy  to  be  pursued  by  this  Government 
is  to  place  these  Indians  upon  reservations. 

"Now,  sir,  this  canal  is  some  thirty  miles 
long,  some  nine  feet  deep,  and  some  twenty  feet 
wide.  It  will  irrigate  land  enough  for  all  these 
Indians,   and  some   more — not  Indians  to  be 


90  HISTORY   OF   ARIZONA. 

picked,  as  the  gentleman  from  Massachusetts 
has  said — but  some  Indians  known  as  the  River 
Indians,  who  are  friendly  when  they  are  prop- 
erly treated;  who  have  always  been  friendly  as 
a  general  rule.  And,  sir,  they  have  only  been 
hostile  as  the  result  of  such  a  policy  as  is  con- 
templated by  this  bill  without  the  proposed 
amendment.  Ever  since  the  acquisition  of  this 
Indian  country  by  the  United  States  the  Gov- 
ernment has,  through  its  representatives  and 
agents,  held  out  to  these  Indians  the  prospect 
that  they  should  be  placed  upon  reservations 
and  cared  for,  as  contemplated  by  this  amend- 
ment. By  failing  to  carry  out  this  policy,  you 
render  the  Indians  hostile;  and  sir,  I  say,  not 
for  the  purpose  of  affecting  this  vote,  that  the 
safety  of  the  people  of  the  country  would  be 
endangered  if  these  ten  or  twelve  thousand 
Indians  should  join  hands  with  the  Apaches. 

''Upon  this  reservation  all  the  Indians  of 
that  country  can  be  supported  and  cared  for; 
and  instead  of  being  our  enemies  they  will  be 
our  friends.  We  have  heretofore  raised  com- 
panies of  Indians  to  fight  the  Apaches,  who 
have  been  our  foes,  stealing  our  property  and 
murdering  our  people.  I  presume  that  this 
amendment  was  not  properly  presented  and 
pressed  before  the  Committee  upon  Appropria- 
tion, otherwise  they  would  have  been  in  favor 
of  it.  I  knoAv  that  it  contemplates  the  only 
policy  which  the  United  States  can  wisely  pur- 
sue in  regard  to  the  Indians  in  that  far  off 
country. ' ' 

Mr.  Windom,  in  support  of  the  amendment, 
had  the  clerk  read  the  following: 


WHAT  CONGRESS  DID  TOR  ARIZONA.  91 

''Plats  of  survey  for  canal  are  on  file  in  the 
Indian  Bureau.  Estimated  cost  about  one  hun- 
dred and  twenty  thousand  dollars,  but  by  Indian 
labor  can  be  done  for  much  less.  The  canal, 
now  already  under  course  of  construction,  is 
thirty  miles  in  length,  twenty  feet  wide,  with  an 
average  depth  of  about  nine  feet.  When  com- 
pleted will  irrigate  seventy-five  thousand  acres 
of  land.  The  work  is  being  prosecuted  by  the 
Indians,  who  work  with  a  will,  and  it  is  confi- 
dently expected  that  the  entire  work  will  be 
completed  during  the  present  year,  alfording 
a  home  for  ten  or  twelve  thousand  Indians,  and 
rendering  them  in  the  future  entirely  self- 
sustaining.  Should  this  appropriation  fail 
fears  are  entertained  that  the  labor  already 
performed  may  be  lost  by  reason  of  rains  and 
overflow  of  river.  This  appropriation  is  asked 
also  for  breaking  and  fencing  lands,  building 
of  houses,  purchase  of  seed,  agricultural  imple- 
ments, etc. 

"There  are  but  two  reservations  in  Arizona — 
the  one  on  the  Colorado  river,  for  which  the 
appropriation  is  asked,  and  the  Maricopa  and 
Pima  reserve  on  the  Gila  river.  This  latter  is 
now  self-sustaining,  and  with  an  Indian  popu- 
lation of  six  thousand,  whose  boast  is  'that  they 
do  not  know  the  color  of  the  white  man's  blood,' 
furnishing  statistical  returns  of  products  of  last 
year  amounting  to  $200,000,,  and  during  the  year 
have  furnished  corn  for  supply  of  contracts  to 
the  Government  troops  in  Arizona  (Fort  Whip- 
ple) at  a  rate  one-half  less  than  has  ever  been 
furnished  heretofore. ' ' 


92i  HISTORY   or   ARIZONA. 

The  following  debate  then  took  place  in  regard 
to  this  amendment: 

MR.  WINDOM  (Wm.  Windom  of  Minne- 
sota) : — "These  facts  were  presented  to  me  by 
Superintendent  Dent.  I  laid  them  before  a 
minority  of  the  Committee  on  Indian  Aifairs — 
there  were  no  more  present — and  they  imani- 
mously  directed  me  to  offer  this  amendment. 
I  believe  it  to  be  good  policy,  and  that  the  Gov- 
ernment would  save  money  by  completing  this 
work,  because  it  would  furnish  employment  to 
the  Indians  in  the  Territory,  tending  to  civilize 
them,  for  if  they  are  kept  at  work,  enabled  to 
raise  corn,  etc.,  they  will  be  able  to  take  care  of 
themselves,  and  we  would  save  the  cost  of  keep- 
ing a  military  force  there.  If  this  amount,  or 
a  portion  of  it,  is  not  now  appropriated,  it  is 
said  that  what  has  already  been  appropriated 
will  be  lost." 

MR.  MILLER  (George  F.  Miller  of  Pennsyl- 
vania) : — "How  much  has  been  already  appro- 
priated?" 

MR.  WINDOM:— "About  fifty  thousand  dol- 
lars. ' ' 

MR.  BUTLER  (Benjamin  F.  Butler  of 
Massachusetts) : — "I  will  read  to  the  Com- 
mittee of  the  Whole  all  the  information  upon 
this  subject  which  was  sent  to  us  by  the  Sec- 
retary of  the  Interior  to  justify  this  appro- 
priation. It  is  from  a  letter  written  by 
Superintendent  Dent,  of  Arizona  Territory : 

"  'Referring  to  the  estimate  of  $84,500  for 
completing  the  irrigating  canal  of  the  Colorado 
reservation,  I  again  invite  your  attention  to  the 


WHAT  CONGRESS  DID  FOR  ARIZONA.  93 

insufficiency  of  the  appropriation  of  $50,000 
current  this  year  to  accomplish  the  whole  work. 

"  'The  amount  above  stated,  in  addition,  I 
think,  will  complete  the  ditch,  buildings,  etc. 
I  trust  that  you  will  concur  in  this  sum,  and 
effect  its  being  appropriated. 

"  'Item  No.  7,  relating  to  the  sum  of  $20,000 
for  maintaining  Indians  on  the  reservation  that 
may  be  turned  over  by  the  military,  I  regard  as 
very  important.  There  can  be  no  reasonable 
doubt  but  that  the  considerable  force  now  en- 
gaged against  the  hostiles  will  conquer  bands 
or  tribes  during  the  coming  year,  and  it  is  highly 
proper  that  they  should  be  immediately  brought 
on  the  reservation,  kept  there  by  force,  if  neces- 
sary, and  maintained  until  they  can  be  made 
self-sustaining. ' 

"The  proposition,  therefore,  is  to  appropriate 
$84,000,  in  addition  to  the  $50,000  already  appro- 
priated, for  the  purpose  of  building  an  irrigat- 
ing canal  for  Indians,  a  large  portion  of  whom 
are  yet  to  be  caught,  and  brought  in  and  set  to 
work  on  the  land  which  is  to  be  thus  inigated." 

MR.  WINDOM:— "The  gentleman  is  mis- 
taken on  that  point.  There  are  several  tribes  of 
Indians  there,  two  of  them  the  largest  in  the 
Territory,  I  believe.  They  are  now  industrious, 
and  have  never  been  at  w^ar  wdth  the  whites  at 
all.  Only  a  portion  of  the  Indians,  one  tribe, 
is  warlike." 

MR.  BUTLER :— "Upon  examining  the  whole 
matter  as  well  as  w^e  could  the  committee  came 
to  the  conclusion  that  this  was  an  expenditure 
that  could  wait,  and  hence  struck  out  the  appro- 


94  HISTOEY   OF   ARIZONA. 

priation.     The  gentleman  now  proposes  to  put 
it  in. 

"I  want  to  call  the  attention  of  the  committee 
to  the  fact  that  in  this  bill  we  appropriate 
$35,000  to  take  care  of  the  Indians  of  this  Ter- 
ritory. According  to  the  official  returns  there 
are  seven  thousand  of  them.  We  appropriate 
$15,000  to  take  care  of  ninety-three  hundred 
and  thirty  Indians  in  Idaho.  Now,  the  amend- 
ment asks  an  appropriation  to  build  a  canal.  A 
canal  nine  feet  deep,  instead  of  being  merely 
for  purposes  of  irrigation,  looks  to  me  like  a 
manufacturing  project.  Somebody,  I  imagine, 
wants  to  get  water  power.  It  is  an  immense 
work,  and  must  cost  quite  a  large  amount.  I 
think  it  had  better  wait  a  year.  The  Indians 
always  have  been  without  it,  and  in  my  judg- 
ment they  can  live  without  it  another  year.  I 
hope  the  amendment  will  not  prevail." 

The  amendment  was  rejected. 

The  canal  in  question  was  never  built.  The 
$50,000  which  was  said  to  have  been  appro- 
priated before  for  this  purpose  was  used,  just 
how  no  one  knows,  for  according  to  Genung, 
there  was  less  than  one-half  a  mile  of  the  canal 
built  and  the  River  Indians  were  never  collected 
upon  this  reservation.  A  part  of  the  Mohaves 
were  gathered  there,  but  the  most  of  them  were 
on  the  war-path  in  1868,  as  will  be  seen  further 
on  in  this  history. 

At  this  session  of  Congress  an  amendment 
was  passed  to  the  postal  bill,  which  bill  was  en- 
titled "An  Act  to  provide  for  carrying  the  mails 
from  the  United  States  to  foreign  ports,  and  for 


WHAT  CONGRESS  DID  FOR  ARIZONA.  95 

other  purposes,"  approved   March    25th,  1864. 
The  fourth  section  of  this  law  was  as  follows : 

"And  be  it  further  enacted.  That  all  mailable 
matter  which  may  be  conveyed  by  mail  westward 
beyond  the  western  boundary  of  Kansas,  and 
eastward  from  the  eastern  boundary  of  Cali- 
fornia, shall  be  subject  to  prepaid  letter  postage 
rates;  Provided,  however.  That  this  section  shall 
not  be  held  to  extend  to  the  transmission  by  mail 
of  newspapers  from  a  known  office  of  publication 
to  bona  fide  subscribers,  not  exceeding  one  copy 
to  each  subscriber,  nor  to  franked  matter  to  and 
from  the  intermediate  points  between  the  bound- 
aries above  named  at  the  usual  rates :  Provided 
further.  That  such  franked  matter  shall  be  sub- 
ject to  such  regulations  as  to  its  transmission 
and  delivery  as  the  Postmaster  General  shall 
prescribe." 

The  bill  was  first  considered  in  the  House  and 
an  amendment  striking  out  this  section  was 
passed,  causing  it  to  take  effect  immediately. 
In  the  Senate  this  amendment  was  inserted : 

''Strike  out  all  after  the  enacting  clause,  and 
in  lieu  thereof  insert  the  following : 

"  'The  operation  of  the  fourth  section  of  an 
act  to  provide  for  carrying  the  mails  of  the 
United  States  to  foreign  ports,  and  for  other 
purposes,  approved  March  25,  1864,  shall  cease 
and  determine  on  and  after  the  30th  day  of 
September,  1868,'  "  the  Senate  fixing  the  time 
when  the  amendment  should  go  into  effect,  as 
will  be  seen,  on  the  30th  of  September,  1868, 
when  the  contracts  for  carrying  the  mails  would 
cease.  The  bill  came  back,  as  amended  by  the 
Senate,  for  concurrence  in  the  house.     A  lively 


96  HISTORY   OF   ARIZONA. 

fight  was  had  upon  the  amendment.  The  Chair- 
man of'  the  Committee  on  Post  Office  and  Post 
Roads,  Mr.  Farnsworth  of  Illinois,  endeavored 
to  have  it  referred  to  his  committee,  with  the 
intent,  as  charged  by  some  of  the  friends  of  the 
bill,  upon  the  floor  of  the  House,  to  kill  the  bill. 
The  ensuing  debate  was  participated  in  by  the 
Delegates  from  Colorado^  Montana  and  Arizona, 
and  Mr.  Ashley,  Representative  from  the  State 
of  Nevada,  in  which  it  was  shown  that  news- 
papers only  forty  and  fifty  miles  from  the  rail- 
road which  was  built  at  that  time,  had  to  be  sent 
by  express,  and  cost  seventy-five  cents  a  pound ; 
that  newspapers  printed  in  San  Francisco  and 
in  the  East  were  sold  at  twenty-five  cents  a  copy 
by  the  news  agents  on  account  of  this  excessive 
tariff ;  that  periodicals  and  magazines  were  sold 
at  a  dollar  and  a  half  a  copy ;  that  books  which 
cost  probably  at  wholesale  by  the  publishers 
fifty  cents  a  copy,  were  sold  at  two  and  three 
dollars.  This,  it  was  contended,  was  a  tax  upon 
intelligence.  The  populations  of  these  Terri- 
tories, amounting  in  the  aggregate  to  between 
two  and  three  hundred  thousand  people, 
pioneers  in  these  localities,  could  not  afford 
reading  matter  on  account  of  the  excessive 
tariff. 

The  debate  was  a  long  one,  and  the  represen- 
tative from  the  State  of  Nevada,  and  the  Dele- 
gates from  the  Territories  affected,  were  heard. 
Mr.  Bashford,  Delegate  from  Arizona,  spoke  as 
follows  in  favor  of  the  amendment  and  its  imme- 
diate passage : 

''Mr.  Speaker,  this  bill  has  been  deliberately 
considered  in  this  House.     All  the  objections 


WHAT  CONGRESS  DID  FOR  ARIZONA.  97 

made  to  it  were  met  at  the  time  when  it  passed. 
It  was  deliberately  considered  in  the  Senate,  and 
they  put  an  amendment  upon  the  bill  fixing  a 
future  day  for  it  to  go  into  operation.  No  one 
can  object  to  that  except  the  friends  of  the  bill. 
Instead  of  going  into  effect  immediately  it  is 
to  go  into  effect  at  a  future  day.  We  make  no 
objection  to  that.  If  I  understand  the  chair- 
man of  the  Committee  on  the  Post  Office  and 
Post  Roads  he  does  not  go  back  and  renew  the 
objections  made  here  at  the  time  the  bill  was 
passed,  but  says  that  since  that  time  there  have 
been  contracts  entered  intoi,  and  this  would 
affect  those  contracts,  and  those  contractors 
would  come  here  and  charge  the  Government 
more  than  they  otherwise  would  if  we  should 
take  this  restriction  off  of  jDrinted  mail  matter. 
Now,  this  question  has  been  before  Congress 
for  the  last  year  and  more.  This  bill  was  in- 
troduced a  long  time  before;  and,  sir,  if  it  had 
been  desirable,  if  the  Committee  on  the  Post 
Office  and  Post  Roads  had  wished  this  bill  to 
pass,  how  easy  it  would  have  been  for  them  to 
suspend,  by  joint  resolution,  the  letting  of  these 
contracts  until  the  bill  was  passed,  and  then 
urged  the  bill  through  the  House,  putting  our 
people  upon  equal  footing  in  all  respects  with 
other  people  of  the  United  States.  The  pio- 
neers who  go  into  our  remote  Territories  have 
hardships  enough  to  endure.  They  have  dan- 
gers and  trou])les  to  meet  from  the  Indians. 
You  have  collectors  and  receivers  of  public 
money  among  us.  You  make  us  help  bear  the 
burdens  of  Government,  and  yet  deny  us  the 


yo  HISTORY   OF   ARIZONA. 

right  to  send  newspapers  and  other  printed  mat- 
ter through  the  mails.  I  think  it  would  be  a 
great  injustice  not  to  pass  this  at  once.  I  hope, 
therefore,  it  will  not  be  referred  to  the  Com- 
mittee on  the  Post  Office  and  Post  Roads." 

As  I  have  said,  it  was  hotly  contested  by  the 
Connnittee  on  the  Post  Office  and  Post  Roads, 
but  finally  the  House  concurred  in  the  amend- 
ment of  the  Senate,  and  the  bill  was  passed. 
Thereafter  all  printed  matter  was  carried 
through  the  mails  and  not  by  Wells,  Fargo  & 
Company. 

Wells,  Fargo  &  Company,  upon  the  building 
of  the  Central  Pacific,  by  some  agreement  with 
that  corporation,  took  over  the  exclusive  right 
to  forward  express  matter  over  their  lines,  and, 
therefore,  there  was  an  alliance  between  this 
corporation  and  that  of  the  Pacific  Railroads 
w^hich  made  a  strong  combination  in  Congress. 
It  is  the  first  and  for  many  years  the  only  time 
in  Congress  w^hen  a  combination  of  the  Express 
and  Railroad  Companies  was  defeated  in  any 
measure  they  wished  to  pass. 

In  1867  a  decision  was  handed  down  by  Judge 
Backus  declaring  that  the  Third,  Fourth  and 
Fifth  Legislatures  of  Arizona  w^ere  illegal,  the 
apportionment  for  which  was  made  by  the  Gov- 
ernor instead  of  by  the  Legislature,  as  required 
by  the  Organic  Act.  This  decision  threw  every- 
thing into  confusion.  Laws  passed  during  these 
sessions  and  criminals  convicted,  w^ere  all  de- 
clared illegal,  and  Congress  was  called  upon  and 
did,  in  the  session  of  1869-70,  pass  a  bill,  legaliz- 
ing the  action  of  these  Legislatures.     There  was 


WHAT   CONGRESS  DID  FOR  ARIZONA.  99 

no  Territorial  Legislature  called  here  in  1869, 
for  the  reason  that  Mr.  McCormick,  the  Gov- 
ernor,, was  elected  to  Congress  and  took  his  seat 
in  1868,  while  his  successor,  Gov.  Safford,  did 
not  arrive  in  the  Territory  until  after  the  time 
had  elapsed  for  the  calling  of  the  Legislature, 
and  the  Secretary  for  some  reason  or  other 
failed  to  do  so. 

The  next  Legislature  of  Arizona  was  held  in 
1871  at  Tucson,  and  thereafter  sessions  were 
held  hiennially  instead  of  annually. 


100  HISTOEY   OF   ARIZONA. 


CHAPTER  V. 

EXPLORATIONS  AND  SURVEYS. 

Kansas  Pacific  Railway's  Expedition  for 
Southern  Railway  to  Pacific  Coast — 
Story  of  by  William  A.  Bell  —  Fort 
Bowie  —  Murders  by  and  Adventures 
With  the  Indians. 

In  the  spring  of  1867  tlie  Kansas  Pacific  Rail- 
way Company  organized  a  very  extensive  sur- 
veying expedition  to  determine  upon  the  best 
route  for  a  southern  railway  to  the  Pacific  Coast 
through  Kansas,  Colorado,  New  Mexico,  Aii- 
zona,  and  the  southern  part  of  California. 
Until  the  Rio  Grande  del  Norte,  about  equidis- 
tant from  the  Mississippi  and  the  Pacific,  was 
reached,  three  separate  surveying  parties  were 
employed,  but  between  that  river  and  the  Pacific 
coast  there  were  no  less  than  five  parties,  each 
equipped  to  make  an  accurate  instrumental  sur- 
vey across  that  part  of  the  continent  by  different 
routes  on  different  parallels  of  latitude.  For 
this  expedition  the  United  States  Government 
furnished  escorts  and  transportation  and  other 
assistance,  without  which  the  undertaking,  at 
that  time,  would  have  been  impossible,  for  most 
of  the  Indian  tribes  were  at  war  with  the  whites. 

These  expeditions  were  under  the  general 
charge  of  General  W.  W.  Wrights  who  con- 
tinued in  personal  charge  of  them  imtil  they 
reached  the  Rio  Grande,  when  he  returned  to 
Denver  to  make  reports  to  his  principals,  and 


EXPLORATIONS   AND  SURVEYS.  101 

left  the  completion  of  the  surveys  in  the  hands 
of  General  W.  J.  Palmer. 

At  Fort  Craig  the  several  parties  were  re- 
organized, their  numbers  increased,  and  their 
escorts  doubled  preparatory  to  exploring  the 
difficult  country  lying  to  the  westward.  From 
the  Eio  Grande  to  the  Colorado  of  the  West, 
and  thence  across  the  desert,  or  Great  Basin, 
as  it  was  commonly  called,  into  California,  the 
parties  surveyed  and  examined  two  entirely 
different  districts,  lying  parallel  to  each  other 
but  separated  by  lofty  mountains  and  table- 
lands, and  distant  from  each  other  only  about 
two  degrees.  One  party,  consisting  of  three 
bodies  of  surveyors,  passed  into  California 
through  the  Moqui  country  and  northern  Ari- 
zona, a  country  famous  for  its  wild  and  beautiful 
scenery  and  studded  over  with  the  ruins  of  an 
extinct  population.  This  was  along  the  35th 
parallel  and  had  been  explored  by  Whipple,  in 
1854-5,  and  afterwards  by  Lieutenant  Beale  in 
1858.  It  is  known  as  the  35th  parallel  route 
across  the  continent,  and  the  survey  made  bj^ 
these  parties  was  afterwards  used  in  the  con- 
struction of  the  Santa  Fe  and  Atlantic  &  Pacific 
Railroads  through  Arizona. 

The  other  part  of  the  expedition,  consisting 
of  two  surveying  parties,  descended  the  Rio 
Grande  valley  for  a  distance  of  seventy-two 
miles  below  Fort  Craig  before  turning  west- 
ward. They  then  explored  the  barren  districts 
lying  between  the  Rio  Gila  and  the  boundary  of 
Mexico,  this  route  b(>ing  known  as  the  32d 
parallel  route.  The  route  laid  out  by  this  ex- 
pedition was  somewhat  changed  in  the  construe- 


102  HISTORY   OF   ARIZONA. 

tion  of  the  road  later  by  tlie   Southern  Pacific 
Company. 

An  account  of  these  surveys  is  contained  in  a 
book  printed  in  London,  England,  in  1870,  en- 
titled ^'New  Tracks  in  North  America,"  by 
William  A.  Bell,  avIio  started  out  as  photog- 
rapher for  one  of  the  parties  and  afterwards 
became  physician  and  surgeon  for  the  party. 

The  story  of  Mr.  Bell  is  one  of  absorbing 
interest.  It  gives  in  detail  many  camp  scenes 
and  also  tells  of  the  difficulties  encountered  in 
prosecuting  the  survey  at  that  time.  His  ac- 
comit  of  the  arrival  of  the  expedition  at  Fort 
Bowie,  and  what  happened  there  is  as  follows: 

'^Fort  Bowie  is  situated  about  six  miles  up 
the  pass.  It  consists  of  a  small  collection  of 
adobe  houses,  built  on  the  summit  of  a  hill,  which 
rises  as  a  natural  lookout  station  in  the  centre 
of  the  defile,  and  commands  the  road  both  ways 
for  two  or  three  miles  of  its  length.  The  only 
officers  at  the  time  of  our  visit  were  Lieutenant 
Carrol,  Lieutenant  Hubbard,  and  the  resident 
surgeon ;  the  only  troops,  one  small  company  of 
forty  men.  The  officers  insisted  upon  Lawson, 
Colton,  and  myself  sharing  their  quarters ;  they 
had  not  had  a  visitor  of  any  kind  for  months, 
and  had  almost  forgotten  that  the  world  was 
inhabited. 

"After  luncheon  I  strolled  out  upon  a  higher 
hilltop  to  choose  a  good  position  for  taking  a 
photograph  of  the  fort  and  pass.  The  view  was 
a  very  beautiful  one,  for  we  were  hemmed  in 
on  all  sides  by  lofty  mountains^,  the  most  con- 
spicuous of  which  is  Helen's  Dome.  Some  two 
miles  distant  in  the  pass,  the  sheep  and   oxen 


EXPLORATIONS  AND  SURVEYS.       103 

belonging  to  the  fort  were  peacefully  graz- 
ing, when  suddenly  I  perceived  a  commotion 
amongst  the  garrison.  All  were  hurrying  to  the 
highest  part  and  looking  towards  the  cattle, 
from  which  direction  I  heard  a  few  shots  fired. 
It  appeared  on  inquiry  that  the  mail  carrier, 
going  west  to  Tucson,  had  only  gone  on  his  way 
a  short  distance  past  the  cattle,  just  beyond  the 
turning  in  the  road  which  hid  him  from  the  fort, 
when  he  suddenly  came  ux)on  two  Indians  who 
w^ere  stealthily  creeping  up  towards  the  stock. 
Shots  were  exchanged,  and  he  immediately 
turned  back  to  give  the  alarm  to  the  men  guard- 
ing the  cattle,  and  to  the  sentinels  at  the  fort. 
The  Indians  showed  themselves  two  or  three 
times  in  the  open,  and  then  disappeared.  It 
was  useless  for  us,  with  our  wearied  horses,  to 
join  in  the  chase  after  a  couple  of  naked  red 
men,  so  we  remained  behind. 

"So  poorly  supplied  was  this  little  fort,  if 
such  a  term  may  be  applied  to  a  collection  of 
mud  huts,  that  two  horses  represented  the  entire 
stock.  It  was  customary  to  keep  one  of  them 
with  the  herd  and  the  other  in  the  stable,  and 
the  favorite  chestnut  of  the  lieutenant's,  a  high 
mettled,  splendid  creature,  happened  this  day 
to  be  at  home.  It  was  immediately  saddled. 
Carrol  was  quite  young;  he  had  only  seen  eigh- 
teen summers,  and  looked  even  younger,  for  his 
hair  was  very  fair,  and  he  had  not  the  least  tinge 
of  whisker  on  his  smooth  cheeks.  I  remember 
watching  him  spring  with  one  bound  from  the 
ground  into  his  saddle,  wave  his  hand  merrily 
to  us,  and  then  dash  down  the  steep  winding' 
road  which  led  from  the  fort  to  the  pass  below. 


104  HISTORY   OF   ARIZONA. 

Again  we  saw  him  racing  as  fast  as  the  horse 
could  gallop  along  the  pass  after  the  mail  car- 
rier, who,  being  previously  mounted,  had  started 
off  with  the  infantry.  I  went  back  to  my  photog- 
raphy, for  there  w^ere  many  views  I  wished  to 
obtain ;  but  my  friend.  Lieutenant  Lawson,  could 
not  remain  long  inactive.  He  was  a  great  char- 
acter. Although  very  short,  quite  grey  with 
years,  and  not  in  the  least  like  a  military  man, 
he  was  the  gamest  little  fellow  I  ever  met.  So 
fond  of  soldiering  did  he  become  during  the  war, 
that  he  could  not  settle  down  again  to  business. 
Though  one  of  the  steadiest  of  men,  and  a  re- 
ligious man  also,  a  great  rarity  out  West,  he 
actually  left  his  good  wife  and  family  comfort- 
ably settled  at  Cincinnati,  changed  his  social 
position  from  wholesale  hardware  merchant  and 
ex-colonel  of  volunteers  to  simple  lieutenant  in 
the  regular  army,  and  started  to  join  a  Western 
regiment.  The  merest  chance  of  a  brush  with 
the  Indians  was  irresistible;  so  he  ordered  out 
his  six  men  and  their  six  jaded  horses,  and  off 
they  went  down  the  winding  road,  and  then 
away  out  of  sight  along  the  pass. 

"As  the  afternoon  went  by  most  of  the  in- 
fantry returned  by  twos  and  threes,  and  we 
were  just  sitting  cIowtl  to  dinner  when  Lieu- 
tenant Lawson  and  his  men  rode  into  the  fort. 
They  had  hunted  about  all  over  the  mountain 
and' through  the  ravines,  but  had  encountered 
no  savages,  nor  even  caught  a  glimpse  of  a  red- 
skin. Carrol,  to  our  surprise,  was  not  with 
them.  We  made  inquiries,  and  found  that  all 
had  reported  themselves  except  the  lieutenant 
and  the  mail  carrier.     We  questioned  those  who 


EXPLORATIONS  AND  SUEVEYS.       105 

had  gone  the  furthest,  and  a  shepherd  just  back 
from  over  the  hills ;  these  agreed  that  they  had 
heard  the  distant  report  of  firearms,  coming 
apparently  from  the  western  plain.  This  was 
the  direction  the  two  redskins  had  taken.  So 
we  saddled  our  horses  without  a  moment's  de- 
lay, and,  with  sickening  forebodings  in  our 
hearts,  started  across  the  mountains  to  the  west- 
ern plain.  We  scrambled  up  the  base  of  Helen 's 
Dome,  which  was  so  steep  as  almost  to  baffle  our 
horses,  w^ell  trained  as  they  were  to  all  sorts  of 
bad  places ;  then,  after  skirting  the  side  for  some 
distance,  w^e  crossed  a  ravine  to  another  moim- 
tain  slope,  down  which  we  plunged,  over  large 
blocks  of  limestone  and  marble,  leading  our 
horses  by  the  bridles,  and  clambering  through 
them  as  best  we  could.  Every  moment  was 
precious,  for  the  sun  had  almost  set  before  we 
reached  the  plain. 

''Then  we  spread  out  in  line,  nine  in  number; 
for  there  was  no  enemy  in  sight,  and  our  only 
hope  was  to  strike  the  trail;  for  we  knew  they 
must  have  passed  somewhere  in  this  direction. 
Every  eye  was  fixed  on  the  ground,  every  blade 
of  grass  was  closely  scanned;  our  souls  w^ere  in 
our  eyes.  At  last  one  marked  'pony  tracks'; 
then  another  called  out,  'This  way  they  lead'; 
not  two,  three  or  four  tracks,  but  many;  per- 
haps a  dozen.  The  white  men  had  evidently 
followed  too  far  in  pursuit,  and  falling  into  an 
ambuscade,  had  been  cut  off  from  their  com- 
rades. Most  of  the  hoofprints  were  naked,  but 
two  set  were  shod.  These  were  certainly  those 
of  the  missing  horses.  We  could  not  hurry  on 
very  rapidly  without  losing  the  trails^  and  yet 


106  HISTORY   OF   ARIZONA. 

there  was  not  half  an  hour's  daylight.  For 
three  miles  farther  we  pressed  on,  carefully 
tracking  our  way.  We  passed  a  spot  much 
tram23led  down  and  blood-stained.  Here  the 
poor  fellows  had  made  a  stand;  had  probably 
tried  to  cut  their  way  back  through  their 
enemies,  who  were  driving  them  from  the  fort. 
A  little  further,  and  all  hope  of  one  life  was 
gone.  The  mail  carrier  lay  stretched  upon  the 
open  plain — scalped,  naked,  and  mutilated — in 
the  setting  sun.  This  poor  man  wore  whiskers, 
and  the  savages  produced  even  a  more  startling 
effect  than  usual  by  scalping  one  of  them.  Thus 
half  of  the  face  was  stripped  of  skin,  and  the 
bleeding  muscles  were  laid  bare. 

' '  We  could  not  stop  a  moment ;  but,  dragging 
up  two  huge  maguay  plants  to  mark  the  spot,  we 
followed  the  pony  tracks.  The  sun  sank,  and 
it  was  only  by  the  red  glare  thrown  up  from 
behind  the  horizon,  and  reflected  by  the  bare 
moimtains  of  rock  to  the  east  of  us,  that  we 
were  able  to  track  our  way.  So  difficult  was  it 
at  last  that  we  began  to  desj)air  of  ever  learn- 
ing the  fate  of  poor  Carrol.  We  longed  to  see 
his  dead  body;  for  the  idea  of  his  being  taken 
alive  to  be  tortured  and  roasted  over  a  slow  fire, 
whilst  the  fiends  danced  around  him,  and  ex- 
ulted over  his  agony,  was  the  one  dread  consum- 
mation which  made  our  blood  run  cold.  No  one 
spoke,  for  we  all  knew  that  such  would  be  his 
fate  if  that  sun  had  not  shone  upon  his  corpse. 

''As  we  took  a  last  searching  look  over  the 
dimly  lighted  plain  in  front  of  us,  we  saw  an 
object  move  slightly  on  the  grass.  We  quickly 
rode  towards  it,  and  in  half  a  mile  further  we 


EXPLORATIONS  AND  SURVEYS.        107 

found  that  it  was  the  faithful  dog  of  the  lieu- 
tenant. He  was  guarding  the  stiff  and  lifeless 
body  of  his  master.  So  we  wrapped  the  naked 
body  in  a  saddle  cloth  and  tied  it  on  a  horse. 

"But  for  the  moon  we  should  not  have  found 
the  spot  where  the  mail  carrier  lay.  We  placed 
him  also  on  another  horse,  and  then  turned  our 
faces  towards  the  pass.  The  wolves  were 
already  gathering  around  the  spot,  and  the 
night  winds  were  blowing  up  cold  and  chill. 
The  night  before,  that  same  beautiful  moon 
which  now  shone  peacefully  down  upon  us,  had 
lighted  us  through  the  noble  gorge  in  the  Pelon- 
cello  Mountains,  while  we  sang  choruses  and 
enjoyed  the  grandeur  of  the  scene.  This  night 
she  lighted  us  through  another  gorge,  in  an- 
other range  of  mountains — Apache  Pass — but 
how  different  were  our  feelings  as  slowly  we 
marched  in  mournful  silence  over  the  nine  miles 
which  led  up  to  the  fort!  Thus  ended  the  5th  of 
November. 

'^Next  morning  we  buried  the  poor  fellows  in 
the  little  graveyard  amongst  the  mountains. 
The  doctor  read  the  burial  service,  and  Lieu- 
tenants Hubbard,  Colton,  Law^son,  and  myself 
w^ere  the  chief  mourners.  When  the  final  volley 
had  been  fired  over  our  two  poor  comrades,  and 
I  turned  to  glance  at  the  tablets  of  their  com- 
panions, I  read  on  the  wooden  crosses  over 
every  grave  but  one,  the  same  sad  story  of  their 
fate — 

'*  'KILLED  BY  THE  APACHES.' 

"When  Cachees'  six  best  warriors  were  wan- 
tonly hanged  five  years  before,  that  bold  chief- 


108  HISTORY   OF   ARIZONA. 

tain  vowed  that  for  eveiy-one  of  his  lost  com- 
rades, a  hundred  white  men  should  die  by  the 
hands  of  himself  and  his  band.  Two  more 
scalps  were  thus  added  to  the  long  strings  of 
those  which  already  hung  from  the  belts  of  the 
Chiricahui  braves." 

On  the  northern  route,  also,  the  parties  there 
came  into  frequent  contact  with  the  Apaches, 
one  of  which.  General  Palmer's  account  of  his 
own  personal  experience,  I  give  below: 

"Camp  in  Signal  Canyon. 
Eastern  Foot  of  Mogollon  Range, 
Near  San  Francisco  Mountain, 
Arizona,  Dec.  8,  1867. 
''After  climbing  and  scrambling  among  these 
mountains  for  more  than  two  weeks  since  leav- 
ing Prescott,  endeavoring  to  find  a  route  east- 
ward to  the  Colorado  Chiquito  without  passing 
over  San  Francisco  Mountain,  I  have  at  last 
reached  the  valley  of  that  river,  and  am  waiting 
here  in  camp  this  pleasant  December  Sunday 
for  the  return  of  Hinchman,  whom  I  have  sent 
down  the  river  to  get  news  if  possible  of  Green- 
wood's whereabouts.  Hinchman  will  probably 
find  a  mound  there  with  a  letter  buried,  con- 
taining an  account  of  Greenwood's  movements, 
and  stating  where  we  can  find  him.  We  have 
two  signal  fires  burning  on  the  highest  points 
overlooking  our  camp  to  guide  Hinchman  to  us, 
and  from  this  we  have  called  the  tributary  of 
Canyon  Diablo  in  which  we  are  encamped, 
'Signal  Canyon.'  I  have  called  it  a  camp,  but 
it  is  only  a  'high  toned'  bivouac,  as  we  parted 


EXPLORATIONS  AND  SURVEYS.        109 

with  tents  and  wagons  a  fortnight  ago,  and  since 
that  time  have  relied  on  pack  mules,  and  even 
these  have  been  unable  to  cross  the  rugged 
country  through  which  this  reconnaissance  has 
been  made  without  sacrificing  some  of  their 
number  to  the  good  of  the  cause. 

"Last  Monday,  for  instance^  at  the  close  of 
the  day,  while  following  an  old  Indian  trail 
across  one  of  the  MogoUon  ranges,  suddenly, 
without  the  least  previous  indication,  there 
yawned  at  our  feet  one  of  those  fearful  chasms 
• — the  terror  of  all  tired  travelers,  when  they 
think  a  few  more  miles  of  gentle  march  will 
bring  them  to  a  good  camping  spot — which  are 
here  one  of  the  great  characteristics  of  the 
country.  If  'unexpectedness'  be  one  of  the  ele- 
ments of  romantic  grandeur  in  scenery,  this  gulf 
of  brown  and  grey  rock  has  high  claims  for  pre- 
eminence in  this  respect,  with  its  precipitous 
sides,  500  feet  deep,  and  apparently  so  narrow 
that  it  is  first  difficult  to  appreciate  fully  the 
hard  fact  that,  before  you  can  continue  your 
march,  it  is  absolutely  necessary  to  descend 
to  the  very  bottom,  and  then,  if  you  can,  to 
ascend  on  the  other  side.  Perhaps  days  would 
have  to  be  consumed  in  heading  the  inexorable 
channel.  There  is  no  help  for  it,  and  although 
the  tall  spruce  trees  in  the  bed  look  like  saplings, 
and  the  stream  of  water  rushing  along  among 
great  boulders  resembles  a  thread,  and  your 
head  swims  as  you  gaze  down  from  the  brink, 
the  course  lies  east — northeast ;  and  where  none 
but  the  Apache  has  ever  gone  down  before,  and 
he  on  foot,  you  have  to  lead  your  horse,  jumping 
out  of  his  way  when  he  slips  and  slides  on  the 


110  HISTORY   OF   ARIZONA. 

bare  rock,  and  dodging  the  loose  boulders  which 
are  rolled  down  by  the  column  following  you. 

''It  is  assumed  in  this  country  that  wherever 
an  Indian  has  made  a  foot  trail  a  pack  mule  can 
follow.  We  expected  to  come  across  many  such 
paths,  and,  after  our  previous  experience,  would 
have  been  much  surprised  had  we  not  met  some 
of  the  trail  makers  as  well  as  their  trails.  In 
the  ascent  of  this  canyon  by  which  we  are 
camped  there  was  considerable  difficulty.  One 
strong  mule,  having  nearly  reached  the  top, 
slii3ped  and  rolled  over  and  over  till  he  reached 
the  bottom — dead.  Another  tumbled  nearly  as 
far,  but  must  have  had  a  very  steady  and  well 
ordered  brain,  as  the  moment  he  struck  the 
river  bed  below,  he  stood  upon  his  feet,  and  has 
made  a  day 's  march  with  us  since ;  but  we  had 
to  shoot  him  yesterday.  A  third  tumbled  half- 
way down,  and  is  an  ugly  spectacle,  with  his 
gashed  eye  and  flank,  but  is  marching  along  all 
right  now,  doing  regular  service. 

' '  But  very  few  days  have  passed  since  leaving 
Prescott  in  which  we  did  not  meet  recent  signs 
of  Indians;  the  rude  wigwams  of  bunch  grass 
and  branches,  which  the  Arizonians  call  'wicky- 
ups';  the  moccasin  tracks,  the  mescal  heaps, 
where  the  Indian  has  been  roasting  his  supply 
of  winter  subsistence,  composed  almost  entirely, 
of  this  root;  the  sweating  house  or  earth  oven, 
which  he  gets  into  when  sick,  and  which  is  almost 
his  sole  remedy  for  disease ;  the  fresh  trail,  and 
the  '  ranch eria,'  or  village  of  a  greater  or  less 
number  of  wigwams. 

"We  have  been  surrounded  by  these  con- 
stantly, but  all  were  abandoned;  and  although 


EXPLORATIONS  AND  SURVEYS.       Ill 

the  stealthy  Apache  was  watching  us  from  every 
rocky  lookout,  we  could  nowhere  catch  sight  of 
him.  An  inexperienced  traveler  would  have 
imagined  that  there  had  been  a  general  exodus, 
and  that  the  whole  race  had  disappeared — had 
gone  to  the  Tonto  basin,  or  the  Gila,  or  some 
remote  hiding-place. 

"If  he  wanted  to  have  this  mistake  corrected, 
he  should  have  done  as  we  did;  he  should  have 
gone  down  into  a  canyon  and  traveled  along  its 
bed  for  a  few  miles,  until  he  had  reached  a  place 
w^here  you  can  look  up  on  either  side  and  not  dis- 
cover the  remotest  chance  of  getting  out — 
where  ahead,  and  in  the  rear,  as  far  as  you  can 
see,  it  looks  like  a  deep  grey  cof&n.  Then  sud- 
denly he  would  hear  a  war-whoop  that  would 
make  him  think  that  all  the  savages  in  the  Rocky 
Mountains,  from  Fort  Bridger  to  Apache  Pass, 
were  within  bow  and  arrow  range. 

"A  week  or  two  ago,  on  an  occasion  very 
similar  to  the  above,  General  Gregg  was  with 
me.  We  were  hunting  for  a  route  from  the 
Val  de  Chino,  eastward  to  the  Colorado  Chi- 
quito,  by  crossing  the  headwaters  of  the  streams 
flowing  into  the  Rio  Verde  close  up  to  where 
they  emerged  from  the  high  rocky  wall  at  the 
base  of  the  San  Francisco  Mountains,  when  we 
came  to  the  canyon  of  Sycamore  Fork.  We  suc- 
ceeded in  descending  the  gorge;  but  the  ascent 
was  so  exceedingly  steep,  that  we  thought  the 
pack  train  could  not  climb  up  out  of  it ;  and  con- 
cluded, in  spite  of  its  violating  the  fundamental 
rule  of  Indian  warfare  in  these  mountains,  to 
return  to  the  bed  of  the  canyon  and  follow  it  to 
its  mouth. 


112  HISTORY   OF   AEIZONA. 

"It  was  strewn  with  fragments  of  red  sand- 
stone, from  the  size  of  a  church  to  that  of  a 
pebble,  over  which  we  dragged  our  footsore  ani- 
mals very  slowly.  We  had  made  some  eight 
miles  when,  as  it  seemed,  at  the  roughest  part 
of  the  whole  way,  where  nature  had  made  a  sort 
of  waste  closet  at  random  for  all  the  shapeless 
blocks  and  sharp-cornered  masses  of  rock  and 
washed  out  boulders  that  she  had  no  time  to 
work  up  and  wished  to  hide  from  sight,  we  sud- 
denly heard  a  shot  from  the  brink  of  the  canyon 
at  our  rear,  and  the  dreaded  war-whoop  burst 
upon  us.  Then  we  looked  up  to  the  right  and 
left,  ahead  and  to  the  rear ;  but  the  walls  seemed 
everywhere  as  tall  as  a  church-steeple,  with 
scarcely  a  foot  hold  from  top  to  base.  They 
had  looked  high  before^,  and  the  chasm  narrow, 
but  now  it  seemed  as  though  we  were  looking  up 
from  the  bottom  of  a  deep  well  or  a  tin  mine, 
and  no  bucket  to  draw  us  up  by.  Soon  the 
shots  were  repeated,  and  the  yells  were  followed 
by  showers  of  arrows.  We  staggered  and 
stumbled,  about  as  fast  as  a  very  slow  ox  team, 
along  the  rocky  bed,  till  we  came  to  some  bushes, 
and  then  stopped. 

"Some  of  the  Indians  had  got  on  the  edge  of 
the  canyon  ahead  of  us,  whose  yells  answered 
those  from  the  rear;  and  the  whole  concatena- 
tion of  sounds  echoed  among  the  cliffs  till  it 
seemed  to  us  that  every  rancheria  in  Arizona 
had  poured  out  its  dusky  warriors  to  over- 
whelm us. 

"It  was  a  yell  of  triumph — of  confidence. 
It  appeared  to  say,  'Oh,  ye  wise  and  boastful 
white  men,  with  vour  drilled  soldiers  and  re- 


EXPLORATIONS  AND  SURVEYS.  113 

peating  guns,  and  wealth  and  power,  who  came 
out  to  hunt  the  poor  Indian  from  his  wigwam, 
look  where  we  have  got  you!  We  have  only 
been  waiting  for  you  to  make  some  blunder; 
now  we  shall  take  advantage  of  it,  and  not  let 
any  of  you  escape.  It  shall  be  worse  than  at 
Fort  Kearney,  for  not  even  one  shall  be  spared 
to  tell  the  story.  It  will  be  a  good  place  to 
bury  you;  in  fact,  you  are  already  buried  in  as 
deep  a  grave  as  you  could  wish.  We  shall  only 
leave  you  there,  that  is  all.  Ha!  ha!  What 
are  your  Spencer  carbines  worth,  and  your  sol- 
diers with  their  fine  uniforms  and  drill"?  It 
is  only  the  old  lesson  we  are  teaching  you;  our 
forefathers  taught  it  to  Braddock,  and  it  has 
been  repeated  many  times  since;  but  we  shall 
drive  it  into  you  deeper  than  ever  it  has  been 
before,  ha!  ha!  You  thought  we  had  all  gone, 
but  our  eyes  were  never  off  you ;  and  now  we 
are  gathering  our  warriors  from  every  hiding 
place.  This  is  the  way  we  call  them  out- 
whoop!  whoop!  and  they  are  lining  the  edge  of 
the  canyon  before  and  behind  you.  You  can 
take  your  time.  It  is  only  ten  miles  to  the 
mouth;  and  the  farther  you  go  the  deeper  the 
canyons  get.  Perhaps  you  wish  to  retreat  ?  It 
is  only  eight  miles  back,  and  you  know  what  sort 
of  a  path  it  is.  From  the  cedars  on  the  brink  we 
will  pick  you  off  at  our  leisure,  and  you  shall 
not  see  one  of  us.  This  country  belongs  to  us^ 
the  whole  of  it ;  and  we  do  not  want  your  people 
here,  nor  your  soldiers,  nor  your  railroad.  Get 
away  to  where  you  belong— if  you  can,  ha!  ha!' 
''it  was  not  all  this  in  detail,  but  the  sum  and 

V— 8 


114  HISTORY   OF   ARIZONA. 

concentration  of  it,  that  flashed  through  my 
mind  as  I  listened  to  those  yells,  now  rising 
clear  and  wild  on  the  breeze,  and  now  dying 
away  in  the  distance. 

"We  moved  close  up  to  the  foot  of  the  wall, 
from  the  top  of  which  the  shots  came,  thinking 
it  would  be  too  steep  for  them  to  hit  us ;  but  the 
great  rocks  that  came  rolling  down  upon  us,  re- 
sounding almost  like  heavy  ordnance  through 
the  canyon,  drove  us  away  from  the  slight  shel- 
ter. Here  was  a  new  danger,  and  a  very  serious 
one^  since  there  was  no  hope  that  this  kind  of 
anununition  would  give  out,  and  the  Indians 
evidently  knew  how  to  use  it. 

"  'Now,  officers,  be  quick  and  sharp  in  giving 
your  orders !  Throw  away  precedent  and  drill, 
and  come  down  to  native  common  sense!' 
'Now,  soldiers,  be  prompt,  and  jump  at  the  word 
of  command,  and  don't  get  disheartened!  And, 
you,  muleteers ;  scatter  out  your  animals,  keep 
them  sheltered  as  much  as  possible,  and  avoid  all 
disorder.  Now,  everybody  keep  cool,  for  every 
man's  life  hangs  upon  a  single  movement  here; 
and  if  a  panic  breaks  out,  all  is  lost,  and  the 
latest  tragedy  in  the  great  Apache  war,  which 
they  say  has  been  waging  against  the  Spaniards 
and  Americans  for  over  two  hundred  years^  will 
have  been  enacted!'  Soon  the  sharp  clear  voice 
of  the  adjutant  rang  out  from  behind  a  huge 
rock  in  the  channel,  his  carbine  at  a  'ready,' 
and  without  moving  his  eyes  from  the  cliff — 
'  Sergeant,  send  six  men  to  scale  that  side  of  the 
canyon!' 

"As  they  moved  out,  General  Gregg  joined 
them  and  directed  their  movement. 


EXPLORATIONS  AND  SURVEYS.        115 

''I  gave  the  next  order  to  the  little  escort  I 
had  brought  from  New  Mexico:  'Sergeant 
Miller,  station  five  men  on  this  side  of  the 
canyon  to  cover  that  scaling  party  with  their 
fire.  Let  them  take  shelter  behind  the  rocks.' 
This  was  done,  and  the  devoted  little  band  be- 
gan slowly  to  ascend  what  seemed  an  almost 
vertical  wall  of  sandstone. 

"Until  now,  although  the  yells  had  rmig  all 
around  us,  the  firing  was  confined  to  the  west 
side  of  the  canyon,  but  at  this  moment  a  very 
close  shot  was  fired  from  the  other  side,  and  our 
plans  could  not  be  carried  out  unless  this  was 
stopped.  Another  scaling  party  of  six  men 
was  accordingly  detailed,  of  which  I  took  com- 
mand, and  began  ascending  the  eastern  cliff, 
covered  by  the  fire  of  a  second  small  party  in  the 
canyon.  This  disposed  of  all  our  fighting  force, 
the  remainder  being  required  to  take  care  of  the 
animals.  How  we  got  up,  God  knows;  I  only 
remember  hearing  a  volley  from  below,  shots 
from  above,  Indian  yells  on  all  sides,  the  grat- 
ing roar  of  tumbling  boulders  as  they  fell,  and 
the  confused  echoing  of  calls  and  shouts  from 
the  canyon.  Exhausted,  out  of  breath,  and  wet 
with  perspiration,  boots  nearly  torn  off,  and 
hands  cut  and  bleeding,  I  sat  down  on  the  sum- 
mit and  looked  around.  Across  the  narrow 
chasm  I  saw  the  other  scaling  party.  Every- 
thing was  as  quiet  as  death,  the  Indians  had  dis- 
appeared— melting  away  as  suddenly  and  mys- 
teriously as  they  had  at  first  appeared.  They 
had  gone  to  their  hidden  lairs,  cowed  by  our 
determined  approach. 


116  HISTORY   OF   ARIZONA. 

''It  had  been  hurriedly  arranged  before  we 
ascended,  that  the  scaling  parties  should  move 
on  down  stream  at  the  brink  of  the  canyon,  cov- 
ering the  pack  train  and  animals  which  would 
march  along  the  bed.  Accordingly  we  moved 
on  towards  the  Rio  Verde;  but,  in  consequence 
of  side  canyons,  were  compelled  to  keep  back 
at  least  half  a  mile  nearer  to  the  foot  of  the 
mountain  than  the  course  of  the  canyon. 

"Six  miles  further,  while  skirting  a  ridge 
which  projected  from  the  mountain,  the  Indians 
from  the  top  began  yelling  again  like  demons, 
and  firing  at  us,  but  the  range  was  too  long  to  do 
any  harm.  They  were  too  cowardly  to  attack 
even  our  small  party,  and  now  that  we  were  no 
longer  engulfed  in  a  canyon,  we  laughed  at  their 
whoops.  They  followed  us,  however,  hoping  to 
catch  us  in  a  ravine,  but  we  always  sent  three 
men  across  first  to  cover  the  rest  and  be  covered 
by  them  in  turn. 

"Just  as  the  sun  was  setting  we  recognized 
from  a  high  point  the  mouth  of  the  Sycamore 
and  the  valley  of  the  Eio  Verde.  We  had  not 
been  able,  from  the  roughness  of  the  country, 
to  approach  the  side  of  the  canyon  in  which  we 
supposed  the  rest  of  the  party  were  moving,  and 
could  not,  therefore,  ascertain  their  where- 
abouts. But  at  last,  toward  dark,  we  descended 
a  second  time,  by  a  deep  side  gorge,  into  the 
canyon,  dropping  down  fully  2,000  feet  in  the 
space  of  half  an  hour.  It  was  just  light  enough 
when  we  reached  the  bed  of  the  main  canyon 
to  discover  that  our  party  had  not  passed  down 
it;,  and  although  fearful  lest  the  Apaches  should 


EXPLORATIONS  AND  SURVEYS.       117 

notice  our  descent  and  again  pepper  us  in  the 
narrow  ravine,  we  turned  up  it  to  meet  them. 

*'That  night's  march  up  the  canyon,  over  the 
broken  rocks  and  through  the  tangled  thickets, 
was  worse,  if  anything,  than  the  attack.  Every 
pebble  in  the  darkness  was  magnified  to  a 
boulder,  and  every  boulder  seemed  as  large  as 
a  house ;  fording  the  rapid  stream  twenty  times, 
we  shivered  with  cold  and  wet  when  we  halted 
for  a  brief  rest;  expecting  every  moment  to 
meet  our  party  encamped,  we  yet  wondered  how 
they  would  dare  to  stop  in  such  a  jDlace. 
Finally,  near  midnight,  we  halted  under  some 
sheltering  rocks,  and  concluded  to  take  some 
sleep;  but  the  guides  protested  against  having 
a  fire,  saying  the  Indians  would  detect  and  shoot 
into  it.  To  sleep  without  one,  however,  was 
impossible.  At  last  I  concluded  that  it  was 
better  to  die  from  an  Indian  arrow  than  to 
freeze  to  death  in  the  darkness,  and  ordered  a 
small  one  to  be  lighted,  beside  which  we  sat  and 
slept  and  shivered  until  a  little  before  daylight, 
when  we  took  another  smoke  for  breakfast  and 
pushed  out  into  the  darkness  to  continue  our 
march  up  the  stream. 

''During  the  night  a  great  rock  had  either 
become  dislodged  or  had  been  rolled  down  by 
Indians,  but  it  fell  into  the  canyon  with  a  report 
like  thunder.  I  started  up  and  found  I  had  not 
dreamt  it.  I  would  give  something  to  have  a 
faithful  picture  of  that  little  party,  with  the 
expression  of  each  as  they  stood  or  leaned,  star- 
ing out  into  the  pitch  dark  canyon,  and  wonder- 
ing what  would  come  next. 


118  HISTORY    OF   ARIZONA. 

"By  daybreak  we  had  got  well  on  our  way; 
when  we  heard  shots  in  the  rear,  which  we  pre- 
sumed to  be  Indians  firing  into  our  abandoned 
camp.  We  commended  ourselves  for  early  ris- 
ing and  pushed  on,  wondering  what  could  have 
become  of  General  Gregg's  jjarty.  Finally,  the 
guides  insisted  on  getting  out  of  the  canyon  and 
striking  towards  Prescott,  but  I  ordered  them 
to  keep  ahead,  feeling  confident  that  we  should 
soon  meet  the  party  or  its  trail. 

"At  last  all  hope  seemed  to  be  gone,  and  I 
agreed  to  climb  out  up  the  western  cliff.  It  was 
as  much  as  we  could  do  to  reach  the  top,  and 
imagine  our  feelings  on  arriving  there  to  find 
that  we  were  merely  on  a  vertical  ledge  of  rock, 
and  that  immediately  on  the  other  side  was  the 
same  canyon  we  had  come  along  an  hour  before. 
We  scrambled  along  the  narrow  ledge,  however, 
faint  from  hunger  and  fatigue,  having  come 
nearly  twenty  miles  on  foot,  up  and  down  can- 
yons and  steep  ravines,  climbing  through  moun- 
tain passes  and  stumbling  over  the  rocky  bed 
of  the  streams — equivalent  to  at  least  sixty 
miles,  as  we  thought,  on  a  level  road.  We  had 
had  nothing  to  eat  for  over  twenty-four  hours, 
and  very  little  sleep ;  the  night  was  bitterly  cold, 
our  overcoats  were  left  behind  when  we  scaled 
the  cliif  during  the  Indian  attack,  and  we  had 
nothing  to  comfort  us  but  a  'Tucson  blanket' 
each,  which  scant  covering  can  scarcely  be  inter- 
preted in  genteel  society. 

"Such  was  our  condition  when  one  of  the 
party  cried  out,  'What  is  that  smoke?'  I  gol 
out  my  fieldglass,  and  saw  two  fires,  and  some 


EXPLORATIONS  AND  SURVEYS.        119 

animals  grazing  contentedly  on  a  distant  hill. 
'That  is  camp,  boys!  Orderly,  fire  two  shots  in 
quick  succession ! '  The  shots  were  fired.  Anx- 
iously we  listened  for  the  acknowledgment. 
It  came  soon — the  two  welcome  answering  shots, 
and  we  strode  on  with  renewed  hearts. 

"Now,  if  we  had  not  seen  camp,  I  could  have 
walked  as  many  miles  as  we  had  already  gone 
without  giving  up,  but  when  I  came  within  two 
miles  of  camp,  and  felt  certain  of  succor,  and 
could  talk  with  General  Gregg  across  a  deep 
canyon,  only  half  a  mile  distant,  my  legs,  some- 
how, or  other,  refused  to  carry  me  further,  and 
I  came  to  the  conclusion  that  infantry  service 
was  disagreeable  on  an  empty  stomach.  So  I 
made  a  fire  and  laid  down  to  sleepj  and  sent  for 
rations,  which  my  faithful  servant,  George, 
brought  out  to  me  in  the  rain,  with  a  flask  of 
whisky  from  General  Gregg,  and  strict  injunc- 
tions to  be  sure  to  drink  it  all — a  command  I 
promptly  obeyed.  I  hope  the  Temperance 
Society  will  forgive  me,  as  I  could  have  drunk 
a  demijohn  under  the  circumstances  without 
being  affected  by  it. 

"It  was  by  no  means  a  short  walk  even  from 
where  we  were  to  General  Gregg's  camp,  as  we 
had  to  head  the  deep  side  canyon,  and  to  cross 
several  others  near  their  sources.  It  was  rain- 
ing, and  the  ground  and  rocks  were  slippery; 
but  at  last  we  arrived  and  received  the  gratula- 
tions  of  the  party,  w^ho  had  heard  the  Indian 
shots  and  shouts,  and  feared  we  had  met  too 
many  of  the  'noble  reds.' 

"General  Gregg  had  found  a  way  out  of  the 
Sycamore  Canyon  along  a  horrible  trail,  by  un- 


120  HISTORY   OF   ARIZONA. 

loading  Ms  pack  mules  and  making  several  trips 
of  it.  He  had  signaled  to  us,  but  had  no  means 
of  communication^  and  supposed  we  had  struck 
for  Camp  Lincoln,  a  military  post  in  the  valley 
of  the  Verde  fifty  miles  to  the  south. 

"My  noble  gray  horse,  Signor,  is  gone.  He 
had  helped  to  carry  me  faithfully  from  Santa  Fe 
through  New  Mexico,  and  thus  far  into  Ari- 
zona, but  he  has  fallen  a  martyr  to  the  topog- 
raphy of  the  sources  of  the  Rio  Verde.  While 
George  was  leading  him  up  a  precipitous  path 
he  lost  his  footing  in  jumping  over  a  rock,  and 
tumbled  to  the  bottom  of  the  canyon,  100  feet, 
killing  himself  instantly.  My  other  valuable 
horse,  Don,  whom  I  intend  to  take  home  if  I  get 
him  safely  to  the  Pacific,  had  just  scrambled 
over  the  same  obstruction  without  stumbling. 
It  was  nothing  less  than  a  miracle  that  nobody 
was  hurt.  These  Indians  are  poor  shots,  which, 
with  the  scarcity  of  guns  among  them,  must 
account  for  our' escape.  They  are  afraid  also 
of  our  'heap  firing  guns'  as  they  call  the 
Spencers. 

"A  little  experience  of  this  sort,  occasionally, 
is  not  without  use.  It  enables  you  to  determine 
a  number  of  nice  problems  which  otherwise 
might  never  have  been  solved,  to  say  nothing  of 
the  new  phases  in  which  it  exhibits  the  char- 
acter of  your  comrades ;  the  test  of  their  true 
heartedness,  their  pluck,  perseverance,  and 
generosity.  There  are  also  some  important 
minor  questions  to  which  it  supplies  accurate 
solutions.  For  instance,  how  would  a  man  ever 
know  whether  a  smooth  boulder  of  lava  or  a  flat 
sandstone  slab  would  make  the  best  pillow,  until 


EXPLORATIONS  AND  SURVEYS.        121 

such  occasions  had  induced  him  to  test  the  mat- 
ter practically  at  frequent  intervals  during  the 
same  night?  And  how  could  he  ever  ascertain 
the  durability  of  a  pair  of  Santa  Fe  boots  under 
active  service,  until  a  trial  of  this  kind  had 
placed  it  forcibly  before  his  observation  ?  And 
while  he  might  hitherto  have  had  a  theoretical 
appreciation  of  the  value  and  excellence  of  a 
slice  of  fat  pork  with  'hard  tack'  for  dessert,  it 
is  doubtful  whether  he  would  ever  comprehend 
the  essential  sw^eetness  and  delicacy  of  these 
dishes  until,  after  twenty-four  hours'  fasting, 
he  had  watched  with  a  fieldglass  across  a  canyon 
until  they  should  start  out  toward  him  from  a 
camp  two  miles  distant." 


122  HISTORY   OF   ARIZONA. 


CHAPTER  VI. 
EXPLORATIONS  AND  SURVEYS   (Continued). 

Passage  Through  Grand  Canyon  of  James 
White,  Prospector — Personnel  of  Pros- 
pecting Party  —  Attacked  by  Indians  — 
Part  of  Party  Killed — Making  of  Raft 
BY  White  and  One  Companion — Voyage 
Through  Canyon  —  White's  Companion 
Drowned  —  White  Continues  Alone  — 
Experience  With  Indians  —  Arrival  at 
Callville. 

One  of  the  most  interesting  stories  contained 
in  this  book  (New  Tracks  in  North  America), 
is  an  account  of  the  passage  of  James  White 
down  the  Grand  Canyon  of  the  Colorado  upon 
a  raft.  It  was  written  up  by  one  of  the  sur- 
veying party  from  statements  made  to  him  by 
White,  and,  as  he  was  the  first  man  who  ever 
descended  the  Colorado  from  its  source  to  Call- 
ville,  below  the  Canyon,  it  is  worthy  of  reproduc- 
tion here: 

"Twenty  years  ago  the  trapper  and  hunter 
were  the  romantic  characters  of  the  Far  West. 
They  still  figure  in  fiction,  and  there  is  a  fascina- 
tion about  their  daring  deeds  which,  in  America, 
makes  Boone  a  household  name,  and  throws  an 
air  of  chivalry,  seldom  to  be  felt  now-a-days, 
around  the  exploits  of  such  men  as  Carson, 
Crockett,  and  Williams.  Nor  is  our  admiration 
for  these  hardy  men  undeserved;  they  have 
trapped  on  every  Western  stream,  and  hunted 


^^ji^<.^-\i,^. 


MM 


Looking  into  the  First  Granite  Gorge,  Grand  Canyon,  Foot  of  Bright  Angel  Trail. 

InoliuliiiK  marble  Canyon  division,  this  gorge  is  nearly  300  miles  long. 
Total  depth  between  5000  and  6000  feet. 


EXPLORATIONS  AND  SURVEYS.  123 

on  every  mountainside,  despite  the  opposition 
of  the  Indian  and  the  barrier  of  winter  snows. 
They  have  been  the  skirmish  line  of  that  great 
army  of  occupation  which  is  daily  pushing  west- 
ward, and  they  have  taught  the  savage  to  respect 
the  white  man's  courage  and  to  fear  the  white 
man's  power. 

"While  the  field  for  the  trapper  and  hunter 
has  been  gradually  growing  less,  another  class 
of  adventurers  has  come  into  existence — the 
*  prospectors'  in  search  of  precious  metals. 
Within  the  last  nineteen  years  these  men  have 
traversed  every  mountain  slope,  from  the 
rugged  peaks  of  British  Columbia  to  the  rich 
plateaux  of  Old  Mexico ;  and  have  searched  the 
sands  of  every  stream  from  the  Mississippi  to 
the  shores  of  the  Pacific,  stimulated  by  the  same 
hope  of  reward  that  led  the  early  Spaniards  to 
explore  places,  still  unsettled,  in  their  search  for 
an  'El  Dorado.'  Could  the  varied  and  adven- 
turous experience  of  these  searchers  for  gold  be 
written  we  should  have  a  record  of  daring  and 
peril  that  no  fiction  could  approach,  and  the 
very  sight  of  gold  would  suggest  to  our  minds 
some  scene  of  startling  tragedy,  some  story  of 
hair-breadth  escape.  Could  we  but  gather  and 
set  down  in  proper  form  the  geographical  knowl- 
edge possessed  by  these  men,  we  should  know  as 
much  of  the  western  wilds  as  we  now  do  of  the 
long  settled  portions  of  the  American  continent. 

"It  has  fallen  to  the  lot  of  one  of  these  pros- 
pectors to  be  the  hero  of  an  adventure  more 
thrilling  than  any  heretofore  recorded,  while, 
at  the  same  time,  he  has  solved  a  geographical 
problem  which  has  long  attracted  the  attention 


124  HISTORY   OF   ARIZONA. 

of  the  learned  at  home  and  abroad,  who  could 
but  theorize  before  his  voyage  as  to  the  stupen- 
dous chasms  or  canyons  through  which  the 
Colorado  cleaves  its  course. 

"James  White,  our  hero,  now  lives  at  Call- 
ville,  Arizona  Territory,  the  present  head  of 
navigation  on  the  Colorado  Elver.  His  home 
is  in  Kenosha,  Wisconsin.  He  is  thirty-two 
years  of  age,  and  in  person  is  a  good  type  of  the 
Saxon ;  being  of  medium  height  and  heavy  build, 
with  light  hair  and  blue  eyes.  He  is  a  man  of 
average  intelligence,  simple  and  unassuming  in 
his  manner  and  address,  and  without  any  of  the 
swagger  or  bravado  peculiar  to  the  majority  of 
frontier  men.  Like  thousands  of  our  own 
young  men,  well  enough  oft'  at  home,  he  grew 
weary  of  the  slow  but  certain  method  of  earning 
his  bread  by  regular  employment  at  a  stated 
salary.  He  had  heard  of  men  leaping  into 
wealth  at  a  single  bound  in  the  Western  gold- 
field^,  and  for  years  he  yearned  to  go  to  the  land 
where  fortune  was  so  lavish  of  her  favors. 

"He  readily  consented  then  to  be  one  of  a 
party  from  his  neighborhood  who,  in  the  spring 
of  1807,  started  for  the  plains  and  the  goldfields 
beyond.  When  they  left  Fort  Dodger,  on  the 
Arkansas  River,  April  13th,  1867,  the  party  con- 
sisted of  four  men,  of  whom  Captain  Baker,  an 
old  miner  and  ex-of&cer  in  the  Confederate 
Army,  was  the  acknowledged  leader.  The 
destination  of  this  little  party  was  the  San 
Juan  valley  west  of  the  Eocky  Mountains,  about 
the  gold  fields  of  which  prospectors  spoke  in  the 
most  extravagant  terms,  stating  that  they  were 
only  deterred  from  working  the  rich  placers  of 


EXPLORATIONS  AND  SURVEYS.       125 

the  San  Juan  by  fear  of  the  Indians.  Baker 
and  his  companions  reached  Colorado  'city,'  at 
the  foot  of  Pike's  Peak,  lat.  38°,  in  safety. 
This  place  was,  and  is  still,  the  depot  for  sup- 
plying the  miners  who  work  the  diggings  scat- 
tered through  South  Park,  and  is  the  more  im- 
portant for  being  situated  at  the  entrance  of 
Ute  Pass,  through  which  there  is  a  wagon  road 
crossing  the  Rocky  Mountains,  and  descending 
to  the  plateau  beyond.  The  people  of  Colorado 
'city'  tried  to  dissuade  Baker  from  what  they 
considered  a  rash  project,  but  he  was  deter- 
mined to  carry  out  the  original  plan.  These 
representations,  however,  affected  one  of  the 
men  so  much  that  he  left  the  party,  and  the 
others,  Captain  Baker,  James  White,  and 
Henry  Strole,  completed  their  outfit  for  their 
prospecting  tour. 

"The  journey  was  undertaken  on  foot,  with 
two  pack  mules  to  carry  the  provisions,  mining 
tools,  and  the  blankets  they  considered  neces- 
sary for  the  expedition.  On  the  25th  of  May 
they  left  Colorado  'city,'  and  crossing  the  Rocky 
Mountains,  through  the  Ute  Pass,  they  entered 
South  Park,  being  still  on  the  Atlantic  slope  of 
the  continent.  Ninety  miles  brought  them 
across  the  Park  to  the  Upper  Arkansas,  near 
the  Twin  Lakes.  They  then  crossed  the  Snowy 
Range,  or  Sierra  Madre,  and  descended  towards 
the  Pacific.  Turning  southwest,  they  passed 
around  the  head  waters  of  the  Rio  Grande  del 
Norte,  and  after  a  journey  of  400  miles,  they 
reached  in  safety  the  Animas,  the  most  northern 
branch  of  the  San  Juan  river,  which  flows  into 
the  Great  Colorado  from  the  east. 


126  HISTORY   OF   ARIZONA. 

"They  were  now  in  the  land  where  their 
hopes  centered,  and  to  reach  which  they  had 
crossed  plains  and  mountains,  and  forded  rapid 
streams,  leaving  the  nearest  abodes  of  the  white 
man  hundreds  of  miles  to  the  east.  Their  pros- 
pecting for  gold  began  in  the  bed  of  the  Animas, 
and  though  they  were  partially  successful,  the 
result  did  not  by  any  means  reach  their  expec- 
tations; so  they  followed  down  the  stream  into 
the  main  valley  of  the  San  Juan.  There  was 
gold  there,  but  not  in  the  quantity  they  ex- 
pected ;  so  they  gradually  moved  west,  along  the 
beautiful  valley,  for  200^  miles,  when  they  found 
that  the  San  Juan  entered  a  deep  and  gloomy 
canyon.  To  avoid  this  they  forded  the  river 
to  the  right  bank,  and  struck  across  a  rough 
timbered  country,  directing  their  course  towards 
the  Great  Colorado. 

''Having  traveled  through  this  rough  country 
for  a  distance  estimated  at  fifty  miles,  they 
reached  Grand  River,  being  still  above  the 
junction  of  Green  river,  the  united  waters  of 
which  two  streams  form  the  Colorado  proper. 
At  the  point  where  they  struck  the  river  it  was 
hemmed  in  by  cliffs  of  perpendicular  rock,  down 
which  they  could  gaze  at  the  coveted  water, 
dashing  and  foaming  two  thousand  feet  below. 
Men  and  animals  were  suffering  for  water,  so 
they  pushed  up  the  stream  along  the  rocky  un- 
even canyon  wall,  hoping  to  find  a  place  where 
they  could  descend  to  the  river.  After  a  day 
spent  in  clambering  over  and  around  the  huge 
rocks  that  blocked  their  way,  they  came  upon 
a  side  canyon,  which  they  succeeded  in  descend- 


EXPLORATIONS  AND  SURVEYS.  127 

ing  with  their  animals,  and  where  they  obtained 
the  water  of  which  all  stood  so  much  in  need. 

*'0n  the  night  of  the  23rd  of  August  they  en- 
camped at  the  bottom  of  the  canyon,  where  they 
found  plenty  of  fuel,  and  grass  in  abundance 
for  their  animals.  As  they  sat  around  the 
camp  fire  they  lamented  their  failure  in  the 
San  Juan  country,  and  Strole  began  to  regret 
that  they  had  undertaken  the  expedition.  But 
Baker,  who  was  a  brave,  sanguine  fellow,  spoke 
of  placeres  up  the  river  about  which  he  had 
heard,  and  promised  his  companions  that  all 
their  hopes  should  be  realized,  and  that  they 
should  return  to  their  homes  to  enjoy  the  gains 
and  laugh  at  the  trials  of  their  trip.  So  glow- 
ingly did  he  picture  the  future,  that  his  com- 
panions even  speculated  as  to  how  they  should 
spend  their  princely  fortunes  when  they  re- 
turned to  the  States.  Baker  sang  songs  of 
home  and  hope,  and  the  others  lent  their  voices 
to  the  chorus  till,  far  into  the  night,  they  sank 
to  sleep  unguarded,  to  dream  of  coming  opu- 
lence, and  to  rise  refreshed  for  the  morrow's 
journey. 

*' Early  next  morning  they  breakfasted,  and 
began  the  ascent  of  the  side  canyon  up  the  oppo- 
site bank  to  that  by  which  they  had  entered  it. 
Baker  was  in  the  advance  with  his  rifle  slung 
at  his  back,  gaily  springing  up  the  rocks 
towards  the  table  lands  above.  Behind  him 
came  White;  Strole,  with  the  mules,  brought 
up  the  rear.  Nothing  disturbed  the  stillness  of 
the  beautiful  summer  morning  but  the  tramp- 
ing of  the  mules  and  the  short  heavy  breathing 
of  the  climbers.     They  had  ascended  but  half 


128  HISTORY   OF   ARIZONA. 

the  distance  to  the  top,  when  stopping  for  a 
moment  to  rest,  suddenly  the  war-whoop  of  a 
band  of  savages  rang  out,  sounding  as  if  every 
rock  had  a  demon's  voice.  Simultaneously  with 
the  first  w^hoop  a  shower  of  arrows  and  bullets 
was  poured  into  the  little  party.  With  the  first 
fire  Baker  fell  against  a  rock,  but,  rallying  for 
a  moment,  he  unslung  his  carbine  and  fired  at 
the  Indians,  who  now  began  to  show  themselves 
in  large  numbers,  and  then,  with  the  blood  flow- 
ing from  his  mouth,  he  fell  to  the  ground. 
White,  firing  at  the  Indians  as  he  advanced  and 
followed  by  Strole,  hurried  to  the  aid  of  his 
wounded  leader.  Baker,  with  an  effort,  turned 
to  his  comrades  and  said  with  his  last  breath, 
'  Back  boys,  back !  save  yourselves ;  I  am  dying. ' 
To  the  credit  of  White  and  Strole  be  it  said, 
they  faced  the  savages  and  fought  until  the  last 
tremor  of  the  powerful  frame  told  them  that 
Baker  was  dead. 

"Then  slowly  they  began  to  retreat,  followed 
by  the  exultant  Indians,  who,  stopping  to  strip 
and  mutilate  the  dead  body  in  their  path,  gave 
the  white  men  a  chance  to  secure  their  animals, 
and  retrace  their  steps  into  the  side  canyon, 
beyond  the  immediate  reach  of  the  Indians' 
arrows.  Here  they  held  a  hurried  consulta- 
tion. To  the  east,  for  300  miles,  stretched  an 
uninhabited  country,  over  which,  if  they  at- 
tempted to  escape  in  that  direction,  the  Indians, 
like  bloodhounds,  would  follow  their  track. 
North,  south,  and  west,  was  the  Colorado  with 
its  tributaries,  all  flowing  through  deep  chasms 
across  which  it  would  be  impossible  for  men  or 
animals   to   travel.     Their    deliberations    were 


EXPLORATIONS  AND  SURVEYS.       129 

necessarily  short,  and  resulted  in  a  decision  to 
abandon  the  animals — first  securing  their  arms, 
a  small  stock  of  provisions,  and  the  ropes  or 
lariats  of  the  mules.  Through  the  descending 
side  canyon  they  travelled  due  west  for  four 
hours,  and  emerged  at  last  on  a  low  strip  of 
bottom-land  on  Grand  River,  above  which,  for 
2,000  feet  on  either  bank,  the  cold  grey  walls 
rose  to  block  their  path,  leaving  to  them  but  one 
avenue  for  escape — the  dashing  currents  of  the 
river. 

"They  found  considerable  quantities  of  drift 
wood  along  the  banks  from  which  they  collected 
enough  to  enable  them  to  construct  a  raft 
capable  of  floating  themselves,  with  their  arms 
and  provisions.  This  raft  consisted  of  three 
sticks  of  Cottonwood,  about  ten  feet  in  length 
and  eight  inches  in  diameter,  lashed  firmly  to- 
gether with  their  lariats.  Procuring  two  stout 
poles  with  w^hich  to  giiide  the  raft,  and  fasten- 
ing the  bag  of  provisions  to  the  logs,  they  waited 
for  midnight  to  come  with  the  waning  moon,  so 
as  to  drift  off  unnoticed  by  the  Indians.  They 
did  not  consider  that  even  the  sun  looked  down 
into  that  chasm  for  but  one  short  hour  in  the 
twenty-four,  and  then  left  it  to  the  angry  waters 
and  blackening  shadows;  and  that  the  faint 
moonlight  reaching  the  bottom  of  the  canyon 
would  hardly  serve  to  reveal  the  horror  of  their 
situation.  Midnight  came,  as  they  thought,  by 
the  measurement  of  the  dark,  dreary  hours; 
when  seizing  the  poles,  they  untied  the  rope  that 
held  the  raft,  and,  tossed  about  by  the  current, 
they  rushed  through  the  yawning  canj^on  on 

V— 9 


130  HISTORY   OF   ARIZONA. 

their  adventurous  voyage  to  an  unknown  land- 
ing. Through  the  long  night  they  clung  to  the 
raft  as  it  dashed  against  half  concealed  rocks, 
or  whirled  about  like  a  plaything  in  some  eddy, 
whose  white  foam  was  perceptible  even  in  the 
blackness. 

"They  prayed  for  the  daylight,  which  came 
at  last,  and  with  it  a  smoother  current  and 
less  rugged  banks,  though  the  canyon  walls 
appeared  to  have  increased  in  height.  Early 
in  the  morning  (August  25th)  they  found  a 
spot  where  they  could  make  a  landing,  and 
went  ashore.  After  eating  a  little  of  their 
water-soaked  provisions,  they  returned  and 
strengthened  their  raft  by  the  addition  of  some 
light  pieces  of  cedar,  which  had  been  lodged  in 
clefts  of  the  rocks  by  recent  floods.  White  esti- 
mates the  width  of  the  river  where  they  landed 
at  200  yards,  and  the  current  at  three  miles  per 
hour.  After  a  short  stay  at  this  place  they 
again  embarked,  and  during  the  rest  of  the  day 
they  had  no  difficulty  in  avoiding  the  rocks  and 
whirlpools  that  met  them  at  every  bend  of  the 
river. 

"In  the  afternoon,  and  after  having  floated 
over  a  distance  estimated  at  thirty  miles  from 
the  point  of  starting,  they  reached  the  mouth  of 
Green  river,  or  rather  where  the  Green  and  the 
Grand  unite  to  form  the  Colorado  proper. 
Here  the  canyons  of  both  streams  form  one 
of  but  little  greater  width,  but  far  surpass- 
ing either  in  the  height  and  grandeur  of  its 
walls.  At  the  junction,  the  walls  were  esti- 
mated at  4,000  feet  in  height.  Detached  pin- 
nacles appeared  to  rise,  one  above  the  other,  for 


EXPLORATIONS   AND  SURVEYS.  131 

1,000  feet  higher,  from  amidst  huge  masses  of 
rock,  confusedly  piled,  like  grand  monuments 
to  commemorate  this  'meeting  of  the  waters.' 
The  fugitives  felt  the  sublimity  of  the  scene, 
and  in  contemplating  its  stupendous  and  un- 
earthly grandeur,  they  forgot  for  the  time  their 
own  sorrows. 

''The  night  of  the  day  upon  which  they  en- 
tered the  Great  Canyon,  and  indeed  on  nearly 
all  the  subsequent  nights  of  the  voyage,  the  raft 
w^as  fastened  to  a  loose  rock,  or  hauled  up  on 
some  strip  of  bottom  land,  where  they  rested 
till  daylight  next  morning. 

"As  they  floated  down  the  canyon  the  gi'ey 
sandstone  walls  increased  in  height;  the  lower 
portion  was  smooth  from  the  action  of  floods, 
but  the  perpendicular  wall  rock  above  became 
more  and  more  rugged,  until  the  far  off  sky 
appeared  to  rest  upon  a  fringe  of  pinnacles  on 
either  side.  Here  and  there  a  stunted  cedar 
clung  to  the  cliff  side  2,000  feet  overhead,  or  a 
prickly  cactus  tried  to  suck  sustenance  from  the 
bare  rock.  No  living  thing  in  sight  beyond 
the  raft,  for  even  the  wing  of  bird  which  could 
pass  the  chasms  in  the  upper  world  never 
fanned  the  dark  air  in  those  subterranean 
depths.  Naught  to  gaze  upon  but  their  own 
pale  faces  and  the  cold  grey  walls  that  hemmed 
them  in,  and  mocked  at  their  escape.  Here  and 
there  the  raft  shot  past  side  canyons,  black  and 
forbidding,  like  cells  set  in  the  walls  of  a  mighty 
prison. 

"Baker  had  informed  his  comrades  as  to  the 
geography  of  the  country,  and  while  floating 
down  they  remembered  that  Callville  was  at  the 


132  HISTORY   OF   ARIZONA. 

mouth  of  tlie  canyon,  which  could  not  be  far  off ; 
'such  wonderful  walls  could  not  last.'  Then 
hope  came  with  the  promise  of  escape.  A  few 
days  would  take  them  to  Callville ;  their  provi- 
sions could  be  made  to  last  for  five.  So  these 
two  men,  thus  shut  in  from  the  world,  buried, 
as  it  were,  in  the  very  bowels  of  the  earth,  in  the 
midst  of  a  great  unknown  desert,  began  to  con- 
sole themselves,  and  even  to  jest  at  their  situ- 
ation. 

"Forty  miles  below  their  entrance  into  the 
canyon  of  the  Colorado,  they  reached  the  mouth 
of  the  San  Juan  Eiver.  They  attempted  to  en- 
ter it,  but  its  swift  current  cast  them  back.  The 
perpendicular  walls,  high  as  those  of  the  Colo- 
rado, with  the  water  flowing  from  bank  to  bank, 
forbade  their  abandoning  their  raft  to  attempt 
escape  in  that  direction.  So  they  floated  away. 
At  every  bend  of  the  river  it  seemed  as  if  they 
were  descending  deeper  into  the  earth,  and  that 
the  walls  were  coming  closer  together  above 
them,  shutting  out  the  narrow  belt  of  sky,  thick- 
ening the  black  shadows,  and  redoubling  the 
echoes  that  went  up  from  the  foaming  waters. 

"Four  days  had  elapsed  since  they  embarked 
on  the  frail  raft;  it  was  now  August  28th.  So 
far  they  had  been  constantly  wet,  but  the  water 
was  comparatively  warm,  and  the  current  more 
regular  than  they  could  have  expected.  Strole 
had  taken  it  upon  himself  to  steer  the  raft,  and, 
against  the  advice  of  White,  he  often  set  one 
end  of  the  pole  against  the  bank  of  some  oppo- 
sing rock,  and  then  leaned  with  the  other  end 
against  his  shoulder,  to  push  the  raft  away.  As 
yet  they  had  seen  no  natural  bridge  spanning 


EXPLORATIONS  AND  SURVEYS.       133 

the  chasm  above  them,  nor  had  fall  or  cataract 
prevented  their  safe  advance.  About  three 
o'clock  on  the  afternoon  of  the  28th,  they  heard 
the  deep  roar  as  of  a  waterfall  in  front  of  them. 
They  felt  the  raft  agitated,  then  whirled  along 
with  frightful  rapidity  towards  a  wall  that 
seemed  to  bar  all  farther  progress.  As  they 
approached  the  cliff,  the  river  made  a  sharp 
bend,  around  which  the  raft  swept,  disclosing  to 
them,  in  a  long  vista,  the  water  lashed  into 
foam,  as  it  poured  through  a  narrow  precipitous 
gorge,  caused  by  huge  masses  of  rock  detached 
from  the  main  wall.  There  was  no  time  to 
think.  The  logs  strained  as  if  they  would  break 
their  fastenings.  The  waves  dashed  around  the 
men,  and  the  raft  was  buried  in  the  seething 
waters.  White  clung  to  the  logs  with  the  gTip 
of  death.  His  comrade  stood  up  for  an  instant 
with  the  pole  in  his  hands,  as  if  to  guide  the  raft 
from  the  rocks  against  which  it  was  plunging; 
but  he  had  scarcely  straightened,  before  the  raft 
seemed  to  leap  down  a  chasm,  and,  amid  the 
deafening  roar  of  water.  White  heard  a  shriek 
that  thrilled  him  to  the  heart,  and  looking 
around  he  saw,  through  the  mist  and  spray,  the 
form  of  his  comrade  tossed  for  an  instant  on 
the  water,  then  sinking  out  of  sight  in  the 
whirlpool. 

"White  still  clung  to  the  logs,  and  it  was  only 
when  the  raft  seemed  to  be  floating  smoothly, 
and  the  sound  of  the  rapids  was  left  behind, 
that  he  dared  to  look  up ;  then  it  was  to  find  him- 
self alone,  the  provisions  lost,  and  the  lengthen- 
ing shadows  warning  him  of  the  approaching 
night.     A  feeling  of  despair  seized  him,   and 


134  HISTOKY   OF   ARIZONA. 

clasping  his  hands  he  prayed  for  the  death  he 
was  fleeing  from.  He  was  made  cognizant  of 
more  immediate  danger  by  the  shaking  of  his 
raft,  the  logs  were  separating;  then  he  worked, 
and  succeeded  in  effecting  a  landing  near  some 
flat  rocks,  where  he  made  his  raft  fast  for  the 
night.  After  this  he  sat  down,  to  spend  the 
long  gloomy  hours  in  contemplating  the  horror 
of  his  situation,  and  the  small  chance  for  com- 
pleting the  adventurous  voyage  he  had  under- 
taken. He  blamed  himself  for  not  having 
fought  the  Indians  till  he  had  fallen  with 
Baker.  He  might  have  escaped  through  the 
San  Juan  valley  and  the  mountains  beyond  to 
the  settlements.  Had  he  done  so,  he  would 
have  returned  to  his  home,  and  rested  satisfied 
with  his  experience  as  a  prospector.  And  when 
he  thought  of  'home,'  it  called  up  the  strongest 
inducements  for  life,  and  he  resolved,  to  use  his 
own  words,  'to  die  hard,  and  like  a  man.' 

"Gradually  the  dawn,  long  perceptible  in  the 
upper  world,  began  to  creep  down  the  black 
canyon,  and  gave  him  light  to  strengthen  his 
raft,  and  launch  it  again  into  the  treacherous 
river.  As  he  floated  down  he  remembered  the 
sad  fate  of  Strole,  and  took  the  precaution  to 
lash  himself  firmly  to  the  raft  so  as  to  preclude 
the  possibility  of  his  being  separated  from  it. 
This  forethought  subsequently  saved  his  life. 
His  course  through  the  canyon  was  now  over  a 
succession  of  rapids,  blocked  up  by  masses  of 
rock,  over  which  his  frail  raft  thumped  and 
whirled,  at  times  wholly  submerged  in  the  foam- 
ing water.  At  one  of  these  rapids,  in  the  dis- 
tance of  about  a  hundred  vards,  he  thinks  the 


EXPLORATIONS  AND  SURVEYS.       135 

river  must  have  fallen  between  thirty  and  forty 
feet.  In  going  over  this  place  the  logs  compos- 
ing the  raft  became  separated  at  the  upper  end, 
and,  spreading  out  like  a  fan.  White  was  thrown 
into  the  water.  He  struggled  to  the  side  by 
means  of  his  rope,  and  with  a  desperate  strength 
held  the  logs  together  till  they  floated  into 
calmer  water,  when  he  succeeded  in  refastening 
them. 

"White's  trials  were  not  yet  at  an  end,  and 
in  relating  the  following  incident,  he  showed  the 
only  sign  of  emotion  exhibited  during  his  long 
series  of  answers. 

"About  four  miles  below  where  the  raft  sepa- 
rated he  reached  the  mouth  of  a  large  stream 
which  he  afterwards  learned  was  the  Colorado 
Chiquito.  The  canyon  through  which  it  enters 
the  main  river  is  very  much  like  that  of  the  San 
Juan,  and  though  it  does  not  discharge  so  large 
a  body  of  water,  the  current  is  much  more 
rapid,  and  sweeps  across  the  Great  Colorado, 
causing,  in  a  black  chasm  on  the  opposite  bank, 
a  large  and  dangerous  whirlpool.  White  saw 
this  and  tried  to  avoid  it,  but  he  was  too  weak 
for  the  task.  His  raft,  borne  by  the  current  of 
the  Colorado  proper,  rushed  down  with  such 
force,  that  aided  by  his  paddle,  he  hoped  to  pass 
the  waters  that  appeared  to  sweep  at  right 
angles  across  his  course  from  the  Chiquito. 
When  he  reached  the  mouth  of  the  latter  stream 
the  raft  suddenly  stopped,  and  swinging  round 
for  an  instant  as  if  balanced  on  a  point,  it 
yielded  to  the  current  of  the  Chiquito  and  was 
sw^ept  into  the  whirlpool. 


136  HISTORY   OF   ARIZONA. 

"White  felt  now  that  all  further  exertion  was 
useless,  and  dropping  his  paddle,  he  clasped  his 
hands  and  fell  upon  the  raft.  He  heard  the 
gurgling  waters  around  him,  and  every  moment 
he  felt  that  he  must  be  plunged  into  the  boiling 
vortex.  He  waited  with  his  eyes  closed  for 
some  minutes,  when,  feeling  a  strange  swinging 
sensation,  he  opened  them  and  found  that  he 
was  circling  around  the  whirlpool,  sometimes 
close  to  the  vortex,  and  at  others  thrown  back 
by  some  invisible  cause  to  the  outer  edge  only 
to  whirl  again  towards  the  centre.  Thus  borne 
by  the  circling  waters  he  looked  up,  up,  up, 
through  the  mighty  chasm  that  seemed  bending 
over  him  as  if  about  to  fall  and  crush  him.  He 
saw  in  the  blue  belt  of  sky  which  hung  above 
him  like  an  ethereal  river  the  red  tinged  clouds 
floating,  and  knew  that  the  sun  was  setting  in 
the  upper  world.  Still  around  the  whirlpool 
the  raft  swung,  like  a  circular  pendulum  meas- 
uring the  long  moments  before  expected  death. 
He  felt  a  dizzy  sensation,  and  thinks  he  must 
have  fainted;  he  knows  he  was  unconscious  for 
a  time,  for  when  again  he  looked  up  between 
the  walls,  whose  rugged  summits  towered  5,000 
feet  above  him,  the  red  clouds  had  changed  to 
black,  and  the  heavy  shadows  of  night  had  crept 
into  the  canyon. 

' '  Then,  for  the  first  time,  he  remembered  that 
there  was  a  strength  greater  than  that  of  man, 
a  power  that  holds  the  ocean  in  the  hollow  of 
His  hand.  'I  fell  on  my  knees,'  he  said,  'and  as 
the  raft  swept  round  in  the  current,  I  asked  God 
to  aid  me.  I  spoke  as  if  from  my  very  soul,  and 
said,  "Oh,  God !  if  there  is  a  way  out  of  this  fear- 


EXPLORATIONS  AND  SURVEYS.       137 

ful  place,  show  it  to  me;  take  me  to  it."  Here 
White's  voice  became  husky,  and  his  some- 
what heavy  features  quivered  as  he  continued — 
'I  was  still  looking  up  with  my  hands  clasped 
when  I  felt  a  different  movement  in  the  raft, 
and  turning  to  look  at  the  whirlpool,  it  was  some 
distance  behind,  and  I  was  floating  down  the 
smoothest  current  I  had  yet  seen  in  the  canyon. ' 

"This  statement  is  the  only  information 
White  volunteered ;  all  the  rest  was  obtained  by 
close  questioning.  One  of  his  friends  who  was 
present  during  the  examination  smiled  when 
White  repeated  his  prayer.  He  noticed  it,  and 
said  with  some  feeling:  'It  is  true.  Bob,  and  I'm 
sure  God  took  me  out. ' 

"Below  the  mouth  of  the  Colorado  Chiquito 
the  current  was  very  slow,  and  White  felt  what 
he  subsequently  found  to  be  the  case — viz.,  that 
the  rapids  were  past,  though  he  was  not  equally 
fortunate  in  guessing  his  proximity  to  Callville. 
The  course  of  the  river  below  this  he  describes 
as  exceedingly  'crooked,  with  short,  sharp 
turns,'  the  view  on  every  side  being  shut  in  by 
flat  precipitous  walls  of  'white  sand  rock.' 
These  walls  presented  white  perpendicular  sur- 
faces to  the  high  water  level,  which  had  a  dis- 
tinct mark  of  about  forty  feet  above  the  August 
stage.  The  highest  part  of  the  canyon,  White 
thinks,  is  between  the  San  Juan  and  the  Colo- 
rado Chiquito,  where  the  wall  appeared  to  him 
more  than  one  mile  (5,280  feet)  in  perpen- 
dicular height,  and  at  a  few  points  even  higher. 
Dr.  Newberry  states,  from  barometrical  obser- 
vations, that  for  a  long  distance  the  altitude  is 
nearly  7,000  feet.     But  we  must  not  begin  to 


138  HISTORY   OF   ARIZONA. 

draw  conclusions  too  soon,  much  of  interest  re- 
mains to  be  told  of  this  unparalleled  adventure. 
"The  current  bore  White  from  the  Colorado 
Chiquito    slowly    down    the   main    river.     His 
clothing  w^as  torn  to  shreds,  and  the  few  rags 
which  clung  to  his  frame  were  constantly  satu- 
rated with  water.     Each  noon  the  sun  looked 
into  the  canyon  only  to  pour  his  almost  vertical 
rays  on  the  famishing  man,  and  to  burn  and 
blister  those  parts  of  his  body  that  the  scanty 
rags  did  not  cover.     One,  two,  three,  four  days 
dragged  slowly  past  since  he  tasted  food,  and 
still  the  current  bore  him  through  the  towering 
walls   of  the   canyon.     The   hunger  maddened 
him.     He  felt  it  burning  into  his  vitals.     His 
thoughts  were   of  food!   food!   food!   and  his 
sleeping  moments  were  filled  with  Tantalus-like 
dreams.     Once  he  raised  his  arm  to  open  some 
vein  and  draw  nutriment  from  his  own  blood, 
but  its  shrivelled,  blistered  length  frightened 
him.     For  hours  as  he  floated  down  he  would  sit 
looking  into  the  water,  yet  lacking  courage  to 
make   the  plunge   that  would   rid  him   of   all 
earthly  pain.     On  the  morning  of  the  fifth  day 
since  he  had  tasted  food,  he  saw  a  flat  bank  with 
some  mezquite  bushes  upon  it,  and  by  using  all 
his  strength  he  succeeded  in  reaching  it  with  his 
raft.     He  devoured  the  few  green  pods  and  the 
leaves  of  the  bushes,  but  they  only  increased  his 
desire  for  more.     The  journey  was   resumed, 
and  he  remembers  that  during  the  last  two  days 
of  unbroken  canyon  wall,  the  rocks  became  very 
black,  with  shining  surfaces — probably  where 
igneous  took  the  place  of  the  cretaceous  rocks. 


EXPLORATIONS  AND  SURVEYS.        139 

''Six  days  without  food,  save  the  few  green 
leaves,  and  eleven  days  since  starting,  and  still 
the  uneven  current  bore  on  the  raft  with  its 
wretched  occupant.  He  saw  occasional  breaks 
in  the  wall,  with  here  and  there  a  bush.  Too 
weak  to  move  his  raft,  he  floated  past  and  felt 
no  pain,  for  the  overwrought  nerves  refused  to 
convey  sensation. 

"On  the  afternoon  of  this,  the  sixth  day,  he 
was  roused  by  hearing  the  sound  of  human 
voices,  and  raising  himself  on  one  arm,  he 
looked  toward  the  shore,  and  saw  men  beckon- 
ing to  him.  A  momentary  strength  came  to  his 
arms,  and,  grasping  the  paddle,  he  urged  the 
raft  to  the  bank.  On  reaching  it  he  found  him- 
self surrounded  by  a  band  of  Yampais  Indians 
(Havasupais),  who  for  many  years  have  lived  on 
a  low  strip  of  alluvial  land  along  the  bottom  of 
the  canyon,  the  trail  to  which,  from  the  upper 
world,  is  only  known  to  themselves.  One  of  the 
Indians  made  fast  the  raft,  while  another  seized 
White  roughly  and  dragged  him  up  the  bank. 
He  could  not  remonstrate;  his  tongue  refused  to 
give  a  sound,  so  he  pointed  to  his  mouth  and 
made  signs  for  food.  The  fiend  that  pulled  him 
up  the  bank,  tore  from  his  blistered  shoulder 
the  shreds  that  had  once  been  a  shirt,  and  was 
proceeding  to  take  off  the  torn  trousers,  when, 
to  the  credit  of  the  savage  be  it  said,  one  of  the 
Indians  interfered,  and  pushed  back  his  com- 
panions. He  gave  White  some  meat,  and 
roasted  mezquite  beans  to  eat,  which  the  fam- 
ished man  devoured,  aud  after  a  little  rest  he" 
made  signs  that  he  wanted  to  go  to  the  nearest 
dwellings  of  the  white  men.     The  Indians  told 


140  HISTORY   OF   ARIZONA. 

him  he  could  reach  them  in  'two  suns'  by  his 
raft,  so  he  stayed  with  them  all  night,  and  with 
a  revolver  that  remained  fastened  to  the  logs,  he 
purchased  some  mezquite  beans,  and  the  half  of 
a  dog. 

"Early  the  next  morning  he  tottered  to  the 
bank,  and  again  pushed  into  the  current.  The 
first  day  out  he  gave  way  to  the  yearnings  for 
food,  and,  despite  his  resolution  to  the  contrary, 
he  ate  up  his  entire  stock  of  provisions,  which 
did  not,  by  any  means,  satisfy  his  craving. 
Three  long  days  of  hope  and  dread  passed 
slowly  by,  and  still  no  signs  of  friends.  Reason 
tottered,  and  White  stretched  himself  on  the 
raft;  all  his  energies  exhausted,  life  and  death 
were  to  him  alike  indifferent. 

''Late  in  the  evening  of  the  third  day  after 
leaving  the  Indians,  and  fourteen  days  from  the 
time  of  starting  on  this  perilous  voyage.  White 
again  heard  voices,  accompanied  by  the  rapid 
dash  of  oars.  He  understood  the  words,  but 
could  make  no  reply.  He  felt  a  strong  arm 
thrown  around  him,  and  he  was  lifted  into  a 
boat,  to  see  manly  bearded  faces  looking  on  him 
with  pity.  The  great  objective  point,  Callville, 
w^as  reached  at  last;  the  battle  for  a  life  was 
won,  but  with  the  price  of  unparalleled  suffer- 
ing. The  people  of  this  Mormon  settlement 
had  warm,  generous  hearts,  and,  like  good 
Samaritans,  lavishly  bestowed  every  care  on  the 
unfortunate  man,  so  miraculously  thrown  into 
their  midst  from  the  bowels  of  the  unknown 
canyon.  His  constitution,  naturally  strong, 
soon  recovered  its  terrible  shock,  and  he  told 
his  new  found  friends  his  wonderful  story,  the 


EXPLORATIONS   AND   SURVEYS.  141 

first  recital  of  which  led  them  to  doubt  his 
sanity. 

"Charles  McAllister,  at  present  an  assistant 
in  the  store  of  Mr.  Todd  at  Fort  Mojave,  was 
one  of  the  three  men  who  went  in  the  boat  to 
White's  assistance.  He  said  that  he  never  saw 
so  wretched  a  looking  man  as  White  when  he 
first  met  him ;  his  feet,  legs,  and  body  w^ere  liter- 
ally flayed,  from  exposure  to  drenching  from 
water  and  the  scorching  rays  of  the  sun.  His 
reason  was  almost  gone,  his  form  stooped,  and 
his  eyes  were  so  hollow  and  dreary,  that  he 
looked  like  an  old  and  imbecile  man.  Mr. 
W.  H.  Hardy,  of  Hardyville,  near  Fort  Mojave, 
brought  White  thither,  that  we  might  see  and 
talk  with  him.  Mr.  Hardy  corroborates  the 
statements  of  McAllister,  and  from  his  knowl- 
edge of  the  country  above  Callville,  says  that  it 
would  be  impossible  for  White  to  have  come  for 
any  distance  by  the  river,  without  travelling 
through  the  whole  length  of  the  Great  Canyon 
of  the  Colorado.  Mr.  Ballard,  a  mail  contrac- 
tor, in  whose  employment  White  is  now  earn- 
ing money  to  take  him  home,  says  he  believes 
him  to  be  a  sober,  truthful  man ;  but,  apart  from 
White's  statement,  Ballard  is  confident  he  must 
have  traversed,  and  in  the  manner  stated,  that 
hitherto  unexplored  chasm  which  completes  the 
missing  link  between  the  upper  and  lower  course 
of  the  Great  Colorado. 

"Dr.  Parry,  our  geologist,  thinks  that  the 
subjoined  conclusions  may  be  summed  up  as 
some  of  the  new  additions  to  our  previous  geo- 
graphical knowledge  of  the  hydrogTaphy  of  the 


142  HISTORY   OF   ARIZONA. 

Colorado  of  the  West,  derived  from  this  re- 
markable voyage. 

"1.  The  actual  location  of  the  mouth  of  the 
San  Juan  forty  miles  below  the  Green  Eiver 
junction,  and  its  entrance  by  a  canyon  continu- 
ous with  that  of  the  Colorado,  above  and  below 
the  point  of  junction. 

''2.  From  the  mouth  of  the  San  Juan  to  the 
Colorado  Chiquito,  three  days'  travel  in  the 
swiftest  portion  of  the  current  allowing  four 
miles  per  hour  for  fifteen  hours  or  sixty  miles 
per  day,  would  give  an  estimated  distance  of 
180  miles,  including  the  most  inaccessible  por- 
tion of  the  canyon. 

"3.  From  the  Colorado  Chiquito  to  Callville 
occupied  ten  days'  travel.  As  this  part  of  the 
route  w^as  more  open,  and  probably  comprised 
long  stretches  of  comparatively  still  water,  it 
would  not  be  safe  to  allow  a  distance  of  over 
thirty  miles  per  day,  or  300  miles  for  this  inter- 
val. Thus  the  whole  distance  travelled  would 
be  550  miles,  or  something  over  500  miles  from 
Green  Eiver  Junction  to  the  head  of  steamboat 
navigation  at  Callville. 

"4.  The  absence  of  any  distinct  cataracts,  or 
perpendicular  falls,  would  seem  to  warrant  the 
conclusion  that  in  time  of  high  water,  by  proper 
appliances,  in  the  form  of  india  rubber  boats, 
and  provisions  secured  in  waterproof  bags,  with 
good  resolute  oarsmen,  the  same  passage  might 
be  safely  made,  and  the  actual  course  of  the 
river  mapped  out,  and  its  peculiar  geological 
features  properly  examined. 

''5.  The  construction  of  bridges  by  a  single 
span  would  be  rendered  difficult  of  execution. 


EXPLORATIONS  AND  SURVEYS.        143 

on  account  of  the  usual  flaring  shape  of  the 
summits.  Possibly,  however,  points  might  be 
found  where  the  mesas  approach  sufficiently 
near  each  other  for  such  purpose. 

"6.  The  width  of  the  river,  at  its  narrowest 
point,  was  estimated  at  100  feet,  and  the  line 
of  high-water  mark  at  forty  feet  above  the 
average  stage  in  August. 

"7.  The  long  continued  uniformity  of  the 
geological  formation  (termed  'white  sandstone,' 
probably  cretaceous)  is  remarkable;  but  under 
the  term  may  have  been  comprised  some  of 
the  later  stratified  formations.  The  contrast  on 
reaching  the  dark  igneous  rock  was  so  marked 
that  it  could  not  fail  to  be  noticed, 

"8.  Any  prospect  for  useful  navigation  up  or 
down  the  canyon  during  the  season  of  high 
water,  or  the  transportation  of  lumber  from  the 
upper  pine  regions,  could  not  be  regarded  as 
feasible,  considering  the  long  distance  and  the 
inaccessible  character  of  the  river  banks. 

"9.  No  other  satisfactory  method  of  explora- 
tion, except  along  the  course  of  the  river,  could 
be  adopted  to  determine  its  actual  course  and 
peculiar  natural  features ;  and  James  White,  as 
the  pioneer  of  this  entei^rise,  will  probably 
long  retain  the  honour  of  being  the  only  man 
who  has  traversed,  through  its  whole  course,  the 
Great  Canyon  of  the  Colorado,  and  lived  to  re- 
count his  observations  on  so  perilous  a  trip." 


144  HISTORY   OF   AEIZONA. 


CHAPTER  VII. 

EXPLORATIONS  AND  SURVEYS  (Continued). 

Story  of  White's  Trip  Made  Officiaij  U.  S. 
Senate  Document — Article  by  Thomas 
F.  Dawson — Statement  in  Rocky  Moun- 
tain Herald — White's  Own  Statement — 
Corroborative  Evidence — White's  After 
Life. 

Since  the  foregoing  was  written  I  have  re- 
ceived through  the  kindness  of  the  Hon.  Henry 
F.  Ashurst,  a  copy  of  Senate  Document  No.  42, 
of  the  65th  Congress.  First  Session,  which  is  an 
article  written  by  Thomas  F.  Dawson  on  the 
Grand  Canyon,  in  which  the  story  of  White's 
adventure  is  dealt  with  fully.  Here  it  is  shown 
that  Dr.  Parry,  who  was  connected  with  the 
railroad  expedition  at  that  time,  wrote  the  ac- 
count of  White's  trip  from  notes  made  by 
Major  Calhoun,  who  says  that  he  obtained  the 
facts  from  White  himself. 

The  story,  as  written  by  Major  Calhoun,  and 
printed  soon  after,  is  included  in  a  small  book 
entitled  "Wonderful  Adventures,"  published 
by  W.  B.  Evans  &  Co.,  of  Philadelphia,  of  which 
city  Major  Calhoun  was  a  resident.  It  is  the 
first  of  a  series  of  adventures  of  which  the  work 
is  composed,  and  bears  the  title,  "Passage  of 
the  Grand  Canyon  of  the  Colorado,"  by  A.  R. 
Calhoun. 

In  this  document  the  story  as  it  deals  with 
White's  journey,  and  as  written  by  Major  Cal- 
houn,  is  published  in  full,  and  differs  in  no 


JAMES   WIIITK. 
In  his  80tli   year. 


EXPLORATIONS  AND  SURVEYS.        145 

material  point  from  that  given  in  the  foregoing 
pages,  attributed  to  Dr.  Parry.  Here  is  also 
printed  an  account  of  White's  voyage  published 
in  the  Rocky  Mountain  Herald  under  date  of 
January  8th,  1869,  about  five  months  before 
Major  Powell  began  his  exploration.  It  w^as 
sent  from  an  obscure  place  in  New  Mexico  and 
the  writer  appears  to  have  been  under  the  im- 
pression that  Major  Powell  had  already  started 
on  his  work.  The  name  of  the  author  is  not 
preserved,  but  the  account  differs  in  some  re- 
spects from  the  others.  Referring  to  the  pros- 
pective expedition  by  Major  Powell,  the  writer 
says: 

"I  trust  Mr.  Powell's  expedition  is  progress- 
ing favorably  and  that  he  w411  be  able  to  fur- 
nish a  satisfactory  report  to  an  expectant  pub- 
lic, for  I  can  assure  you  that  should  he  be 
entirely  successful,  he  will  accomplish  a  work 
the  magnitude  of  which — leaving  its  danger  en- 
tirely out  of  consideration — will  far  surpass 
that  of  any  former  exploration  on  the  American 
continent. ' ' 

The  writer  further  said  that  the  Canyon  had 
never  been  traversed  before,  and  in  this  connec- 
tion added:  "None  of  the  Indian  tribes  on  the 
river  have  either  remembrance  or  tradition  that 
the  voyage  had  ever  previously  been  made." 

The  w^riter  further  said  that  AVhite  and  his 
companion,  Strole,  had  little  knowledge  of  the 
country,  and  that  although  they  had  heard  of 
the  Grand  Canyon,  they  had  no  definite  idea 
either  of  its  locality  or  its  extent.  There  was 
but  little  rough  water  at  first,  and  for  a  time  all 

V— 10 


146  HISTORY   OF   ARIZONA. 

went  well.  They  were  able  to  land  at  night,  but 
having  no  means  of  making  a  fire,  went  hungry 
to  sleep.  The  second  day  the  water  was  smooth 
until  noon,  when  they  encountered  rapids,  swift 
and  rocky,  in  descending  which  they  lost  then- 
carbines  and  their  little  store  of  flour — their 
only  provisions — while  their  revolvers  were  left 
too  wet  for  use.  Below  these  rapids  they  found 
an  island  on  which  they  spent  their  second 
night,  eating  screw  beans  to  assuage  their 
hunger.     The  article  proceeds  as  follows: 

"Having  passed  the  night  on  the  island,  our 
voyagers  set  out  in  the  morning  with  their  raft 
in  better  condition  than  before,  and  with  re- 
newed hope  of  soon  getting  to  the  end  of  their 
journey,  or  at  least  of  reaching  a  port.  From 
the  size  and  depth  of  the  stream  they  argued 
that  Callville  must  be  near.  After  they  had 
floated  for  a  few  hours,  however,  the  somid  of 
falling  water  was  borne  to  their  ears,  becoming 
more  and  more  distinct  as  they  proceeded  until 
they  were  satisfied  that  they  were  approaching 
a  cataract.  Meanwhile  they  had  gradually  and 
almost  unconsciously  drifted  into  a  canyon  with 
high  precipitous  walls  which  confined  the  river 
within  a  narrower  channel  than  that  in  which 
it  had  coursed  above.  A  hasty  recomiaissance 
convinced  them  that  they  could  not  escape  from 
the  gorge  by  climbing  the  walls,  while  the  cur- 
rent was  now  so  swift  that  it  was  useless  to 
think  of  turning  back.  White  took  the  precau- 
tion to  lash  himself  to  the  raft,  but  Strole  re- 
fused to  take  this  precaution. 

"  'I  am  an  old  Mississippi  boatman  and  can 
stick  to  the  raft  wherever  she  goes, '  Strole  said. 


EXPLOKATIONS  AND  SURVEYS.        147 

'It  isn't  much  of  a  fall,  and  there  is  no  danger 
in  running  it.  We  had  better  tie  our  revolvers, 
however;  they  are  a  little  wet  now,  and  a  little 
more  won't  hurt  them.' 

"On  swept  the  raft  with  rapidly  increasing 
speed;  the  voyagers  silent,  with  stern,  com- 
pressed lips  and  tense  nerves  boldly  facing  the 
peril  which  they  were  now  powerless  to  avoid. 
One  moment  they  were  balanced  on  the  brink  of 
the  cataract,  the  next  they  were  plunged  sheer 
12  feet  into  the  seething  waters  beneath. 

"Emerging  at  leng-th,  White  found  himself 
alone  upon  the  raft,  which  an  eddy  had  caught 
in  the  rim  of  its  vortex  and  was  whirling 
around.  White  had  been  seriously  disturbed 
by  the  shock  of  the  fall,  but  when  he  recovered 
his  self-possession,  he  looked  around  for  his 
companion  and  quickly  descried  him  in  mid- 
channel  some  20  feet  distant,  buffeting  the  cur- 
rent with  feeble  and  uncertain  stroke.  Shout- 
ing to  him  some  words  of  encouragement  and 
hastily  freeing  himself  from  his  lashings.  White 
prepared  to  make  such  efforts  as  he  could  to 
assist  and  save  his  comrade.  But  almost  imme- 
diately, poor  Strole,  half  strangled,  doubtless, 
and  bewildered  by  his  frightful  plunge  over  the 
cataract,  without  a  cry  or  a  groan,  sank  and  rose 
no  more. 

"The  fate  of  either  of  his  comrades  would 
have  been  a  merciful  one  to  White  in  com- 
parison to  what  befell  him.  Poor  fellow,  his 
troubles  had  hardly  begun,  while  theirs  were 
ended,  at  least  for  this  world.  The  death  of 
8trole  fell  upon  him  with  crushing  weight. 
Sinking  upon   the   raft,   which   floated   slowly 


148  HISTORY   OF   ARIZONA. 

around  with  the  eddy  until  it  stranded  upon  the 
head  of  a  small  island,  he  abandoned  himself 
for  a  brief  period  to  all  the  misery  of  despair. 
But  his  rugged  and  energetic  nature  would  not 
long  succumb  to  such  a  feeling.  Eecovering 
himself,  he  began  to  survey  as  best  he  might  his 
situation. 

"White  no  longer  doubted  that  he  was  in  the 
Grand  Canyon.  He  could  neither  scale  the 
walls  nor  return.  There  was  nothing  left  but 
to  proceed  down  the  stream,  and  in  that  direc- 
tion there  seemed  not  the  shadow  of  a  chance 
that  he  might  succeed  and  live.  He  only  dared 
to  hope  that  by  carefully  tying  himself  to  the 
raft  his  body  might  float  through  with  some  por- 
tion of  it  and  be  identified  by  means  of  a  pocket 
memorandum  book  which  he  endeavored  to  se- 
cure to  his  person,  so  that  his  fate  might  become 
known  to  his  relatives  and  friends. 

"Having  considered  these  things  with  the 
desperate  calmness  of  a  man  who  regards  him- 
self as  doomed  to  speedy  and  inevitable  death, 
he  nevertheless  omitted  nothing  which  might 
tend  to  the  preservation  of  his  life.  First,  he 
overhauled  his  raft  and  tightened  its  lashings. 
Next  he  stripped  the  mesquite  bushes  which 
grew  on  the  bank  of  their  scanty  crop,  with 
which  he  partially  appeased  his  hunger.  Then, 
with  a  fervent  appeal  to  the  great  Father  of  all, 
he  launched  his  raft  and  floated  away  to  en- 
counter unknown  dangers  and  terrors. 

"It  is  hardly  necessary  to  say  that  White 
kept  no  'log'  of  his  voyage,  and  it  would  there- 
fore be  impossible  to  give  from  this  point  the 
details  of  his  daily  progress.     Never  before  did 


EXPLORATIONS  AND  SURVEYS.        149 

mortal  man  perform  such  a  journey.  For 
nearly  500  miles  he  floated  over  a  succession  of 
cascades  and  cataracts  varying  from  4  to  20 
feet,  with  patches  of  smooth  water  between. 
Frequently  on  plunging  over  a  fall  the  raft  was 
overturned,  and  it  was  with  much  difficulty  that 
he  saved  himself  from  drowning.  Once  he  was 
so  long  under  water  that  he  became  insensible ; 
but  on  that  occasion  the  raft  providentially 
emerged  right  side  up,  and  when  he  revived  he 
found  himself  floating  along  as  if  nothing  had 
happened. 

"Below  each  fall  there  was  an  island  formed 
by  the  land  thrown  up  by  the  eddying  waters, 
affording  him  an  opportunity  of  hauling  up  his 
raft  for  repairs — a  very  necessary  operation,  as 
the  ropes  by  which  it  was  bound  were  frequently 
cut  upon  the  edges  of  the  rocks  at  the  head  of 
the  falls— and  as  a  place  of  rest  during  the 
nights.  At  first  the  mesquite  growing  upon  the 
islands  supplied  him  with  a  scanty  allowance  of 
food,  but  after  the  sixth  day  he  found  the 
islands  barren.  A  rawhide  knife  scabbard  then 
afforded  him  some  slight  sustenance  and  a  good 
deal  of  chewing  for  a  couple  of  days,  after 
which  he  was  without  food  until  he  passed  the 
Rio  Virgen.  One  day  he  saw  some  lizards,  but 
was  too  feeble  to  catch  them.  To  add  to  his 
misery,  he  was  stripped  by  the  rocks  and  water 
of  his  hat,  pants,  drawers,  boots  and  socks;  his 
head,  feet,  and  legs  became  blistered  and  raw  by 
the  sun's  rays. 

"Day  by"  day  and  hour  by  hour  he  grew 
weaker  by  exposure  to  the  heat  and  because  of 
want  of  food.     And  all  the  time  the  dark  walls 


150  HISTORY   OF   ARIZONA. 

of  tile  can}' on  towered  above  him,  nowhere  less 
than  a  thousand  feet,  and  in  some  places  a  mile 
and  a  half  in  height,  to  the  best  of  his  jndgment. 
Anxiously  he  watched  for  some  avenue  of  es- 
cape, some  crevice  or  fissure  in  the  adamantine 
walls  which  confined  him,  but  there  was  none. 
The  consoling-  reflection  remained  that  it  was 
perhaps  better  to  be  dashed  to  pieces  or  perish 
of  simple  starvation  in  the  canyon  than  to 
scramble  out  of  it  and  add  the  torment  of  thirst 
to  those  which  he  already  endured.  So  he  voy- 
aged on,  now  helplessly  broiling  in  the  merciless 
rays  of  the  sun  as  he  floated  calmly  and  yet 
swiftly  along  the  expanse  of  the  comparatively 
smooth  water,  then  tumbling  over  a  casciide  or 
rushing  through  a  rapid  at  the  imminent  peril 
of  shipwreck  upon  the  rocks  which  bumped  and 
thumped  his  frail  craft  until  its  light  timbers 
rattled;  and  now  shuddering  and  with  bated 
breath  plunging  over  a  fall,  for  aught  he  knew, 
into  eternity.  Day  by  day,  and  hour  by  hour, 
he  grew  w^eaker  for  the  want  of  food,  while  from 
sitting  in  a  cramped  position  and  from  expos- 
ure to  the  sun,  his  legs  were  so  stiff  and  sore 
as  to  be  almost  entirely  disabled.  Still,  with 
dogged  resolution  he  persevered,  improving 
every  moment  of  daylight,  and  making,  as  he 
believed,  at  a  moderate  estimate,  40  or  50  miles 
every  day. 

"At  length,  on  the  evening  of  September  6, 
the  raft,  with  our  bruised,  battered,  and  starv- 
ing voyager,  more  dead  than  alive,  and  yet  re- 
taining a  gi-eat  deal  of  the  wonderful  vitality 
which  thus  far  had  sustained  him,  still  clinging 
to   it,   emerged  from  the   canyon.     Again   the 


EXPLORATIONS  AND  SURVEYS.        151 

broadening   river   flowed   between   low,    green 
banks. 

"White  felt  that  the  worst  of  the  voyage  was 
over.  If  he  could  but  hold  out  for  a  day  or  two 
longer,  he  would  be  saved.  But  though  his 
spirit  was  undaunted,  his  physical  strength  was 
nearly  gone. 

"Soon  after  passing  the  mouth  of  a  consider- 
able stream,  the  Rio  Virgen,  he  heard  voices 
shouting  to  him.  He  could  hardly  convince 
himself  that  the  sounds  were  real,  and  he  gazed 
in  wondering  surprise  toward  the  bank.  A 
number  of  Indians  leaped  into  the  water,  swam 
out  to  him,  and  pushed  the  raft  ashore.  He 
was  roughly  treated  by  the  Indians,  who  tore 
off  his  coat  tails  and  seized  one  of  his  revolvers. 
One  of  the  Indians  who  spoke  English  told  him 
they  were  Pah-Utes.  They  seemed  to  compre- 
hend the  fearful  trip  White  had  made  and  to 
express  some  astonishment  among  themselves 
that  he  should  have  survived  it,  but  his  condi- 
tion excited  not  the  smallest  spark  of  sympathy 
in  their  dusky  bosoms. 

"White  asked  for  food,  and  the  Indians 
agreed  to  give  him  a  small  dog  for  the  remain- 
ing pistol.  But  on  securing  the  weapon,  they 
let  the  dog  escape.  He  was  finally  compelled 
to  give  them  his  vest  for  catching  and  killing 
the  animal,  and  even  then  the  Indians  appro- 
priated the  fore  quarters.  White  ate  a  hind 
quarter  of  the  dog  I'aw  and  without  salt  for  his 
supper,  and  then  lay  down  and  slept  soundly. 
In  the  morning  he  ate  the  other  hind  quarter 
and  resumed  his  voyage  to  Callville. 


152  HISTORY   OF   ARIZONA. 

"It  chanced  that  at  this  time  the  barge  Colo- 
rado, of  Fort  Mojave,  in  charge  of  Capt.  Wil- 
burn,  with  a  crew  of  four  or  five  men,  was  at 
Callville,  receiving  a  cargo  of  lime  and  salt. 
Standing  on  the  bank,  the  captain  saw  the 
strange  craft  passing  by  on  the  other  side  and 
hailed  it. 

"'My  God!  Is  this  Callville r  responded 
White  in  feeble  tones. 

"  'Yes,'  replied  Capt.  Wilburn,  'come  ashore.' 

"  'I'll  try  to,'  replied  the  voyager,  'but  I 
don 't  know  whether  I  can  or  not. ' 

"Fastening  his  raft  about  200  feet  below. 
White,  a  strange  looking  object,  made  his 
appearance  on  the  crest  of  a  hill  near  the  land- 
ing. 

"  'My  God!  Capt.  Wilburn,  that  man's  a  hun- 
dred years  old,'  exclaimed  one  of  the  crew. 

"He  looked  older,  for  his  long  hair  and  flow- 
ing beard  were  white.  His  eyes  were  sunken, 
his  cheeks  thin  and  emaciated,  his  shrunken 
legs  a  mass  of  black  and  loathsome  scabs  from 
his  loins  to  his  toes.  As  he  crawled  slowly  and 
painfully  toward  them,  the  men,  with  exclama- 
tions of  astonishment  and  pity,  went  to  meet 
and  assist  him.  They  brought  him  to  their 
camp,  gave  him  food,  washed  and  anointed  his 
sores,  and  clothed  him.  White  became  deliri- 
ous, but  toward  evening  his  wandering  senses 
returned,  and  he  was  able  to  give  an  account  of 
himself. 

"James  Ferry,  United  States  quartermaster 
at  Callville,  made  the  Pah-Utes  return  White's 
possessions  and  took  care  of  him  until  he  re- 
covered. 


EXPLORATIONS  AND  SURVEYS.        153 

"When  I  last  heard  of  White  he  was  carr}^- 
ing  the  mail  between  Callville  and  Mojave.  At 
the  latter  place  Gen.  W.  J.  Palmer  saw  and 
conversed  with  him,  and  from  his  statements 
was  satisfied  that  the  length  of  the  Grand  Can- 
yon is  not  less  than  500  miles,  and  that  its 
thorough  scientific  exploration,  while  not  abso- 
lutely impossible,  will  present  difficulties  which 
will  not  soon  be  surmounted." 

White  is  still  living,  a  resident  of  Trinidad, 
Colorado,  and  has  furnished  a  statement  at  first 
hand  of  his  adventure,  which  is  here  repro- 
duced. It  seems  that  after  remaining  a  few 
months  on  the  lower  Colorado,  and  after  visit- 
ing his  old  home  in  Wisconsin,  Mr.  White  re- 
turned to  Colorado  and  ultimately  located  in 
Trinidad,  where  he  has  lived  since  1878,  and 
there,  in  1916,  he  prepared  this  account  of  his 
voyage  w^hich,  as  far  as  known,  is  the  only 
printed  statement  made  and  signed  by  him,  with 
the  exception  of  a  brief  account  which  appeared 
in  a  Wisconsin  paper  soon  after  the  conclusion 
of  his  voyage.     Mr.  White  writes : 

"I  was  born  in  Eome,  N.  Y.,  November  19, 
1837,  but  was  reared  in  Kenosha,  Wis.  At  the 
age  of  23  I  left  for  Denver,  Colo.,  later  drifting 
to  California,  and  there  enlisted  in  the  Army  at 
Camp  Union,  Sacramento,  in  Company  H,  Cali- 
fornia Infantry,  Gen.  Carleton  (some  doubt  as 
to  the  correct  spelling  of  his  name)  being  gen- 
eral of  the  regiment,  and  the  company  being 
under  Capt.  Stratton.  I  served  in  the  Army 
three  and  one-half  years,  being  honorably  dis- 
charged at  Franklin,  Tex.,  on  May  31,  1865. 
From  there  I  went  to  Santa  Fe,  N.  Mex.,  and 


154  HISTORY   OF   ARIZONA. 

then  to  Denver.  In  the  fall  of  that  year  I  went 
from  Denver  to  Atchison,  Kans.,  with  Capt. 
Turnley  (some  doubt  as  to  the  correct  spelling 
of  his  name)  and  his  family,  and  from  Atchi- 
son I  went  to  Fort  Dodge,  Kansas,  where  I 
drove  stage  for  Barlow  &  Sanderson,  and  there 
I  got  acquainted  with  Capt.  Baker,  also  George 
Strole  and  Goodfellow.  This  was  in  the  spring 
of  1867,  and  the  circumstances  under  which  I 
met  them  were  as  follows:  Capt.  Baker  was  a 
trapper  at  the  time  I  met  liim  there,  and  the 
Indians  had  stolen  his  horses,  and  he  asked  me 
to  go  with  him  to  get  his  horses,  and  I  went  with 
him,  George  Strole,  and  Goodfellow.  We  could 
not  get  his  horses,  so  we  took  14  head  of  horses 
from  the  Indians.  The  Indians  followed  us  all 
night  and  all  day,  and  we  crossed  the  river  at 
a  place  called  Cimarron,  in  Kansas,  and  we 
travelled  across  the  prairies  to  Colorado  City, 
Colo. 

"Before  going  further  with  my  story  I  would 
like  to  relate  here  what  I  know  of  Capt.  Baker 's 
history.  He  had  been  in  the  San  Juan  country 
in  1860  and  was  driven  out  by  the  Indians.  He 
showed  me  lumber  that  he  had  sawed  by  hand 
to  make  sluice  boxes.  I  was  only  with  him 
about  three  months,  and  he  spoke  very  little  of 
his  personal  affairs.  WHen  we  were  together 
in  Colorado  City  he  met  several  of  his  former 
friends  that  he  had  been  prospecting  with  in  the 
early  sixties.  I  cannot  remember  their  names. 
The  only  thing  I  know  is  that  he  mentioned 
coming  from  St.  Louis,  but  never  spoke  of  him- 
self as  being  a  soldier,  and  I  thought  'Captain' 
was  just  a  nickname  for  him.     He  was  a  man 


EXPLORATIONS   AND   SURVEYS.  155 

that  spoke  little  of  his  past  or  personal  affairs, 
but  I  remember  of  his  keeping  a  memorandum 
book  of  his  travels  from  the  time  we  left  Colo- 
rado City. 

''After  reaching  Colorado  City,  Colo.,  Baker 
proposed  a  prospecting  trip  to  the  San  Juan. 
There  we  got  our  outfit,  and  that  spring  the 
four  of  us  started  on  the  trip  and  went  over  to 
the   Rio   Grande.     At  the  Eio   Grande   Good- 
fellow  was  shot  in  the  foot,  and  we  left  him  at 
a  farm  house,  and  the  three  of  us  proceeded  on 
our  trip.     From  the  Eio  Grande  we  went  over 
to  the  head  of  it,   down  on  the  Animas,   up 
the  Eureka  Gulch.     There  we  prospected  one 
month.     We  dug  a  ditch  150  feet  long  and  15 
feet  deep.     We  did  not  find  anything,   so  we 
went  down  the  Animas  5  miles,  crossed  over  into 
the  Mancos.     At  the  head  of  the  Mancos  we 
saw  a  large  lookout  house  about  100  feet  high, 
which  was  built  out  of  cobblestones.     Farther 
down  the  canyon  we  saw  houses  built  of  cobble- 
stones, and  also  noticed  small  houses  about  2 
feet  square  that  were  built  up  about  50  feet 
on  the  side  of  the  canyon  and  seemed  to  be 
houses  of  some  kind  of  a  bird  that  was  wor- 
shipped.    We  followed  the  Mancos  down  until 
we  struck  the  San  Juan.     Then  we  followed  the 
San  Juan  down  as  far  as  we  could  and  then 
swam  our  horses  across  and  started  over  to  the 
Grand  Eiver,  but  before  we  got  to  the  Grand 
Eiver  we  struck  a  canyon;  so  we  went  down 
that  canyon  and  camped  there  three  days.     We 
could  not  get  out  of  the  canyon  on  the  opposite 
side,  so  we  had  to  go  out  of  the  canyon  the  same 
wav  we  went  down.    There  we  were  attacked 


156  HISTORY   OF   ARIZONA. 

by  Indians  and  Baker  was  killed.  We  did  not 
know  there  were  any  Indians  about  until  Baker 
was  killed.  Baker,  falling  to  the  ground,  said, 
'I  am  killed.'  The  Indians  were  hiding  be- 
hind the  rocks  overlooking  the  can3^on.  Baker 
expired  shortly  after  the  fatal  shot,  and,  much 
to  our  grief,  we  had  to  leave  his  remains,  as  the 
Indians  were  close  upon  us,  and  George  Strole 
and  I  had  to  make  our  escape  as  soon  as  pos- 
sible, going  back  down  in  the  canyon.  We  left 
our  horses  in  the  brush,  and  we  took  our  over- 
coats, lariats,  guns,  ammunition,  and  1  quart  of 
flour,  and  I  also  had  a  knife  scabbard  made  out 
of  rawhide,  and  I  also  had  a  knife,  and  we 
started  afoot  down  the  canyon. 

"We  travelled  all  day  until  about  5  o'clock, 
when  we  struck  the  head  of  the  Grand  Canyon 
of  the  Colorado  River.  There  we  picked  up 
some  logs  and  built  us  a  raft.  We  had  200  feet 
of  rope  when  we  first  built  the  raft,  which  was 
about  6  feet  wide  and  8  feet  long,  just  big 
enough  to  hold  us  up.  The  logs  were  securely 
tied  together  with  the  ropes.  We  got  on  our 
raft  at  night,  working  it  with  a  pole.  We 
travelled  all  night,  and  the  next  day,  at  10 
o'clock,  we  passed  the  mouth  of  the  San  Juan 
river.  We  had  smooth  floating  for  three  days. 
The  third  day,  about  5  o'clock,  we  went  over  a 
rapid,  and  George  was  washed  off,  but  I  caught 
hold  of  him  andgot  him  on  the  raft  again. 

"From  the  time  we  started  the  walls  of  tlie 
Canyon  were  from  two  to  three  thousand  feet 
high,  as  far  as  I  could  estimate  at  the  time,  and 
some  days  we  could  only  see  the  sun  for  an  hour, 
possibly  two  hours.     Each  day  we  would  mix 


EXPLORATIONS  AND  SURVEYS.        157 

a  little  of  the  flour  in  a  cup  and  drink  it.  The 
third  day  the  flour  got  wet,  so  we  scraped  it  of£ 
the  sack  and  ate  it.  That  was  the  last  of  the 
flour  and  all  we  had  to  eat. 

"On  the  fourth  day  we  rebuilt  our  raft,  find- 
ing cedar  logs  along  the  bank  from  12  to  14 
feet  long  and  about  8  or  10  inches  through.  We 
made  it  larger  than  the  first  one.  The  second 
raft  was  about  8  feet  wide  and  12  feet  long. 
We  started  down  the  river  again,  and  about  8 
o'clock  in  the  morning  (as  to  our  time,  we  were 
going  by  the  sun)  we  got  into  a  whirlpool  and 
George 'was  w^ashed  off.  I  hollered  to  him  to 
swim  ashore,  but  he  went  down  and  I  never  saw 
him  again, 

"After  George  was  drowned  I  removed  my 
trousers,  tying  them  to  the  raft,  so  I  would  be 
able  to  swim  in  case  I  was  washed  off.  I  then 
tied  a  long  rope  to  my  waist,  which  was  fast- 
ened to  the  raft,  and  I  kept  the  rope  around  my 
waist  until  the  twelfth  day. 

"About  noon  I  passed  the  mouth  of  the  Little 
Colorado  river,  where  the  water  came  into  the 
canyon  as  red  as  could  be,  and  just  below  that 
I  struck  a  large  whirlpool  and  I  was  in  the 
whirlpool  about  two  hours  or  more  before  I  got 
out. 

"I  floated  on  all  that  day,  going  over  several 
rapids,  and  when  night  came  I  tied  my  raft  to 
the  rocks  and  climbed  upon  the  rocks  of  the 
walls  of  the  canyon  to  rest.  I  had  nothing  to 
eat  on  the  fourth  day. 

"On  the  fifth  day  I  started  down  the  river 
again,  going  over  four  or  five  rapids,  and  when 


158  HISTOEY   OF   ARIZONA. 

night  came  I  rested  on  the  walls  again,  and  still 
nothing  to  eat. 

"On  the  sixth  day  I  started  do\^^l  the  river 
again,  and  I  came  to  a  little  island  in  the  middle 
of  the  river.  There  was  a  bush  of  mesquite 
beans  on  this  island,  and  I  got  a  handful  of 
these  beans  and  ate  them.  When  night  came  I 
rested  on  the  walls  again. 

"The  seventh,  eighth,  ninth,  and  tenth  days 
were  uneventful,  but  still  going  continuously 
over  rapids,  and  still  nothing  to  eat.  So  I  cut 
my  knife  scabbard  into  small  pieces  and  swal- 
lowed them.  During  the  entire  trip  I  saw  no 
fish  or  game  of  any  kind. 

"On  the  eleventh  day  I  went  over  the  big 
rapid.  I  saw  it  before  I  came  to  it,  and  laid 
down  on  my  stomach  and  hung  to  the  raft  and 
let  the  raft  go  over  the  rapid,  and  after  getting 
about  200  yards  below  the  rapid  I  stopped  and 
looked  at  a  stream  of  water  about  as  large  as 
mj  body  that  was  running  through  the  solid 
rocks  of  the  canyon  about  75  feet  above  my 
head,  and  the  clinging  moss  to  the  rocks  made 
a  beautiful  sight.  The  beauty  of  it  cannot  be 
described. 

"On  the  twelfth  day  my  raft  got  on  some 
rocks  and  I  could  not  get  it  off ;  so  I  waded  on  to 
a  small  island  in  the  middle  of  the  river.  On 
this  island  there  was  an  immense  tree  that  had 
been  lodged  there.  The  sun  was  so  hot  I  could 
not  work,  so  I  dug  the  earth  out  from  under 
the  tree  and  laid  under  it  until  the  sun  dis- 
appeared behind  the  cliffs.  This  was  about 
noon.  After  resting  there  I  got  up  and  found 
five  sticks  about  as  big  as  my  leg  and  took  them 


EXPLORATIONS  AND  SURVEYS.        159 

down  to  the  edge  of  the  island  below  my  raft. 
\L  then  untied  the  rope  from  my  raft  and  took 
the  loose  rope  I  had  around  my  waist  and  tied 
these  sticks  together.  I  slept  on  this  island  all 
night. 

"On  the  thirteenth  day  I  started  out  again 
on  my  newly  made  raft  (leaving  the  old  raft  on 
the  rocks),  thinking  it  was  daylight;  but  it  was 
moonlight,  and  I  continued  down  the  river  until 
daylight.  While  floating  in  the  moonlight  I 
saw  a  pole  sticking  up  between  two  large  rocks, 
which  I  afterwards  learned  the  Government 
had  placed  there  some  years  before  as  the  end 
of  its  journey. 

"When  daylight  came  I  heard  some  one  talk- 
ing, and  I  hollered  'hello,'  and  they  hollered 
'hello'  back.  I  discovered  then  that  they  were 
Indians.  Some  of  them  came  out  to  the  raft 
and  pulled  me  ashore.  There  were  a  lot  on  the 
bank,  and  I  asked  them  if  they  were  friendly, 
and  they  said  they  were,  and  I  then  asked  them 
to  give  me  something  to  eat,  when  they  gave 
me  a  piece  of  mesquite  bread.  While  I  was 
talking  to  some  of  the  Indians,  the  others  stole 
my  half-ax  and  one  of  my  revolvers,  which  were 
roped  to  the  raft.  They  also  tore  my  coat  try- 
ing to  take  it  from  me. 

"After  eating  the  bread  I  got  on  my  raft  and 
floated  until  about  3  o'clock  in  the  afternoon, 
w^hen  I  came  upon  another  band  of  Indians,  and 
I  went  ashore  and  went  into  their  camp.  They 
did  not  have  anything  for  me  to  eat,  so  I  traded 
my  other  revolver  and  vest  for  a  dog.  They 
skinned  the  dog  and  gave  me  the  two  hind  quar- 
ters and  I  ate  one  of  them  for  supper,  roasting 


160  HISTORY   OF   ARIZONA. 

it  on  the  coals.  The  Indians,  being  afraid  of 
me,  drove  me  out  of  their  camp,  and  I  rested 
on  the  bank  of  the  river  that  night,  and  the  next 
morning,  the  fourteenth  day  after  I  got  on  my 
raft,  I  started  to  eat  the  other  quarter,  but  I 
dropped  it  in  the  water.  I  floated  that  day  un- 
til 3  o'clock  and  landed  at  Callville,  and  a  man 
came  out  and  pulled  me  ashore. 

"Jim  Ferry  or  Perry  (not  sure  as  to  the  first 
letter  of  this  name)  was  a  mail  agent  at  this 
place.  He  was  also  a  correspondent  for  some 
newspaper  in  San  Francisco.  He  took  me  in 
and  fed  me.  When  I  landed  all  the  clothing  I 
had  on  my  body  was  a  coat  and  a  shirt,  and  my 
flesh  was  all  lacerated  on  my  legs  from  my  ter- 
rible experience  and  of  getting  on  and  off  the 
raft  and  climbing  on  the  rocks.  My  beard  and 
hair  were  long  and  faded  from  the  sun.  I  was 
so  pale  that  even  the  Indians  were  afraid  of  me. 
I  was  nothing  but  skin  and  bones  and  so  weak 
that  I  could  hardly  w^alk.  Jim  Ferry  (or  Perry) 
cared  for  me  for  three  days,  and  the  soldiers 
around  there  gave  me  clothing  enough  to  cover 
my  body. 

"I  was  at  Callville  about  four  weeks,  and  a 
boat  was  there  getting  a  load  of  salt,  and  I  got 
on  that  boat  and  w^ent  to  Fort  Mojave.  There 
I  met  Gen.  Palmer  and  told  him  my  story. 

"From  Fort  Mojave  I  w^ent  to  Callville  again 
and  there  worked  for  Jim  Ferry  (or  Perry), 
carrying  the  mail  for  three  months  between 
Callville  and  Fort  Mojave.  Then  he  sold  out 
to  Jim  Hinton,  and  I  carried  mail  for  him  for 
a  month.  He  sold  out,  and  we  each  bought  a 
horse  and  pack  animal  and  we  started  from  Call- 


EXPLORATIONS   AND   SURVEYS.  161 

ville,  going  to  Salt  Lake  in  the  spring  of  1868. 
From  Salt  Lake  City  we  went  to  Bear  River. 
There  we  took  a  contract  of  getting  out  ties. 
Then  I  hired  out  as  wagon  boss.  Then  I  quit 
and  run  a  saloon.  I  sold  out  and  then  went  to 
Omaha,  Nebr.  From  there  I  went  to  Chicago, 
and  from  there  to  Kenosha,  Wis.,  to  visit  my 
old  home.  That  was  in  1869.  From  Kenosha 
I  went  to  Chicago,  and  from  there  to  Leaven- 
worth, Kans.,  and  later  to  Kansas  City,  Kans. 
From  there  I  went  to  Junction  City,  Kans.,  and 
then  to  Goose  Creek.  I  drove  stage  in  and  out 
of  Goose  Creek  for  Barlow  &  Sanderson,  for 
whom  I  had  worked  in  Fort  Dodge.  I  was 
transferred  from  Goose  Creek  to  Fort  Lyon  or 
Five  Mile  Point.  From  there  I  went  to  Bent 
Canyon,  Colo.,  and  minor  places,  later  drifting 
to  Trinidad,  where  I  have  lived  since  1878. 

"These  are  the  plain  facts.  There  are  many 
minor  points  that  could  be  mentioned,  but  did 
not  think  it  necessary  to  mention  here.  I  have 
never  been  through  that  country  since  my  ex- 
perience, but  have  had  a  great  desire  to  go  over 
the  same  country  again,  but  have  never  been 
financially  able  to  take  the  trip. 

■      "(Signed)     JAMES  WHITE." 

Corroborative  evidence  of  the  statement  of 
Mr.  White,  and  other  statements,  concerning  his 
trip,  is  also  produced  by  the  writer,  from  which 
the  following  is  taken: 

"Among  tliose  who  took  cognizance  of  it  was 
Bancroft,  the  historian  of  the  western  coast, 
who  includes  the  White  story  in  his  history  of 
Arizona.     Samuel  Bowles,  the  famous  editor  of 

V— 11 


162  HISTORY   OF   ARIZONA. 

the  Springfield  Republican,  and  Albert  D.  Rich- 
ardson, both  of  them  early  and  frequent  visitors 
to  the  West,  accept  the  record  without  question, 
and  both  make  mention  of  White's  adventure 
in  books  written  by  themselves.  It  would  be 
worth  while  to  quote  from  all  these  notable  pub- 
licists, but  an  extract  from  Mr.  Richardson 
must  suffice  as  a  sample  of  the  thought  and  ex- 
pression of  all.  He  w^ent  to  the  extent  of  giv- 
ing the  full  story  of  the  Grand  Canyon  exploit 
in  the  1869  edition  of  his  great  book,  'Beyond 
the  Mississippi, '  regarded  everywhere  in  its  day 
as  the  last  word  on  all  things  western.  The  fol- 
lowing excerpt  affords  a  fair  idea  of  his  esti- 
mate of  White 's  story : 

"  'Indians  and  trappers  have  always  believed 
that  no  man  could  tread  the  stupendous  gorge, 
hundreds  of  miles  long,  with  its  unknown  cata- 
racts and  its  frowning  rock  w^alls  a  mile  high, 
and  come  out  alive.  But  one  has  done  it  and 
lives  to  tell  the  tale.  *  *  *  What  a  romance 
his  adventures  would  make.  Let  Charles  Reade 
or  Victor  Hugo  take  James  White  for  a  hero 
and  give  us  a  new  novel  to  hold  children  from 
play  and  old  men  from  the  chimney  corner. ' 

"In  another  connection  in  the  same  article 
Mr.  Richardson  characterizes  White's  feat  as 
'perhaps  without  parallel  in  authentic  human 
history.'  " 

The  writer  continues: 

' '  The  fact  having  been  established  by  so  many 
witnesses  that  White  actually  made  his  appear- 
ance below^  the  canyon,  the  case  would  be  com- 
plete if  it  could  be  shown  that  he  went  into  the 
canyon  at  its  head ;  but  obviously  such  proof  is 


EXPLOKATIONS  AND  SURVEYS.        163 

impossible,  as  there  were  no  white  men's  habi- 
tations within  hundreds  of  miles  on  the  day  that 
White  and  Strole  pulled  out  into  the  stream  to 
escape  the  savages  w^ho  had  so  unceremoniously 
deprived  them  of  their  leader. 

"All  that  can  be  done  to  substantiate  White's 
story  regarding  the  entrance  upon  his  perilous 
enterprise,  is  to  adduce  as  much  testimony  as 
possible  indicating  the  probability  of  truthful- 
ness in  that  connection.  Necessarily,  in  view 
of  the  lapse  of  time  and  the  remoteness  of  the 
locality,  such  proof  is  scarce.  Still  it  is  not  en- 
tirely lacking.  We  have  at  least  three  wit- 
nesses whose  testimony  shows  that  White  and 
Baker,  with  others,  were  moving  toward  the 
head  of  the  canyon  in  the  spring  of  1867,  and 
fortunately  one  of  these  still  lives.  He  is  no 
other  than  Hon.  T.  J.  Ehrhart,  the  present 
highly  regarded  chairman  of  the  Colorado  State 
Highway  Commission.  The  other  two  are  S.  B. 
Kellogg  and  Mrs.  Thomas  Pollock,  both  for- 
merly of  Lake  City,,  Colo.,  whom  we  find  quoted 
in  the  Rocky  Mountain  News,  of  Denver,  in  its 
issue  of  November  14,  1877. 

"The  statement  in  the  News  was  a  contribu- 
tion from  a  correspondent,  and  the  reference  to 
White  was  incidental  to  an  effort  to  clear  up  the 
fate  of  Baker,  who,  as  the  leader  of  the  first 
expedition  into  the  San  Juan  region,  was  a  his- 
torical character  in  Colorado.  Kellogg  had 
aided  in  fitting  out  the  original  Baker  expedi- 
tion when  it  left  California  Gulch  in  1860,  and 
had  become  a  member  of  the  Baker  party  while 
it  was  operating  in  San  Juan  during  the  fall  of 
that  year,  while  Mrs.  Pollock  had  joined  the 


164  HISTOEY   OF   ARIZONA. 

party  as  the  wife  of  another  of  its  members. 
When  seen  by  the  representative  of  the  Denver 
paper,  both  resided  in  Lake  City,  and  Kellogg 
held  office  as  a  justice  of  the  peace. 

"The  News  correspondent  bases  his  whole 
article  on  information  supplied  by  these  two 
former  associates  of  Baker  and,  after  detailing 
the  facts  regarding  the  venture  of  1860,  says : 

''  'In  the  summer  of  1867  Charles  Baker  re- 
turned to  Colorado  and  camped  for  a  short  time 
on  Chalk  Creek.  With  several  other  men  he 
started  south  from  there  and  wandered  through 
the  mountains  prospecting.  Their  number 
dwindled  down  until  only  Baker,  a  man  named 
White,  and  another,  whose  name  is  forgotten, 
remained  together.' 

''The  particulars  of  the  futile  prospecting 
trip  through  the  San  Juan,  the  journey  to  the 
mouth  of  the  Grand  Eiver,  the  murder  of  Baker, 
and  White's  voyage  down  the  river  are  then  re- 
counted, after  which  recital  the  News  writer 
adds: 

"  'In  May  last  White  w^as  in  Lake  City,  and 
it  is  believed  that  he  is  now  in  the  southern  part 
of  the  State.  He  is  about  35  years  of  age,  a 
plain,  matter-of-fact,  practical,  adventurous 
man.  There  is  not  a  shadow  of  doubt  about  his 
wonderful  adventures  and  his  marvellous  es- 
cape through  the  Canyon  of  the  Colorado.' 

"The  writer  does  not  say  in  explicit  words 
that  Kellogg  and  Mrs.  Pollock  met  Baker  while 
engaged  in  his  new  prospecting  enteiprise,  but 
he  gives  the  impression  that  they  were  relating 
facts  of  which  they  were  personally  cognizant. 
As  a  matter  of  fact,  however,  Baker's  presence 


EXPLORATIONS   AND   SURVEYS.  165 

in  that  region  would  have  been  the  subject  of 
common  knowledge,  as  he  was  known  as  few 
other  men  there  because  of  his  identification 
with  the  history  of  the  country;  so  that  there 
can  be  no  doubt  that  Mr.  Kellogg  and  Mrs.  Pol- 
lock knew  just  what  they  were  talking  about. 
Hence  their  testimony  goes  far  toward  corrobo- 
rating White's  story  of  the  party's  visit  to  the 
San  Juan  prior  to  the  adventure  on  the  Rio 
Colorado.  Incidentally,  it  is  worth  while  to 
point  out  that  this  publication  was  made  eight 
years  after  Powell's  voyage.  More  significant 
still  is  the  fact  that  it  appeared  in  the  Rocky 
Mountain  News,  whose  editor  was  a  close  per- 
sonal friend  of  Maj.  Powell's." 

The  testimony  seems  abundant  that  White 
did  pass  the  winter  in  the  San  Juan  country  in 
a  futile  prospecting  tour.  x\mong  those  who 
vouch  for  the  correctness  of  this  story  is  T.  J. 
Ehrhart,  Commissioner  of  State  Highways  of 
Colorado,  and  among  those  who  vouch  for  the 
character  of  Mr.  White,  who  seems  to  have 
raised  a  family  and  to  have  always  pursued  a 
quiet  life,  not  realizing  at  any  time  that  he  had 
done  anything  extraordinary  in  passing  through 
the  Grand  Canyon,  is  Hon.  D.  L.  Taylor,  Mayor 
of  the  City  of  Trinidad,  who  has  known  White 
ever  since  he  located  in  Trinidad;  the  Hon. 
S.  W.  He  Busk,  State  Senator  from  the  Trini- 
dad District ;  the  Hon.  Julius  Gunter,  Governor 
of  Colorado,  and  Eli  Jeffryes,  Cashier  of  the 
First  National  Bank  of  Trinidad,  besides  a 
number  of  others.     Mr.  Jeffryes  said: 

"I  have  known  Mr.  James  White,  of  this  city, 
for  the   past   thirty-three   years.     In   all   that 


166  HISTORY   OF   ARIZONA. 

time  I  have  known  him  to  be  a  man  of  first-class 
reputation.  He  is  the  father  of  a  very  splen- 
did family  of  children,  all  of  whom  are  a  credit 
to  the  commmiity.  We  consider  him  entirely 
honest,  and  he  is  of  good  credit  locally." 

George  Wharton  James  in  his  work,  ''In  and 
Around  the  Grand  Canyon,"  says  that  White 
subsequently  worked  for  Major  Pow^ell.  White 
declares  that  at  no  time  was  he  in  the  employ  of 
the  Major,  nor  did  he  laiow  him,  and  that  he 
had  never  seen  the  man.  In  a  letter  dated 
"Trinidad,  Colo.,  April  20,  1917,"  to  Mr.  Daw- 
son, Mr.  White  says : 

"I  have  come  into  knowledge  of  the  fact  that 
a  charge  has  been  made  that  I  did  not  reach  the 
Colorado  river  above  the  San  Juan,  but  below 
it.  You  will  notice  from  the  account  that  I  sent 
you  of  my  trip  that  when  our  party  started  on 
our  prospecting  trip  we  w^ere  headed  for  the 
Grand  River,  as  Baker  said  there  was  gold  in 
that  part  of  the  country ;  but  Baker  was  killed 
before  reaching  the  Grand  River  in  a  canyon 
between  the  San  Juan  and  the  Grand.  I  knew 
nothing  of  the  country,  but  Baker  did,  and  he 
kept  a  memorandum ;  but  we  did  not  think  of  it 
after  the  Indians  attacked  us,  as  we  had  to  make 
our  escape  as  quickly  as  possible.  Mr.  Baker 
also  carried  a  compass  and  kept  us  informed  as 
to  the  directions  w'e  w^ere  travelling,  and  he  told 
us  that  we  were  going  north  to  the  Grand 
River;  that  the  Grand  River  and  the  Green 
River  formed  the  Colorado  River. 

"Baker  w^as  killed  after  w^e  crossed  the  San 
Juan  River  in  a  canyon  between  the  San  Juan 
and  the  Grand,  beino^  north  of  the  San  Juan. 


EXPLORATIONS  AND  SURVEYS.       167 

We  camped  in  the  canyon  that  night,  and  the 
next  morning  we  had  to  gp  out  the  way  we  went 
in,  and  that  is  w^here  the  Indians  attacked  us 
and  Baker  was  killed. 

''George  Strole  and  I  went  down  the  canyon, 
travelling  all  that  day,  reaching  the  Colorado 
River  just  below  where  the  Grand  River  and 
the  Green  River  meet,  forming  the  Colorado 
River,  and  there  we  made  our  raft  and  began 
our  descent  down  the  Colorado. 

"TFe  did  not  travel  dotvn  any  small  stream 
before  reaching  the  Colorado  River. 

"Mr.  Baker  was  a  man  who  had  prospected  a 
good  deal  in  the  San  Juan  country,  and  surely 
he  knew  where  he  w^as  going  and  in  which  direc- 
tion he  was  going. 

"I  guess  the  story  will  be  attacked  w^hen 
printed,  but  I  am  willing  to  talk  to  anyone  and 
convince  them  that  I  entered  the  Colorado  River 
above  the  San  Juan  and  not  below  it. 

"I  do  not  like  to  bother  you  so  much,  but  I 
thought  it  best  to  let  you  know  of  this  charge 
and  to  try  and  explain  fully  to  you  why  I  know 
that  we  entered  the  Colorado  north  of  the  San 
Juan  river. 

"Thanking  you  for  your  kindness,  and  hop- 
ing that  some  day  I  will  have  the  pleasure  of 
meeting  you,  I  am, 

"Very  truly  vours, 

"eT AMES  WHITE." 

In  view  of  this  later  evidence,  as  printed  in 
a  Senate  Document,  there  seems  to  be  no  room 
to  doubt  that  White  actually  made  the  journey, 
and  that  he  was  the  first  man  to  traverse  the 
Colorado.     Dellenbaugh   has    contributed    sev- 


168  HISTORY   OF   ARIZONA. 

eral  volumes,  devoted  to  Major  Powell's  explo- 
rations of  that  gorge,  which,  of  course,  form  a 
great  addition  to  the  history  of  the  Grand  Can- 
yon of  the  Colorado,  but  it  should  be  remem- 
bered that  Dellenbaugh  was  a  partial  biog- 
rapher, and  his  declaration  that  it  would  be 
impossible  for  any  man  to  pass  through  the 
Colorado  on  a  raft  should  be  taken  with  many 
grains  of  allowance,  because  he  was  anxious, 
apparently,  not  only  to  give  Major  Powell  due 
credit  as  being  the  first  to  explore  the  Grand 
Canyon,  but  also  to  rob  White  of  the  credit  of 
being  the  first,  by  a  force  of  circumstances,  to 
pass  through  it,  and  it  is  not  surprising  that 
others  have  taken  Dellenbaugh 's  statements 
that  the  entire  story  was  a  "base  fabrication," 
and  so  proclaimed  it  to  the  world.  The  effects 
of  such  statements,  once  given  currency,  are 
hard  to  eliminate.  It  is  like  the  story  first 
printed  by  Bancroft  that  Jeff  Davis  introduced 
a  bill  into  Congress  to  organize  the  Territory  of 
Arizona,  when,  as  a  matter  of  fact,  Jeff  Davis 
never  did  anything  of  the  kind,  yet,  to-day,  it 
is  circulated  and  believed  by  a  great  many 
of  the  people  who  have  not  the  time  and  the 
patience  to  hunt  up  the  record. 


JOHN  WESLEY  POWELL. 
Explorer  of  the  Canyons  of  the  Colorado,  Pounder,  and,  till  his  death, 
Director  of  the  Bureau  of  American  Ethnology,  and  long  Director  of  the 
U.  S.  Geological  Survey.  As  ho  looked  during  the  decade  following  his 
two  descents  of  the  Colorado.  Taken  about  1876,  in  Washington.  Major 
Powell   died   September  23d,    1902. 


EXPLORATIONS  AND  SURVEYS.        169 


CHAPTER  VIII. 

EXPLORATIONS  AND  SURVEYS  (Continued). 

Major  Powell's  First  Exploration  of  the 
Grand  Canyon — Cataract  Canyon — De- 
scription OF  Walls  of  Canyon — Three 
OF  Party  Leave  and  go  Overland — End  of 
First  Exploration  —  Mormons — Approxi- 
mate Distance  by  Ri\^r — Major  Powell's 
Second  Exploration  of  the  Grand  Can- 
yon—  White's  Story  Branded  Fabrica- 
tion BY  DeLLENBAUGH. 

Two  years  later,  in  1869,  Major  Powell  organ- 
ized his  first  expedition  for  the  exploration  of 
the  Canyon,  a  short  sketch  of  which  he  gave  to 
the  press  in  1869,  as  follows : 

"For  two  or  three  years  I  have  been  engaged 
in  making  some  geographical  studies  in  the 
mountains  to  the  east  and  north  of  the  Colorado 
Basin,  and  while  pursuing  them  the  thought 
grew  into  my  mind  that  the  canyons  of  this 
region  would  be  a  book  of  revelations  in  the 
rock-leaved  Bible  of  geology.  The  thought 
fructified,  and  I  determined  to  read  the  book; 
so  I  sought  for  all  the  available  information 
with  regard  to  the  canyon  land.  I  talked  with 
Indians  and  hunters;  1  went  among  the  Mor- 
mons to  learn  what  they  knew  of  this  country 
adjacent  to  the  'Kingdom  of  God,'  the  home  of 
the  'Church  of  Jesus  Christ  of  Latter-day 
Saints';  I  read  the  reports  of  the  United  States' 
Surveys,  and  I  explored  canyons  of  the  tribu- 
tary streams  that  I  thought  would  represent 


170  HISTORY   OF   ARIZONA. 

somewhat  the  nature  of  the  Grand  Canyon,  on 
account  of  similar  geological  and  physical  fea- 
tures. From  the  fabulous  stories,  the  facts, 
and  the  reports,  and  from  the  knowledge  of 
other  canyons,  I  came  to  the  belief  that  the 
'Grand  Canyon  of  the  Colorado'  could  be  ex- 
plored by  descending  the  river  in  small  boats. 
I  also  arrived  at  the  conclusion  that  w^hat  was 
known  as  the  'Grand  Canyon'  was  in  fact  a 
series  of  canyons,  forming  the  banks  or  walls 
of  the  Upper  Colorado  and  the  lower  portions 
of  the  Green  and  Grand,  that  unite  to  form  it. 
These  two  streams  unite  in  canyons,  and  some 
persons  held  that  the  vaguely  defined  'Grand 
Canyon'  was  continued  up  the  Green,  and  others 
that  it  was  continued  up  the  Grand,  while  others 
still  asserted  that  these  streams  united  in  a  val- 
ley. One  man  assured  me  that  he,  with  several 
others,  had  laid  out  a  city  at  the  junction,  but 
was  driven  away  by  Indians. 

"Having  made  up  my  mind  to  explore  the 
gorge,  I  came  from  the  mountains  to  Chicago 
last  spring,  to  procure  outfit  and  build  boats. 
Four  of  these  were  made  on  a  model  devised  for 
the  purpose  of  navigating  canyon  streams ;  and 
taking  them  out  to  Green  River  Station,  where 
the  Union  Pacific  Eailroad  crosses  the  Green, 
I  w^as  ready  to  embark.  There  I  had  a  party  of 
nine  men  awaiting  my  arrival,  and  anxious  to 
enter  the  'Great  Unknown'  with  me — men  all 
experienced  in  the  wild  life  of  the  country,  and 
most  of  them  in  boating  on  dangerous  streams. 

"On  the  24th  of  May  we  started.  For  a  few 
days  our  way  was  through  a  river  of  low  canyons 
and  small   green  valleys,  until  we   reached  the 


EXPLORATIONS  AND  SURVEYS.        171 

Uintah  Mountains.  Through  this  range  the 
river  has  cut  a  winding  channel,  forming  the 
Uintah  system  of  canyons.  Near  the  lower  end 
of  this  series  Yampa  river  enters  the  Green  by 
a  canyon.  Further  down,  in  a  valley  portion 
the  Uintah  and  White  rivers  come  in.  About 
thirty  miles  below  this  point  we  enter  another 
series  of  canyons.  I.ow  walls  of  grey,  buff,  and 
rust  colored  sandstone  shut  us  in.  These  walls 
slowly  increase  in  height  as  we  advance ;  the  grey 
rocks  are  lost;  dark  red  sandstone  appears; 
the  walls  are  broken  down  by  lateral  canyons, 
increasing  in  number  until  we  are  in  the  heart 
of  the  Canyon  of  Desolation.  Sometimes  these 
lateral  canyons  are  so  crowded,  that  the  rock 
between  them  stands  as  a  narrow  wall  hundreds 
of  feet  high,  the  end  being,  of  course,  towards 
the  main  canyon. 

"Some  lateral  canyons  have  their  own  lateral 
canyons,  then  a  fourth  series,  cutting  the  wall 
into  sections,  whose  towering  summits,  though 
large  enough  to  support  cathedrals,  seem 
scarcely  to  furnish  footing  for  man.  Two  thou- 
sand feet — three  thousand  feet  overhead  is  the 
summit  of  the  walls,  while  rocks  and  crags,  and 
peaks  rise  higher,  and  still  higher  away  back 
from  the  river,  until  they  reach  an  altitude  of 
nearly  five  thousand  feet.  These  rusty,  grey, 
and  dark  red  sandstones  have  no  beauty  of 
colour.  A  few  greenish  brown  cedars  are  seen, 
looking  not  like  shoots  of  evergreen  spray,  but 
like  clumps  of  knotty  war  clubs  bedecked  with 
spines.  These,  with  a  little  sage,  constitute  all 
the  verdure.  We  next  ran  through  Coal  Can- 
yon, and   passed  the    mouth    of   Little    White 


172  HISTORY   OF   ARIZONA. 

River;  then  came  a  valley  region,  where  we 
passed  the  mouth  of  the  San  Rafael,  and  soon 
entered  Stillwater  Canyon.  The  river  winds 
through  this  with  a  quiet  current,  as  if  in  no 
haste  to  leave  this  beautiful  canyon,  carved  out 
of  orange  sandstone.  All  along  its  walls  domed 
alcoves  and  amphitheatres  have  been  cut  out  of 
the  solid  rock;  grottoes  and  caves  abound,  nar- 
row lateral  canyons,  channels  of  rivulets,  born 
of  a  shower,  and  born  again  of  a  shower,  are 
cut  as  clefts  in  the  rocks;  and  at  every  curve 
on  the  inner  side  is  a  spot  of  willow  bordered 
meadow.  Then  the  walls  grow  higher,  the  river 
swifter,  and  w^e  glide  down  to  the  junction  of 
the  Green  and  Grand.  Here  the  walls  are 
nearly  1,300  feet  high.  But  away  back  from 
the  river  are  lateral  canyons,  and  canyon  val- 
leys, the  floors  of  w^hich  are  at  about  the  same 
altitude  as  the  immediate  walls  of  the  main 
canyon,  and  the  walls  of  this  upper  set  are  hun- 
dreds of  feet  higher,  and  still  further  back  again 
the  country  is  cut  into  a  labyrinth  of  canyons. 
The  main  walls  at  the  junction  are  not  vertical, 
but  have  the  slope  of  broken  rocks  tnmbled 
down,  while  the  lateral  canyons  have  mostly 
vertical  walls  with  a  sloping  talus  at  the  base. 
"We  remained  at  the  junction  several  days, 
and  then  rowed  out  into  Cataract  Canyon. 
Soon  we  heard  the  roar  of  waters,  and  came 
upon  a  succession  of  rocky  rapids  and  cataracts. 
Over  some  of  these  we  were  compelled  to  make 
portage;  usually  only  the  cargoes  were  carried 
over  the  rocks  and  the  boats  were  let  down  with 
lines ;  but  now  and  then  boats  and  all  had  to  be 
carried.    When  these  cataracts  and  rapids  were 


EXPLORATIONS   AND   SURVEYS.  173 

unobstructed  by  rocks,  or  where  there  was  any 
passage,  we  were  able  to  run  them,  never  fmding 
any  fall  greater  than  nineteen  feet  in  this  can- 
yon. Sometimes  the  waves  below  would  I'oll 
over  a  boat  and  fill  the  open  part;  but  they 
could  not  sink  it,  as  each  was  decked  fore  and 
aft,  and  so  had  a  watertight  compartment  at 
either  end.  Now  and  then  a  boat  would  roll 
over;  but,  clinging  to  its  sides  until  they  could 
right  it,  the  men  would  swim  to  shore,  towing 
it  with  them.  We  found  much  difficulty  in  the 
whirlpools  below;  for  at  times  it  was  almost 
impossible  to  get  out  of  them.  They  would 
carry  us  back  under  the  falls,  they  would  dash 
us  against  the  rocks,  or  they  would  send  us 
whirling  down  the  river.  For  twelve  days  we 
toiled  through  this  canyon,  stopping  once  to 
measure  the  altitude  of  its  walls  near  its  highest 
point,  and  finding  it  nearly  2,500  feet.  This 
was  at  the  axis  of  a  vast  fold  in  the  strata,  and 
from  that  point  the  upper  rocks  slowly  came 
down  with  a  gentle  dip  to  the  southwest  until 
we  reached  the  foot  of  the  canyon,  45  miles 
from  its  head.  A  rocky  valley  canyon  was 
found  here  on  the  left,  and  the  river  made  a 
bend  around  a  sharp  point  on  the  right,  which 
point  was  set  with  ten  thousand  crags  and  rocks. 
We  called  it  Mille-crag  Bend,  and  sweeping 
around  this  in  a  rapid  current,  our  boats  shot 
into  Narrow  Canyon,  down  which  we  glided 
almost  at  railroad  speed,  the  walls  rising  verti- 
cally from  the  water  1,300  feet  at  its  head,  and 
coming  down  to  high-water  mark  at  the  foot, 
7  miles  below,  where  the  Dirty  Devil,  a  river  of 
mud,  enters  from  the  right.     Now  we  had  come 


174  HISTOEY   OF   ARIZONA. 

again  to  the  red  and  orange  sandstone,  and  the 
walls  were  of  beautiful  bright  rock,  low  at  first, 
but  as  we  cut  down  through  the  strata,  rising 
higher  and  higher.  Now  and  then,  on  this  and 
that  side,  the  rocks  were  vertical  from  the 
water's  edge;  but  usually  they  were  cut  into 
moimds  and  cones  and  hills  of  solid  sandstone, 
rising  one  above  the  other  as  they  stretched  back 
in  a  gentle  slope  for  miles.  These  mounds  have 
been  cut  out  by  the  showers  from  the  bright 
orange  rock,  and  glitter  in  resplendent  beauty 
under  the  midday  sun.  Hour  after  hour  have 
we  gazed  entranced  on  them,  as  they  faded  in 
the  perspective  and  retreated  to  the  rear;  for 
the  river  was  gentle,  though  swift,  and  we  had 
but  to  steer  our  boats,  and  on  we  went  through 
this  land  of  beauty  and  glory. 

"On  the  31st  of  July  we  reached  the  mouth 
of  the  San  Juan,  at  the  foot  of  Mound  Canyon, 
and  went  into  camp  for  a  day  or  two's  rest. 
Then  we  started  again.  We  had  now  run  once 
more  into  dark  red  and  chocolate  coloured  sand- 
stones, with  slate  coloured  beds  below;  these 
usually  formed  vertical  walls,  occasionally  ter- 
raced or  broken  down,  and  from  the  crest  of 
these  the  orange  mounds  sloped  back,  bearing 
on  the  top  of  each  mound  some  variegated 
monument,  now  vertical,  now  terraced,  now 
carved  by  time  into  grotesque  shapes,  such  as 
towers,  pinnacles,  etc.  These  monuments  stood 
alone  or  in  groups,  and  spread  over  the  land- 
scape as  far  as  the  eye  could  reach.  The  little 
valley  of  the  Paria  River  terminates  this  can- 
yon, making  it  about  100  miles  long.  We  named 
it  Monument  Canyon. 


EXPLORATIONS  AND  SURVEYS.  175 

"By  this  time  the  river  had  cut  through  the 
sandstones  and  reached  the  limestones  below 
them  at  this  point,  and  as  We  advanced  the  chan- 
nel was  cut  into  this  new  strata.  We  entered 
between  walls,  low  but  vertical,  which  gradually 
increased  in  altitude  to  the  foot,  where  they 
were  2,900  feet  high,  terraced  and  broken  down 
into  crags  above.  Halfway  down  the  canyon 
we  found  the  lower  strata  appearing  as  marble ; 
the  marbles  were  white,  grey,  and  slate  coloured, 
then  pink,  purple  and  brown;  other  strata  ap- 
peared which  were  variegated  with  these  colours 
intermixed,  until  at  last  we  had  400  feet  of 
marble  wall,  mostly  variegated,  from  the  water's 
edge.  They  were  fretted  by  the  water,  em- 
bossed with  strange  devices,  and  polished  into 
beauty.  Where  there  were  patches  of  marble 
floor  left  bare,  large  shallow  water  basins  ap- 
peared, hollowed  out  by  the  whirlpools  of  the 
flood  season,  and  filled  with  clear,  sparkling 
water — a  beautiful  contrast  to  the  red  muddy 
river.  Springs  gushed  from  these  limestone 
strata,  forming  fountains  which  plunged  into 
marble  fonts,  and  formed  a  strange  contrast, 
after  every  shower,  to  the  cascades  of  red  mud 
which  poured  over  the  walls  from  the  red  sand- 
stone above,  with  a  fall  of  hundreds  of  feet. 
We  called  this  Marble  Canyon ;  it  terminated  at 
the  mouth  of  the  Little  Colorado  (Colorado 
Chiquito),  and  was  about  36  miles  long. 

"Here  a  short  rest,  and  then  we  pulled  out  on 
the  home  stretch— not  a  very  short  one  either— 
nearly  300  miles  by  river  to  the  mouth  of  the 
Virgen.  The  lower  members  of  this  carboni- 
ferous f  oimation  are  of  dark  rust  coloured  sand- 


176  HISTORY   OF   ARIZONA. 

stones,  sometimes  almost  black.  We  soon  ran 
through  these,  and  through  Silurian  red  sand- 
stone, and  about  15  miles  below  the  mouth  of  the 
Little  Colorado,  struck  the  granite. 

' '  From  the  mouth  of  that  stream  to  the  mouth 
of  the  Virgen,  our  objective  point,  the  general 
course  of  the  river  is  to  the  west ;  but  it  makes 
three  great  curves  to  the  south  and  three  cor- 
responding curves  to  the  north.  At  the  ex- 
tremity of  the  southern  curves  the  walls  are 
granite  at  the  base,  reaching  to  an  altitude  of 
800  feet.  This  usually  rises  from  the  w^ater  in 
almost  vertical  cliffs,  set  above  with  ragged 
crags,  then  a  sloping  terrace  100  to  500  yards 
wide,  then  walls  of  sandstone  and  marble  tower- 
ing 200  or  300  feet  towards  the  heavens.  In  the 
northern  bends  the  marble  comes  down  to  the 
w^ater's  edge.  In  the  southern  bends  the  river 
runs  raging  through  a  narrow  gorge  filled  with 
rapids  and  cataracts,  often  falling  at  a  plunge 
from  5  to  20  feet — the  greatest  being  22  feet. 
Over  these  we  usually  had  to  run,  as  the  granite 
walls  rarely  gave  foothold,  though  some  port- 
ages w^ere  made.  The  roar  of  a  cataract  could 
always  be  heard  for  half  a  mile  or  more,  so  that 
we  never  came  upon  them  unapprised  of  danger. 

"In  the  last  great  bend  to  the  south  we  came 
upon  a  series  of  cataracts  and  rapids  crowded 
together  into  a  distance  of  three-fourths  of  a 
mile;  a  stream  came  down  through  a  narrow 
canyon  on  either  side,  and  above  their  mouths 
we  found  a  foothold  to  land,  so  we  stopped  to 
examine.  On  the  river  there  seemed  to  be  great 
danger,  and  no  portage  could  be  had.  We 
arrived  in  the  morning,  and  the  day  was  spent 


EXPLORATIONS  AND  SURVEYS.       177 

in  exploring  and  trying  to  decide  some  method 
of  getting  over  the  difficulty.  I  found  that  we 
could  climb  to  the  summit  of  the  granite,  800 
feet  high,  and  passing  along  the  terrace  could 
descend  to  a  point  helow ;  but  it  would  require 
ten  days  to  get  our  boats  and  cargoes  over,  and 
we  had  scant  five  days'  rations.  When  I  re- 
turned to  camp  at  night  I  announced  to  the  men 
that  we  must  attempt  to  run  it.  After  supper 
one  of  them  came  to  me  and  asked  if  I  was  will- 
ing that  he  and  two  others  should  leave  the  river 
and  walk  out  over  the  mountains ;  they  thought 
that  they  could  climb  out  of  the  canyon,  up  the 
channel  of  the  right  hand  creek.  Of  course,  I 
objected,  but  they  were  determined  to  go.  An 
hour's  talk  failed  to  shake  their  resolutions;  so 
I  sat  up  all  night,  made  observations  for  the 
latitude  and  longitude  of  that  point,  and  then 
walked  up  and  down  a  little  sand  beach  until 
morning. 

"On  the  morrow  the  men  were  still  deter- 
mined to  go,  and  I  hastily  fitted  out  the  little 
party  with  guns,  ammunition,  and  a  small  store 
of  rations.  In  the  meantime  those  going  down 
the  river  were  ready  to  start.  Not  being  able 
to  man  it,  I  tied  up  one  of  the  boats  and 
abandoned  it.  When  all  was  ready  we  shook 
hands,  and  some  tears  were  started,  as  each 
party  thought  the  other  going  to  destruction. 
'  Goodby, '  and  away  went  our  boat  over  the  first 
cataract,  then  amongst  the  rocks  and  over  the 
second  to  the  left  of  a  huge  rock  and  whirlpool, 
and  then  leaping  a  third,  it  shot  into  an  eddy 
below. 

V— 12 


178  HISTORY   OF   ARIZONA. 

''The  boats  were  half  filled  with  water,  but 
that  was  of  common  occurrence ;  we  really  found 
it  less  dangerous  than  a  hundred  we  had  rmi 
above.  The  men  that  were  left  sat  on  the  cliffs 
and  watched  us  go  safely  over,  so  we  went  into 
camp  and  waited  two  hours,  hoping  that  they 
would  join  us  with  the  boat  left  tied  to  the  rock 
above.  But  we  never  saw  nor  heard  of  them 
since. 

' '  The  same  afternoon  we  passed  one  more  dan- 
gerous rapid,  and  then  had  fair  sailing  to  the 
end  of  the  canyon,  where  the  river  debouches 
into  Mormon  Valley,  so  named  by  our  party. 

"This  ended  the  exploration  of  the  Grand 
Canyon  of  the  Colorado — its  head  at  the  con- 
fluence of  the  Little  Colorado,  its  foot  at  the 
entrance  of  Moimon  Valley,  its  length  238 
miles,  its  altitude  from  2,500  to  4,000  feet.  A 
number  of  clear  streams  flow  into  it  from  either 
side,  the  largest  coming  down  from  the  Buck- 
skin Mountains  on  the  north,  which  we  named 
Right  Angle  River. 

"I  have  mentioned  the  terraces  of  the  south- 
ern bends;  these  have  been  the  sites  of  ancient 
Indian  villages,  inhabited  by  a  race  of  diminu- 
tive people  now  almost  extinct.  Their  little 
clusters  of  houses,  fomid  on  the  south  side  of 
the  river,  were  800  or  1,000  feet  above  the  water. 
They  were  built  of  stone  laid  in  mortar,  and 
seem  to  have  had  reservoirs  for  water.  Frag- 
ments of  their  pottery  are  found  scattered  about 
in  great  profusion,  and  deeply  worn  foot  paths 
leading  from  village  to  village,  or  down  to  the 
river,  or  up  to  the  summit  plain,  were  fre- 
quently   seen.     On    the    northern    bend    their 


EXPLORATIONS  AND  SURVEYS.  179 

dwellings  were  near  the  river.  Some  of  the 
ruins  seem  to  be  centuries  old,  and  others  to 
have  been  inhabited  by  the  present  generation — 
the  latter  were  found  near  the  mouth  of  the 
Little  Colorado.  Other  ruins  and  fragments  of 
pottery  were  found  in  the  canyons  above,  and 
away  up  in  the  valleys  of  the  Uintah.  Only  a 
few  villages  of  these  interesting  people  now 
remain  in  the  country  to  the  southeast. 

'^  Below  the  Grand  Canyon  the  river  and  ad- 
joining country  had  been  explored  by  Mormon 
parties,  and  here  ended  the  'Great  Unknown,' 
no  longer  thus  to  be  designated.  One  party  had 
crossed  through  Mormon  Valley;  another  had 
brought  a  skifi  down  the  Grand  Wash  just  be- 
low it,  and  descended  in  it  to  the  mouth  of  the 
Virgen — to  Call's  Landing,  and  still  other  par- 
ties have  passed  through  the  country  whose  re- 
ports I  find  quite  correct,  except  that  they  a 
little  over  estimated  the  distances.  Alternating 
valleys  and  canyons  were  passed  till  we  reached 
the  mouth  of  the  Virgen,  where  we  came  upon 
three  white  men  dragging  a  seine.  They  proved 
to  be  Mormons,  who  had  been  sent  on  to  prepare 
for  a  large  settlement  of  people,  which  will  be 
sent  here  by  the  Church,  to  build  up  another  of 
those  wonderful  villages  seen  only  in  the  'King- 
dom.' 

"The  whole  region  was  one  of  great  scenic 
beauty  and  grandeur;  the  constant  change  in 
geological  structure  made  a  constant  change  of 
scenery.  The  high  walls  enclosing  a  tortuous 
river,  shut  off  the  view  before,  and  as  we  ad- 
vanced, it  opened  out,  ever  bringing  into  view 
some  new    combination    of   marvel  or  beauty. 


180  HISTORY   OF   ARIZONA. 

The  impression  of  this  scenery  was  the  more 
vivified  by  a  little  anxiety — the  shadow  of  a 
pang  of  dread  ever  present  to  the  mind. 

"Of  my  party,  I  should  like  to  say  that  some 
left  me  at  the  start,  cutting  the  number  down  to 
ten,  including  myself.  One  left  me  at  the  mouth 
of  the  Uintah,  three  left  me  as  mentioned  before, 
and  five  went  through.  These  were  Captain 
W.  H.  Powell,  John  C.  Sumner,  George  T. 
Bradley,  W.  Rhodes  Hawkins,  and  Andrew 
Hall." 

I  append  a  table  of  approximate  distances, 
from  source  to  mouth  of  the  Rio  Colorado,  col- 
lected from  the  most  authentic  sources,  925 
miles  of  which  were  traversed  and  measured  by 
Major  J.  W.  Powell: 

APPROXIMATE  DISTANCES  BY  RIVER. 
GREEN  RIVER. 

Miles         Total  m 
Intermediate.     Miles. 

Prom  headwaters  of  Green  River 
to  Green  River  Crossing  (on 
the  U.  P.  R.  R.)  about 130  130 

Through     valley     to     mouth     of 

Henry's  Fork 60  190 

Through  Uintah  series  of  Canyons  70  260 

Through  valley    past    mouths    of 

Uintah  and  White  rivers 50  310 

Through  Lower  Green  River  sys- 
tem of  canyons  to  junction  of 
Green  and  Grand 190  500 


EXPLORATIONS  AND  SURVEYS.       181 

RIO  COLORADO. 

Miles         Total  in 
Intermediate.     Miles. 

Through  Cataract  Canyon 45  545 

Through  Mound  Canyon 7  552 

Through  Narrow  Canyon  to  mouth 

of  San  Juan  River 68  620 

Through    Monument     Canyon    to 

mouth  of  Paria  River 100  720 

Through  Marble  Canyon  to  mouth 

of  Little  Colorado  36  756 

Through  Grand  Canyon 238  994 

Through  valley  to  mouth  of  Virgen  43  1,037 

Through   Callville 18  1,055 

Fort  Mojave  75  1,130 

The  Needles 25  1,155 

Mouth  of  Bill  Williams's  Fork. ...   60  1,215 

Fort  Yuma 190  1,405 

Head  of  the  Gulf  of  California ....  150  1,555 

This  was  the  first  scientific  investigation  ever 
made  of  the  Grand  Canyon.  Major  Powell 
made  a  second  expedition  two  years  later,  full 
accounts  of  which  have  been  written  by  F.  S. 
Dellenbaugh  in  two  books  entitled  "The  Ro- 
mance of  the  Colorado  River,"  and  "A  Canyon 
Voyage." 

Dellenbaugh  brands  White's  story  as  a  fab- 
rication, but  the  fact  remains  that  White  was 
taken  up  at  Callville  in  an  exhausted  condition. 
Everyone  who  knew  W.  H.  Hardy,  who  is  quoted 
as  one  of  the  persons  who  interviewed  White, 
knows  that  the  old  gentleman  was  the  last  man 
on  earth  to  be  imposed  upon  by  any  fictitious 
story.     According  to  White's  story,  a  few  days 


182  HISTORY   OF   ARIZONA. 

before  arriving  at  Callville,  he  was  drawn  out 
of  the  water  by  a  band  of  Indians.  These  In- 
dians were,  unquestionably  the  Havasupais, 
who  had  inhabited  that  portion  of  the  Colorado 
Canyon  for  many  years,  how  long,  no  one  knows. 
Whipple,  in  his  survey  in  1854—55,  speaks  of 
them,  and  they  are  cultivating  the  same  land  to 
this  day.  White  was  by  no  means  a  boaster. 
He  was  a  quiet,  industrious,  peaceable  man,  and 
after  recovering  his  health,  his  only  ambition 
was  to  return  to  his  old  home  in  Wisconsin.  I 
would  not  detract  from  the  laurels  Major  Powell 
has  honestly  earned.  He  was  an  indefatigable 
explorer  and  scientist,  and  as  this  history  pro- 
ceeds it  will  be  shown  that  he  did  much  for  the 
conquest  of  the  arid  West. 


THE  MILITARY.  183 


CHAPTER  IX. 

THE  MILITARY. 

General  Mason's  Report — Different  Indlvn 
Tribes — Forts  in  Arizona — General  Mc- 
Dowell's Report  —  Praise  for  Arizona 
Volunteers  —  Expeditions  Against  In- 
dians— Conditions  in  Arizona  by  Major 
General  Halleck. 

General  John  S.  Mason's  report  shows  the 
condition  of  the  Territory  at  the  time  he  as- 
sumed command,  and  the  necessity  for  vigorous 
operations  on  the  part  of  the  military.  His 
recommendations  were  certainly  wise  so  far  as 
the  employment  of  Arizona  native  troops  for 
operation  against  the  hostiles  were  concerned. 
All  subsequent  commanders  for  several  years 
afterwards  agreed  with  him  that  the  native 
troops,  Papagoes,  Pimas,  Mexicans,  and  also 
volunteers  of  our  own  race,  were  more  effective 
in  the  Indian  warfare  than  were  two  or  three 
times  the  number  of  regular  troops. 

Tucson,  at  that  time,  according  to  General 
Mason's  statement,  was  but  little  more  than  a 
village,  and,  while  in  the  northern  part  of  the 
Territory,  and  along  the  Colorado  in  the  neigh- 
borhood of  Yuma,  there  was  quite  a  large  popula- 
tion of  whites  and  others,  yet  in  all  their  enter- 
prises they  lacked  the  protection  of  the  Govern- 
ment. General  Mason  was  superseded  before 
he  had  an  opportunity  to  make  effective  the 
policy  outlined  by  him  in  this  report,  whicli 
follows : 


184  HISTORY   OF   ARIZONA. 

^'HEADQUARTERS,   DISTRICT   OF  ARI- 
ZONA. 

"Camp  on  the  Rio  Gila,  Sacaton,  April  29,  1866. 

' '  SIR :  In  compliance  with  your  letter  of  the 
30th  ultimo,  I  have  the  honor  to  submit  the  fol- 
lowing report  of  operations  in  this  district  since 
I  assumed  command  of  the  same  in  May  last. 

"Before  leaving  San  Francisco,  neither  the 
general  commanding  the  department  nor  myself 
could  learn  anything  definite  as  to  the  actual 
number  of  troops  in  the  Territory,  their  status, 
nor  the  state  of  their  supplies ;  but  we  were  as- 
sured there  were  small  garrisons  at  Fort 
Whipple  near  Prescott;  Fort  Goodwin  on  the 
Upper  Gila;  Fort  Bowie  at  Apache  Pass,  and 
at  Tubac. 

"The  seventh  California  infantry  volunteers, 
four  companies  of  native  California  cavalry 
volunteers,  and  one  company  of  the  first  Cali- 
fornia cavalry  volunteers,  were  assigned  to 
duty  in  the  district.  They  commenced  leaving 
San  Francisco  in  April,  and  the  last  arrived  in 
September.  Supplies  for  six  months,  for  the 
troops  destined  for  service  south  of  the  Gila 
and  east  of  Tucson,  were  sent  to  Guaymas,  to 
be  hauled  through  Sonora  to  the  depot  to  be  es- 
tablished at  Tubac.  Three  months'  supplies 
for  the  post  at  Fort  Yuma,  and  those  north  of 
the  Gila,  were  sent  direct  to  Fort  Yuma  by 
water.  It  was  understood  before  I  left  San 
Francisco  that  the  companies  of  the  seventh  in- 
fantry would  be  distributed  as  follows :  one  com- 
pany at  Fort  Mojave,  two  at  Fort  Yuma,  four 
at  Calabasas,  or  at  some  point  near  the  site  of 


THE  MILITARY.  185 

old  Fort  Buchanan,  and  three  at  Fort  Mc- 
Dowell, a  post  to  be  established  north  of  the 
Gila,  and  near  the  country  of  the  Tonto 
Apaches.  The  four  companies  of  native  cavalry 
were  to  be  stationed  at  the  post  near  Fort  Bu- 
chanan, and  the  company  of  the  First  Cali- 
fornia cavalry  at  my  headquarters,  which  we 
then  supposed  would  be  at  Prescott.  On  my  ar- 
rival at  Drum  barracks,  learning  that  the  gar- 
rison at  Prescott  was  weak,  I  sent  one  of  the 
companies  intended  for  Fort  Yuma  to  that 
point.     On  my  arrival  at  Fort  Yuma,  on  May 

,  a  deputation  of  citizens  of  La  Paz,  a  town 

on  the  Colorado  river,  about  midway  between 
Fort  Yuma  and  Mohave,  waited  upon  me  with 
an  urgent  request  for  troops  at  that  point,  in- 
forming me  that  the  mails,  and,  in  fact,  all 
intercourse  with  the  interior  was  entirely  cut 
off;  that  Prescott  and  Wickenburg  were  sur- 
rounded by  bands  of  hostile  Indians,  out  of 
supplies;  that  all  the  farmers  had  left  their 
farms,  and  the  whole  road  was  deserted,  and  the 
garrison  was  too  small  to  render  any  assistance. 
I  ordered  a  company  of  infantry  to  proceed  at 
once  by  steamer  to  La  Paz,  with  orders  to  pro- 
ceed to  a  point  on  Date  creek,  and  establish  a 
camp.  I  enclose  a  copy  of  instructions  given 
to  the  officer  in  command,  marked  ''A."  The 
stores  shipped  via  Guaymas  were  not  permitted 
to  land  at  that  point.  The  vessel  brought  them 
to  Fort  Yuma,  and  we  w^ere  compelled  to  haul 
them  from  there  to  their  destination.  Much 
difficulty  and  delay  was  experienced  on  account 
of  the  very  limited  amount  of  transportation  in 
the  Territory.     My  want  of   knowledge  of  the 


186  HISTOKY   OF   ARIZONA. 

nature  and  extent  of  the  Territory,  of  the  num- 
ber of  hostile  Indians  and  their  haunts,  and  the 
fact  that  I  could  find  no  person  who  knew  much 
more  on  the  subject  than  I  did,  determined  me 
to  visit  as  much  of  the  district  as  I  possibly 
could  before  either  going  to  Prescott,  the  Capi- 
tal, or  establishing  my  headquarters  at  any 
point. 

"Governor  John  Goodwin  accompanied  me 
on  this  tour.  On  our  arrival  at  the  Pima  vil- 
lages, he  made  arrangements  to  raise  two  com- 
panies of  Pima  and  Maricopa  Indians  for  the 
Arizona  volunteers;  also,  for  a  company  of 
Mexicans  at  Tucson,  and  one  at  Tubac  for  the 
same  regiment.  The  result  of  observations  on 
my  tour  led  me  to  the  following  conclusions: 
That  the  country  bordering  on  the  Colorado 
river  was  inhabited  by  the  Yuma,  Chemehua- 
vies,  Mohave,  and  Pinto  tribes  or  nations  of  In- 
dians, at  peace  with  the  whites.  Between  these 
tribes  and  Prescott  and  Wickenburg  were  the 
Hualapais,  on  the  north,  and  the  Yavapais 
south ;  both  wild  Indians  who  had  seen  but  little 
of  the  whites,  and  who  would  not  hesitate  to 
attack  small  parties,  although  overtures  for 
peace  had  been  made  by  them. 

"The  country  east  of  Prescott,  to  the  eastern 
line  of  the  Territory,  and  north  of  the  Gila,  is 
inhabited  by  the  Tonto,  Pinal,  Sierra  Blanca, 
and  Coyotero  Apaches ;  in  fact,  most  of  the  hos- 
tile Indians  dwell  north  of  the  Gila  river,  or  in 
the  mountains  contiguous  to  that  stream,  and 
east  of  the  Rio  Verde.  One  small  but  very  hos- 
tile band,  probably  the  very  worst  Indians  on 


THE  MILITARY.  187 

the  continent — Cochese's  band — dwell  in  the 
Chiricahua  and  Huachuca  ranges  of  mountains. 
''At  the  time  of  my  arrival  in  the  district,  I 
believe  every  ranch  had  been  deserted  south  of 
the  Gila.  The  town  of  Tubac  was  entirely  de- 
serted, and  the  towTi  of  Tucson  had  but  about 
two  hundred  souls.  North  of  the  Gila,  the  roads 
were  completely  blockaded;  the  ranches,  with 
but  one  or  two  exceptions,  abandoned,  and  most 
of  the  settlements  were  threatened  with  either 
abandonment  or  annihilation.  The  mere  es- 
tablishments of  posts  in  the  vicinity  of  the  set- 
tlements is  of  no  practical  importance.  The 
Apaches,  differing  from  almost  all  other  In- 
dians, in  consequence  of  the  difficulty  of  sub- 
sisting large  parties,  or  of  finding  sufficient 
water,  make  their  forages  in  small  parties,  join- 
ing forces  at  such  points  as  they  may  have 
agreed  on  before  hand,  then  separatmg  again 
after  an  attack.  The  nature  of  the  country  is 
such  that  from  the  isolated  mountains  in  the 
midst  of  extended  plains  they  can  watch  the 
approach  of  any  party,  and  as,  from  the  great 
scarcity  of  water,  they  can  always  prepare  an 
ambuscade,  they  seldom  or  never  attack  parties 
who  are  prepared  or  watchful,  but  depend  en- 
tirely upon  a  surprise.  If  they  fail  in  this  they 
give  up  the  fight.  They  are  the  most  expert 
thieves  in  the  world,  having  stolen  from  the 
people  of  Sonora  for  generations.  They  can 
come  in  small  parties  and  steal  stock  almost  in 
sight  of  the  posts.  To  pursue  them  is  useless. 
Soon  they  reach  the  rugged  mountains,  scatter 
into  small  parties,  and  can  then  defy  either  our 
infantry  or  cavalry;  consequently  t   concluded 


188  HISTOEY   OF   ARIZONA. 

that  the  only  true  way  to  obtain  a  peace  was  to 
push  into  the  country  where  they  lived,  where 
they  had  their  wives  and  children,  and  their 
winter 's  supply  of  provisions  and  by  destroying 
their  rancherias  and  provisions  in  midwinter 
compel  them  to  sue  for  peace.  With  this  idea 
in  view  I  issued  a  general  order  for  a  united 
and  vigorous  campaign. 

''Colonel  Wright,  with  eight  small  companies 
of  his  regiment  arrived  in  October  last.  Col- 
onel Wright  with  five  companies,  was  sent  to 
reoccupy  old  Fort  Breckenridge  now  known  as 
Fort  Grant;  and  Colonel  Pollock  with  the  re- 
maining companies,  was  sent  to  Fort  Goodwin. 
Both  posts  have  done  a  great  deal  for  their  sec- 
tions of  the  Territory,  being  admirably  located 
with  reference  to  hostile  Apaches.  The  post 
at  Fort  Grant  will  enable  settlers  to  come  in  on 
the  rich  valley  of  the  San  Pedro.  That  at  Fort 
Goodwin  protects  such  Indians  as  may  give 
themselves  up  and  come  to  terms.  The  troops 
were  at  their  stations,  and  the  increase  of  ex- 
pense to  keep  them  on  the  move  but  trifling. 
Owing  to  several  causes  the  results  have  not  been 
as  great  as  anticipated;  the  great  trouble  in 
bringing  up  supplies ;  the  disinclination  of  some 
of  the  volunteer  troops,  who  expected  hourly  to 
be  ordered  home,  to  take  long  scouts  in  mid- 
winter; the  extreme  severity  of  the  winter  it- 
self, the  thermometer  ranging  as  low  as  14° 
below  zero  for  days;  the  snow  at  a  depth  of 
twenty  inches;  and,  finally,  the  withdrawal  of 
volunteers  and  substitution  of  regulars  at  a 
time  that  broke  into  the  campaign,  when  we 
expected  the  most  success — using  that   time  in 


THE  MILITARY.  189 

making  the  transfer  instead  of  scouting — all 
have  tended  to  prevent  great  results ;  yet  some- 
thing has  been  done.  A  few  days  ago  I  for- 
warded a  synopsis  of  the  scouts  made,  and  a 
map  of  the  country  showing  the  stations  of  the 
troops. 

"1  am  satisfied  that  the  only  true  policy  is 
that  at  present  adopted.  By  pressing  the  In- 
dians from  all  points,  and  giving  them  a  reserva- 
tion where  they  can  be  protected  and  fed,  we 
will  succeed  in  the  end.  Already  we  have  near 
nine  hundred  Indians  on  the  reservation  at  Fort 
Goodwin,  and  they  are  reported  as  coming  in 
daily.  The  Yavapais  during  the  year  have  been 
induced  to  abandon  their  country  and  come  in 
with  the  Mohaves.  The  Hualapais  are  de- 
sirous of  doing  the  same  thing,  unless  the  late 
report  of  their  murder  by  whites  be  considered 
a  cause  for  renewal  of  hostilities.  Numbers  of 
the  Tonto  Apaches  are  moving  down  into  the 
junction  of  the  Gila  and  Colorado  with  the 
Yuma.  The  different  valleys  have  been  reoc- 
cupied,  many  new  settlements  have  been  started, 
and  the  year  promises  much  for  the  develop- 
ment of  the  Territory.  The  troops  now  here 
are  inadequate  for  the  service.  The  district  is 
immensely  large,  the  distance  over  which  sup- 
plies have  to  be  hauled  very  great,  requiring 
strong  escorts  to  guard  the  trains,  and  with  the 
very  small  number  of  men  in  the  different  com- 
panies, and  but  one  officer  wath  each  company, 
most  of  the  posts,  for  the  present,  can  do  but 
little  more  than  hold  their  posts  and  escort  their 
supply  trains. 


190  HISTORY   OF   ARIZONA. 

"Efforts  are  being  made  to  throw  in  a  grass 
supply  at  once,  which  will  enable  us  to  dispense 
with  many  escorts.  The  dilSerent  posts  now^ 
occupied  are  mere  cantonments,  no  money  hav- 
ing been  expended  in  their  erection,  so  that 
should  it  be  deemed  advisable  to  abandon  any 
of  them  and  curtail  operations  in  the  district, 
there  would  be  but  very  little  actual  loss  to  the 
government.  I  would  recommend  that  au- 
thority be  given  to  raise  two  or  three  companies 
of  mounted  scouts  from  the  men  who  have  been 
raised  on  the  Sonora  frontier,  and  have  been 
fighting  Apaches  for  years — men  who  are  ac- 
customed to  travel  for  days  with  a  little  pinole 
and  dried  beef,  and  who  can  follow  a  trail  with 
the  certainty  of  an  Indian.  Such  companies 
would,  in  my  judgment,  do  more  efficient  ser- 
vice than  thrice  the  number  of  regulars. 
''Your  obedient  servant, 

''JOHN  S.  MASON, 
"Brig.  Gen.  Volunteers,  Commanding  District 

of  Arizona. 
"Brevet  Brigadier  General  R.  C.  DRUM, 

"A.  A.  G.,  Department  of  California,  San 

Francisco. 
"Official: 

"JOHN  P.  SHERBURNE,  A.  A.  G. 
"Official: 

"JAMES  B.  FRY,  A.  A.  G." 

As  we  have  seen,  a  strong  effort  was  made  by 
the  people  of  Arizona  to  continue  in  the  service 
the  Arizona  volunteers,  who  had  proved  the 
most  valuable  aid  to  the  military  in  subduing 
the  hostile  Indians.     General  McDowell,  in  his 


THE  MILITARY.  191 

annual  report  to  the  Secretary  of  War  for  the 
year  1866,  speaks  in  high  commendation  of  the 
Arizona  volunteers. 

This  report  on  conditions  in  Arizona  was : 
''The  regular  troops  in  this  district  consist  of 
the  first  and  third  battalions  of  the  fourteenth 
infantry,  four  companies  of  the  first  United 
States  cavalry,  and  one  company  of  the  second 
United  States  artillery.  Until  very  recently 
there  were  also  several  companies  and  frag- 
ments of  companies  of  Arizona  volunteers. 
The  latter  have  been  ordered  to  be  mustered  out 
on  the  expiration  of  their  year's  term  of  service, 
and  most,  if  not  all,  have  by  this  time  been  dis- 
charged. They  were  the  most  effective  troops 
for  the  service  in  that  country  that  we  have  had, 
and  have  done  more  than  all  the  others  together. 
In  fact,  it  is  not  too  much  to  say  that  they  only 
within  the  last  year  have  inflicted  any  consider- 
able injury  on  the  hostile  Apaches.  The  regu- 
lar troops,  used  to  a  different  kind  of  warfare, 
unused  to  the  kind  of  life  necessary  to  obtain 
any  results  against  the  Indians  in  Arizona,  seem 
to  acquire  very  slowly  the  experience  necessary 
to  enable  them  to  be  effective  for  offensive 
operations. 

"There  has  been  a  good  deal  of  uneasiness 
within  the  year  at  several  points  along  the  river, 
particularly  at  La  Paz,  the  mouth  of  Bill  Will- 
iams's fork,  Hardyville,  and  El  Dorado  Canyon, 
and  it  has  been  impossible  to  furnish  the  pro- 
tection asked  for,  except  to  a  limited  extent. 
The  hostility  existing  between  the  Eiver  In- 
dians and  certain  bands  of  the  Pi-Utes  and 
Chemehuevis  has  caused  alarm  to  the  white  in- 


192  HISTORY   OF   ARIZONA. 

habitants  who  have  been  and  are,  friendly  to 
the  Mohaves.  The  killing  of  the  head  chief, 
Waba  Yuma,  of  the  Hualapais,  by  some  whites 
on  the  road  from  Hardy ville  to  Prescott,  has  also 
unsettled  the  good  relations  heretofore  existing 
with  those  Indians. 

"The  hostilities  on  the  road  from  Camp  Cady 
to  Fort  Mojave  with  the  Pi-Utes  seem  to  have 
extended  their  effects  to  the  Indians  of  that  or 
kindred  tribes  further  to  the  north  and  there 
have  been  offensive  movements  against  the  im- 
portant mining  settlements  at  El  Dorado  can- 
yon. This  has  given  alarm  to  those  engaged 
in  the  enterprise  of  opening  a  line  of  trade  by 
way  of  the  Colorado  river  to  Utah,  and  they 
fear  their  boat  with  its  supplies  may  be  in  dan- 
ger. At  their  repeated  and  earnest  request  I 
have  ordered  a  guard  of  ten  men  to  be  detached 
from  Fort  Mojave  to  be  stationed  for  sixty  days 
in  El  Dorado  canyon.  This,  I  since  learn,  will 
take  every  man,  not  on  special  duty,  away  from 
the  post,  the  others  being  absent  escorting  cattle 
to  Fort  Whipple. 

* '  The  Indians,  who  have  heretofore  been  quiet 
on  the  road  from  La  Paz  to  Prescott,  and  have 
confined  themselves  to  limits  prescribed  by  the 
military  commander  and  Indian  Superinten- 
dent, were  found  in  large  numbers  beyond  their 
limits  in  Skull  valley.  It  is  claimed  they  were 
there  with  hostile  intent,  and  that  they  attacked 
a  private  train  under  escort  of  some  Arizona 
volunteers.  The  result  was  an  engagement,  in 
w^hich  a  large  number  of  Indians  w^ere  killed 
and  wounded;  it  remains  to  be  seen  whether 
enough  to  subdue  the  tribe,  or  onl}^  to  reflame  it. 


THE  ailLITARY.  193 

"The  Arizona  volunteers,  heretofore  sta- 
tioned in  Skull  valley,  having  been  mustered  out 
of  service,  their  j^lace  has  been  supplied  by  the 
company  of  the  fourteenth  infantry,  from  Date 
Creek,  and  the  stations  at  the  latter  place  and  at 
Wickenburg  have  been  abandoned. 

"The  post  of  Camp  Lincoln,  on  the  Upper 
Verde,  has  proved  so  favorable  for  operations 
against  the  Apaches  that  it  will  be  maintained 
by  a  company  of  the  fourteenth  infantry,  though 
the  force,  both  in  quality  for  this  kind  of  ser- 
vice, and  quantity,  will  not  replace  the  volun- 
teers whose  places  they  take. 

"The  post  at  Fort  Whipple,  near  Prescott, 
will  be  kept  up  for  the  present. 

"The  post  at  Fort  McDowell,  on  the  Lower 
Verde,  now  occupied  by  three  companies  of  the 
fourteenth  infantry  and  one  company  of  the 
first  cavalry,  has,  together  with  the  post  of 
Camp  Lincoln,  inflicted  so  severe  a  chastisement 
in  repeated  combats  with  the  Apaches,  that  they 
have  compelled  them  to  beg  for  peace.  This, 
heretofore,  has  been  offered  them  on  condition 
they  would  go  to  the  place  reserved  for  Indian 
prisoners  at  Fort  Goodwin.  But  they  repre- 
sent that  they  are  at  enmity  with  the  Fort  Good- 
win bands,  and  cannot  live  with  them. 

"I  am  not  sure  they  are  sincere  in  their  de- 
sire for  peace ;  but  as  they  may  be,  and  as  I  have 
now  lost  the  force  most  competent  to  further 
chastise  them,  I  have  given  instructions  to  grant 
them  peace  on  the  terms  proposed  to  them  by 
the  late  excellent  commander  of  Fort  McDowell, 
which  will  provide  for  their  coming  in  as  pris- 

V— 13 


194  HISTORY   OF   ARIZONA. 

oners,  in  the  vicinity  of  that  station,  and  there 
plant  and  keep  the  peace  with  the  whites  and 
their  allies,  the  Gila  Indians,  the  Pimas  and 
Maricopas. 

"The  post  of  Fort  Grant,  (two  companies  of 
the  fourteenth  infantry)  at  the  mouth  of  the 
San  Pedro,  has  been  recently  destroyed  by  the 
floods  of  the  river,  and  the  station  has  been  re- 
moved to  the  site  of  old  Port  Breckenridge.  I 
hope  soon  to  change  it  to  the  heart  of  the 
Apache  country,  where  the  climate  may  prove 
healthy,  and  there  is  an  abundance  of  wood  and 
grass,  as  well  as  pure  mountain  water. 

"The  post  of  Port  Goodwin,  occupied  by 
three  companies  of  the  fourteenth  infantry,  is 
the  place  I  have  assigned  for  such  of  the 
Apaches  as  have  surrendered  themselves,  and 
claim  to  wish  to  live  in  peace  with  the  whites. 
At  times  several  hundred  have  been  on  the  res- 
ervation, but  the  difficulty  of  at  all  times  hav- 
ing supplies  for  them  has  made  it  necessary  to 
relax  the  rule  for  their  constant  presence,  that 
they  might  lay  in  a  store  of  mescal,  etc.,  for 
food.  This  may  have  been  taken  advantage  of 
in  some  instances  to  escape  and  commit  depre- 
dations on  the  settlements.  I  do  not  expect  in 
one  season  to  reform  a  people  whose  whole  life 
has  been  one  of  plunder,  but  I  have  no  doubt 
that  a  combined  system  of  kindness,  when  they 
do  w^ell,  and  chastisement  when  they  do  ill,  will 
have  the  same  effect  on  Apaches  as  it  has  on 
other  men,  as  well  as  animals. 

"Owing  to  sickness  in  the  valley,  the  small 
post  on  the  San  Pedro,  above  Fort  Grant,  has 
been  abandoned. 


THE  MILITARY.  195 

"The  camp  on  the  upper  San  Pedro,  near 
Barbecoma,  is  still  maintained  as  a  protection 
for  the  settlements,  as  are  also  the  stations  at 
Fort  Bowie  and  Tucson.  The  companies  sta- 
tioned at  Fort  Mason,  (so  called)  on  the  upper 
Santa  Cruz  near  Calabasas,  have  been  tempo- 
rarily removed  (by  the  district  commander,  on 
account  of  sickness)  to  the  vicinity  of  old  Fort 
Buchanan,  whether  to  any  good  purpose  re- 
mains to  be  seen. 

"The  cost  of  transportation  is  so  great  into 
Arizona  that  I  have  felt  it  good  economy  to 
do  everything  possible  to  raise,  and  stimulate 
others  to  raise,  supplies  in  the  country. 

"I  am  glad  to  say  that  the  experiment  of  a 
government  farm  on  a  large  scale  in  the  valley 
of  the  Verde,  at  Fort  McDowell,  has  proved  a 
success,  and  an  abundant  crop  of  corn  and  sorg- 
hum is  about  to  be  harvested,  to  be  followed  by 
a  second  crop  of  small  grain. 

"Like  results  are  expected  from  the  farm 
ordered  to  be  opened  at  Fort  Goodwin,  so  I  hope 
that  next  year  will  show  a  reduction  in  the  cost 
of  maintaining  the  troops,  to  be  followed  by  re- 
ductions in  every  succeeding  year,  for  there  is 
an  abundance  of  good  arable  land  in  the  country 
to  support  a  large  population. 

"A  great  drawback  to  the  service  in  the  de- 
partment is  the  lack  of  officers,  both  staff  and 
regimental. 

"There  should  be  at  least  four  officers  of  the 
quartermaster's  department  in  Arizona  alone. 
There  are  but  two  there  now,  and  they  belong 
to  the  volunteer  service  and  will  undoubtedly 
soon  be  mustered  out. 


196  HISTORY   OF   ARIZONA. 

"The  lack  of  company  officers  is  such  that  at 
times  companies  are  without  a  commissioned 
officer.  At  one  time  a  post  of  two  companies  in 
Arizona  had  only  one  officer,  a  subaltern,  to 
command  the  post,  the  two  companies,  and  do 
the  duty  of  quartermaster  and  commissary. 

"Under  authority  given  me  from  division 
headquarters  to  raise  a  hundred  Indian  scouts, 
I  have  directed  the  district  commander  in  Ari- 
zona to  enlist  seventy  Pimas  and  Maricopas  and 
twenty  tame  Apaches." 

The  most  important  military  expedition 
against  the  Apaches  during  the  year  1866  was 
commanded  by  George  B.  Sanford,  Captain  1st 
U.  S.  Cavalry,  the  official  report  of  which  fol- 
lows: 

"HEADQUARTERS  FORT  McDOWELL, 

"Arizona  Territory,  November  20,  1866. 

"I  have  the  honor  to  submit  the  following 
report  of  the  expedition  against  the  hostile 
Apaches,  made  in  compliance  with  Special 
Orders  No.  119,  dated  Headquarters,  Fort  Mc- 
Dowell, Arizona  Territory,  November  10,  1866. 

"The  expedition  was  composed  as  follows: 

"Captain  George  B.  Sanford,  company  E. 
first  United  States  cavalry,  commanding. 

"First  Lieutenant  Camillio  C.  C.  Carr,  Com- 
pany E,  first  United  States  cavalry. 

"Company  E,  first  United  States  cavalry, 
(47  enlisted  men). 

"One  enlisted  man  of  company  B,  fourteenth 
United  States  infantry  accompanied  the  com- 
mand, as  acting  hospital  steward. 


THE  MILITARY.  197 

''Mr.  Max  Strobel,  accompanied  the  expedi- 
tion as  a  volunteer. 

''Eight  (8)  Maricopa  and  five  (5)  Pima 
Indians  also  volunteered  for  the  expedition. 

"Mr.  Thomas  Ewing  acted  as  guide.  Total 
sixty-five  (65). 

"The  rations  consisted  of  pinole,  jerked  beef 
and  coffee,  which  were  carried  by  the  men  on 
their  saddles.  Four  pack-mules  were  taken, 
but  they  were  so  lightly  loaded  that  they  were 
able  to  keep  up  with  the  command  at  a  gallop. 
None  of  them  carried  one  hundred  pounds,  and 
they  might  have  been  dispensed  with  entirely, 
but  I  wished  to  have  some  extra  animals  along 
in  case  any  of  the  soldiers'  horses  should  break 
down  or  be  wounded. 

"Wednesday,  November  14. — The  expedition 
left  Fort  McDowell  just  as  the  sun  was  setting. 
Crossed  the  Rio  Verde,  and  marched  on  the 
Pima  trail  to  a  small  valley  on  Sycamore  (or, 
it  is  sometimes  called,  Caiion)  creek,  where  we 
camped.  The  camp  was  reached  at  10  p.  m. 
Distance  from  the  fort,  twenty-five  (25)  miles; 
direction,  northeast.  Wood,  water  and  grass  in 
abundance.  The  valley  was  so  situated  that  it 
was  almost  impossible  for  the  Apaches  to  dis- 
cover us,  without  coming  right  into  the  camp. 

"November  15. — Remained  in  camp  all  day, 
grazing  the  animals.  At  sunset  saddled  up  and 
marched  through  Sunflower  valley,  and  over  the 
Mazatzal  mountains,  crossing  the  ridge  by  the 
pass  at  the  North  Mazatzal.  Camped  at  11:15 
p.  m.  in  a  canon  about  two  (2)  miles  from  Tonto 
creek.  Distance  from  last  camp,  twenty-one 
(21)  miles.     Water  and  grass  good. 


198  HISTORY   OF   ARIZONA. 

''November  16. — At  daylight  two  of  the 
Indians  were  sent  down  to  the  creek  to  look  for 
Apache  signs.  They  returned  in  a  few  hours 
with  information  that,  on  the  day  before,  two 
horses  and  one  Indian  had  crossed  the  creek  and 
gone  in  the  direction  of  the  Sierra  Ancha  moun- 
tains. At  1  p.  m.  saddled  up  and  started  on  the 
track  of  these  two  horses. 

"The  Apache  had  followed  no  trail,  but  kept 
as  much  as  possible  in  the  bushes,  evidently 
hoping  to  conceal  his  track.  About  six  (6) 
p.  m.  we  followed  the  track  on  to  an  old  Apache 
trail,  and  shortly  after  came  upon  the  sign  of 
a  mule  and  a  burro.  About  seven  (7)  p.  m.  we 
commenced  to  cross  the  Sierra  Ancha  range, 
and  at  ten  (10)  p.  m.  had  reached  the  summit. 
The  moon  was  obscured  by  clouds  a  good  deal 
of  the  night,  which  rendered  tracking  a  very 
difficult  operation;  but  the  Indians  stuck  to  it 
with  the  tenacity  of  bloodhounds,  and  about 
midnight  they  reported  that  they  were  pretty 
certain  we  were  near  a  rancheria.  After  some 
attempts  to  get  into  the  canon,  we  were  obliged 
to  give  up  all  thoughts  of  getting  on  to  it  that 
night.  The  rocks  were  so  steep  that  a  man  could 
not  walk  at  the  mouth  of  the  canon  on  foot.  At 
one  (1)  p.  m.  we  lay  down  by  the  horses  and 
waited  for  daylight.  Distance,  about  thirty 
(30)  miles.  This  march  was  a  very  hard  one,  as 
we  were  continually  winding  round  the  moun- 
tains, and  over  them,  down  into  deep  caiions,  and 
through  rocks  and  boulders.  Although  the 
night  was  very  cold,  we  built  no  fires,  for  fear 
of  alarming  the  Apaches. 


THE  MILITAKY.  199 

"November  17. — At  daylight  we  started  right 
over  the  mountain,  and  after  traveling  up  it 
for  about  half  an  hour,  we  discovered  the  ran- 
cheria  at  the  head  of  the  canon.  The  men  and 
Indians  charged  immediately  down  the  rocks 
and  into  the  rancheria,  and,  leaping  from  their 
horses,  pursued  the  flying  Apaches  over  the  hills 
and  across  the  cailons  in  the  most  gallant  man- 
ner. Many  of  the  men  got  bad  falls  among  the 
rocks  and  precipices,  but  they  kept  on  without 
any  regard  for  anything  but  the  Apaches.  Six 
(6)  were  killed,  five  (5)  w^ere  taken  prisoners, 
and  two  (2)  horses  captured.  The  mule  and 
burro  had  been  killed,  and  were  being  roasted 
on  the  fire. 

"There  was  a  very  large  amount  of  winter 
stores  in  this  rancheria,  which  were  all  de- 
stroyed and  the  rancheria  burned.  Among  the 
articles  found  were  two  tin  canteens,  such  as  are 
issued  by  government,  a  portion  of  an  English 
copy  of  the  New  Testament,  some  mail  straps 
and  pieces  of  a  saddle,  a  gun  lock  and  brass 
plates  belonging  to  a  gun,  and  baskets  such  as 
are  used  for  carrying  grain,  etc.,  in  great  num- 
bers. They  had  a  great  abundance  of  seeds, 
nuts,  acorns,  buckskins,  scrapes,  and  other  arti- 
cles used  by  the  Indians,  and  the  destruction  of 
these  just  as  winter  is  setting  in  wall  be  a  great 
blow  to  them. 

"This  was  evidently  an  old  established  ran- 
cheria, and  one  which  they  considered  very  safe. 
Words  cannot  do  justice  to  the  place.  It  was 
as  nearly  inaccessible  as  possible.  The  huts 
were  situated  just  at  the  head  of  the  canon,  and 
back  of  them  the  rocks  rose  almost  perpendicu- 


200  HISTORY   OF   ARIZONA. 

laiiy  for  several  hundred  feet.  On  each  side 
the  slope  was  more  gradual,  but  still  it  was  ter- 
rific. A  little  stream  issued  from  the  rocks,  and 
'flowed  through  the  caiion,  and  some  fine  oak 
trees  grew  along  the  banks.  From  this  circum- 
stance I  called  the  place  Oak  Caiion. 

"Mr.  Thomas  Ewing,  (the  guide)  who  has 
had  much  experience  in  Indian  fighting,  in- 
forms me  that  it  was  the  worst  place  to  get  into 
that  he  ever  saw. 

"As  soon  as  the  fight  was  over,  and  the  ran- 
cheria  destroyed,  we  started  after  some  cattle 
which  one  of  the  prisoners  (an  Apache  squaw) 
informed  us  were  in  Greenback  valley.  Com- 
ing upon  some  fresh  signs  of  Indians,  we  took 
the  gallop  again,  and  charged  across  Greenback 
valley,  which  was  about  five  miles  distant. 
Much  to  our  regret,  we  found  nothing  of  them. 
We  crossed  another  range  of  mountains,  and  got 
to  within  a  short  distance  and  in  sight  of  Salt 
river.  Here  we  struck  more  fresh  tracks,  and 
made  another  charge,  getting  very  close  on  to 
some  Indians,  who  w^ere  gathering  seeds.  They 
managed  to  escape  us,  however,  by  concealing 
themselves  in  the  rocks,  and  our  horses  were 
now  so  badly  used  up  that  we  could  not  overtake 
them.  On  the  last  charge  we  were  brought  to 
a  stand-still  in  another  caiion,  out  of  which 
there  appeared  to  be  no  means  of  exit  whatever 
for  any  animal  without  wings.  The  Maricopas 
and  Pimas  had  never  seen  the  place  before,  and 
could  give  no  information  about  it.  We  accord- 
ingly turned  round  and  came  slowly  back  to 
Greenback  valley,  where  we  camped  about  two 
(2)  p.  m. 


THE  MILITARY.  201 

"The  Apaches  in  the  meantime  had  put  up 
signal  smokes,  and  alarmed  the  country. 

''We  grazed  the  animals  all  the  rest  of  the 
day  and  during  the  night.  Distance  travelled 
this  day,  I  should  think,  was  about  twenty-five 
(25)  miles.  As  most  of  the  time  we  were  on  the 
run,  and  travelling  backwards  and  forwards 
among  the  rocks,  it  is  rather  difficult  to  esti- 
mate it. 

"November  18. — Saddled  up  at  daylight,  and 
marched  to  Tonto  creek,  where  we  grazed  the 
animals  two  (2)  hours,  and  then  crossed  the 
North  Mazatzal  on  the  old  trail,  and  camped  in 
Sunflower  valley.  Distance  thirty-two  (32) 
miles. 

"No\t:mber  19. — Saddled  up  at  daylight,  and 
marched  to  a  grazing  place  on  Sycamore  creek, 
where  we  remained  two  (2)  hours,  and  then 
moved  on,  reaching  Fort  McDowell  about  five 
(5)  p.  m. 

"No  man  or  animal  was  lost  in  this  expedi- 
tion. The  weather  was  quite  cold  at  night,  but 
pleasant  during  the  day,  and  we  had  no  rain. 

"I  expected  when  I  started  that  this  expedi- 
tion would  be  a  very  hard  one,  and  my  expecta- 
tions were  fully  realized;  but  success  has  amply 
repaid  us. 

"To  Lieutenant  Carr  and  the  enlisted  men 
concerned  in  this  campaign  I  am  exceedingly 
indebted  for  the  activity  and  energy  they  dis- 
played. The  conduct  of  one  and  all  was  gallant 
in  the  extreme.  Their  success  in  the  previous 
expedition  had  given  them  confidence  in  them- 
selves, and  every  man  exerted  himself  to  the 
utmost  to  make  the  campaign  a  success.     The 


202  HISTORY   OF   ARIZONA. 

long  preserved  reputation  of  the  first  cavalry 
will  never  suffer  in  the  hands  of  these  men. 

''I  am  also  very  much  indebted  to  Mr.  Thomas 
Ewing  and  Mr.  Strobel.  Mr.  Ewing  displayed 
his  usual  gallantry  and  energy.  His  knowledge 
of  the  country  and  of  the  habits  of  the  Apaches 
is  very  extensive,  and  his  services  are  exceed- 
ingly valuable. 

"Mr.  Max  Strobel,  who  is  a  topographical  en- 
gineer by  profession,  kindly  undertook  to  make 
a  map  of  this  country,  and  to  him  I  am  indebted 
for  the  map  which  accompanies  this  report. 
He  exercised  the  greatest  care  in  taking  the  dis- 
tance, directions,  etc.,  and  I  think  he  has  suc- 
ceeded in  making  the  most  correct  map  I  have 
seen  of  that  section  of  the  country. 

"I  cannot  close  without  acknowledging  my 
thanks  to  the  Pimas  and  Maricopas  who  accom- 
panied me.  These  splendid  Indians  performed 
their  part  in  the  most  admirable  manner  and 
were  of  the  greatest  service  during  the  whole 
trip. 

"I  am  sir,  very  respectfully, 

"Your  obedient  servant, 
"GEORGE  B.  SANFOED, 
"Captain  1st.  U.  S.  Cavalry  Commanding. 

"By  command  of  Brevet  General  Mc- 
DOWELL : 

"JOHN  P.  SHERBURNE, 
"Assistant  Adjutant  General. 
"Official:     "JOHN  H.  COSTER,  A.  D.  C." 


THE  MILITARY.  203 

Major-General  Halleck,  Commanding  the 
Division  of  the  Pacific,  in  his  report,  dated  Sep- 
tember 18th,  1867,  has  the  following  to  say  con- 
cerning Arizona : 

''As  stated  in  my  last  annual  report,  the 
Apaches  and  cogiiate  tribes  in  Arizona  and 
northern  Sonora  are  the  natural  and  hereditary 
enemies  of  the  whites,  of  whatsoever  nation  or 
character.  They  have  successfully  expelled 
from  that  territory  the  Aztecs,  the  Spaniards, 
and  the  Mexicans,  and  they  mil  yield  to  our 
people  only  when  compelled  to  do  so  by  the 
rifle  and  revolver.  They  probably  resemble  the 
African  Bedouins  more  than  any  other  people, 
and  murder  and  robbery  constitute  almost  the 
sole  occupation  of  the  Apache.  These  Indians 
do  not  fight  in  masses,  like  most  of  the  tribes 
east  of  the  Rocky  mountains,  but  move 
stealthily  in  small  bands  over  the  greater  por- 
tion of  Arizona  and  the  northern  parts  of 
Sonora  and  Chihuahua,  waylaying  and  murder- 
ing travellers  on  the  roads,  and  plundering  and 
destroying  unprotected  agricultural  and  mming 
settlements. 

"This  mode  of  warfare,  combined  with  the 
rough  and  desert  character  of  the  country,  and 
the  want  of  practical  roads,  renders  it  very 
difficult  to  operate  successfully  against  them,  or 
to  give  adequate  protection  to  the  small  and 
scattered  settlements  in  that  extensive  but 
sparsely  populated  Territory.  Military  opera- 
tions would  probably  be  more  effective  in  re- 
ducing these  hostile  Indians  if  the  troops  could 
be  concentrated  in  larger  posts,  so  as  to  have 
available    a   greater   number    for   active   cam- 


204  HISTORY   OF   ARIZONA. 

paigiiing  in  the  country  where  they  leave  their 
families  and  obtain  most  of  their  supplies;  but 
for  this  to  be  done  with  the  forces  at  our  com- 
mand, it  w^ould  be  necessary  to  withdraw  all 
protection  to  many  small  settlements  which 
have  heretofore  been  often  broken  up,  but  are 
now  in  a  more  flourishing  condition.  It  has, 
undoubtedly,  been  an  increased  expense  to  the 
Government,  supporting  and  supplying  so  many 
separate  and  distinct  military  posts;  but  this 
expense  has  been  more  than  compensated  for  in 
the  reduced  cost  of  transportation  and  supplies 
caused  by  the  increased  local  agricultural  prod- 
ucts. Thus  most  of  the  military  supplies  last 
year  were  transported  from  San  Francisco  to 
Fort  Yuma,  and  thence  to  the  several  posts  at 
from  14  to  21  cents  per  pound — these  high 
j)rices  of  transportation  resulting  from  the  cost 
of  forage  for  teams  on  the  road.  This  year, 
forage  and  commissary  stores  have  been  con- 
tracted for  at  the  several  posts  and  on  the  roads 
at  greatly  reduced  rates,  and  transportation,  in 
many  instances,  has  been  obtained  at  less  than 
one-third  of  former  charges.  And  the  same  or 
a  greater  reduction  in  the  prices  of  supplies  and 
transportation  has  been  obtained  by  private 
individuals,  who  have  heretofore  drawn  most  of 
their  provisions  and  other  necessaries  from  the 
Pacific  Coast.  It  has,  therefore,  been  found 
that  local  military  protection  to  the  small  agri- 
cultural districts  in  Arizona  has  not  only  re- 
duced the  Government  expenses  in  such  dis- 
tricts, but  has  had  a  most  beneficial  effect  upon 
the  Territory  generally. 


THE  MILITARY.  205 

"Under  these  circumstances,  I  have  not  felt 
myself  justified  in  interfering  with  General 
McDowell's  protective  dispositions  by  ordering 
a  greater  concentration  of  troops.  With  an 
additional  force  of,  say,  one  regiment  of  cavalry 
and  one  or  two  regiments  of  infantry  in  that 
country,  which  are  really  required  there,  we 
would  be  able  to  accomplish  the  double  object 
of  affording  local  protection,  and,  at  the  same 
time,  of  penetrating  into  the  mountain  homes  of 
these  savages.  In  giving  local  protection  to 
settlements,  it  has  not  been  proposed  to  guard 
particular  ranches,  mines,  or  mills  from  Indian 
depredations.  To  attempt  this  would  absorb 
and  paralyze  our  whole  force  without  accom- 
plishing any  result,  for  it  is  w^ell  known  that 
these  Indians  will  steal  stock,  even  before  the 
eyes  of  the  sentinels  who  guard  it,  and  pursuit 
in  such  cases  is  seldom  successful.  The  only 
plan  which  has  given  any  valuable  results,  is 
that  of  establishing  posts  in  the  vicinity  of 
settlements,  and  from  these  posts  sending  secret 
expeditions  of  small  parties  into  known  Indian 
haunts.  Large  parties  are  not  required,  and 
are  never  successful,  for  the  Indians  discover 
their  approach  and  hide  themselves  in  the 
mountains.  They  can  be  reached  only  by  the 
utmost  secrecy  and  rapidity  of  movement. 

"On  the  question  of  concentrating  the  troops 
in  that  country  in  a  few  posts  only,  I  respect- 
fully refer  to  the  report  of  Lieutenant  Colonel 
Roger  Jones,  and  the  accompanying  remarks  of 
Brevet  Major  General  McDowell,  transmitted 
herewith  and  marked  *B.'  " 


206  HISTORY   OF   ARIZONA. 


CHAPTER  X. 

THE  MILITARY   (Continued). 

Report  of  Colonel  Jones,  Inspector — Remote- 
ness OF  Arizona  Bar  to  Frequent  Inspec- 
tions—  Recommends  Separate  Military 
District  for  Arizona,  and  Concentration 
OF  Troops — Also  Recommends  More  and 
Better  Buildings — General  McDoweli/s 
Remarks  on  Colonel  Jones ^  Report  — 
Statement  of  Conditions. 

The  report  of  Colonel  Jones,  in  which  he 
criticised  the  military  operations  in  Arizona, 
and  made  certain  recommendations  thereto, 
follows : 

"(Confidential.) 

''Wilmington,  Cal.,  July  15,  1867. 

' '  GENERAL :  In  reporting  that  I  have  com- 
pleted the  duty  of  inspecting  the  posts  in  Ari- 
zona and  Southern  California,  I  respectfully 
submit  for  consideration  some  general  remarks 
and  recommendations  which  I  consider  should 
constitute  a  separate  and  distinct  report. 

"In  compliance  with  the  order  directing  me 
to  make  this  tour,  I  have  from  time  to  time,  as 
occasion  offered,  forwarded  reports  of  each  post 
visited,  and  in  them  have  set  forth  the  state  of 
affairs  as  revealed  b.y  my  inspections. 

"These  reports  exhibiting  an  unsatisfactory 
condition  of  affairs  throughout  a  considerable 
portion  of  Arizona,  my  duty  would  be  but  par- 
tially discharged  if  I  failed  or  omitted  to  show 


THE  MILITARY.  207 

liow  or  in  what  manner  matters  may  in  my 
judgment  be  improved,  which  is  my  sole  object 
in  addressing  you  this  communication. 

''Leaving  here  on  the  20th  of  April,  the 
journey  has  occupied  me  eighty-four  (84)  days 
from  this  point,  during  ^\'hich  time  I  visited 
every  post  within  the  country  designated,  and 
travelled  with  government  transportation  over 
twenty-one  hundred  (2,100)  miles. 

''The  first  and  most  important  change  which 
is  deemed  absolutely  essential  to  any  lasting 
improvement  in  the  general  condition  of  affairs 
in  Arizona,  is  the  organization  of  the  Territory 
into  a  separate  military  department  with  a  com- 
mander residing  at  some  central  point. 

"The  distance  travelled,  and  the  length  of 
time  it  has  taken  me  to  make  this  tour,  show 
very  clearly  that  it  is  not  in  the  power  of  a  com- 
mander residing  in  San  Francisco  to  make  fre- 
quent or  even  annual  visits  to  Arizona.  As 
further  evidence  on  this  point,  reference  is 
made  to  the  fact  that  General  McDowell  has 
been  able  to  make  but  one  tour  through  the 
country  in  the  three  years  it  has  been  under  his 
command. 

"This  remoteness  of  the  department  com- 
mander affects  everything  wherein  his  action  is 
necessary,  and  during  the  past  winter,  at  some 
of  the  remote  posts,  it  required  three  months 
and  upwards  to  communicate  with,  and  receive 
answers  from,  department  headquarters.  In 
fact,  in  point  of  time,  St.  Louis  is  quite  as  near 
as  San  Francisco  to  Prescott  and  Tucson,  if  not 
nearer ;  papers  and  letters  from  St.  Louis  reach- 
ing those  points  as  a  rule  in  from  eighteen  to 


208  HISTORY   OF   ARIZONA. 

twenty-one  days.  The  rains  of  next  winter  may 
produce  the  like  interruptions  to  the  mails  as 
was  experienced  last  winter. 

"The  following  is  a  case  in  point  illustrating 
the  inconvenience  and  detriment  to  the  service 
arising  from  the  department  commander  being 
stationed  in  San  Francisco. 

"On  the  16th  of  April  he  ordered  two  com- 
panies from  camp  McDowell  to  camp  Grant, 
and  two  from  the  latter  camp  to  the  former. 
On  receiving  the  order  Colonel  Ilges  applied 
to  his  quartermaster  for  transportation;  the 
latter  replying  that  he  had  none  available. 
Colonel  Ilges  forwarded  his  application  to  the 
commanding  officer  at  Fort  Yuma,  who  sent  it 
to  Colonel  Crittenden  at  Tucson,  nearly  three 
hundred  miles  distant. 

"Not  having  any  wagons  at  hand,  and  Colonel 
Ilges  not  being  at  that  time  under  his  command, 
Colonel  Crittenden  submitted  the  matter  to  me ; 
and  thus,  but  for  my  presence  and  the  authority 
vested  in  me  by  General  Halleck,  this  move 
would  probably  not  have  been  made  without  re- 
ferring the  matter  to  department  headquarters. 

"It  is  immaterial  whether  these  movements 
required  promptness  or  not;  the  delay  in  mak- 
ing them  fairly  illustrates  the  inconvenience 
and  injury  the  service  in  Arizona  unavoidably 
sustains  in  consequence  of  it  not  being  a  mili- 
tary department  per  se. 

"Another  serious  injury  resulting  from  this 
remoteness  of  the  department  commander  is  the 
length  of  time  soldiers  have  been  kept  in  the 
guard  house  awaiting  trial.     To  remedy  this 


THE  MILITARY.  209 

General  McDowell  has  ordered  the  release  of 
prisoners  who  had  been  confined  several  months. 

"In  San  Francisco,  without  telegraphic  com- 
munication, and  with  unreliable  weekly  or  semi- 
weekly  mails,  it  is  impossible  for  the  depart- 
ment commander  to  know  of  any  particular 
transaction  in  Arizona  until  long  after  it  has 
transpired,  and  matters  are  constantly  arising 
which  can  neither  be  foreseen  nor  provided  for, 
concerning  which  the  best  interests  of  the  ser- 
vice demand  prompt  if  not  immediate  action. 

''The  division  of  the  Territory  and  districts 
has  not  and  cannot  yield  results  at  all  satisfac- 
tory, nor  can  it  atone  for  the  evils  which  are 
a  necessary  accompaniment  of  Arizona  being 
attached  to  the  department  of  California. 

"  In  a  word,  there  is  scarcely  a  measure  taken 
in  San  Francisco  in  regard  to  affairs  in  Arizona 
that  could  not  be  better  and  more  intelligently 
ordered  by  a  commander  residing  in  the  Terri- 
tory, where  he  could  from  personal  observation 
leai-n  its  wants,  resources,  geographical  feat- 
ures, and  the  wants  and  condition  of  the  troops 
and  supply  departments. 

"This  change,  under  a  judicious  commander, 
should  lead  to  a  reduction  of  expenses,  and  to 
increased  efficiency  in  all  branches  of  the 
service. 

"The  public  interest,  the  interest  of  the  Ter- 
ritory, the  credit  of  the  service,  and  welfare  of 
the  soldier,  alike  require  that  Arizona  be  made 
a  separate  military  department. 

"Sacaton,  on  the  Gila,  about  ninety  (90) 
miles  this  side  of  Tucson  would  be,  on  account 

V— 14 


210  HISTORY   OF   ARIZONA. 

of  its  central  position,  the  most  eligible  point 
for  department  headquarters. 

"I  come  now  to  the  consideration  of  the  policy 
that  has  been  followed  in  assigning  troops  to 
stations  in  Arizona. 

"The  effort  has  evidently  been  to  cover  or 
occupy  a  vast  extent  of  country  with  compara- 
tively a  small  number  of  troops. 

''To  accomplish  this  it  became  necessary  to 
establish  a  number  of  posts,  garrisoned  by  one 
and  two  companies. 

"The  evils  of  these  petty  commands  are  too 
well  known  to  require  special  enumeration,  but 
among  the  most  prominent  is  the  large  number 
of  men  rendered  non-effective,  from  the  neces- 
sity of  employing  them  in  performing  ordinary 
routine  duties,  the  proportion  being  much 
greater  in  commands  of  one  and  two  companies 
than  in  garrisons  of  five  and  six  companies 
strong. 

"In  this  way  the  efficiency  of  troops  is  much 
impaired,  discipline  seriously  injured,  and  the 
non-effective  force  greatly  increased,  in  conse- 
quence of  the  necessity  of  leaving  in  camp  a 
large  proportion  of  a  command  for  the  protec- 
tion of  public  property,  etc.,  whenever  it  takes 
the  field. 

"This  policy  also  multiplies  places  for  incom- 
petent commanders  and  disbursing  officers,  be- 
sides greatly  increasing  the  expense  of  the  mili- 
tary establishment. 

"As  an  offset  to  the  grave  objections  which 
are  incident  to,  and  indeed  are  part  and  insepa- 
rable from,  the  policy  itself,  it  will  be  asked 


THE  MILITARY.  211 

what  are  the  results,  and  is  life  and  property 
rendered  comparatively  secure  by  this  scatter- 
ing of  the  troops  into  small  commands  and 
detachments  ? 

''Would  that  I  could  reply  in  the  affirmative; 
but  when  it  is  known  that  men  were  killed  on 
the  road  a  few  miles  ahead  of  and  behind  me, 
that  animals  have  been  killed  and  driven  off 
from  a  corral,  not  fifty  yards  distant  from  a  de- 
tachment of  seven  men  specially  designed  for 
their  protection,  and  that  the  safety  of  the  de- 
tachment itself  is  probably  due  to  the  timely  and 
accidental  arrival  of  fifteen  or  twenty  soldiers, 
it  will  be  seen  that  neither  life  nor  property  are 
very  secure  at  this  time  in  Arizona. 

"Indeed,  it  may  well  be  doubted  if  they  have 
ever  been  less  so,  and  certainly,  since  travelling 
through  the  Territory  in  1857  and  1859,  I  have 
never  known  the  roads  so  dangerous  as  they  are 
now. 

''The  remedy  for  this  condition  of  things  I 
conceive  to  be  the  adoption  of  the  opposite 
policy  from  that  now  in  existence  in  Arizona, 
viz.,  in  the  concentration  of  troops. 

"I  do  not  expect  or  look  for  any  immediate 
improvement  in  the  state  of  affairs  in  the  event 
of  concentration  becoming  the  policy  for  the 
future,  but  its  adoption  would  give  at  all  times 
a  large  force  for  operations  against  Indians, 
and  from  several  points.  As  matters  now  are 
and  have  been  this  is  proved  to  be  impracticable. 

"Certainly  many  of  the  grave  evils  of  the 
existing  policy,  set  forth  above,  which  officers 
on  the  frontier  know,  feel,  and  complain  of. 


212  HISTORY   OF   ARIZONA. 

should  and  probably  would  not  be  found  if  the 
troops  were  concentrated  at  several  large  posts. 

"In  the  Prescott  district  the  only  change  that 
seems  to  me  necessary  is  to  concentrate  the  six 
companies  at  one  post,  within  from  twenty  to 
thirty  miles  of  Prescott,  maintaining  outposts 
at  the  settlements,  if  necessary. 

''South  of  the  Gila,  the  only  point  which  I 
think  it  necessary  or  advisable  to  occupy  are 
Camps  Goodwin  and  Bowie  and  a  point  adjoin- 
ing the  site  of  old  Fort  Buchanan,  which  is  ex- 
ceedingly favorable  for  a  large  force,  especially 
for  cavalry. 

"If  supplies  are  to  be  sent  to  the  posts  south 
of  the  Gila,  through  Sonora,  Buchanan  is  the 
point  for  the  depot. 

"At  Sacaton,  one  company  would  be  needed 
if  it  became  the  headquarters  of  the  department. 

"The  third  point  demanding  attention  is  the 
want  of  more  mounted  men.  There  seems  to 
me  to  be  but  one  way  of  bringing  about  this 
result,  and  that  is  to  mount  infantry.  This  will 
render  them  available  in  the  pursuit  of  Indians, 
and  will  be  a  strong  addition  to  the  effective 
force  in  the  Territory.  As  footmen  they  are  of 
but  little  service  in  Indian  warfare. 

' '  Eight  or  ten  companies  of  infantry  mounted 
and  armed  with  a  carbine,  preferably  with 
Spencer's,  would  be  ample. 

"This  done,  the  troops  concentrated,  and  the 
Territory  organized  into  a  military  department, 
and  it  will  not  be  long  before  a  marked  improve- 
ment becomes  manifest  in  the  general  condition 
of  military  affairs  in  Arizona. 


THE  MILITARY.  213 

"Infantry  companies  employed  mainly  on  es- 
cort duty  need  a  carbine  and  pistol.  Men  of 
the  company  at  Camp  Cady,  which  is  thus  en- 
gaged, have  provided  themselves  with  revolvers 
at  their  own  expense. 

"The  introduction  of  the  Spencer  carbine 
throughout  the  service  will  more  than  treble  our 
effective  strength. 

"Having  very  recently  reported  in  regard  to 
abandoning  El  Dorado  Canon,  it  is  unnecessary 
to  say  more  on  the  subject. 

"The  subject  of  providing  storehouses,  hos- 
pitals, and  quarters  for  troops  in  Arizona  is  one 
also  meriting  attention. 

"Quarters  are  promised  the  recruit  when  he 
enlists,  money  is  annually  appropriated  by  Con- 
gress for  this  purpose  and,  I  may  add,  is  con- 
tinually squandered  by  being  placed  in  the 
hands  of  unpractical  and  incompetent  officers 
for  expenditure. 

"The  contentment,  comfort,  health,  welfare, 
and  efficiency  of  the  soldier  are  so  intimately 
connected  with  this  subject  of  quarters  when  in 
garrison  that  they  cannot  be  denied  them  as  a 
rule  without  creating  discontent  with  the  ser- 
vice. 

"There  are  to-day  many  suffering  soldiers  m 
Arizona,  soldiers  who  are  suffering  unneces- 
sarily, who  are  exposed  to  the  weather,  as  the 
negro  of  the  south  or  the  peasant  of  Ireland  has 
never  been,  and  this  in  a  climate  where  the  heat 
is  greater  and  more  oppressive  than  I  ever  ex- 
perienced in  Texas,  the  tropics,  or  elsewhere, 
where  the  thermometer  ranges  every  day  for 


214  HISTORY   OF   ARIZONA. 

several  montlis  from  95°  to  115°  and  120°  in  the 
coolest  places. 

''If  a  large  post  and  depot  should  be  located 
near  old  Fort  Buchanan  or  elsewhere,  the  build- 
ing of  it  should  be  committed  to  a  regular 
quartermaster,  and  not  to  inexperienced  young 
officers,  as  I  found  to  be  the  case  at  Camp 
Goodwin. 

"This  is  one  of  the  duties  of  the  Quarter- 
masters' Department  that  should,  as  far  as  pos- 
sible be  discharged  by  officers  of  the  department. 
Under  their  superintendency  better  and  cheaper 
buildings  will,  as  a  rule  be  erected. 

"The  views  set  forth,  whether  sound  or  not, 
are  my  convictions,  and,  as  I  interpret  my  duty 
as  inspector  of  the  division,  I  feel  bound  to  ex- 
press them  for  the  consideration  of  the  major 
general  commanding. 

"I  remain,  general,  very  respectfully,  your 
obedient  servant, 

"ROGER  JONES, 
"Major  and  Assistant  Inspector  General, 
"Inspector  General  Military  Division  Pacific. 
"Brevet  Major  General  JAMES  B.  FRY, 

"Adjutant  General  Middle  Division  of  the 
Pacific. 

"San  Francisco,  California. 
"Official: 

"JAMES  B.  FRY,  A.  A.  G." 


THE  MILITARY.  215 

Here  follow  the  remarks  of  General  Mc- 
Dowell on  the  report  of  Colonel  Jones : 

"HEADQUARTERS  DEPARTMENT  OF 
CALIFORNIA. 

''San  Francisco,  California, 

"August  14,  1867. 

"Respectfully  returned  with  the  following 
remarks : 

"The  state  of  affairs  which  the  assistant  in- 
spector general  noticed  in  Arizona  has  been  well 
known  to  me,  and  has  not  ceased  to  engage  my 
attention  from  the  first.  But  it  is  not,  in  my 
judgment,  due  to  the  causes  he  supposes,  and  is 
not  to  be  corrected  by  the  measures  be  suggests. 

"His  remedy  consists  mainly  in, 

"1st.  The  creation  of  Arizona  into  a  sepa- 
rate command,  with  its  commander  at  some 
central  station,  as  at  Sacaton,  for  instance. 

"2nd.  In  the  concentration  of  the  troops  in 
large  commands,  as,  for  instance,  the  six  com- 
panies in  the  district  of  Prescott,  into  one  post, 
within  from  twenty  to  thirty  miles  of  Prescott, 
maintaining  outposts  at  the  settlements,  if  nec- 
essary, and  south  of  the  Gila,  having  only 
Camps  Goodwin  and  Bowie,  one  post  near  old 
Fort  Buchanan,  and  a  company  at  Sacaton. 

"Had  the  assistant  inspector  general  been  out 
here  for  the  last  two  and  a  half  years,  he  might 
have  been  able  to  discuss  this  question  more  sat- 
isfactorily with  reference  to  the  remedies  he 
proposes,  for  they  have  both  been  tried,  and  the 
unsatisfactory  condition  of  affairs  he  has 
noticed   in  the    course   of   his    inspection,  and 


216  HISTORY   OF   ARIZONA. 

which  existed  when  his  proposed  measures  were 
in  force,  would  have  to  be  accounted  for  other- 
wise than  he  suggests. 

' '  When  I  came  to  the  command  of  the  depart- 
ment of  the  Pacific,  in  July,  1864,  Arizona 
formed  part  of  the  district  of  New  Mexico,  and 
when  it  was  added  to  my  command,  its  inhabi- 
tants were  greatly  rejoiced.  It  was  a  claim  to 
their  consideration  to  have  been  prominent  in 
having  had  the  change  effected.  At  first  I  had 
been  averse  to  having  the  Territory,  but  yielded 
to  the  desire  of  others,  when  I  came  to  see  that 
it  drew  its  supplies  from  this  place,  and  that 
I  had,  in  fact,  to  care  for  it,  without  having  the 
authority  to  control  it. 

"On  its  being  placed  under  me,  I  made  of  it  a 
district ;  appointed  a  general  officer  to  command 
it;  sent  him  more  than  a  brigade  of  troops  (at 
one  time  thirty-six  companies),  more  men,  and 
better  men  for  the  purpose,  and,  with  some 
exception,  better  officers,  than  are  there  now. 

"He  had  full  authority  in  the  matter  of  dis- 
tributing his  troops,  in  making  contracts  and 
purchases  for  their  supply;  was  furnished  with 
everything  he  asked  for,  that  had  to  come  from 
here;  had  authority  to  institute  courts-martial; 
and  in  short  had  all  the  authority,  in  every 
particular,  that  I,  as  department  commander, 
at  this  moment  possess. 

"His  posts  were  larger  than  the  assistant 
inspector-general  suggests,  for  he  appreciated, 
as  I  most  fully  do,  all  the  evils  of  small  com- 
mands. 

"Near  old  Fort  Buchanan,  which  is  one  of  the 
23oints  the    assistant    inspector-general    recom- 


THE  MILITARY.  217 

mends,  he  had  a  post  of  seven  companies,  four 
companies  at  Fort  Grant,  five  companies  at 
Goodwin,  four  companies  at  Fort  Whipple,  at 
one  time  six,  and  six  companies  at  Camp 
McDowell. 

''His  headquarters  were  at  Yuma,  Prescott, 
and  at  the  very  place  suggested  by  the  assistant 
inspector  general,  Sacaton. 

"His  men  were  of  the  best;  they  were  self- 
reliant,  intelligent,  hardy,  quick  to  take  care 
of  themselves  wherever  sent.  He  had  two  suc- 
cessors, w^ho  had  their  headquarters  at  Sacaton. 

' '  Did  this  command  as  thus  ordered,  and  these 
large  posts,  give  that  absolute  security  to  the 
people  and  property  all  over  Arizona,  without 
which  affairs  may  be  properly  said  to  be  un- 
satisfactory? Were  men  suifered  by  the  In- 
dians to  go  alone  within  their  reach,  unmo- 
lested'? Were  cattle  always  safe  even  under 
the  fire  of  a  sentinel?     No. 

"The  assistant  inspector  general,  speaking  of 
what  he  calls  the  results  of  the  present  policy, 
says  that  men  were  even  killed  a  few  miles 
ahead  of  and  behind  him,  and  that  animals  were 
killed  and  driven  off  from  a  corral  not  fifty 
yards  from  a  detachment  of  seven  men  specially 
designed  for  their  protection.  Well,  the  same 
was  done  under  the  state  of  affairs  which  he 
thinks  would  prove  a  remedy. 

"It  is  to  be  well  borne  in  mind,  in  considering 
matters  in  Arizona: 

"1st.  That  the  Apache  kills  and  robs  as  a 
means  of  livelihood.  It  is  his  normal  condition. 
He  has  been  at  it  for  forty-seven  years,  if  not, 
indeed,  for  centuries. 


218  HISTORY   OF   ARIZONA. 

''2iid.  That  there  is  no  confederation  or  al- 
liance between  the  several  tribes,  frequently 
none  between  the  bands  of  the  same  tribe  (or, 
if  there  has  been,  it  has  been  of  no  practical 
importance). 

"3rd.  That  the  hostile  Indians  all  live  in  the 
most  remote  and  inaccessible  parts  of  the  Ter- 
ritory, to  which  it  is  difficult  for  the  whites, 
under  the  most  favorable  circumstances,  to 
IDenetrate. 

"4th.  That  the  portions  of  the  Territory 
(with  few  exceptions)  inhabited  by  the  whites, 
are  seamed  with  mountain  ridges,  which,  like 
the  plains  between  them,  are  bare  of  trees,  and 
from  which  the  roads  and  the  settlements  are  as 
plain  to  the  sight  of  the  stealthy  Apache,  as  is 
the  pit  of  a  theatre  to  a  spectator  in  the  gallery. 

"5th.  That  this  physical  condition  of  the 
face  of  the  country  enables  the  Apache  to  make 
a  sure  calculation  what  to  do,  and  what  to  avoid. 
He  can,  from  his  secure  lookout  in  the  mountain 
side  or  top,  see  for  miles  off  exactly  how  many 
persons  are  moving  on  the  road,  and  how  they 
are  moving;  he  knows  exactly  where  they  must 
pass,  where  only  they  can  get  a  drink  of  water ; 
he  never  has  occasion  to  take  any  risk,  and  it  is 
his  law  never  to  take  any. 

"6th.  That  having  been  at  this  business  for 
years,  and  having  an  exact  knowledge  of  every 
ridge,  every  pass  and  ravine,  and  being  entirely 
unencumbered  with  any  luggage,  camp  or  gar- 
rison equipage,  and  being  able  to  go  for  days 
on  an  amount  of  food  on  which  a  white  man 
would  sink  from  exhaustion,  he  can  strike  and 
escape  before  any  one  but  the  one  stricken  has 


THE  MILITARY.  219 

Imowledge  of  his  presence ;  and  if  he  is  too  hard 
pressed  to  carry  off  his  booty,  he  has  only  to 
abandon  it  and  gain  one  of  the  inevitable  moun- 
tain ridges,  and  he  is  safe  from  any  pursuit  that 
a  white  man,  either  on  foot  or  horseback,  can 
make. 

'*  Bearing  these  facts  in  mind,  it  is  easy  to  be 
seen  that  a  large  post  will  not  prevent  an  as- 
sassination or  a  theft.  Witness  what  was  done 
last  month,  near  one  of  the  largest  posts  in  Ari- 
zona, where  there  are  five  companies,  and  near 
which  two  men  were  killed  while  fishing;  and 
what  occurred  a  few  days  ago  in  Nevada,  where 
a  man,  who  was  fishing  near  the  post,  was  shot 
in  the  head  by  an  Indian  concealed  behind  a 
rock.  Neither  large  posts  nor  small  posts  Avill 
prevent  these  things  so  long  as  the  Indians  are 
in  a  state  of  hostility,  any  more  than  murder 
and  robbery  will  not  be  committed  in  the  vicinity 
of  a  large  city.  This  is  well  illustrated  by  the 
following  slip  from  to-day's  paper,  August  14, 
giving  an  account  of  a  raid  in  the  vicinity  of 
Prescott,  Arizona  Territory. 

''  'On  Thursday,  at  noon,  a  band  of  Indians 
jumped  the  herd  kept  by  Mr.  A.  G.  Dunn,  and 
at  the  time  grazing  within  half  a  mile  east  of 
the  centre  of  the  town  of  Prescott.  An  alarm 
was  immediately  given  and  our  citizens  turned 
out  in  force,  but  being  mostly  on  foot  they  gave 
up  the  chase.  In  an  hour  Lieutenant  Purdy 
and  twenty-five  cavalrymen  from  Whipple  were 
on  the  track,  with  several  citizens  well  mounted ; 
but  after  an  absence  of  twenty-four  hours  they 
returned,  having  been  unable  to  follow  the  trail. 
In    the    herd   were    five    horses    belonging    to 


220  HISTORY   OF   ARIZONA. 

O.  Allen,  one  to  Sheriff  Rourke,  one  to  Ben 
Block,  and  one  to  the  Governor,  making  some 
five  or  six  valuable  saddle  animals  the  Indians 
have  taken  from  him  within  three  years.  This 
is  a  great  country.  Yesterday  the  Indians  ran 
off  the  stock  from  Bower's  ranch,  at  the  Point 
of  Rocks,  seven  miles  from  Prescott,  but  they 
were  pursued  and  the  stock  recovered.' 

"But  it  may  be  urged  large  posts  are  not  for 
defensive  purposes;  they  are  to  enable  large 
bodies  (see  report  on  camp  Grant)  to  move  into 
the  mountain  fastnesses  and  homes  of  the  hos- 
tile. 

"The  celerity  and,  above  all,  the  secrecy  of 
movement  of  a  body  decreases  with  its  size. 
These  large  posts,  established  as  indicated  by 
the  assistant  inspector  general,  would  be  at  a 
long  distance  from  these  mountain  fastnesses, 
and  long  before  the  large  body,  encumbered  by 
its  pack  train,  could  gain  them,  the  Indians 
would  know  of  its  movement,  and  would  have 
fled  onl}^  to  be  seen  making  insulting  gestures 
from  a  distant  moimtain  ridge,  or  found  hang- 
ing on  the  rear  and  shooting  from  some  secure 
hiding  place,  on  the  pack  train  as  it  woimd 
through  some  gorge  or  canyon. 

' '  The  reports  of  expeditions  carried  on  in  the 
way  suggested  have  almost  invariably  ended 
with  the  statement  that,  after  leaving  their 
camp  and  marching  for  several  days  over  a  bar- 
ren country,  meeting  no  one,  they  finally  saw 
smoke  from  distant  hills  or  mountain  ridges 
answered  by  other  smokes,  and  after  pushing 
on  with  their  command  over  almost  inaccessible 
mountains  and  impassable  canyons,  they  found 


THE  MILITARY.  221 

their  rations  would  only  last  them  long  enough 
to  get  back  to  camp,  and  so  they  returned  with 
the  men  and  horses  shoeless  and  used  up,  their 
promenade  having  no  other  effect  than  to 
embolden  rather  than  to  subdue  the  enemy. 

''This  is  illustrated  by  the  following  account, 
taken  from  to-day's  paper  (August  14)  of  a 
scout  in  the  Verde  district,  Arizona  Territory. 

"  'On  the  ninth  day  their  track  got  verj^ 
fresh,  and  w-e  ambushed  in  some  willow  brush 
until  night.  We  had  been  obliged  to  travel  in 
the  day-time,  owing  to  dark  nights  and  the 
roughness  of  the  country.  We  were  across  Salt 
river,  in  what  is  known  as  the  Salt  River  coun- 
try. Just  about  sunset  we  started,  and  we  had 
not  traveled  one  hour  when  we  were  fired  upon 
from  the  top  of  a  very  steep  sided  mountain. 
In  fact,  it  was  almost  impossible  for  a  man  to 
climb  it  at  all.  The  first  notice  we  had  of  them 
was  a  volley  of  balls  and  arrows.  They  did  not 
use  their  guns  after  the  fire,  but  kept  up  a  cloud 
of  arrows  with  a  perfect  looseness,  as  though 
'twas  no  trouble  to  make  them.  None  of  our 
men  were  hit.  We  returned  the  fire,  but  were 
unable  to  determine  how  many,  if  any,  were  hit, 
as  at  each  volley  the  Indians  w^ould  drop  to  the 
ground.  They  danced,  shouted,  and  called  us 
all  the  pet  names  their  vocabulary  affords,  I 
presume.  We  prospected  around  the  mountain 
and  found  there  was  no  way  to  get  up  to  it  with- 
out the  sacrifice  of  many  valuable  lives;  and 
then  the  Indians  could  run  from  us,  and  having 
been  discovered,  and  many  signal  smokes  having 
been  sent  up,  we  gave  it  up  as  a  bad  job  and 
returned  to  the  post.' 


222  HISTORY   OF   ARIZONA. 

''In  other  words,  to  place  the  troops  in  large 
bodies  involves  with  the  limited  number  at  com- 
mand, few  posts  at  a  great  distance  apart,  and 
these  posts,  as  proposed,  nearer  the  whites  than 
the  Indians. 

''This,  in  a  country  Like  Arizona,  would 
neither  protect  the  settlers  nor  punish  their 
enemies. 

"It  may  be  asked  if  it  is  not  necessary,  for 
safety  as  well  as  efficiency,  that  a  force  going 
after  these  Indians  should  be  large  in  order  to 
effect  anything.  Such  does  not  seem  to  be  the 
opinion  of  two  of  the  best  commanders  in  Ari- 
zona. 

"Brevet  Lieutenant  Colonel  Price,  command- 
ing the  district  of  the  upper  Colorado,  reports 
that  in  his  expeditions  after  the  Indians,  he  has 
ascertained,  'that  the  Hualapais  are  a  very 
cowardly  race,  and  that  ten  good  cavalry  men 
could  probably  disperse  the  whole  tribe  if  they 
could  be  caught  on  the  plain ;  but  they  are  very 
fleet  runners,  and  have  a  large  tract  of  country 
to  range  over. 

"  'The  most  hostile  band  is  led  by  Chief 
Cherum  (war  chief  of  the  Yavapais),  in  the 
Cerbat  range.  They  have  committed  nearly  all 
of  the  murders  and  depredations. 

"  'They  are  well  acquainted  with  the  ways 
and  manners  of  the  white  man,  and  many  of 
them  are  armed  v^th  superior  weapons,  which 
they  well  know  how  to  use  from  behind  rocks 
and  safe  places.  The  officers  from  Prescott  say 
they  would  prefer  fighting  five  Apaches  to  one 
Hualapai.' 


THE  MILITARY.  223 

"In  southern  Arizona  a  detachment  of  forty 
officers  and  men  sent  out  from  Camp  Wallen,  a 
two-company  post,  were  judged  sufficient  by  one 
of  our  most  celebrated  Indian  fighters,  Colonel 
McGarry,  to  penetrate  the  haunts  of  Cochese, 
which  they  did  successfully,  destroying  one  of 
his  rancherias  and  putting  his  men  to  flight. 

' '  That  more  was  not  done  was  due,  the  colonel 
states,  not  to  the  want  of  numbers,  but  to  the 
broken  down  condition  of  the  horses  when  they 
came  up  with  the  Indians. 

"With  the  exception  of  the  troops  in  the  dis- 
trict of  the  Yerde,  when  they  fell  into  the  hands 
of  an  officer  unsuited  to  his  duty,  there  has  not 
been  a  party  sent  out  from  a  post  in  Arizona 
that  has  not  driven  the  Indians  wherever  they 
could  come  up  with  them,  or  find  them.  One 
company  of  cavalry  from  the  district  of  Pres- 
cott,  last  month  dispersed  and  drove  what  is 
reported  to  be  a  combination  of  the  Hualapais 
tribe  and  the  Piutes.  (See  recent  reports  of 
General  Gregg  and  Colonel  Price.) 

"Take  for  instance,  the  expeditions  sent  out 
from  Camps  Wallen,  McDowell  and  Whipple. 

"It  is,  I  think,  beyond  a  question  that  the  de- 
fect is  not  in  the  quantity,  but  in  the  quality  of 
the  force.  It  is  not  so  much  a  large  body,  but 
an  active  one  that  is  wanted— one  moving  with- 
out any  baggage,  and  led  by  active,  zealous  offi- 
cers, who  really  wish  to  accomplish  something, 
and  who  are  able  to  endure  fatigue,  and  willing 
to  undergo  great  personal  privations. 

"I  grant  the  existence  of  all  the  evils  named 
by  the  assistant  inspector  general,  as  incident 
to  small  posts,  and  were  it   possible,  I   would 


224  HISTORY   OF    ARIZONA. 

never  have  tlie  garrison  of  a  post  less  than  a 
regiment;  and  if  obliged  to  make  detach- 
ments never  have  one  less  than  two  companies, 
and  never  suffer  these  companies  to  be  absent 
for  more  than  a  few  months  at  a  time.  I  would 
also  never  send  raw  recruits  into  the  field,  never 
have  artillery  act  as  infantry,  or  the  latter  as 
cavalry.  The  question  wdth  me,  how^ever,  has 
been  one  of  necessity,  not  of  choice,  or,  at  least, 
but  a  choice  of  evils. 

'  ^  The  assistant  inspector  general  thinks  a  bet- 
ter state  of  affairs  would  follow  if  all  the  six 
companies  in  the  district  of  Prescott  were  con- 
centrated at  one  camp  near  the  town  (within 
twenty  to  thirty  miles  of  it),  with  outposts  at 
the  settlements,  if  necessary.  Has  he  calcu- 
lated the  number  of  these  outposts  *?  If  he  com- 
menced with  sending  a  few  men  to  this  ranch 
or  that  mill,  other  ranches  and  other  mills  would 
ask  and  have  a  claim  for  as  much;  and  then, 
when  all  the  defensive  arrangements  were  made, 
some  succeeding  inspector  would  have  the  op- 
portunity of  repeating  his  report,  'that  animals 
have  been  driven  off  from  a  corral  not  fifty 
yards  distant  from  a  detachment  of  seven  men, 
specially  designed  for  their  protection.'  And 
then,  how  would  protection  be  given  the  road 
from  La  Paz  to  Prescott  over  which  the  sup- 
plies have  to  be  hauled  ?  By  a  detachment  from 
the  large  camp?  How^  protect  the  road  from 
Maricopa  and  Wickenburg,  over  which  the  mail 
is  carried  between  southern  and  northern  Ari- 
zona'? By  another  detachment?  Thus  much 
for  the  defensive  arrangements.  The  offensive 
movements  against  the  Apaches  w^ould  have  to 


THE  MILITARY.  225 

be  carried  on  as  far  as  beyond  the  Verde,  beyond 
Grief  hill. 

''I  do  not  think  it  well  to  protect  the  road 
from  the  river,  and  from  the  Gila  to  Prescott, 
by  troops  stationed  at  the  latter  place.  Sup- 
plies would  have  to  be  hauled  to  Prescott,  and 
then  hauled  back  over  the  road.  It  is  a  ques- 
tion if  the  camp  at  McPherson  had  not  better 
be  at  La  Paz,  where,  on  the  application  of  the 
superintendent  of  Indian  affairs,  another  post 
will  have  to  be  made ;  and  there  would  be  no  ques- 
tion, if  it  were  not  that  the  road  from  the  Gila, 
coming  into  the  La  Paz  road  near  McPherson, 
also  needs  protection. 

"The  offensive  force  given  by  the  ten  com- 
panies of  cavalry  is,  as  has  been  proven,  large 
enough  to  go  anywhere  into  Arizona,  and  the 
post  on  the  Verde  is  near  enough  the  haunts  of 
the  Indians  for  the  infantry  there  to  accomplish 
something  if  they  had  a  commanding  officer 
suited  to  the  service. 

"As  the  assistant  inspector  general  does  not 
mention  the  district  of  the  Verde,  I  will  not 
now  refer  to  it. 

"As  to  the  arrangement  of  troops  south  of  the 
Gila,  I  find  the  only  change  that  is  suggested  is 
that  the  posts  of  Camps  Wallen  and  Tubac 
should  be  consolidated  into  one  post  at  old  Fort 
Buchanan ;  that  the  posts  at  Tucson  and  Grant 
should  be  abandoned.  As  to  the  first  it  is  with 
General  Crittenden  and  Colonel  McGarry  to  do 
so  or  not,  as  they  with  their  experience  may 
judge  best.  The  company  at  Tucson  is  neces- 
sary for  escorting  trains,  etc.,  from  the  depot 

V— 15 


226  HISTORY   OF   ARIZONA. 

to  the  surrounding  posts,  and  this  duty  can  be 
better  done  by  detachments  from  a  company 
there  than  by  drawing  one  from  the  more  dis- 
tant camps,  and  can  be  maintained  at  a  less  cost. 
I  have  tried  in  vain  to  do  away  with  Camp 
Grant,  and  once  had  issued  the  order  for  it  to  be 
abandoned  but  was  obliged,  by  the  representa- 
tions of  the  commanders  and  the  inhabitants, 
to  re-establish  it. 

"I  come  now  to  the  assertions  made  by  the 
assistant  inspector  general,  'that,  indeed,  it  may 
well  be  doubted  if  life  and  property  have  ever 
been  less  secure  in  Arizona  than  at  this  time.^ 
He  adds,  'and  certainly,  since  traveling  through 
the  Territory  in  1857  and  1859,  I  have  never 
known  the  roads  so  dangerous  as  they  are  now. ' 
In  justice  to  myself  and  the  service  in  Arizona 
the  following  facts  are  to  be  borne  in  mind: 

"1st.  That  when  the  whites  first  came  to 
Arizona  the  Apaches  were  friendly  to  them. 
The  following  extracts  are  from  the  journals  of 
Emory  and  Johnstone  of  their  march  to  Cali- 
fornia under  General  Kearney  in  1846 : 

"'October  20  *  *  *  the  general  sent 
w^ord  to  the  Apaches  he  would  not  start  until  9 
or  10;  this  gave  them  time  to  come  in,  headed 
by  their  chief.  Red  Sleeve.  They  swore  eternal 
friendship  to  the  whites  and  everlasting  hatred 
to  the  Mexicans.  The  order,  quickness,  and 
quietude  of  our  movements  seemed  to  impress 
them.  One  of  the  chiefs  (Apache),  after  eye- 
ing the  general  with  apparent  admiration,  broke 
out  in  a  vehement  manner:  'You  have  taken 
New  Mexico,  and  will  soon  take  California;  go 
then  and  take  Chihuahua,  Durango,  and  Sonora,. 


THE  MILITAEY,  227 

we  will  help  you.  You  fight  for  land,  we  care 
nothing  for  land.  We  fight  for  the  laws  of 
Montezuma  and  for  food.  The  Mexicans  are 
rascals ;  we  hate  and  will  kill  them  all. '     *     *     * 

"  'November  4  *  *  *  Ti^e  Apaches  gave 
us  to  understand  that  a  marauding  party  of 
their  people  were  in  Sonora.  The  broad,  fresh 
trail  of  cattle  and  horses  leading  up  the  Aroya 
induces  us  to  believe  that  they  have  returned, 
successful,  of  course. 

"  'November  5.  *  *  *  The  bed  of  this 
creek  was  deeply  cut,  and  turned  at  short  angles, 
forming  a  zigzag  like  the  boyaux  laid  by  sap- 
pers in  approaching  a  fortress,  each  turn  of 
which  (and  they  were  invulnerable),  formed  a 
strong  defensive  position.  The  Apache,  once  in 
possession  of  them,  is  secure  from  pursuit  or 
invasion  from  the  Mexican.     *     *     * 

"  'Nature  has  done  her  utmost  to  favor  a  con- 
dition of  things  which  has  enabled  a  savage  and 
uncivilized  tribe,  armed  with  the  bow  and  lance, 
to  hold  as  tributary  powers  three  fertile  and 
once  flourishing  States :  Chihuahua,  Sonora  and 
Durango,  peopled  by  a  Christian  race,  country- 
men of  the  immortal  Cortez.  These  States  were 
at  one  time  flourishing,  but  such  has  been  the 
devastation  and  alarm  spread  by  these  children 
of  the  mountains  that  they  are  now  losing  popu- 
lation, commerce,  and  manufactures  at  a  rate 
which,  if  not  soon  arrested,  must  leave  them 
uninhabited. ' 

"Captain  Johnstone  says: 

"  'October  28.  *  *  *  Around  the  south- 
east base  of  this  is  a  broad  trail  leading  towards 
Sonora,  where  the  Apaches  go  to  steal. 


228  HISTORY   OF   AEIZOIs^A. 

''  'October  29.  *  *  *  About  five  miles 
from  camp  we  fell  upon  the  great  stealing  road 
of  the  Apaches.  It  is  hard  beaten  and  in  places, 
many  yards  wide,  filled  wdth  horse,  mule,  and 
cattle  tracks,  the  latter  all  going  one  way  from 
Sonora. 

'"October  31.  *  *  *  Captain  Moore  and 
Carson  shook  hands  with  them  (Gila  Apaches), 
but  they  would  not  be  induced  to  come  into 
camp.  They  had  been  dealt  with  by  Americans 
in  the  employment  of  Chihuahua,  who  had 
hunted  them  at  $50  a  scalp,  as  one  would  hunt 
wolves,  and  one  American  decoyed  a  large  num- 
ber of  their  brethren  in  rear  of  a  wagon  to  trade, 
and  fired  a  field  piece  among  them. 

"  'November  2.  *  *  ^  Some  Apaches 
(Pinoleros)  showed  themselves  on  a  hill  top 
early  this  morning.  *  *  *  The  high  peaks 
afford  fine  points  for  lookouts,  upon  one  of 
which  is  always  seated  one  of  their  number,  like 
a  sentinel  crow  on  the  highest  limb  of  the  ad- 
jacent tree,  watching  over  the  safety  of  his 
thieving  fraternity.  Their  wigwams  scarce 
peep  above  the  low  brushwood  of  the  country, 
being  not  more  than  four  feet  high,  slightly  dug 
out  in  the  centre,  and  the  dirt  thrown  around 
the  twigs  which  are  rudely  woven  into  an  oven 
shape  as  a  canopy  to  the  house.  A  tenement  of 
a  few  hours'  work  is  the  home  of  a  family  for 
years  or  a  day;  like  wolves  they  are  ever  wan- 
dering. 

"  'November  4.  *  *  *  Here  we  fell  into 
another  Indian  trail,  larger  than  that  we  w^ere 
upon;  both  were  fresh,  signs  of  cattle  lately 
driven  from  Sonora.     These  Indians  have  now 


THE  MILITARY.  229 

been  seventeen  years  living  by  the  plunder  of 
Sonora;  when  they  are  required  to  stop  it  will 
require  either  money  or  powder  to  make  them 
obey. ' 

"2nd.  That  they  so  remained  as  a  general 
thing  until  the  breaking  out  of  the  rebellion. 

"3rd.  That  at  the  time  referred  to  by  the  as- 
sistant inspector  general  there  were,  I  think, 
but  two  posts  in  the  country  now  known  as  Ari- 
zona— Forts  Buchanan  and  Breckenridge. 

"4th.  That  all  the  country  north  of  the  Gila 
was  unsettled  and  almost  totally  unknown  by 
the  w^hites.  Prescott,  and  the  farms  and  mines 
near,  and  the  roads  leading  to  it,  and  all  the 
settlements  north  of  the  Gila,  were  established 
since  the  breaking  out  of  the  rebellion. 

"5th.  That  if  life  and  property  were  more 
secure  in  1857  and  1859,  it  was  not  because  of 
the  existence  of  a  better  policy  then  than  is 
now  pursued;  not  because  the  one  post  in  south- 
em  Arizona  gave  more  protection  than  do  many 
posts  now  established,  some  of  which  have  been 
much  larger  than  the  one  referred  to.  It  was 
due,  not  to  better  protection  against  Indian  hos- 
tilities, but  to  the  fact  that  there  were  fewer 
hostilities  to  guard  against,  and  fewer,  much 
fewer,  points  to  guard.  The  Indians  who  used 
to  prey  on  Sonora  and  Chihuahua  now  find  men 
and  property  to  murder  and  steal  near  their 
haunts.  Instead  of  the  long,  broad  trails  to 
Sonora  mentioned  by  Johnstone,  they  now  make 
short  ones  to  the  roads  and  property  of  the 
whites  in  Arizona.  All  that  mountainous  coun- 
try running  from  northwestern  to  southeastern 
Arizona  is  infested  by  different  bands  of  hostile 
Indians,  who  now  have  to  be  guarded  against 


230  HISTORY   OF   ARIZONA. 

and  who  gave  no  insecurity  to  the  whites  in  1857 
and  1859.  Even  in  southern  Arizona,  Cochese's 
band,  which  is  the  only  one  whose  raids  we  have 
now  to  guard  against,  was  friendly. 

"The  comparison  is  therefore  in  every  way 
unjust.  A  fair  one  would  be  between  the  state 
of  the  country  as  it  was  when  I  first  took  charge, 
and  what  it  is  since  'my  policy'  has  been  in 
operation.  The  condition  of  the  country  when 
I  received  it  was  fully  described  in  mv  report  of 
March  23,  1866,  as  follows : 

"  'Their  (the  Apaches)  murdering  and  ma- 
rauding forays  have  been  carried  on  from  the 
sixty  miles  north  of  Prescott  to  the  Sonora  line, 
all  along  the  valley  of  the  Hassayamp,  the  Verde, 
the  Agua  Fria,  the  Gila,  the  Santa  Cruz,  San 
Pedro,  Sonoita,  Arivaipa,  and  Arrivaca,  in  Skull 
valley,  on  all  the  roads  leading  to  Prescott  and  to 
Wickenburg,  and  from  the  Pimas  to  Fort  Mc- 
Dowell— everywhere,  in  fact,  where  there  was 
life  or  property  to  be  taken.  The  Territory  was 
reduced  to  so  low  a  point  for  want  of  troops,  at 
the  time  of  its  being  transferred  to  my  com- 
mand, that  it  was  fast  being  abandoned.  Tubac 
was  entirely  abandoned.  All  the  farms  in  the 
upper  Santa  Cruz  and  in  the  vicinity  of  Tucson, 
on  the  Sonoita  and  the  San  Pedro,  were  aban- 
doned. Valuable  mines  were  given  up,  as  no 
one  could  venture  to  go  into  the  valley  to  either 
cultivate  the  land  or  herd  the  stock,  so  that  the 
country  produced  no  food. ' 

"It  has  so  far  recovered  under  the  measures 
1  have  taken  that  I  was  justified  in  saying  in 
that  same  report  as  follows: 


THE  MILITARY.  231 

"  'The  valley  of  the  Santa  Cruz  is  again 
peopled  and  planted.  Every  house  in  Tubac 
and  every  farm  in  its  vicinity  is  occupied. 
Tucson,  I  was  told  by  those  who  w^ere  to  be 
believed  had  improved  two  hundred  per  cent. 

"  'The  establishment  of  Fort  McDowell  and 
the  raising  of  two  companies  of  Pimas  and 
Maricopas  have  given  heart  to  central  Arizona. ' 

"A  most  convincing  proof  of  the  jDrotection 
given  is  in  the  fact  that  the  flour,  beans,  and 
forage  raised  in  Arizona  are  now  sufficient  for 
the  citizens  and  for  the  troops,  and  purchased 
by  open  competition  for  the  latter  at  prices  one- 
third  and  one-fourth  and  one-half  of  what  has 
hitherto  been  paid. 

"Flour  is  now  as  cheap  in  central  Arizona  as 
in  New  York. 

"That  part  of  Arizona  between  the  Pimas 
and  Fort  Yuma,  which  was  once  the  scene  of 
some  horrible  atrocities  committed  by  the 
Apaches,  is  now  safely  traveled  without  escorts. 

"The  assistant  inspector  general  refers  to 
my  having  been  able  to  make  but  one  tour 
through  the  country  in  the  three  years  it  has 
been  under  my  command. 

"Arizona  was  placed  under  my  command  in 
the  spring  of  1865,  and  has  been  under  me  a  little 
over  two  years.  I  visited  it  as  soon  as  I  was 
able,  and  1  believe  I  have  seen  more  of  it  than 
any  department  commander  ever  has;  more,  I 
venture  to  say,  than  the  commander  of  the  de- 
partment of  Missouri  has  of  New  Mexico,  or  the 
commander  of  the  Gulf  has  of  Texas,  or  than 
either  of  them  is  likely  to  see  of  those  countries 
in  the  next  five  years. 


232  HISTOEY   OF   ARIZONA. 

**I  do  not  concur  in  the  idea  thrown  out  that 
I  am  to  visit  every  post  in  my  department,  once 
a  year,  if  not  of tener ;  I  think  I  have  done  more 
of  this  than  is  usual ;  I  would  do  more  of  it  than 
I  do,  if  I  consulted  merely  my  personal  inclina- 
tions; but  I  find  my  presence  is  more  needed, 
constantly,  at  headquarters  than  at  any  one  post 
of  my  command.  If  I  am  absent  my  adjutant 
general  or  aide  must  do  much  in  my  name  with- 
out being  able  to  consult  me.  It  should  be  as 
little  expected  of  me  as  that  the  division  com- 
mander should  visit  all  the  division  every  two 
years. 

"As  an  argument  for  having  Arizona  under 
one  commander,  he  refers  to  the  time  it  took  him 
to  make  an  inspection  of  the  posts  in  that  coun- 
try, eighty-four  days.  Of  this  time  but  ten  to 
fourteen  days  were  necessary  to  reach  Arizona, 
and  as  many  to  reach  this  place  from  that  coim- 
try.  It  was  the  very  fact  he  mentions,  the  time 
it  takes  to  go  from  one  end  of  Arizona  to  the 
other,  and  the  bad  results  that  came  of  having 
a  commander,  even  in  a  central  point  like  Saca- 
ton,  who  was  to  control  points,  places,  and 
frontiers  he  could  not  readily  communicate 
with,  that  caused  the  making  of  several  smaller 
districts,  within  each  of  which  the  commander 
could  be  free  to  act  at  once,  without  the  necessity 
of  referring  to  any  one  on  any  matter  connected 
with  his  active  field  operations. 

"This  is  entirely  practicable  in  Arizona, 
where  no  concert  of  action  of  any  moment  exists 
or  is  likely  to  arise  on  the  part  of  the  Indians, 
who  are  dispersed  over  a  large  extent  of  broken 
country^  and  there  is  nothing  more  required  of 


THE  MILITAKY.  233 

the  commander  than  activity  and  energy  in  his 
movements,  and  a  thorough  study  of  the  coun- 
try and  the  habits  of  hostile  Indians. 

''The  district  commanders  have  no  restric- 
tion placed  on  them  by  me  in  any  matter  con- 
cerning their  movements  against  those  hostile 
Indians.  Their  contracts  have  to  come  here 
for  my  approval,  as  they  would  have  to  do  in 
any  case  for  that  of  the  division  commander. 
Administrative  questions  connected  with  the 
care  of  public  property,  money  and  accounts, 
have  to  come  here  for  the  same  reason. 

"Courts  are  not  assembled  often  in  Arizona 
for  the  same  reason  that  they  are  not  in  Nevada 
and  northern  California — the  want  of  officers. 
The  remedy  for  this  is  not  with  me,  and  would 
not  be  with  a  commander  at  Sacaton. 

''So,  at  one  time  since  I  have  had  command, 
there  was  no  mail  communication  whatever  be- 
tween Arizona  and  New  Mexico,  and  letters  be- 
tween the  Territories  went  by  way  of  Denver 
and  Utah. 

"As  to  the  suggestion  made,  of  mounting  in- 
fantry, I  will  not  repeat  here  what  I  have 
already  said  on  the  subject. 

"The  assistant  inspector  general  writes  with 
much  emphasis  as  to  the  necessity  of  providing 
storehouses,  hospitals,  and  quarters  for  troops 
in  Arizona.  He  has  specially  referred  to  this 
subject  in  each  of  his  reports,  and  he  is  sus- 
tained in  his  general  proposition,  that  increased 
protection  in  the  way  of  buildings  for  men  and 
property  should  be  given,  by  the  recommenda- 
tion of  General  Crittenden,  and  in  fact  most  if 
not  all  the  district  commanders  in  the  TeiTitory. 


234  HISTORY   OF   ARIZONA. 

General  Crittenden  says  as  follows  in  an  en- 
dorsement on  estimate  of  the  commander  of 
Camp  Wallen: 

"  'I  am  perfectly  convinced,  since  my  arrival 
in  the  district,  that  the  troops  at  all  posts  in  this 
district  should  be  quartered  in  adobe  buildings, 
for  both  the  health  of  the  troops  and  as  a  matter 
of  economy  to  the  government.  Indeed  I  think 
it  is  impossible  for  the  troops  to  retain  their 
health  while  in  tents,  especially  during  the  sum- 
mer season.' 

' '  With  respect  to  this  I  transcribe  the  follow- 
ing from  the  instructions  to  Colonel  Lovell,  of 
November  8,  I8166,  in  answer  to  a  letter  from 
the  commanding  officer  of  Camp  Wallen,  recom- 
mending the  erection  of  buildings  at  that  place, 
the  one  concerning  which  General  Crittenden 
makes  the  recommendation  I  have  quoted : 

''  'By  orders  of  April  23,  1866  (Special  Or- 
ders No.  80),  the  troops  ordered  to  the  upper 
San  Pedro  were  directed  to  go  into  camp,  or 
provide  themselves  wdth  such  shelters  as  can  be 
made  with  the  means  at  hand  by  the  labor  of 
men. 

"  'The  camp  was  established  May  10,  and  yet 
up  to  September  nothing  seems  to  have  been 
done  by  any  one  in  Arizona  towards  providing 
these  shelters  for  the  men,  such  as  have  been 
made  hitherto  throughout  this  country,  from 
Washington  Territory  to  the  Sonora  line. 

"  'The  troops,  wherever  sent,  have  always 
soon  made  themselves  comfortable  by  their  offi- 
cers' direction,  and  by  their  own  labor,  and 
hutted  themselves  in  the  same  way  prospecting 
miners  have  done,  and  are  continually  doing, 


THE  MILITARY.  235 

by  the  use  of  stone,  wood,  adobes,  poles  placed 

upright  and  filled  in  with  clay,  turf,  sods,  reeds, 

willows,  etc.,  and  this  in  places  more  destitute 

than  at  Camp  Wallen. 
******** 

"  'You  will  order  that,  in  making  these  shel- 
ters, the  commanding  officer  shall  put  them  up 
in  the  order  of  time  prescribed  in  General  Or- 
ders No.  39,  for  the  huts  to  be  built  at  the  camp 
to  be  established  northeast  from  Fort  McDowell, 
(Camp  Reno) .  The  same  provisions  as  to  extra 
pay  to  the  enlisted  men,  therein  made,  will 
apply  in  the  case  of  the  new  camp.' 

"I  have  not  authorized  more  permanent  quar- 
ters than  those  which  the  men  could  make  by 
their  own  labor,  with  the  materials  at  hand,  be- 
cause it  was  not  known,  nor  could  it  be  ascer- 
tained at  once  where  permanent  posts  would 
be  required. 

"The  population  in  this  country  is  so  fluctuat- 
ing (on  account  of  the  uncertainty  of  mining 
operations) ,  that  it  frequently  happens  that  be- 
fore a  permanent  post  is  finished  the  necessity 
for  it  has  ceased." 

The  recommendations  of  the  Inspector-Gen- 
eral that  a  division  commander  with  headquar- 
ters in  Arizona,  be  appointed,  were  afterwards 
adopted  when  General  Crook  was  placed  in  com- 
mand with  full  authority  to  direct  the  campaign 
according  to  his  judgment  without  interference 
from  a  superior  officer  twelve  hundred  miles  re- 
moved from  the  theater  of  conflict. 


236  HISTORY   OF   ARIZONA. 


CHAPTER  XI. 

THE  MILITARY  (Continued). 

General  Orders  as  to  Location  of  Troops  in 
Arizona  —  Remarks  of  General  Mc- 
Dowell—  Easy  Times  for  Government 
Contractors  —  General  Gregg  Orders 
That  All  Indians  Off  Reservations  be 
Treated  as  Hostiles — Interference  With 
Order  by  Indian  Agent  Dent  —  General 
Gregg ^s  Order  Countermanded  by  General 
McDowell  —  General  McDowell  Criti- 
cised BY  Governor  McCormick — General 
McDowell ^s  Second  Annual  Report — Re- 
ports Expeditions  Against  the  Indians. 

''(General  Orders  No.  39.) 

''HEADQUARTERS     DEPARTMENT     OF 
CALIFORNIA. 

"San  Francisco,  Cal.,  October  31,  1866. 
"I.  The  troops  heretofore  at  Fort  Grant, 
and,  since  the  flood  there,  at  the  site  of  old  Fort 
Breckenridge,  will  be  withdrawn  from  those 
places,  and  the  stations  there  abandoned.  The 
public  property  and  stores  will  be  sent,  under 
the  direction  of  the  district  commander,  to  such 
other  stations  as  may  be  best  for  the  service. 
The  troops  will  be  sent  to  Fort  McDowell,  and 
thence  will  proceed  to  establish  themselves,  as 
soon  as  practicable,  at  the  most  eligible  point 
beyond  the  Sierra  Ancha,  in  what  has  been 
called  Meadow  Valley,  about  eighty-five  miles 


THE  MILITARY.  237 

northeast  from  Fort  McDowell.  This  place  is 
reported  to  have  good  water,  an  abundance  of 
grass,  oak,  and  pine  wood,  and  some  arable 
land.  It  is  in  the  midst  of  the  hostile  Apaches, 
and  is  at  present  inaccessible  to  w^agons.  The 
district  commander  is  specially  charged  with 
the  duty  of  seeing  that  timely  supplies  of 
quartermasters'  subsistence,  and  medical  stores 
and  ordnance  are  sent  to  Fort  McDowell,  and 
afterwards  to  the  new  post,  for  this  command. 

"II.  Preliminary  to  establishing  themselves 
as  above,  the  companies  will  proceed  to  make 
a  good  trail  from  Fort  McDowell  to  their  new 
station,  to  be  improved  as  far  and  as  soon  as 
possible  into  a  wagon  road. 

''III.  The  huts  and  shelters  at  the  camp 
will  be  made  by  the  labor  of  the  enlisted  men 
from  the  materials  at  hand,  and  in  the  following 
order,  viz.: 

''First.  The  shelter  huts  for  the  men  and 
company  laundresses,  including  the  mess-rooms ; 
nothing  else  in  the  way  of  building  to  be  com- 
menced until  they  are  "finished  and  occupied. 

' '  Second.     Shelter  hospital. 

"Third.     Shelter  storehouses. 

"Fourth.     Shelter  huts  for  officers. 

"Fifth.     Shelters  for  horses. 

"Dimensions  of  the  huts  for  officers  will  be 
furnished  the  commanding  officer  by  Colonel 
Babbitt,  and  these  dimensions  wdll  not  be 
exceeded. 

"IV.  Whilst  working  more  than  ten  days 
continuously  on  the  trail  and  wagon  road,  and 
on  the  huts  and  shelters  at  the  standing  camp 


238  HISTORY   OF   ARIZONA. 

for  themselves  and.  their  supplies,  the  enlisted 
men  will  be  allowed  the  extra  pay  provided  by 
the  act  approved  July  13,  1866.  Care  will  be 
taken  to  see  that  the  provisions  of  that  act  are 
fully  complied  with. 

"The  assistant  inspector  general  is  very  de- 
cided in  his  language  as  to  the  insufficiency  of 
the  shelters  provided  in  Arizona,  and  I  submit 
that,  in  view  of  his  condemnation  of  the  hos- 
pitals at  Tucson,  Whipple,  McDowell,  Mohave, 
etc.,  which  were  all  found  good  by  the  medical 
director,  the  building  used  at  Whipple  is  the 
finest  one  in  Arizona — his  opinion  should  be  re- 
ceived with  some  allowance.  It  depends  on  the 
standard  of  comparison  whether  these  shelters 
merit  the  condemnation  with  which  he  visits 
them.  I  know  nothing  of  the  huts  in  Ireland; 
but  have  seen  plenty  of  negro  cabins  that  were 
very  comfortable  as  compared  with  a  tent,  and 
this  is  the  comparison  to  make.  I  lived  ten 
years  in  Mexico,  most  all  the  time  in  a  tent,  and 
found  the  Mexican  hacal  comfortable  in  com- 
parison. 

"If  the  officers  and  men,  like  at  Camp  Wall  en, 
prefer  to  suffer  rather  than  exert  themselves, 
as  those  before  them  have  done,  and  had  rather 
live  under  a  shelter  tent  than  to  make  them- 
selves comfortable,  as  they  have  been  authorized 
and  ordered  to  do,  their  discomfort  merits  re- 
proaches rather  than  sympathy.  It  is  seen, 
from  recent  reports,  that  the  commanding  offi- 
cer of  the  camp  is  now  making  the  shelters 
which  he  should  have  made  long  ago. 


THE  MILITARY.  239 

"I  sent  a  saw-mill  to  southern  Arizona,  to  be 
used  in  the  pinery  to  get  out  lumber  for  quar- 
ters, but  it  was  never  set  up,  and  not  long  since 
a  report  of  a  board  of  survey  came  to  me  con- 
demning the  mill  as  old  and  worn  out,  or  useless. 
No  one  took  the  trouble  to  see  about  it.  It  was 
a  new  mill  which  never  had  been  used. 

"One  of  the  causes  of  the  unsatisfactory  state 
of  affairs  in  Arizona,  and  which  has  not  been 
touched  upon  by  the  assistant  inspector  general, 
is,  that  of  the  few  officers  whom  it  has  been 
possible  to  get  there  with  their  companies  many 
are  not  yet  suited  to  the  particular  kind  of  ser- 
vice required  in  that  country,  and  of  these  many 
show  but  a  feeble  disposition  to  adapt  them- 
selves to  it.  Coming  out  of  a  war  of  immense 
proportions,  in  which  many  of  them  have  borne 
a  prominent  and  distinguished  j^art,  having 
passed  through  all  the  excitement  that  it  created, 
they  want  rest,  and  the  service  in  Arizona  is 
peculiarly  fatiguing  and  disagreeable.  Many 
look  upon  the  veiy  act  of  being  sent  there  as  a 
punishment.  Again,  many  have  married  since 
the  war,  or  have  but  rejoined  their  families  since 
peace  was  made,  and  they  have  their  families 
with  them,  under  circumstances  of  great  priva- 
tions to  those  of  whom  they  are  naturally  most 
solicitous ;  many  times  with  young  children  and 
no  servants.  They  do  not  want  to  live  the  life 
of  Indian-trackers,  and  accommodate  them- 
selves to  that  kind  of  service  which  only  can  in- 
sure success.  Of  course  there  are  many  excep- 
tions, but  this  will  apply  to  a  large  number  with 
whom   the    personal   comfort  of  their  families 


240  HISTORY    OF   ARIZONA. 

and  themselves  is  the  most  prominent  question, 
and  to  which  all  else  has  to  yield. 

"I  passed  an  officer,  going  to  his  post,  carried 
in  an  ambulance  drawn  by  four  mules,  with  a 
six-mule  team  carrying  his  baggage,  and  that 
of  his  infantry  escort,  who  were  scattered  along 
the  road,  with  their  muskets  in  the  wagon. 
Though  cautioned  about  the  danger  of  moving 
in  this  way,  he  was  soon  afterwards  attacked 
and  killed  by  the  Apaches. 

"I  met  another  officer  going  along  with  his 
company,  encumbered  with  his  family  in  such 
a  way  as  to  destroy  his  efficiency.  This  was 
shown  when  the  officer  above  referred  to  was 
attacked,  and,  when  the  latter  was  ordered  to 
go  in  pursuit,  he  pleaded  that  he  could  not  leave 
his  wife  alone.     He  has  since  resigned. 

"In  saying  what  I  have,  I  do  not  wish  to  be 
understood  as  questioning  the  gallantry  and 
intelligence  of  the  officers  in  Arizona,  but  only 
as  stating  that  the  life  and  service  there  is  one 
for  which  their  antecedents  have  not  qualified 
them. 

"iRViN  Mcdowell, 

"Brevet  Major  General  Commanding  Depart- 
ment. 
"Official: 

"JAMES  B.  FRY,  A.  A.  G." 

In  his  remarks  General  McDowell  called  at- 
tention to  the  orders  issued  by  him  to  those  in 
command  of  certain  posts,  to  provide  them- 
selves with  shelter  for  men  and  officers,  using 
such  materials  as  were  at  hand,  and  employing 
soldiers  to  do  the  work.     This  would  seem  to 


THE  MILITARY.  241 

have  been  a  very  good  policy  if  it  could  have 
been  carried  out.  The  exiDense  of  building 
houses  on  any  of  the  reservations  was  ex- 
cessive, when  done  by  private  contract.  It 
was  said  that  every  adobe  made  at  Camp  Grant 
cost  the  government  twenty  dollars,  gold. 

There  is  no  doubt  but  what  at  this  time  con- 
tractors of  all  kinds,  supplying  either  food, 
forage  or  labor  for  building,  had  a  "picnic." 
Even  if,  as  was  charged,  they  had  some  times 
to  divide  with  quartermasters,  yet  it  required 
but  a  few  contracts  of  any  kind,  made  with  the 
military,  to  place  the  contractor  upon  easy 
street  financially. 

In  the  paper  accompanying  these  reports  it  is 
shown  in  one  case  where  about  eleven  thousand 
tons  of  hay  disappeared,  the  inference  being 
that  it  was  taken  by  "trade  rats"  of  the  biped 
species  who,  in  exchange  therefor,  received  a 
quartermaster's  certificate. 

The  ordinary  trade-rat  is  found  everywhere 
in  the  Arizona  desert.  He  surrounds  his  hole 
with  cholla  cacti  to  protect  it  from  rattlesnakes ; 
he  robs  mines  of  candles  and  cabins  of  food  and 
articles  useful  to  him,  leaving  a  rock  or  some- 
thing useless  in  place  of  the  thing  taken. 

The  general  calls  attention  to  the  reduced  cost 
of  produce  to  the  army  posts,  on  account  of  the 
increased  production  of  necessaries  of  life  by  the 
farmers  of  the  Territory,  which  however,  was 
attended  by  great  loss  of  life  and  property. 

About  this  time  the  River  Indians  were  on  the 
warpath  according  to  the  statement  of  Charles 
B.  Genung,  contained  in  Volume  4  of  this  his- 


242  HISTORY   OF   ARIZONA. 

tory.  This  was  caused  by  the  lack  of  food 
and  employment  on  the  Mohave  Reservation. 
George  W.  Dent,  a  brother-in-law  of  President 
Grant  was  general  Indian  Agent  for  the  Terri- 
tory. President  Grant's  loyalty  to  his  friends 
has  never  been  questioned,  his  one  weakness 
being  to  stick  to  his  friends,  right  or  wrong,  pro- 
tecting them  at  every  mark  of  the  road.  Dent 
was  either  lacking  in  administrative  qualities, 
or  else  he  possessed  too  much  of  that  peculiar 
kind  which  sometimes  enriches  the  individual 
at  the  expense  of  the  public. 

General  Gregg  issued  an  order  instructing  his 
subordinates  to  treat  as  hostiles  all  Indians 
found  off  their  reservations.  When  this  order 
was  promulgated,  Dent  immediately  interfered, 
and  wrote  the  following  letter  to  the  Commis- 
sioner of  Indian  Aifairs: 

"TERRITORY  OF  ARIZONA, 
"Office  of  Superintendent  of  Indian  Affairs. 
"La  Paz,  March  5,  1867. 

"SIR :  I  have  to  report  to  your  office  another 
melancholy  massacre  of  American  citizens  by 
the  Apaches  of  Central  Arizona. 

"On  the  2nd  instant,  two  teams  belonging  to 
a  resident  of  La  Paz,  returning  from  Prescott 
in  charge  of  two  drivers  and  accompanied  by 
five  other  men,  were  fired  into  with  guns  by  a 
party  of  about  forty  Apaches,  at  a  place  in  the 
open  country  sparsely  covered  with  sage  brush, 
and  the  two  drivers  and  one  traveler  killed. 
The  scene  of  the  casualty  was  about  eight  miles 
on  the  La  Paz  side  of  Date  Creek.     Two  of  the 


THE  MILITARY.  243 

travelers  were  wounded  and  escaped,  and  the 
two  remaining  escaped  unhurt.  The  Indians 
destroyed  part  of  the  harness  of  the  teams, 
rifled  the  wagons  and  ran  off  the  stock,  consist- 
ing of  eighteen  mules  and  four  horses. 

"About  three  hours  after  the  occurrence  an- 
other train  of  wagons  came  up,  and,  being  pre- 
pared, attempted  to  recover  the  stock.  They 
followed  them  to  a  canyon  in  the  mountains  to 
the  north  of  the  road,  when  they  were  charged 
by  the  Indians  and  repulsed  and  the  Indians 
thus  made  off  with  the  entire  booty.  After 
burying  the  dead  by  the  roadside  they  pro- 
ceeded to  town  and  reported  the  foregoing. 

"This  depredation  occurred  on  a  part  of  the 
road  heretofore  regarded  as  safe  against  the 
hostiles,  and  is  additional  proof  of  the  increas- 
ing boldness  of  the  Apaches.  By  recent  order 
of  the  military  commanding  officer  a  military 
patrol  will  be  stationed  between  here  and  Date 
Creek,  and  the  efficiency  of  the  troops  will  be 
tested. 

"It  is  somewhat  believed  here,  but  I  cannot 
report  it  officially,  that  some  of  the  young  men 
of  the  Yavapais  and  Mohaves  join  with  the 
Apaches  in  their  depredations.  Such  is  the 
strength  of  sentiment  and  belief  that  should 
a  reasonable  proof  be  made  of  such  coalition, 
the  whites  would  retaliate  on  the  friendly  river 
Indians  and  sacrifice  them  mercilessly.  I  have 
steadily  aimed  to  keep  dowii  this  spirit,  while 
the  real  proof  is  pending;  but  if,  as  I  say,  proof 
should  be  had  of  such  joining  with  the  Apaches, 
no  force,  either  the  influence  of  the  Indian  de- 
partment, the  check  of  truly  friendly  chiefs,  or 


244  HISTOEY   OF   ARIZONA. 

the  military  arm  can  prevent  a  general  massacre 
of  the  river  bands.  It  is  to  be  hoped  that  the 
presence  of  troops  soon  to  be  placed  on  the  road 
where  the  late  depredation  was  committed,  with 
orders  adequate  to  the  occasion,  will  check  and 
prevent  any  coalition  of  the  bands. 

''Very  respectfully,  your  obedient  servant, 
''GEORGE  W.  DENT, 
"Superintendent  Indian  Affairs,  A.  T. 

"Hon.  L.  V.  BOGY, 

"Commissioner    Indian    Affairs,    Washington, 
D.  C." 

He  enclosed  the  following  copy  of  a  treaty  he 
said  he  had  made  with  the  river  Indians : 

"At  a  convention  held  at  the  office  of  the 
Arizona  superintendency  at  La  Paz  on  the  21st 
day  of  March,  A.  D.  1867,  in  the  presidency  of 
G.  W.  Dent,  superintendent  of  Indian  Affairs, 
between  delegations  of  the  Mohave  Tribe  of 
Indians  and  the  Chemehuevis  tribe  of  Indians, 
for  the  purpose  of  concluding  peace  between 
these  two  bands,  and  restoring  and  confirming 
amity : 

"The  Chemehuevis  were  personally  present 
by  Pan  Coyer,  their  head  chief,  and  certain  of 
his  captains  and  head  men,  and  the  Mohaves 
were  personally  present  by  Iretaba,  their  head 
chief,  and  certain  of  his  captains  and  head  men,, 
and  after  full  conference  the  two  bands  agreed 
upon  the  following  terms,  to  wit : 

"1st.  All  hostilities  heretofore  existing  be- 
tween Mohaves  and  Chemehuevis  cease  on  and 
after  this  day,  and  perpetual  amity  shall  exist 
between  the  two  bands. 


THE  MILITARY.  245 

''2nd.  The  Mohaves  shall  occupy  and  culti- 
vate the  lands  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Colorado 
river,  and  the  Chemehuevis  the  lands  on  the 
right  bank  of  the  Colorado  river ;  provided  that 
Indians  of  either  band  may  freely  visit  and 
travel  over  either  country,  and  shall  not  be  mo- 
lested therein  either  in  their  persons  or  their 
property. 

''3rd.  It  is  also  agreed  between  the  parties 
to  this  agreement  that  they  will  use  their  best 
exertions  to  prevent  the  members  of  either  of 
the  tribes  from  committing  any  depredations 
upon  the  persons  or  property  of  American  citi- 
zens in  the  country  occupied  by  them,  and 
should  any  such  depredations  be  committed  that 
they  will  endeavor  to  recover  property  taken 
and  bring  the  offenders  and  deliver  them  to  the 
superintendent  of  Indian  Affairs  at  La  Paz. 

"In   testimony  of   the   above    agreement  we 
have  set  our  hands  and  our  seals  at  La  Paz, 
Arizona,  on  the  day  and  year  first  written. 
"IRETABA,  his  +  mark  (Seal), 

"Head  Chief  of  Mohaves. 
"PAN  COYER,  his  +  mark  (Seal), 

"Head  Chief  of  the  Chemehuevis. 
"Signed  and  sealed  in  the  presence  of — 

"G.  W.  DENT, 
"Special  Indian    Agent,    Colorado    River    In- 
dians. 

"CHARLES  HUTCHINS. 
"Official: 

"JOHN  H.  COSTER, 

"Aid-de-camp." 


246  HISTORY   OF   ARIZONA. 

The  order  of  General  Gregg  referred  to  was : 

''(General  Orders  No.  3.) 

"HEADQUARTERS  DISTRICT  OF  PRES- 
COTT. 

''Camp  Whipple,  A.  T.,  April  23,  1867. 

"The  increasing  number  of  Indian  depreda- 
tions committed  throughout  this  district  ren- 
ders it  necessary,  in  order  to  remove  doubt,  to 
announce  what  tribes  are  considered  hostile  and 
against  whom  hostilities  may  be  carried  on. 

"The  following  tribes  are  announced  hostile, 
viz. :  The  Hualapais,  the  Chemehuevis,  the 
Tonto,  the  Apache  Tonto  and  the  Apache  Mo- 
have, and  all  other  tribes  or  parts  of  tribes 
within  the  limits  of  this  district,  including  the 
Mohaves  and  other  Indians,  purporting  to  be 
friendly,  except  when  the  latter  are  found 
wdthin  the  limits  of  the  reservations  on  the 
Colorado  river,  or  when  acting  in  conjunction 
with  the  troops  as  guides  or  otherwise. 

"By  order  of  Brevet  General  GREGG: 
"A.  E.  HOOKER, 
"First  Lieut,  and  Adjutant  8th  Cavalrv,  A.  A. 
A.  G. 

"Official: 

"JOHN  H.  COSTER,  A.  D.  C." 

On  May  18th,  1867,  General  McDowell,  ac- 
knowledged the  receipt  of  General  Gregg's 
order,  through  his  Adjutant-General,  and  made 
the  following  order  countermanding  the  same: 

"I  am  instructed  by  the  department  com- 
mander to  say  in  reference  to  those  orders  that. 


THE  MILITARY.  247 

as  he  is  at  present  informed,  and  so  far  as  he 
can  at  this  distance  judge  of  them,  it  seems  to 
him  you  have  declared  war  on  many  Indians 
with  whom  it  might  be  possible  to  continue 
friendly  relations.  You  unquestionably  're- 
move doubt'  as  you  express  it,  but  you  have 
given  the  doubt  in  favor  of  hostilities  against 
tribes  of  all  kinds  whatsoever  who  may  not  be 
on  the  Indian  reservation. 

"With  respect  to  that  reservation  the  follow- 
ing is  from  the  last  annual  report  of  the  Com- 
missioner of  Indian  Affairs : 

"  'Arizona.  *  *  *  Plans  to  colonize  the 
tribes  known  as  the  River  Indians,  the  Yava- 
pais,  Hualapais,  etc.,  upon  a  reservation  on  the 
Colorado  river,  set  apart  for  them  by  Congress 
two  years  ago,  have  been  considered  and  pre- 
sented to  the  department,  but  for  want  of  nec- 
essary fmids  nothing  of  a  permanent  character 
has  been  done.  Nevertheless,  the  superinten- 
dent and  Agent  Feudge,  who  was  more  directly 
in  charge  of  the  enterprise,  succeeded  in  induc- 
ing a  considerable  number  of  the  Mohaves  and 
of  the  tribes  above  named  to  commence  plant- 
ing. By  the  August  report  it  appeared  that  the 
tribes,  many  of  the  members  of  which  had  been 
disposed  to  hostility,  were  peacefully  at  work, 
and  that  for  the  first  time  in  months  trains  were 
moving  between  the  river  and  Prescott,  the  capi- 
tal of  the  Territory,  without  interruption.  The 
first  crops  planted  by  the  Indians  were  swept 
away  by  a  flood  in  the  river,  and  another  rise 
had  also  occurred,  the  effect  being  so  to  saturate 
the  ground  as  to  assure  the  Indians  of  a  success- 
ful crop.' 


248  HISTORY   OF   ARIZONA. 

"The  foregoing  extract  (given  in  full)  shows 
that  there  is  but  one  reservation  on  the  river 
for  all  the  tribes  named  in  your  general  order. 
This  is  understood  to  be  below  Williams  Fork, 
and  therefore  beyond  the  limits  of  either  of  the 
districts  (Upper  Colorado  and  Prescott)  now 
under  your  command.  This  reservation,  though 
set  apart  by  Congress,  is  not  yet  established, 
and  the  Indian  department  is  not  in  a  condition 
at  this  time  to  support  these  Indians  on  it.  Yet, 
by  your  general  order,  if  the  Indians  whom  the 
agent  has  succeeded  in  drawing  to  the  reserva- 
tion are  found  away  from  it  for  the  purpose  of 
hunting,  under  a  condition  of  things  where  they 
must  hunt  or  starve,  you  order  that  the  permit 
of  the  agent  shall  not  be  regarded,  and  the 
Indians  shall  be  declared  hostile. 

"Many  of  the  Mohaves  and  the  Hualapais 
have  hitherto  been  living  quietly  in  the  vicinity 
of  Fort  Mohave  and  on  the  bottom  lands  along 
the  Colorado  river,  raising  food  for  themselves 
and  for  sale,  and  procuring  wood  for  the 
steamers  plying  on  the  river,  transporting  the 
supplies  for  the  government,  and  the  miners  and 
other  settlers  in  the  Territory.  By  your  Gen- 
eral Order  No.  3  these  Indians  are  declared 
hostile,  and  war  is  to  be  waged  on  them. 

"Thus  far  the  Indians  complained  of  have, 
as  is  alleged,  confined  themselves  to  stealing 
stock,  and  it  must  be  said  that  if  the  government 
has  as  yet  made  no  provision  for  them  in  the  one 
reservation  set  apart  for  them,  and  you  forbid 
their  being  allowed  to  go  hunting  because  some 
of  them  have  abused  the  privilege,  they  have 
some  excuse  to   plead  also,  as  the  whites  have 


THE  MILITARY.  249 

done,  having  acted  upon  one  of  the  first  great 
laws  of  nature. 

"The  general  commanding  is  quite  sure  you 
cannot  have  fully  considered  the  effect  of  your 
two  general  orders,  and  he  directs  you  to  recon- 
sider and  modify  them,  and  make  no  war  on 
Indians  not  in  hostility  with  the  settlers,  and 
that  you  aid  the  Indian  department  as  far  as 
possible  in  co-operating  with  its  agents.  That 
Indians  steal  when  they  find  property  on  which 
they  can  lay  their  hands  is  not  surprising,  under 
the  state  of  affairs  now  existing  in  Arizona. 
This,  of  course,  is  much  to  be  regretted,  but  it 
is  not  a  matter  for  which  the  military  authori- 
ties are  responsible,  and  the  general  is  not  dis- 
posed to  authorize  an  indiscriminate  warfare  on 
whole  tribes  on  a  suspicion  that  some  of  their 
members,  or  some  of  another  tribe,  perhaps, 
have  committed  theft. 

*'I  have  the  honor  to  be,  very  respectfully, 
your  obedient  servant, 

"JOHN  P.  SHERBURNE, 
"Assistant  Adjutant  General." 
"Brevet    Brigadier    General    J.    I.    GREGG, 
Colonel    8th  U.  S.    Cavalry,    Com'dg  Dis- 
tricts of    Prescott  and    Upper    Colorado, 
Fort  Whipple,  A.  T. 
"Official: 

"JOHN  P.  SHERBURNE,  A.  A.  G." 

Under  the  orders  of  his  superior  officer.  Gen- 
eral Gregg  was  compelled  to  modify  his  orders 
in  reference  to  hostile  Indians,  thus  leaving  the 
settlers  of  Northern  Arizona  at  the  mercy  of 
predatory  bands,  who  did  not  fail  to  kill,  plun- 


250  HISTORY   OF  ARIZONA. 

der  and  destroy  whenever  and  wherever  it  was 
to  their  advantage  to  do  so.  For  his  interfer- 
ence with  General  Gregg,  General  McDowell 
was  severely  criticised  by  Governor  McCormick 
who  in  this  controversy  supported  General 
Gregg. 

In  his  second  annual  report,  dated  September 
14th,  1867,  General  McDowell  gives  the  follow- 
ing resume  of  Military  and  Indian  Affairs  in 
Arizona : 

''AEIZONA. 

"11.  DISTRICT  OF  TUCSON  — Camp 
Goodwin,  on  the  upper  Gila;  Camp  Bowie, 
Apache  Pass;  Camp  Wall,  Upper  San  Pedro; 
Camp  Tubac,  Tubac;  Camp  Lowell,  Tucson; 
Camp  Grant,  Lower  San  Pedro.  The  camps 
of  this  district  have  afforded  as  fair  a  measure 
of  protection  to  the  settlements  as  the  circum- 
stances have  admitted. 

' '  The  most  active  operations  have  been  in  the 
southern  part  against  Cochese's  band  of 
Apaches,  who  continued  to  keep  up  active  hos- 
tilities against  the  southern  settlements,  and 
have,  during  the  past  year,  killed  many  citizens 
and  destroyed  much  property.  The  expeditions 
sent  out  from  Camp  Wallen  have  been  success- 
ful, and  have  partially  and  temporarily  checked 
the  inroads  *of  the  Indians. 

"The  southern  part  of  the  Territory  has  been 
at  certain  seasons  of  the  year  subject  to  inter- 
mittent fevers  to  such  an  extent  as  to  prostrate 
a  large  part  of  the  force,  and  cause  many 
changes  to  be  made  in  the  camps,  in  the  hope  of 
getting  to  a  healthy  site. 


THE  MILITARY.  251 

"Camp  Wallen  seems,  at  last,  to  have  been 
made  comfortable  and  healthy,  the  labor  of  the 
men  on  the  ruins  of  an  old  Mexican  house  hav- 
ing given  them  sufficient  shelter  for  themselves 
and  their  supplies. 

"The  remainder  of  the  force  in  the  southern 
part  of  the  Territory  has  been  temporarily 
quartered,  free  of  expense,  in  houses  in  Tubac, 
which  the  owners  were  glad  to  offer  for  the  in- 
creased protection  they  would  receive  from  the 
troops  being  relieved  from  having  to  build 
themselves  shelters. 

"General  Crittenden  has  recommended  the 
building  of  the  permanent  camp  near  the  site 
of  old  Fort  Buchanan,  where  there  are  many 
adobes,  made  before  the  war,  and  which  can  be 
used  in  new  buildings.  It  is  proposed  to  com- 
mence this  in  November  next,  the  labor  to  be 
done  chiefly  by  the  men  with  the  materials  at 
hand.  When  built,  the  post  at  Tubac  will  be 
discontinued. 

' '  There  has  been  much  complaint  as  to  the  in- 
sufficient shelters  heretofore  provided  for  the 
troops  in  Arizona,  but  the  recent  order  from  the 
War  Department  on  the  subject  of  shelters  for 
troops  has  only  been  anticipated  in  the  orders 
from  these  and  division  headquarters. 

' '  The  troops  have  been  required  to  make  tem- 
porary shelters  for  themselves  and  their  sup- 
plies by  their  own  labor  with  the  materials  at 
hand.  The  principal  difficulty  in  southern  Ari- 
zona arises  from  the  scarcity  of  timber  and 
lumber. 

"At  Camp  Grant  the  commanding  officer 
made,    without    authority,     an    impracticable 


252  HISTORY   OF   ARIZONA. 

treaty  with  some  of  the  Indians  near  the  sta- 
tion. General  Crittenden  subsequently  saw  the 
Indians,  and  made  a  new  agreement  with  them, 
which  they  broke  in  a  few  days  after  making 
it.  Some  of  them  have,  however,  since  come  in 
and  submitted  to  military  control. 

"In  order  to  give  a  greater  force  at  other 
points,  I  endeavored  to  break  up  this  camp,  but 
found  the  need  of  it  so  great  that  it  had  to  be 
continued,  and  the  commanding  officer  has  been 
authorized  to  make  adobe  shelters  for  his  com- 
mand to  the  extent  necessary  for  a  post  of  this 
character. 

"Camp  Goodwin  is  intended  as  a  guard  for 
such  of  the  Indians  as  submit  themselves  to  mili- 
tary control  in  that  part  of  the  Territory.  It 
has  been  found  very  difficult  to  retain  the  In- 
dians on  even  a  reservation  of  the  extent  of  the 
one  at  this  post.  There  are  frequent  charges 
made  by  persons  at  a  distance,  of  depredations 
committed  by  these  Indians,  who,  it  is  said,  steal 
away,  and  rob  or  murder,  as  has  been  their  cus- 
tom. The  commanding  officer  denies  this,  and 
has  shown,  at  least  in  one  instance,  that  these 
charges  are  not  true.  It  will  undoubtedly  take 
much  time  to  break  up  the  habits  of  generations, 
and  those  who  expect  an  immediate  cessation  of 
all  hostilities  or  molestations  from  these  people 
are  most  likely  to  be  disappointed. 

"I  am  still,  however,  convinced  that  mere 
force  will  not  so  soon  accomplish  the  subjuga- 
tion of  these  mountain  robbers,  as  force  and 
care  of  those  who  profess  to  submit,  combined. 

"The  transportation  of  supplies  to  this  sec- 
tion of  the   Territory   has   heretofore   been   a 


THE  MILITARY.  253 

heavy  item  of  expense,  even  under  the  most 
favorable  circumstances.  Last  year  it  was 
enormously  so;  but  this  has  had  the  effect  to 
produce  much  competition  this  year,  and  the 
price  is  nearly  two-thirds  less  than  it  was,  but 
this  has  been  done  by  contractors  who  expect  to 
send  their  trains  from  the  coast  of  the  Gulf  of 
California  through  Sonora. 

^'It  is  much  to  be  desired  that  Mexico  should 
be  induced  to  make  a  port  of  entry  at  Libertad, 
so  that  the  freighters  should  have  no  difficulty 
in  using  that  port  to  disembark  their  stores.  It 
would  then  be  supplied  with  lighters,  and  all 
facilities  necessary,  and  which  are  now  wanting 
at  that  place,  for  a  port. 

''12.  DISTRICT  OF  THE  VERDE— 
Camp  McDowell. — The  troops  at  this  post  were 
employed  with  good  effect  by  Brevet  Lieu- 
tenant-Colonel Sanford  in  two  very  important 
and  entirely  successful  combats  with  the  hos- 
tile Apaches,  killing  and  capturing  a  large 
number,  and  destroying  large  quantities  of  their 
property. 

''Wishing  to  follow  up  his  successes,  and  force 
the  Apaches  in  this  district  to  submit,  I  en- 
deavored to  establish  a  camp  in  the  heart  of 
their  mountain  fastnesses,  and  gave  orders  to 
that  effect  last  autumn ;  but  owing  to  many  cir- 
cumstances I  have  thus  far  failed  to  get  accom- 
plished my  purpose,  and  have  to  postpone  it 
till  a  more  favorable  opportunity. 

"Besides  the  important  successes  of  Brevet 
Lieutenant-Colonel  Sanford,  some  others  have 
been  obtained  by  other  parties  from  this  camp, 
one  by  the  Pima  and  Maricopa  scouts. 


254  HISTORY   OF   ARIZONA. 

"Twice,  lately,  the  Indians  near  this  camp 
have  sent  in  word  to  the  commanding  officer  that 
they  wish  to  be  at  peace  with  the  whites.  But 
they  have  so  little  confidence  in  us,  and  we  so 
little  in  them,  that  it  is  difficult  to  say  whether 
anything  positive  is  likely  to  come  of  their  ap- 
plication. I  have  instructed  the  commanding 
officer  that  if  they  will  submit  to  military  con- 
trol they  will  be  provided  for. 

"Ninety  of  the  one  hundred  Indian  scouts  al- 
lowed this  department  have  been  allotted  to  the 
districts  of  the  Verde  and  Tucson.  The  com- 
manders of  each  bear  witness  to  their  efficiency 
in  hunting,  trailing,  and  fighting  the  Apaches. 
They  have  proved  most  valuable  auxiliaries  to 
the  regular  troops.  Their  peculiar  know^ledge 
of  the  country  and  habits  of  the  Apaches  makes 
them,  in  some  capacity,  indispensable.  I  wish 
that  authority  could  be  had  for  a  still  greater 
number.  They  are  a  cheap  and  effective  force 
for  local  purposes.  There  is  also  in  Arizona  a 
class  of  men  who  are,  on  some  accounts  and  for 
some  purposes,  even  better  than  the  Indians — 
those  who  were  born  there  or  have  been  a  long 
time  in  the  country.  They  would  not  be  well 
suited  to  army  life  and  discipline,  particularly 
under  the  officers  who  are  now  in  the  Territory, 
who  are  unacquainted  with  it  or  its  inhabitants  ; 
but  who,  were  they  employed  for  a  few  months 
at  a  time,  or  for  some  particular  service,  and 
under  the  lead  of  some  of  their  own  number, 
would  be  of  great  use  in  the  peculiar  kind  of 
warfare  which  has  to  be  carried  on  in  that 
country. 


THE  MILITARY.  255 

"Many  of  the  settlers  would,  I  have  reason  to 
believe  be  willing  to  go  out  for  an  expedition, 
could  they  be  furnished  with  ammunition,  food 
and  transportation.  Many  have  done  so  with- 
out any  aid,  and  I  think  it  well  worth  the  while 
to  obtain  authority  to  furnish  these  supplies  for 
any  parties  whose  services  any  district  com- 
mander may  accept  for  an  expedition  against 
the  Indians. 

''13.  DISTRICT  OF  PRESCOTT— Camp 
Lincoln^  on  the  upper  Verde ;  Camp  McPherson, 
La  Paz  road ;  Fort  Whipple,  Prescott. — The  two 
cavalry  companies  in  this  district  have  done 
excellent  service  against  the  hostile  Indians, 
and  killed  and  captured  a  large  number,  and 
destroyed  much  of  their  (to  them)  valuable 
property. 

"In  one  of  the  combats  Captain  J.  W.  Will- 
iams, eighth  cavalry,  was  badly  wounded.  I 
regret  the  loss  of  the  services  of  this  gallant  and 
most  effective  officer,  and  am  glad  to  learn  that 
his  wound  is  not  so  serious  as  at  first  reported. 

"The  commander  of  this  district,  actuated  by 
some  motive  I  have  not  been  able  to  appreciate, 
issued  orders  declaring  war  on  all  Indians  in  his 
command,  save  those  employed  with  the  troops, 
or  on  a  reser\^ation  on  the  Colorado  river.  This 
unnecessary  act  was  as  impolitic  as  it  was  un- 
just, for  we  had  more  enemies  than  we  had 
troops  to  combat  them.  He  was  therefore  re- 
quired to  reconsider  and  modify  his  orders,  and 
only  war  on  hostile  Indians. 

"As  his  subsequent  conduct  was  unsoldierly, 
and  caused  a  good  deal  of  correspondence,  and 
has  affected  the  public  service  in  his  district,  I 


256  HISTORY   OF   ARIZONA. 

submit  herewith  a  special  report  in  the  case, 
in  connection  with  the  despatch  of  Mr.  Dent, 
superintendent  of  Indian  affairs  for  Arizona, 
dated  March  5,  1867. 

"14.  DISTEICT  OF  THE  UPPER  COLO- 
RADO^— Camp  Mohave;  Camp  El  Dorado. — 
The  Indians  in  this  district,  as  mentioned  in 
my  last  report,  have  been  brought  into  hostility 
with  the  whites;  whether  necessarily  or  un- 
necessarily— as  it  was  not  by  any  act  of  any  one 
in  the  military  service,  is  no  longer  a  question. 

^ '  They  have  done  much  damage,  and  have  kept 
employed  a  large  part  of  the  force  I  had  hoped 
to  employ  elsewhere.  They  have  also  affected 
with  a  spirit  of  hostility  the  Piutes  heretofore 
friendly,  and  there  is  danger  of  this  hostility 
extending  up  the  Colorado  and  to  the  Salt  Lake 
and  Los  Angeles  road. 

''I  have  sent  as  large  a  force  as  possible  to 
re-enforce  Brevet  Lieutenant-Colonel  Price, 
commanding  the  district,  and  he  has  now  nearly 
five  hundred  men,  and  was  by  the  last  account 
about  to  take  the  field,  with  good  prospect  of 
success.  The  country  is,  however,  very  much 
broken,  and  the  Indians  very  active,  and  have 
become  well  armed ;  and  it  is  not  at  all  improb- 
able the  colonel  may  have  to  take  much  longer 
time  than  I  have  allowed  him  before  he  succeeds 
in  his  campaign. 

"That  he  might  have  as  large  a  force  as  pos- 
sible, I  have  temporarily  attached  Major  Clen- 
denin,  with  a  company  of  cavalry  under  orders 
for  Camp  McDow^ell,  to  his  command;  and  as 
the  mining  operations  seemed  to  have  been,  at 
least  for  the  present,  suspended  or  abandoned 


THE  MILITAEY.  257 

at  El  Dorado,  and  the  trade  to  Salt  Lake,  by  way 
of  the  Colorado,  seemed  to  be  broken  off,  and  the 
company  at  El  Dorado  was  suffering  where  it 
was,  and  the  troops  were  needed  for  active  field 
operations  elsewhere,  I  authorized  him  to  with- 
draw all  the  company  except  a  small  guard,  and 
use  it  in  his  approaching  campaign. 

^'15.  DISTRICT  OF  THE  LOWER 
COLORADO— Fort  Yuma.— This  district  con- 
tains the  principal  depot  for  receiving  and  for- 
warding the  supplies  to  the  country  north  of 
the  Gila,  and  the  reserve  supply  for  the  whole 
Territory.  During  the  year  the  depot  was  ac- 
cidentally burned,  and  with  it  a  large  quantity 
of  public  property.  For  fear  that  the  troops 
might  be  depending  on  some  of  the  supplies  thus 
lost,  a  steamer  was  engaged  to  take  to  the  mouth 
of  the  river  such  articles  as  the  place  seemed  to 
be  most  likely  in  need  of.  They  have  arrived 
as  have  other  cargoes  sent  by  sailing  vessels, 
and  no  danger  is  now  felt  of  the  troops  being  in 
want  by  reason  of  the  accident.  The  depot  is 
being  rebuilt. 

''The  company  of  artillery  ordered  from  Fort 
Yuma,  to  obtain  a  force  to  go  to  Sitka,  leaves 
this  post  with  but  a  single  company  of  infantry, 
from  which  a  detachment  is  kept  up  at  old  Fort 
Gaston,  on  the  Colorado  river,  a  few  miles  above 
the  Gila. 

"16.  I  am  continually  receiving  complaints 
of  the  insufficient  number  of  troops  provided 
for  the  defense  of  the  settlements  against  the 
hostile  Indians.  The  governors  of  Nevada  and 
Arizona  have  been  earnest  in  their  representa- 

V— 17 


258  HISTORY  OF  ARIZONA. 

tions  that  more  troops  should  be  sent  to  their 
State  and  Territory.  As  I  have  sent  all  I  have 
— which  I  know  is  a  full  share  of  what  has  been 
sent  to  the  Pacific  Coast — the  question  of  in- 
creased military  force  for  this  country  is  one 
for  the  War  Department  to  determine,  with 
reference  to  the  strength  of  the  army  and  its 
needs  elsewhere.  I  can  only  say  that  an  addi- 
tional force  would  be  of  great  benefit  to  this 
country;  is  much  needed,  and  that  it  would  be 
good  economy  to  employ  it.  I  am,  however, 
constrained  to  say  that,  for  Arizona,  I  think  it 
far  preferable  that  a  temporary  irregular  force 
be  authorized  to  be  retained,  in  the  same  w^ay 
as  is  provided  by  law  for  the  Indian  scouts. 

' '  17.  The  hostilities  in  that  country  are  made 
by  Indians  who  live  in  the  mountainous  parts 
of  the  Territory,  where  nature  has  combined 
everything  to  favor  the  life  of  murder  and 
rapine  they  lead.  They  require  a  peculiar  kind 
of  warfare,  and  a  peculiar  force  to  carry  it  on 
successfully. 

'Mt  is  not  so  much  a  large  force  as  an  active 
one  that  is  needed.  It  is  more  like  hunting  wild 
animals  than  any  kind  of  regular  warfare.  The 
Indians  are  seldom  in  large  bodies,  and  never 
take  any  risk.  They  move  with  great  celerity, 
unencumbered  with  any  baggage,  and  when  out 
on  their  forays  can  seldom  be  overtaken.  When 
they  are,  and  are  pressed,  they  give  way  and  dis- 
perse among  the  mountains  and  ravines,  so  that 
it  is  impossible  to  follow  them.  The  most  that 
is  done  in  such  cases  is  to  cause  them  to  abandon 
any  animals  they  may  be  carrying  off.  They 
can  only  be  successfully  fought  by  troops  who 


THE  MILITARY.  259 

carry  on  an  offensive  warfare  against  them, 
who  do  not  wait  till  they  have  attacked,  for  in 
such  cases  but  little  is  ever  accomplished,  but 
who  fight  them  in  their  own  way;  take  no  bag- 
gage, move  by  night,  and  hide  during  the  day ; 
creep  upon  their  camps,  and  rush  upon  them  by 
surprise.  When  this  is  done,  no  matter  by  how 
few  or  how  many,  they  always  fly,  and  then 
seek  to  do  what  damage  they  can  by  firing  from 
some  safe  cover.  In  these  cases,  it  is  in  the  first 
few  minutes  that  everything  is  done. 

"In  view  of  this,  and  of  the  great  expense  it 
requires  to  obtain  these  few  minutes,  it  is,  I 
think,  the  highest  economy  to  place  in  the  hands 
of  those  who  have  to  improve  them,  the  best 
arms  we  have,  some  repeating  rifle  that  will  give 
them  from  five  to  fifteen  shots  without  loading. 

''18.  The  need  of  sending  off  immediately  to 
the  scene  of  Indian  hostilities  all  the  men  that 
were  sent  to  me  has  made  it  necessary  to  send 
companies  to  the  field  as  soon  as  they  were  or- 
ganized, and  in  all  cases  with  an  insufficient 
number  of  officers,  and  many  times  with  officers 
of  other  companies  or  corps.  This,  and  the 
mistaken  notion  many  men  have  that  California 
is  filled  with  gold,  which  they  will  be  able  to  pick 
up  in  the  first  stream  they  come  to,  or  that  it  ex- 
ists in  such  quantities  and  in  such  conditions  that 
a  man  can  soon  gather  it  and  become  wealthy, 
together  with  the  hard  service  required  of  the 
troops  in  this  Indian  hunting,  have  combined  to 
cause  many  desertions.  The  evil,  which  has  be- 
come serious,  is  beyond  my  control,  nor  can  I 
charge  it  upon  any  one. 


260  HISTORY   OF   ARIZONA. 

''I  send  herewith  the  reports  of  successful 
Indian  combats,  and  copies  of  the  orders  an- 
nouncing them  to  the  department. 

"I  have  the  honor  to  be,  very  respectfully, 
your  obedient  servant, 

"iRviN  McDowell, 

''Brevet  Major  General,  Commanding  Depart- 
ment. 
"Brevet  Major  General  J.  B.  FRY, 

"Assistant  Adjutant  General,   Headq'trs   Mil. 
Div.  of  the  Pacific,  San  Francisco,  Cal." 


THE  MILITARY.  261 


CHAPTER  XII. 

THE  MILITARY  (Continued). 

Major  General  Halleck^s  Report  for  1867- 
68 — Describes  Conditions  in  Aeizona  — 
Urges  That  More  Troops  be  Sent  to  Ari- 
zona— Expeditions  Against  Hostile  In- 
dians— Frequent  Desertions  of  Soldiers 
— Report  of  Brigadier  General  Thomas 
E.  Devin  of  Expedition  Against  the  Hos- 

TILES. 

Under  date  of  September  22nd,  1868,  Major 
General  H.  W.  Halleck,  who  had  succeeded 
General  McDowell  in  command  of  the  Pacific, 
made  his  report  to  the  Secretary  of  War,  in 
which  report  he  had  the  following  to  say  in 
regard  to  conditions  in  Arizona: 

"This  Territory  has  an  area  of  some  104,000 
square  miles.  There  are  no  very  reliable  data 
in  regard  to  its  population,  but  a  means  of  var- 
ious estimates  would  place  it  at  about  8,000 
whites  and  15,000  Indians.  The  military  force 
in  the  Territory  consists  of  two  full  regiments 
of  infantry,  and  nine  companies  of  cavalry; 
in  all  29  companies  that  is,  nearly  one-half  of 
all  the  troops  in  the  division  available  for  ser- 
vice in  the  field.  Nevertheless,  considerable 
dissatisfaction  has  been  shown  by  the  inhabi- 
tants because  more  troops  were  not  sent  to  that 
Territory.  This  could  not  be  done  by  me  from 
the  small  force  at  my  disposal  without  depriving 
other  States  and  Territories  of  their  propor- 


262  HISTORY   OF   ARIZONA. 

tionate    share    of   protection  in   places   where 
Indian  hostilities  existed  or  were  threatened. 

"These  troops  in  Arizona  are  distributed  as 
follows:  At  Fort  Mojave,  two  companies  for  the 
protection  of  the  depot,  with  outposts  on  the 
road  to  San  Bernardino;  at  Camp  Willow 
Grove,  two  companies  for  the  protection  of  the 
road  from  Mojave  to  Fort  Whipple,  and  opera- 
tions against  the  hostile  Hualapais;  at  Fort 
Whipple,  two  companies  for  defending  depot 
and  operations  against  the  Apaches;  at  Camp 
McPherson,  one  company  to  protect  road  and 
mail  from  La  Paz  to  Prescott;  at  La  Paz,  one 
company  for  duty  at  Indian  reservation;  at 
Camp  Lincoln,  two  companies  to  protect  set- 
tlers on  the  Verde,  and  operate  against  Apaches 
east  of  that  river;  at  Camp  McDowell  and  the 
outpost  of  Camp  Eeno,  five  companies  to  guard 
depot  and  operate  against  Apaches  between  the 
Verde  and  Salinas  rivers ;  at  Fort  Yuma  (in  an 
appended  footnote  General  Halleck  says:  Fort 
Yuma  is  in  the  State  of  California,  but  is  in- 
cluded in  the  military  district  of  Arizona),  one 
company  to  guard  main  depot  of  supplies;  at 
Camp  Lowell,  Tucson,  one  company  to  guard 
depot  of  supplies  for  southern  Arizona ;  at  Camp 
Grant,  three  companies  to  protect  roads  and 
settlements,  and  to  operate  against  Apaches ;  at 
Camp  Goodwin,  three  companies  to  protect 
roads  and  settlements,  and  to  operate  against 
Apaches ;  at  Camp  Bowie,  one  company  to  guard 
an  important  pass  and  check  hostile  incursions 
by  Indians  from  New  Mexico ;  at  Camp  Wallen, 
two  companies.  This  post  was  established  to 
prevent    hostile     incursions    by    the     Sonora 


THE  MILITARY.  263 

Apaches,  and  especially  by  the  band  of  Cochise. 
As  it  had  signally  failed  to  accomplish  either 
of  these  objects,  it  is  probable  that  its  location 
was  not  judicious.  At  Camp  Crittenden,  three 
companies.  The  troops  were  removed  from 
Tubac  to  this  place  as  being  a  more  healthy 
position.  They  are  intended  for  general  opera- 
tions against  Apaches  in  southern  Arizona. 

''The  locations  of  these  several  posts  were 
determined  by  General  McDowell  after  fre- 
quent personal  visits  to  all  parts  of  that  Terri- 
tory, and  after  consultations  with  officers  fully 
acquainted  with  the  topography  of  the  country, 
and  of  large  experience  in  operations  against 
the  Apaches.  They  should,  therefore,  be 
changed  only  after  mature  deliberation  and 
upon  the  most  satisfactory  evidence  that  their 
location  is  erroneous.  I  have  interfered  only 
to  prevent  what  I  considered  too  great  a  divi- 
sion and  scattering  of  our  forces.  To  properly 
locate  a  military  post  in  an  Indian  country,  an 
officer  should  have  a  knowledge  of  the  topog- 
raphy of  the  country,  the  dangers  threatened, 
and  the  means  of  averting  or  surmounting  them. 
As  General  McDowell  possessed  this  knowledge 
in  a  remarkable  degree,  I  have  felt  the  less  dis- 
posed to  change  or  overrule  any  distribution  of 
troops  in  Arizona  which  he  proposed  or  ordered. 

''In  northern  Arizona  the  troops  under  Gen- 
erals Devin,  Price  and  Alexander  have  been, 
during  the  past  year,  actively  engaged  in  scouts, 
and  their  operations  have  been  attended  with 
very  considerable  success.  Much  of  the  coun- 
try lying  between  Yerde  and  Salinas  rivers, 
heretofore   unknown,   has   been   explored,  and 


264  HISTORY   OF   ARIZONA. 

Apaches  shown  that  we  can  now  penetrate  to 
their  secret  haunts  and  homes.  As  soon  as 
proper  depots  of  supplies  can  be  established, 
these  explorations  will  be  renewed  with  everj^ 
prospect  of  favorable  results. 

''The  efficiency  of  the  forces  south  of  the  Gila 
has  not  been  so  manifest,  and  their  operations 
have  been  less  successful. 

"The  details  of  the  military  operations  in 
Arizona  during  the  past  year  are  given  in  the 
several  reports  forwarded  through  department 
headquarters.  Arizona  has  been  greatly  mis- 
represented, even  by  its  own  people.  It  has  been 
described  as  a  wonderfully  rich  mineral  coun- 
try, abounding  in  lodes  and  mines  of  gold  and 
silver,  of  such  surpassing  wealth,  that  any  man 
who  could  work  them  could,  in  a  few  months, 
accumulate  a  fortune  of  millions.  But  these 
mines  of  fabulous  wealth,  if  they  really  exist, 
are  as  yet  undeveloped,  and  perhaps  undiscov- 
ered. I  do  not  mean  to  say  there  are  no  val- 
uable mines  in  Arizona,  but  simply  that  the 
products  of  these  mines  have  never  equalled  the 
sanguine  anticipations  and  representations  of 
their  owners,  and  that  the  failure  of  expected 
dividends  to  anxious  stocldiolders  has  not  been 
entirely  due  to  the  want  of  military  protection, 
as  is  so  commonly  alleged.  But  this  Territorj^ 
has  interests  and  resources  other  than  its  min- 
erals, and  I  have  little  doubt  that  in  a  few  years 
its  agricultural  products  will  far  exceed  in  value 
the  yield  of  its  mines  of  gold,  silver,  and 
copper,  however  rich  they  may  prove  to  be.  In 
many  parts  of  the  country  the  soil  is  exceed- 
ingly  rich,   and   crops   of   all   kinds  are   most 


THE  MILITARY.  265 

abundant.  Its  climate  is  favorable  for  the 
growth  of  most  kinds  of  grain  and  fruits,  and 
its  gi'ass  lands  are  so  extensive  and  rich  that  the 
traveler  is  surprised  to  learn  that  the  beef  and 
mutton  consumed  is  mostly  obtained  from  Texas 
and  California,  and  still  more  that  much  of  the 
bread  eaten  is  made  of  flour  imported  from  Cali- 
fornia and  Sonora.  There  can  be  little  doubt 
that  when  the  Territory  shall  receive  an  immi- 
gration of  thrifty  farmers,  it  will  become  one 
of  the  most  prosperous  countries  on  the  Pacific 
slope.  But  farmers  and  stockraisers  are  ever 
more  exposed  to  Indian  depredations,  and  re- 
quire more  military  protection  in  a  country 
infested  by  hostile  Indians,  than  miners  in  the 
development  of  their  mines.  The  farmer's 
wealth  consists  in  his  cattle  and  crops;  and  if 
these  are  destroyed,  he  is  often  utterly  ruined. 
The  miner's  principal  wealth  is  in  his  mines, 
which  the  Indians  camiot  destroy,  although  they 
may  cripple  his  operations  for  a  time  by  rob- 
bing him  of  his  work  animals,  tools,  and  his 
supplies.  Notwithstanding  the  too  frequent 
raids  of  Apaches,  and  the  ruin  which  they  have 
caused  to  many  ranches,  the  farming  interest  in 
Arizona  has  made  considerable  progress  within 
the  last  two  years.  Many  posts  are  now  mainly 
supplied  by  the  products  of  the  country,  and  at 
prices  nearly  fifty  per  cent  less  than  formerly. 

**It  will  be  seen  from  this  summary  that, 
while  there  is  a  considerable  military  force  in 
the  territory,  the  number  available  for  scouts 
and  field  operations  is  small,  and  that  this  field 
force  cannot  be  increased  without  leaving  un- 
protected many  necessary    depots  of  supplies 


266  HISTORY   OF   ARIZONA. 

and  important  mining  and  agricultural  dis- 
tricts. I,  therefore,  respectfully  and  most 
urgently  repeat  my  recommendation  of  last 
year,  that  an  additional  force  of  one  or  two  regi- 
ments of  infantry  be  sent  to  this  division  for 
service  in  Arizona.  The  troops  now  there  will 
be  able  to  hold  their  present  positions  and  to 
make  gradual  advances  upon  the  enemy  until 
he  is  finally  subdued  or  destroyed.  But  this 
process  must  be  a  slow  one.  With  the  addi- 
tional troops  asked  for,  the  operation  will  be 
greatly  facilitated,  the  desired  result  attained 
in  less  time,  and  the  total  cost  of  the  war  greatly 
diminished. 

"I  call  attention,  also,  in  this  connection,  to 
the  fact  that  the  health  of  the  troops  in  southern 
Arizona  will  soon  render  it  necessary  to  ex- 
change them  for  those  at  more  northerly  posts, 
say  in  California  and  Oregon.  But  to  make 
this  exchange  will  require  several  months,  and, 
in  the  meantime,  many  posts  would  be  so  re- 
duced as  to  be  misaf  e,  and  all  would  be  too  weak 
for  any  field  operations  against  the  hostile  In- 
dians. If  an  additional  regiment  of  infantry 
be  sent  to  the  division,  these  changes  can  be 
effected  gradually  and  without  serious  detri- 
ment to  the  service. 

"The  law  authorizing  the  employment  of  In- 
dian scouts  limits  the  number  to  1,000,  of  which 
only  200  are  assigned  to  this  division.  If  this 
number  could  be  doubled,  at  least  on  the  coast, 
it  would  greatly  facilitate  military  operations 
in  Arizona.  Officers  are  unanimous  as  to  the 
value  and  usefulness  of  these  scouts  in  the 
field. 


THE  MILITARY.  267 

"I  beg  leave  to  reproduce  the  following  ex- 
tracts from  my  amiual  report  of  last  year: 

*'  'The  Apaches  and  cognate  tribes  in  Arizona 
and  northern  Sonora  are  the  natural  and  heredi- 
tary enemies  of  the  whites,  of  whatsoever  nation 
or  character.  They  have  successfully  expelled 
from  that  Territory  the  Aztecs,  the  Spaniards 
and  the  Mexicans;  and  they  will  yield  to  our 
people  only  when  compelled  to  do  so  by  the  rifle 
and  the  revolver.  They  probably  resemble  the 
African  Bedouins  more  than  any  other  people; 
and  murder  and  robbery  constitute  almost  the 
sole  occupation  of  the  Apaches.  These  Indians 
do  not  fight  in  masses,  like  most  of  the  tribes  of 
the  Eocky  Mountains,  but  more  stealthily  in 
small  bands  over  the  greater  portions  of  Ari- 
zona and  the  northern  part  of  Sonora  and 
Chihuahua,  waylaying  and  murdering  travelers 
on  the  roads,  and  plundering  and  destroying 
improtected  agricultural  and  mining  settle- 
ments. This  mode  of  warfare,  combined  with 
the  rough  and  desert  character  of  the  country, 
and  the  want  of  practicable  roads,  renders  it 
very  difficult  to  operate  successfully  against 
them,  or  to  give  adequate  protection  to  the 
small  and  scattered  settlements  in  that  exten- 
sive but  sparsely  populated  Territorj^ 

"  'It  is  useless  to  negotiate  with  these  Apache 
Indians.  They  will  observe  no  treaties,  agree- 
ments, or  truces.  With  them  there  is  no  alter- 
native but  active  and  vigorous  w^ar,  till  they  are 
completely  destroyed,  or  forced  to  surrender  as 
prisoners  of  war. ' 

"Another  year's  experience  has  confirmed  the 
correctness  of  these  remarks.     But  what  is  to 


268  HISTORY   OF   ARIZONA. 

be  done  with  these  Indians  when  captured  or 
surrendered  as  prisoners  of  war?  The  agents 
of  the  Indian  bureau,  as  a  general  rule,  refuse 
to  receive  them,  and  the  military  have  no  funds 
or  authority  to  establish  special  military  'reser- 
vations' for  them.  To  keep  and  to  guard  them 
at  military  posts  will  require  the  whole  force  of 
the  garrison,  and  prevent  the  troops  from 
operating  in  the  field.  We  have  no  available 
funds  with  which  to  purchase  seeds  and  agri- 
cultural implements,  so  that  they  can  be  made 
to  contribute  to  their  own  support ;  and  to  keep 
them  in  idleness  for  any  length  of  time  has  a 
most  injurious  effect.  If  permitted  to  hunt 
and  fish  for  their  own  support,  they  are  certain 
to  desert  and  resume  hostilities.  It  is  hoped 
that  some  steps  may  be  taken  to  modify  our 
Indian  system,  at  least  in  Ai'izona,  so  as  to  ob- 
viate these  very  serious  difficulties  in  the  re- 
duction of  the  Apaches  and  the  pacification 
of  the  Territory.  I  respectfully  repeat  my 
recommendations  of  March  last,  that  Arizona, 
with  the  three  most  southerly  counties  of  Cali- 
fornia, be  made  a  separate  military  department. 
I  believe  this  change  to  be  essential  to  the  dis- 
cipline of  the  troops  and  the  proper  direction  of 
military  operations  there.  The  present  depart- 
ment of  California  is  of  so  great  a  geographical 
extent,  with  so  many  posts  distant  from  each 
other,  and  connected  by  roads  and  mountain 
trails  difficult  to  travel,  that  the  department 
commander  cannot  make  the  personal  inspec- 
tions and  give  to  its  affairs  that  personal  super- 
vision which  are  absolutely  required.  Making 
Arizona  a  separate  department  will  not  only  be 


THE  MILITARY.  269 

of  advantage  to  that  Territory,  but  will  give  a 
better  supervision  to  military  affairs  in  Cali- 
fornia and  Nevada.  General  Ord  fully  concurs 
with  me  in  this  recommendation. 

' '  It  gives  me  pleasure  to  report  that  the  open- 
ing of  new  roads  and  the  settlement  and  cultiva- 
tion of  land  in  the  vicinity  of  the  military  posts 
have  greatly  reduced  the  cost  and  transporta- 
tion of  army  supplies  in  the  division  generally. 
Still  further  reductions  may  be  hoped  in  the 
future. 

' '  The  locations  of  the  several  military  posts  in 
the  division  are  designated  on  the  accompanying 
maps. 

"Very  respectfullv,  your  obedient  servant, 
■^  "H.  W.  HALLECK, 
''Major  General  Commanding." 

During  this  year  several  expeditions  were  car- 
ried out  against  the  hostiles,  in  which  a  few 
Indians  were  killed  and  rancherias  destroyed, 
the  particulars  of  which  are  not  given  in  Gen- 
eral Halleck's  report.  General  Ord,  in  his  re- 
port dated  September  27th,  1868,  calls  attention 
to  the  frequent  desertions,  saying: 

''In  Arizona  the  men  have  been  occupied  in 
pursuit  of  the  Indians,  scouting,  and  on  escort 
duty.  They  have  been  but  in  few  cases  able  to 
build  quarters;  at  some  of  the  forts  the  troops 
are  yet  living  in  tents,  or  under  earthen  roofs 
and  mud  walls.  Timber  is  so  scarce  in  many 
parts  of  the  State  of  Nevada,  and  in  Arizona 
Territory,  that  at  some  posts  it  has  been  at 
times  impossible  to  procure  a  sufficient  number 
of  boards  to  make  coffins  for  the  dead. 


270  HISTORY   OF   ARIZONA. 

''The  consequences  of  these  discomforts,  and 
the  want  of  vegetables,  is  many  desertions,  es- 
pecially from  the  posts  where  commanders  were 
careless  of  the  comfort  of  their  men,  and  failed 
to  make  use  of  such  means  as  the  country  af- 
forded in  providing  for  them  such  necessaries 
as  vegetable  gardens,  airy  rooms,  though  built 
of  adobes,   and  plenty   of  good  water.     Every 
effort  has  been  made  by  me  to  remedy   these 
wantSj   and  some   additional   expense   incurred 
which  will,  by  increasing    the  comfort  of    the 
troops  in  quarters,  diminish  the  number  of  de- 
sertions, and  make  them  more  healthy  and  effi- 
cient in  the  field.     At  one  post  inspected  by  me 
I  found  that  its  garrison  of  86  men  had  lost  54 
men  by  desertion,  and  every  deserter  had  car- 
ried off  a  good  horse  and  repeating  rifle,  worth 
together  from  $150  to  $300  at  the  post.     These 
horses  and  arms  are  generally  sold  to  the  citi- 
zens in  the  vicinity  for  half  or  a  third  of  their 
value,  so  that  the  citizen  finds  more  profit  in 
encouraging  desertion  by  buying  the  deserter's 
arms,  horse  and  clothing,  than  in  arresting  him 
for  the    small    reward   of   about    $20  in    gold. 
Commanding  officers  would  prosecute  such  citi- 
zens in  many  cases  if  they  were  authorized  to 
employ  counsel,  for  there  is  scarcely  ever  in  the 
vicinity  of  such   remote  posts  a  United  States 
district  attorney,  or  other  person  to  act  as  such. 
**I  would  recommend  as   some  preventive  to 
this  wholesale  purchase  of  deserters'   clothing, 
arms  and  horses,  that  whenever  a  citizen,  or  sol- 
dier returned  a  deserter,  or  his  horse,  arms  or 
clothing,  the  person  making  the  return  should 
be  paid  the  value  of   such  articles  as  might  be 


THE  MILITARY.  271 

returned,  and  the  actual  cost  of  apprehension 
in  addition  to  the  $30  now  paid,  all  of  which 
money  should  be  paid  on  delivery  of  the  man 
or  his  property,  and  upon  a  certificate  to  that 
effect  from  the  officer  to  whom  he  or  it  may  be 
delivered;  at  present  many  officers  refuse  to 
give  the  certificates  of  delivery  until  the  man 
is  convicted,  which  acts  as  a  bar  to  the  zeal  of 
persons  who  might  be  otherwise  disposed  to 
arrest  deserters." 

The  most  important  progress  made  by  the 
military  during  this  year  is  contained  in  the 
following  report  made  by  Brigadier  General 
Thomas  E.  Devin  who  commanded  the  Sub- 
District  of  Prescott,  which  report  is  dated  June 
12tli,  1868: 

'*  Headquarters  Sub-District  of  Prescott. 
''Fort  Whipple,  A.  T.,  June  12,  1868. 

"Colonel:  I  have  the  honor  to  report  my  re- 
turn from  a  45  days'  scout  into  the  Apache  coun- 
try, to  the  east  of  this  post,  in  pursuance  of 
instructions  from  headquarters  district  of  Ari- 
zona, directing  me  to  move  with  my  available 
force  in  a  southeast  course  from  Camp  Lincoln 
towards  Goodwin,  and  as  far  as  the  headwaters 
of  the  San  Carlos,  on  which  I  would  find  the 
hostile  Pinal  Apaches,  who  now  appeared 
disposed  to  fight,  and  give  us  a  favorable  op- 
portunity to  punish  them.  No  operative  move- 
ments would  be  made  from  other  points. 

"The  above  instructions  were  received  at  tliis 
post  April  25,  and  at  the  time  my  largest 
cavalry  company  was  on  a  15  days'  scout  in  the 


272  HISTORY   OF   ARIZONA. 

Havemia  (probably  Harcuvar)  mountaius,  100 
miles  westward.  On  the  morning  of  the  26th  I 
started  my  w^agons  with  30  days'  rations,  and 
company  B,  8th  cavalry,  en  route  to  the  Rio 
Verde.  "  On  the  28th,  company  L  returned  from 
its  scout,  and  I  at  once  follow^ed  with  that  com- 
mand. On  the  30th  I  left  Camp  Lincohi  with 
the  troops,  and  my  pack  train  of  60  mules,  carry- 
ing 30  days '  rations  and  crossing  Clear  Creek  six 
miles  from  its  mouth,  ascended  the  Mogollon 
mountains  (erroneously  called  the 'High  Mesa')- 
My  force  consisted  of  one  hundred  (100)  cavalry, 
and  fifty  (50)  infantry,  and  the  four  guides 
from  the  district  posts. 

"Crossing  the  divide  to  the  southern  crest  of 
the  mountains  I  descended  into  Tonto  basin 
near  the  head  of  the  east  fork  of  the  Verde,^at 
a  point  where  the  mountain  rises  about  2,500 
feet  above  the  basin.  The  first  500  feet  being 
nearly  a  perpendicular  cliff,  I  was  obliged  to 
cut  a  zigzag  path  down  the  face,  after  which 
the  breaking  of  a  trail  was  comparatively 
easy.  The  same  night  my  camp  was  fired  into 
by  Indians,  killing  one  horse.  At  midnight, 
company  L,  with  a  guide,  was  sent  out  to  look 
for  'smokes'  seen  from  the  mountain.  As  the 
column  pushed  on,  detachments  were  sent  out 
from  the  front  and  right  flank  to  scour  the 
country,  many  rancherias  were  found,  but  all 
had  been  abandoned — some  of  them  quite  lately, 
others  for  months. 

"On  reaching  the  main  fork  of  Tonto  creek, 
a  number  of  small  farms  w^ere  found,  just  pre- 
pared for  planting,  ground  hoed,  etc.,  but  no 
crops  yet  in.     The^Indians  had  evidently  left  in 


THE  MILITARY.  273 

haste  fleeing  southward.  At  this  point  I  found 
that  from  the  appearance  of  the  country  and 
probable  obstacles  in  front,  I  would  not  be  able 
to  reach  the  San  Carlos,  and  return  with  the 
rations  on  hand.  Before  starting  I  had  been 
assured  that  the  pack  animals  w^ould  carry  250 
pounds  anywhere  the  cavalry  could  go.  This  I 
found  to  be  an  error  as  they  could  not  average 
200  pounds,  and  with  that  could  not  make  over 
10  miles  a  day  in  a  mountain  country.  In  en- 
deavoring to  accomplish  even  that  several  gave 
out,  others  were  killed  falling  over  precipices 
and  some  of  the  rations  were  lost.  The  work  was 
also  telling  on  my  cavalry  horses.  I  therefore 
selected  a  camp  on  the  head  of  Tonto  creek, 
and  sending  my  pack  train  back  to  Camp  Lin- 
coln for  20  days'  rations  I  occupied  the  interval 
in  scouting  with  mounted  and  dismounted  par- 
ties the  country  between  Salinas  and  the  Mo- 
gollones.  On  the  return  of  the  train,  I,  for  the 
second  time,  attempted  to  push  my  southward 
way,  but  was  again  repelled  by  impassable  can- 
yons. I  finally  succeeded  in  crossing  the 
Salinas  at  a  point  where  the  banks  rise  nearly 
to  the  height  of  1,000  feet,  and  are  very  steep. 
Other  crossings  were  afterwards  found,  and  the 
troops  crossed  and  recrossed  the  Salinas  at  four 
different  points  between  its  source  and  the  big 
Bend,  while  operating  in  the  basin.  During 
one  of  the  scouts  one  rancheria  was  found  in- 
habited, and  four  Indians  were  killed  while 
escaping  across  the  river.  On  another  occa- 
sion a  party  exploring  a  trail  to  the  San  Carlos 
were  ambushed  but  the  Indians  were  repulsed ; 

V— 18 


274  HISTORY  OF   ARIZONA. 

two  fell  but  were  carried  off  by  their  comrades ; 
one  soldier  and  two  animals  were  womided. 
The  pack  train,  w^hile  on  its  return  for  the  ra- 
tions, was  ambushed  near  the  top  of  the  'jump- 
off'  I  had  constructed  down  the  mountain,  and 
the  pack  master,  Mr.  Baker,  was  killed.  The 
Indians  fled  before  the  troops  could  reach  the 
summit,  though  they  dashed  forward  with  all 
the  speed  the  steep  ascent  would  admit. 

''The  section  of  country  north  and  west  of 
the  Salinas  having  been  pretty  well  scouted,  I  en- 
camped on  one  of  the  east  forks  of  the  Salinas, 
and  taking  60  cavalry,  all  that  I  had  left  that 
were  serviceable  for  a  hard  march,  I  pushed  on 
to  the  San  Carlos,  which  stream  I  reached  after 
crossing  three  of  its  forks.  The  character  of 
the  country  here  is  widely  different  from  that 
west  of  the  Salinas,  the  mountains  easier  of 
access,  and  the  divides  easier  crossed.  The 
scenery  is  very  beautiful,  land  fertile,  and  river 
bottoms  wide  and  filled  with  nutritious  grasses, 
but  no  signs  of  recent  occupation  by  Indians, 
as  far  as  could  be  seen.  A  well  beaten  trail 
from  the  southwest,  on  which  the  tracks  of 
women  and  children  were  very  evident,  led 
towards  the  head  of  the  Little  Colorado,  or  val- 
ley of  the  Prieta,  and  showed  that  their  families 
had  been  moved  east,  but  the  shoes  of  my  horses 
were  worn  out,  and  many  of  the  men  likewise. 
I  had  but  rations  enough  to  carry  me  back  at 
a  much  faster  rate  than  I  had  advanced,  and 
from  the  highest  peak  not  an  Indian  'smoke' 
could  be  seen.  I  had  with  difficulty,  and 
through  a  country  hitherto  unknown,  and  inter- 


THE   MILITARY.  275 

sected  in  every  direction  by  impassable  canyons, 
penetrated  to  the  point  designated  by  my  orders. 
I  had  four  of  the  best  guides  in  the  Territory, 
though  none  of  them  had  ever  been  in  this  sec- 
tion previously  (nor  could  I  find  or  hear  of  any 
one  who  had),  but  all  were  excellent  mountain 
men,  and  brave  and  expert  in  following  Indian 
trails,  but  I  could  not  get  a  fight.  The  Indians 
have  (with  the  exception  of  a  few  predatory 
bands),  either  left  the  country  west  of  the  San 
Carlos,  or  have  sent  their  families  beyond,  and 
gone  on  some  grand  stealing  raid  to  Sonora. 

"The  men  were  eager  for  a  fight,  and  I  was 
willing,  and  it  had  been  prophesied  that  I  would 
meet  a  thousand  warriors  before  I  reached  San 
Carlos;  bnt  I  can  truly  say  that  I  can  at  any 
time  find  more  fresh  Indian  signs  within  50 
miles  of  this  post  than  I  found  at  200  miles  dis- 
tant. 

''I  concluded  to  return  across  the  mountains 
and  try  to  explore  a  road  by  which  I  might  for- 
ward supplies  by  wagons  along  the  crests  of  the 
divide  between  the  waters  running  to  the  Colo- 
rado, and  those  running  to  the  Salinas  and  Gila, 
thus  enabling  me  to  establish  temporary  depots, 
from  whence  I  could  make  descents  either  into 
the  valley  of  the  Prieta,  the  Sierra  Blancas,  or 
the  Little  Colorado,  with  detachments  supplied 
with  five  to  ten  days'  rations,  and  thus  obviate 
the  necessity  of  large  pack  trains.  I  succeeded 
in  finding  such  routes. 

"Returning  from  San  Carlos  to  camp  near 
the  Salinas,  I  ascended  the  Mogollones,  and, 
following  the  general  course  of  the  divide, 
reached  Camp  Lincoln  in  eight  days,  from  a 


276  HISTORY   OF   ARIZONA. 

point  at  the  head  of  Salt  River.  Grass  and 
water  in  plenty  until  after  crossing  the  head  of 
east  fork.  From  this  point  to  Clear  Creek, 
water  is  scarce  from  May  14th  until  the  summer 
rains,  about  July  1.  Very  little  Indian  signs 
were  found  on  the  mountain,  though  the  game 
was  far  more  plentiful  than  in  the  valley. 

"It  may  be  proper  here  to  refer  to  the  ex- 
pedition I  was  organizing  to  start  about  May  15 
by  this  very  route,  and  turning  the  head  of  the 
San  Carlos,  return  by  the  Salinas  to  Camp 
Reno.  I  would  thus  have  taken  the  Indians 
from  the  rear,  with  perhaps  greater  success; 
but  military  necessity  ordained  that  the  move- 
ment should  be  made  earlier,  and  there  was  too 
much  melting  snow  on  May  1  to  allow  my  ani- 
mals to  travel  on  the  divide,  and  I  had  to  descend 
into  the  basin. 

"At  the  time  of  the  receipt  of  General  Crit- 
tenden's order  I  had  nearly  completed  a  road 
from  Clear  creek  to  the  summit  of  the  Mo- 
goUones  (for  wagons).  As  soon  as  the  summer 
rains  set  in  I  will  recommence  the  work,  and 
continue  it  to  the  southern  crests,  after  which 
the  road,  though  crooked,  can  be  easily  worked. 
My  impression  is  that  the  most  effectual  mode 
of  holding  the  Indians  in  check,  next  to  fighting 
them,  is  to  open  roads  and  trails  through  their 
country,  so  that  the  troops  can  readily  track  and 
follow  them.  This  policy  I  have  followed  since 
my  assignment  to  duty  here,  and  the  district  has 
been  very  quiet. 

"Tonto  basin  is  now  very  well  chequered  with 
our  trails  and  officers  and  men  are  well  ac- 
quainted with  the  country.     The  basin  includes 


THE   MILITARY.  277 

the  district  of  country  south  of  the  high  mesa, 
west  and  north  of  the  Salinas,  and  east  of  the 
Mazatzal  mountains,  and  has  heretofore  been 
properly  supposed  to  be  the  home  of  the 
Apaches,  where  they  had  their  farms,  families 
and  stock.  It  has  probably  contained  a  large 
population,  as  we  found  rancherias  sufficient 
for  hundreds  of  families,  but  all  abandoned. 

^'Two  sets  of  shoes  were  prepared  for  the 
animals,  and  three  for  the  infantry;  nearly  all 
were  worn  out  before  our  return,  and  the  feet 
of  a  number  of  the  horses  had  to  be  encased  m 
leather  in  order  to  enable  them  to  return  the 
last  60  miles  to  Lincoln,  the  country  being  cov- 
ered with  broken  lava.  For  40  days  they  had 
not  a  grain  of  forage.  None  of  the  large  herd 
of  cattle  stolen  by  the  Indians  near  Tucson 
could  have  been  brought  into  Tonto  basin,  as  at 
first  supposed.  Major  Clendenin,  who  skirted 
the  southern  edge,  could  find  no  trail,  and  I  re- 
peatedly crossed  his  trail.  No  stock  had  passed 
over  my  route  subsequent  to  the  snow  melting 
with  the  exception  of  two  horses.  The  health 
of  the  men  in  general  was  excellent. 

'*As  soon  as  a  map  of  the  country  scouted 
can  be  compiled,  it  will  be  forwarded,  together 
with  journal. 

''Very  respectfully,  your  obedient  servant, 
''THOMAS  C.  DEVIN, 
"Lieutenant    Colonel   and   Brevet   Brig.    Gen. 
Commanding." 

From  this  report,  it  will  be  seen  that  the  result 
of  the  scout  was  the  establishment  of  new  trails 
through  the  Indian  country  and  its  mapping,  so 


278  HISTORY   OF   ARIZONA. 

that  the  military  thereafter  might  intelligently 
locate  their  camps  where  water  and  feed  could 
be  obtained. 

It  will  also  be  seen  that,  according  to  the  mili- 
tary reports  for  the  years  1866,  1867  and  1868, 
very  little  was  accomplished  in  the  way  of  sub- 
duing the  hostile  Apaches.  Had  Congress  au- 
thorized the  raising  of  a  volunteer  regiment  in 
Arizona,  such  a  body  of  men,^  under  the  com- 
mand of  an  experienced  frontiersman  like  King 
Woolsey,  Townsend,  or  Genung,  would  have 
done  more  in  one  year  for  the  protection  of  the 
settlers  on  the  frontier  and  towards  the  conquer- 
ing of  the  hostile  Apaches,  than  all  the  soldiers 
furnished  by  the  Government  did  up  to  the  time 
Crook  assumed  command.  Such,  at  least,  was 
and  is,  the  consensus  of  opinion  among  old  time 
residents  of  this  State.  As  it  was,  there  were 
more  Indians  killed  by  settlers  than  by  the 
troops. 


INDIAN  TROUBLES.  279 


CHAPTER  XIII. 

INDIAN  TROUBLES. 

Attack  on  T.  Lambertson — Killing  of  Henry 
Twaddle — Killing  of  Gonzales — Attack 
ON  Le  Roy  Jay  and  William  Trehan — 
Fight  With  Frenchmen  on  Hassayampa 
— Attacks  in  and  Around  Wickenburg — 
Jackass  Smith  —  Expedition  of  Lieut. 
Cradlebaugh  Against  Indians — Jackson 
McCracken's  Plight — Killing  of  Gteorge 
Bowers — Experience  of  "Jeff^^  Davis — 
Orick  Jackson  Describes  Conditions  — 
Thomas  Thompson  Hunter^s  Description 
OF  Conditions — Hostilities  at  Fort  Bowie 
— Killing  of  Commander  of  Post — Murder 
OF  Col.  Stone  and  Escort — Duel  Between 
Keeper  of  Station  and  One  of  Cochise \s 
Band — Murder  of  Mail  Carrier  Fisher — 
Attack  on  W.  A.  Smith  and  Companions 
— Depredations  Around  Tucson  —  Camp 
Grant  Massacre  —  Mrs.  Stephens'  Fight 
With  Indians  —  '^Miner''  Editorial  on 
Situation — W.  M.  Saxton  Killed. 

The  following  are  some  of  the  outrages  com- 
mitted by  the  Indians  up  to  and  including  the 
year  1868: 

In  Hamilton's  "Resources  of  Arizona,"  are 
given  the  following: 

*'T.  Lambertson,  of  Walnut  Grove,  was  one 
of  the  first  settlers  who  brought  cattle  into  that 
valley.     He  had  seven  or  eight  cows  and  watched 


280  HISTORY   OF  ARIZONA. 

them  continually.  He  was  driving  them  home 
one  evening  in  1867,  when  he  w^as  ambushed  by 
the  redskins  within  half  a  mile  of  his  house. 
The  old  man  was  badly  wounded  in  his  side  at 
the  first  fire  and  fell  to  the  ground.  The  In- 
dians rushed  upon  him  from  the  brush,  but 
Lambertson  had  a  Henry  repeating  rifle,  and  as 
he  lay  on  the  ground  killed  three  of  them,  when 
the  rest  retreated  and  he  made  his  way  home 
with  the  cows.  He  never  entirely  recovered 
from  the  effects  of  the  wound,  though  he  lived 
for  several  years  afterwards. 

''Harvey  Twaddle,  a  pioneer  prospector,  was 
waylaid  on  a  trail  in  Walnut  Grove  and  shot 
in  the  heart,  but  drove  off  the  Indians  who  at- 
tacked him.  Assistance  arriving  shortly,  he 
was  carried  home  and  lived  eight  days.  A  post- 
mortem examination  showed  the  bullet  im- 
bedded in  his  heart  a  half  an  inch  from  its  lower 
point.  This  is  one  of  the  most  extraordinary 
instances  of  vitality  on  record. 

"In  1866  a  marauding  band  of  Tontos  sur- 
prised a  Mexican  named  Gonzales  between  the 
Agua  Fria  Valley  and  Prescott,  killed  and 
stripped  him,  set  the  body  up  with  the  knees, 
elbows  and  head  resting  on  the  ground,  and  then 
shot  seventeen  arrows  into  it,  and  left  it  in  that 
position. 

"In  1867  two  well  known  citizens,  Le  Roy  Jay 
and  William  Trehan,  while  escorting  a  wagon- 
load  of  provisions  from  Prescott  to  the  Bully 
Bueno  mining  camp,  fell  into  an  ambush  and 
were  killed  between  Big  Bug  and  Turkey  Creek. 
The  driver  escaped,  the  Indians  getting  away 
with  the  provisions  and  animals.     The  B.  B. 


INDIAN  TEOUBLES.  281 

Mining  Company,  from  1866  to  1869,  lost  by  In- 
dians 240  mules  and  horses,  five  of  their  em- 
ployees were  killed  and  four  badly  wounded 
and  their  ten  stamp  quartz  mill  burned. 

"In  1867,  two  Frenchmen  mining  in  Hassa- 
yampa  Creek  owned  two  burros  and  lived  in  a 
stone  cabin  with  a  log  roof  covered  with  earth. 
One  afternoon  they  observed  three  Indians  on  a 
hill  near  the  creek.  Immediately  they  got  the 
donkeys,  took  them  into  the  cabin,  and  shut  the 
heavy  plank  door.  In  five  minutes  there  were 
twenty  Indians  around  the  house.  At  first  they 
tried  to  break  in  the  door  by  throwing  heavy 
rocks  against  it,  but  as  one  of  the  attacking 
party  advanced  with  a  heavy  boulder  in  his 
hands  he  was  shot  through  the  heart  from  a 
crack  in  the  door  and  fell  dead  in  front  of  it. 
That  was  the  only  shot  the  Frenchmen  fired. 
The  reds  then  went  behind  the  house,  which  was 
built  against  a  high  rocky  bank,  and  tried  to 
break  it  down  by  throwing  great  rocks  upon  it 
from  the  bluff  above  and  kept  that  game  up  well 
into  the  night,  but  the  roof  withstood  all  assaults. 
The  inmates  remained  in  the  house  until  the 
middle  of  the  next  forenoon,  when  a  mining 
neighbor  named  Wallace  came  along  and  found 
the  dead  Indian  at  the  door.  Seeing  smoke  ris- 
ing from  the  chimney,  he  hailed  the  inmates  and 
the  badly  scared  Frenchmen  opened  the  door. 
They  stated  that  they  had  plenty  of  provisions 
and'thought  they  would  wait  and  let  the  Indians 
go  away. 

"Wickenburg  was  a  to^vn  on  the  Hassayampa, 
built  by  those  who  worked  quartz  from  the  Vul- 
ture mine  in  ISM  to  1865. 


282  HISTORY   OF  ARIZONA. 

''Many  men  were  killed  in  those  years  in  that 
neighborhood,  and  hundreds  of  animals  stolen. 
In  1865  there  were  thirty-three  arrastras  in  the 
town  running  on  Vulture  ore.  In  the  summer, 
on  moonlight  nights,  many  of  them  were  run  all 
night.  Bigelow  &  Smith  were  running  three 
arrastras  day  and  night,  having  six  animals. 
One  night  in  June,  as  Smith  (known  as  'Ore- 
gon Smith')  was  on  duty,  he  saw  a  suspicious 
object  moving  in  the  tall  grass  near  the  arrastra. 
He  aroused  his  partner,  saying:  'The  Indians 
are  here.'  Both  went  out.  Smith  with  a  rifle, 
Bigelow  with  a  shotgun.  Smith  said : '  Lay  low. 
Big,  and  you'll  see  the  cuss  raise  up  his  head 
above  the  grass  out  there,'  pointing  where  he 
had  seen  him.  In  less  than  two  minutes  a  head 
raised,  and  Smith  fired.  A  groan  followed, 
and  all  was  still.  Smith  reloaded  and  both  cau- 
tiously approached  the  supposed  dead  Indian, 
and  found  a  young  donkey  lying  dead  in  the 
brush;  it  w^as  shot  in  the  throat  and  its  neck 
broken.  The  slayer,  after  that,  was  known  as 
'Jackass  Smith.' 

"In  1867  or  1868,  Lieut.  Cradlebaugh  was  sent 
out  from  Camp  Verde  with  a  detachment  of  men 
to  the  Black  Hills,  for  the  purpose  of  having  a 
talk  with  a  band  of  Indians  who  signified  a  will- 
ingness to  make  peace  and  come  into  the  post. 
He  camped  the  first  night  in  a  small  flat  below 
a  high  ledge  of  rocks,  the  horses  being  fas- 
tened to  a  picket  rope  in  front  of  the  camp. 
Towards  morning  the  slumbering  troopers  were 
awakened  by  the  most  unearthly  yells  and 
showers  of  arrows  and  bullets.  Every  horse  at 
the  picket  line  was  soon  shot  down.     The  troops 


INDIAN  TROUBLES.  283 

huddled  closelj^  under  the  rocky  cliff.  One  man 
was  killed,  and  several  wounded,  including  a 
doctor,  who  had  his  arm  broken  and  afterwards 
amputated  at  the  post.  Jackson  McCracken, 
afterwards  the  discoverer  of  the  famous  mine 
which  bears  his  name,  was  with  the  party. 
When  the  attack  began,  he  was  sound  asleep 
with  his  head  against  a  small  pine  tree  about 
eight  inches  in  diameter.  He  was  in  full  range 
of  the  fire,  and  when  the  leaden  hail  became  fast 
and  furious  he  hugged  the  protection  of  that 
small  tree  with  praiseworthy  pertinacity.  Be- 
ing a  large,  fat  man,  the  little  sapling  was  in- 
sufficient to  cover  his  whole  body,  and  years 
afterwards,  in  telling  the  story,  he  used  to  say 
that  as  he  heard  the  arrows  whiz  by  and  the 
bullets  strike  the  tree  near  his  head  he  thought 
he  would  give  all  of  Arizona  to  have  that  tree 
six  inches  larger. 

^'In  1868  George  Bowers,  one  of  the  brightest 
young  men  of  Prescott,  was  killed  on  the  road 
coming  from  Camp  Verde  to  Prescott.  In  1869, 
a  party  of  thirteen  prospectors  outfitted  in  Santa 
Fe,  New  Mexico,  and  came  into  the  eastern  por- 
tion of  Arizona  looking  for  placer  diggings. 
They  were  successful  in  finding  gold,  but  the 
Indians  attacked  them  while  at  work,  killed  four 
or  five  of  the  party  and  got  possession  of  their 
camp,  provisions  and  animals.  The  remainder 
made  their  way  across  the  mountains  to  the 
Verde  settlements,  and  coming  down  Clear 
Creek  approached  the  camp  of  a  detachment  of 
soldiers  who  took  them  for  Indians,  and  fired 
more  than  fifty  shots  at  them  before  the  ragged, 


284  HISTORY   OF   ARIZONA. 

half-starved  wretches  could  convince  them  of 
their  mistake. 

"C.  Davis,  better  known  as  'Jeff'  Davis,  of 
Yavapai  County,  had  a  lively  experience  in  those 
days.  He  lived  on  a  lonely  ranch  near  the  head 
of  the  Hassayampa,  and  was  engaged  in  farm- 
ing and  stock  raising.  The  latter  pursuit,  how- 
ever, was  not  a  success,  for  whenever  he  had 
accumulated  a  few  head  of  stock  the  Indians 
were  sure  to  steal  them.  'Jeff'  was  a  great 
himter,  and  on  one  of  his  expeditions  he  came 
upon  a  band  of  Indians  in  the  heavy  pine  timber. 
Stepping  behind  a  tree  he  waited  until  the  fore- 
most savage  got  within  range  when  his  trusty 
rifle  rang  out  and  the  Indian  fell  to  rise  no 
more.  The  astonished  redskins  looked  around 
to  see  from  whence  the  attack  came,  and  ere  the}^ 
could  recover  themselves  two  more  bit  the  dust. 
The  remainder  fled  panic  stricken,  while  'Jeff' 
pumped  the  lead  after  them  while  one  remaine,d 
in  sight." 

Orick  Jackson  in  his  "White  Conquest," 
says: 

"During  the  carnival  of  blood  that  extended 
from  1863  to  1873,  over  600'  white  men  were 
killed  by  the  Indians  in  that  zone  lying  north  of 
the  Gila  and  Salt  Elvers.  These  fatalities  were 
confined  principally  to  'picking  off'  travelers  in 
parties  of  from  two  to  five.  Organized  bodies 
were  very  seldom  molested,  excepting  of  course 
the  military  operations  in  a  general  fight. 
Many  ranchers  fell  in  the  field  while  at  work  or 
in  going  from  home  to  a  neighbor.  Invariably 
the  white  victim  was  scalped  and  horribly  muti- 
lated otherwise." 


INDIAN  TROUBLES.  285 

The  following  from  the  pen  of  Thomas 
Thompson  Hunter,  an  old  timer,  shows  the  atti- 
tude of  the  Indians  at  this  time : 

''In  the  fall  of  1867  I  entered  the  Territory 
of  Arizona  with  a  herd  of  cattle  gathered  in 
Central  Texas  and  driven  across  the  plains, 
seeking  a  market  at  the  Government  Posts,  the 
only  beef  supply  available  at  the  time  for  the 
different  army  posts.  The  trip  was  a  dreary 
one  from  the  start,  accompanied  with  dangers 
and  hardships  innumerable.  Every  inch  of 
the  distance  across  was  menaced  with  hostile 
Indians,  who  never  lost  an  opportunity  to  attack 
our  outfit.  For  weeks  at  a  time  we  subsisted 
solely  upon  our  herd,  for  beef  straight  w^as  our 
only  ration.  Apache  Pass  was  the  first  place 
reached  in  Arizona  of  any  note.  A  small  com- 
pany of  U.  S.  Infantry  occupied  the  military 
post  there,  known  as  Fort  Bowie.  On  the  day 
of  our  arrival  at  Bowie,  it  looked  pretty  gloomy 
and  lonesome  for  the  few  soldiers  stationed 
there.  The  Indians  were  hooting  and  guying 
the  soldiers  from  the  cliffs  and  boulders  on  the 
mountain  sides.  They  spoke  mostly  in  Spanish, 
but  several  of  their  number  could  make  them- 
selves understood  in  our  native  tongue  (Eng- 
lish). 

"A  few  days  before  our  arrival  at  Fort  Bowie 
happened  a  sad  incident  that  impressed  me 
very  much.  The  Commander,  a  captain  of  the 
Post,  could  not  believe  that  there  existed  such 
a  thing  as  a  hostile  Indian.  He  had  never  been 
close  to  one.  An  alarm  was  given  by  some  of 
the  herders  that  they  had  been  attacked  by  In- 
dians.    The  captain  indiscreetly  mounted  his 


286  HISTORY   OF  ARIZONA. 

horse,  with  only  one  assistant,  and  galloped  off 
to  where  the  Indians  were  last  seen.  The  wily 
Apaches  concealed  themselves,  and  when  the 
captain  approached  near  enough,  instead  of 
shooting  him  as  they  generally  did,  they  roped 
him,  jerked  him  off  his  horse,  and  dragged  him 
to  death.  On  the  day  of  our  arrival,  one  of  the 
Indians  rode  up  on  the  captain's  horse,  and 
charged  around,  yelling  and  hooting  and  defy- 
ing the  soldiers.  I  could  relate  other  just  such 
performances  by  the  reds. 

''It  was  near  Bowie  a  few  years  later  that 
Col.  Stone  and  his  escort  were  murdered  by 
Apaches.  Old  Fort  Bowie,  now  abandoned,  is  a 
dreary,  lonesome  place,  yet  the  Indian  war  is 
over,  but  it  gives  one  the  shivers  to  go  through 
that  pass  and  recall  the  horrible  deeds  that  have 
been  committed  thereabouts.  While  there  in 
1867  I  looked  at  the  little  old  stone  cabin  built 
by  Butterfield's  men,  and  while  I  am  relating 
dark  tales  of  old  Apache  Pass,  I'll  just  relate 
an  incident  that  I  never  heard  of  in  print.  A 
friend  of  mine  was  stationed  there  about  the 
time  that  Butterfield  's  lines  were  drawn  off.  A 
fine  looking  young  man,  known  to  the  em- 
ployees as  '  Joim, '  I  think  an  Ohio  boy,  was  the 
keeper  of  the  station.  The  stages  brought  in 
what  little  grain  was  used  by  the  stage  com- 
pany's horses  from  the  Pima  villages.  At  this 
time  old  Cochise's  band  was  friendly  with  the 
whites,  and  at  the  time  would  camp  in  and 
around  the  station.  On  one  occasion,  John,  the 
keeper,  discovered  one  of  the  Cochise  men  steal- 
ing corn  out  of  a  little  hole  in  one  of  the  sacks. 
John,  acting  upon  the  impulse  of  the  moment, 


INDIAN  TROUBLES.  287 

kicked  the  Indian  out  of  the  cabin.  In  a  little 
while  afterward,  the  old  chief  Cochise  came 
and  made  a  bitter  complaint  to  John  about  his 
abusing  one  of  his  best  warriors — that  it  was  the 
act  of  a  coward,  and  he  demanded  that  John 
fight  his  warrior  like  a  brave  man,  that  he  could 
not  tolerate  such  an  insult  to  one  of  his  best 
men,  whereupon  Cochise  staked  off  the  distance. 
His  man  toed  the  mark,  with  an  old  Colt  cap  and 
ball  six-shooter.  John,  the  boy  keeper  of  the 
station,  accepted  the  challenge  readily,  and  took 
his  station  in  the  door  of  the  cabin  facing  his 
antagonist,  with  a  duplicate  of  the  same  arm 
that  the  warrior  had.  He  looked  the  true  speci- 
men of  frontier  manhood  that  he  was,  with  two 
white  men  his  only  backers,  while  the  Indian 
had  his  able  chief  with  his  tribe  to  back  him. 
The  critical  moment  had  arrived.  John,  the 
Ohio  boy,  represented  the  white  race  of  America, 
while  the  Indian  represented  the  Indian  world. 
Would  John  weaken  ?  Could  John  face  such  an 
ordeal?  The  great  chief  stood  for  fair  play, 
and  he  gave  the  signal  by  dropping  something 
from  his  own  hand.  The  two  fired  nearly  to- 
gether. John's  dark,  curly  locks  touched  the 
wooden  lintel  over  his  head.  The  Indian's  ball 
was  a  line  shot,  but  too  high  by  about  half  an 
inch.  John's  ball  centered  the  Indian's  heart, 
and  he  fell  dead  in  his  tracks.  The  old  chief 
stepped  forward  and  grasped  John's  hand,  and 
told  him  that  he  was  a  brave  man.  This  closed 
that  particular  incident,  and  the  white  boys  and 
the  Chiricahua  Indians  remained  good  friends 
until  the  stage  line  was  taken  off — an  act  of  the 
Civil  War.     About  this  time  there  were  many 


288  HISTORY   OF   ARIZONA. 

terrible  crimes  coroinitted.     Arizona  was    cer- 
tainly a  bloody  battle  field. 

"As  we  entered  the  Territory  north  of  Stein's 
Pass,  we  crossed  through  Doubtful  Canyon  in 
the  night  time.  At  the  divide  where  we  turn 
down  on  the  slope  of  the  San  Simon,  we  ran 
upon  a  gruesome  scene.  A  number  of  dead  men 
were  scattered  around.  We  passed  along  as 
rapidly  as  we  could  in  order  to  reach  the  plains 
before  daylight.  At  the  very  time  that  we  were 
passing  through  Doubtful  Canyon,  the  signal 
fires  were  burning  on  the  mountain  side 
(Apaches),  telling  each  other  of  our  movements. 
We  passed  on  to  Fort  Bowie  as  fast  as  we  could. 
In  going  up  the  momitain  side  entering  Apache 
Pass,  we  saw  where  a  battle  royal  had  been 
fought.  Just  before  we  got  there,  the  party 
who  had  contracted  to  deliver  the  U.  S.  mails 
was  at  the  time  very  hard  pressed.  It  was  so 
discouraging,  so  many  riders  had  been  killed 
and  stock  lost,  that  the  contractor  would  hire 
men  for  the  trip  to  carry  the  mails  from  Bowie 
to  Las  Cruces  and  return.  One  himdred  and 
fifty  dollars  would  be  paid  for  the  trip.  The 
boy  who  made  this  fight,  whose  name  was  Fisher, 
had  agreed  to  make  the  trip  to  Las  Cruces.  He 
left  Bowie  one  afternoon  mounted  upon  an  old 
condemned  government  mule,  armed  with  two 
45  six  shooters.  When  about  half  way  down  the 
slope  toward  San  Simon  flats^  the  enemy  at- 
tacked him,  and  if  he  had  had  a  decent  mount, 
I  believe  to  this  day  that  he  would  have  won  out. 
They  forced  him  to  zigzag  along  the  side  of 
the  mountain,  their  numbers  driving  him  to  the 
hills,  and  preventing  him  from  getting  them  in 


INDIAN  TROUBLES.  289 

the  open.  All  along  his  trail  were  dead  ponies 
that  Fisher  had  shot.  We  never  knew  how 
many  Indians  he  got,  as  they  removed  their 
dead.  Not  a  thing  did  I  know  about  this  boy 
except  that  his  name  was  Fisher.  After  ex- 
hausting his  ammunition,  they  finished  him  up, 
after  a  fight  against  fearful  odds,  the  equal  of 
which  never  came  off  in  any  other  fight  by  a 
single  lone  boy  in  all  of  Arizona's  Indian  wars. 
Fisher  was  one  of  God's  own  boys,  and  the  splen- 
did leather  in  his  makeup  was  duly  respected 
by  the  Apache  nation.  The  record  left  on  his 
mutilated  body  was  evidence  sufficient  that  he 
died  game, — his  heart  was  taken  out  and  prob- 
ably eaten, — a  custom  of  the  Indians  practiced 
in  those  days  by  them,  a  belief  that  it  would 
make  them  brave  like  their  victims.  His  stir- 
rup foot  (the  left)  was  skiimed, — a  mark  of 
honor  and  respect  to  a  fallen  brave  enemy,  as 
also  his  right  hand,  the  bridle  hand.  The  In- 
dians honored  the  brave  boy  in  his  death,  and 
nature  did  the  rest  by  erecting  the  grand  old 
brown  mountains  for  his  monument,  which  will 
last  through  Eternity. 

"We  leave  Apache  Pass  now  and  travel  on 
toward  Tucson,  the  next  place  of  any  note,  ex- 
cept that  I  might  mention  Pantano,  the  historic 
place  where  W.  A.  Smith  made  one  of  the  best 
fights  on  record.  He  and  three  companions 
were  attacked  early  one  morning  by  the  Indians. 
He  was  the  only  one  of  the  four  men  left  to  tell 
the  tale.  Is  there  any  one  person  to-day  in  all 
of  Arizona  who  can  possibly  realize  or  appre- 
ciate the  position  of  this  man,  fighting  for  his 

V— 19 


290  HISTORY   OF   ARIZONA. 

life  with  his  three  dead  comrades  piled  around 
him,  he  with  his  big  old  shotgun  carrying  death 
and  destruction  at  ever}^  discharge  of  the  ter- 
rible old  weapon — justly  earning  for  himself  the 
name  of  'Shotgun  Smith.'  Afterwards,  the 
Indians  in  relating  the  battle,  said  that  the  man 
who  handled  the  shotgun  killed  or  wounded 
seven  or  eight  of  their  number.  Old  'Shotgun 
Smith'  is  an  old  man  now,  and  lives  at  the  Sol- 
diers' Home  at  Santa  Monica,  California,  a 
personal  friend  of  thirty  years'  standing — a 
friendship  that  has  grown  with  the  years. 
Man}^  other  horrible  deeds  were  committed  in 
and  around  Pantano,  but  I  got  through  O.  K., 
and  arrived  in  Tucson  in  time  to  take  my  Christ- 
mas dinner  in  1867,  which  I  might  state  con- 
sisted of  a  can  of  jelly  and  a  piece  or  two  of 
Mexican  sugar  panoche.  This  was  a  luxury  for 
cow  boys  after  our  drive,  and  a  fare  of  prin- 
cipally beef  broiled  upon  a  stick,  and  oftentimes 
not  even  that  much.  Oh,  how  I  did  love  the  old 
city  then,  a  place  of  rest,  a  place  of  refuge.  I 
could  spread  my  blankets  on  the  ground  and 
sleep  so  good,  with  my  system  relaxed — no  hor- 
rible dreams,  no  nightmare.  For  once  I  was 
happy  and  contented,  and  had  not  a  single  desire 
to  move  on  and  hunt  something  better.  At  that 
early  date  I  felt  that  Arizona  was  good  enough 
for  me.  Already  I  loved  her  grand  old  brown 
mountains.  I  felt  at  home  in  the  strange  un- 
known land  of  my  adoption.  Tucson  was  pe- 
culiarly afflicted  with  Apache  depredations  at 
this  time.  The  government  at  Washington 
could  never  hear  the  cries  of  distress  from  the 
pioneers — people  who  were  struggling   against 


INDIAN  TROUBLES.  291 

such  fearful  odds  to  maintain  themselves.  Our 
petitions  and  prayers  were  ignored,  and  at  times 
of  unusual  activity  on  the  part  of  the  enemy, 
we  felt  like  giving  up  the  unequal  contest.  The 
policy  of  the  Government  at  this  time  was  cer- 
tainly contemptible.  Under  the  guns  at  Fort 
Grant,  with  the  strong  arm  of  the  Government 
protecting  a  gang  of  Apache  cutthroats,  and 
issuing  rations  to  them,  mamtaining  their 
families,  in  order  that  the  bucks  could  more 
easily  raid  Tucson,  murder  her  citizens  and 
steal  the  stock,  and  maintain  a  reign  of  terror 
for  unfortunate  old  Tucson.  There  must  be  a 
beginning  and  an  ending  of  all  things,  and, 
like  the  old  Kentuckian  who,  summing  up  the 
political  situation,  said,  'when  politics  got  bad 
it's  mighty  hard  to  mend  them,  but  when  they 

got  d d  bad,  they  just  tear  loose  and  mend 

themselves,'  the  Apache  situation  had  reached 
this  point,  and  something  was  going  to  happen. 
Only  one  of  those  old  pioneers  of  Tucson  who 
faced  that  crisis  and  made  himself  an  outlaw 
in  order  to  save  his  country,  is  alive,  old  and 
feeble  Sidney  E.  DeLong.  (Since  deceased.) 
W.  S.  Oury  and  his  friends  were  the  leaders  in 
leading  a  band  of  Papago  Indians  to  old  Fort 
Grant,  surprising  the  Government  renegades, 
and  exterminating  the  whole  outfit.  Tucson 
enjoyed  a  rest  after  this,  but  the  Federal 
Grand  Jury  afterwards  arrai.gned  Sidney  R. 
DeLong  and  one  hundred  others,  but  the  only 
thing  that  did  happen  was  that  the  Govern- 
ment ordered  General  Grook  to  Arizona,  and 
my  old  friend  DeLong 's  action  was  the  begin- 
ning of   the   end  of   the   terrible   Apache  war. 


292  HISTOEY   OF   ARIZONA. 

The  war  continued  for  years,  many  crimes  were 
committed,  many  pioneers  were  murdered  after 
this,  but  DeLong's  action  forced  the  Washing- 
ton authorities  to  listen  to  our  prayer  and  peti- 
tions for  the  first  time.  The  war  is  now  over, 
peace  reigns  supreme.  Let  us  cover  the  past 
with  the  mantle  of  charity,  forget  the  past  in  so 
far  as  we  can,  and  when  the  true  history  of  Ari- 
zona is  written,  may  it  remind  the  future  genera- 
tion of  its  obligation  to  the  old  pioneer  Sidney 
R.  DeLong,  who  is  spending  the  evening  of  his 
useful  life  in  the  old  historic  town  of  Tucson 
that  he  loved  so  well. 

''As  we  take  the  western  trail  from  Tucson, 
we  pass  on  to  the  Gila  Elver,  and  enter  the  Pima 
and  Maricopa  Indian  country.  These  Indians 
were  fomid  in  a  pitiful  condition,  poverty 
stricken  in  the  extreme.  They  made  their  boast 
to  us  that  they  had  never  taken  white  blood. 
It  was  very  easy  to  see  why  this  was  the  case. 
They  were  being  hard  pressed  by  the  Yumas, 
Apaches  and  other  Indians.  They  were  com- 
pelled to  accept  the  whites  as  allies,  otherwise 
they  would  have  been  exterminated  root  and 
branch  in  a  few  years  more.  We  felt  safe 
among  them  from  the  hostiles.  The  greatest 
trouble  was  their  stealing  propensities,  which 
were  thoroughly  developed.  Our  stock  was  get- 
ting so  poor  and  w^orried  with  travel  that  we 
camped  isome  days  in  this  section.  Quite  a  num- 
ber of  immigrants  fell  in  with  us  for  protection 
from  the  Apaches,  and  while  here  at  Maricopa 
a  few  pioneers  came  over  from  Salt  River  to 
tell  us  about  the  wonderful  coimtry  over  there, 
and  induce  the  immigrants  to  settle  with  them. 


INDIAN  TROUBLES.  293 

They  also  held  out  the  inducement  to  us  that 
there  was  plenty  of  grass  there  also,  and  that 
it  would  be  a  fine  place  for  our  cattle." 

The  "Miner"  of  September  21st,  1867,  says: 
"News  w^as  brought  to  town  last  evening  from 
the  Point  of  Rocks,  about  four  miles  from  Pres- 
cott  and  three  miles  from  Fort  Whipple,  that 
about  20  Indians  had  made  an  attack  upon  Hon- 
orable Lewis  A.  Stephens'  home  with  the  evident 
intention  of  murdering  the  inmates  and  stealing 
the  stock.  At  the  time  of  the  attack  there  were 
on  the  place  but  two  persons,  Mrs.  Stephens  and  a 
hired  man.  The  house  is  situated  about  a  hun- 
dred yards  from  an  immense  pile  of  rocks, 
which  contains  numerous  caves  and  little  valleys. 
As  luck  would  have  it,  Mrs.  Stephens  and  the 
man  saw  the  murderous  villains  as  they  emerged 
from  the  rocks,  and  ran  for  their  gmis,  opening 
fire  upon  the  thieves,  who  returned  the  fire  for 
some  'time,  trying  at  every  turn  to  get  posses- 
sion of  the  horses,  but  the  quick  eyes  and  steady 
fire  of  Mrs.  Stephens  and  the  hired  man,  cowed 
the  savages  and  they  were  forced  to  skulk  back 
to  their  hiding  places  without  accomplishing 
the  object  of  their  raid.  Many  a  man  placed 
in  the  same  position  as  Mrs.  Stephens  would 
have  taken  to  his  heels  and  ran  for  dear  life, 
but  she  stood  her  ground  and  fought  them  like 
the  heroine  that  she  is.  Shortly  after  the  In- 
dians left,  Mr.  Johns,  who  lives  on  a  neighbor- 
ing ranch  and  heard  the  firing,  started  with  some 
men  for  Stephens'  and  followed  the  Indians 
into  the  rocks,  but  failed  to  find  them.  He  then 
started  to  town  bringing  the  news,  and  a  request 
from  Mrs.    Stephens  to  her  husband,  who  is  a 


294  HISTORY   OF   ARIZONA. 

member  of  the  legislature,  to  send  her  some 
buck  shot,  'A  little  more  shot,  Mr.  Stephens.' 
Bully  for  Mrs.  Stephens;  she  is  our  favorite 
candidate  for  the  ^Commander  of  the  District  of 
Arizona." 

In  the  Fish  manuscript  another  version  of 
this  story  is  given.  In  this  version  it  is  stated 
that  Mrs.  Stephens'  message  to  her  husband  was 
as  follows: 

"Lewis,  the  Indians  are  here;  send  me  plenty 
of  powder  and  lead.  Don't  neglect  your  duties 
by  coming  home,  for  I  am  master  of  the  situa- 
tion and  can  hold  the  house." 

The  following  is  from  the  "Miner"  of  Oct.  3, 
1867: 

"Troops  on  the  Colorado,  with  Col.  Price, 
take  warpath  against  Wallapais. ' '    Also, 

"The  Legislature  petitions  Maj.  W.  R.  Pnce  to 
sustain  a  company  of  cavalry  at  the  Vegas 
Ranch  for  the  protection  of  the  road  and  the 
settlements  in  Pah-Ute  County." 

The  "Miner"  of  Sept.  30,  1857,  copies  from 
the  "San  Francisco  Call"  the  following  editorial, 
wliich  shows  the  feeling  in  the  West  against  the 
hostile  Indians: 

' '  Indian  raids  still  continue. ' ' 

"Everything  connected  with  the  Indian  busi- 
ness of  the  country  seems  to  be  a  failure,  except 
massacres  by  Indians.  They  flourish '  like  a  green 
bay  tree '  and  fill  the  land  with  their  butcheries. 
The  shrieks  of  unfortunate  women  and  children 
while  being  tomahawked,  scalped  or  disem- 
boweled on  the  plains,  nightly  rend  the  air; 
yet  nothing  is  done  to  put  an  end  to  the   out- 


INDIAN  TROUBLES.  295 

rages.  Sherman,  who  '  rode  from  Atlanta  to  the 
sea,'  has  proved  a  big  failure  as  an  Indian 
fighter.  Several  months  ago  he  made  a  trip 
through  the  borders  of  the  Indian  country,  and 
positively  announced  that  there  was  no  danger 
to  be  apprehended  from  the  Indians;  that  all 
the  stories  of  Indian  outrages  are  false;  that 
there  was  no  cause  to  fear  anything  from  the 
Indians ;  and  that,  in  effect,  but  few  troops  were 
needed  to  protect  the  routes  of  travel,  etc.  Gov- 
ernment, and  the  people  not  threatened  by  In- 
dians, listened  to  Sherman's  oracular  sayings, 
and  acted  accordingly.  The  result  is  before  us. 
Not  only  are  white  travelers  and  settlers  being 
mercilessly  slaughtered  and  their  dead  bodies 
shockingly  outraged  every  day,  but  the  Indians 
have  stopped  telegraphic  communications  al- 
most entirely,  intercepted  the  mails  and  cap- 
tured railroad  trains ;  they  have  also  endangered 
the  very  existence  of  General  Sherman's  troops. 
It  cannot  be  denied  that  Sherman's  manage- 
ment of  Indian  affairs  has  resulted  in  the  great- 
est failure  of  the  day.  His  pompous  assertions 
at  the  outset  have  been  falsified  by  events,  and 
the  Indians  have  constantly  grown  in  strength 
in  spite  of  him.  These  things  happened  partly 
because  he  was  too  wise  in  his  own  conceit,  and, 
therefore,  above  listening  to  those  who  knew 
more  of  Indian  fighting  than  he  did,  and  partly 
because  he  has  persisted  in  fighting  the  Indians 
on  moral  suasion  principles,  rather  than  ac- 
cording to  the  only  system  they  can  compre- 
hend, that  of  destructive  force.  He  has  shown 
himself  to  be  more  of  a  missionary  than  a  sol- 
dier in  the  last  Indian  campaign,  and  has  con- 


296  HISTORY   OF   ARIZONA. 

sequently,  relied  for  success  more  upon  talking 
than  fighting.  The  amount  of  it  is  Government 
made  a  mistake  in  allotting  Sherman  to  the 
Western  District.  Sheridan  should  have  been 
there  and  Sherman  in  Louisiana.  The  former 
knows  how  to  fight  Indians,  while  Sherman  does 
not.  But  even  Sherman's  failures  in  Indian 
fighting  do  not  do  away  with  the  fact  that  our 
whole  Indian  policy  is  wrong.  We  could  cease 
to  bestow  Indian  annuities,  to  make  presents; 
to  recognize  Indian  nations  and  tribes.  We 
should  give  the  Indians  to  understand  that  they 
should  respect  life  and  property  everywhere,  or 
else  suffer  the  most  serious  consequences.  A 
war  of  extermination  against  the  Indians  would 
be  better  for  all,  than  the  merciless  and  con- 
tinuous butcheries  that  have  been  going  on." 
The  "Miner"  of  Sept.  11,  1867,  says: 
"W.  M.  Saxton,  Cummings  and  Manning, 
were  attacked  by  Indians  at  Round  Valley.  Sax- 
ton  killed,  Cummings  and  Manning  wounded. 
Indians  defeated." 


INDIAN  TROUBLES.  297 

CHAPTEiR  XIV. 

INDIAN  TROUBLES  (Continued). 

Indian  Question  not  Solved — General  Mason 
Succeeded  by  Colonel  Wallen  and  Col- 
onel LovELL — General  Gregg  and  Gen- 
eral Crittenden  Succeed  Colonels  Wal- 
len AND  LoVELL — ARIZONA  DECLARED  MILI- 
TARY District  by  General  Halleck — Gen- 
eral McDowell  Makes  Visit  to  Arizona 
— Eaids  AND  Massacres  Continue — Expedi- 
tion BY  General  Gregg — Attack  on  Mil- 
ler's Eanch — Bravery  of  Mrs.  Miller — 
A.  M.  Erwin,  Member  of  Legislature, 
Killed  by  Indians  —  General  Ord  Suc- 
ceeds General  McDowell — Charles  Spen- 
cer AND  Party  Attacked  by  Indians  — 
Expedition  by  General  Alexander  —  La 
Paz  Threatened  by  Indians  —  Attack 
Upon  Joseph  Melvin  and  J.  P.  Gibson — 
JosiAH  Whitcomb  and  Party  Attacked 
BY  Indians — George  D.  Bowers  and  Party 
Attacked,  Bowers  Killed  —  Begole  and 
Thompson  Attacked,  Thompson  Khxed — 
Fight  at  Burnt  Ranch  —  Jake  Mnj:.ER 
Kills  Indian  Chief  and  Saves  Ranch  and 
Stock — E.  A.  Bentley,  Editor  and  Pro- 
prietor OF  ''Miner'''  Killed  by  Indians — 
Murders  and  Raids  in  Southern  Part  of 
Arizona  Detailed  by  Charles  A.  Shibell 
— Sol  Barth's  Experience  With  Cochise. 

From  the  Fish  Manuscript: 
"The  Indian  question  in  Arizona  had  not  heen 
solved  and  many  plans  to  arrange  the    small 


298  HISTORY   OF   ARIZONA, 

military  forces  were  proposed  so  that  they  would 
accomplish  the  best  results.  In  1866  Arizona 
was  divided  into  what  was  called  the  north  and 
south  districts,  and  Mason's  successors  were 
Colonel  H.  D.  Wallen  in  the  north,  and  Colonel 
Charles  S.  Lovell  in  the  south.  These  two  did 
not  hold  their  positions  very  long,  nor  does  it 
appear  that  they  did  much.  They  were  suc- 
ceeded by  General  J.  I.  Gregg  in  the  north  and 
General  T.  L.  Crittenden  in  the  south,  early  in 
1867.  General  Crittenden  came  from  Cali- 
fornia with  three  hundred  men  and  arrived  on 
the  lower  Gila  early  in  the  year.  He  had  a  diffi- 
cult time  in  getting  through,  encountering  some 
very  bad  sand  storms  as  well  as  unfavorable 
weather. 

"Regular  troops  had  been  sent  in  to  take  the 
place  of  the  volunteers  and  now  numbered  from 
fifteen  hundred  to  two  thousand,  and  were  soon 
increased.  In  October,  Arizona  was  formally 
declared  a  military  district  by  order  of  General 
Halleck.  In  December,  General  McDowell 
made  a  visit  to  this  part  of  his  department  which 
did  not  result  in  much  good.  He  was  not  Avell 
liked  by  the  people  of  Arizona,  and  while  he  was 
acknowledged  as  a  gentleman,  he  was  wholh^ 
incapable  of  comprehending  the  nature  and  re- 
quirements of  Indian  warfare.  As  a  cabinet 
officer  he  may  have  had  few  equals  in  the  ser- 
vice ;  but  for  Indian  campaigning  it  would  have 
been  difficult  to  select  another  so  poorly  quali- 
fied. 

''Raids  and  massacres  still  continued,  and 
there  was  some  agitation  in  the  south  during  the 
winter  of  1866-67,  in  consequence  of  the  Im- 


INDIAN  TROUBLES.  299 

perialists  leaving  Mexico  and  going  to  Cali- 
fornia by  way  of  Yiuna.  When  Maximilian  first 
came  there  was  an  exodus  of  the  liberals,  but 
now  Juarez  had  triumphed  and  the  Imperialists 
emigrated  in  large  numbers.  These  agitations  on 
the  border  were  continually  occurring,  and  the 
Indians  never  slackened  their  vigilance,  and 
thefts  and  attacks  upon  the  emigrants  were 
constant.  During  this  winter  a  party  came  into 
southern  Arizona,  camping  one  night  at  a  sta- 
tion on  the  lower  Gila.  They  secured  their  ani- 
mals by  putting  them  in  an  adobe  corral,  and 
then  lay  down  at  the  entrance  for  the  night. 
The  Apaches  got  to  the  back  of  the  corral  and 
with  strips  of  rawhide  sawed  out  a  section  of  the 
wall,  and  when  the  Americans  arose  in  the  morn- 
ing, they  found  themselves  left  afoot. 

"In  April,  1867,  the  Apaches  made  an  attack 
on  a  ranch  three  miles  east  of  Prescott  and 
drove  off  several  head  of  cattle.  A  detachment 
of  troops  was  at  once  sent  out  from  Fort  Whip- 
ple, and  though  they  marched  seventy-five  miles 
in  twenty-four  hours,  they  failed  to  come  up 
with  the  redskins.  The  officer  in  command  re- 
ported that  the  hostiles  were  strong  in  numbers, 
and  had  fled  in  the  direction  of  Hell's  Canyon. 
General  Gregg,  then  commanding  the  northern 
district,  immediately  started  with  two  fresh 
companies  of  cavalry,  himself  at  the  head,  and 
made  a  forced  march  by  night,  in  order  to  sur- 
prise the  enemy.  Next  morning  at  daybreak 
he  was  at  Hell's  Canyon,  but  no  Apaches  were 
to  be  found  there  nor  any  trace  of  them.  After 
scouring  the  country  down  the  Verde,  he  re- 
turned to  Fort  AVhipple.     However,  a  day  or 


300  HISTORY   OF   ARIZONA. 

two  afterwards  a  detachment  of  cavalry  suc- 
ceeded in  finding  and  surprising  a  rancheria  of 
Apaches  to  the  southwest  of  the  Verde,  and  kill- 
ing five  and  wounding  twice  as  many  more  at 
the  first  fire.  The  rest  fled  but  soon  rallied  and 
came  on  in  such  numbers  that  the  troops  were 
compelled  to  fall  back  to  the  main  column.  It 
was  then  thought  best  to  retire  to  Fort  Whipple 
as  their  rations  were  about  exhausted.  Subse- 
quently Gregg  sent  them  out  again,  and  this 
time  they  succeeded  in  damaging  the  Apaches 
considerably. 

"The  main  roads  and  trails  from  Prescott  to 
Antelope,  Rich  Hill,  Date  Creek,  Wickenburg, 
and  Ehrenberg,  on  the  Colorado  river,  went 
through  Skull  Valley,  and  at  least  fifty  white 
men  were  killed  on  them  during  the  war  times. 
A  small  detachment  of  soldiers  was  stationed 
at  the  lower  end  of  the  Valley  in  1866  to  escort 
the  United  States  mail,  and  to  protect  the  set- 
tlers along  the  roads.  Lieutenant  Hutton  was 
in  command  of  this  force  which  was  made  up  of 
Mexican  volunteers. 

"In  1867  S.  C.  Miller's  ranch  at  the  edge  of 
Prescott  was  attacked  by  Indians,  who  com- 
menced to  drive  off  the  stock.  Miller  was  not  at 
home  but  Mrs.  Miller,  w^ho  was  alone,  took  her 
husband's  gun  and  opened  fire  on  them.  Miller, 
who  was  on  his  way  from  town,  heard  the  fir- 
ing, and  soon  came  to  the  rescue,  but  it  was 
through  Mrs.  Miller's  pluck  that  the  stock  was 
saved. 

"The  year  1868  does  not  record  as  many  mur- 
ders as  usual,  but  among  them  w^ere  those  of 
A.  M.  Erwin,  a  member  of  the  Legislature,  who 


INDIAN  TROUBLES.  301 

was  killed  by  Indians,  and  George  Bowers,  one 
of  the  brightest  young  men  in  Prescott,  while 
on  the  road  coming  from  Camp  Verde  to  Pres- 
cott." 

Notwithstanding  the  statement  made  by  Mr. 
Fish  in  the  paragraph  just  above  quoted,  the 
following  items  taken  from  the  files  of  the  Ari- 
zona "Miner"  for  the  year  1868,  speak  for  them- 
selves  * 

''February  29th,  1868. 

' '  Band  of  Indians  stole  horses  and  mules  near 
Wickenburg.  A  band  of  twenty-four  men  was 
organized  at  Wickenburg  and  followed  them 
into  Tonto  Basin.  It  was  charged  that  the  In- 
dians were  some  of  those  who  have  been  fed  all 
winter  at  Camp  Reno  by  the  Government,  who 
stole  the  animals.  It  goes  on  to  say  that  the 
tracks  of  all  animals  stolen  from  this  section  of 
the  country  have  been  seen  going  in  that  direc- 
tion. If  this  be  the  case,  and  from  our  knowl- 
edge of  the  Indians  and  their  country,  we  be- 
lieve it  is  so,  we  are  sorry  that  the  officers  in 
command  of  the  troops  en  route  to  Reno  do  not 
keep  their  friendlies  at  home.  The  Mexicans, 
Pimas  and  Maricopas  say  that  the  Apache  cares 
nothing  for  treaties,  and  they  look  upon  a  treaty 
with  an  Apache  as  a  farce,  and  claim  they  are 
friendly  with  the  military  at  some  government 
post  in  their  country,  where  they  can  draw  ra- 
tions from  the  commissary,  and  upon  them 
travel  to  settlements,  steal  and  kill,  and  hurry 
back  with  their  booty.  We  do  not  blame  the 
officers  at  McDowell  and  Reno  for  trading  with 


302  HISTORY   OF   ARIZONA. 

the  Indians,  as  we  suppose  they  are  carrying 
out  instructions  from  their  superiors. ' ' 
In  the  same  paper  appears  the  following : 
"General  Ord,  who  succeeds  General  Mc- 
Dowell, declares  that  they  may  talk  of  Peace 
Commissioners,  but  the  only  way  to  make  peace 
with  the  Apaches  is  to  kill  them  off,  the  sooner 
the  better." 

Under  date  of  April  4,  1868,  the  "Miner" 
says: 

"Hualapais  attack  a  mail  party,  kill  the  es- 
cort, wound  one  rider  and  capture  the  mail, 
within  three  miles  of  a  camp  of  U.  S.  Volunteers. 
They  brutally  mutilated  the  lifeless  bodies  of 
their  victims,  cut  off  their  limbs,  etc.  Under 
this  heading  is  given  this  description  of  the 
fight: 

"Camp  Willow  Grove,  Arizona, 

"March  23,  1868. 

"I  am  extremely  sorry  to  have  to  inform  you 
that  Mr.  Charles  Spencer  has  been  severely 
wounded  by  Indians,  but  I  am  happy  to  state, 
not  mortally.  He  is  now  in  the  hospital  at  this 
post  and  is  doing  as  well  as  could  be  expected. 

"He  and  the  escorts  started  from  this  post 
with  the  mail  for  Hardyville  and  Grant,  on  the 
morning  of  the  21st  inst.,  at  the  usual  time,  nine 
o'clock.  Before  they  got  into  the  cotton-woods 
four  miles  from  here,  they  were  fired  upon  by  a 
party  of  Hualapai  Indians,  and  the  escorts,  con- 
sisting of  Corporal  Troy  and  Private  Flood, 
were  killed  at  the  first  fire,  as  was  also  the  mule 
which  the  mail  carrier  was  riding.     Spencer,  as 


INDIAN  TROUBLES.  303 

quickly  as  possible,  disengaged  himself  from  the 
saddle,  grabbed  his  seven  shooting  rifle,  and  ran 
behind  a  green  wood  birch,  which  was  the  only 
shelter  close  at  hand.  Soon  after  getting  be- 
hind this  cover  he  saw  a  party  of  savages  go 
up  to  the  dead  body  of  the  corporal,  strip  and 
mutilate  it.  While  they  were  engaged  in  this 
bloody  work  Spencer  kept  up  a  steady  fire  upon 
them,  and  had  the  satisfaction  of  killing  two 
of  the  red  devils.  The  others  then  ran  for  shel- 
ter. Spencer  did  the  same,  and,  on  reaching 
a  safe  retreat,  and  just  as  he  was  about  to  get 
securely  covered,  he  was  fired  upon  by  about  a 
dozen  Indians  who  were  hidden  behind  some 
rocks.  One  of  the  shots  hit  him  in  the  thigh, 
passing  through  the  fleshy  part,  causing  him  to 
fall.  They  then  rushed  towards  him,  thinking 
they  had  him  sure.  In  this  they  were  mistaken, 
for  Charley  had  not  yet  commenced  to  fight. 
He  soon  gathered  himself  up  and  made  the  sav- 
ages hunt  their  holes.  He  then  crawled  into  a 
cave  between  some  rocks,  and  took  a  rest,  which 
he  needed.  During  all  this  time  a  party  of  the 
Indians  were  stripping  the  bodies  of  the  mur- 
dered soldiers  and  cutting  up  the  carcasses  of 
the  horses  and  mules,  which  occupied  them  for 
about  twenty  minutes.  They  then  surrounded 
Spencer  and  tried  to  shoot  him  out,  but  he  could 
shoot  and  they  found  that  that  was  no  good. 
Then  they  tried  to  scare  him  out  with  yells,  but 
he  yelled  back  defiance  at  them  and,  whenever 
an  opportunity  offered,  sent  a  bullet  after  them. 
Changing  their  tactics,  they  tried  to  flatter  him 
by  telling  him  to  go  home;  that  they  did  not 
want  to  kill  him.     About  4  P.  M.  they  got  up 


304  HISTORY   OF   ARIZONA. 

and  left  the  place.  The  cause  of  their  leaving 
was  the  appearance  of  a  squad  of  soldiers  sent 
out  to  learn  the  cause  of  the  firing  which  had 
been  heard  at  camp.  The  men  came  upon  the 
dead  bodies  of  the  corporal  and  the  escorts. 
Hastening  to  camp  they  reported,  and  a  wagon 
and  twenty  men  were  sent  out  under  Lieu- 
tenant Robinson  to  bring  in  the  bodies.  Spencer 
heard  the  rumble  of  the  wagon,  but  being  unable 
to  go  to  it  on  account  of  his  wounds,  he  yelled 
and  discharged  his  pistol,  by  which  means  he 
attracted  the  attention  of  the  lieutenant  to  his 
situation.  He  was  immediately  placed  in  the 
wagon  and  brought  to  camp  here.  All  the  care 
and  attention  necessary  was  and  will  be  ren- 
dered him  by  the  officers  and  men.  He  says 
there  were  all  of  seventy-five  Indians,  one-half 
of  whom  were  armed  with  guns.  The  officers 
were  censured  for  not  sending  troops  to  the 
scene  of  action  sooner  as  the  reports  of  the  fir- 
ing were  heard  at  the  military  camp  several 
hours  before  they  moved." 

Under  date  of  June  6th,  1868,  the  "Miner" 
had  the  following: 

"Camp  O'Connell. 
"On  the  3d  of  March  General  Alexander  and 
Major  Clendenin  arrived  at  Camp  O'Connell 
with  their  force  which  numbered  about  170  men, 
and  had  a  talk  with  the  Indians,  some  two  hun- 
dred in  number,  under  two  chiefs,  Delchayha 
and  Skivitkill.  The  former  is  the  miraculous 
gentleman  I  have  spoken  of  before.  The  lat- 
ter the  War  Raven  Chief,  and  a  Pinal.  The 
general  wished  them  to  remain  in  camp  until 


INDIAN  TROUBLES.  305 

he  returned,  and  if  they  wished  to  give  him 
a  dozen  men  as  scouts  or  guides,  all  well;  if 
not,  to  remain  in  camp  and  they  would  be  safe ; 
but  any  caught  outside  would  be  shot.  To  this 
they  agreed  and  sung  all  night.  Next  morning 
they  received  a  beef,  and  as  soon  as  the  cavalry 
made  its  appearance  over  the  hill  coming  into 
camp,  Skivitkill  and  his  tribe  took  to  their  heels 
and  made  for  the  mountains.  The  other  chief 
took  it  coolly  and  remained,  but  during  the 
forenoon  most  of  his  men  left,  and  about  noon 
he  departed  in  peace.  At  two  o'clock  the  com- 
mand was  under  way,  and  camped  in  Tonto 
Creek  the  night  of  the  3rd.  The  next  morning 
they  proceeded  direct  for  the  mountains  of  the 
east.  As  we  reached  the  canyon,  on  the  left  was 
a  small  hill  on  w^hich  the  Indians  were  standing, 
almost  over  the  trail.  The  guide  being  ahead, 
the  Indians  motioned  him  to  come  up,  which 
he  did,  and  found  Delchayha  was  there.  They 
immediately  lit  cigars,  and  were  joined  by  the 
Apache  interpreter,  the  Spanish  interpreter  be- 
ing about  half  way  up  the  hill.  When  the  gen- 
eral at  the  head  of  the  command  arrived,  he 
wished  to  know  of  the  chief  what  he  wanted. 
The  chief  was  not  alone,  an  Indian  orderly 
standing  about  twenty  paces  in  the  rear,  the  re- 
mainder being  behind  rocks.  The  chief  stood 
upon  a  rock  that  projected  over  a  hill,  with  his 
gun  in  his  hand  and  having  on  a  blouse,  shoulder 
straps  and  a  black  hat.  He  said  he  had  come 
there  to  meet  the  Capitania  to  declare  war 
against  the  Americans  as  he  had  made  up  his 
mind  to  that  since  the  night  before.     He  re- 

V— 20 


306  HISTORY   OF   ARIZONx\. 

quired  blood  and  wanted  the  general  to  leave 
his  country.  He  said  that  the  Capitan  Little, 
meaning  Lieutenant  Dubois,  was  a  good  man, 
but  the  Capitanias  Grandes  were  bad,  and  he 
would  not  hear  of  peace  with  them.  Skivitkill, 
with  a  thousand  of  his  warriors  was  coming  to 
attack  our  camp,  and  we  would  be  wiped  out  of 
the  country  in  no  time.  All  this  was  accom- 
panied by  formidable  gestures,  and  at  last  the 
'Gentleman'  broke  into  the  most  abusive  lan- 
guage. The  general  called  to  the  guide  and 
the  interpreter  to  come  down,  and  told  some  of 
the  men  to  shoot  the  chief  up.  The  words 
were  not  finished  when  about  half  a  dozen 
bullets  greeted  the  chief,  leaving  nothing  to  be 
seen  of  him  but  his  breechclout,  the  Apache 
national  flag,  floating  for  an  instant,  and  then 
disappearing.  The  infantry  and  cavalry  as- 
cended the  hill  immediately,  but  the  Indians 
were  nowhere  to  be  found ;  nothing  but  a  tin  pail 
remained.  The  general,  not  wishing  to  lose 
time,  moved  on,  and  when  the  rear  guard  was 
passing,  the  Indians  came  to  the  front  but  with- 
out injury  to  either  party.  The  march  was  con- 
tinued to  Red  Rock  Canyon,  where  we  camped 
for  the  night,  and  started  the  next  morning  for 
Meadow  Valley,  and  arrived  there  about  three 
o'clock  Sunday,  the  5th,  and  saw  no  Indians. 

"Monday  evening  we  started  back  again,  but 
the  general,  Major  Clendenin,  and  the  cavalry, 
started  southeast  in  the  direction  of  Fort  Grant. 
As  the  infantry  climbed  the  hill,  a  sergeant  of 
Company  L,  8th  Cavalry,  who  was  some  distance 
in  the  rear,  leading  his  horse  which  had  given 
out,  a  shot  was  fired  from  the  woods,  hitting 


INDIAN  TROUBLES.  307 

the  horse  in  the  flank  with  a  charge  of  buck  shot. 
The  sergeant  and  the  Indians  had  it  pretty 
warm  for  about  fifteen  minutes,  when  a  squad 
of  the  rear  guard  went  back,  dislodged  the 
Apaches,  and  brought  off  the  horse,  which  was 
shot  soon  after.  On  arriving  at  the  top  of  the 
hill  and  looking  in  the  direction  that  the  cavalry 
was  taking,  the  country  was  covered  with  slopes 
as  far  as  the  eye  could  reach.  From  Meadow 
Valley  the  infantry  marched  in  two  days  to  this 
camp,  losing  a  number  on  the  road.  I  forgot 
to  say  that  after  firing  on  the  chief,  the  general 
immediately  dispatched  a  corporal  and  six  men 
into  camp,  with  orders  to  capture  all  the  Indians 
in  and  around  there.  Some  half  dozen  were 
still  around,  but  were  soon  put  in  confinement. 
The  next  night  one  buck  bolted,  was  fired  on 
and  missed,  and  on  reaching  the  hill  over  the 
camp,  made  quite  a  speech,  cursing  all  Ameri- 
cans. The  day  after,  four  Indians  came  in 
mider  a  flag  of  truce  from  Skivitkill,  saying  as 
well  as  could  be  understood,  that  the  chief  was 
scared  on  seeing  so  many  Americans  and  ran 
away,  but  did  not  intend  to  be  hostile,  and,  see- 
ing that  the  general  meant  him  no  harm,  he 
wished  to  come  in  right  away.  These  four  were 
confined  also.  Two  Apache-Mohaves  came  in  a 
day  after  the  scout  left,  but  were  hunted  out. 
The  most  of  the  Apache-Mohaves  have  soldiers' 
clothes  on,  and  may  be  from  the  reservation. 
The  other  Indians  say  they  are  great  thieves. 
In  a  few  days  a  scout  will  leave  for  Green 
Valley,  which  is  to  be  Camp  Reno  instead  of  the 
first  place  located.  This  valley  is  ten  miles  from 
Meadow  Valley  west,  and  a  little  north  of  it. 


308  HISTORY   OF   ARIZONA. 

A  splendid  place  for  a  post  and  to  hunt  Indians. 
With  another  post  between  this  and  Grant,  with 
plenty  of  cavalry,  the  Apache  w411  be  kept  hop- 
ping. Let  the  posts  be  planted  in  the  homes  of 
the  reptiles  at  any  expense,  roads  made  there, 
and  it  is  the  end  of  the  hostile  Apache  in  Ari- 
zona. Hunting  them,  we  can  follow  them  and 
accomplish  nothing.  Infantry  they  laugh  at,  but 
cavalry  and  Pimas  they  dread,  the  latter  the 
most.  For  anything  but  garrison  duties  and 
road  making,  the  infantry  is  useless." 

Also,  under  date  of  October  10th,  1868,  the 
*' Miner"  says: 

' '  La  Paz  threatened  by  Indians.  The  citizens 
and  seventy  or  eighty  Chimehuevi  Indians  pre- 
pared to  defend  the  place  against  the  combined 
hostile  force  of  Apache-Yumas,  Apache-Mo- 
haves  and  Yavapais.  Forty  families  are  re- 
moved to  Kavena's  large  store.  Pickets  w^ere 
placed  outside  the  town,  and  the  Chimehuevis 
were  actively  scouting  the  country  and  advising 
their  white  friends  of  the  movements  of  the 
hostile  savages." 

Note:  These  Indians  were  supposed  to  have 
been  on  the  Colorado  Eeservation  in  charge  of 
Mr.  George  W.  Dent,  Indian  Agent. 

On  October  31st,  1868,  in  an  editorial,  the 
"Miner"  gives  the  following  in  reference  to  hos- 
tile Indians  and  attacks  upon  settlements : 

''The  first  attack  was  made  upon  Mr.  Joseph 
Melvin  and  Mr.  J.  P.  Gibson  while  they  were 
going  from  the  Agua  Fria  to  the  Verde,  the 
particulars  of  which  are  as  follows : 

"While  riding  along  the  road  near  Ash  Creek 
they  were  waylaid  and  fired  upon  by  a  large 


INDIAN  TROUBLES.  309 

band  of  Indians,  when  Mr.  Gibson  received  four 
bullets  in  his  arm,  and  two  in  his  right  breast. 
The  bullet  passed  through  Mr.  Melvin's  boot 
leg,  and  he  having  so  miraculously  escaped  un- 
hurt, held  his  friend  Gibson  on  the  saddle  while 
they  retreated  toward  the  Agua  Fria,  pursued 
by  the  murderers.  When  shot  at,  Gibson  tried 
to  take  his  shot  gun  out  of  the  gun  leather  on 
the  pommel  of  his  saddle,  but  a  rope  by  which 
he  was  leading  a  pack  mule  was  fastened  to  the 
pommel,  and  in  order  to  facilitate  matters  he 
pulled  his  knife  and  cut  the  rope,  when,  un- 
fortunately, the  gun  dropped  to  the  ground,  and 
both  it  and  the  mule  fell  into  the  hands  of  the 
Indians. 

"Upon  reaching  Willow  Springs,  Gibson, 
from  loss  of  blood  became  too  faint  to  ride 
further,  and  Melvin  w^as  forced  to  leave  him  and 
ride  to  the  ranches  for  assistance.  He  procured 
a  wagon  and  hauled  the  wounded  man  to  his 
home. 

*' Sunday  night  Messrs.  Brainard,  Lount  and 
others  started  from  town  for  Gibson's  ranch, 
and  brought  him  to  Fort  Whipple  hospital 
where  he  now  lies.  This  is  the  second  time 
within  the  past  two  years  that  Gibson  has  been 
attacked  by  Indians. 

"Sunday  last,  about  four  o'clock  in  the  after- 
noon, Josiah  Whitcomb,  William  King,  and 
Boblett  were  coming  to  Prescott  from  their 
ranches  at  the  Toll  Gate,  and  when  near  the 
Burnt  Kanch  about  four  miles  from  Prescott, 
fire  was  opened  upon  them  from  both  sides  of 
the  road.  Whitcomb  was  shot  dead  and  King, 
while  in  the  act  of  firing  at  the  savages  received 


310  HISTORY   OF   ARIZONA. 

a  severe  bullet  wound  in  the  left  leg.  Boblett, 
who  rode  on  the  seat  alongside  of  Whitcomb, 
escaped  without  a  scratch.  A  discharged  sol- 
dier who  rode  behind  the  wagon  also  escaxjed. 
Upon  being  shot,  Whitcomb,  who  was  driving, 
dropped  the  reins,  and  would  have  fallen  out 
of  the  wagon  had  not  Boblett  taken  hold  of  him. 
Boblett  then  got  hold  of  the  reins  and  drove 
out  of  the  trap  as  fast  as  possible.  When  the 
attack  was  made  upon  the  party,  a  large  body 
of  recruits  were  coming  on  behind  them  close 
enough  to  hear  the  firing,  but  not  near  enough  to 
render  assistance.  Mr.  Lee,  of  the  American 
ranch,  informed  us  that  the  ground  in  the  vicinity 
of  the  place  where  the  attack  w^as  made  was  liter- 
ally covered  with  arrows.  Mr.  Lee  was  with  the 
volunteers  coming  into  Prescott. 

''Mr.  Whitcomb  was  buried  in  this  place  on 
Monday,  resting  in  the  Masonic  burial  ground. 
He  leaves  a  wife  and  three  small  children,  and 
an  aged  father  and  mother,  all  of  whom  reside 
in  this  vicinity. 

"The  next  day,  Monday,  about  ten  o'clock, 
another  party  of  Indians  attacked  a  party  of 
five  men,  composed  of  Mr.  George  D.  Bowers, 
Joseph  C.  Lennon,  and  three  soldiers,  as  they 
were  coming  from  Camp  Lincoln  to  Prescott. 
The  attack  was  made  upon  this  party  at  a  point 
about  one  mile  east  of  the  Cienega.  At  the 
time  of  the  attack  Bowers  was  in  the  lead,  fol- 
lowed by  a  soldier ;  next  came  Lennon,  who  was 
followed  by  two  soldiers.  The  first  intimation 
the  party  had  of  danger  was  the  seeing  of  a 
blazing  fire  issuing  from  the  mouths  of  about 
thirty  guns  which  the  Indians  had  leveled  upon 


INDIAN  TROUBLES.  311 

them  from  both  sides  of  the  road,  accompanied 
by  showers  of  arrows  and  deafening  savage 
yells.  Poor  brave  George  Bowers  was  shot  in 
the  abdomen  and  the  soldier  who  rode  behind 
him  was  shot  from  his  mule  and  wounded  in  six 
places.  Lennon  and  the  two  soldiers  who  rode 
behind  him  escaped.  After  managing  to  get  the 
womided  soldier  upon  an  animal,  the  party  re- 
treated, Lennon  holding  Bowers  in  the  saddle, 
and  the  two  soldiers  doing  the  same  with  their 
wounded  comrade.  They  were  followed  for 
about  a  mile  and  a  half  by  about  sixty  yelling, 
fiendish  red  skins.  They  were  met  by  Lieu- 
tenant Derby  and  about  twenty  men,  who  were 
coming  to  Fort  Whipple  with  some  wagons. 
They  put  the  wounded  man  in  a  wagon,  and 
returned  to  Camp  Lincoln. 

"Wednesday  night  Augustus  Begole  and 
B.  F.  Thompson  were  attacked  three-quarters 
of  a  mile  from  Prescott  by  a  large  band  of  In- 
dians who  were  hidden  in  the  rocks.  Thomp- 
son was  killed  by  the  savages,  and  Begole  was 
wounded  severely  in  the  shoulder.  After  firing 
all  the  shots  out  of  his  revolver,  Begole  ran  to 
the  house,  got  his  rifle,  and  prevented  the  sav- 
ages from  taking  the  team." 

Probably  the  most  desjDerate  attack  which 
was  made  by  the  Indians  during  this  period  was 
that  which  is  now^  known  as  the  fight  at  the 
Burnt  Ranch.  Judge  E.  W.  Wells,  of  Prescott, 
gives  the  following  account  of  this  fight : 

"This  occurred  in  1865  at  a  small  camp  north- 
east of  Prescott,  established  by  Jake  Miller, 
father  of  Sam  Miller,  now  residing  near  Pres- 
cott, and   the    last    surviving   member    of   the 


312  HISTORY   OF   ARIZONA. 

famous  Walker  Party.  Miller  was  an  old  man 
who  had  pioneered  and  fought  Indians  from  the 
Ohio  river  westward.  With  one  companion  he 
had  built  a  small  log  cabin  northeast  of  Pres- 
cott,  and  was  engaged  in  making  shakes  out  of 
the  pine  timber  abundant  in  the  section,  shakes 
at  that  time  being  in  great  demand  in  Pres- 
cott. 

"The  little  cabin  was  in  one  of  the  best 
grassed  sections  of  the  country,  and  this  fact 
led  E.  W.  Wells,  who  owned  a  small  band  of 
cattle,  to  arrange  with  Mr.  Miller  to  care  for 
them,  keeping  more  or  less  herd  of  them  by  day, 
and  corralling  them  in  a  pen  of  logs  at  night. 
This  corral  was  perhaps  five  hundred  feet  long, 
and  the  gate  to  it  joined  the  cabin,  so  that  the 
cattle  could  not  be  taken  out  unobserved.  Mr. 
Miller  and  his  friend  were  both  armed  with 
muzzle  loading  rifles,  and  well  supplied  with 
ammunition.  One  afternoon  Mr.  Miller  went  to 
drive  up  the  cattle  feeding  in  the  valley  just 
below  him,  it  being  his  custom  to  bring  them  in 
early,  thereby  avoiding  the  danger  of  an  even- 
ing brush  with  prowling  Indians.  At  this  time 
the  Apache-Mohaves,  or  Date  Creek  Indians 
were  very  troublesome,  and  miners  were  killed 
and  stock  stolen  almost  within  the  limits  of  the 
town.  As  Mr.  Miller  neared  the  cattle  and  be- 
gan to  round  them  up,  he  noticed  a  raven  flit 
from  one  clump  of  oak  brush  near  him  to  an- 
other. A  second  and  a  third  raven  followed — 
flitting  from  point  to  point— till  an  incautious 
movement  revealed  the  head  of  an  Indian  in- 
stead of  a  bird.  Mr.  Miller  had  his  gim,  but  he 
continued  rounding  up  the  cattle,  and  hurried 


INDIAN  TROUBLES.  313 

them  toward  the  corral.  When  the  Indians  saw 
they  were  discovered,  they  sprang  out  in  open 
pursuit,  but,  being  armed  only  with  bows  and 
arrows,  feared  to  close  in  at  once.  Hurrying 
the  cattle,  Mr.  Miller  fired  and  brought  down 
the  foremost  Indian.  This  stopped  the  others 
for  a  moment,  and  Mr.  Miller  had  with  him  a  big 
brindle  bull-dog,  which  at  once  leaped  on  the 
dead  Indian  and  began  worrying  the  body.  As 
the  other  Indians  ran  up  the  dog  fought  with 
them  till  he  was  killed,  but  he  had  created  suffi- 
cient diversion  to  allow  time  for  the  cattle  to  be 
penned  and  the  gate  fastened  securely.  Inside 
the  cabin  the  two  men  made  ready  for  a  siege, 
for  the  Indians  were  approaching  in  large  num- 
bers, so  sure  and  confident  of  success  that  they 
did  not  hurry.  Had  they  rushed  the  attack  it  is 
more  than  likely  that  they  would  have  met  with 
success,  for  with  only  two  muzzle  loading  rifles, 
the  defenders  would  have  been  at  serious  dis- 
advantage, but  with  the  overwhelming  numbers 
the  Indians  had  decided  to  capture  the  white 
men  alive,  and  they  made  their  advance  in  a 
leisurely  manner  unusual  in  savage  warfare. 
They  did  not  try  to  kill  the  cattle — it  being 
always  their  preference  to  drive  off  the  stock 
for  use  as  desired.  Inside  the  cabin  the  two 
men  watched,  with  loaded  rifles,— passing  from 
point  to  point  they  would  remove  a  bit  of  chink- 
ing from  between  the  logs,  fire,  and  then  hastily 
replacing  the  block  be  away  in  another  part  of 
the  room  as  soon  as  possible, — for  whenever  a 
puff  of  smoke  came  from  a  chink,  that  spot  was 
immediately  made  a  target  for  Indian  fire.  The 
white  men  wasted  very  few  shots,  both    were 


314  HISTORY   OF   ARIZONA. 

expert  with  the  rifle  and  Miller  particularly  so. 
He  kept  cool  and  fought  calmly ;  the  young  man 
was  excited  and  often  during  the  first  half  hour 
made  some  mistakes  in  loading,  by  one  of  which 
mistakes  a  bullet  was  caught  half  way  down  the 
barrel  of  his  rifle.  He  could  neither  draw  it  out 
nor  ram  it  home,  and  the  rifle  was  rendered  use- 
less. The  fight  now  devolved  upon  Miller,  who 
continued  to  pick  off  the  Indians  as  they  crawled 
along  the  log  corral  in  their  efforts  to  get  nearer 
the  cabin.  The  unarmed  man  was  stationed 
with  the  axe  to  fell  any  savage  who  might  succeed 
in  rushing  the  door.  Slowly  the  battle  pro- 
gressed until  Miller  had  just  one  shot  left  in  his 
rifle.  In  those  days  no  man  spent  his  last  shot ; 
it  was  always  saved  for  himself,  for  the  methods 
of  torture  practiced  by  the  Indians  of  the  plains 
were  tame  when  compared  with  those  of  the 
Apache  tribes  of  the  southwest.  All  this  time 
the  chief  of  the  Indians  had  lain  close  against 
the  log  cabin,  just  in  the  place  where  the  corral 
joined  it,  directing  the  movements  of  his  men 
while  in  safety  himself.  He  lay  close  to  the 
ground,  hugged  against  the  logs.  .  There  was  no 
point  within  the  cabin  from  which  he  could  be 
reached.  Miller  and  his  companion  discussed 
the  matter,  and  decided  to  risk  their  last  bullet 
in  an  effort  to  get  this  man,  for  once  he  was 
killed  or  wounded  they  knew  the  fight  would  be 
over,  for  the  time  at  least,  since  the  loss  of  their 
leader  always  threw  these  Indians  into  a  panic. 
They  did  not  know  the  exact  location  of  the 
chief  outside,  and  Miller  decided  to  reconnoitre. 
He  crawled  under  his  bunk,  built  at  the  back 
of  the  room,  cautiously  removed  a  bit  of  chink- 


INDIAN  TROUBLES.  315 

ing,  and  poked  his  rifle  through.  The  end  of 
the  gun  was  caught  by  the  Indian,  but  Miller 
wrenched  it  away  from  him  and  sprang  up.  As 
he  did  so,  he  displaced  the  bed  clothes  and  ac- 
cidentally put  his  hand  on  an  old  horse  pistol 
loaded  with  buckshot  which  he  had  forgotten. 
This  gave  him  one  more  chance — one  more  shot. 
He  also  remembered  what  in  the  fight  he  had 
forgotten, — a  small  square  hole  like  a  window 
near  the  head  of  his  bed,  which  was  closed  with 
a  board  which  could  be  removed  at  will.  With 
much  caution  he  opened  the  hole  and  peeped  out 
— the  chief  lay  directly  below  him,  w^atching  the 
hole  in  the  chinking  through  which  the  rifle  had 
just  been  pulled.  His  broad  breast  was  ex- 
posed as  he  cramped  his  body  to  see  better. 
Silently  Miller  lifted  the  pistol  and  poked  it 
through  the  hole — then  he  fired,  and  the  Indian 
sprang  up  and  backward  twenty  feet  before  he 
fell — his  breast  torn  in  a  dozen  places. 

''The  Indians  rushed  to  him  wildly,  yelling 
and  bearing  him  among  them,  stampeded  up  the 
hill.  As  they  ran  old  man  Miller  flung  open  the 
door  and,  with  a  yell  of  triumph,  sent  his  last 
bullet  after  them  and  brought  down  an  Indian. 
Late  that  evening  the  mail  carrier  passed  the 
place  and  stopped  to  water  his  mules.  By  him 
Miller  sent  in  word  of  the  fight  to  the  troops  at 
Fort  Whipple,  and  a  note  to  Mr.  Wells  telling 
him  to  come  and  get  his  cattle. 

''Mr.  Wells  went  out  the  next  morning  and 
found  the  two  men  packing  up  their  belongings 
ready  to  leave.  Miller  said  that  he  had  fought 
Indians  since  boyhood,  all  over  the  United 
States  from  Kentucky  to  Washington,  and  this 


316  HISTORY   OF   ARIZONA. 

was  his  closest  call ;  that  he  was  an  old  man  and 
had  had  enough  of  fighting.  Although  the  In- 
dians had  carried  off  all  their  dead,  the  ground 
all  along  the  outside  of  the  corral  was  as  bloody 
as  a  slaughter  pen,  'exactly  like  a  barnyard  in 
hog-killing  time.'  The  cattle  were  brought  into 
Prescott,  and  the  same  night  the  Indians  re- 
turned and  burned  the  cabin  and  corral  to  the 
ground. 

"This  ranch  has  for  many  years  been  occu- 
pied by  Robert  Blair  as  a  cattle  ranch,  and  is 
still  known,  to  old  timers  at  least,  as  the  'Burnt 
Ranch.'  " 

The  date  of  this  fight  has  been  given  by  some 
writers  as  1864,  but  as  Mr.  Wells  arrived  in  the 
Territory  in  that  year,  and  as  he  also  owned  the 
cattle  which  were  being  herded  by  old  man  Mil- 
ler, it  is  to  be  presumed  that  his  statement  that 
the  fight  occurred  in  1865  is  correct. 

In  the  "Prescott  Journal-Miner"  of  January 
10th,  1911,  appears  the  following: 

"William  Bentley,  mention  of  whom  was 
made  in  the  'Journal-Miner'  recently,  as  the 
nephew  of  the  late  E.  A.  Bentley,  who  was  the 
editor  and  proprietor  of  the  Arizona  'Miner' 
(now  the  'Journal-Miner'),  in  1865-66,  in  an 
interesting  reminiscent  mood,  Saturday,  re- 
called many  thrilling  events  of  that  far  away 
day  in  Prescott  when  life  was  insecure  and  it 
was  not  known  at  what  moment  the  cruel 
Apache  would  claim  another  victim.  Although 
he  was  a  mere  boy,  but  sixteen  years  of  age,  he 
remembers  the  danger  attendant  upon  living  in 
this  little  hamlet,  not  to  mention  such  hazardous 


INDIAN  TROUBLES.  317 

undertakings  as  leaving  the   settlement,  except 
under  a  strong  escort. 

"While  his  uncle  was  not  classed  as  a  'fight- 
ing-editor' nevertheless  he  was  a  brave  man,  as 
were  all  in  that  day  on  the  frontier,  and  from 
his  intrepidity  received  a  bullet  from  an  Apache, 
which  led  to  his  death  later.  This  was  in  the 
spring  of  1868,  and  in  that  memorable  fight, 
Louis  St.  James,  a  resident  of  Prescott  to-day, 
was  one  of  the  participants.  In  recalling  this 
thrilling  event,  Mr.  St.  James  yesterday  stated 
that  he  was  with  Mr.  Bentley,  both  being  en 
route  for  the  old  Bowers'  ranch,  in  Skull  Valley, 
from  Prescott.  They  traveled  on  horseback, 
and  took  the  cut  off  trail  route  of  that  day, 
which  passes  over  a  portion  of  the  present 
wagon  road  to  Copper  Basin.  After  reaching 
the  latter  place,  and  while  going  through  a  long 
ravine  at  a  low  elevation,  the  party  was  fired 
upon.  Mr.  Bentley,  being  in  front,  received  the 
first  wound.  He  was  struck  in  the  abdomen 
and  fell  from  his  horse.  With  nerves  of  steel 
and  a  firm  determination  to  make  a  brave  fight 
to  the  end  he  stood  erect  and  poured  several  vol- 
leys into  the  redskins.  Mr.  St.  James  came  up 
at  this  critical  time  and  began  firing  a  fusilade 
of  bullets  that  astounded  the  Indians.  Tie  had 
a  Henry  rifle,  the  first  repeating  weapon  that  had 
been  received  in  the  country.  The  rapidity  of 
the  fire,  together  with  the  good  execution,  saved 
Mr.  Bentley  and  himself  from  a  horrible  fate. 
The  Indians  took  to  the  brush,  with  the  excep- 
tion of  three  killed  by  Mr.  St.  James  at  close 
range,  and  while  they  were  ready  to  descend 
upon  the  two  with  their   knives  to  begin  their 


318  HISTORY   OF   AEIZOXA. 

frightful  work  of  mutilation.  Mr.  St.  James 
was  also  wounded  in  this  battle,  receiving  a 
wound  in  the  leg,  which  would  not  permit  of  him 
advancing  except  at  a  slow  pace. 

"Mr.  Bentley,  in  his  pitiable  condition,  was 
brought  to  Prescott  that  day,  a  party  of  trav- 
elers fortunately  coming  along  and  assisting  the 
wounded  men  back.  Eighteen  days  later  Mr. 
Bentley  passed  away  as  a  result  of  his  wounds, 
and  a  short  time  afterward  his  nephew  left  the 
Territory  for  Oakland,  California,  and  ever 
since  has  made  his  home  in  California." 

Conditions  in  the  southern  part  of  the  Terri- 
tory were  as  bad  as  in  the  north,  as  the  follow- 
ing, from  a  paper  read  before  the  Pioneers' 
Historical  Society  at  Tucson,  by  Charles  A. 
Shibell,  of  whom  mention  has  been  made  in  this 
history,  will  show: 

"During  the  year  1867  I  was  for  the  first  six 
months  at  Tubac,  and  in  that  time  murders  by 
Apaches  were  of  constant  occurrence.  On  March 
1st,  Ed.  Marcy  was  killed,  and  our  brother 
pioneer,  Oscar  Buckalew,  lost  his  leg  and  ran  a 
narrow  chance  for  his  life.  The  circumstances 
of  this  case  show  out  in  bold  relief  that  bond 
that  knit  us  as  a  band  of  brothers,  and  the  feel- 
ing that  exists  between  us,  which  to  those  outside 
of  us  is  hardly  understood.  Mr.  Buckalew  was 
the  mail  rider  between  Tubac  and  the  Patagonia 
mine,  and  on  approaching  the  buildings  at  the 
mine,  that  were  then  in  charge  of  Thomas 
Yerkes,  Richard  Dorce,  and  E.  I.  Marcy,  he 
was  waylaid  by  the  Indians,  fired  on  by  them, 
his  horse  mortally  wounded,  and  himself  shot. 
The  horse  had  life  enough  in  him  to  reach  the 


1 1  \  s      \     s  1 1  1 1 ;  K 1 . 1 . 


INDIAN  TROUBLES.  319 

gate  of  the  corral,  where  he  fell  dead,  Bucka- 
lew  with  a  broken  leg  being  under  him.  The 
Indians  kept  up  a  constant  fire,  in  the  midst  of 
which  Thomas  Yerkes  rushed  out  from  the  cor- 
ral, succeeded  in  extricating  Buckalew  and  carry- 
ing him  into  the  building.  His  life  was  saved 
at  the  expense  of  a  leg.  Richard  Dorce  was 
wounded  at  the  same  time,  from  the  effects  of 
which  he  became  demented,  and  wandering  off, 
was  never  found.  In  the  same  year  about  July, 
on  the  old  Camp  Grant  road,  Tomlinson,  Israel 
and  Irwin  were  killed.  In  August,  Charles 
Hadsell,  known  as  Tennessee,  and  two  soldiers 
were  killed  on  the  road  near  Bowie.  About  the 
same  time  Lieut.  C.  C.  Carrol  and  John  Slater 
were  killed  near  Bowie. 

"During  this  time  murders  by  the  Indians 
were  numerous,  and  among  those  killed  I  recall 
the  following:  E.  C.  Pennington.  His  son. 
Green  Pennington,  on  the  Sonoita,  during  the 
month  of  July,  1868.  Narboe's  cattle,  some  660 
head,  were  taken  near  Picacho,  one  man  killed 
and  two  wounded.  Although  efforts  were  made 
to  recover  these  cattle,  the  Indians  succeeded  in 
getting  away  with  them  all." 

The  following  is  contributed  by  A.  F.  Banta, 
who  has  been  mentioned  in  these  pages  at  dif- 
ferent times: 

''In  1867  the  writer  had  again  drifted  back 
to  the  Zuni  villages.  Some  time  in  June  of  the 
same  year  Sol  Barth  and  a  few  Mexicans  from 
the  frontier  village  of  Cubero  passed  Zuni  for 
the  Apacheria.  The  party  was  well  supplied 
with  saddle  animals;  also  pack  animals  loaded 
with  Indian  goods.     In  due  time,  and  without 


320  HISTORY   OF   ARIZONA. 

mishap,  the  party  reached  the  Rio  Carizo,  the 
home  country  of  the  Coyotero  Apache.  In  the 
olden  days,  before  the  subjugation  of  the 
Apaches  and  their  confinement  upon  reserva- 
tions, the  trail  from  Zuni  to  Apacheria  followed 
down  the  valley  of  the  Zuni  river  until  it 
reached  the  last  black  mesa,  w^hich  bordered  the 
Zuni  river  on  its  northern  side.  At  this  point 
the  trail  left  the  valley  and  led  across  some 
sandy  hills  and  table  lands,  striking  the  Little 
Colorado  river  among  some  sandstone  cliffs 
about  twelve  miles  below  the  present  town  of 
St.  Johns.  Amongst  these  rocks  was  the  usual 
place  of  meeting  for  the  purpose  of  trade  be- 
tween the  Zuni  Indians  and  the  White  Mountain 
Apaches.  It  was  the  usual  custom  of  these 
Apaches  to  make  signal  fires  on  the  summit  of 
the  mountain  by  which  they  indicated  the  day 
they  could  be  expected  at  the  'Rock  Crossing' 
for  the  purpose  above  mentioned.  Crossing  the 
river  at  this  point,  the  trail  led  down  the  south 
side  to  Concho  Creek ;  here  the  trail  forked,  the 
one  for  the  Coyotero  country  taking  a  westerly 
course,  and  the  trail  leading  to  the  White  Moun- 
tain country  followed  up  Concho  creek  in  a 
southerly  direction. 

"From  time  immemorial,  or  within  the 
writer's  knowledge  of  the  past  fifty-four  years, 
the  Little  Colorado  river  has  been  the  neutral 
ground  for  the  mutual  benefit  of  the  various 
Indian  tribes,  and  no  hostilities  ever  occurred 
between  them  in  its  immediate  vicinity.  Never- 
theless, it  is  no  bar  to  scraps  (as  the  writer 
knows  from  experience),  going  to  or  from  the 
river  itself. 


INDIAN  TROUBLES.  321 

' '  The  Barth  party  remained  some  days  at  the 
rancheria  of  the  Coyoteros,  by  whom  they  were 
hospitably  treated,  when  they  decided  to  visit 
the  White  Mountain  Apaches,  whose  country 
lay  some  distance  southeast  from  the  Carizo. 
Unfortunately,  for  the  Barth  party,  the  notor- 
ious Cochise,  with  a  large  band  of  his  picked 
warriors  had  arrived  at  the  rancheria  of  Pedro, 
the  chief  of  the  Sierra  Blanca  Apaches,  a  short 
while  prior  to  the  Barth  party;  and,  to  make 
matters  worse,  Pedro  happened  to  be  tem- 
porarily absent  from  the  rancheria.  Cochise 
being  of  a  dominating  disposition  and  notor- 
iously cruel  and  savage,  he  simply  overawed 
the  sub-chief  left  in  charge  of  the  rancheria, 
and  before  they  realized  what  was  taking  place, 
the  members  of  the  Barth  party  were  disarmed, 
stripped  of  clothing,  and  of  all  their  animals 
and  plunder.  Pandemonium  was  rampant  for 
a  time,  and  the  naked  bunch  of  terrified  captives 
expected  nothing  else  but  instant  death.  How- 
ever, the  savage  Cochise,  to  give  his  captives 
all  the  mental  distress  possible,  decided  to  post- 
pone the  execution  to  the  following  morning.  He 
had  decided,  after  a  conference  with  his  warriors, 
to  lash  the  captives  to  trees,  and  have  another 
old  fashioned  human  barbecue.  In  the  mean- 
time the  sub-chief  had  dispatched  a  swift  mes- 
senger to  meet  his  chief.  The  White  Mountain 
chief  made  all  haste  to  reach  his  camp.  Pedro 
rushed  in,  released  the  captives,  and  demanded 
in  a  loud  angry  voice:  'By  whose  authority  is 
this  done  in  my  camp  and  in  my  absence  ? '  The 
captives  stood  huddled  together,  hardly  daring 

V— 21 


322  HISTORY   OF   ARIZONA. 

to  breathe,  listening  to  the  angry  conversation — 
not  understanding  a  word — between  Chief 
Pedro  and  the  bloody-minded  Cochise.  Pedro 
told  Cochise  that,  'You  have  violated  ^oay  hospi- 
tality ;  have  violated  the  hospitality  of  my  camp 
and  my  people;  have  committed  outrages 
enough,  and  when  I  want  people  killed  in  my 
camp,  I  alone  will  give  the  order.  What  I  have 
said,  I  have  said.'  He  then  turned  to  the  cap- 
tives and  said,  'Go,  go  quickly.'  His  motion 
and  words  were  understood,  and  they  hit  the 
trail  without  any  ceremonious  farewells.  As 
they  passed  by  some  women,  one  of  them  handed 
Sol  a  pair  of  cotton  drawers.  And  without 
food,  clothing,  or  even  a  match  to  start  a  fire, 
the  fugitives  had  one  hundred  and  twenty-five 
miles  to  hoof  between  the  Apache  Camp  and  the 
Zuni  villages,  the  nearest  point  where  assist- 
ance could  be  obtained. 

"It  must  be  remembered  that  Chief  Pedro 
labored  under  a  great  disadvantage;  all  his 
women  and  children  were  in  that  camp,  and 
Cochise  only  had  his  band  of  picked  men ;  and  in 
the  event  of  a  fight,  Cochise  had  much  the  best 
of  the  situation.  Cochise  absolutely  refused  to 
give  up  as  much  as  a  string  of  the  plunder ;  but,  as 
a  compromise,  he  allowed  Pedro  the  privilege  of 
disposing  of  the  captives  in  any  manner  suitable 
to  him.  Cochise  suggested  that  the  proper  end- 
ing of  the  affair  would  be  an  old-fashioned  'roast 
and  big  dance.'  Most  of  the  foregoing  facts 
were  obtained  from  two  Mexicans  Cautivos, — 
Miguel  of  the  Coyotero  Apaches,  and  Concepcion 
of  the  White  Mountain  Apaches.    Miguel  gave 


INDIAN  TEOUBLES.  323 

his  version  of  the  affair  in  1869,  and  Coneepcion 
in  1872. 

"The  second  da}^  of  their  flight  a  little  Apache 
dog  came  to  them^  which  was  caught  and  killed. 
They  carried  the  dead  dog  until  they  fortunately 
came  to  some  flints,  and  with  these  the  dog  was 
dressed.  The  next  thing  was  to  make  a  fire. 
Taking  a  small  piece  of  the  cotton  drawers  and 
pounding  it  and  rubbing  it  to  a  fuzzy  pulp,  and 
with  the  flints  they  struck  sparks  until  one  caught 
the  cotton  and,  with  patient  blowing,  a  fire  was 
made.  They  made  a  fairly  good  meal  out  of  the 
roasted  dog  without  salt,  were  comparatively 
happy  and  laughed  at  their  present  predicament. 
Sol  Barth,  being  the  only  'aristocrat'  in  the 
bunch,  being  sumptuously  and  gaily  dressed  in  a 
pair  of  cotton  drawers,  was  unanimously  dubbed 
'EL  REY.'  Before  leaving  this  camp  fire,  they 
charred  a  chunk  of  wood,  and  by  waving  it  occa- 
sionally, kept  it  afire  for  the  following  night. 
The  third  day's  tramp  carried  the  party  well  up 
the  Zuni  river,  and  having  the  fire  and  the  rem- 
nants of  the  dog,  they  were  fairly  well  off,  so  to 
speak.  However,  by  this  time,  their  feet  were 
sore,  and  their  bodies  badly  blistered  by  the  sun. 

"The  fourth  day  the  fugitives  reached  the 
neighborhood  of  the  Zuni  villages,  where  they 
concealed  themselves  in  a  ravine  until  the  '  King ' 
could  go  to  the  village  for  some  sort  of  apparel 
for  the  party.  Mr.  Barth  came  to  my  place,  and 
after  he  had  filled  himself  with  beans,  mutton 
and  shah-kay-way  (an  Indian  substitute  for 
bread),  I  let  him  have  sheeting  enough  to  dress 
his  companions,  and  late  that  evening  the  whole 
party  came   in  and   were    comfortably  housed. 


324  HISTORY   OF   ARIZONA. 

The  party  were  exhausted,  and  la}^  over  for  a  few 
days  to  recuperate.  In  the  meantime  I  let  Mr. 
Barth  have  more  manta  and  a  full  piece  of 
gaiyete  (a  species  of  red  flannel  highly  prized  by 
the  Indians,  and  especially  by  the  Navajo). 
With  this  he  hired  animals  to  ride  and  bought 
baustimento  (grub)  to  last  the  party  till  they 
could  reach  Cubero,  New  Mexico.  The  distance 
from  Zuni  to  Cubero,  the  nearest  town,  is  about 
one  hundred  miles. 

"I  doubt  if  Mr.  Barth  and  the  Mexicans  ever 
knew  they  were  to  be  burned,  although  they  had 
every  reason  to  expect  death  at  the  hands  of  the 
bloodthirsty  Apaches. ' ' 

Another  version  of  this  story,  which  is  author- 
ized by  Mr.  Barth  himself,  is  as  follows : 

"One  of  the  most  memorable  experiences  in 
the  adventurous  life  of  Sol  Barth  occurred  in 
November,  1868.  Barth,  Magdalena,  Calderon, 
George  Clifton,  Francisco  Tafolla,  Jesus  and 
Roman  Sanches,  and  a  Mexican  named  Mazon, 
who  had  been  an  Apache  captive,  had  been  trad- 
ing on  the  Cibicu  with  the  White  Mountain  In- 
dians, of  which  tribe  Pedro  was  the  chief.  The 
white  men  were  thence  called  over,  possibly  en- 
ticed, to  trade  with  a  band  of  Apaches  headed  by 
Cochise.  The  band  had  but  lately  come  from 
the  south  and  were  hostile.  Barth  and  his  party 
were  led  about  forty  miles  to  a  point  near  the 
present  Fort  Apache,  by  a  treacherous  Mexican, 
who  effectively  delivered  them  into  the  hands  of 
their  enemies.  The  Indians  had  been  making 
tizwin  and  all  were  drunk.  The  traders  ap- 
proaching by  a  narrow  trail,  were  seized  singly 
by  the  Indians  and  stripped  of  everything  includ- 


INDIAN  TROUBLES.  325 

ing  clothing.  Barth  was  last,  and  found  his 
companions  standing  naked  and  waiting  for 
death,  within  a  circle  of  Indians,  who  were 
threatening  them  with  clubs  that  had  been 
charred  and  hardened  by  fire.  Earth's  arms  and 
clothing  went  the  same  way  as  had  his  compan- 
ions '  belongings.  Juana  Marta,  a  Mexican  cap- 
tive of  the  band,  then  appeared  in  the  role  of 
Pocahontas.  It  appeared  that  she  cited  some 
tribal  law  concerning  the  taking  of  captives  on 
the  lands  of  a  friendly  tribe,  and  so  the  case  had 
to  be  appealed  to  Pedro,  chief  of  the  White 
Mountains.  He  was  not  long  in  coming,  and 
there  was  only  a  short  confab  after  he  arrived. 
He  was  a  decent  sort  of  Indian  and  well  disposed 
toward  the  white  man,  but  the  best  he  could  do 
was  to  save  their  lives,  without  any  reference  to 
the  loot.  The  conference  concluded,  the  white 
men  were  dismissed  with  a  mere  wave  of  the 
hand. 

"It  happened  that  none  of  them  had  been 
robbed  of  their  shoes,  a  fortunate  circumstance, 
inasmuch  as  it  took  four  days  of  travel  to  reach 
the  nearest  point  of  safety,  the  Zuni  village  in 
northwestern  New  Mexico.  During  that  time 
the  men's  bare  skin  was  scorched  by  the  sun  of 
the  days,  while  they  huddled,  nearly  frozen, 
around  fires  at  night,  for  winter  was  coming  on. 
Barth  tells  that  he  stood  the  trip  rather  better 
than  the  others  and  kept  in  the  lead.  The  jour- 
ney was  made  on  a  very  light  diet,  consisting 
almost  entirely  of  tuna  fruit,  and  an  all  too 
scanty  share  of  the  carcass  of  a  small  dog  that 
had  followed  them  from  the  Indian  camp.  On 
the  last  day  Barth  was  well  ahead,  and,  at  a  point 


326  HISTORY  OF   ARIZONA. 

fifteen  miles  out  from  Zuni,  met  an  Indian  who 
divided  with  him  a  few  tortillas.  Barth  hap- 
pened to  be  well  acquainted  with  the  Indian,  but 
the  recognition  was  not  mutual,  for  the  fugitive, 
by  that  time,  had  little  resemblance  to  the  well 
fed  and  cheerful  freighter  who  for  years  had 
made  Zuni  a  stopping  place.  Refreshed  by  the 
tortillas,  Barth  then  made  rapid  time  into  the 
village,  from  which  he  sent  runners  out  with  as- 
sistance and  food.  All  recovered  from  their 
hardships,  though  Barth  suffered  a  severe  attack 
of 'Chills  and  fever.'" 


PROGRESS  OF  THE  TERRITORY.  327 


CHAPTER  XV. 
PROGRESS  OF  THE  TERRITORY. 

Building  Boom  in  Tucson  —  Leading  Mer- 
chants— Indian  Eaids — A.  J.  Doran's  Ex- 
perience With  Pah-Utes  —  Loyalty  of 
Indians — Biography  of  J.  W.  Sullivan — 
His  Early  Experiences  in  the  Territory — 
Biography  of  John  H.  Marion. 

About  this  time,  1867-68,  S.  W.  Foreman  made 
the  first  survey  of  Tucson,  and,  according  to 
Fish,  soon  after  this  building  took  a  boom.  Sub- 
stantial and  convenient  houses  replaced  many 
of  the  old  hovels.  Kirtland  built  the  first  road 
from  Tucson  to  the  Santa  Rita  mountains,  and 
hauled  logs  into  the  settlement. 

In  1866,  according  to  Hinton,  "Handbook 
of  Arizona,"  p.  266,  several  mercantile  firms 
brought  large  stocks  of  goods  to  the  place. 
Among  the  leading  firms  of  the  early  days  were 
Tully,  Oehoa  &  Company,  the  senior  member  of 
which,  P.  R.  Tully,  died  in  Tucson  in  the  year 
of  1903.  This  firm  did  a  very  large  business. 
They  were  followed,  after  the  removal  of  the  cap- 
ital to  Tucson,  and,  with  it,  the  opportunities  of 
getting  fat  contracts  and  legislation  suitable  to 
the  governed  classes,  resulting  in  Tucson  having 
quite  a  revival,  by  other  firms,  among  them  being 
that  of  Lord  &  Williams.  Dr.  Lord,  the  senior 
member  of  this  firm,  was  appointed  receiver  of 
public  moneys  in  Tucson.  W.  W.  Williams,  his 
partner,  was  born  in  New  York,  came  to  Arizona 


328  HISTORY   OF   ARIZONA. 

in  1864,  and  died  April  19tli,  1907.  L.  Zecken- 
dorf  &  Company  were  also  among  the  leading 
merchants. 

It  required  a  large  capital  at  that  time  to  do 
business.  Supplies  came  from  California  and 
from  the  Missouri  river,  compelling  the  mer- 
chants to  keep  a  stock  of  goods  in  transit,  and  a 
stock  of  goods  in  the  store.  Prior  to  this  time, 
and,  indeed,  including  this  time,  the  firm  of 
Hooper,  Whiting  &  Company  were  the  leading 
merchants  of  the  Territory.  This  firm  had 
wholesale  houses  at  Yuma,  and  branches  at 
Ehrenberg,  Camp  McDowell  and  Maricopa 
Wells,  from  which  the  adjoining  territory  was 
supplied.  Merchants  were  constantly  harassed 
by  roving  bands  of  Indians,  who  captured  their 
supply  trains,  often  causing  losses  running  into 
tens  of  thousands  of  dollars. 

The  outlook  for  1868  was  not  very  hopeful,  for 
the  Indians  on  the  Colorado  and  in  the  Apache 
strongholds  were  on  the  warpath.  Fish  says 
that  in  the  winter  of  1867-68,  there  were  forty- 
eight  men,  settlers,  killed  in  and  around  Prescott 
and  Walnut  Grove. 

The  Navahos  were  quiet  as  far  as  Arizona  was 
concerned ;  they  made  no  raids  but,  occasionally, 
would  steal  stock.  They,  however,  made  forays 
into  Utah,  murdering  and  driving  off  stock. 
Jacob  Hamblin,  who  was  the  pioneer  diplomat  of 
the  Mormon  Church,  and  who  founded  the  set- 
tlements around  Callville  and  in  what  was  then 
Pah-Ute  County,  Arizona,  was  sent  down  to  ar- 
range a  peace  with  them,  which  he  succeeded  in 
doing. 


PROGRESS  OF  THE  TERRITORY.        329 

Major  Powell,  in  his  explorations  of  the 
Colorado  river,  in  speaking  of  Hamblin,  says: 
''This  man  Hamblin  speaks  their  language  well, 
and  has  a  great  influence  over  all  the  Indians 
in  the  regions  round  about.  His  talk  is  so  low 
that  they  must  listen  attentively  to  hear,  and 
they  sit  around  him  in  deathlike  silence.  When 
he  finishes  a  measured  sentence,  the  chief  repeats 
it,  and  they  all  give  a  solemn  grunt. 

"Mr.  Hamblin  fell  into  conversation  with  one 
of  the  men,  and  held  him  until  the  others  had 
left,  and  then  learned  more  of  the  particulars  of 
the  death  of  the  three  men.  (Three  of  Powell's 
men  lost  in  the  first  expedition.  'Kapurats,'  as 
Major  Powell  was  called  by  the  Pah-Utes,  and 
his  men  were  allowed  by  the  Pah-Utes  to  travel 
unmolested  in  their  country.)  They,  the  three 
men,  came  upon  the  Indian  village  almost 
starved,  and  exhausted  with  fatigue.  They  were 
supplied  with  food,  and  put  on  their  way  to  the 
settlements.  Shortly  after  they  had  left,  an 
Indian  from  the  east  side  of  the  Colorado  arrived 
at  their  village,  and  told  them  about  a  number  of 
miners  having  killed  a  squaw  in  a  drunken  brawl, 
and  no  doubt,  these  were  the  men.  No  person 
had  ever  come  down  the  canyon;  that  w^as  im- 
possible; they  w^ere  trying  to  hide  their  guilt. 
In  this  way  he  w^orked  them  into  a  great  rage. 
They  followed,  surrounded  the  men  in  ambush, 
and*  filled  them  full  of  arrows. 

"That  night  I  slept  in  peace,  although  these 
murderers  of  my  men,  and  their  friends,  the 
U-in-ka-rets,  were  sleeping  not  five  hundred 
yards  away.  While  we  were  gone  to  the  canyon, 
the  packtrain  and  supplies,  enough  to  make  an 


330  HISTORY   OF   ARIZONA. 

Indian  rich  be3^ond  his  wildest  dreams,  were  all 
left  in  their  charge,  and  were  all  safe ;  not  even  a 
lump  of  sugar  was  pilfered  by  the  children." 

I  give  other  evidences  of  Indian  loyalty: 
Major  A.  J.  Doran,  in  his  memoirs,  which  will 
be  produced  later  in  these  pages,  recites  a  story 
of  himself  and  companions  entering  a  Pah-Ute 
camp  when  they  were  at  war  with  the  whites; 
joining  in  their  festivities,  and  then  returning  to 
their  own  camp  about  a  mile  away  and  sleeping 
in  peace  all  night,  and,  in  the  moiiiing,  after 
breaking  camp  and  starting  on  their  way,  being 
passed  by  these  same  Indians  and  meeting  with  a 
friendly  greeting  from  them,  although,  a  few 
hours  later  the  Indians  attacked  and  murdered 
another  party  of  white  men. 

As  heretofore  related.  Captain  Thos.  J.  Jef- 
fords went  into  Cochise's  camp;  took  off  his 
arms,  ammunition,  etc.,  and  handed  them  to 
Cochise,  and  asked  him  to  take  care  of  them 
while  he  remained  there  a  few  days.  Capt.  Jef- 
fords received  only  hospitality  at  the  hands  of 
the  chief  and  the  friendship  thus  commenced 
lasted  until  Cochise's  death. 

W.  H.  Hardy,  in  one  of  his  trips  from  Hardy- 
ville  to  Prescott,  one  evening,  through  mistake, 
rode  into  a  camp  of  Wallapais.  Finding  him- 
self among  them,  he  requested  one  of  the  Indians 
whom  he  knew,  to  take  care  of  his  horse  and  give 
him  a  place  to  sleep  for  the  night.  Although 
these  Indians  were  at  war  at  the  time  with  the 
whites.  Hardy  only  received  that  courtesy  due  to 
a  brave  man  who  had  placed  his  life  in  their 
hands.     The  next  morning  he  was  permitted  to 


PEOGRESS  OF  THE  TERRITORY.       331 

resume  liis  journey  without  molestation  from  the 
Indians. 

With  all  the  prejudices  that  a  pioneer  Ari- 
zonan  may  have  against  the  Indians,  for,  after  I 
came  to  this  Territory  in  1879,  many  of  my 
friends  lost  their  lives  in  Arizona  and  Sonora  at 
the  hands  of  the  Chiricahuas,  yet,  in  stud}i^ng  the 
record  as  I  have  tried  to  do,  impartially,  I  find 
that  as  much,  or  even  more,  treachery  can  be 
charged  against  the  whites  as  against  the  In- 
dians. General  Crook  once  said  that  the  Indian 
never  violated  a  treaty,  solemnly  made ;  that  the 
white  man  never  kept  one.  This,  perhaps,  is 
overdrawing  the  matter,  but  still  there  is  much 
truth  in  the  remark. 

Hon.  J.  W.  Sullivan,  is  known  as  one  of  the 
most  prosperous  and  opulent  business  men  in 
the  northern  part  of  the  State;  a  man  whose 
cattle  graze  upon  a  thousand  hills,  who  is  inter- 
ested in  mining,  banldng  and  other  business  pur- 
suits sufficient  to  occupy  the  mind  of  any  ener- 
getic man,  has  his  headquarters  at  Prescott  and 
served  as  a  member  of  the  House  of  Represen- 
tatives in  the  Third  Legislature  of  the  State  of 
Arizona,  the  only  political  position  he  has  ever 
accepted. 

Mr.  Sullivan  was  born  in  Picton,  Prince  Ed- 
ward's County,  on  the  shore  of  Lake  Ontario,  in 
Canada,  in  the  year  1844.  He  went  to  Ohio  in 
1864,  finding  employment  in  a  lumber  camp 
where,  for  a  time,  he  w^as  employed  in  hewing 
railroad  timbers  and  ties,  in  charge  of  an  outfit 
so  employed. 

From  there  he  went  South  into  Kentucky  and 
Tennessee,  and  was  employed  in  bridge  building 


332  HISTORY   OF   ARIZONA. 

near  Nashville,  as  a  carpenter,  when  the  battle  of 
Nashville  was  fought.  After  the  assassination 
of  President  Lincoln,  he  went  into  the  oil  regions 
of  Pennsylvania,  taking  a  contract  from  the 
Pennsylvania  Railroad  for  furnishing  railroad 
ties,  etc.  After  a  few  months  he  Avas  employed 
by  the  Phelps,  Dodge  Company,  who  had  large 
lumber  interests,  as  a  log  scaler,  whose  duty  it 
was  to  receive  the  logs  from  shippers  and  scale 
the  measurements  for  the  company.  After  two 
years  in  their  employ,  in  the  spring  of  1867,  he 
started  West,  employing  his  odd  time  as  a  car- 
penter and  teamster.  In  May,  1858,  he  was  sent 
in  charge  of  seven  teams  from  Fort  Union,  New 
Mexico,  which  was  then  in  process  of  construc- 
tion, to  Fort  Craig  and  Fort  Bowie,  to  deliver 
a  lot  of  cavalry  horses  and  Government  mules. 
After  his  return  to  Albuquerque,  he  assisted  in 
moving  the  Navajo  Indians  to  their  present 
Reservation. 

About  October,  18G8,  he  met  John  Clark,  who 
gave  him  glowing  accounts  of  the  mining  pros- 
pects in  Arizona,  and  organized  a  party  of  six- 
teen, which  started  for  Prescott  about  the  5th  of 
November,  1868.  His  life  in  Arizona  and  the 
West,  as  told  by  himself,  follows : 

"At  that  time  there  wasn't  a  white  man  be- 
tween Albuquerque  and  Prescott.  We  didn't 
come  through  Fort  Wingate,  but  came  through 
the  Zimi  Villages,  through  Navajo  Springs,  and 
struck  the  old  Beale  trail,  struck  this  at  Navajo 
Springs,  and  about  the  first  white  man  we  struck 
on  our  trip  was  old  man  Banghart,  Ed  Wells' 
father-in-law.  We  finally  landed  in  Prescott; 
had  quite  a  storm  on  the  road  coming  out;  where 


PROGRESS  OF  THE  TERRITORY.  333 

Flagstaff  is  now,  about  twelve  inches  of  snow 
fell;  it  was  the  latter  part  of  November  when 
we  got  into  Prescott.  I  never  kept  much  track 
of  the  dates.  Old  Hance,  who  has  been  a  guide 
about  the  Canyon,  says  we  landed  there  on  the 
2nd  day  of  December,  1868,  so  that  is  my  history 
of  the  trip  to  Arizona  in  the  early  days. 

"When  we  organized  to  come  to  Arizona  there 
were  only  four  of  us  had  enough  to  buy  riding 
animals,  so  we  bought  ponies  for  the  rest  of  the 
fellows  as  we  had  to  have  a  large  party  for  pro- 
tection. We  had  a  character  called  '  Dublin ' ;  he 
was  an  Irishman  and  claimed  to  be  a  first  cousin 
of  the  great  pugilist,  Tom  Sayers,  an  English 
prizefighter,  and  this  fellow  was  somewhat  on  the 
pugilistic  order  himself.  We  christened  him 
'Dublin  Tricks'  on  the  road.  He  afterwards 
started  a  saloon.  After  I  got  into  Prescott  pro- 
visions were  scarce  and  high.  For  instance,  I 
had  bought  a  batch  of  flour  in  Albuquerque.  I 
traded  for  it  myself,  and  it  was  in  100'  lb.  sacks. 
When  I  got  into  Prescott  I  sold  all  my  stock  ex- 
cepting a  couple  of  ponies.  A  pair  of  mules 
sold  for  $500;  they  cost  me  $40  apiece  in  Albu- 
querque. I  had  four  big  cavalry  horses,  and 
I  sold  one  team  for  $400,  and  the  other  for  $450; 
horses  and  mules  were  very  scarce  on  account  of 
the  Indians  raiding  the  outfits,  and  getting  away 
with  most  of  their  stock,  and  draft  stock  was 
very  high.  I  had  a  peculiar  experience  just  a 
few  days  before  I  left  Fort  Union — this  reminds 
me  of  a  deal  I  got  into  while  we  were  organizing. 
One  day  at  our  camp  outside  the  post,  we  heard 
an  auctioneer  hollering  out,  calling  for  bidders 
for  the  extra  stuff  at  the  commissary  yard.     I 


334  HISTORY   OF   ARIZONA. 

stopped  in  to  see  what  was  going  on,  and  they 
had  three  great  stacks  of  old  rusty  bacon,  sow 
belly,  and  it  was  in  i3iles  of  fifty,  fifty-five  and 
sixty  thousand  pounds.  It  was  claimed  that  in 
1864  they  had  used  this  bacon  for  breastworks  at 
Fort  Craig.  It  had  been  knocked  around  from 
one  post  to  another,  and  was  now  being  sold  as 
condemned  army  stores.  Some  of  it  looked  like 
pretty  good  bacon,  and  I  thought  I  knew  where 
I  could  handle  it,  trade  it  off  for  stuff  along  the 
road,  and  I  thought  I  might  load  up  with  a 
couple  of  thousand  pounds,  and  trade  it  off. 
The  first  pile  offered  was  the  fifty-five  thousand 
pound  pile.  I  bid  on  it  twenty-five  dollars  for 
the  pile ;  others  bid  and  I  ran  it  up  to  fifty-five 
dollars,  and  it  was  knocked  down  to  me  for  that 
figure.  The  other  two  piles  went  considerably 
higher.  A  couple  of  days  after  I  got  to  thinking 
I  had  a  white  elephant  on  my  hands,  and  a  fellow 
Ijy  the  name  of  Collier,  who  had  a  station,  a  Gov- 
ernment station  to  look  after  the  teams,  asked 
me  what  I  would  take  for  that  bacon.  I  said  to 
him  that  I  wanted  to  take  about  fifteen  or 
eighteen  hundred  pounds  of  it.  He  looked  it 
over,  and  said  he  would  make  me  a  bid  on  it; 
that  he  would  let  me  take  whatever  I  wanted  of 
it,  fifteen  hundred  pounds  at  least,  and  that  he 
would  give  me  $125  for  the  balance.  I  told  him 
the  bacon  was  his;  that  I  might  be  able  to  get 
more  for  it,  but  didn't  want  to  bother  with  it. 
The  next  day  I  sorted  out  my  bacon  and  got  a 
pretty  good  class  of  bacon.  When  I  got  out  on 
the  road  I  used  to  trade  the  bacon  for  fresh  mut- 
ton, vegetables,  and  so  forth,  and  I  traded  some 
of   it  at  Albuquerque    for   about   six   hundred 


PROGRESS  OF  THE  TERRITORY.       335 

pounds  of  flour,  flour  in  100  lb.  sacks,  and  when 
we  got  into  Prescott  and  split  up,  we  disbanded 
there,  Branneman  and  the  Hance  boys  were  with 
us,  I  thought  of  going  through  to  California, 
expected  to  clean  up  and  go  through;  didn't  ex- 
pect to  stop  here  in  Arizona,  and  a  fellow  by  the 
name  of  Silverthorn,  who  was  keeping  a  restau- 
rant where  the  St.  Michaels  Hotel  now  is,  came 
over  and  asked  if  we  had  any  flour,  and  I  told 
him  that  we  had  about  tw^o  sacks,  but  that  I  ex- 
pected to  go  through  to  California  by  way  of 
Ehrenberg,  and  he  said  that  he  would  give  me 
sixty  dollars  a  hundred  for  it ;  there  was  no  flour 
in  Prescott,  only  a  little  cornmeal.  They  got  a 
little  from  the  soldiers  at  Whipple,  who  used  to 
steal  it  and  sell  it  at  sixty  cents  a  pound.  Old 
John  G.  Campbell  ran  a  store  at  that  time,  and 
he  came  over  to  my  camp  and  wanted  to  know  if 
I  had  any  bacon  left.  I  told  him  I  had  about  two 
hundred  and  fifty  poimds,  but  that  I  wanted  to 
keep  a  little  of  it,  twenty  to  twenty-five  pounds, 
and  he  went  and  looked  it  over  and  said :  '  Take 
ninety  cents  a  pound  for  it — for  what  you  can 
spare?'  I  had  to  ask  him  the  second  time  what 
he  said ;  it  kind  of  took  my  breath  away.  I  said 
yes,  so  he  told  me  to  bring  it  down  to  the  store, 
and  I  did,  and  sold  my  rotten  bacon  at  ninety 
cents  a  pound;  so  I  cleaned  up  and  sold  every- 
thing I  had  except  a  little  saddle  pony ;  I  figured 
on  going  to  California.  An  old  fellow  came  to 
me,  his  name  was  Johnson;  he  lived  about  six 
miles  south  of  Prescott ;  he  was  a  blacksmith ;  he 
was  raised  in  Baltimore  and  came  to  California 
during  the  excitement  in  the  gold  days,  and 
drifted  to  Arizona,  and  he  and  a  man  by  the  name 


336  HISTORY   OF  AEIZONA. 

of  Zimmerman  had  a  ranch,  they  raised  pota- 
toes, etc.;  had  quite  a  place  in  the  hills  at  that 
time,  and  they  had  taken  a  contract  to  make 
shingles  for  the  Government,  four  hundred  thou- 
sand shingles  for  Camp  Verde.  He  wanted  to 
know  if  I  and  one  of  the  boys  who  came  with  us 
knew  anything  about  making  shingles.  This 
fellow  with  me  had  been  in  the  lumber  woods,  but 
didn't  know  anything  about  shingles  or  shingle 
making,  but  I  had  made  them  in  Canada,  my 
father  used  to  make  them  and  trade  them  for 
cattle,  etc.  I  thought  the  matter  over,  and 
thought  that  I  might  wait  over  that  winter,  and 
go  to  California  in  the  spring,  so  I  asked  him 
what  wages  he  was  paying.  He  said  he  was  pa}^- 
ing  a  hundred  dollars  a  month  to  good  hands. 
I  told  him  that  I  thought  with  my  knowledge  of 
lumber  and  working  shingles  I  could  earn  more 
than  that ;  that  I  would  not  mind  taking  a  con- 
tract from  him  for  making  shingles,  but  he  said 
for  me  to  come  out  for  a  week  or  two  and  let 
him  see  what  I  could  do.  He  had  about  ten  or 
twelve  men  burning  charcoal  for  the  government 
too.  He  was  hauling  timber  to  the  Sterling  Mill, 
also;  had  quite  a  bunch  of  men  around  there. 
So  I  went  down  to  his  camp  and  took  a  couple 
of  men  out  with  me  to  hunt  shingle  timber.  I 
knew  how  to  select  my  trees,  and  I  made  such 
headway  in  three  or  four  days  that  he  had  me 
come  in.  He  had  built  a  camp,  with  a  log  cabin 
fifty  feet  in  length,  and  he  had  three  or  four  men 
working  in  the  camp,  working  up  the  timber,  and 
he  was  paying  men  a  hundred  dollars  a  month 
and  they  were  averaging  about  half  a  thousand 
shingles  a  day ;  they  thought  that  was  pretty  big 


PROGRESS  OF  THE  TERRITORY.  337 

work.  The  first  week  I  worked  in  camp  I  aver- 
aged over  eight  thousand  in  one  week,  and  the 
old  man  offered  to  pay  me  a  hundred  and  fifty 
dollars  a  month  if  I  would  take  charge  of  the 
camp.  We  would  work  until  ten  o  'clock  at  night 
by  the  firelight.  So  I  worked  on  that  shingle 
proposition  until  about  the  first  of  June  the  next 
summer.  The  old  man  was  quite  thrifty  and  a 
rustler,  and  he  and  his  partner  had  taken  a  con- 
tract, a  subcontract,  for  the  cutting  of  a  thousand 
tons  of  hay  in  the  Williamson  Valley  for  the 
Government.  There  was  an  excellent  crop  of 
wild  hay  there,  blue  stem  wire  grass,  red  top,  and 
one  thing  and  another  of  that  kind,  and  they  had 
located  about  four  hundi-ed  acres  of  the  land, 
taking  it  up  as  homesteads,  etc.,  to  cut  hay  on  it. 
They  were  to  get  eleven  dollars  a  ton,  put  in 
shock,  so  it  could  be  loaded  on  wagons.  George 
Bowers  and  C.  C.  Bean  were  in  together.  They 
were  getting  thirty-five  dollars  a  ton  for  that 
hay  at  Fort  Whipple,  and  they  made  a  contract 
with  Zimmerman  &  Johnson  to  cut  this  hay  at 
eleven  dollars  a  ton,  they  to  furnish  two  mowing 
machines,  hayricks,  etc.  They  got  after  me  to 
go  in  with  them  and  take  a  third  interest  in  the 
cutting  of  this  hay.  It  was  a  very  dangerous 
proposition.  The  Indians  were  very  bad  those 
days,  the  Wallapais,  Tontos  and  Mohave- 
Apaches  were  very  bad.  They  had  driven  me 
out  of  the  woods  a  couple  of  times  the  winter 
before.  I  remember  once  fifteen  of  them  came 
on  to  where  we  were  one  morning  just  after  we 
started  work.  We  had  quite  a  time  getting  out 
of  the  way.     We  got  back  to  camp  and  armed 

V— 22 


338  HISTORY   OF   ARIZONA. 

ourselves.  The  snow  was  on  the  ground  and  we 
struck  their  trail,  and  they  went  south  on  the 
Hassayamp.  We  took  after  them  and  killed  two 
of  them,  and  the  others  got  away,  and  once  after- 
wards we  came  very  near  getting  killed.  I  knew 
this  was  a  dangerous  proposition,  but  I  went  in 
with  them,  they  were  to  give  me  a  third  interest, 
and  I  was  supposed  to  take  all  the  chances  and 
do  all  the  work,  which  I  did.  We  got  out  there 
about  the  8th  of  June  that  year,  and  started  to 
cut  hay.  Zimmerman  went  out  for  a  few  days, 
but  he  used  to  go  on  a  drunk  and  didn't  amount 
to  much.  Old  man  Johnson  was  kind  of  feeble 
and  he  stopped  at  the  camp  to  look  after  the  boys. 
I  had  tw^o  men,  one  to  rake  and  one  to  bunch  up 
the  hay,  and  a  Frenchman  to  cook.  I  ran  the 
mowing  machines  myself.  I  had  two  machines ; 
in  case  one  gave  out  I  had  the  other  ready  to 
keep  right  on  to  work.  I  would  get  out  at  day- 
light in  the  morning,  take  one  team  until  ten 
o'clock,  and  another  team  until  two,  and  then 
work  until  dark  with  the  first  team.  We  put  up 
about  eighteen  tons  of  hay  a  day.  There  were 
Indians  on  the  hills  all  the  time.  I  used  to  carry 
a  gun  strapped  across  my  breast  and  two  six 
shooters  on  me.  We  were  all  armed  in  about 
the  same  way,  we  always  kept  within  hailing 
distance  of  each  other,  and  we  had  a  couple  of 
dogs,  the  best  scouts  I  ever  saw.  I  depended  on 
them  more  than  on  anything  else.  We  kept 
those  dogs  scouting  around  and  in  that  w^ay  I 
guess  we  saved  our  lives  many  times  that  sum- 
mer. There  were  eight  or  ten  men  killed  be- 
tween Williamson  Valley  and  Prescott  at  what 
was  called  the  Divide,  that  is  nine  miles  from 


PROGRESS  OF  THE  TERRITORY.       339 

Williamson  Valley.  About  a  month  before  we 
got  through  with  our  hay  contract  there  were  two 
big  freight  teams  driven  by  a  fellow  of  the  name 
of  Buchanan,  which  was  one  of  the  best  outfits 
that  there  was  there  at  that  time.  Buchanan 
came  from  Nevada,  and  some  parties  said  that 
he  had  stolen  the  teams.  There  was  another 
fellow  by  the  name  of  Wood,  Cap  Wood,  who 
came  through  as  a  sutler  with  some  cavalry  out- 
fit to  Fort  Whipple  during  the  summer,  and  he 
had  a  team  of  ten  mules.  The  government  had 
a  lot  of  corn  at  Camp  Wallapai,  and  was  short  of 
corn  at  Fort  Whipple,  and  these  two  fellows, 
Buchanan  and  Wood,  got  a  contract  to  haul  that 
corn  from  Wallapai  to  Whipple,  and  they  got  on 
the  north  side  of  the  divide,  and  the  Indians 
jumped  them  and  got  away  with  two  teamsters. 
Buchanan  himself  got  away  and  ran  to  Lee's 
ranch,  about  four  miles  from  them,  and  got  some 
help  and  went  back.  When  they  got  back  the 
Indians  had  got  away  with  all  the  stock,  about 
twenty-four  head  of  stock.  Several  parties 
going  back  and  forth  there  were  killed  there. 

"I  had  a  little  experience  myself  the  first  ten 
days  I  was  at  Williamson  Valley.  We  had  our 
headquarters  at  a  little  spring  at  the  edge  of  the 
valley,  about  two  miles  from  where  the  crossing 
is  at  the  present  time.  A  fellow  by  the  name  of 
vlim  Fine  had  taken  up  a  little  ranch  at  the 
crossing,  and  he  had  a  fellow  working  with  him, 
cutting  hay  for  a  livery  outfit  in  Prescott, 
they  were  using  the  old  fashioned  scythes  to  cut 
the  hay,  and  the  Indians  came  up  on  the  ridge 
above  them  and  fired  on  them,  and  killed  this 
fellow  who  was  working  for  Fine.     Fine  had 


340  HISTORY   OF   ARIZONA. 

a  horse  three  or  four  hundred  yards  below  where 
he  was,  and  he  jumped  on  it  barebacked  and 
rushed  down  to  our  camp ;  our  camp  was  about 
a  mile  and  a  half  below,  and  he  told  us  wiiat  they 
had  done.  We  turned  out,  three  men  besides 
myself,  and  hitched  up  with  all  our  stock; 
daren  't  leave  anything  there  for  fear  the  Indians 
might  get  away  with  it,  and  went  to  the  place 
where  the  fellow  had  been  killed.  We  put 
blankets  around  him  and  dug  a  hole  about  three 
feet  deep  and  buried  him.  It  was  mighty  hard 
to  dig ;  it  was  in  June,  hot  weather,  and  after  we 
buried  him,  Jim  pulled  out  at  night  and  went 
into  Prescott  and  was  away  two  days.  The  In- 
dians were  watching  us,  and  as  soon  as  he  pulled 
out  they  knew  he  would  bring  a  crowd.  They 
had  taken  this  fellow's  clothes,  leaving  him 
naked,  and  between  the  time  that  Jim  pulled  out 
and  got  back,  they  had  come  back,  dug  up  the 
remains  and  dragged  them  down  to  a  little  well 
near  the  cabin  and  diunped  them  in  the  well. 
Jim  found  the  trail  where  they  had  dragged  the 
body  and  followed  it  up  to  find  the  grave  empty. 
He  came  to  our  camp  and  stopped  all  night  with 
us,  and  told  us  what  had  happened,  and  I  sent 
a  man  up  with  him  the  next  day  and  they  filled 
up  the  well,  threw  in  some  dirt,  and  covered  it 
up,  and  dug  another  well  some  little  distance 
away.  There  was  a  government  express  ran  be- 
tween Wallapai  and  Whipple,  and  the  next  day 
after  they  had  dug  up  this  body  and  thrown  it 
into  the  well,  this  bunch  of  Indians  met  the  ex- 
press party,  caught  them  on  the  divide,  and 
killed  the  soldiers  and  got  away  with  the  mules. 


PROGRESS  OF  THE  TERRITORY.       341 

"I  had  another  experience  the  next  summer. 
I  took  a  contract  to  make  shingles  for  the  Gov- 
ernment and  contracted  for  four  hundred  thou- 
sand  shingles,  part   for   Camp  Wallapai,    and 
part  for  Camp  Date  Creek.     I  had  four  men  in 
the  camp  and  about  once  a  week  I  used  to  go 
down  to  town  to  get  supplies.     We    had   been 
down  there  about  two  months  and  were  getting 
along  finely,  and  one  day  I  started  about   four 
o'clock  in  the  afternoon,* in  March,  and  had  my 
two  six  shooters  strapped  on  me.     The  road  to 
the  Ashley  Sawmill  passed  our  camp  over  on 
Groom  Creek,  about  a  quarter  of  a  mile  from 
Granite  Creek,  and  I  followed  on  down  the  road, 
which  struck  west  and  then  north   at   Granite 
Creek,  and  after  I  struck  the  old  Sterling  road 
on  Granite  Creek,  about  three  miles  and  a  half 
from  Prescott,  I  saw  some  Indian  tracks,  across 
the  road.     In  those  days  we  were  generally  on 
the  lookout  anyway,  and  I  saw  where  the  Indi- 
ans had  travelled  fifty  or  a  hundred  yards  along 
the  road  and  then  dodged  off,  and  then  crossed 
back.     I  got  along  about  half  a  mile  further — a 
little  further  down  the  main  road  there  is  a  hill, 
Eed  Hill,  and  right  below  is  a  canyon  across  the 
road,  and  just  as  I  got  to  the  top  of  the  hill  above 
the  canyon,  I  saw  something  in  the  brush  about 
a  hundred  and  fifty  yards  below  me.     There  was 
a  pine  stump  there  about  three  feet  high,  and 
I  dodged  behind  that   stump  and  kept  watch, 
and  in  a  few  moments  an  Indian  dropped  down 
into  the   road,  came  off  the  ridge,  and  directly 
came  another  and  another  until  there  was  five  of 
them  there.     The  first  one  that  dropped  down 
into  the  road  had  on  a  long  buckskin  shirt  which 


342  HISTORY   OF   ARIZONA. 

looked  to  be  about  six  feet  in  length;  it  looked 
like  a  nightshirt.  They  had  seen  me  coming  and 
got  down  there  to  cut  me  off.  They  had  got  on 
a  high  point  and  watched  me  coming.  That  was 
their  game.  I  thought  I  was  in  for  it,  and  they 
blazed  away  at  me.  I  kept  my  head  very  low 
behind  the  stump,  and  I  would  reach  up  and  get 
my  gmi  on  the  top  of  the  stump  and  shoot,  but 
they  were  much  lower  and  they  soon  discovered 
that  I  was  overshooting  them,  and  they  came 
closer  and  three  of  them  had  those  old  Henry 
rifles,  and  two  of  them  had  bows  and  arrows, 
and  they  kept  coming  closer  and  closer,  and  I 
fired  eleven  shots  at  them  over  the  top  of  that 
stump,  and  I  was  down  to  my  last  cartridge,  cap 
and  ball  cartridge,  and  I  thought  I  had  better 
break  for  camp.  By  cutting  across  through  the 
brush  I  could  strike  my  camp  much  quicker  than 
by  going  back  on  the  main  road  to  Prescott. 
Just  as  I  jumped  from  behind  the  stump  the}^ 
shot  me  with  an  arrow  in  the  neck.  I  have  the 
scar  yet.  I  grabbed  it  and  broke  the  wooden 
part  of  it  off  and  left  the  point  in  there.  I  had 
to  run  across  the  road,  and  when  I  jumped  up 
the  pistol,  which  still  had  one  cartridge  in  it,  fell 
out  of  the  holster,  my  right  holster,  which  was 
loose  on  the  belt.  The  pistol  fell  out  and  dropped 
in  the  brush,  and  if  you  ever  saw  a  man  run,  I 
did.  I  had  on  an  old  fashioned  white  hat,  and 
they  put  a  bullet  through  that.  Clothing  was 
scarce  in  those  days,  and  I  was  wearing  a 
soldier's  blouse,  and  they  fired  at  me  from  be- 
hind, and  one  of  the  bullets  went  right  under  my 
arm  pit,  cutting  through  the  blouse,  and  I 
thought  I  was  bleeding  like  fury  from  the  bum 


PROGRESS  OF  THE  TERRITORY.  343 

of  that  bullet.  I  was  bleeding  freely  from  the 
wound  in  my  neck.  They  followed  me  about 
three  hundred  yards  and  then  let  up  and  shouted 
and  hollered  like  fury.  How  I  did  run  until  I 
struck  three  men  working  for  me,  about  four  or 
five  hundred  yards  from  my  camp,  and  I  fell 
right  over  in  a  heap,  loss  of  blood  and  exhausted, 
of  course.  My  men  picked  me  up  and  took  me 
to  camp ;  got  the  arrow  head  out  of  my  neck,  and 
stopped  the  bleeding,  and  while  I  was  not  cut 
very  deep,  it  made  quite  a  wound.  On  Sunday, 
a  day  or  two  afterwards,  a  couple  of  men  from 
the  sawmill  were  going  to  town,  and  I  went  down 
with  them,  and  when  we  came  to  the  place  where 
I  had  had  my  fight  with  the  Indians,  I  looked 
around  and  found  my  pistol.  The  Indians  had 
rim  right  over  it  and  never  saw  it,  and  I  picked  it 
up  as  we  went  down  to  town  two  days  afterwards. 
''That  evening  that  they  got  me  on  the  run, 
there  was  a  superintendent  named  Baker  in 
charge  of  the  old  sawmill,  the  Sterling  Sawmill, 
over  on  Groom  Creek,  and  he  had  a  magnificent 
riding  horse  he  brought  over  from  California; 
he  had  been  away  from  there  for  about  three 
months,  and  after  the  Indians  had  given  me  this 
chase,  they  went  up  the  road  about  three  quarters 
of  a  mile,  and  old  man  Baker,  he  came  along 
from  Prescott,  going  out  to  his  camp,  and  they 
jumped  him  there,  shot  his  horse;  the  horse 
dropped,  and  the  bullet  that  killed  the  horse  went 
right  through  the  horse  and  struck  the  old  man 
on  the  ankle,  kind  of  a  spent  bullet,  and  he  got 
off  and  started  to  run  to  Johnson's  camp  about  a 
mile  and  a  half  away.  Johnson  had  an  old  log 
cabin   there  with   a   dirt   floor.     The   first   log 


344  HISTORY   OF   ARIZONA. 

formed  a  sill  across  the  doorway  and  you  had  to 
step  over  it  to  get  down  in  the  cabin.  Baker 
rushed  to  the  door,  struck  that  log,  and  fell  over, 
and  didn't  come  to  for  three  or  four  hours. 
Johnson's  outfit  got  back  next  morning.  He 
told  them  what  had  occurred,  and  they  went  to 
the  place  where  the  Indians  had  shot  the  horse. 
All  they  found  was  the  tail  and  the  mane  of  the 
horse ;  everything  else  was  gone. 

''In  the  spring,  in  February,  1871,  I  started 
for  California,  in  fact,  I  started  for  Puget 
Sound,  Washington  Territory.  I  had  been  rus- 
tling pretty  lively  for  the  Government,  cleaning 
up  eight  or  nine  thousand  dollars  in  a  couple  of 
years;  made  thirty-five  hundred  dollars  out  of 
the  hay ;  and  the  next  winter  I  made  four  thou- 
sand dollars  ont  of  the  shingles,  and  in  March, 
1871,  I  started  for  California  and  for  the  Sound 
country.  At  Wickenburg  I  fell  in  with  a  couple 
of  men  who  w^ere  going  to  South  America. 
They  told  a  story  of  a  fellow  having  mines  in 
Peril,  and  they  wanted  me  to  go  with  them.  By 
the  time  we  got  to  San  Francisco,  we  w^ent  to  Los 
Angeles  first  and  then  took  a  steamer  to  San 
Francisco,  they  talked  me  into  going  to  South 
America  with  them.  So  we  took  passage  on  a 
sailing  vessel  to  the  San  Bias  country.  I  made 
the  trip  into  the  mines  with  these  fellows, 
stopped  there  about  three  months,  got  disgusted, 
thought  it  wasn't  the  place  for  me  as  I  wasn't 
a  miner,  and  I  got  so  disgusted  that  I  came  back 
to  the  coast.  Took  a  roundabout  w^ay  to  get  back 
to  the  coast;  spent  about  six  months  travelling 
around  to  get  back  to  the  coast.  Finally  got  to 
the  Sound  country,     I  went  over  to  New  West- 


PROGRESS  OF  THE  TERRITORY.       345 

miiister,  now  a  suburb  of  Vancouver,  and  spent 
about  two  weeks  over  there  waiting  for  an  ex- 
pedition going  about  three  hundred  miles  up  the 
coast,  and  while  there  I  met  some  fellows  who 
had  been  there  the  year  before  and  they  told  me 
what  hardships  they  had  undergone  going  in  and 
coming  out.  They  told  me  that  there  was  about 
two  hundred  and  fifty  miles  of  lakes,  etc.,  to 
travel  over,  and  everybody  had  to  pack  grub, 
etc.,  and  I  gave  that  up.  On  my  way  back  I  took 
a  steamer  to  Seattle,  at  that  time  a  town  of  about 
seven  hundred  inhabitants,  and  on  the  steamer  I 
struck  an  old  California  miner,  and  I  was  in- 
quiring about  farming  interests  and  land  inter- 
ests there  in  the  Sound  country.  I  got  ac- 
quainted with  two  fellows,  and  one  of  them  had 
a  big  claim,  and  he  wanted  to  sell  out.  I  went 
down  to  look  at  his  property  which  was  about 
twenty  miles  from  the  present  town  of  Belling- 
ham.  It  was  tide  country,  like  Oakland.  I 
finally  made  a  deal  for  it  and  spent  about  nine 
months  filing  on  it  under  the  old  pre-emption  law. 
Lived  on  it  long  enough  to  make  final  proof. 
The  land  was  surrounded  by  a  slough,  and  the 
w^ater  would  back  up  when  it  was  high  tide,  on 
the  land,  and  I  had  to  throw  up  a  levee  about  five 
feet  high ;  each  one  of  us  around  there  had  to  do 
his  share.  I  had  about  a  hundred  and  seventy 
rods  of  levee  to  build.  I  went  to  work  and  got 
mine  completed,  and  the  others  were  a  little  slow, 
and  were  not  ready  to  join  me,  so,  after  I  had 
made  final  proof  on  the  property,  I  thought  I 
would  come  over  to  Portland,  over  into  Oregon, 
so  I  came  over  there  in  the  fall  of  the  year,  and 
the  old  railroad,  now  the  Southern  Pacific,  was 


346  HISTORY   OF   ARIZONA. 

building  at  that  time,  and  there  was  an  outfit 
there,  they  were  putting  in  pile  drivers,  and  I 
came  up  there  and  took  charge  of  the  crew  for 
the  winter. 

"After  I  got  through  there  I  decided  I  would 
go  into  the  cattle  business,  and  I  came  over  to 
Eastern  Oregon,  had  a  young  fellow  with  me, 
and  we  went  up  there  looking  for  a  cattle  ranch. 
It  was  a  fine  country  for  that  purpose.  That 
was  the  spring  of  1873.  I  spent  about  four 
months  there,  then  came  over  to  the  Grand 
Round,  from  there  to  Spokane,  and  went  clean 
up  to  the  British  possessions,  travelling  around 
looking  for  a  cattle  ranch.  We  located  about 
twenty-five  miles  from  the  Columbia,  about  sixty 
miles  from  the  Dells,  and  then  we  came  back  and 
I  bought  a  bunch  of  cattle.  I  didn't  expect  to 
stick  to  them  myself  very  long,  but  I  put  this 
young  fellow  to  work.  When  I  left  Arizona  I 
left  about  two  thousand  dollars  in  money  uncol- 
lected. C.  C.  Bean  owed  me  about  $1700,  and 
he  was  to  send  it  to  me,  but,  'out  of  sight,  out 
of  mind,'  and  the  money  didn't  come,  so  I  left 
this  young  fellow  in  charge  of  about  fifty  head 
of  cows  with  calves,  and  about  a  hundred  and 
fifty  head  of  yearling  heifers  and  steers,  and  I 
came  back  to  Arizona,  and  found  there  was  but 
little  show  of  collecting  this  money  from  Bean 
at  this  time.  Before  I  left  Arizona,  however, 
I  had  sold  Bean  the  possessory  right  to  some  land 
in  Williamson  Valley,  and  he  had  just  got  title 
to  it  when  I  got  back,  so  I  took  a  mortgage  on 
the  proposition.  I  knocked  around  for  six 
months,  took  a  contract  for  jobbing  for  the  Gov- 
ernment, putting  up  buildings,  and  remained  in 


PROGRESS  OF  THE  TERRITORY.  347 

Arizona  for  about  three  years  before  I  got  things 
straightened  out,  and  then  I  went  back  to  Ore- 
gon, and  drove  the  cattle  I  had  there  over  here 
to  Arizona.  That  was  in  1877,  and  I  have  been 
here  ever  since  in  the  cattle  business. ' ' 

Mr.  Sulhvan  is  an  old  bachelor,  and  is  passing 
the  evening  of  his  days  in  the  State  to  whose 
prosperity  and  advancement  he  has  contributed 
the  best  years  of  his  life.  He  is  among  those 
pioneers  remaining  with  us  who  braved  the  dan- 
gers incident  to  the  early  settlement  of  Arizona, 
^'in  the  days  that  tried  men's  souls,"  when  he 
carried  his  rifle  on  his  machine  while  mowing 
hay,  to  protect  himself  from  the  incursions  of 
savage  foes. 

John  H.  Marion  was  a  man  of  great  force  of 
character;  of  bulldog  tenacity,  exceptional  abil- 
ity, and  great  perseverance.  He  was  born  in 
Louisiana  in  1835 ;  came  to  California  in  the 
later  fifties,  and,  being  a  printer  by  trade,  was 
employed  for  some  time  at  Oroville,  Butte 
County,  on  a  weekly  paper  there.  He  came  to 
Arizona  about  the  year  1865,  being  attracted 
here  by  the  reported  rich  gold  discoveries.  He 
spent  a  year  or  two  in  prospecting;  had  several 
Inrushes  with  the  Indians ;  finally  located  in  Pres- 
cott  and  became  part  owner  of  the  Prescott 
Miner  about  the  year  1866.  He  continued  as  its 
editor  for  about  ten  years.  When  party  lines 
were  drawn  in  the  Territory  in  1870,  he  aligned 
himself  with  the  Democratic  party,  and  was 
always  an  able  exponent  of  the  principles  of 
Democracy  as  held  by  the  party  to  which  he  gave 
his  allegiance.     He  was  a  public  spirited   man; 


348  HISTORY   OF   ARIZONA. 

nothing  calculated  to  build  up  Prescott  or  the 
Territory  ever  failed  to  find  in  him  an  advocate. 
He  was  a  good  neighbor;  a  kind  friend,  and  a 
bitter  enemy.  Especially  was  he  devoted  to  the 
old  timers  of  whatever  creed  or  nationality,  who 
had  shared  with  him  the  trials  and  disappoint- 
ments incidental  to  the  early  settlers  of  the  Ter- 
ritory. He  was  a  great  admirer  of  General 
Crook,  because  Crook  had  subdued  the  hostile 
Indians  in  Arizona,  particularly  those  around 
Prescott.  He  was  an  original  character;  could 
write  a  very  humorous  article,  full  of  wit  and 
sarcasm,  yet  had  no  sense  of  humor.  He  was 
never  governed  in  the  selection  of  words  by  any 
dictionary.  When  he  wanted  a  word  he  would 
coin  one,  and  the  word  itself  would  explain  its 
meaning. 

Personally  he  was  about  as  homely  a  man  as 
ever  stood  upon  two  legs.  In  speaking,  even  in 
a  public  address,  which^  on  rare  occasions  he  in- 
dulged iu,  he  spoke  in  a  monotone,  and  his  utter- 
ances seldom  failed  to  bring  down  the  house 
because  of  his  originality.  In  1883,  at  a  banquet 
extended  to  General  Crook  by  the  citizens  of 
Prescott,  at  which  many  ladies  were  present, 
Marion  was  called  upon  for  a  speech.  It  ran 
somewhat  in  this  wise: 

"We  have  had  many  generals  here  to  fight  the 
Injuns,  but  Cl*ook  is  the  only  one  who  ever  suc- 
ceeded. We  had  Stoneman;  Stoneman  was  a 
good  fighter,  he  built  a  good  many  roads,  and  did 
a  good  deal  of  work,  but  he  couldn't  fight  Injuns. 
Wilcox  had  a  big  reputation  as  a  Civil  War 
soldier,  but  he  couldn't  fight  Injuns;  he  had  the 
piles ;  and  so  it  was  with  the  balance  both  before 


PROGRESS  OF  THE  TERRITORY.       349 

and  after  Crook  came.  When  Crook  come  lie 
made  the  Injuns  hunt  their  holes,  and  we've  had 
peace  in  northern  Arizona  ever  since. ' ' 

When  T.  L.  Bullock  undertook  to  build  a  road 
from  Ash  Fork  to  Prescott,  John  Marion  was  his 
ardent  friend,  and  supported  him  in  every  way 
possible,  not  only  through  the  columns  of  his 
paper,  but  also  by  money  contributions,  and  when 
the  road  was  completed,  he,  of  course,  was  among 
those  who  had  a  general  jubilation  meeting  in 
Prescott,  welcoming  the  arrival  of  the  first  train. 
Among  other  things  Marion  said:  "I  was  here 
when  two  men  right  across  Granite  Creek  were 
killed  by  Injuns,  and  when  we  had  to  sleep  every- 
where on  our  guns,  and  when  it  took  a  lady's 
stocking  full  of  gold  dust  to  buy  a  sack  of  flour, 
and  everything  else  in  the  same  proportion. 
They  tried  to  get  my  scalp,  both  the  Injuns  and 
the  white  men  but,' damn  'em,  I'm  still  here." 
He  sold  his  interest  in  the  Miner  about  the  year 
1876,  and  a  few  years  thereafter  started  the 
Prescott  ' '  Courier. ' ' 

He  was  loyal  to  his  friends,  and  particularly 
loyal  to  his  home  and  his  home  people.  Having 
lived  a  great  part  of  his  life  in  Prescott,  endured 
all  the  trials  and  hardships  of  an  early  pioneer 
in  that  locality,  he  laid  aside  his  party  preju- 
dices, being  a  strict  Democrat,  and  numbered 
among  his  friends  and  associates  Eepublieans 
who,  like  himself,  were  pioneers.  It  was  his 
custom  after  closing  his  office,  and  when  going 
to  his  home,  to  spend  an  hour  every  day  with 
Judge  Fleury  in  talking  over  old  times.  "Old 
Grizzly"  and  Col.  H.  A.  Bigelow,  both  strict 
adherents  of  the  opposite  party,  were  his  warm 


350  HISTORY   OF   ARIZONA. 

personal  friends.  When  Cleveland  was  elected  in 
1884,  and  Zulick  was  inaugurated  the  first  Demo- 
cratic Governor  of  the  Territory  in  1885,  he  gave 
the  influence  of  his  paper  to  the  cordial  support 
of  his  administration  until,  in  1889,  at  the  begin- 
ning of  the  session,  Zulick  signed  the  bill  to  re- 
move the  Capital  to  Phoenix.  Thereafter  the 
"Courier"  could  not  be  numbered  as  among  his 
political  friends.  He  did  not  fail  in  his  editorials 
to  criticise  in  his  rough  and  homely  manner  the 
course  of  the  Governor,  for  with  him,  in  this  in- 
stance, the  duties  of  a  citizen  were  paramount 
to  party. 

John  Marion  died  July  27th,  1891,  the  records, 
of  the  Masonic  Lodge  at  Prescott  showing  that 
he  was,  at  that  time,  56  years  of  age.  His  death 
occurred  in  the  morning.  He  had  gone  to  the 
well  for  a  bucket  of  water,  placed  the  bucket  on 
the  porch  and  feU  dead  from  heart  disease.  He 
occupies  an  unmarked  grave  in  the  Masonic 
cemetery  at  Prescott.     Peace  to  his  ashes. 


INDEX. 


INDEX. 


ADJUTANT-GENEEAL— Appointment  of  W.  T.  Flower  as  criti- 
cised by  Special  Legislative  Committee,  23;  W.  H.  Garvin 
appointed  to  office,  23. 

AGRICULTURE— Mentioned  by  Gov.  McCormick,  9;  mentioned 
by  Gov.  McCormick  in  message   to  Fifth  Legislature,  39. 

ALEXANDER,  GENERAL— With  Major  Clendenin,  holds  confer- 
ence with  Delchayha  and  Skivitkill,  304  et  soq. 

ALLEN,  .JOHN  B.— Member  of  Fourth  Legislature,  2;  Territorial 
Treasurer— his  estimate  of  expenses  of  Territory  for  year 
ending  Nov.  1,  1869,  49-50;  Appointed  Territorial  Treasurer 
by  Gov.   McCormick,  Dec.  31,   1867,  57. 

ALLEN,  O. — Proprietor  of  horses  stolen  by  Indians,  220. 

ALSAP,  JOHN  T.— Only  member  in  Council  of  Fifth  Legislature 
from  Yavapai  County,  33;   elected  President  of  Council,  34. 

ANDERSON,  JOHN— Member  of  Fifth  Legislature,  34. 

ANNEXATION — Fourth  Legislature  memorializes  Congress  pro- 
testing against  annexation  of  part  of  Arizona  to  Nevada,  15. 

APACHE-MOHAVES  —  With  Apache-Yumas  and  Yavapais, 
threaten  town  of  La  Paz,  308. 

APACHES — Description  of  by  Lieut.  Emory  and  Capt.  Johnstone, 
226  et  seq. 

APACHE-YUMAS — With  Apache-Mohaves  and  Yavapais,  threaten 
town  of  La  Paz,  308. 

ARTESIAN  WELL — Fifth  Legislature  passes  resolution  request- 
ing Delegate  in  Congress  to  solicit  premium  for  first  person  to 
sink  one  on  desert,  44. 

ATTORNEY-GENERAL — Special  Legislative  Committee  reports 
Coles  Bashford  held  office  of  illegally,  19  et  seq. 

AUDITOR,  TERRITORIAL— Report  of,  14,  15;  Report  of,  58,  59. 

BACKUS,  JUDGE— Decides  Third,  Fourth  and  Fifth  Legislatures 

illegal,  98. 
BAKER,  CAPTAIN — Leader  of  prospecting  party  of  which  James 

White  was  member,  124;  killed  by  Indians,  128. 
BALLARD   . — Gives   James   White   employment   after   latter's 

trip  through  Grand  Canyon,  141. 
BANCROFT,  H.   H. — Includes  James   White's   story   in   history   of 

western  coast,  161. 

BANGHART  .—Father-in-law  of  E.  W.  Wells,  mention  of,  332. 

BARLOW  &  SANDERSON — Employers  of  James  White  after  lat- 
ter's trip  through   Grand  Canyon,  161. 
BARNETT,   UNDERWOOD  C. — Member  of  Fourth  Legislature,  2. 
BARTH,  SOL — Adventure  with  Cochise,  description  by  Banta,  and 

Barth's  own  story,  319  et  seq. 
BASHFORD,  COLES — Special  Legislative  Committee  reports  held 

position  of  Attorney-General  illegally,  19  et  seq.;  as  Delegate 
V— 23  (353) 


354  INDEX. 

in  Congress  introduces  bill  to  make  Arizona  a  collection  dis- 
trict, 88;  speech  on  appropriation  for  improvements  on  Colo- 
rado Kiver  Indian  reservation,  88  et  seq.j  speech  on  amend- 
ment to  postal  bill,  96  et  seq. 

BEAN,  C.  C— Mention  of  by  J.  W.  Sullivan,  337, 

BEGOLE,  AUGUSTUS— With  B.  F.  Thompson,  attacked  by  In- 
dians; Thompson  killed  and  Begole  severely  wounded,  311. 

BELL,  WILLIAM  A. — Member  of  surveying  expedition  of  Kansas 
Pacific  Railway,  102;  publishes  book  "New  Tracks  in  North 
America,"  describing  experiences  oi  expedition,  102  et  seq. 

BENTLEY,  E.  A. — Editor  and  proprietor  of  "Arizona  Miner" 
killed  by  Indians,  316  et  seq. 

BIDWELL,  THOMAS  J.— Member  of  Fifth  Legislature;  elected 
Speaker  of  House,  34. 

BIGELOW,  COL.  H.  A.— Mention  of,  349. 

BLOCK,  BEN— Owner  of  horse  stolen  by  Indians,  220. 

BOBLE'TT  .—With  Whitcomb  and  King  attacked  by  Indiansj 

Whitcomb  killed  and  King  severely  wounded,  309,  310. 

BOUNDARY — Between  Arizona  and  California,  mentioned  by  Gov. 
McCormick  in  message  to  Fifth  Legislature,  41;  Report  of 
Committee  on  Counties  and  County  Boundaries  on  boundary 
between  California  and  Arizona,  50  et  seq. 

BOWERS,  GEORGE— Killed  by  Indians,  283,  301,  310;  mention  of 
by  J.  W.  Sullivan,  337. 

BOWLES,  SAMUEL— Makes  mention  of  James  White's  trip 
through  Grand  Canyon  in  book,  161,  162. 

BRADLEY,  GEO.  T.— Member  of  Maj.  Powell's  first  expedition 
through  Grand  Canyon,  180. 

BUCKALEW,  OSCAR— Severely  wounded  by  Indians,  318. 

BUILDING — Cost  of  on  military  reservations  when  performed  by 
private  contract,  241;   booms  in  Tucson,  327. 

BULLOCK,  T.  L. — Builds  railroad  between  Prescott  and  Ash  Fork, 
349. 

BURNT  RANCH — Indian  attack  upon  and  defense  of  by  Jake 
Miller  and  companion,  311  et  seq. 

BUTLER,  BENJAMIN  F.  (of  Massachusetts) — Opposes  amend- 
ment to  Appropriation  Bill  in  Congress,  for  appropriation  for 
Improvements  on  Colorado  River  Indian  reservation,  92  et  seq. 

CABABI  MINES— Mentioned  by  Gov.  McCormick  in  message  to 
Fifth  Legislature,  38. 

CALABASAS— Mentioned  by  Genl.  John  S.  Mason  in  his  report, 
184. 

CALHOUN,  MAJOR— Member  of  Kansas  Pacific  Railway  Com- 
pany's surveying  expedition,  makes  notes  of  and  writes  ac- 
count of  James  White's  trip  through  Grand  Canyon,  144, 

CALIFORNIA — Boundary  between  and  Arizona,  mentioned  by 
Gov.  McCormick  in  message  to  Fifth  Legislature,  41;  Report 
of  Legislative  Committee  on,  50  et  seq. 

CALIFORNIA  VOLUNTEERS— Mentioned  by  Genl.  John  S. 
Mason  in  his  report,  184. 

CAMPBELL,  .JOHN  G.— Mention  of  by  J.  W.  Sullivan,  335. 

CAMP  GRANT  MASSACRE— Mentioned  by  Thomas  Thompson 
Hunter,  291. 


INDEX.  355 

CAPITAL — Located  at  Tucson  by  Fourth  Legislature,  28;  Congress 
memorialized  by  Fifth  Legislature  for  appropriation  for  Cap- 
ital Building,  43. 

CARR,  LIEUT.  CAMILLIO  C.  C— Accompanies  Capt.  George  B. 
Sanford  on  expedition  against  Apaches,  196. 

CARROL,  LIEUT.  C.  C— Army  officer  stationed  at  Fort  Bowie, 
102;  killed  bv  Indians,  103  et  seq.,  319. 

CHAMBERS,  SOLOMON  W.— Member  of  Fourth  Legislature,  2; 
member  of  Fifth  Legislature,  34. 

CHIMEHUEVIS — ^With  Mohaves,  makes  treaty  with  Superintend- 
ent Dent,  244. 

CHRISTIE,  FOLLETT  G.— Elected  Chief  Clerk  of  House  in  Fourth 
Legislature,  2. 

CLENDENIN,  MAJOR— Mentioned  by  General  McDowell,  256; 
with  General  Alexander,  holds  conference  with  Delchayha  and 
Skivitkill,  304  et  seq. 

COCHISE — One  of  his  band  has  fight  with  station  keeper  at  Fort 
Bowie  and  is  killed,  286,  287. 

COLLECTION  DISTRICT— Bill  introduced  in  Congress  to  make 
Arizona   one,  but   not  passed,   88. 

CONGRESS — Memorialized  by  Fourth  Legislature  for  regiment  of 
volunteers;  to  increase  jurisdiction  of  Justices  of  Peace;  to 
allow  duties  to  be  paid  in  currency;  protesting  against  an- 
nexation of  part  of  Arizona  to  Nevada;  asking  Congress  to 
assume  certain  indebtedness  of  Territory;  to  increase  pay  of 
Legislators  and  officers  of  Territory,  15  et  seq.;  passes  resolu- 
tions asking  Congress  to  make  Arizona  separate  military  de- 
partment; memorialized  by  Fifth  Legislature  for  authority  to 
military  commanders  to  arm  citizens;  for  extension  of  time 
for  appropriation  of  net  proceeds  of  Internal  Revenue  for 
building  of  penitentiary;  for  Mail  Route  from  Tucson  to 
Sasabi  Flat;  for  appropriation  for  library;  for  appropriation 
to  codify  laws  of  Territory;  asks  for  appointment  of  Surveyor- 
General  for  land  district  of  Arizona,  43;  resolutions  of  Fifth 
Legislature;  asking  for  establishment  of  mail  route  from 
Tucson  to  Wickenburg;  for  semi-weekly  service  from  Prescott 
to  Albuquerque,  N.  M.;  recommending  establishment  of  U.  S. 
Depository  at  Tucson,  requesting  Delegate  in  Congress  to 
solicit  premium  for  first  person  to  sink  artesian  well  on  desert, 
44;  Bill  to  create  Collection  District  for  Arizona  introduced 
but  not  passed,  88;  Appropriation  for  improvements  on  Colo- 
rado River  Indian  Reservation  refused,  88  et  seq.;  amendment 
to  postal  bill  favoring  Arizona  and  other  Territories,  passed, 
94  et  seq.;  passes  act  legalizing  actions  of  Third,  Fourth  and 
Fifth  Legislatures,  98. 

CONTRACTORS — Have  easy  times  and  make  big  money  when 
working  for  Government,  241. 

COOK,  EDWARD  J. — Member  of  Fourth  Legislature,  2;  biography 
of,  31. 

CEADLEBAUGH,  LIEUT.— Attacked  by  Indians  while  on  peace 
mission,  282,  283. 

GRAND  A  L,  ROBERT  M.— Member  of  Fifth  Legislature,  34. 
CRITTENDEN,   COL.   T.   L.   afterwards   General — Commended   by 
Fourth  Legislature,  18;  mentioned  by  Assistant  Inspector  Gen- 


356  INDEX. 

eral  Jones  in  report,  208;  recommendations  as  to  housing  of 
troops  in  Arizona,  234;  succeeds  Colonel  Lovell  in  southern 
Arizona,  298, 

CULLUMBEH,  ANDREW— Member  of  Fourth  Legislature,  2. 

CUMMINGS  .—Wounded   by   Indians,   296. 

CUTLER,  ROYAL  J. — Member  of  Fourth  Legislature,  2. 

DANCING— Licensed  by  Fifth  Legislature,  63. 

DARE,  JOHN  T.— Member  of  Fourth  Legislature,  2. 

DAVIS,  C.  (JEFF.) — Makes  attack  single  handed  on  band  of  In- 
dians, 284. 

DAWSON,  THOMAS  F.— Writes  U.  S.  Senate  document  on  Grand 
Canyon,  dealing  fully  with  James  White's  trip,  144. 

DE  BUSK,  S.  W.— State  Senator  in  Colorado,  vouches  for  charac- 
ter of  James  White,  165. 

DELCHAYHA — With  Skivitkill,  holds  conference  with  General 
Alexander  and  Major  Clcndenin,  304  et  seq. 

DELEGATE  TO  CONGRESS— Reference  to  his  election  as,  by 
Gov.  McCormick  in  message  to  Fifth  Legislature,  42. 

DELLENBAUGH,  F.  S.— Brands  James  White's  story  of  trip 
through  Grand  Canyon  as  "base  fabrication,"  168,  181. 

DE  LONG,  SIDNEY  R.— Resigns  office  as  Probate  Judge,  58;  Men- 
tion of  by  Thomas  Thompson  Hunter,  291,  292. 

DENT,  GEO.  W.— General  Indian  Agent  for  Territory,  mention  of, 
242;  interferes  with  General  Gregg's  order  to  consider  all  In- 
dians off  of  reservations  hostile,  242  et  seq.;  makes  treaty  with 
Mohaves  and  Chimehuevis,  244. 

DEPOSITARY,  U.  S. — Fifth  Legislature  passes  resolution  recom- 
mending  establishment   of,    at    Tucson,   44. 

DESERTIONS — General  Ord  in  report  mentions  desertions  of  sol- 
diers, 269.  ..... 

DEVIN,  GENERAL  THOMAS  E.— Report  of  expeditions  against 
hostile  Indians,  271  et  seq.;  makes  mention  of  building  roads 
and  trails,  276. 

DORAN,  MAJ.  A.  J.— Experience  with  Pah-Utes,  330. 

DORCE,   RICHARD — Severely  wounded  by  Indians,  319. 

DRACHMAN,  MOSE— Mention  of,  32. 

DRACHM  AN,  PHILIP— Member  of  Fourth  Legislature,  2;  bi- 
ography of,  31. 

DRACHMAN,  SAMUEL  ARIZONA— Mention  of,  32. 

DUNN,  A.  G. — Has  herd  of  horses  stolen  by  Indians,  219. 

DUTIES — Fourth  Legislature  memorializes  Congress  to  allow 
duties   to   be   paid   in   currency,   15. 

EDUCATIONAL  MATTERS— Mentioned  by  Gov.  McCormick  in 
message  to  Fifth  Legislature,  41. 

EHRHART,  T.  J.— Chairman  of  Colorado  State  Highway  Commis- 
sion, furnishes  corroboration  of  James  White's  trip  through 
GraHd  Canyon,  163. 

ELIAS,  JESUS  M.— Member  of  Fifth  Legislature,  34. 

EMORY,    LTEUT.- Description    of    Apaches,   226. 

ERWIN,  A.  M.— Member  elect  of  Fifth  Legislature,  killed  by  In- 
dians, 46,  300. 


INDEX.  357 

EWING,  THOMAS— Guide  of  Capt.  Sanford's  expedition  against 
Apaches,  196. 

EXPLORATIONS  AND  SURVEYS— Kansas  Pacific  surveying  ex- 
pedition, 100  et  seq.;  story  of  James  White's  trip  down  the 
Grand  Canyon,  122  et  seq.;  story  of  Major  Powell's  first  ex- 
pedition through  Grand  Canyon,  169  et  seq. 

FERRIES — Mentioned   by    Gov.   McCormick   in   message   to    Fifth 

Legislature,  41. 
FERRY,  JAMES — U.  S.  quartermaster  at  Callville,  takes  care  of 

James  White  after  latter's  trip  through  Grand  Canyon,  152. 
FINANCES,  TERRITORIAI^-Meution  of  by  Gov.  McCormick,  14; 

Report    of    special     committee    on     condition     of     Territorial 

Finances,  19  et  seq. 
FINE,  JIM— Mention  of  by  J.  W.  Sullivan,  339. 

FISHER  .—Mail  carrier  killed  by  Indians,  288,  289. 

FLETJRY,  JUDGE— Mention  of,  349. 

FLOOD,   PRIVATE— One   of   escort   of   mail  rider   Spencer,   killed 

and  mutilated  by  Hualapais,  302  et  seq. 
FLOWER,  W.  T. — Special  Legislative  Committee  criticises  appoint- 
ment of  as  Adjutant-General,  23. 
FOREMAN,  S.  W.— Makes  first  survey  of  Tucson,  327. 
FORT  BOWIE — Description  of  by  Wm.  A.  Bell,  102;  mentioned  by 

General  John  S.  Mason  in  report,  184;  conditions  at  described 

by  Thomas  Thompson  Hunter,  285;   commander  of  post  killed 

by  Indians,  285,  286;  fight  at  between  station  keeper  and  one 

of  Cochise's  band,  286  et  seq. 
FORT  BRECKENRIDGE— Mentioned  by  Genl.  John  S.  Mason  in 

his  report,  188;  name  changed  to  Fort  Grant,  188. 
FORT   BUCHANAN— Mentioned   by   Genl.  John   S.   Mason   in   his 

report,  185. 
FORT  GOODWIN— Mentioned  by  Genl.  John  S.  Mason  in  report, 

184. 
FORT  GRANT — Formerly  Fort  Breckenridge;  mention  of  by  Genl. 

John  S.  Mason  in  his  report,  188. 
FORT   McDowell — Mentioned   by   Genl.   John   S.   Mason   in   his 

report,  185;  mentioned  by  Genl.  Irvin  McDowell  in  his  report, 

231. 
FORT  MOJAVE — Mentioned  by  Genl.  John  S.  Mason  in  his  report, 

184. 
FORT  WHIPPLE — Mentioned  by  Genl.  John  S.  Mason  in  report, 

184. 
FORT  YUMA — Mentioned  by  Genl.  John  S.  Mason  in  his  report, 

184. 
FRENCHMEN,  TWO — Fight  with  Indians   down  on   Hassayampa, 

281. 

GAGE,  ALMON— Elected  Secretary  of  Council  of  Fourth  Legis- 
lature, 2. 

GARVIN,  W.  H. — Appointed  Adjutant-General,  23. 

GASS,  OCTAVIUS  D. — Member  of  Fourth  Legislature,  1;  elected 
President  of  Council,  2;  represents  Mohave  and  Pah-Ute  Coun- 
ties in  Fifth  Legislature,  33. 


358  INDEX. 

CrIBBINS,  ANDKEW  S.— Member  of  Fifth  Legislature,  34. 

GIBSON,  J.  P.— With  Joseph  Melvin  attacked  by  Indians  and 
severely  wounded,  308,  309, 

GILES,  JAMES  S.— Member  of  Fourth  Legislature,  2. 

GONZALES  .—Murdered  by  Indians,  280. 

GOODFELiLOW    . — Name    of    fourth    member    of    prospecting 

party  of  which  James  White  was  a  member,  154;  shot  in  foot 
and  left  behind,  155. 

GOODWIN,  FEANCIS   H.— Member  of  Fifth   Legislature,  34. 

GOODWIN,  GOVERNOR  JOHN  N.— Accompanies  Genl.  John  S. 
Mason  on  tour  of  Territory,  186;  makes  arrangements  to  raise 
two  companies  of  Pima  and  Maricopa  Indians;  one  company 
of  Mexicans  at  Tucson  and  one  at  Tubac,  186. 

GOVERNOR— Message  of  R.  C.  McCormick  to  Fourth  Legislature, 
2  et  seq.;  Message  of  R.  C.  McCormick  to  Fifth  Legislature, 
34;  McCormick  takes  seat  in  Congress  as  Delegate,  09;  arrival 
of  A.  P.  K.  Safford,  99. 

GRAND  CANYON— First  known  passage  of  by  James  White,  122 
et  seq.;  story  of  Major  Powell's  first  expedition  through  Grand 
Canyon,  169  et  seq.;  distances  traversed  by  Maj.  Powell,  180, 
181;  mention  of  second  expedition  of  Maj.  Powell,  181. 

GRANT,  JAMES— Report  of  as  Territorial  Auditor,  14,  15;  resigns 
office,  57. 

GREGG,  GENERAL — Commended  by  Fourth  Legislature,  18;  with 
Genl.  Palmer  in  experience  with  Apaches,  111  et  seq.;  issues 
order  that  all  Indians  found  off  reservations  be  treated  as  hos- 
tiles,  242;  order  interfered  with  by  Superintendent  of  Indian 
Affairs  Dent,  242  et  seq.;  order  countermanded  by  General 
McDowell,  246;  succeeds  Col.  Wallen  in  northern  Arizona,  298; 
commands  expedition  against  hostiles,  299. 

GUNTER,  JULIUS— Governor  of  Colorado,  vouches  for  character 
of  James  White,  165. 

HADSELL,  CHARLES— Murdered  by  Indians,  319. 

HALL,  ANDREW— Member  of  Maj.  Powell's  first  expedition 
through  Grand  Canyon,  180. 

HALLECK,  MAJOR-GENERAL  H.  W.— Report,  203  et  seq.;  re- 
port on  Military  Conditions  in  Arizona  in  1868,  261  et  seq.; 
declares  Arizona  military  district,  298. 

HAMBLIN,  JACOB — Diplomat  of  Mormon  Church  makes  peace 
with  Navahoes,  328;  description  of  by  Maj.  Powell,  329. 

HANCE  .—Mention  of  by  J.  W.  Sullivan,  333. 

HANFORD,  G.  W.— Member  of  Fourth  Legislature,  2;  did  not  at- 
tend session,  2. 

HARDY,  W.  H. — Member  of  Fourth  Legislature,  1;  corroborates 
statements  of  Charles  McAllister  in  reference  to  James  White, 
141;   his  experience  with  hostile  Wallapais,  330. 

HAVASUPAIS.— Treatment  of  James  White  in  Grand  Canyon, 
159,  182. 

HAWKINS,  W.  RHODES— Member  of  Maj.  Powell's  first  expedi- 
tion through  Grand  Cauvon,  180. 

HENION,  JOHN— Member  of  Fourth  Legislature,  2;  did  not  at- 
tend session,  2. 


INDEX.  359 

HIGHWAYS  AND  STREETS— Act  passed  by  Fifth  Legislature  in 

reference  to,  64. 
HINTON,    JIM — Employer    of    James    White    after    latter's    trip 

through  Grand  Canyon,  160. 
HODGES,  FRANCIS  M.— Member  of  Fourth  Legislature,  2. 
HOOPER,  JOSEPH  H.— Member  of  Fifth  Legislature  from  Yuma 

County — did   not   attend   session,   33. 
HOOPEH,  WHITING  &  CO.— Leading  merchants  of  Territory,  328. 
HUALAP'aIS,  see  Wallapais. 

HUBBARD,  LIEUT. — Army  officer  stationed  at  Fort  Bowie,  102. 
HUNTER,  THOMAS  THOMPSON — Describes  attitude  of  Indians 

in  1867  and  1868,  285  et  seq. 

ILGES,  COLONEL— Mentioned  by  Assistant  Inspector  General 
Roger  Jones  in  report,  208. 

INDEBTEDNESS— Fourth  Legislature  memorializes  Congress  ask- 
ing that  certain  indebtedness  of  Territory  be  assumed  by 
Federal  Government,  15  et  seq. 

INDIAN  RESERVATIONS— Need  of  mentioned  by  Gov.  McCor- 
mick,  7;  one  only  in  Arizona,  7;  appropriation  for  improve- 
ments on  Colorado  River  Indian  reservation  refused  by  Con- 
gress,  88  et  seq. 

INDIANS — Hostile  mentioned  by  Governor  MeCormick  m  his 
message,  2;  mentions  need  of  reservations,  7;  hostiles  again 
referred  to  by  Governor  MeCormick  in  message  to  Fifth  Legis- 
lature 34;  mention  of  in  general,  36;  sale  of  liquor  to,  men- 
tioned by  Gov.  MeCormick  in  message  to  Fifth  Legislature, 
41;  report  of  committee  of  Fifth  Legislature,  47  et  seq.;  kill 
Lieut.  Carrol  and  mail  carrier,  103  et  seq.;  attack  Genl.  W.  J. 
Palmer  in  command  of  Kansas  Pacific  Railway  Company's  sur- 
veying expedition,  109  et  seq.;  treatment  of  James  White  by 
Havasupais,  159,  182;  friendly  and  hostile  tribes  mentioned  by 
Genl.  John  S.  Mason  in  his  report,  183  et  seq.;  mentioned  in 
report  of  Assistant  Inspector  General  Jones,  206  et  seq.;  also 
in  reply  of  General  McDowell  to  report  of  Assistant  Inspector 
General  Jones,  215  et  seq.;  expeditions  against  described  by 
General  McDowell,  219  et  seq.;  steal  horses  belonging  to  A.  G. 
Dunn,  O.  Allen,  Sheriff  Rourke,  Ben  Block,  and  Governor  Me- 
Cormick, 219,  220;  Yavapais  mentioned  by  Lieut.-Col.  Price 
as  most  hostile  of  Indians,  222;  also  Wallapais,  222;  Descrip- 
tion of  Apaches  by  Lieut.  Emory  and  Capt.  Johnstone,  226 
et  seq.;  River  Indians  on  warpath,  241,  242;  General  Gregg 
issues  order  that  all  Indians  found  oflE  reservations  be  treated 
as  hostiles,  242;  order  interfered  with  by  Superintendent  of 
Indian  Affairs  Geo.  W.  Dent,  242  et  seq.;  Superintendent  Dent 
makes  treaty  with  Mohaves  and  Chimehuevis,  244;  General 
McDowell  countermands  General  Gregg's  order,  246;  report  of 
General  Thomas  E.  Devin  of  expeditions  against  hostiles,  271 
ct  seq.;  murders,  raids,  etc.;  names  of  persons  murdered, 
wounded,  or  robbed  by,  279  et  seq.;  Colonel  Price  takes  war- 
path against  Wallapais.  294;  article  in  San  Francisco  "Call" 
on,  294  et  seq.;  Indian  question  still  unsolved,  297  et  seq.; 
continue   raids    and   massacres,   298   et    seq.;    attack   on    S.    C. 


360  INDEX. 

Miller's  ranch,  300;  Apache-Yumas,  Apache-Mohaves  and  Yava- 
pais  threaten  town  of  La  Paz,  308;  murders,  raids  and  attacks 
by,  308  et  seq.;  attack  on  Burnt  Kanch,  311  et  seq.;  kill  forty- 
eight  settlers  in  and  around  Prescott  and  Walnut  Grove,  328; 
murder  three  of  Maj.  J.  W.  Powell's  men  who  left  him  on 
first  trip  through  Grand  Canyon,  329;  Major  Powell  sleeps  in 
safety  among  murderers,  329;  Major  A.  J.  Doran's  experience 
with  Pah-Utes,  330;  Capt.  Thos.  J.  Jeflford's  experience  with 
Cochise,  330;  W.  H.  Hardy's  experience  with  Wallapais,  330. 

lERIGATION — Mentioned  by  Gov.  McCormick  in  message  to  Fifth 
Legislature,  40,  41. 

IRWIN  .—Murdered  by  Indians,   319. 

ISRAEL  .—Murdered  by  Indians,  319. 

JACKSON,  ORICK — In  "White  Conquest,"  gives  number  of  whites 
killed  by  Indians,  284. 

JACOBS,  B.  M.— Enrolling  Clerk  of  Council,  Fifth  Legislature,  34. 

JACOBS,  L.  M. — Engrossing  clerk  of  Council,  Fifth  Legislature,  34. 

JAMES,  GEO.  WHARTON— In  "In  and  Around  Grand  Canyon" 
makes  statement  that  James  White  worked  for  Major  Powell; 
statement  denied  by  White,  166. 

JAY,  LE  ROY— Murdered  by  Indians,  280. 

JEFFORDS,   CAPT.  THOS.  J.— His  experience  with  Cochise,  330. 

JEFFRYES,  ELI— Cashier  of  First  Natl.  Bank  of  Trinidad,  Colo- 
rado, vouches  for  character  of  James  White,  165,  166. 

JENKINS,  HENRY— Member  of  Fourth  Legislature,  1;  member 
of  Fifth  Legislature,  33;  death  of,  45. 

JOHNSTONE,  CAPT.— Description  of  Apaches,  227. 

JONES,  COL.  ROGER — Assistant  Inspector  General — Makes  report 
on  Military  Operations  and  Conditions  in  Arizona  in  1866-67; 
makes  recommendations  as  to  disposition  of  troops  and  loca- 
tion of  posts;  makes  mention  of  dangers  from  Indians;  men- 
tions inconvenience  and  discomforts  suffered  by  soldiers,  206 
et  seq.;  recommendation  that  department  commander  for  Ari- 
zona be  appointed,  finally  followed  out,  235. 

JUSTICES  OF  PEACE — Fourth  Legislature  memorializes  Congress 
to  increase  jurisdiction  of,  15. 

KANSAS  PACIFIC  RAILWAY  COMPANY— Organizes  surveying 
expedition  across  Arizona  for  route  for  southern  Railway,  100 
et  seq. 

KELLOGG,  S.  B. — Furnishes  corroboration  of  James  White's  trip 
through  Grand  Canyon,  163. 

KING,  WILLIAM— With  Whitcomb  and  Boblett  attacked  by  In- 
dians; Whitcomb  killed  and  King  severely  wounded,  309,  310. 

KIRKLAND  . — Builds  first  road   from   Tucson  to   Santa   Rita 

Mountains,  327. 

LAMBERTSON,  T.— Attacked  and  wounded  by  Indians.  279,  280. 

LAND  DISTRICT— Fifth  Legislature  asks  Congress  for  appoint- 
ment of  Surveyor-General  for,  43, 

LA  PAZ — Threatened  by  Apache-Yumas,  Apache-Mohaves  and 
Yavapais,  308. 


INDEX.  361 

LAWSON,  LIEUT.— Member  of  Kansas  Pacific  Railway  Com- 
pany's surveying  expedition,  102. 

LEGAL — Mention  of  courts  by  Gov.  McCormick,  12;  Congress 
memorialized  by  Fifth  Congress  for  appropriation  to  codify 
laws,  43;  Judge  Backus  decides  Third,  Fourth  and  Fifth  Legis- 
latures illegal,  98;  mention  of  scarcity  of  courts  by  Genl. 
McDowell,  233. 

LEGISLATIVE  ASSEMBLY— Fourth  Session  convened  at  Pres- 
cott,  1;  memorializes  Congress  for  regiment  of  volunteer 
troops;  to  increase  jurisdiction  of  Justices  of  Peace;  to  allow 
duties  to  be  paid  in  currency;  protesting  against  annexation 
of  part  of  Arizona  to  Nevada;  asking  Congress  to  assume  cer- 
tain indebtedness  of  Territory,  and  to  increase  pay  of  members 
and  officers  of  Legislature,  15  et  seq.;  passes  resolutions  that 
request  be  made  that  Arizona  be  made  into  separate  Military 
Department;  of  commendation  for  Generals  Gregg  and  Critten- 
den and  Colonels  Lovell,  Sanford  and  Price,  17  et  seq.;  report 
of  select  committee  on  financial  condition  of  Territory,  19 
et  seq.;  defeats  act  to  create  Maricopa  County,  26;  conven- 
ing of  Fifth,  33;  memorializes  Congi-ess  for  appropriation  for 
capital  building  at  Tucson,  43;  memorializes  Congress  for  au- 
thority to  military  commanders  to  arm  citizens,  43;  memorial- 
izes Congress  for  extension  of  time  for  appropriation  of  net 
proceeds  of  Internal  Revenue  for  building  of  penitentiary,  43; 
memorializes  Congress  for  Mail  Route  from  Tucson  to  Sasabi 
Flat,  43;  memorializes  Congress  for  appropriation  for  Library, 
43;  memorializes  Congress  for  appropriation  to  codify  laws  of 
Territory,  43;  asks  Congress  for  appointment  of  Surveyor- 
General  for  land  district  of  Arizona,  43;  Fifth  Legislature 
passes  resolution  requesting  Arizona's  Delegate  in  Congress  to 
ask  for  establishment  of  mail  route  from  Tucson  to  Wicken- 
burg  and  for  semi-weekly  service  from  Prescott  to  Albuquer- 
que, N.  M.,  44;  resolution  recommending  establishment  of  U.  S. 
Depositary  at  Tucson,  44;  joint  resolution  in  nature  of  appro- 
priation bill,  44;  resolution  asking  Delegate  in  Congress  to 
solicit  premium  for  first  person  to  sink  artesian  well  on  desert, 
44;  resolution  of  commendation  of  Governor  McCormick,  45; 
Death  of  Henry  Jenkins,  member,  45;  A.  M.  Erwin,  member 
elect,  killed  by  Indians,  46;  report  of  committee  on  Military 
and  Indian  Affairs,  47  et  seq.;  estimate  of  expenses  of  Terri- 
tory for  year  ending  November  1,  1869,  49,  50;  Report  of  Com- 
mittee on  Counties  and  County  Boundaries  on  boundary  be- 
tween California  and  Arizona,  50  et  seq.;  Gov.  MeCormick's 
appointments  submitted  to  Council,  57;  Acts  passed  by  Fifth 
Legislature:  Dancing  licensed;  public  highways  and  streets; 
establishment  of  public  schools;  locating  Territorial  Prison 
at  or  near  town  of  Phoenix,  63  et  seq.;  Judge  Backus  decides 
Third,  Fourth  and  Fifth  Legislatures  illegal,  98;  Congress 
legalizes  actions  of  these  Legislatures,  98;  in  1871,  held  m 
Tucson,  99. 

LENNON,  JOSEPH  C— With  Geo.  D.  Bowers  and  party  attacked 
by  Indians,  Bowers  killed.  310,  311. 

LEWIS,  CHARLES  W.— Member  of  Fourth  Legislature,  2. 


362  INDEX. 

LEWIS,  NATHANIEL  S.— Member  of  Fourth  Legislature,  2. 

LIBRARY — Fifth  Legislature  memorializes  Congress  for  appro- 
priation for  Library   43. 

LINDSEY,  OLIVER— Member  of  Fourth  Legislature,  2;  elected 
Speaker  of  House,  2;   member  of  Fifth  Legislature,  34. 

LIQUOR,  SALE  OF  TO  INDIANS — Mentioned  by  Gov.  McCor- 
mick  in  message  to  Fifth  Legislature,  41. 

LORD,  CHARLES  H. — Appointed  Territorial  Auditor  July  1,  1868', 
by  Gov.  McCormick,  57. 

LORD,  DR.— Member  of  firm  of  Lord  &  Williams,  appointed  re- 
ceiver of  public  moneys  in  Tucson,  327. 

LORD  &  WILLIAMS — Leading  firm  in  Tucson,  327. 

LOUNT,  DANIEL  S. — Member  of  Fourth  Legislature,  1. 

LOVELL,  COL.  CHAS.  S.— Commended  by  Fourth  Legislature,  18; 
succeeds  Genl.  Mason  in  southern  Arizona,  298;  is  succeeded 
by  Genl.  Crittenden,  298. 

McAllister.  CHARLES— One  of  party  who  rescued  James 
White;   his   description   of   White's   condition,   141. 

McCORMICK,  GOV.  R.  C— Message  to  Fourth  Legislature,  2  et 
seq.;  Message  to  Fifth  Legislature,  34  et  seq.;  makes  refer- 
ence to  his  election  as  Delegate  to  Congress  in  message  to 
Fifth  Legislature,  42;  resolution  of  commendation  of  by  Fifth 
Legislature,  45;  takes  seat  in  Congress  as  Delegate,  99;  owner 
of  horse  stolen  by  Indians,  220;  severely  criticises  Genl.  Mc- 
Dowell for  countermanding  General  Gregg's  order  that  all  In- 
dians found  olf  reservation  be  treated  as  hostiles,  250. 

McCRACKEN,  JACKSON— With  Lieut.  Cradlebaugh,  attacked  by 
Indians,  283. 

McDowell,  genl.  IRVIN— Report  on  conditions  m  Territory; 
speaks  in  high  commendation  of  Arizona  Volunteers,  190  et 
seq.;  criticised  bv  Assistant  Inspector  General  Jones  for  mili- 
tary conditions  in  Arizona,  207  et  seq.;  replies  to  report  of 
Assistant  Inspector  General  Jones,  215  et  seq.;  reports  on  ex- 
peditions against  Indians,  219  et  seq.;  mentions  Colonel  Mc- 
Garry  as  celebrated  Indian  fighter,  223;  issues  special  orders 
No.  39,  with  reference  to  location  of  troops  in  Arizona,  236 
et  seq.;  countermands  General  Gregg's  order  that  all  Indians 
found  off  reservations  bo  treated  as  hostiles,  246;  severely  criti- 
cised by  Governor  McCormick,  250;  second  annual  report,  250 
et  seq.";  makes  special  mention  of  Lieut.  Col.  Sanford,  253; 
Capt.  J.  W.  Williams  wounded  in  expedition  against  hostile 
Indians,  255;  makes  visit  to  Arizona;  not  well  liked  by  people 
of  Arizona.  298;  succeeded  by  Genl.  Ord,  302. 

McGARRY,  COLONEL — Mentioned  as  celebrated  Indian  fighter  by 
General  McDowell,  223. 

McKEY,  ALEXANDER— Member  of  Fourth  Legislature,  1;  mem- 
ber of  Fifth  Legislature,  33. 

MAIL  CARRIER— Killed  by  Indians,  103  et  seq.;  Hualapais 
severely  wound  mail  rider  Chas.  Spencer,  and  murder  and  muti- 
late escorts,  302  et  seq. 

MXTL  ROUTE — Fifth  Legislature  memorializes  Congress  for  estab- 
lishment of  Mail  Route  from  Tucson  to  Sasabi  Flat,  43;  passes 


INDEX.  363 

resolution  requesting  Delegate  in  Congress  to  ask  for  mail 
route  from  Tucson  to  Wickenburg,  and  for  semi-weekly  service 
from  Prescott  to  Albuquerque,  N.  M.,  44. 

MAIL  SERVICE— Mentioned  by  Gov.  McCormick,  10;  poor  ser- 
vice mentioned  by  Genl.  McDowell,  233. 

MANNING  .—Wounded  by  Indians,  296. 

MABCY,  ED— Killed  by  Indians,  318. 

MARICOPA  COUNTY— Act  introduced  into  Fourth  Legislature  to 
create,  defeated,  26. 

MARION,  .lOHN  H.— Biography  of,  347  et  seq.;  Death  of,  350. 

MASON,  GENERAL  JOHN  S.— Report  on  Arizona  for  1865-66, 
183  et  seq.;  succeeded  by  Col.  H.  D.  Wallen  and  Col.  Chas.  S. 
Lovcll,  298. 

MATHEWS,  JOHN  H.— Member  of  Fourth  Legislature,  2. 

MELVIN,  JOSEPH— With  J.  P.  Gibson  attacked  by  Indians,  308, 
309, 

MILLER,  JAKE — With  companion  defends  Burnt  Ranch  against 
Indian  attack  and  kills  chief,  311  et  seq. 

MILLER,  S.  C. — Indians  attack  ranch  of,  brave  defense  by  Mrs. 
Miller,  300. 

MILITARY — Governor  McCormick  calls  attention  to  insufficient 
forces  in  Arizona,  and  urges  separate  department  for  Terri- 
tory, 2,  3;  Fourth  Legislature  passes  resolution  that  request 
be  made  for  separate  department,  18;  Fourth  Legislature  passes 
resolution  of  commendation  for  Generals  Gregg  and  Critten- 
den, and  Colonels  Sanford  and  Price,  18,  19;  Fifth  Legislature 
memorializes  Congress  to  give  authority  to  commanders  of  posts 
to  arm  citizens,  43;  report  of  committee  of  Fifth  Legislature, 
47  et  seq.;  Report  of  General  .lohn  S.  Mason,  makes  trip  over 
District,  accompanied  by  Governor  Goodwin;  mentions  friendly 
and  hostile  Indians;  mentions  arrival  of  Colonel  Wright  with 
troops;  recommends  that  two  or  three  companies  of  native 
Arizona  troops  be  raised,  183  et  seq.;  Report  of  General  Irvin 
McDowell;  speaks  in  high  commendation  of  Arizona  Volun- 
teers, 191  et  seq.;  report  of  ex|)edition  against  Apaches  by 
Captain  George  B.  Sanford,  196  et  seq.;  Report  of  Major- 
General  Halleck,  203  et  seq.;  Report  of  Colonel  Roger  Jones, 
Assistant  Inspector  General,  criticising  military  operations  in 
Arizona,  206  ct  seq.;  General  McDowell's  reply  to  report  of 
Assistant  Inspector  General  Jones,  215  et  seq.;  expeditions 
against  Indians  described  by  General  McDowell,  219  ct  seq.; 
Special  Orders  No.  39,  with 'reference  to  location  of  troops  in 
Arizona.  236  et  seq.;  General  Gregg  issues  order  that  all  In- 
dians found  off  reservations  be  treated  as  hostiles,  242;  General 
McDowell  countermands  General  Gregg's  order,  246;  General 
McDowell's  second  report,  250,  et  seq.;  Major-General  H.  W. 
Halleck's  report,  261  et  seq.;  General  Ord's  report,  269  et  seq.; 
desertions  of  soldiers  mentioned  by  General  Ord,  269  et  seq.; 
report  of  General  Thomas  E.  Devin  of  expeditions  against  hos- 
tile Indians,  271  et  seq.;  General  Mason  succeeded  by  Colonels 
Wallen  and  Lovell,  298;  Colonels  Wallen  and  liovell,  succeeded 
by  Generals  Gregg  and  Crittenden,  298;  Arizona  declared  mili- 
tary  district  by   Genl.   Halleck,  298;    General  McDowell   sue- 


364  INDEX. 

ceeded  by  General  Ord,  302;  Genl.  Alexander  and  Major  Clen- 
denin  hold  conference  with  Delchayha  and  Skivitkill  at  Camp 
O'Connell,  304  et  seq. 

MINES  AND  MINING — Mentioned  by  Gov.  McCormick,  8;  men- 
tion of  by  Gov.  McCormick  in  message  to  Fifth  Legislature, 
37  et  seq. 

MOHAVE  RESERVATION— Indians  on,  go  on  warpath,  241,  242. 

MOHAVES — With  Chimehuevis,  make  treaty  with  Superintendent 
Dent,  244, 

NAVAHOES — Peace  made  with  by  Jacob  Hamblin,  328. 

OCHOA,  ESTEVAN— Member  of  Council  of  Fifth  Legislature  from 
Pima  County,  33. 

ORD,  GENERAL  C.  C. — Report  on  conditions  in  Arizona  in  1868, 
269  et  seq.;  succeeds  General  McDowell  and  announces  his 
Indian  policy,  302. 

OURY,  W.  S. — Mention  of  in  connection  with  Camp  Grant  mas- 
sacre, 291. 

OWEN,  JOHN— Member  of  Fifth  Legislature,  34. 

PAH-UTES — Mentioned  by  Governor  McCormick  as  hostiles,  2. 

PALMER,  GENL.  W.  J.— Succeeds  Genl.  W.  W.  Wright  in  charge 
of  Kansas  Pacific  Railway  Company's  surveying  expedition, 
101;  experiences  with  Apaches  in  chasm  in  MogoUons,  109 
et   seq.  , 

PARRY,  DR. — Geologist  of  Kansas  Pacific  Railway  Company  s 
surveying  expedition;  his  conclusions  as  to  the  hydrography 
of  the  Colorado  river,  141  et  seq.;  wrote  account  of  White's 
trip  through  Grand  Canyon,  144. 

PAY  OF  LEGISLATORS  AND  OFFICERS  OF  TERRITORY— 
Fourth  Legislature  memorializes  Congress  for  increase  in  pay 
of,  17. 

PENITENTIARY — Fifth  Legislature  memorializes  Congress  for 
extension  of  time  of  net  proceeds  of  Internal  Revenue  for 
building  of,  43. 

PENNINGTON,  E.  C— Murdered  by  Indians,  319. 

PENNINGTON,  GREEN— Murdered  by  Indians,  319. 

PLATT,  MORTIMER  R. — Member  of  Fourth  Legislature,  1. 

POLLOCK,  MRS.  THOMAS — Furnishes  corroboration  of  James 
White's  trip  through  Grand  Canyon,  163. 

POSTAL  BILL — Amendment  to  favoring  Arizona  and  other  Terri- 
tories passed,  94  et  seq. 

POWELL,  CAPT.  W.  H. — Member  of  Maj.  Powell's  first  expedition 
through  Grand  Canyon,  180. 

POWELL,  MAJOR  J.  W.— Expedition  through  Grand  Canyon  re- 
ferred to  by  "Rocky  Mountain  Herald,"  145;  story  of  first 
expedition  through  Grand  Canyon,  169  et  seq.;  distances  trav- 
ersed by,  180,  181;  mention  of  second  expedition,  181;  de- 
scribes Jacob  Hamblin,  329;  mentions  death  of  three  men  who 
left  him  on  first  trip  through  Grand  Canyon,  329;  sleeps  in 
safety  among  murderers,  329. 


INDEX.  365 

PRICE,  LIEUTENANT-COLONEL— Commended  by  Fourth  Legis- 
lature, 18;  Commands  Expedition  Against  Indians,  222;  men- 
tions Yavapais  as  most  hostile  tribe,  222;  also  Wallapais,  222; 
mentioned  by  Genl.  McDowell,  256;  takes  warpath  against 
Wallapais,  294. 

PRISON,  TERRITORIAL— Act  passed  by  Fifth  Legislature  estab- 
lishing same  at  or  near  Phoenix,  87. 

PURDY,  LIEUTENANT — Commands  expedition  against  Indians, 
219. 

RAILROADS  AND  TELEGRAPHS— Mentioned  in  Governor  Mc- 
Corniick's  message  to  Fifth  Legislature,  35. 

RICHARDSON,  ALBERT  D.— Makes  mention  of  James  White's 
trip  through  Grand  Canyon  in  "Beyond  the  Mississippi,"  162. 

RICHARDSON,   MARVIN  M.— Member  of  Fourth  Legislature,   2. 

ROADS  AND  TRAILS — Mention  of  by  Gov.  McCormick  in  mes- 
sage to  Fifth  Legislature,  42;  General  Dcvin  mentions  building 
of,  276;  first  road  from  Tucson  to  Santa  Rita  mountains  built 
by  Kirkland,  327. 

ROCKY  MOUNTAIN  HERALD— Publishes  account  of  James 
White's  trip  through  Grand  Canyon,  145;  refers  to  Major 
Powell's   expedition,   145. 

ROURKE,  SHERIFF — Owner  of  horse  stolen  by  Indians,  220. 

RUSH,  JOHN  A.— Member  of  Fourth  Legislature,  2;  biography  of, 
31. 

ST.  JAMES,  LOUIS— With  E.  A.  Bentley  when  Bentley  was  mur- 
dered by  Indians,  316  et  seq. 

SAFFORD,  A.  P.  K. — Governor,  arrives  in  Territory,  99. 

SALPOINTE,  BISHOP  A.  B.— Chaplain  of  Council,  Fifth  Legis- 
lature, 34. 

SANFORD,  COLONEL  GEORGE  B.— Commended  by  Fourth  Legis- 
lature, 18;  report  of  expedition  against  Apaches,  mentions 
Lieut.  Camillio  C.  C.  Carr,  Mr.  Max  Strobel,  Mr.  Thomas 
Ewing,  196  et  seq.;  mentioned  by  General  McDowell  in  second 
report,  253. 

SAN  FRANCISCO  "CALL"— Editorial  showing  feeling  towards 
Indians,  294. 

SAXTON,  W.  M.— Killed  by  Indians,  296. 

SCHOOLS— Mentioned  by  Gov.  McCormick,  11;  Act  passed  by 
Fourth  Legislature  empowering  Supervisors  to  establish  School 
Districts,  29  et  seq.;  Act  passed  by  Fifth  Legislature  estab- 
lishing, 64  et  seq. 

SHIBELL,  CHAS.  A.— In  paper  read  to  Pioneers  Historical  So- 
ciety gives  list  of  murders  and  outrages  by  Indians,  318,  319. 

SIMMONS,  JOHN  W.— Member  of  Fourth  Legislature,  1. 

SKIVITKILL- With  Delchayha,  holds  conference  with  General 
Alexander  and  Major  Clendcnin,  304  et  seq. 

SKULL  VALLEY — Many  murders  by  Indians  in,  300;  Lieut.  Hut- 
ton  in  command  of  small  force  in,  300. 


366  INDEX. 

SLATER,  JOHN— Murdered  by  Indians,  319. 

SMITH,  JOHN — Member  of  Fifth  Legislature,  afterwards  known 
as  John  Y.  T.  Smith,  34. 

SMITH,  W.  A.— Known  as  "Shot  Gun  Smith";  memorable  fight 
against  Indians,  289,  290. 

SOCIAL  LIFE^ — Mention  of  by  Gov.  MeCormiek  in  message  to 
Fifth   Legislature,  42. 

SPENCER,  CHARLES— Mail  carrier  attacked  by  Hualapais, 
severely  wounded,  and  escort  murdered  and  mutilated,  302 
et  seq. 

STEVENS,  HIRAM  S.— Member  of  Fifth  Legislature,  34. 

STEPHENS,  LEWIS  A.— Member  of  Fourth  Legislature,  1;  In- 
dians attack  home  of  during  absence  attending  Legislature; 
brave  defense  by  Mrs.   Stephens,  293,  294. 

STICKNEY,  DANIEL  H.— Member  of  Fourth  Legislature,  1; 
member  of  Fifth  Legislature,  33. 

STONE,  COL. — Killed  by  Indians  near  Fort  Bowie,  286. 

STROBEL,  MAX — Civilian  who  accompanied  Capt.  George  B.  San- 
ford  on  expedition  against  Apaches,  196  ct  seq. 

STROLE,  HENRY — Member  of  prospecting  party  led  by  Capt. 
Baker  of  which  James  White  was  also  member,  125;  drowned 
in  waters  of  Colorado  river  in  Grand  Canyon,  133. 

SULLIVAN,  HON.  J.  W.— Biography  of,  331  et  seq. 

SUMNER,  JOHN  C. — Member  of  Maj.  Powell's  first  expedition 
through  Grand  Canyon,  180. 

SURVEYOR-GENERAL — Fifth  Legislature  asks  Congress  for  ap- 
pointment of  for  Arizona,  43. 

TAYLOR,  D.  L. — Mayor  of  Trinidad,  Colorado,  vouches  for  charac- 
ter of  James  White,  165. 

TELEGRAPHS — See  Railroads. 

TERRITORIAL  PRISON— Gov.  McCormick  mentions  Congres- 
sional appropriation  for,  and  recommends  selection  of  site,  13. 

THAYER,  JOHN  S.— Appointed  Probate  Judge,  July  20,  1868,  by 
Gov.   McCormick,  58, 

THOMPSON,  B.  F.— With  Augxistus  Begole,  attacked  by  Indians, 
Thompson  killed  and  Begole  severely  wounded,  311. 

TOMLINSON   . — Murdered    by   Indians,   319. 

TOOLE,  JAMES  H. — Appointed  Adjutant-General  September  7, 
1868,  by  Gov.  McCormick,  58, 

TRADE  RATS— Mention  of,  241. 

TRAILS — See  Roads  and  Trails. 

TREASURER,  TERRITORIAL— Estimate  of  expense  of  running- 
Territory  for  year  ending  Nov.  1,  1869,  49,  50;  Report  of,  59 
et  seq. 

TREHAN,  WILLIAM — Murdered  by  Indians,  280. 

TROY,  CORPORAL— One  of  escort  of  mail  rider  Spencer,  killed 
and  mutilated  by  Hualapais,  302  et  seq. 

TUBAC — Mentioned  by  Genl.  John  S.  Mason  in  report,  184;  de- 
serted on  account  of  hostile  Indians,  187. 


INDEX.  367 

TUCSON— Capital  located  at  by  Fourth  Legislature,  28;  men- 
tioned by  General  John  S.  Mason  as  a  village,  183;  building 
boom  in,  327;  first  survey  of  by  S.  W.  Foreman,  327;  large 
stocks  of  goods  brought  into  by  several  firms,  327. 

TULLY,  OCHOA  &  CO.— Leading  firm  in  Tucson,  327. 

TULLY,  P.  E— Death  of,  327. 

TWADDLE,   HARVEY— Murdered  by  Indians,  280. 

U.   S.   DISTRICT   ATTORNEY— Mention   by    Gov.   McCormick    of 

office  being  vacant,  13. 
U.   S.   MARSHAL— Mention   by    Gov.    McCormick   of   office   being 

vacant,  13, 

VOLUNTEERS — Governor  McCormick  urges  raising  of  regiment, 
4;  General  John  S.  Mason  recommends  raising  of  two  or  three 
companies,  190. 

VULTURE  MINE— Mentioned  by  Governor  McCormick  in  mes- 
sage to  Fifth  Legislature,  37. 

WALLAPAIS — Mentioned  by  Governor  McCormick  as  hostiles,  2; 
Mentioned  by  Licut.-Col.  Price  as  among  most  dangerous  In- 
dians, 222;  Colonel  Price  takes  warpath  against,  294;  severely 
wound  mail  rider  Spencer  and  kill  and  mutilate  escort,  302 
et  seq. 

WALLEN,  COL.  H.  D. — Succeeds  Genl.  Mason  in  northern  Ari- 
zona, 298;  is  succeeded  by  Genl.  Gregg,  298. 

WEAPONS,  DEADLY — Improper  use  of  forbidden  by  Act  of 
Fourth  Legislature,  26  et  seq. 

WELLS,  JUDGE  E.  W.— Description  of  Indian  attack  on  Burnt 
Ranch,  311  et  seq. 

WHITCOMB,  JOSIAH— With  William  King  and  Boblett,  attacked 
by  Indians;  Whitcomb  killed  and  King  severely  wounded, 
309,  310. 

WHITE,  JAMES — First  person  known  to  make  passage  of  Grand 
Canyon  of  Colorado,  122  et  seq.;  leaves  Fort  Dodger  on  Arkan- 
sas River  with  three  companions  on  prospecting  expedition, 
124;  attacked  by  Indians  in  canyon  of  Grand  River,  Captain 
Baker  killed,  128;  White  and  one  companion.  Strole,  build  raft 
and  begin  journey,  129;  White's  companion  drowned,  133; 
White's  experience  with  Havasupai  Indians,  139;  arrives  at 
Callville  and  is  rescued  by  Mormons,  140;  story  of  trip  made 
official  U.  S.  Senate  document,  144;  story  of  trip  written  by 
Major  Calhoun,  member  of  Kansas  Pacific  Railway  Company's 
surveying  expedition,  144;  account  of  trip  published  in  "Rocky 
Mountain  Herald,"  145;  said  to  have  been  rescued  by  Capt. 
Wilburn  of  barge  Colorado,  152;  still  living  at  Trinidad,  Colo- 
rado; his  own  story,  153  et  seq.;  denies  statement  made  by 
Geo.  Wharton  James  that  he  worked  for  Maj.  Powell,  166. 

WICKENBURG — Vicinity  of,  scene  of  many  Indian  raids  and  mur- 
ders, 281,  282. 

WILBURN,  CAPTAIN— Master  of  barge  Colorado,  said  to  have 
rescued  James  White,  152. 


368  INDEX. 

WILLIAMS,  CAPT.  J.  W.— Mentioned  by  Genl.  McDowell  as  hav- 
ing been  wounded  in  Indian  fight,  255. 

WILLIAMS,  W.  W.— Member  of  firm  of  Lord  &  Williams;  bi- 
ography of,  327,  328. 

WINDOM,  WM.  (of  Minnesota) — Introduces  amendment  to  Ap- 
propriation Bill  in  Congress,  for  appropriation  for  Improve- 
ments on   Colorado  Kiver  Indian  reservation,  88. 

WEIGHT,  GENL.  W.  W. — In  charge  of  surveying  expedition  of 
Kansas  Pacific  Eailway,  100. 

YAVAPAIS — Mentioned   by    Governor   McCormick   as  hostiles,   2; 

With   Apache-Yumas  and  Apache-Mohaves,  threaten   town  of 

La  Paz,  308. 
YEEIiES,  THOMAS— Mention  of,  318. 

ZULICK,  HON.  C.  MEYEE— Mention  of,  350. 


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