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HISTORY
OF
ARIZONA
BY
THOMAS EDWIN FARISH,
ARIZONA HISTORIAN
VOLUME V
PHOENIX, ARIZONA
1918
Copyrighted 1918,
BY
THOS. EDWIN FAEISH,
ARIZONA HISTORIAN
The Filmer Brothers Electrotype Company
Typographers and Stereotypees
San Francisco
1714348
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
Steak's Pass by Moonlight Frontispiece
John A. Rush Facing Page 31
Philip Drachman Facing Page 32
Apache Pass from Fort Bowie Facing Page 102
First Granite Gorge, Grand Canyon Facing Page 122
James White Facing Page 144
Maj. J. W. Powell Facing Page 169
Chas. a. Shibell Facing Page 318
(iii)
CONTENTS.
VOLUME V.
CHAPTER I.
THE FOURTH LEGISLiATTIRE. P^
Members of— Message of Governor McCormick— Report of
Territorial Auditor — Memorials to Congress — Laws Passed
by Legislature — Capital Located at Tucson — McCormick
Elected Delegate to Congress— Boards of Supervisors Au-
thorized to Create School District— Edward J. Cook, Biog-
raphy—John A. Rush, Biography— Philip Drachman, Biog-
raphy
CHAPTER II.
THE FIFTH LEGISLATURE.
Convening of — Governor's Message — Memorials — Resolutions —
Death of Henry Jenkins— Murder of A. M. Erwin by In-
(lians — Treasurer's Estimate of Expenses — Contention Be-
tween Arizona and California as to Boundary Line — Appoint-
ments by Governor— Report of Territorial Auditor— R-eport
of Territorial Treasurer — Indebtedness of Territory
CHAPTER III.
THE FIFTH LEGISLATURE (Continued).
Acts Passed by— Dancing Licensed— Act to Establish Public
Schools— Text of— Act Locating Territorial Prison at or
Near Phoenix
CHAPTER IV.
WHAT CONGRESS DID FOR ARIZONA.
Collection District Proposed— Improvements on Colorado River
Indian Reservation— Speech of Delegate Bashford Upon—
Debate Upon— Amendment to Postal Bill— Delegate Bash-
ford's Speech Upon— Acts of Third, Fourth and Fifth
Legislatures Legalized— Sixth Legislature Held at Tucson
(V)
33
Vi CONTENTS.
CHAPTEE V.
EXPLORATIONS AND SURVEYS. P
Kansas Pacific Eailway's Expedition for Southern Railway to
Pacific Coast— Story of by William A. Bell— Fort Bowie-
Murders by and Adventures with the Indians
100
CHAPTER VI.
EXPLORATIONS AND SURVEYS (Continued).
Passage Through Grand Canyon of James White, Prospector-
Personnel of Prospecting Party— Attacked by Indians-
Part of Party Killed— Making of Raft by White and One
Companion— Voyage Through Canyon— White's Companion
Drowned— White Continues Alone— Experience With In-
dians—Arrival at Callville 122
CHAPTER VII.
EXPLORATIONS AND SURVEYS (Continued),
story of White's Trip Made Official U. S. Senate Document-
Article by Thomas F. Dawson — Statement in Rocky
Mountain Herald— White's Own Statement— Corroborative
Evidence— White's After Life 144
CHAPTER VIII.
EXPLORATIONS AND SURVEYS (Continued).
Major Powell's First Exploration of the Grand Canyon —
Cataract Canyon— Description of Walls of Canyon— Three
of Party Leave and Go Overland — End of First Explora-
tion— Mormons — Approximate Distance by River — Major
Powell's Second Exploration of the Grand Canyon— White's
Story Branded Fabrication by Dellenbaugh
169
CHAPTER IX.
THE MILITARY.
General Mason's Report— Different Indian Tribes— Forts in
Arizona — General McDowell's Report — Praise for Arizona
Volunteers — Expeditions Against Indians — Conditions in
Arizona by Major-General Halleck 183
CHAPTER X.
THE MILITARY (Continued).
Report of Colonel .Tones, Inspector — Remoteness of Arizona
Bar to Frequent Inspections — Recommends Separate Mili-
tary District for Arizona and Concentration of Troops —
Also Recommends More and Better Buildings — General
McDowell's Remarks on Colonel Jones' Report — Statement
of Conditions 206
CONTENTS. Vll
CHAPTER XI.
THE MILITARY (Continued). page
General Orders as to Location of Troops in Arizona— Remarks
of General McDowell— Easy Times for Government Con-
tractors—General Gregg Orders That All Indians Off
Reservations be Treated as Hostiles— Interference With
Order by Indian Agent Dent— General Gregg's Order
Countermanded by General McDowell— General McDowell
Criticised by Governor McCormick— General McDowell's
Second Annual Report — Reports Expeditions Against
the Indians 236
CHAPTER XII.
THE MILITARY (Continued).
Major-General Halleck's Report for 1867-68— Describes Con-
ditions in Arizona— Urges That More Troops be Sent to
Arizona— Expeditions Against Hostile Indians— Frequent
Desertions of Soldiers— Report of Brigadier-General
Thomas E. Dcvin of Expedition Against the Hostiles 261
CHAPTER XIII.
INDIAN TROUBLES.
Attack on T. Lambertson — Killing of Henry Twaddle — Kill-
ing of Gonzales— Attack on LeRoy Jay and William Tre-
han — Fight With Frenchmen on HassaVampa — Attacks in
and Around Wickenburg— Jackass Smith— Expedition of
Lieut. Cradlebaugh Against Indians— Jackson McCracken's
Plight— Killing of George Bowers— Experience of "Jeff"
Davis — Orick Jackson Describes Conditions — Thomas Thomp-
son Hunter's Description of Conditions — Hostilities at Fort
Bowie— Killing of Commander of Post— Murder of Col. Stone
and Escort — Duel Between Keeper of Station and One of
Cochise's Band— Murder of Mail Carrier Fisher— Attack
on W. A. Smith and Companions — Depredations Around
Tucson— Camp Grant Massacre— Mrs. Stephen's Fight With
Indians — "Miner" Editorial on Situation — W. M Saxton
Killed 279
CHAPTER XIV.
INDIAN TROUBLES (Continued).
Indian Question not Solved — General Mason Succeeded by
Colonel Wallen and Colonel Lovell— General Gregg and
General Crittenden Succeed Colonels Wallen and Lovell —
Arizona Declared Military District by General Halleck—
General McDowell Makes Visit to Arizona— Raids and
Massacres Continue — Expedition by General Gregg At-
Vlll CONTENTS.
PAGE
tack on Miller's Ranch — Bravery of Mrs. Miller — A. M.
Erwin, Member of Legislature, Killed by Indians — General
Ord Succeeds General McDowell — Charles Spencer and
Party Attacked by Indians — Expedition by General Alex-
ander— La Paz Threatened by Indians — Attack Upon
Joseph Melvin and J. P. Gibson — Josiah Whitcomb
and Party Attacked by Indians — George D. Bowers
and Party Attacked, Bowers Killed — Begole and Thompson
Attacked, Thompson Killed— Fight at Burnt Ranch — Jake
Miller Kills Indian Chief and Saves Ranch and Stock —
E. A. Bentley, Editor and Proprietor of "Miner" Ivilled by
Indians — Murders and Raids in Southern Part of Arizona
Detailed by Charles A. Shibell — Sol Barth's Experience
With Cochise 297
CHAPTER XV.
PROGRESS OF THE TERRITORY.
Building Boom in Tucson — Leading Merchants — Indian Raids —
A. J. Doran's Experience With Pah-Utes — Loyalty of In-
dians— Biography of J. W. Sullivan — His Early Experiences
in the Territory — Biography of John H. Marion 327
HISTORY OF ARIZONA.
VOLUME V.
HISTORY OF ARIZONA.
CHAPTER I.
THE FOURTH LEGISLATURE.
Members of — Message of Governor McCormick
— Report of Territorial Auditor — Memo-
rials to Congress — Laws Passed by Legis-
lature— Capital Located at Tucson — Mc-
Cormick Elected Delegate to Congress —
Boards of Supervisors Authorized to Cre-
ate School District — Edward J. Cook,
Biography — John A. Rush, Biography —
Philip Drachman, Biography.
The Fourth Territorial Legislative Assembly
convened at Prescott on the 4th day of Septem-
ber, and ended on the 7th day of October, 1867.
The following were the members of the Council
and the House of Representatives :
COUNCIL.
Name,
Residence
Occupation.
Age. Where Born.
(Yavapai County)
John W. Simmons,
Daniel S. Lount,
Lewis A. Stevens,
Prescott,
Agua Caliente,
Prescott,
Farmer,
Miner,
Farmer,
56 Tennessee.
47 Canada West.
52 Mississippi.
(Mohave County)
William H. Hardy,
Hardyville,
Merchant,
45 New York.
(Pah-TUe County)
Octavius D. Gass,
Callville,
Ranchero,.
39 Ohio.
(Yuma County)
Alexander McKey,
La Paz,
Miner,
40 Kentucky.
(Pima County)
Daniel H. Stiekney,
Mortimer R. Platt,
Henry Jenkins,
, Tucson,
Tucson,
Tubac,
Merchant,
Lawyer,
Lawyer,
55 Massachusetts.
31 New York.
55 New York.
V— 1
(1)
HISTORY OF ARIZONA.
HOUSE OF BEPEESENTATIVES.
Name.
Residence. Occupation. Age.
Where Born
(Yavapai County)
James S. Giles,
Prescott,
Farmer,
31
Delaware.
John A. Eush,
Prescott,
Lawyer,
48
Missouri.
John H. Matthews,
Kirkland Valley,
, Farmer,
47
Alabama.
Edward J. Cook,
Prescott,
Merchant,
42
Alabama.
Andrew Cullumber,
Walnut Grove,
Farmer,
52
Ohio.
John T. Dare,
Prescott,
Printer,
26 New York.
(Mohave County)
Nathaniel S. Lewis,
Hardyville,
Miner,
37
Indiana.
(Pah-Ute County)
Royal J. Cutler,
St. Joseph,
Farmer,
39
New York.
(Yuma County)
Oliver Lindsey,
La Paz,
Farmer,
32
New York.
G. W. Hanford,
Eureka,
Miner,
New York.
John Henion,
Williams Fork,
Miner,
(Pima County)
Charles W. Lewis,
Tubac,
Farmer,
40
Virginia.
John B. Allen,
Tucson,
Merchant,
49
Maine.
Marvin M. Richardson,
Tubac,
Merchant,
41
New York.
Underwood C. Barnett,
Tucson,
Farmer,
35
Arkansas.
Francis M. Hodges,
Tucson,
Merchant,
29
Missouri.
Solomon W. Chambers,
Calabazas,
Farmer,
45
Ohio.
Philip Drachman,
Tucson,
Merchant,
37
Poland.
All the members of the Council attended, but
G. W. Hanford and John Henion, elected from
Yuma County as Representatives, failed to put
in an appearance.
The Legislature organized by the election of
Octavius D. Gass, of Pah-Ute County, as Presi-
dent, and Almon Gage, as Secretary of the Coun-
cil, and Oliver Lindsey, of Yuma County, as
Speaker, and Follett G. Christie as Chief Clerk
of the House.
In his message to the Legislature Governor
McCormick called attention to the fact that the
Wallapais, the Pah-Utes, and a portion of the
Yavapais were on the warpath, and that it was
necessary that additional forces should be sent to
the Territory. He also urged a separate mili-
THE FOURTH LEGISLATURE. O
tary department for the Territory. In this con-
nection he said :
''The system of small, temporary posts, by
which at least one-half the troops in the Terri-
tory are now rendered unavailable, will doubt-
less be set aside ; a few forts will be established
at points chosen by those familiar with the dis-
tricts, from actual observation, from which
troops can be hurled in force against any part
of the Indian country and kept there until the
end sought is fully attained ; co-operative move-
ments will be made from various parts of the
Territory ; raiding parties will be promptly fol-
lowed to their retreats however remote, and the
service instead of being so generally irksome
and profitless as to provoke even good soldiers
to desertion, will have the fascination which
always attends formidable and successful mili-
tary movements.
"It has lately been alleged abroad that Ari-
zona is a vortex into which the greater portion
of the available military material upon the
Pacific Coast disappears. Taking into consid-
eration the vast extent of the country, and the
agility of the hostile Indians, the number of
troops now here is comparatively small, amount-
ing in the district of Prescott, to less than one
man to one hundred square miles. If the Terri-
tory is in any sense a vortex it has been made so
through the unfortunate system to which I have
referred, and against a continuation of which
economy and reason most earnestly protest.
Yet with the greatly increased efficiency of the
troops already here, which must come should the
Territory be made a distinct Department, some
4 HISTORY OF ARIZONA.
addition to the force will be required in order
to secure the early attainment of peace, and, in
accordance with the popular wish, I have lately
made a vigorous appeal to the Department com-
mander for more regulars, and also renewed my
application to the War Department (based
upon the memorial of the Second Assembly),
for authority to raise a regiment of Territorial
volunteers to serve for the term of two years.
''An Act of Congress adopted at the late spe-
cial session (in July) provides a commission to
select permanent reservations for all the Indian
tribes now occupying the Territories east of the
Rocky Mountains, and if said Indians fail to
remove to the reservations the Secretary of War
is authorized to accept the services of mounted
volunteers from the Governors of the several
States and Territories, not exceeding four thou-
sand men in number ; and for such term of ser-
vice as in his judgment may be necessary for the
suppression of Indian hostilities.
"I do not understand that this law is appli-
cable to Arizona, although our necessity is, and
I venture to say will be much greater than that
of any of the Territories east of the Rocky
Mountains; and I think it will not be difficult
under a proper representation of facts by you
(through our Delegate in Congress) to have its
provisions for our benefit. I will not here en-
ter into an argument to establish the advantage
of securing a native regiment, but be content
with the assertion that while highly appreciating
the efficiency of the regulars in the battles
named, and giving them all deserved credit, I
am still of the opinion that no troops can begin
THE FOURTH LEGISLATURE. 0
to cope with the Apaches and other hostile
Indians of this Territory in their mountain fast-
nesses so successfully and at so little cost as the
volunteers.
"That the General Government will listen to
our reasonable and necessary appeal for a sepa-
rate Department, and for more troops, I most
sincerely hope ; for with affairs as they now exist
here and have existed since the Territory came
under the American flag, 'patience has ceased to
be a virtue.' It will be alike unjust to the
people who have come here expecting protec-
tion, to the thousands eager to settle here, to the
officers sent here to establish civil law and order,
and highly discreditable to a government more
able than ever before to give security for life
and property to all its citizens, if relief is not
speedily granted.
''While the war in the East continued it was
not to be expected that much attention would be
given to the frontier, but now there would seem
to be no excuse for neglect to overcome the one
great barrier to our prosperity, unless, as it is
sometimes asserted, the Government does not
deem the country worthy of occupation and de-
velopment. Those who are familiar with its
rare mineral resources, its rich fertile valleys,
its unrivalled pastoral lands, its equable and
salutary climate, its genial skies, and all its
capabilities and possibilities, taken as a whole
(notwithstanding its large extent of desert and
mountain), consider the assertion absurd. Ari-
zona will compare favorably in all respects with
any of the mineral-bearing Territories of the
Union, while in climate it possesses a decided
b HISTORY OF ARIZONA.
advantage over all. To those who have here
found homes and health, who are endeared to
the country by years of sacrifice and by friend-
ships here formed, whose beloved dead here
'sleep the sleep that knows no waking/ the
hostility of a few thousands of abject wild men,
but a single remove from the brute creation, who
should not be allowed to stay the march of civil-
ization for a day, and who if properly dealt with
would melt before the strong arm of the Govern-
ment like snow beneath the noonday sun, is alike
repulsive and intolerable.
''Whatever the conclusions of Congressional
committees, or of special commissioners, after
hurried and superficial visits to the plains, or the
theories of well meaning philanthropists, to
those who have lived among the Indians, who
have dealt with them, who know their innate
treachery, who are familiar with their barbarous
deeds, who comprehend their low nature and in-
stincts, it is folly to talk of expecting good re-
sults from a persuasive policy. The Indian of
to-day, whatever he may have been in the past,
is not to be bound by treaties, annuities, or by
favor of any kind unless first made clearly to
understand that the white man is his master,
and intends to be such for all time. For this
reason it is idle, as I have already asserted, 'to
talk to the Apache (or to any hostile Indian),
of reservations, while he feels any security for
life or property outside of them.' Yet at the
same time, so far from urging extermination
which is supposed by many to be the war cry of
all Arizonians, I have favored reservations, pro-
vided the Indians placed upon them can and will
THE FOURTH LEGISLATURE. i
be kept there. To allow them to go and come at
will is to subsist and equip them for robbery and
murder. This has been clearly and sadly dem-
onstrated. A system of reservations is needed
here quite as much as in the Eastern territories.
' One Indian, ' as a competent writer upon Indian
affairs asserts, 'requires for his maintenance, by
his methods of living, as much territory as will
support a thousand men who live by civilized
methods, and when by the natural flow of popu-
lation, the thousand civilized men require for
their homes the place roamed over by one
Indian, it is justice to all men that he should
give way. '
"He must do so, and his only security is upon
a reservation, where, as his highest motive is to
get something to eat without labor, he will be
well accommodated, and in time may be taught
habits of industry, although the task will be a
difficult one. Excepting those long since pro-
vided in this Territory for such really friendly
tribes as the Pimas and Maricopas, there is but
one reservation, that at Half Way Bend upon
the Colorado River above the town of La Paz,
for the proper preparation of which, for the re-
ception of such of the river and other Indians
disposed to peace as now have no fixed homes,
an appropriation of fifty thousand dollars has
been made by Congress and is now being ex-
pended by the Indian Superintendent, who also
has an appropriation this year of seventy thou-
sand dollars for the general care of the friendly
Indians throughout the Territory. While the
reservation upon the Colorado will probably be
sufficient for the river Indians and those who
8 HISTORY OF ARIZONA.
may be forced upon it from the country between
the Colorado and the Verde, there should in my
judgment, be an extensive reservation provided
somewhere in the eastern portion of the Terri-
tory, perhaps upon the upper Gila, for such of
the Apaches as may sue for peace. At each res-
ervation there should be a sufficient strength of
troops to make escape on the part of the Indians
an utter impossibility, and trade and inter-
course by the whites, if allowed at all, should be
guarded by regulations calculated to prevent
fraud and demoralization. ' '
In regard to mines and mining. Governor Mc-
Cormick said :
' ' The appearance of sulphurets in many of the
lodes opened in Central Arizona necessitates the
provision of new machinery for the reduction
and separation of the ores, and until this can be
supplied most of our quartz mills will be idle.
Parties who have made tests of the sulphurates,
upon a small scale, pronounce them exceedingly
rich and have no doubt they can be worked in
large quantities to great advantage." He also
said:
"Operations upon the copper mines at Will-
iams' Fork, which have been generally sus-
pended during the summer owing to the remark-
ably low price of copper and for other reasons,
will, I am informed, be renewed upon a large
scale during the present fall and ensuing winter.
"In Southern Arizona the Indian disturb-
ances and other causes, as here, have to a great
degree interrupted operations in the mines, but
their owners have not lost confidence in their
THE FOURTH LEGISLATURE. if
wealth, and are eager to proceed in their de-
velopment at the earliest practicable moment.
''The proposed opening of the port of Lib-
ertad, in Sonora, will, it is believed, render the
shipping of copper ore from Southern Arizona
a profitable enterprise, and otherwise prove a
source of great advantage to the people of that
part of the Territory who cherish a lively hope
that the government, having extended its lines
upon the north, will take measures to acquire a
portion of Sonora, at least sufficient to bring the
ports of Libertad and Guaymas under the
American flag ; an acquisition of territory likely
to prove far more profitable to the Union than
that recently secured, and absolutely essential
to the proper development of a large and impor-
tant part of Arizona."
The Governor made the following reference
to agriculture in the Territory :
"In the face of all the annoyances from the
Indians experienced during the present season
by our ranchmen, they have, with few excep-
tions, the promise of large and excellent crops.
It is found that the land improves by cultiva-
tion, and that the soil in most of the valleys is
of the richest character. Indian corn grows
luxuriantly, and it is estimated that more will
be produced in this military district this year
than will be required for the use of the troops
and the citizens. Contracts to supply the Gov-
ernment have lately been let at prices less than
those paid but a year since for the transporta-
tion of grain from California.
"The fine farming valleys below the Gila are
more productive than ever before, and it is
10 HISTORY OF ARIZONA.
clearly shown that not only corn and small grain,
but fruits and vegetables of all kinds, will thrive
in many parts of the Territory — Avhile in sev-
eral localities, cotton and tobacco have been
raised with much success. Although discon-
nected and generally in small parcels, the agri-
cultural lands of the Territory, in the aggregate,
amount to a large area, unusually large and
fertile for what is commonly called a desert
country.
' ' Their general cultivation, and the use of the
extensive grazing lands, (abounding in grasses,
nutritious at all seasons,) which is only delayed
by the insecurity of life and property, must,
whenever practicable, so reduce the cost of living
here as to make the Territory one of the most
attractive upon the Pacific slope, and gTeatly
facilitate all business pursuits.
"It has been Avell said, 'He who cultivates the
land the best is likely to defend it the best,' and
I look upon the care and enthusiasm with which
our farmers follow their honorable and useful
calling, (one of vital importance in connection
with mining,) in constant risk and exposure, as
the most hopeful feature in the present state of
the Territory."
The Governor stated that there had been a
very marked and gratifying improvement in the
mail service in the Territory since the adjourn-
ment of the last Legislature; that service be-
tween San Bernardino and Prescott, and be-
tween Salt Lake and Callville and Arizona City
had been increased to a semi-weekly service;
that the Overland, from the Eio Grande to the
Pacific, via Tucson, had been re-established, and
THE FOURTH LEGISLATURE. 11
weekly service given, which was to be increased
to three services a week in coaches, which, as the
Governor said, "will afford the people of South-
ern Arizona a great accommodation, and prove
advantageous to the whole Territory." He
recommended also an increase in the mail ser-
vice to other points.
In reference to the public schools, he said:
"In the opinion of many of the people the
time has come for some definite and liberal pro-
vision for the establishment and maintenance
of public schools in the Territory. In the
larger settlements there are numerous children,
and the thought of permitting them to grow up
in ignorance is not to be tolerated, while to sus-
tain private schools is an expense which in most
cases the parents cannot afford. Section 11,
Chapter XXIII, of the Code of the Territory
provides as follows :
" 'Sec. 11. As soon as there shall have ac-
cumulated sufficient funds, and a necessity
exists therefor, the Legislature shall provide
for a system of common school education, at the
public expense, and may at any time authorize
a tax to be levied by school districts for the sup-
port of schools, until such system of common
school education shall be established.'
"The First Assembly, by Act approved
November 7th, 1864, appropriated a small sum
for public schools in the towns of Prescott, Tuc-
son, La Paz, and Mohave City, to be void and
of no effect unless said towns, by taxation,
appropriation or individual enterprise, in each
case furnished a like sum of money.
12 HISTOKY OF ARIZONA.
''If I am correctly informed none of the
towns have complied with this requirement, and
the funds of the Territory have not been used.
The sums, however, are insufficient to be of
more than temporary benefit and sufficient
funds have not yet accumulated, as required
by the section of the Code referred to, to sup-
port a system of common school education, yet
I think the popular sentiment will heartily sus-
tain you in providing such a system and in
authorizing the counties to levy a reasonable
special tax for its support, according to the
judgment of their Supervisors."
Speaking of the courts, the Governor said :
"Civil law and order reign throughout the
Territory to a gratifying degree. The Courts
are all well organized, and criminals are
promptly arrested and punished, although here,
as everywhere upon the frontier there are those
who forget that 'liberty consists in the power of
doing that which is permitted by the law,' who
justify personal redress for wrongs and allow
sympathy rather than evidence to control their
judgment. This class is not large, however,
and will diminish with every year as our popu-
lation increases, and the importance of main-
taining the dignity of the law under all circum-
stances is better understood.
"In Yavapai County a substantial jail is in
process of construction, and steps have been
taken for the erection of similar buildings in
other counties, but as it will be some time before
they are fitted for use, it has been suggested
to me, and I give you the suggestion, that it
will be wise for your honorable bodies to enact
THE FOURTH LEGISLATURE. 13
a law authorizing the Sheriffs of the respective
counties to employ or cause to be employed, all
able bodied male prisoners as laborers upon the
roads, or in such public works as may be most
required. This is the custom in many States
and Territories, even where the jail accommo-
dations are ample, and it has been found to con-
duce both to the health of the prisoners and to
the accomplishment of much useful labor. ' '
He called the attention of the Legislature to
an Act of Congress, approved January 22, 1867,
appropriating the net proceeds of the Internal
Eevenue for the year 1866, and up to 1868, in-
clusive, for the purpose of erecting under the
direction of the Secretary of the Interior, peni-
tentiary buildings at such places as should be
designated by the Legislatures of the Terri-
tories, and approved by the Secretary of the
Interior. The sum appropriated for use in
Arizona w^as limited to the sum of forty thou-
sand dollars. The Governor recommended
that the site should be selected at this session
of the Legislature and that work should begin
on the Territorial Prison.
The Governor further reported that two of
the most important federal offices in the Terri-
tory were unoccupied much of the time because
of the wholly inadequate compensation allowed
their incumbents by Congress, the offices being
those of Marshal 'and District Attorney and
suggested that the Legislature should petition
Congress to make the salaries of such offices
such that their occupants could hold them with-
out personal sacrifice, and give the proper time
and attention to the important duties required.
14 HISTORY OF ARIZONA.
In reference to the finances of the Territory,
he stated that the total Territorial indebtedness
amounted to twenty-eight thousand, three hun-
dred and seventy-five dollars ($28,375) in na-
tional currency; that nine thousand dollars of
the gold bonds issued under the authority of the
First Legislature, would become due during the
ensuing year and that provision should be made
for their payment.
The report of the Territorial Auditor was
submitted to the Legislature, and is as follows :
"Prescott, September 7th, 1867.
"To the Honorable the Fourth Legislative
Assembly :
"In accordance with the provisions of Chap-
ter 20, Howell Code, I respectfully submit my
report of the accounts audited, and of the war-
rants issued by me, in payment of said accounts,
since November, 1866, to the present date.
"I have, since the first day of November,
1866, audited the claims as per list appended
hereto, amounting in all, to three thousand and
ninety- three dollars and one cent, ($3,093.01)
for which I have issued warrants on the general
fund.
"The Territorial Treasurer, on the 2d of
August, rendered me a statement of the money
and other Territorial securities received by him
in payment for taxes, and of the disbursements
made by him from the date of his last settle-
ment with the Board of Territorial Commis-
sioners, a copy of which I hereto append.
"Sec. V of the Act to provide for the expense
of Arizona Territory, approved October 30th,
THE FOURTH LEGISLATITRE. 15
1'866, authorizes the Sheriff or Collector, to re-
ceive warrants drawn by the Auditor, in pay-
ment of taxes, fines, etc., due the Territory at
par, and that such shall be received by the Treas-
urer in settlement with the Sheriff or Collector.
"I respectfully suggest as an act of justice
to all parties, that Sec. V. of the above act be
repealed and an act passed that warrants be
paid by the Territorial Treasurer only, and in
the order in which they are drawn by the
Auditor.
"I am, with much respect,
"Your Obedient Servant,
"JAMES GRANT, Auditor."
Congress was memorialized to allow the Gov-
ernor of the Territory to raise a regiment of
volunteer troops; to increase the jurisdiction
of Justices of the Peace from one hundred to
three hundred dollars ; to allow duties to be paid
in currency instead of in gold, alleging that it
cost from five to ten per cent to bring in gold
from California according to the distance; pro-
testing against the annexation of any portion
of Arizona to the State of Nevada, and also
memorializing the Secretary of the Treasury as
follows :
"To the Hon. Hugh McCuUoch, Secretary of
the Treasury:
"Sir: — Your 'memorialists, the Legislative
Assembly of the Territory of Arizona, respect-
fully represent that the sums enumerated be-
low have been assumed by the Territory of
Arizona as shown by the accounts of the Terri-
torial Treasurer :
16 HISTORY OF ARIZONA.
*'To William T. Howell for preparing
a Code of laws for the Terri-
tory $2,500.00
''E. A. Bentley for printing said
Code 2,994.75
"William T. Howell for reading
proof of said Code 250.00
"T. A. Hand for printing Gov-
ernor's Message, journals,
rules, &c., of First Legis-
lature 1,121.00
"E. A. Bentley for printing Code
and Acts of the Territory
in the Arizona Miner news-
paper $1,747.00
"R. C. McCormick for amount
paid for enrolling bills passed
by the First Legislature 850.62
"R. C. McCormick for amount
paid P. H. Dunne for com-
position, press work, paper
and binding Governor's mes-
sage (1864) and compendium
of laws of the First Legis-
lative Assembly in Spanish. . 950.00
"Making a total of: $10,413.37
"Ten thousand four hundred and thirteen
37/100 dollars, all of which your memorialists
believe should, under the provisions of the
Organic Act, and according to the custom of
the Government in regard to other Territories,
be paid out of the United States Treasury.
"Your memorialists further represent that
the population of the Territory is so small, that
THE FOURTH LEGISLATURE. 17
the Territory is now in debt with increasing
expenses, that in no year since the organization
of the Territory has the appropriation allowed
by Congress been consumed, and that they
therefore most respectfully and confidently ask
that the amount of ten thousand four hundred
and thirteen and 37/100 dollars be allowed the
Territory of Arizona from the United States
Treasury for the payment of the accounts
aforesaid. Therefore :
"Resolved, that the Secretary of the Terri-
tory, the Hon. J. P. T. Carter, is hereby re-
quested to transmit a copy of this memorial to
the Hon. Hugh McCulloch, Secretary of the
Treasury, and to use all honorable means in his
power to have the amount aforesaid, allow^ed
the Territory of Arizona.
"Approved October 5, 1867."
This Legislature also memorialized Congress
for an increase in pay of the members and offi-
cers of the Legislative Assembly, asking an in-
crease from three to six dollars for the per
diem of the legislators; for an appropriation
for the construction of military roads, and wells
upon the same, and that the Quartermasters at
the several military posts in the Territory, be
authorized to purchase supplies in the open
market.
Among the concurrent resolutions was one as
follows :
"Whereas, the people of the United States,
and particularly those of the frontier terri-
tories, occupied by hostile Indians, have been
given an implied, if not an expressed, assur-
V— 2
18 HISTORY OF ARIZONA.
ance by the Government that the army should
protect them, and their property, while strug-
gling against the difficulties and dangers, and
enduring the privations incident to the settle-
ment and development of new countries; and
whenever an officer of any rank in the military
service fails to carry out whatever is necessary
to this object, either from inability to compre-
hend the situation, from mistaken s>Tiipathy
with the savage, from a disposition to arbi-
trary use of power, from a lack of definite
policy, or from any motive or for any cause
whatever, it is then the right of the people to
petition for relief, and it is therefore
"Resolved, by the House of Eepresentatives,
the Council concurring, that we do earnestly re-
quest that the Territory of Arizona be removed
from under the command of the present De-
partment Commander, Brevet Major General
Irwin McDowell, and made into a separate De-
partment, with the commanding officer residing
within its limits, and reporting directly to
Major General Halleck, commanding the Divi-
sion of the Pacific.
"Resolved, that in our present District Com-
manders, Generals Gregg and Crittenden,
Colonels Lovell, Sanford and Price, and their
subordinates, we recognize officers of ability,
energy and the right disposition, whose com-
bined movements against the hostile Indians
will speedily rid us of the incubus which clogs
and paralyzes every enterprise here, if they are
directed by a comjpetent commander upon the
ground, familiar with the movements of the
Indians, and prompt to take advantage of the
THE FOURTH LEGISLATURE. 19
same, as well as to see that the troops are prop-
erly supplied, the posts advantageously located,
and to secure such additional force as may from
time to time be required.
"Resolved, that the Secretary of the Terri-
tory is hereby requested to forward a copy of
these resolutions, with a copy of the message
of the Governor, to the Secretary of War, to
Generals Grant, Halleck and McDowell, to our
Delegate in Congress, and to each of the Sen-
ators and Members of Congress from the
Pacific Coast."
This resolution was probably the outgrowth
of a misunderstanding, or, rather, quarrel, be-
tween the Executive and General McDowell,
which will be treated of further as this history
progresses.
There was some opposition to this resolution,
coming principally from Yavapai members,
who, no doubt, had no very kindly feeling
toward the Governor on account of the part he
had taken in removing the capital to Tucson,
for at that time, in Arizona particularly, pros-
perity followed the flag that waved over the
capital. Here contracts were made by the Gov-
ernment, and nice fat contracts handed around
to the faithful. Along these lines, to show the
feeling against the Governor, I copy the follow-
ing report of the select committee concerning
the financial condition of the Territory, of
which Mr. Giles of Yavapai was chairman.
This report is found upon page 101 of the Jour-
nal of the Fourth Legislative Assembly, and is
as follows:
20 HISTORY OF ARIZONA.
"Your coinmittee to whom was referred the
subject matter contained in the resolution
passed by the House on the 12th inst., appoint-
ing a select committee of five to examine into
the financial aifairs of the Territory. To ascer-
tain the total indebtedness of the Territory —
what bonds or other evidences of indebtedness
have been issued from the organization of the
Territory up to the present time, for what pur-
pose, and by what authority, etc., beg leave to
report that they have performed the duty as-
signed them and find the total indebtedness of
the Territory to be twenty-eight thousand, three
hundred and seventy-five dollars in currency.
Your committee find that gold bonds to the
amount of fifteen thousand dollars, bearing in-
terest at the rate of ten per cent per annum,
payable in three years from date of issuance,
principal and interest payable in gold coin, have
been issued by the Territorial Treasurer in liqui-
dation of warrants drawn upon him by the
Territorial Auditors, and that there are now
outstanding warrants covering the balance of
the Territorial indebtedness.
"Your committee find on examination that
Territorial warrants, drawn on the Territorial
Treasurer to the amount of six thousand four
hundred and ninety-seven nineteen one-hun-
dredths ($6,497.19) dollars, have been issued
to Coles Bashford as Attorney-General of the
Territory; and that the following Territorial
gold bonds bearing interest, the interest payable
annually, has been paid to said Coles Bashford
as Attorney-General as salary and traveling
THE FOURTH LEGISLATURE. 21
expenses in part satisfaction of said warrants,
to- wit: Bonds number 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80,
81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94,
95, 96. The interest on which has been paid to
August 15, 1867.
"Also bonds numbers 107, 108, 109, 110, 111,
112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121,
122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131,
132, 133, 134. The interest on which has been
paid to August 15, 1866. Also bonds numbers
141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150.
The interest on which has been paid to August
15th, 1867. Amounting in the aggregate to
three thousand one hundred and fifty dollars,
and the said Coles Bashf ord now holds, if he has
not transferred the same, warrants numbers 31,
42, 51, 52, 55, 105, 106, amomiting to three thou-
sand three hundred and forty seven nineteen
one-hundredths dollars (3,347.19). Your Com-
mittee find that Coles Bashford was first ap-
pointed Attorney-General for the Territory by
Governor Goodwin on February 1st, 1864, and
for said appointment your committee are un-
able to find any law. The Organic Act nowhere
furnishes the authority, and if done under
Chapter sixteen of the laws of New Mexico,
creating the office of Attorney- General, ap-
proved February 2, 1859, your committee be-
lieve it was illegal, for that act was amended by
an act passed by the Legislature of said Terri-
tory, approved February 28th, 1862, and by an
act passed by said Legislature approved Janu-
ary 28th, 1863. Thereby circumscribing the
duties of Attorney-General for the Territory of
New Mexico, by making said officer District
22 HISTORY OF ARIZONA.
Attorney for the First Judicial District of said
Territory, and ex officio Attorney-General for
the Territory, reducing his salary from fifteen
hundred to six hundred dollars. Under this
illegal appointment, as your committee believe,
Coles Bashf ord acted as Attorney-General until
Nov. 10th, 1864. And for said services was al-
lowed and paid in bonds of the Territory, the
sum of one thousand one hundred and sixty-
six dollars. On November 10th, 1864, an act
of the Territorial Legislature creating the offices
of Attorney-General and fixing his salary, was
approved, and the said Coles Bashford w^as con-
tinued or reappointed Attorney- General, which
appointment was a plain violation of that part
of the Organic Act w^hich says that 'no member
of the Legislative Assembly shall hold or be ap-
pointed to any office which shall have been
created, or the salary or emoluments of which
shall have been increased while he was a mem-
ber during the term for which he w^as elected
and for one year after the expiration of such
term. '
"The said Coles Bashford being at that time
a member of the Legislature, elected for two
years. And your committee find that the said
Coles Bashford held said office of Attorney-
General from November 10th, 1864, to Decem-
ber 31st, 1866; and your committee believe
illegally. And that from time to time Terri-
torial warrants on the Territorial Treasurer
were issued to the said Coles Bashford as
Attorney-General, from the said 10th day of
November, 1864, to December 31st, 1866,
amounting to four thousand eight hundred and
THE FOURTH LEGISLATURE. 28
forty-seven nineteen one-himdredtlis ($4,847.-
19) dollars, which amount, (if not transferred),
he now holds against the Territory in the shape
of bonds and Territorial warrants.
"Your committee also find that the Third
Legislature by an act, approved Oct. 30th, 1866,
abolished the office of Attorney-General. And
that from December 1st, 1866, under an act of
the Third Legislature, approved October 27th,
1866, the District Attorney for the county of
Yavapai has been paid for services as Attorney-
General.
"Your committee believe that the appoint-
ment of Coles Bashford as Attorney-General
was in violation of law, and that his claims for
services as such, were illegal, and should not
have been allowed by the board of Territorial
Auditors. And we, your committee, recom-
mend that you take such steps as are necessary
to stop the payment of said bonds and warrants
issued to pay said Coles Bashford for services
as Attorney- General.
"Your committee also find that under Chap-
ter twenty-one of the Howell Code, the Governor
of the Territory is authorized to appoint an
Adjutant-General, and that his compensation
shall be whatever amount the Territorial Au-
ditors shall allow. Under said law we find that
one W. T. Flower was appointed Adjutant-
General, and for services which your committee
could not see, was paid a warrant for the sum
of three hundred and twelve dollars and fifty
cents.
"Flower was removed or resigned, and one
"W. H. Garvin was appointed, and has held the
24 HISTORY OF ARIZONA.
position of Adjutant-General up to the present
time, and continues still to hold it, drawing at
stated times his regular warrants; and to him
have been issued warrants to the amoimt of one
thousand three hundred and two dollars and
thirty-two cents.
"During a part of the years 1865 and 1866,
we find that the said Adjutant- General did per-
form some services, as the Territory had during
that time some troops in the field, and your com-
mittee can understand why warrants were issued
to him during that time. But your committee
cannot understand why he should be paid when
no services were rendered. Your connnittee
find that within the past year, when the Terri-
tory had no troops, when no militia is organized,
that warrants to the amount of six hundred and
fifty-five dollars have been issued to the said
W. H. Garvin, as Adjutant-General for the Ter-
ritory, as salary and office expense. But as it
has been allowed in accordance with law, we
suppose it must be paid.
"Your committee, how^ever, recommend that
a law be passed repealing that section of Chap-
ter XXI of the Howell Code, authorizing the
Territorial Auditor to allow such claims in the
future.
"Your committee find that a warrant for two
thousand nine hundred and ninety-four dollars
and seventy- five cents was issued to E. A. Bentley
for printing the Howell Code; that a warrant
for two thousand five hundred dollars was is-
sued to W. T. Howell, Commissioner, to prepare
the Howell Code, and that a w^arrant for two
hundred and fiftv dollars was issued to the same
THE FOURTH LEGISLATURE. 25
W. T. Howell for reading proof of the Howell
Code; that a warrant for one thousand seven
hundred and forty-seven dollars was issued to
E. A. Bentley for printing laws of the Territory
in the Arizona Miner; that a warrant for one
thousand one hundred and twenty-one dollars
was issued to T. A. Hand for printing Gov-
ernor's Message, Journals of the First Legisla-
ture and the Rules of the House and Council of
the First Legislature ; that a warrant for eight
hundred and fifty dollars and sixty-two cents
was issued to R. C. McCormick for amount paid
by him for enrolling bills passed by the First
Legislature — amounting in the aggregate to the
sum of nine thousand four hundred and sixty-
three and 37/100 dollars, which your com-
mittee believe were improperly charged against
the Territory, and feel assured would be re-
funded to the Territory if the proper repre-
sentations were made at Washington. Your
committee therefore recommend that you take
such steps as are necessary to get the matter
before the Treasurer of the United States.
"Your committee also find that warrants were
issued to A. M. White, T. Hodges, P. McCannon,
and R. C. McCormick, amounting to the sum of
one thousand four hundred and ninety-one
dollars, for expenses incurred in Col. K. S.
Woolsey's expedition against the hostile In-
dians. And your committee believe that if the
matter was fairly represented to the Congress
of the United States, an appropriation would be
made for our relief.
"Your committee find that the balance of the
outstanding indebtedness of the Territory is for
26 HISTORY OF ARIZONA.
salaries due the Territorial Auditor and Treas-
urer, and for printing, interest on bonds and
other incidental expenses, amounting to the sum
of nine thousand two hundred and eight dol-
lars and sixty-two cents.
"Your committee find that the Governor and
Secretary, being officers of the government of
the United States, were, by section ten of the
Organic Act, which says: 'No person holding a
commission or appointment under the United
States, except postmaster, shall be a member of
the Legislative Assembly, or shall hold any
office under the govermnent of said Territory,'
prohibited from holding the office of Auditor;
and that the Attorney-General w^as also pro-
hibited from acting as Auditor, under the same
section, which says that no member of the Legis-
lative Assembly shall hold or be appointed to
any office which shall have been created, or the
salary or emoluments of w%ich shall have been
increased, w^hile he w^as a member, during the
term for which he was elected, and for one year
after the expiration of such term. All of which
is respectfully submitted.
"JAMES S. GILES,
"Chairman, Select Committee."
There w^as introduced at this session of the
Legislature for the first time, an act to create
Maricopa County, which was defeated in the
House by a vote of eight to six.
Among the laws passed by this Legislature
was one to prevent the improper use of deadly
weapons in the towns and villages of the Terri-
tory, which would be considered in our day a
queer piece of legislation. It read as follows :
THE FOURTH LEGISLATURE. 27
"Section 1. That any person in this Terri-
tory, having, carrying, or procuring from an-
other person, any dirk, dirk-knife, bowie knife,
pistol, gun, or other deadly weapon, who shall
in the presence of two or more persons, draw
or exhibit any of said deadly weapons in a rude,
angry or threatening manner, not in necessary
self defence, or who shall in any manner unlaw-
fully use the same in any fight or quarrel, the
person or persons so offending upon conviction
thereof in any criminal court in any county of
this Territory, shall be fined in any sum not less
than one hundred nor more than five hundred
dollars or imprisonment in the county jail not
less than one nor more than six months, in the
discretion of the court; or both such fine and
imprisonment, together with the cost of prose-
cution.
"Section 2. That any person or persons hav-
ing or carrying any pistol or gun who shall in
the public streets or highways discharge the
same indiscriminately, thereby disturbing the
peace and quiet, and endangering the lives of the
inhabitants of any town or neighborhood in this
Territory, such person or persons upon con-
viction thereof before any Justice of the Peace
in the county where such offence may be com-
mitted shall be fined in any sum not less than
ten nor more than fifty dollars and imprison-
ment in the county jail not less than two nor
more than ten days, in the discretion of the
Justice of the Peace, together with the cost of
prosecution.
"Sec. 3. It shall be the duty of all sheriffs,
deputy sheriffs, constables, and all peace officers
28 HISTORY OF ARIZONA.
and private citizens to see that the provisions
of' section second of this act are enforced, by
informing on all persons violating its provi-
sions, by having them arrested and brought be-
fore the proper officer for trial and punishment.
"Sec. 4. It is hereby made the duty of all
civil and peace officers in this Territory to be
diligent in carrying into eifect the provisions
of section one of this act, as well also as all grand
juries, or grand jurors, to enquire into and make
presentment of each and every offence against
the provisions of said section one of this act
which shall come within their knowledge. And
it is also made the duty of all judges in this Ter-
ritory to give said section one in charge of the
grand juries at each term of their respective
courts. ' '
An act was passed permanently locating the
capital or seat of government of the Territory
of Arizona in Tucson, which was to take effect
after the first day of November, 1867. There
was a great deal of scandal attending the re-
moval of the capital. The Miner claimed that
it was done through fraud, saying, in an edi-
torial under date of November 30th, 1867:
"We are assured upon good authority that
improper proceedings to the extent of buying
three or four members of the Fourth Legisla-
ture, and pledging to Governor McCormick to
support him for Congress at that place (Tuc-
son). If this does not come under the head of
improper proceedings, we are at loss to know
what does."
While, of course, there is no direct evidence
to show that fraud was used in moving the capi-
THE FOURTH LEGISLATijRE. 29
tal, the fact remains that Pima County gave
Governor McCormick a very large vote the next
year when he was a candidate for Delegate to
Congress, he being elected by the following vote :
County
Republican,
R. C. McCormick
Democrat,
John A. Rush
Independent,
Samuel Adams
Yavapai
Mohave
202
23
425
40
9
9
Yuma
80
300
-
Pima
932
71
14
Total: 1,237 836 32.
The Fourth Legislature also passed an act
concerning public schools, which gave to the
Board of Supervisors in the several counties the
right, whenever there was a village or a settle-
ment with a resident population of not less than
one hmidred persons, and covering an expanse
of country not more than four square miles, to
set aside such district for a school district:
"when any number of legal voters residing in
such district may make application to the
Board of Supervisors for the establishment of
public schools in such district." Sections 4 and
5 of this act are as follows :
''Sec. 4. The Board of Supervisors shall,
upon the receipt of such petition, define the
boundaries and limits embracing such territory
or tract of land on which such settlement is lo-
cated, and declare the same a school district,
numbering such districts in the order in which
the same are created.
''Sec. 5. The Board of Supervisors shall,
immediately upon the creation of such district,
30 HISTOEY OF ARIZONA.
levy, in addition to the taxes authorized by law
to be levied for county and Territorial purposes,
a tax of not more than one-half of one per cent,
on the assessed value of all the taxable property
within the limits of each district, as shown by
the last assessment roll of the County Assessor."
This is the first legislation in Arizona creating
School Districts, which has been followed ever
since.
There was also an act passed amendatory of
Chapter 38, of the Howell Code, "Finances and
Taxation, ' ' which read as follows :
"Sec. 19. An annual ad valorem tax of fifty
cents upon each one hundred dollars value of
taxable property is hereby levied and directed
to be collected and paid for Territorial purposes
upon the assessed value of all property in this
Territory not by this act exempt from taxation ;
and upon the same property the Board of
Supervisors of each county is hereby authorized
and empowered annually to levy and collect a
tax for county expenditures not exceeding one
dollar and fifty cents upon each one hundred
dollars of the taxable property in such county ;
and upon the same property the Board of Super-
visors of each county is hereby authorized and
empowered annually'to levy and collect such ad-
ditional or special taxes as the laws of this
Territory may authorize or require them to levy
and collect; provided, however, that whenever
the Board of Supervisors levy any tax they shall
cause such levy to be entered on the record of
their proceedings and shall direct their clerk
to deliver a certified copy thereof to the Sheriff
and Treasurer of the County, each of whom shall
JOHN A. RUSH.
THE FOUKTH LEGISLATURE. 31
file said copy in his office, and on the first Mon-
day in July in each year the Board of Super-
visors shall proceed to estimate and to ascertain
the amount of taxes necessary to be assessed
upon the taxable property of the county for the
year next ensuing not exceeding for all pur-
poses two dollars upon each one hundred dol-
lars of the value of the taxable property, in such
county. In such estimate they shall specify the
amount to be raised for each particular purpose.
If for any cause said Board shall not meet on
the day above specified, they may meet for such
purpose at any time within ten days there-
after."
Edward J. Cook, one of the members of this
Legislature, was a native of Alabama. He went
to California in the early days of that State, and
about the year 1865 came to Arizona, settling
in Prescott, where he engaged in merchandising.
He represented Yavapai County in this legisla-
ture, and afterwards served three or four years
as Treasurer of Yavapai County. He died in
Prescott in the early nineties.
John A. Rush was a member of this Legisla-
ture, and a Candidate for the office of Delegate
to Congress, running against Governor McCor-
mick in 1868. He first settled in the Salt River
Valley, and thereafter went to Prescott and
began practicing law, in which profession he
was associated with Hon. E. W. Wells from
1875-76 to 1889.
Philip Drachman, a member of this Legisla-
ture, was bom in Poland in 1830, and came to
the United States when only sixteen years of
age, arriving in Arizona in 1863. He engaged
32 HISTORY OF ARIZONA.
in the general merchandise business at Tucson,
and became one of the prominent business men
of that place. During a busy business career,
however, he found time to serve the territory
and the town of his adoption, as, in addition to
being a member of the Fourth Territorial Legis-
lature, he was a member of the city council of
Tucson for several terms. A man of strong
individuality he left his mark upon the town
of his adoption, and also upon the then Terri-
tory of Arizona. He died in the year 1889,
after a long and honorable residence in Arizona,
leaving behind him children who have continued
his good work, one of whom, Mose Drachman,
sei-ved as State Senator from Pima County in
the Second State Legislature. Another, Sam-
uel Arizona Drachman, said to be the second
child born of Caucasian parents in Tucson, is at
this time, 1918, a leading merchant in that city.
nilLIL' DKACIIMAX.
THE FIFTH LEGISLATURE. 33
CHAPTER II.
THE FIFTH LEGISLATURE.
Convening of — Governor's Message — Mem-
orials— Resolutions — Death of Henry
Jenkins — Mueder of A. M. Erwin by
Indians — Treasurer's Estimate of Ex-
penses — Contention Between Arizona
and California as to Boundary Line —
Appointments by Governor — Report of
Territorial Auditor — Report of Terri-
torial Treasurer — Indebtedness of Ter-
ritory.
The Fifth Legislature convened in Tucson on
the 10th day of November, and ended on the
16th day of December, A. D. 1868. In this
legislature Mohave and Pah-Ute Counties were
represented in the Council by Octavius D. Gass.
John T. Alsap, from Yavapai County, a resident
of the Salt River Valley, was the only member
of the Council from that County. Pima County
was represented in the Comicil by Estevan
Ochoa of Tucson, Henry Jenkins of Tucson, who
died during the session of the Legislature on
November 20th, 1868, Daniel H. Stickney, of
Casa Blanco, and Alexander McKay, of Tubac.
Joseph K. Hooper, who had been elected to the
Council from Yuma County did not attend the
session, so that county was not represented.
It will be seen that there was only a bare ma-
jority of the upper house during the greater
portion of this Legislature, as at that time it
was composed of nine members.
V— 3
34 HISTORY OF ARIZONA.
In the House of Representatives Andrew S.
Gibbins represented Pah-Ute County, and John
Smith was the only representative from Yava-
pai County out of six who had been elected.
This was Jolm Y. T. Smith, whose home at the
time was at Camp McDowell. Thomas J. Bid-
well and Oliver Lindsey, both of La Paz repre-
sented Yuma County. All of the Pima delega-
tion, consisting of Jesus M. Elias, Francis H.
Goodwin,, Hiram S. Stevens, John Owen, John
Anderson, Sol. W. Chambers, and Robert M.
Crandal were present during the session. The
lower House was entitled to a membership of
eighteen, of whom seven failed to appear.
This Legislature organized by the election of
John T. Alsap President of the Council, and
Thomas J. Bidwell Speaker of the House.
Among the officers of the Council were L. M.
Jacobs, who was Engrossing Clerk, and B. M.
Jacobs, Enrolling Clerk. They were afterwards
prominently identified with the mercantile and
banking business in Tucson. Another officer of
the Council was the Chaplain, Bishop A. B. Sal-
pointe, whose activities in connection with the
early history of the Catholic Church in Arizona
have heretofore been recited, and who is, at the
present time, the presiding Catholic Bishop of
the State.
Governor McCormick, in his message, called
the attention of the Legislature to the activities
of the hostile Apaches, and criticised the course
pursued by the Federal Government which had
produced no results proportionate to the ex-
pense incurred, leaving the Apache as bold and
1714348
THE FIFTH LEGISLATURE. 35
successful in that day as ever before. He
recommended the renewal of the memorials to
Congress of the Third and Fourth Legislatures ;
urging the enlistment of volunteers by the Gov-
ernment for the subjugation of the Apaches.
In reference to railroads and telegraphs, he
said:
' ' The building of a railroad across the Terri-
tory is one of the most important steps toward
the subjugation of the Apache that can be taken,
and for this reason and for many others that
will occur to you, I suggest that you pray Con-
gress to render such assistance to the company
or companies proposing to build such road as
will insure an early completion of the work.
Were the Territory not infested with hostile
Indians the difficulty and expense of getting
here until such railroad is provided must make
it slow of settlement and prove a great draw-
back to its progress. Under existing circum-
stances its construction were equal to the
sending here of a dozen regiments of troops,
and is essential in order to make the country
available to the public, and to secure to the Gov-
ernment the revenues which with proper aid it
will so abundantly return.
*' Parties who since the meeting of the last
Assembly have surveyed the routes across the
Territory declare them to be most practicable,
and there is a growing belief both in California
and the East that the popular and profitable
Pacific railroad will go through Arizona.
''In this connection I may refer to the fact
that telegraphic communication is now complete
36 HISTORY OF ARIZONA.
to Santa Fe, New Mexico, and that by connect-
ing mails we receive news from all parts of the
world in ten days, I am informed that parties
stand ready to extend the wires across Arizona
to California if reasonable encouragement is
given. If you can in any way assist the enter-
prise I am sure you will do so."
The Indian question was treated as follows:
"The active military movements against the
Wallapais brought most of them to terms some
months since, and a number were placed upon a
temporary reservation near Fort Mohave, but
I learn they are again upon the warpath, roam-
ing chiefly upon the Mohave and Prescott road.
They are a weak tribe and their hostility cannot
continue long.
''When work upon the Great Colorado reser-
vation was suspended, owing to the exhaus-
tion of the Congressional appropriation, the
Apache, Mohave, Yavapai and other Indians
gathered there, took to the mountains, and
depredations near La Paz and Wickenburg are
attributed to them. If they have begun hostili-
ties it is probably in view of the recent killing
by citizens of a venerable chief and others of
their tribes at La Paz, a transaction which
whether partaking of the unjustifiable char-
acter now reported or not, goes to demonstrate
the importance of legislation to prevent the
assumption by irresponsible parties of steps
which sooner or later must produce disastrous
results, counteracting the influence of the au-
thorities and leading Indians to lose all con-
fidence in the whites. While no treatment can
THE FIFTH LEGISLATURE. 37
in my judgment be too severe for the hostile
Indians, those disposed to be friendly should be
entitled to the same protection from the laws
as other persons owing allegiance to the Gov-
ernment enjoy.
"The Pimas and Maricopas lost a part of
their crops by the unusual flood of September
last, but they are generally prosperous, although
but slightly provided for by the Government.
"All who comprehend the Indian character
will rejoice that the Indian commission has
reached the view long held on the frontier, that
the Government should cease to recognize the
Indian tribes as a domestic independent nation,
except so far as it may be required to recognize
them as such by existing treaties, and by treaties
made but not yet ratified; that hereafter all
Indians should be considered and held to be
individually subject to the laws of the United
States except where and while it is otherwise
provided in such treaties. Such course will be
commended to Congress by the Commission,
with another good suggestion, viz.: to clothe,
protect and assist all Indians, no matter of
what tribe, who will go upon the reservations
and stay there."
The Governor said, in reference to mmes and
mining :
"The Wickenburg gold mines are worked
without interruption, and steadily yield a large
revenue. The Vultvire lode, the Comstock of
Arizona, now has a wide and merited fame. It
is one of the richest, most extensive and remark-
able deposits of gold quartz upon the continent,
38 HISTORY OF ARIZONA.
and its return to this time is believed to be an
earnest of what may be expected from it in the
future.
' ' Unfortunately the mills erected in the vicin-
ity of Prescott were put either upon worthless
lodes or upon those in which ores predominate
which cannot be made to pay by ordinary treat-
ment. The chlorination process has lately been
introduced there, and it is expected that it will
prove successful as in California and Colorado.
If such is the case, the hopeful people who have
clung to that paii: of the Territory, under most
annoying delays and disappointments, will
speedily reap the reward due their patience and
pertinacity.
"Upon the Colorado river little is doing in
mining; the low price of copper has not war-
ranted the continuous working of the lodes at
Williams Fork and other points, although a re-
newal of operations at an early date is prom-
ised. From the Eureka and Castle Dome dis-
tricts there is a steady and profitable shipment
of lead ore to San Francisco, and work upon
several silver lodes in that district is vigorously
prosecuted as it is upon several gold lodes near
La Paz and Hardyville.
"Below the Gila, the Cababi mines continue
to yield a good return of silver and a fine mill is
in process of erection at Apache Pass, where the
gold lodes are attracting much attention and give
excellent promise. Confidence in the mineral
resources of the Territory is unshaken, and those
most familiar with them believe that once secure
from Indian depredations and made accessible
THE FIFTH LEGISLATURE. 39
by the iron rail, Arizona mil take front rank
among gold, silver, and copper producing dis-
tricts of the world.
''Late last year, at the request of J. Ross
Browne, United States Mining Commissioner,
I prepared as complete a statement of the min-
eral discoveries and results in the Territory as
the time and material at my command would
admit of. It will be found in his elaborate re-
port upon the 'Mineral Resources of the States
and Territories West of the Rocky Mountains,'
published by Congress, and although imperfect
in some particulars, will, I trust, be serviceable
to the Territory in giving the public an idea of
its mineral affluence, and attracting capital and
population.
"Arizona, in common with the other mineral
bearing Territories, is interested in the passage
of the bill now before Congress looking to the
endowment of a School of Mines from the pro-
ceeds of the tax upon gold and silver bullion, a
most necessary and promising scientific move-
ment, and it may be well for you to add to the
appeal in its behalf by a memorial or resolution
as you deem best."
In reference to Agriculture, he said :
"Although the seasons vary with each year,
it is now well established that most of the val-
leys and river bottoms throughout the Terri-
tory may be successfully cultivated. Much
attention is given to agriculture, and the prod-
uct of the year is largely in excess of that of
any previous one. Corn, wheat, and barley
attain a perfect growth at most points, and the
40 HISTORY OF ARIZONA.
vegetables will compare favorably with those
of any country. About Prescott the yield of
potatoes of an excellent quality has this year
been large. The few fruit trees planted to this
time are thrifty, and it is thought the favorite
fruits can be raised at various places in the Ter-
ritory. The military are supplied with grain
without drawing upon California as in years
past, and comparatively little flour is brought
from abroad. The prospect is that at an early
day all required will be made in this Territory.
"The new and prosperous farming settle-
ments of Phoenix, upon the Salt River, and
Florence on the Gila river, are demonstrating
the richness of the soil in the broad valleys of
those great streams and the facility with w^hich
it may be irrigated and cultivated. The climate
is found to be neither oppressive nor unhealthy
as heretofore popularly supposed, and the belief
that large communities have subsisted upon the
produce of the valleys in the far past is strength-
ened by the accumulating evidence of their rare
fertility. Tens of thousands of acres as valu-
able and easy of tillage as those now occupied
remain unclaimed, and as the region is central,
near to the reservations of the friendly Pima
and Maricopa Indians, and seldom molested by
the Apache, it offers peculiar inducements to
settlers, and is commended to the numerous par-
ties crossing the Territory from Texas and
other states as having advantages equal, if not
superior, to any held out to them farther west.
"While the lands that do not need irrigation
and those that may be irrigated from streams
THE FIFTH LEGISLATURE. 41
are extensive and all sufficient for a much larger
population than is here at present, the soil of
much of what is known as the desert country,
is exceedingly rich, and if supplied with water
by a system of artesian wells, as there is every
reason to believe it may be at a reasonable cost,
must abundantly repay cultivation. The great
valleys and plains upon the roads from the
Colorado to Wickenburg and Prescott, those
between Sacaton and Tucson, and the plains
about Tucson, those of the Cababi and Fresnal
districts, and others not frequented by the
Apaches, and more accessible than much of the
land now occupied, may, I believe, with such
wells, be made to blossom as the rose, and to
produce crops that will surprise the world. I
recommend, if the existing laws of the Terri-
tory regarding wells upon deserts is not liberal
enough to induce the sinking of artesian wells,
that it be made so."
Under the head of "Various Recommenda-
tions" the Governor recommended that more
attention be given to educational matters; that
a new and earnest memorial to Congress re-
garding the boundaries of the Territory at
Arizona City, (Yuma), should be presented to
Congress; that encouragement should be given
citizens establishing ferries on the Gila and Salt
rivers ; such ferries being an absolute necessity
to communication between the lower and upper
country several months in each year, and the
travel not being sufficient to support them ; that
the act of the last Assembly "to prevent and
punish the sale of liquor to Indians, does not
42 HISTORY OF ARIZONA.
secure the ends desired, and should be made
more complete and stringent." That although
the thoroughfares throughout the Territory
were generally good, in some of the mining dis-
tricts, particularly in Yavapai county, there
was need of improvement and certain new roads
were necessary to ready communication, among
them being one from Wickenburg to Prescott,
via Walnut Grove, which would save many
miles of travel between those points, and one
from Phoenix to Prescott, via the Agua Fria,
which would open a direct and comparatively
short route from Tucson to Prescott; that no
aid having been given by the Government for
the building of roads in the Territory, a reason-
able appropriation for the construction of these
new roads and for such improvements upon
existing roads as may be necessary could, with
propriety, be asked of Congress.
Continuing, the Governor stated:
' ' There is a gratifying improvement in social
life throughout the Territory. In the chief
towns the houses are of a better character than
a year or two since, and the ranchmen who have
prospered have generally improved their struc-
tures. There is a gromng disposition to live
rather than stay here, to build homes and make
them attractive, to cultivate household affec-
tions and loves, and society is assuming that
organization which is necessary to pleasing and
profitable existence."
The Governor concluded his message by re-
ferring to his election as a Delegate to the
Forty-First Congress of the United States, and
THE FIFTH LEGISLATURE. 43
pledged his support there to all measures which
might be introduced to upbuild and promote the
prosperity of the Territory.
The first memorial passed by this Legislature
was one to Congress asking for an appropria-
tion of a hundred thousand dollars for the erec-
tion of a capital building at Tucson, the seat
of government. Another w^as to the Secretary
of War asking that authority be given to the
commanding officers of the various military
posts, to furnish arms and ammunition to citi-
zens known to them, whenever it was believed
by said commanding officer that such citizens
could and would render effective service against
hostile Indians, the arms to be receipted for by
the parties to whom they w^ere loaned, and to be
promptly returned upon the completion of the
service for which they were given.
Another memorial to Congress asked that the
time fixed by Congress for the appropriation of
the net proceeds of the Internal Ee venue to the
building of a penitentiary, be extended until
the sum appropriated, forty thousand dollars,
should have accumulated. Another asked for
the establishment of a Mail Route from Tucson
to Sasabi Flat, and still another asked Congress
for an appropriation of $2,000 to pay for a
library for the Territory. The Legislature also
memorialized Congress for an appropriation to
codify the laws of the Territory, and also asked
that a Surveyor-General be appointed for the
Land district" of Arizona Territory, and for an
appropriation to survey the land in said dis-
trict.
44 HISTORY OF ARIZONA.
This Legislature passed joint or concurrent
resolutions as follows :
One requesting the Territory's Delegate in
Congress to ask for the establishment of a mail
route from Tucson to Wickenburg via Camp
Grant, Florence, Phoenix and Camp McDowell ;
also that a semi-weekly service be put on from
Prescott, Arizona, to Albuquerque, New Mexico ;
one recommending the establishment of a United
States Depositary at Tucson; also a joint reso-
lution which is in the nature of an appropria-
tion bill, which reads as follow^s:
"Be It Resolved by the Legislative Assembly
of the Territory of Arizona :
"That the Territorial Treasurer shall set
apart from the Territorial funds, from time to
time, a sufficient amount of money to pay all the
legal, current and contingent expenses of the
Territory of Arizona, for the year ending
December first, A. D. one thousand eight hun-
dred and sixty nine.
"Approved, December 15, 1868."
A concurrent resolution was passed asking
Arizona's Delegate in Congress to solicit an
appropriation of five thousand dollars to be
given as a premium to the person or persons
who should first sink an artesian well upon the
desert lands of the Territory, the same to be
paid by the Secretary of the Interior, upon his
receiving satisfactory proof that such well was
a success, said proof to be furnished by the Gov-
ernor and Secretary of the Territory; also the
following resolution regarding his Excellency
Governor Richard C. McCormick:
THE FIFTH LEGISLATURE. 45
''Eesolved, by the House of Representatives,
the Council concurring, that the fifth Legis-
lative Assembly, cordially joins in the sentiment
expressed by previous Legislatures, that his
Excellency Governor Richard C. McCormick,
has both in his official and personal relations,
shown himself to be the true friend and intel-
ligent advocate of the best interests of Arizona.
"Resolved, that his long and zealous public
service, in the face of many obstacles, and his
thorough knowledge of the country and its re-
sources, will entitle him to the confidence shown
by the people in his election as their Repre-
sentative in the Congress of the United States,
and must ever honorably identify his name with
the organization and history of the Territory."
One member of the Legislature, Henry Jen-
kins, of Pima, died during the session. The
following obituary by one of his colleagues, Mr.
McKey, of Pima, was delivered in the Council
on the 20th of November :
"Mr President — It becomes my sorrowful
duty this morning to announce to this body the
demise yesterday at one o'clock P. M. of one of
the most honored and esteemed members of this
Council, Hon. Henry Jenkins, from Pima
County. He was a gentleman of the 'olden
school, ' so much so, in fact, he never could adapt
himself fully to the latter day free and easy
life of the West. Of an excellent education,
and a careful early training, he never forgot
those associations. Much in public life and ever
popular, familiar with all public questions, and
having a high sense of honor, as a pioneer he
46 HISTORY OF ARIZONA.
was hopeful and patient ; as a legislator he was
ever careful, judicious and upright; as a citi-
zen, liberal, courteous and public spirited.
Having frailties as all have, even they 'leaned
to virtue's side.' He was a member of the
Third, Fourth and Fifth Legislatures of Ari-
zona, and in his earlier years he had been a
member of the New York Legislature, and was
there considered the peer of the great states-
men of the Empire State.
"He leaves a family in Albany, New York,
to mourn his loss. We regret him as a brother
member, and as an esteemed citizen, but not as
those who have no hope. We have faith to be-
lieve that we shall all meet again beyond the
valley and shadow^ of death. May his remains
rest in peace."
^Another member of this Legislature was
killed by the Apaches before the Legislature
convened, A. M. Erwin, upon whose death a spe-
cial committee reported the following resolu-
tions expressive of the sympathy and condo-
lence of the Legislature :
''Whereas, it has pleased an all wise Provi-
dence to call from our midst Mr. A. M. Erwin,
a member elect of this body, and whereas, in his
decease our Territory has lost one of its most
noble and energetic citizens, therefore, be it
"Resolved, that we fully appreciate the brave
and valuable services rendered to the people of
this and adjoining Territories by the deceased
during his term of service in the California
Volunteers.
"Eesolved, that we deeply sympathize with
the relatives of the deceased, that one so young,
THE FIFTH LEGISLATURE. 47
SO brave, so noble iii all his traits of character,
should be thus early taken from them by the
fatal hand of the so much dreaded Apache.
"Resolved, that the Clerk of this House fur-
nish the relatives of the deceased with an ofii-
cial copy of these resolutions. ' '
The committee on Military and Indian
Affairs made the following report :
"First. The Territorial Militia have neither
organization nor ammunition. Therefore, we
are unable to afford any protection to the people
of this Territory, and this condition will con-
tinue unless the General Government furnishes
the requisite means of defense.
"Second. The Indians of the Territory are
arrayed in deadly hostility to the whites, butch-
ering and robbing on the highways and ranches,
and every footpath from the Rio Grande to the
Colorado river. Life and property are unsafe
even in the immediate vicinity of military posts.
The time has arrived, in the opinion of your
committee, when some decided action should be
taken in the premises, so that white settlers in
the country can understand whether they have
the predominating power, or that the Govern-
ment will protect its citizens against a horde of
demons in human shape, called 'Lo! the poor
Indian. '
"The Legislature of the Territory has re-
spectfully memorialized Congress for the four
past consecutive terms; but up to the present
time no action has been taken in the premises.
"Your committee are of the opinion that our
Delegates have been negligent of their duty, or
48 HISTORY OF ARIZONA.
the Government has been unmindful of the
wants of the citizens of this Territory.
"The present military force in the Territory
is inadequate to the protection of the citizens
therein ; and it matters not how well the present
number of troops may be disposed of, or how-
ever anxious the commanding officer of the dis-
trict or the officers and soldiers under his com-
mand may be, to render assistance to the
settlers, under the present arrangement of mili-
tary affairs. Every effort would prove an en-
tire failure, unless a larger number of troops
can be placed in the command of the district
commander, in order to give them the opportu-
nity of making rapid movements, and following
up the same with success.
"But so long as certain Indians are permitted
to draw rations from certain government posts
or reservations, so called, to sustain their
families and supply their own wants, and fit
themselves out for a more successful campaign
against the whites, it is utterly impossible for
the military to put an end to these infernal
devils, called Apaches.
' ' Your committee fully believes in placing the
entire management of Indian affairs under the
control of the military commanders of the dif-
ferent military districts, until they are subju-
gated and placed on reservations ; and are made
to earn their bread by the sweat of their brows,
instead of murdering and robbing the whites.
The blood of white men cries revenge from
every hill, valley and nook.
' ' The mourning of the fond wife for her hus-
band is borne on every breeze. The cry of the
THE FIFTH LEGISLATURE. 49
orphan is heard in every hamlet. Numbers of
our people have been taken captive, tortured
cruelly, and burned at the stake. During the
last seven years over eight hundred persons
have been murdered in the highways and
ranches within the limits of this Territory.
The roads and by^vays throughout this Terri-
tory are marked by monuments of savage
ferocity ; fresh victims fall day by day on their
journey through the country.
"Your Committee would be unmindful of
their duty as Eepresentatives of the people, and
as citizens of the Territory did they fail to
represent their constituents as a law-abiding,
industrious and ever hopeful community.
"Your Committee would urgently request our
Delegate in Congress to represent the facts set
forth in this report in unqualified terms.
"(Signed) D. H. STICKNEY,
"Chairman of Committee on Military and
Indian Affairs. ' '
An estimate of the expense for running the
Territory for the year ending November 1st,
1869, was made by John B. Allen, Territorial
Treasurer, and was as follows :
"TERRITORY OF ARIZONA,
"Office of the Treasurer.
"Tucson, December 8, 1868.
"Hon. Thomas J. Bidwell, Speaker of the
House of Representatives, Fifth Legisla-
tive Assembly.
"Sir: — In pursuance to law, I herewith sub-
mit an estimate of the current expenses of the
V— 4
50 HISTORY OF ARIZONA.
Territory from November 1st, 1868, to Novem-
ber, 1st, 1869, viz. :
Expenses of Supreme Court, as au-
dited by Judges of the late
Supreme Court $ 293.52
Salary of Territorial Auditor 650.00
Salary of Territorial Treasurer 650.00
Rent of room for Territorial Library. . 150.00
Distribution of Acts and Journals .... 50.00
Territorial Prisoners 500.00
Incidental Expenses 150.00
Total $2,443.52
' ' Other expenses may arise during the year.
"Very respectfully,
"Your obedient servant,
' ' ( Signed) JOHN B. ALLEN,
"Territorial Treasurer."
In reference to the contention as to the bound-
ary line between Arizona and California, the
Committee on Counties and County Boundaries,
through its Chairman, Mr. McKey, submitted
the following:
"Mr. President: — It devolves upon me to re-
port, as Chairman of the Committee on Coun-
ties and County Boundaries from the Council
and the Committee on Federal Relations from
the House, who met jointly, and who had under
consideration the matter of the disputed strip of
land south of the Gila river and east of the
Colorado, and in connection therewith, a report
made by the Hon. Mr. Meagher to the Cali-
fornia Legislature upon the subject:
THE FIFTH LEGISLATURE. 51
''He says, speaking of that State, that 'our
southern boundary has been considered in this
State as determined and run by the Boundary
Commissioners of Mexico and the United
States. '
"As to this point none, I presume, are dis-
posed to disagree with him, but as to what pre-
cise territory was included in that boundary
there seems to be a question in the minds of the
California Legislators.
"The report before referred to, appears to
be based upon as much ignorance with regard
to this question, as was the action of the first
two Legislatures of Arizona, which committed
the grave error of memorializing Congress upon
the subject; when, if they had examined the
question, they would have f oimd that the State
of California never claimed the disputed land,
and that Congress had specifically included it
in the Territory of New Mexico in the Organic
Act for that Territory.
"The Constitution of California in giving the
boundaries of that State, claims the middle of
the main channel of the Colorado River below
the thirty-fifth parallel of north latitude down
to the line between Mexico and the United
States, as her line.
"Arizona claims that the western boundary
line, consists of the middle of the main channel
of the Colorado river, running southerly to the
Sonora line.
"How it was possible for the first Legislature
of this Territory to overlook her own acts, as to
this matter, and the language of the Organic
Act of New Mexico, so far as to recognize the
52 HISTORY OF ARIZONA.
usurpation by the county of San Diego, as to
cause it to memorialize Congress upon the sub-
ject, is a matter of astonishment, to say the least
of it.
"Mr. Meagher says 'Recently the Territory
of Arizona has set up a claim, ' etc.
''He is mistaken in his statement: we have
always claimed this Territory and have ever
maintained that there were no tenable reasons
why San Diego should hold any authority over
it. Let us see for what reasons or upon what
grounds we base these claims.
"In the first place, in the year 1849, Cali-
fornia, by the vote of her people ratified the
Constitution of that State, in which the limits
are plainly set forth. After fixing the north-
ern line to where it intersects the 39th degree
of north latitude, it says : Thence running in a
straight line in a southerly direction to the river
Colorado, at a point where it intersects the 35th
degree of north latitude, thence down the
middle of the channel of said river to the bound-
ary line between Mexico and the United States,
as established by the treaty of May 30th, 1848,
thence west, etc., to the Pacific Ocean.
"Now, Sir, it would appear that the above-
quoted language was sufficient to satisfy any un-
prejudicial mind that California never claimed
an inch of land east of the Colorado river, nor
has she ever done so, until the last session of the
Legislature of that State, which was induced by
the wrong action of the Legislature of this Ter-
ritory in memorializing Congress to give to us
that which I shall convince any and all who will
carefully examine the subject, was always ours.
THE FIFTH LEGISLATURE. 53
But before entering into a description of the
peculiarities of the junction of the Gila and
Colorado rivers, I deem it necessary to draw
your attention to the provisions of the treaty of
Guadalupe Hidalgo.
"In that treaty (article 5) after bounding the
Southern Territory acquired thereby, until com-
ing to the Gila river, it says :
" 'Thence down the middle of the Gila until
it empties into the Rio Colorado; thence across
the Rio Colorado, following the division line
between Upper and Lower California to the
Pacific Ocean.' But, says the treaty, in order
to preclude all difficulty in tracing upon the
limit separating Upper from Lower California,
it is agreed that the said limits shall consist of
a straight line down to the Rio Gila, where it
unites with the Colorado to a point on the
Pacific Ocean, etc.
''To those who are not conversant with the
minute points of the geography of the junction
of these two rivers, it is necessary to say that at
the junction, and for miles around and above
this junction, it is one immense mud flat, over
which the Colorado river (at all times when
high) overflows; and all the apparent circum-
stances go to show, and those who were on the
ground at the time of running the line by the
Commissioners who fixed the line between the
Republic of Mexico and the United States, by
the treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, say that all
of said flat country was inundated at that time.
"This accounts for fixing the initial point up
the Rio Gila some hundreds of yards from its
actual mouth, when both rivers are low, advan-
54 HISTORY OF ARIZONA.
tage being taken of the high condition of the
Colorado, in connection with the language of
the treaty, which says :
'' 'That the boundary line between Upper and
Lower California shall consist of a straight line
drawn from the middle of the Rio Gila, where
the Colorado, etc'
"The high condition of the Colorado at the
time, owing to the flatness of the country, left
the place of unity between the two streams very
indefinite ; but a point was agreed upon between
the Commissioners from which to start, for the
purpose of dividing the two Californias. But
there is no good reason to doubt but that the in-
tention of the plenipotentiaries was at the time
of making the treaty, to cross the Colorado river
directly from the fact that the general course
of the Colorado is north and south, and this
dividing line runs directly west; but owing to
a short bend from south to west, this line start-
ing from the agreed initial point, did not cross
the Colorado until the Commissioners had run
six and a half miles, cutting off a strip of land
between the line and the river on the west vary-
ing from a few hundred yards to three-quarters
of a mile in width.
"It must be kept in view, however, that this
line was to be run for the express purpose of
dividing Upper from Lower California.
"Now that it is understood that this line was
for the sole purpose of dividing the Californias,
will any one claim that it divided any part of the
Californias before it crossed the Eio Colorado'?
"If either of these States ever claimed an
inch of territory east of the Colorado river.
THE FIFTH LEGISLATURE. 00
then it were possible, but as neither of them
ever made any such claim, then it is simply
ridiculous to suppose that this line divided them
before reaching their territory ; the initial point
notwithstanding, which was so fixed by the Com-
missioners for the reasons before given. And
when running this line, where they struck the
bank of the Gila on the south or western side,
from the middle of the mouth thereof, they
came to the bank some four hundred yards from
the Colorado river, and run six and one half
miles before coming to the Colorado river. But
bearing in mind that California in her Consti-
tution claims the middle of the Colorado as her
boundary, as between her and any other Terri-
tory of the United States, and this Constitution
was accepted by Congress, and California was
admitted as a State, September 9th, 1850.
"The Organic Act creating the Territory of
New Mexico by Congress was approved on the
same day, and in giving the boundary limits of
said Territory, in this act they commenced the
boundary in the Colorado river, where the
boundary line with the Republic of Mexico
crosses the same; thence easterly with the said
boundary line to the Eio Grande, with the
meanderings east, north and then west, until it
intersects the line of California at the north-
west corner of Pah-Ute County ; thence back on
the California line down the Colorado river to
the place of beginning. I ask, is this conclu-
sive?
"California has never claimed this disputed
territory until the action of her last Legislature.
And Congress, right at the time of the admis-
56 HISTORY OF ARIZONA.
sion of California as a State, did include this
strip within the limits of the Territory of New
Mexico, and has since created all the Territory
west of a certain line, the Territory of Arizona,
which had been included with the former limits
of New Mexico.
"In the name of common sense and good rea-
son, if this strip of land belonged to California,
why did not California protest, or why has she
not long before this made complaint? Or, if
we admit for a moment that it did belong to her,
why did Congress commence the boundary of
New Mexico by starting six and a half miles
off the edge or border of the Territory to be pre-
scribed by said boundary, and follow thence
easterly, northerly, and westerly to the Cali-
fornia line, at the northwest corner of Pah-Ute
County; and thence following said California
lilies back and down the Colorado river to place
of beginning? What was the object in com-
mencing six or seven miles down the Colorado
river and running to the Gila by the line form-
erly established by the Commissioners, and then
afterwards, when they got back to the mouth of
the Gila river, why did they run do^^m the river
to the place of beginning?
"Did the territory included within these lim-
its below the Gila belong to California? Sir,
it is presumption to contend for any such thing.
Now, Mr. President, all of the foregoing may
be summed up in these few questions :
"Has California ever claimed this strip of
land before her last session? She has never
before claimed it.
THE FIFTH LEGISLATURE. 57
*'Do her constitutional bounds claim it?
That instrument does not claim any territory
west of the Colorado river, nor ever has, nor did
either of the old Calif ornias under Mexican rule
claim any such thing.
"But Congress did claim and include it within
the bounds of the Territory of New Mexico in
her Organic Act. And, last, though not least,
Arizona did claim it from her first organization.
But from want of a proper understanding in the
first two Legislatures she did conmiit the grave
mistake in memorializing Congi^ess to give her
territory already belonging to her by nature, by
the Organic Act, and the law of this Territory
and the laws of Congress."
The foregoing seems to have been conclusive
as to that controversy as there was no subse-
quent action taken in reference thereto by
California or by Congi-ess.
The Governor submitted the following to the
Legislature :
"TERRITORY OF ARIZONA,
"Office of the Governor.
"Tucson, December 12, 1868.
"Hon. John T. Alsap, President of the Council:
"Sir: The following appointments have been
made by me since the adjournment of the last
legislature, and are respectfully submitted to the
Council for confirmation:
"December 31st, 1867, John B. Allen, Terri-
torial Treasurer.
"July 1st, 1868, Charles H. Lord, Territorial
Auditor, vice James Grant, resigned.
58 HISTORY OF ARIZONA.
a
'July 20tli, 1868, John S. Thayer, as Probate
Judge, vice Sidney R. DeLong, resigned.
''September 7th, 1868, James H. Toole, Ad-
jutant-General.
"(Signed) EICHAED C. McCORMICK."
The Territorial Auditor made the following
report :
"Tucson, October 20th, 1868.
"Hon. R. C. McCormick, Governor of the Ter-
ritory of Arizona.
"In accordance with the provisions of sec-
tion 10 of the Act approved October 5th, 1867,
I herewith furnish you a full exhibit of the
claims audited and warrants issued by me from
the time of my appointment, July 1st, 1868, to
this date.
"I am, with respecti, your obedient servant.
"CHARLES H. LORD,
' ' Territorial Auditor, ' '
LIST OF CLAIMS AUDITED AND WAR-
RANTS ISSUED, 1868.
July 1st, 1868.
Claim No. 116— Lord & Williams, for
cost and charges on bond books for
Territory, under act of October 5th,
1867. Warrant No. 140 $ 75 . 00
Claim No. 117— Lord & Williams, for
interest on bonds, gold or equiva-
lent; Act of October 5th, 1867.
Warrant No. 141 475.00
Claim No. 118— Lord & Williams, for
interest on bonds. Act October 5th,
1867. Warrant No. 142 475.00
THE FIFTH LEGISLATURE. 59
Claim No. 119— Lord & Williams, for
interest on bonds, Act of October
5tli, 1867, gold or equivalent.
Warrant No. 143 275.00
July 3rd, 1868.
Claim No. 120— G. H. Oury, for six
months' salary as Attorney Gen-
eral; Act October 5t\ 1867. War-
rant No. 145 30. 00
July 24tb, 1868.
Claim No. 121— J. B. Allen, for three
months ' salaiy as Territorial Treas-
urer; under Act October 5th, 1867.
Warrant No. 145 162 . 50
October 19th, 1868.
Claim No. 122— P. R. Brady, Sheriff of
Pima County, for care of Terri-
torial prisoners; Act of October
5th, 1867. Warrant No. 146 192.00."
The Territorial Treasurer made the follow-
ing report :
''TERRITORY OF ARIZONA,
''Office of the Treasurer.
"Tucson, November 1, 1868.
"To the Honorable the Fifth Legislative As-
sembly :
"In compliance with the requirements of sec-
tion 10, of 'An Act concerning Territorial In-
debtedness, ' approved October 5th, 1867, I have
the honor to submit herewith a report of the
transactions of the office from the 15th of Jan-
uary, 1868, at which time I assimaed its duties,
to this date, accompanied by statements rela-
60 HISTORY OF ARIZONA.
tive to the financial condition of the Territory,
more particularly detailed by statement 'A';
showing in tabular form an account of all Bonds
issued by the Treasurer since the organization
of the Territory.
"Statement 'B' giving a detail of all war-
rants outstanding, with interest thereon, com-
puted November 1st, 1868.
"Statement 'C,' an exhibit of all receipts and
disbursements.
"Statement 'D,' recapitulating the above, and
showing the entire indebtedness in currency,
up to November 1st, 1868.
"I regret to say that no report, either
monthly or quarterly has been received at this
office from the Treasurer of Pah-Ute County
since my assuming the office ; from the Treas-
urer of Mohave County since July last ; from the
Treasurer of Yuma County since August 8th;
and from the Treasurer of Yavapai County
since July 6th.
"I do not know, nor have I had any means of
ascertaining, what amount of taxes has been
levied and collected in the above mentioned
counties during the present year for Territorial
purposes.
"The report of the proceedings of the Board
of Supervisors of Yavapai County, as published
in Miner, states that twenty-five cents on the one
hundred dollars was levied for Territorial pur-
poses, although the law requires that fifty cents
on the one hundred dollars should be levied.
"It will be too apparent to you, from a con-
sideration of this statement, that a careful re-
vision of the revenue laws is necessary.
THE FIFTH LEGISLATURE. 61
"Although the people have cheerfully con-
tributed of their hard earnings a sufficient
amount to meet all the obligations of the Terri-
tory, yet through the delinquency of a few
county officers, who were sworn to perform, and
are paid to do their duty, we are compelled to
declare officially that Arizona has failed to make
good her promises to pay.
"ESCHEATED ESTATES.
"During the last five years many of our bold
pioneers have fallen by the hand of the dread
Apache, and some by disease, who have left large
estates to the Territory, and yet not a dollar
has reached the Treasury from this source, al-
though some estates have been in the hands of
administrators for years. It is due to the mem-
ory of those worthy men that the proceeds of
their estates be applied toward establishing
public schools, so that their labor may find some
reward.
"In this connection I would respectfully
recommend the passage of a special act in re-
spect to escheated estates now in the hands of
the several administrators, the effect of which
will be to place within one year, into the Treas-
ury, the proceeds of all escheated estates.
"I would furthemiore respectfully recom-
mend that the County Treasurers be made ex
officio Public Administrators of their respective
coimties, and be required to make quarterly re-
turns to the Territorial Treasurer, the same as
in other matters.
"The proceeds of escheated estates once in the
Treasury, the Legislature could make such dis-
position thereof as they deem proper.
62 HISTORY OF ARIZONA.
''The act approved October oth, 1868, entitled
'An Act concerning Territorial Indebtedness,'
contemplated the funding of the Bonds and
Warrants therein specified.
"No bonds have been issued under the j)rovi-
sions of that Act. A question involving the
legality of the act having arisen, and being now
pending before the Courts, parties holding those
Bonds and Warrants prefer retaining them,
and the Treasurer is barred from paying them
princi]3al or interest. The repeal of sections 1,
2, 3, 4, 7 and 9 of said act is necessary.
"It may be of interest for you to know that
the amomit of internal revenue assessed in Pima
County from January 1st to October 30th, 1868,
is $7,791, and the amount collected up to Novem-
ber 1st, 1868, $6,0'50.
"No statement has been received from the
Collectors in other counties.
"All of which is respectfully submitted.
"JOHN B. ALLEN,
' ' Territorial Treasurer. ' '
The statement "D," referred to in the Treas-
urer's Eeport, showed that from the 1st day of
June, 1868, to and including the 31st day of Oc-
tober, 1868, the Treasurer had received from all
sources, the sum of $8,479.86, and that dur-
ing the same period he had disbursed the
sum of $5,611.80, leaving cash in the Treasury,
$2,868.06. At the date last mentioned the Ter-
ritory had a total outstanding indebtedness of
$62,961.05, evidenced by bonds and warrants.
THE FIFTH LEGISLATURE. 63
CHAPTER III.
THE FIFTH LEGISLATURE (Continued).
Acts Passed by — Dancing Licensed — Act to
Establish Public Schools — Text of — Act
Locating Territorial Prison at or Near
Phoenix.
The first act of any importance was an act to
license dance houses, which read as follows :
"Section 1. It shall be lawful, and the col-
lectors of licenses of the several counties of this
Territory are hereby authorized and directed
to collect a license tax of not more than twenty
nor less than five dollars, of any and all persons
who shall keep a dance house within the limits
of any town or village in this Territory, which
license shall be collected for each night of danc-
ing.
"Sec. 2. All moneys collected under the
provisions of this act shall be appropriated by
the Supervisors of the respective counties, to
grading and repairing of the streets of the town
or village in which such license shall be collected.
"Sec. 3. This act shall be governed by the
license laws of this Territory in all respectsp
except the manner of the appropriations of the
moneys. ' '
At that time there was no mining camp, vil-
lage or town in the Territory that was not en-
livened after dark with the music of the dance,
where the belles of the lower world held high
carnival and the boys spent their time and
money between dances on drinks.
64 HISTORY OF ARIZONA.
An act concerning pnblic highways and streets
in towns having a population exceeding five
hundred, provided for a street superintendent
to be appointed by the Board of Supervisors, at
such compensation as they might deem advisable
to see that all the streets were properly laid out
and graded. Under this act the street superin-
tendent was empowered to compel any owner of
any lot or lots to grade the same, or the streets
in front thereof as he saw fit, and in case any
owner should fail or refuse to comply with the
provisions of the act in this respect, the street
superintendent was empowered to bring suit
before a justice of the peace of the county in
which the said town was located, and upon con-
viction of such person or persons, he or they
should be fined not less than ten nor more than
a hundred dollars for each and every violation
of the act. All fines collected were to be paid
into the county treasury and all such moneys
were to be applied by the Board of Supervisors
to the purpose of repairing the streets or high-
ways of the towns in which such fines were col-
lected. Provision was made also for the re-
demption of the bonds of the Territory issued
under an act approved November 9th, 1864,
entitled '*An Act to provide for the contingent
expenses of the Territorial Government," and
also for the payment of Territorial Warrants;
also an act creating the office of Attorney-
General of the Territory, defining his duties,
and fixing his salary at $400 per annum.
This Legislature passed an act to establish
public schools in the Territory of Arizona,
which was the first earnest eifort in legislation
THE FIFTH LEGISLATURE. 65
in that direction, it being a matter of great im-
portance at the time, and as it became the
foundation of our school systemi, I give the act
in its entirety :
"Section 1. That the Board of Supervisors
of each of the several organized counties, and
every county that may be hereafter organized
within tliis Territory, be and they are hereby
constituted Boards of Education for each of the
several coimties of this Territory, in which they
have been duly elected as Boards of Super-
visors; and shall perform such duties as such
Boards of Education, as may be required of
them, by the provisions of this act. They shall
hold their offices during the time for which they
have been elected as said Boards of Supervisors
for their several Counties.
"Sec. 2. Said Boards shall hold an annual
meeting, at the County seat of each of their re-
spective counties, on the same or subsequent day
of their first regular meetings as Boards of
Supervisors; and such other special meetings
during the year as the Boards may, in their
judgment, deem proper and necessary.
"Sec. 3. Said Boards of Education of the
several counties in this Territory, shall from
time to time, as they may deem proper, recom-
mend to the Legislature such alterations, revi-
sions and amendments of existing laws, relating
to Common Schools, as in their judgment are
demanded, in order to the perfecting of a system
of general education in this Territory ; and they
shall annually make a report of their official
doings, and of the state and condition of the
V— 5
66 HISTORY OF ARIZONA.
schools in their respective counties, to the Legis-
lature during the first week of its session.
"Sec. 4. Said Boards may at any time fill a
vacancy in the office of Superintendent of Pub-
lic Schools in their respective counties.
"Sec. 5. The Boards of Education in the
several counties shall select a list of books for
the different branches usually taught in Com-
mon SchoolSj, which list shall constitute the text
books for district schools, and shall cause such
list to be published in all the newspapers in said
county, in the month of January in each year;
and on and after such publications, no other
books but those prescribed in the list by said
Boards, shall be used in any of the district
schools in their respective counties, except by
permission of the Superintendent of Public
Schools or the District Board.
"Sec. 6. It shall be the duty of the Board
of Suj)ervisors of the several counties in this
Territory, to divide their counties into school
districts when necessary, and subdivide the same
whenever petitioned by a majority of the citi-
zens thereof, and to furnish the County Ee-
corder of such county with a written description
of the boundaries of each district so formed;
which description must be filed with said County
Recorder before said district shall be entitled
to proceed with its organization by the election
of School District officers. Whenever it shall
be deemed necessary to form a School District
from parts of two or more counties, it shall be
the duty of the Board of Supervisors of each
county in which any part of the proposed joint
district shall be situated, to imite in laying out
THE FIFTH LEGISLATURE. 67
such joint district; and the Board of Super-
visors so assisting, shall file a description of said
joint district with the County Recorder of their
county; provided, however, that said Boards
shall not be allowed to form a district, unless the
area comprising said district shall contain
within its limits twenty children of the age
four and under twenty-one.
"Sec. 7. The several counties in this Terri-
tory shall, at their annual election, elect a com-
petent person to be Superintendent of Public
Schools in and for such county, who shall hold
his office during the school year commencing on
the first of November, or until his successor is
elected and qualified; who shall receive for his
service four dollars each day actually spent in
the discharge of his legal duties, and a reason-
able sum for his annual report to the County
Board of Education in his county; and every
Superintendent of Schools shall make out in
detail his account for official services rendered,
and make oath or affirmation to the correctness
of the same before some Justice of the Peace
in the county in which he resides, which oath
or affirmation shall be certified by said Justice
before such Superintendent's account shall be
presented to the County Recorder for allow-
ance, who shall audit and allow the same, or so
much thereof as is just and reasonable, and the
same shall be paid out of the County Treasury
upon the order of the County Recorder, who is
empowered to draw orders for the same ; but no
order shall be drawn to any such Superinten-
dent until he shall have filed vnth. the County
Recorder a receipt from the County Board of
68 HISTORY OF ARIZONA.
Public Schools for the statistical returns of the
preceding school year, in pursuance of the
requirements of section seventeen of this act.
"Sec. 8. The County Superintendent of
Public Schools shall have charge of the common
school interests of the county. He shall before
he enters upon the discharge of the duties of his
office, take and subscribe an oath or affirmation
to support the Constitution of the United States
and the act organizing this Territory, and faith-
fully to discharge the duties of his office, which
oath or affirmation shall be filed in the office of
the County Eecorder. He shall execute a bond
with approved security, payable to the Board of
County Supervisors; for the use of common
schools in said county, in the penal sum of five
hundred dollars. Said bond must be approved
by the Board of Supervisors, and filed in the
office of the County Recorder.
"Sec. 9. It shall be the duty of the County
Treasurer, on the first Monday of April in each
year, to furnish the County Superintendent of
Public Schools with a statement of the amount
of money in the County Treasury belonging to
the School Fund, and he shall pay the same upon
the order of said Superintendent to the proper
district officers
"Sec. 10. It shaU be the duty of the County
Superintendent of Public Schools, on the sec-
ond Monday of April in each year, or as soon
thereafter as he shall receive the statement of
the County Treasurer!, certifying the amount of
money in the County Treasury for the use of
common schools for the current year, to appor-
tion such amount to the several districts or parts
THE rrPTH LEGISLATURE. 69
of districts within the county, in proportion to
the members of children residing in each, over
the age of four and under the age of twenty-one
years, as the same shall appear from the last
annual reports of the Clerks of their respective
districts, and he shall draw his order on the
County Treasurer in favor of the several dis-
trict Treasurers, for the amount so apportioned
to each district.
''Sec. 11. It shall be the duty of the County
Superintendents to visit all such common schools
within their respective coimties as shall be or-
ganized according to law, at least once each year,
and oftener if they shall deem it necessary. At
such visitations the Superintendents shall ex-
amine into the state and condition of such
schools as respects the progress in learning and
the order and government of the schools; and
they may give advice to the teachers of such
schools as to the government thereof and the
course of study to be pursued therein, and shall
adopt all requisite measures for the inspection,
examination and regiilaton of the schools, and
for the improvement of the scholars in learning.
Every superintendent of common schools shall
take, or cause to be taken, between the first day
of October and the thirtieth day of November
in each year, an enumeration of all the children
resident in his county, between the ages of four
and twenty-one years.
"Sec. 12. He shall see that the annual re-
ports of the Clerks of the several school districts
in his county are made correctly, and in due
time.
70 HISTORY OF ARIZONA.
"Sec. 13. He shall hold a public examina-
tion for all persons offering themselves as
teachers of common schools, at the comity seat
of his county, on the last Saturday of April and
October in each year, notice of which shall be
given as publicly as possible; at which time he
shall grant certificates for not less than three
months nor more than one year, to such persons
as he may find qualified to teach orthograi3hy,
reading, writing, arithmetic, geography and
English grammar. All persons offering them-
selves as teachers, must produce evidence of
good moral character, and possess the requisite
capacity to conduct and govern a common
school; and any person receiving such certifi-
cate shall be deemed a qualified teacher within
the meaning of this act. Persons applying to
the County Superintendent for a certificate at
any other time than at the public examination,
shall pay to the said Superintendent the sum of
one dollar for his services.
"Sec. 14. Whenever a school district shall
be foi-med in any County, Superintendent of
Public Schools of such County, shall within
fifteen days thereafter, prepare a notice of the
formation of such district,^ describing its bound-
aries and stating the number thereof, and ap-
pointing a time and place for the district meet-
ing. He shall cause the notice thus prepared
to be posted in at least five public places in the
district, at least ten days before the time
appointed for such meeting.
"Sec. 15. The County Superintendent of
Public Schools shall perform all other duties of
THE FIFTH LEGISLATURE. 71
his said office that now are, or hereafter may be
prescribed by law; and he shall deliver to his
successor, within ten days after the expiration
of his term of office, all books and papers per-
taining to his office.
''Sec. 16. If any vacancy occurs in the office
of County Superintendent of Public Schools,
by death, resignation or otherwise, notice
thereof shall be given by the County Recorder
to the Board of Supervisors, who shall as soon
as practicable appoint some suitable person to
fill the vacancy; and the person receiving such
appointment, shall, before entering upon the dis-
charge of the duties of his office, file his oath or
affirmation in the County Recorder's office as
hereinbefore provided, and he shall discharge
all the duties of the office of County Superin-
tendent of Public Schools until a successor is
elected and qualified. He shall also give a like
bond to that required by this act to be given by
the County Superintendent of Public Schools.
"Sec. 17. The County Superintendent shall
make full and complete annual returns to the
several Boards of Supervisors in their respec-
tive counties, between the first and thirty-first
day of October in each year, of the number of
children between the ages of four and twenty-
one years, in the school districts within their
respective counties ; also the number of qualified
teachers employed, the length of time each dis-
trict school has been taught during the year,
the kind of text books used ; and the amounts ex-
pended in each district, out of moneys raised
for educational purposes, and for what pui7)ose
such amount was expended ; the amoimts raised
72 HISTORY OF ARIZONA.
in each district and the county, by taxation or
otherwise, for educational interests, and any
other items that may be of service to the Comity
Boards of Education in preparing their annual
reports.
"Sec. 18. The inhabitants qualified to vote
at a school district meeting^, lawfully assembled,
shall have power :
"First: To appoint a chairman to preside at
said meeting, in the absence of the Director.
"Second: To adjourn from time to time.
"Third : To elect a Director, Clerk and Treas-
urer, w^ho shall possess the qualifications of
voters, as prescribed in the next section of this
act, at the first and each annual meeting there-
after.
"Foui-th: To designate by vote a site for a
district school house.
"Fifth: To vote a tax aimually, not exceed-
ing one-half per cent on taxable property in the
district, as the meeting shall deem sufficient, to
purchase or lease a site, and to build, hire or
purchase a schoolhouse, and to keep in repair
and furnish the same with the necessary fuel,
stoves and benches.
"Sixth: To vote a district tax annually, not
exceeding one-half of one per cent, on the tax-
able property in the district, for the pay of
teachers' wages in the district.
"Seventh: To authorize and direct the sale
of any school house site, or other property be-
longing to the district, when the same shall no
longer be needful for the district.
"Eighth: To vote such tax as may be neces-
sary to furnish the school house with black-
THE FIFTH LEGISLATURE. 73
boards, outline maps, and apparatus necessary
for illustrating the principles of science, or for
discharge of any debts or liabilities of the dis-
trict lawfully incurred; provided, the tax shall
not exceed one-fourth of one per cent per
annum, and may be applied to any other pur-
poses by a vote of the district at any regularly
called meeting.
"Ninth: To give such directions and make
such provisions as may be deemed necessary in
relation to the prosecution or defense of any suit
or proceeding in which the district may be a
party.
"Tenth: To alter or repeal their proceedings
from time to time, as occasion may require, and
to do any other business contemplated in this
act.
"Sec. 19. The following persons shall be en-
titled to vote at any district meeting. All
persons possessing the qualifications of electors,
as defined by the act organizing this Territory,
and the laws of this Territory, and who shall be
actual residents of the district at the time of
offering to vote at such election.
"Sec. 20. If any person offering to vote at
a school district meeting shall be challenged as
unqualified by any legal voter, the chairman
presiding shall declare to the person challenged
the qualifications of a voter, and if such chal-
lenge be not withdrawn, the chairman, who is
hereby authorized, shall tender to the person
offering to vote, the following oath or affirma-
tion: 'You do solemnly swear (or affirm) that
you are an actual resident of this district, and
that vou are qualified by law to vote at this
74 HISTORY OF ARIZONA.
meeting.' Any person taking such oath or af-
firmation, shall be entitled to vote on all ques-
tions voted upon at such meeting.
"Sec. 21. Every school district shall be
deemed duly organized when the officers con-
stituting the district board shall be elected ; they
shall signify their acceptance to the County
Superintendent in writing, which he shall file
in his office. Every person duly elected to the
office of Director, Clerk or Treasurer of any
school district, and having entered upon the
duties of his office, shall neglect or refuse to
perform an}^ duty required of him by the provi-
sions of this act, shall forfeit the sum of ten
dollars to the School District Fund.
"Sec. 22. The officers of each school district
shall be a Director, Clerk and Treasurer, who
shall constitute the District Board, and wdio
shall hold their respective offices until the an-
nual meeting next following their election or
appointment, and until their successors are
elected and qualified.
"Sec. 23. Every school district, organized in
pursuance of the provisions of this act, shall be
a body corporate, in law, and shall possess the
usual* powers of a corporation for public pur-
poses, by the name and style of 'School District
No. (such number as may be designated by the
County Superintendent), County, (the name of
the county in which the district is situated)
Territory" of Arizona,' and in that name may
sue and be capable of contracting and being con-
tracted with, and holding such real or personal
estate as it may come in possession of by will
THE FIFTH LEGISLATURE. 75
or otherwise, or as is authorized to be purchased
by the provisions of this act.
"Sec. 24. An annual meeting of the qual-
ified directors of each school district shall be
held on the last Saturday of September of each
year, at such hour as the District Board shall
name. Special meetings may be called by any
member of the District Board, or by any five
legal voters, but notice of such special meeting,
stating the purposes for which it is called, shall
be posted in at least three public places within
the district, ten days previous to the time of
meeting.
"Sec. 25. Whenever the time for holding an
amiual meeting in au}^ district shall pass with-
out such meeting being held, the Clerk, or in his
absence, any other member of the District
Board, within twenty days after the time for
holding said annual meeting shall have passed,
may give notice of a special meeting by putting
up written notices thereof in three public places
within the district, at least five days previous
to the time of meeting ; but if such meeting shall
not be notified within twenty days, as aforesaid,
the County Superintendent may give notice of
such meeting in the manner provided for form-
ing new districts; and the officers chosen at such
special meeting shall hold their offices until the
next annual meeting, and until their successors
are elected and qualified.
"Sec. 26. The qualified voters at each an-
nual meeting, or at any special meeting duly
called, may determine the length of time a pub-
lic school shall be taught in their district for the
ensuing year, and whether such a school shall be
76 HISTORY OF ARIZONA.
taught by a male or female teacher, or both, and
whether the school money to which the district
may be entitled shall be applied to the support
of the Summer, or Winter term of the school,
or a certain portion to each ; but if such matter
shall not be determined at the annual or any
special meeting, it shall be the duty of the Dis-
trict Board to determine the same.
''Sec. 27. The Director of each district shall
preside at all district meetings, and shall sign
orders drawn by the Clerk, authorized by a dis-
trict meeting or by the District Board, upon the
Treasurer of the district, for moneys collected
or received by him to be disbursed therein. He
shall appear for and in behalf of the district in
all suits brought by or against the district, un-
less other directions shall be given by the voters
of such district at a district meeting.
"Sec. 28. The Clerk of each district shall
record the proceedings of his district in a book
provided by the district for that purpose, and
shall enter therein copies of all reports, made
by him to the County Superintendent; and he
shall keep and preserve all records, books and
papers belonging to his office, and deliver the
same to his successor in office.
''Sec. 29. The said Clerk shall be Clerk of
all district meetings, when present ; but if such
Clerk shall not be present at any district meet-
ing, the voters present may appoint a Clerk of
such meeting, who shall certify the proceedings
thereof, and the same shall be recorded by the
Clerk of the district.
"Sec. 30. It shall be the duty of the Clerk
to give at least ten days' notice previous to any
THE FIFTH LEGISLATURE. 77
annual or special district meeting, by posting up
notices thereof at three or more public places
in the district, one of which notices shall be
affixed to the outer door of the school house, if
there be one in the district ; and said Clerk shall
give the like notice of every adjourned meet-
ing, when such meeting shall have been ad-
journed for a longer period than one month.
Every notice for a special district meeting shall
specify the objects for which such meeting is
called, and no business shall be acted upon at
any special meeting, not specified in said notice.
''Sec. 31. The Clerk of the district shall
draw orders upon the Treasurer of the district,
for moneys in the hands of such Treasurer,
which have been apportioned to or raised by the
district to be applied to the payment of teach-
ers' wages, and apply such money to the pay-
ment of teachers' wages as shall have been em-
ployed by the district Board, or by the citizens
of the district; and the said Clerk shall draw
orders on the said Treasurer for moneys in the
hands of such Treasurer, to be disbursed for
any other purpose ordered by a district meeting,
or by the district Board, agreeably to the provi-
sions of this act.
''Sec. 32. It shall be the duty of the Clerk to
make out tax lists of all taxes legally authorized
by the district; and annex to such tax lists a
warrant under the hand of said Clerk directed
to the said Treasurer of said district, requir-
ing said Treasurer to collect the same therein
named.
"Sec. 33. The Clerk of each district shall,
between the first and twentieth days of Septem-
78 HISTORY OF ARIZONA.
ber in each year, make out and transmit a re-
port in writing to the County Superintendent
of Public Schools showing :
"First: The number of children, male and
female, designated separately, residing in the
district, or part of district, on the last day of
August previous to the date of such report, over
the age of four and under the age of twenty-one
years.
"Second: The number of children attend-
ing school during the year, their sex, and the
branches taught.
"Third: The length of time a school has
been taught in the district by qualified teacher,
the name of the teacher, the length of time
taught and the wages paid.
"Fourth: The amount of money received
from the County Treasurer within the year, and
the manner in which the same has been applied.
' ' Fifth : The amount of money raised by the
district in such year, and the purposes for which
it was raised.
"Sixth: The kind of books used in the
school, and such other facts and statistics in re-
gard to the district schools as the County Super-
intendent may require.
"Sec. 34. Whenever a school district shall
lie partly in two or more counties, the Clerk of
such district, in making his annual report, shall
carefully designate the number of children resi-
dent in the parts of the counties composing the
district, and shall report to the County Super-
intendent of Common schools of each of the
counties in which such district may be situated.
THE FIFTH LEGISLATURE. 79
''Sec. 35. The Treasurer shall execute to the
district a bond, in double the amount of money,
as near as can be ascertained, to come into his
hands as Treasurer of the district during the
year, with sufficient securities, to be approved
by the Director and Clerk, conditioned to the
faithful discharge of the duties of said office.
Such bond shall be filed with the district Clerk,
and in case of the breach of any condition
thereof, the Director shall cause a suit to be
commenced thereon in the name of the district,
and the money collected shall be applied by such
Director to the use of the district as the same
should have been applied by the Treasurer, and
if such Director shall neglect or refuse to prose-
cute, then any householder of the district may
cause such prosecution to be instituted.
"Sec. 36. If the Treasurer shall fail to give
bond as required in this act, or from sickness,
or any other cause, shall be unable to attend the
duties of said office, the District Board shall
appoint a Treasurer, who shall possess all the
powers of the District Treasurer, and shall, be-
fore entering upon the duties of said office, give
a bond as the District Treasurer is required to
give.
"Sec. 37. The Treasurer of each district
shall apply for and receive from the County
Treasurer all school money apportioned to his
district, and shall collect all district taxes as-
sessed in pursuance of the provisions of this
act, and pay over on the order of the Clerk,
signed by the Director of such district, all
money so received or collected by the said
Treasurer.
80 HISTORY OF ARIZONA.
"Sec. 38. If any District Treasurer shall
refuse or neglect to pay over any money in the
hands of such Treasurer belonging to the dis-
trict, it shall be the duty of his successor in
office to prosecute without delay, the official
bond of such treasurer for the recovery of such
money.
"Sec. 39. If, by the neglect of any Treas-
urer, any school money shall be lost to any
school district, which might have been received
from the County Treasurer, or collected from
the district tax assessed, said Treasurer shall
forfeit to such district the full amount of the
money so lost.
"Sec. 40. The Treasurer shall present to
the district, at each annual meeting, a report in
writing, containing a statement of all moneys
collected by him from the County Treasurer
during the year, from assessments in the dis-
trict, and the disbursements made, and exhibit
the vouchers thereof, which report shall be re-
corded by the Clerk ; and if it shall appear that
any balance of money is in his hands at the time
of making such report, he shall immediately
pay such balance to his successor.
"Sec. 41. The District Board shall purchase
or lease such a site for a school house, as shall
have been designated by the voters at a district
meeting, in the corporate name thereof, and
shall build, hire, or purchase such school house,
as the voters of the district, in a district meet-
ing, shall have agreed upon, out of the funds
provided for that purpose, and make sale of any
school house site or other property in the dis-
trict, and if necessary, execute a conveyance of
THE FIFTH LEGISLATUKE. 81
the same in the name of their office when law-
fully directed by the voters of such district at
any regular or special meeting, and shall carry
into effect all lawful orders of the district.
"Sec. 42. The District Board shall have the
care and keeping of the school house and other
property belonging to the district. They shall
have power to make such rules and regulations
relating to the district library as they may deem
proper, and to appoint some suitable person to
act as librarian, and to take charge of the school
apparatus belonging to the district.
"Sec. 43. The District Board shall have
power to admit scholars from adjoining dis-
tricts, and remove scholars for disorderly con-
duct in attendance at school.
"gee. 44. The District Board in each dis-
trict shall have power to contract with and hire
qualified teachers, for and in the name of the
district, which contract shall be in writing, and
shall specify the wages per week, or month, as
agreed upon by the parties, and such contract
shall be filed in the district Clerk's office; but
no District Board shall have power to hire any
person as a teacher, unless such person pro-
duce a certificate of qualification signed by the
County Superintendent.
"Sec. 45. The District Board shall provide
the necessary appendages for the school house,
during the time a school is taught therein, and
shall keep an account of all expenses thus in-
curred, and present the same for allowance at
any regular district meeting.
"Sec. 46. That all schools established under
the provisions of this act, shall at all times be
V— e
82 HISTORY OF ARIZONA.
equally free and accessible to all the children
resident therein, over four and under twenty-
one years, subject to such regulations as the Dis-
trict Board in each district may prescribe.
"Sec. 47. If a vacancy should occur in any
District Board by death, resignation, or other-
wise, the County Superintendent shall appoint
some suitable person to fill such vacancy.
"Sec. 48. In every school district there shall
be taught : orthography, reading, writing, arith-
metic, geography and English grammar if de-
sired, during the time school shall be kept, and
such other branches of education as may be de-
termined by the District Board.
"Sec. 49. The amount of district tax shall
not exceed one and one-half per cent, per an-
num. It shall be the duty of the Board of
Supervisors of each county in this Territory, at
The time of making the annual assessment, to
levy (in addition to the taxes already author-
ized by law to be levied) one-fifth of one per
cent, on all the taxable property in each county
in this Territory, for the support of public
schools in each of said counties, to be collected
at the time and (in) the manner prescribed by
law for the collection of other taxes; said tax,
when collected, shall be distributed to the sev-
eral school districts in each county in propor-
tion to the number of children over four and
under twenty-one years of age therein; and shall
be drawn from the County Treasury upon the
order of the County Superintendent of Public
Schools.
"Sec. 50. Said taxes w^hen collected, to-
gether with all moneys specially appropriated
THE FIFTH LEGISLATURE. 83
by the acts of this and all former Legislatures,
for the use and support of public schools in this
Territory, shall" be paid into the County Treas-
ury, and be drawn out as hereinbefore pro-
vided; said fund, so created, shall be known as
the Common School Fund, and shall not be paid
out for any other purpose, except for the hire
and pay of competent teachers.
"Sec. 51. All taxes raised and collected in
any school district, for any of the purposes au-
thorized in this act, shall be assessed on the
same kind of property as taxes for county pur-
poses are assessed.
"Sec. 52. The Clerk of the school district,
in making out any tax list, shall enter therein
the names of all persons liable to pay a school
tax, the amount of personal property to be taxed
to each person, and a description of all taxable
real estate in the district, distinguishing that
owned by non-residents of the district, and he
shall set opposite to each description of taxable
property the valuation of the same, and the
amount of tax charged upon such property, and
to each person respectively, or tract of land
owned by non-residents; and such description
and valuation of taxable property shall be as-
certained, as far as possible, from the last as-
sessment roll of the County.
"Sec. 53. Whenever any real estate in any
school district shall not have been separately
valued in the assessment roll of the county, and
the value of such estate cannot be definitely as-
certained from such assessment roll, the Dis-
trict Board of such district shall estimate the
84 HISTORY OF ARIZONA.
value of the same, and apportion the taxes
thereon.
"Sec. 54. The warrant annexed to any tax
list, shall be under the hand of the Clerk of the
district, and shall command the Treasurer of
the district to collect from each of the persons
and corporations named in said tax list, the sev-
eral sums set opposite their names, within forty
days from the date thereof, and within twenty
days from the time of receiving such warrant
to personally demand such tax of the persons
charged therewith and residing within his Dis-
trict; and that if any tax shall not be paid
within twenty days thereafter, to collect the
same by distress and sale of property in the
same manner as the county taxes are collected;
and the said Treasurer shall execute the said
warrant and return the same to the Clerk at the
expiration of the time limited therein for the
collection of such tax list; provided, that when
the owners of property within the district are
non-residents, they shall be notified, by the
Treasurer, if their place of residence is known,
and if within the county they shall make pay-
ment within thirty days; if not within the
county, but in the Territory, they shall pay
within forty days, and if without the Territory
they shall make payment within sixty days.
Provided, further, that said Treasurer shall be
entitled to collect two per cent over and above
the sums to be collected in the tax list. And
whenever the said Collector shall be compelled
to resort to distress and sale of property to ob-
tain any tax, he shall be entitled to, and may
take out of the proceeds of such sale, in addition
THE FIFTH LEGISLATURE. 85
to the above mentioned fees, the same fees as
the County Collector is entitled to under similar
circumstances.
*'Sec. 55. The warrant issued by the Clerk
of any school district, for the collection of any
district tax authorized by the provisions of this
act, may be executed anywhere within the limits
of the county ; and such warrants shall have the
like force and effect as a warrant issued for the
collection of county taxes; and the Treasurer of
the district, to whom any such warrants may be
delivered for collection of a tax list, shall pos-
sess the like powers in the execution of the same
as provided by law for the collection of county
taxes.
"Sec. 56. Whenever any error may be dis-
covered in any district tax list, the district
Board may order any money which may have
been improperly collected on such tax list to be
refunded, and authorize the Clerk of the district
to amend and correct such error in said tax list.
*'Sec. 57. Whenever any district tax, law-
fully assessed shall be paid by any person on
account of any real estate whereof he is only
tenant, such tenant may charge and collect of
the owner of such estate, the amount of tax so
paid by him, unless some agreement to the con-
trary shall have been made by the tenant.
"Sec. 58. It shall be the duty of the teacher
of every district school, to make out and file
with the district Clerk at the expiration of each
term of school, a full report of the whole num-
ber of scholars enrolled, distinguishing between
male and female, the average number in daily
attendance, the text books used, the branches
86 HISTORY OF ARIZONA.
taught, and the number of pupils engaged in
the study of said branches. Any teacher who
shall neglect or refuse to comply with the re-
quirements of this section, shall forfeit the sum
of ten dollars to such a school district, at the
discretion of the District Board.
''Sec. 59. Every Clerk of a District Board
who shall wilfully sign a false report to the
County Superintendent of his county, shall be
deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and punished
by a fine not exceeding one hundred dollars, or
by imprisonment not exceeding three months.
''Sec. 60. Every School District Clerk or
Treasurer, who shall neglect or refuse to de-
liver to his successor in office, all records and
books belonging to his office, shall be subject to
a fine not exceeding fifty dollars.
"Sec. 61. When any kind of judgment shall
be obtained against any school district, the Dis-
trict Board shall levy a tax on the taxable prop-
erty in the district, for payment thereof; such
tax shall be collected as other school district
taxes, but no execution shall issue on judgment
against a school district.
"62. No school district officer in this act,
shall receive any compensation for his services
out of the County or School District Fund.
"63. All acts and parts of acts in conflict
with the provisions of this act are hereby re-
pealed."
The word "members" in Sec. 10, is e^adently
a misprint for "numbers." Other sections of
the act being crudely expressed, the meaning is
vague and uncertain, but with all its defects
this law was the foundation upon which was
THE FIFTH LEGISLATURE. 87
reared the unsurpassed common school system
of Arizona.
This Legislature also passed an Act locating
the Territorial Prison at or near the town of
Phoenix in the county of Yavapai and Terri-
tory of Arizona, which act was approved De-
cemher 7th, 1868. This law was never enforced.
88 HISTORY OF ARIZONA.
CHAPTEK IV.
WHAT CONGRESS DID FOR ARIZONA.
Collection District Proposed — Improvements
ON Colorado Eiver Indian Reservation —
Delegate Bashford's Speech upon — De-
bate UPON — Amendment to Postal Bn.L —
Delegate Bashford's Speech upon — Acts
OF Third, Fourth and Fifth Legislatures
Legalized — Sixth Legislature held at
Tucson.
At the Congressional Session of 1867-68, Coles
Bashford, the Arizona Delegate in Congress,
introduced a bill to create a collection district
for Arizona, which bill was read the first and
second time and referred to the Committee on
Ways and Means, where it remained.
On May 29, 1868, an amendment to the
Appropriation Bill was introduced by Mr.
Windom, reading as follows:
''For completing construction of irrigating
canal on the Colorado reservation, breaking and
fencing lands, purchase of seeds, teams and
tools, construction of agency buildings, subsist-
ence, etc., $84,500."
Upon this amendment Mr. Bashford spoke as
follows : May 29, 1868.
"Mr. Chairman, I had not intended to say
anything upon this amendment proposed by the
chairman of the Committee on Indian Affairs.
That committee made, so far as they were able,
a careful examination into this subject, and
although there was not a full attendance, the
WHAT CONGRESS DID FOR ARIZONA. 89
members present were unanimously in favor of
the amendment now offered. Now, Mr. Chair-
man, as the representative on this floor of Ari-
zona Territory, I wish to state what I know of
the Indians of that country after a residence
there of some five years.
''The amendment proposes to bring together
some ten thousand Indians who now have no
local habitation, no home, and put them upon
the reservation. During the discussion upon
this bill I have heard a great deal about our
Indian policy. It has been argued that the
policy pursued by the Government is unwise.
But, sir, can any better Indian policy be
adopted than that contemplated by this amend-
ment, which is to give the Indians a home, to
put them upon a reservation where they can be
self-sustaining ^
''The principal difficulty in making treaties
with the Indians has been that when you have
made a treaty, the Indians having no home, you
have not been able to enforce it. You cannot
punish them when they violate their treaty obli-
gations. But when you put them upon a res-
ervation, where they gather about them their
families, their horses, their cattle, where they
engage in the cultivation of their fields, they
always keep their treaties, because they can be
punished when they violate them. Sir, the true
Indian policy to be pursued by this Government
is to place these Indians upon reservations.
"Now, sir, this canal is some thirty miles
long, some nine feet deep, and some twenty feet
wide. It will irrigate land enough for all these
Indians, and some more — not Indians to be
90 HISTORY OF ARIZONA.
picked, as the gentleman from Massachusetts
has said — but some Indians known as the River
Indians, who are friendly when they are prop-
erly treated; who have always been friendly as
a general rule. And, sir, they have only been
hostile as the result of such a policy as is con-
templated by this bill without the proposed
amendment. Ever since the acquisition of this
Indian country by the United States the Gov-
ernment has, through its representatives and
agents, held out to these Indians the prospect
that they should be placed upon reservations
and cared for, as contemplated by this amend-
ment. By failing to carry out this policy, you
render the Indians hostile; and sir, I say, not
for the purpose of affecting this vote, that the
safety of the people of the country would be
endangered if these ten or twelve thousand
Indians should join hands with the Apaches.
''Upon this reservation all the Indians of
that country can be supported and cared for;
and instead of being our enemies they will be
our friends. We have heretofore raised com-
panies of Indians to fight the Apaches, who
have been our foes, stealing our property and
murdering our people. I presume that this
amendment was not properly presented and
pressed before the Committee upon Appropria-
tion, otherwise they would have been in favor
of it. I knoAv that it contemplates the only
policy which the United States can wisely pur-
sue in regard to the Indians in that far off
country. ' '
Mr. Windom, in support of the amendment,
had the clerk read the following:
WHAT CONGRESS DID TOR ARIZONA. 91
''Plats of survey for canal are on file in the
Indian Bureau. Estimated cost about one hun-
dred and twenty thousand dollars, but by Indian
labor can be done for much less. The canal,
now already under course of construction, is
thirty miles in length, twenty feet wide, with an
average depth of about nine feet. When com-
pleted will irrigate seventy-five thousand acres
of land. The work is being prosecuted by the
Indians, who work with a will, and it is confi-
dently expected that the entire work will be
completed during the present year, alfording
a home for ten or twelve thousand Indians, and
rendering them in the future entirely self-
sustaining. Should this appropriation fail
fears are entertained that the labor already
performed may be lost by reason of rains and
overflow of river. This appropriation is asked
also for breaking and fencing lands, building
of houses, purchase of seed, agricultural imple-
ments, etc.
"There are but two reservations in Arizona —
the one on the Colorado river, for which the
appropriation is asked, and the Maricopa and
Pima reserve on the Gila river. This latter is
now self-sustaining, and with an Indian popu-
lation of six thousand, whose boast is 'that they
do not know the color of the white man's blood,'
furnishing statistical returns of products of last
year amounting to $200,000,, and during the year
have furnished corn for supply of contracts to
the Government troops in Arizona (Fort Whip-
ple) at a rate one-half less than has ever been
furnished heretofore. ' '
92i HISTORY or ARIZONA.
The following debate then took place in regard
to this amendment:
MR. WINDOM (Wm. Windom of Minne-
sota) : — "These facts were presented to me by
Superintendent Dent. I laid them before a
minority of the Committee on Indian Aifairs —
there were no more present — and they imani-
mously directed me to offer this amendment.
I believe it to be good policy, and that the Gov-
ernment would save money by completing this
work, because it would furnish employment to
the Indians in the Territory, tending to civilize
them, for if they are kept at work, enabled to
raise corn, etc., they will be able to take care of
themselves, and we would save the cost of keep-
ing a military force there. If this amount, or
a portion of it, is not now appropriated, it is
said that what has already been appropriated
will be lost."
MR. MILLER (George F. Miller of Pennsyl-
vania) : — "How much has been already appro-
priated?"
MR. WINDOM:— "About fifty thousand dol-
lars. ' '
MR. BUTLER (Benjamin F. Butler of
Massachusetts) : — "I will read to the Com-
mittee of the Whole all the information upon
this subject which was sent to us by the Sec-
retary of the Interior to justify this appro-
priation. It is from a letter written by
Superintendent Dent, of Arizona Territory :
" 'Referring to the estimate of $84,500 for
completing the irrigating canal of the Colorado
reservation, I again invite your attention to the
WHAT CONGRESS DID FOR ARIZONA. 93
insufficiency of the appropriation of $50,000
current this year to accomplish the whole work.
" 'The amount above stated, in addition, I
think, will complete the ditch, buildings, etc.
I trust that you will concur in this sum, and
effect its being appropriated.
" 'Item No. 7, relating to the sum of $20,000
for maintaining Indians on the reservation that
may be turned over by the military, I regard as
very important. There can be no reasonable
doubt but that the considerable force now en-
gaged against the hostiles will conquer bands
or tribes during the coming year, and it is highly
proper that they should be immediately brought
on the reservation, kept there by force, if neces-
sary, and maintained until they can be made
self-sustaining. '
"The proposition, therefore, is to appropriate
$84,000, in addition to the $50,000 already appro-
priated, for the purpose of building an irrigat-
ing canal for Indians, a large portion of whom
are yet to be caught, and brought in and set to
work on the land which is to be thus inigated."
MR. WINDOM:— "The gentleman is mis-
taken on that point. There are several tribes of
Indians there, two of them the largest in the
Territory, I believe. They are now industrious,
and have never been at w^ar wdth the whites at
all. Only a portion of the Indians, one tribe,
is warlike."
MR. BUTLER :— "Upon examining the whole
matter as well as w^e could the committee came
to the conclusion that this was an expenditure
that could wait, and hence struck out the appro-
94 HISTOEY OF ARIZONA.
priation. The gentleman now proposes to put
it in.
"I want to call the attention of the committee
to the fact that in this bill we appropriate
$35,000 to take care of the Indians of this Ter-
ritory. According to the official returns there
are seven thousand of them. We appropriate
$15,000 to take care of ninety-three hundred
and thirty Indians in Idaho. Now, the amend-
ment asks an appropriation to build a canal. A
canal nine feet deep, instead of being merely
for purposes of irrigation, looks to me like a
manufacturing project. Somebody, I imagine,
wants to get water power. It is an immense
work, and must cost quite a large amount. I
think it had better wait a year. The Indians
always have been without it, and in my judg-
ment they can live without it another year. I
hope the amendment will not prevail."
The amendment was rejected.
The canal in question was never built. The
$50,000 which was said to have been appro-
priated before for this purpose was used, just
how no one knows, for according to Genung,
there was less than one-half a mile of the canal
built and the River Indians were never collected
upon this reservation. A part of the Mohaves
were gathered there, but the most of them were
on the war-path in 1868, as will be seen further
on in this history.
At this session of Congress an amendment
was passed to the postal bill, which bill was en-
titled "An Act to provide for carrying the mails
from the United States to foreign ports, and for
WHAT CONGRESS DID FOR ARIZONA. 95
other purposes," approved March 25th, 1864.
The fourth section of this law was as follows :
"And be it further enacted. That all mailable
matter which may be conveyed by mail westward
beyond the western boundary of Kansas, and
eastward from the eastern boundary of Cali-
fornia, shall be subject to prepaid letter postage
rates; Provided, however. That this section shall
not be held to extend to the transmission by mail
of newspapers from a known office of publication
to bona fide subscribers, not exceeding one copy
to each subscriber, nor to franked matter to and
from the intermediate points between the bound-
aries above named at the usual rates : Provided
further. That such franked matter shall be sub-
ject to such regulations as to its transmission
and delivery as the Postmaster General shall
prescribe."
The bill was first considered in the House and
an amendment striking out this section was
passed, causing it to take effect immediately.
In the Senate this amendment was inserted :
''Strike out all after the enacting clause, and
in lieu thereof insert the following :
" 'The operation of the fourth section of an
act to provide for carrying the mails of the
United States to foreign ports, and for other
purposes, approved March 25, 1864, shall cease
and determine on and after the 30th day of
September, 1868,' " the Senate fixing the time
when the amendment should go into effect, as
will be seen, on the 30th of September, 1868,
when the contracts for carrying the mails would
cease. The bill came back, as amended by the
Senate, for concurrence in the house. A lively
96 HISTORY OF ARIZONA.
fight was had upon the amendment. The Chair-
man of' the Committee on Post Office and Post
Roads, Mr. Farnsworth of Illinois, endeavored
to have it referred to his committee, with the
intent, as charged by some of the friends of the
bill, upon the floor of the House, to kill the bill.
The ensuing debate was participated in by the
Delegates from Colorado^ Montana and Arizona,
and Mr. Ashley, Representative from the State
of Nevada, in which it was shown that news-
papers only forty and fifty miles from the rail-
road which was built at that time, had to be sent
by express, and cost seventy-five cents a pound ;
that newspapers printed in San Francisco and
in the East were sold at twenty-five cents a copy
by the news agents on account of this excessive
tariff ; that periodicals and magazines were sold
at a dollar and a half a copy ; that books which
cost probably at wholesale by the publishers
fifty cents a copy, were sold at two and three
dollars. This, it was contended, was a tax upon
intelligence. The populations of these Terri-
tories, amounting in the aggregate to between
two and three hundred thousand people,
pioneers in these localities, could not afford
reading matter on account of the excessive
tariff.
The debate was a long one, and the represen-
tative from the State of Nevada, and the Dele-
gates from the Territories affected, were heard.
Mr. Bashford, Delegate from Arizona, spoke as
follows in favor of the amendment and its imme-
diate passage :
''Mr. Speaker, this bill has been deliberately
considered in this House. All the objections
WHAT CONGRESS DID FOR ARIZONA. 97
made to it were met at the time when it passed.
It was deliberately considered in the Senate, and
they put an amendment upon the bill fixing a
future day for it to go into operation. No one
can object to that except the friends of the bill.
Instead of going into effect immediately it is
to go into effect at a future day. We make no
objection to that. If I understand the chair-
man of the Committee on the Post Office and
Post Roads he does not go back and renew the
objections made here at the time the bill was
passed, but says that since that time there have
been contracts entered intoi, and this would
affect those contracts, and those contractors
would come here and charge the Government
more than they otherwise would if we should
take this restriction off of jDrinted mail matter.
Now, this question has been before Congress
for the last year and more. This bill was in-
troduced a long time before; and, sir, if it had
been desirable, if the Committee on the Post
Office and Post Roads had wished this bill to
pass, how easy it would have been for them to
suspend, by joint resolution, the letting of these
contracts until the bill was passed, and then
urged the bill through the House, putting our
people upon equal footing in all respects with
other people of the United States. The pio-
neers who go into our remote Territories have
hardships enough to endure. They have dan-
gers and trou])les to meet from the Indians.
You have collectors and receivers of public
money among us. You make us help bear the
burdens of Government, and yet deny us the
yo HISTORY OF ARIZONA.
right to send newspapers and other printed mat-
ter through the mails. I think it would be a
great injustice not to pass this at once. I hope,
therefore, it will not be referred to the Com-
mittee on the Post Office and Post Roads."
As I have said, it was hotly contested by the
Connnittee on the Post Office and Post Roads,
but finally the House concurred in the amend-
ment of the Senate, and the bill was passed.
Thereafter all printed matter was carried
through the mails and not by Wells, Fargo &
Company.
Wells, Fargo & Company, upon the building
of the Central Pacific, by some agreement with
that corporation, took over the exclusive right
to forward express matter over their lines, and,
therefore, there was an alliance between this
corporation and that of the Pacific Railroads
w^hich made a strong combination in Congress.
It is the first and for many years the only time
in Congress w^hen a combination of the Express
and Railroad Companies was defeated in any
measure they wished to pass.
In 1867 a decision was handed down by Judge
Backus declaring that the Third, Fourth and
Fifth Legislatures of Arizona w^ere illegal, the
apportionment for which was made by the Gov-
ernor instead of by the Legislature, as required
by the Organic Act. This decision threw every-
thing into confusion. Laws passed during these
sessions and criminals convicted, w^ere all de-
clared illegal, and Congress was called upon and
did, in the session of 1869-70, pass a bill, legaliz-
ing the action of these Legislatures. There was
WHAT CONGRESS DID FOR ARIZONA. 99
no Territorial Legislature called here in 1869,
for the reason that Mr. McCormick, the Gov-
ernor,, was elected to Congress and took his seat
in 1868, while his successor, Gov. Safford, did
not arrive in the Territory until after the time
had elapsed for the calling of the Legislature,
and the Secretary for some reason or other
failed to do so.
The next Legislature of Arizona was held in
1871 at Tucson, and thereafter sessions were
held hiennially instead of annually.
100 HISTOEY OF ARIZONA.
CHAPTER V.
EXPLORATIONS AND SURVEYS.
Kansas Pacific Railway's Expedition for
Southern Railway to Pacific Coast —
Story of by William A. Bell — Fort
Bowie — Murders by and Adventures
With the Indians.
In the spring of 1867 tlie Kansas Pacific Rail-
way Company organized a very extensive sur-
veying expedition to determine upon the best
route for a southern railway to the Pacific Coast
through Kansas, Colorado, New Mexico, Aii-
zona, and the southern part of California.
Until the Rio Grande del Norte, about equidis-
tant from the Mississippi and the Pacific, was
reached, three separate surveying parties were
employed, but between that river and the Pacific
coast there were no less than five parties, each
equipped to make an accurate instrumental sur-
vey across that part of the continent by different
routes on different parallels of latitude. For
this expedition the United States Government
furnished escorts and transportation and other
assistance, without which the undertaking, at
that time, would have been impossible, for most
of the Indian tribes were at war with the whites.
These expeditions were under the general
charge of General W. W. Wrights who con-
tinued in personal charge of them imtil they
reached the Rio Grande, when he returned to
Denver to make reports to his principals, and
EXPLORATIONS AND SURVEYS. 101
left the completion of the surveys in the hands
of General W. J. Palmer.
At Fort Craig the several parties were re-
organized, their numbers increased, and their
escorts doubled preparatory to exploring the
difficult country lying to the westward. From
the Eio Grande to the Colorado of the West,
and thence across the desert, or Great Basin,
as it was commonly called, into California, the
parties surveyed and examined two entirely
different districts, lying parallel to each other
but separated by lofty mountains and table-
lands, and distant from each other only about
two degrees. One party, consisting of three
bodies of surveyors, passed into California
through the Moqui country and northern Ari-
zona, a country famous for its wild and beautiful
scenery and studded over with the ruins of an
extinct population. This was along the 35th
parallel and had been explored by Whipple, in
1854-5, and afterwards by Lieutenant Beale in
1858. It is known as the 35th parallel route
across the continent, and the survey made bj^
these parties was afterwards used in the con-
struction of the Santa Fe and Atlantic & Pacific
Railroads through Arizona.
The other part of the expedition, consisting
of two surveying parties, descended the Rio
Grande valley for a distance of seventy-two
miles below Fort Craig before turning west-
ward. They then explored the barren districts
lying between the Rio Gila and the boundary of
Mexico, this route b(>ing known as the 32d
parallel route. The route laid out by this ex-
pedition was somewhat changed in the construe-
102 HISTORY OF ARIZONA.
tion of the road later by tlie Southern Pacific
Company.
An account of these surveys is contained in a
book printed in London, England, in 1870, en-
titled ^'New Tracks in North America," by
William A. Bell, avIio started out as photog-
rapher for one of the parties and afterwards
became physician and surgeon for the party.
The story of Mr. Bell is one of absorbing
interest. It gives in detail many camp scenes
and also tells of the difficulties encountered in
prosecuting the survey at that time. His ac-
comit of the arrival of the expedition at Fort
Bowie, and what happened there is as follows:
'^Fort Bowie is situated about six miles up
the pass. It consists of a small collection of
adobe houses, built on the summit of a hill, which
rises as a natural lookout station in the centre
of the defile, and commands the road both ways
for two or three miles of its length. The only
officers at the time of our visit were Lieutenant
Carrol, Lieutenant Hubbard, and the resident
surgeon ; the only troops, one small company of
forty men. The officers insisted upon Lawson,
Colton, and myself sharing their quarters ; they
had not had a visitor of any kind for months,
and had almost forgotten that the world was
inhabited.
"After luncheon I strolled out upon a higher
hilltop to choose a good position for taking a
photograph of the fort and pass. The view was
a very beautiful one, for we were hemmed in
on all sides by lofty mountains^, the most con-
spicuous of which is Helen's Dome. Some two
miles distant in the pass, the sheep and oxen
EXPLORATIONS AND SURVEYS. 103
belonging to the fort were peacefully graz-
ing, when suddenly I perceived a commotion
amongst the garrison. All were hurrying to the
highest part and looking towards the cattle,
from which direction I heard a few shots fired.
It appeared on inquiry that the mail carrier,
going west to Tucson, had only gone on his way
a short distance past the cattle, just beyond the
turning in the road which hid him from the fort,
when he suddenly came ux)on two Indians who
w^ere stealthily creeping up towards the stock.
Shots were exchanged, and he immediately
turned back to give the alarm to the men guard-
ing the cattle, and to the sentinels at the fort.
The Indians showed themselves two or three
times in the open, and then disappeared. It
was useless for us, with our wearied horses, to
join in the chase after a couple of naked red
men, so we remained behind.
"So poorly supplied was this little fort, if
such a term may be applied to a collection of
mud huts, that two horses represented the entire
stock. It was customary to keep one of them
with the herd and the other in the stable, and
the favorite chestnut of the lieutenant's, a high
mettled, splendid creature, happened this day
to be at home. It was immediately saddled.
Carrol was quite young; he had only seen eigh-
teen summers, and looked even younger, for his
hair was very fair, and he had not the least tinge
of whisker on his smooth cheeks. I remember
watching him spring with one bound from the
ground into his saddle, wave his hand merrily
to us, and then dash down the steep winding'
road which led from the fort to the pass below.
104 HISTORY OF ARIZONA.
Again we saw him racing as fast as the horse
could gallop along the pass after the mail car-
rier, who, being previously mounted, had started
off with the infantry. I went back to my photog-
raphy, for there w^ere many views I wished to
obtain ; but my friend. Lieutenant Lawson, could
not remain long inactive. He was a great char-
acter. Although very short, quite grey with
years, and not in the least like a military man,
he was the gamest little fellow I ever met. So
fond of soldiering did he become during the war,
that he could not settle down again to business.
Though one of the steadiest of men, and a re-
ligious man also, a great rarity out West, he
actually left his good wife and family comfort-
ably settled at Cincinnati, changed his social
position from wholesale hardware merchant and
ex-colonel of volunteers to simple lieutenant in
the regular army, and started to join a Western
regiment. The merest chance of a brush with
the Indians was irresistible; so he ordered out
his six men and their six jaded horses, and off
they went down the winding road, and then
away out of sight along the pass.
"As the afternoon went by most of the in-
fantry returned by twos and threes, and we
were just sitting cIowtl to dinner when Lieu-
tenant Lawson and his men rode into the fort.
They had hunted about all over the mountain
and' through the ravines, but had encountered
no savages, nor even caught a glimpse of a red-
skin. Carrol, to our surprise, was not with
them. We made inquiries, and found that all
had reported themselves except the lieutenant
and the mail carrier. We questioned those who
EXPLORATIONS AND SUEVEYS. 105
had gone the furthest, and a shepherd just back
from over the hills ; these agreed that they had
heard the distant report of firearms, coming
apparently from the western plain. This was
the direction the two redskins had taken. So
we saddled our horses without a moment's de-
lay, and, with sickening forebodings in our
hearts, started across the mountains to the west-
ern plain. We scrambled up the base of Helen 's
Dome, which was so steep as almost to baffle our
horses, w^ell trained as they were to all sorts of
bad places ; then, after skirting the side for some
distance, w^e crossed a ravine to another moim-
tain slope, down which we plunged, over large
blocks of limestone and marble, leading our
horses by the bridles, and clambering through
them as best we could. Every moment was
precious, for the sun had almost set before we
reached the plain.
''Then we spread out in line, nine in number;
for there was no enemy in sight, and our only
hope was to strike the trail; for we knew they
must have passed somewhere in this direction.
Every eye was fixed on the ground, every blade
of grass was closely scanned; our souls w^ere in
our eyes. At last one marked 'pony tracks';
then another called out, 'This way they lead';
not two, three or four tracks, but many; per-
haps a dozen. The white men had evidently
followed too far in pursuit, and falling into an
ambuscade, had been cut off from their com-
rades. Most of the hoofprints were naked, but
two set were shod. These were certainly those
of the missing horses. We could not hurry on
very rapidly without losing the trails^ and yet
106 HISTORY OF ARIZONA.
there was not half an hour's daylight. For
three miles farther we pressed on, carefully
tracking our way. We passed a spot much
tram23led down and blood-stained. Here the
poor fellows had made a stand; had probably
tried to cut their way back through their
enemies, who were driving them from the fort.
A little further, and all hope of one life was
gone. The mail carrier lay stretched upon the
open plain — scalped, naked, and mutilated — in
the setting sun. This poor man wore whiskers,
and the savages produced even a more startling
effect than usual by scalping one of them. Thus
half of the face was stripped of skin, and the
bleeding muscles were laid bare.
' ' We could not stop a moment ; but, dragging
up two huge maguay plants to mark the spot, we
followed the pony tracks. The sun sank, and
it was only by the red glare thrown up from
behind the horizon, and reflected by the bare
moimtains of rock to the east of us, that we
were able to track our way. So difficult was it
at last that we began to desj)air of ever learn-
ing the fate of poor Carrol. We longed to see
his dead body; for the idea of his being taken
alive to be tortured and roasted over a slow fire,
whilst the fiends danced around him, and ex-
ulted over his agony, was the one dread consum-
mation which made our blood run cold. No one
spoke, for we all knew that such would be his
fate if that sun had not shone upon his corpse.
''As we took a last searching look over the
dimly lighted plain in front of us, we saw an
object move slightly on the grass. We quickly
rode towards it, and in half a mile further we
EXPLORATIONS AND SURVEYS. 107
found that it was the faithful dog of the lieu-
tenant. He was guarding the stiff and lifeless
body of his master. So we wrapped the naked
body in a saddle cloth and tied it on a horse.
"But for the moon we should not have found
the spot where the mail carrier lay. We placed
him also on another horse, and then turned our
faces towards the pass. The wolves were
already gathering around the spot, and the
night winds were blowing up cold and chill.
The night before, that same beautiful moon
which now shone peacefully down upon us, had
lighted us through the noble gorge in the Pelon-
cello Mountains, while we sang choruses and
enjoyed the grandeur of the scene. This night
she lighted us through another gorge, in an-
other range of mountains — Apache Pass — but
how different were our feelings as slowly we
marched in mournful silence over the nine miles
which led up to the fort! Thus ended the 5th of
November.
'^Next morning we buried the poor fellows in
the little graveyard amongst the mountains.
The doctor read the burial service, and Lieu-
tenants Hubbard, Colton, Law^son, and myself
w^ere the chief mourners. When the final volley
had been fired over our two poor comrades, and
I turned to glance at the tablets of their com-
panions, I read on the wooden crosses over
every grave but one, the same sad story of their
fate —
'* 'KILLED BY THE APACHES.'
"When Cachees' six best warriors were wan-
tonly hanged five years before, that bold chief-
108 HISTORY OF ARIZONA.
tain vowed that for eveiy-one of his lost com-
rades, a hundred white men should die by the
hands of himself and his band. Two more
scalps were thus added to the long strings of
those which already hung from the belts of the
Chiricahui braves."
On the northern route, also, the parties there
came into frequent contact with the Apaches,
one of which. General Palmer's account of his
own personal experience, I give below:
"Camp in Signal Canyon.
Eastern Foot of Mogollon Range,
Near San Francisco Mountain,
Arizona, Dec. 8, 1867.
''After climbing and scrambling among these
mountains for more than two weeks since leav-
ing Prescott, endeavoring to find a route east-
ward to the Colorado Chiquito without passing
over San Francisco Mountain, I have at last
reached the valley of that river, and am waiting
here in camp this pleasant December Sunday
for the return of Hinchman, whom I have sent
down the river to get news if possible of Green-
wood's whereabouts. Hinchman will probably
find a mound there with a letter buried, con-
taining an account of Greenwood's movements,
and stating where we can find him. We have
two signal fires burning on the highest points
overlooking our camp to guide Hinchman to us,
and from this we have called the tributary of
Canyon Diablo in which we are encamped,
'Signal Canyon.' I have called it a camp, but
it is only a 'high toned' bivouac, as we parted
EXPLORATIONS AND SURVEYS. 109
with tents and wagons a fortnight ago, and since
that time have relied on pack mules, and even
these have been unable to cross the rugged
country through which this reconnaissance has
been made without sacrificing some of their
number to the good of the cause.
"Last Monday, for instance^ at the close of
the day, while following an old Indian trail
across one of the MogoUon ranges, suddenly,
without the least previous indication, there
yawned at our feet one of those fearful chasms
• — the terror of all tired travelers, when they
think a few more miles of gentle march will
bring them to a good camping spot — which are
here one of the great characteristics of the
country. If 'unexpectedness' be one of the ele-
ments of romantic grandeur in scenery, this gulf
of brown and grey rock has high claims for pre-
eminence in this respect, with its precipitous
sides, 500 feet deep, and apparently so narrow
that it is first difficult to appreciate fully the
hard fact that, before you can continue your
march, it is absolutely necessary to descend
to the very bottom, and then, if you can, to
ascend on the other side. Perhaps days would
have to be consumed in heading the inexorable
channel. There is no help for it, and although
the tall spruce trees in the bed look like saplings,
and the stream of water rushing along among
great boulders resembles a thread, and your
head swims as you gaze down from the brink,
the course lies east — northeast ; and where none
but the Apache has ever gone down before, and
he on foot, you have to lead your horse, jumping
out of his way when he slips and slides on the
110 HISTORY OF ARIZONA.
bare rock, and dodging the loose boulders which
are rolled down by the column following you.
''It is assumed in this country that wherever
an Indian has made a foot trail a pack mule can
follow. We expected to come across many such
paths, and, after our previous experience, would
have been much surprised had we not met some
of the trail makers as well as their trails. In
the ascent of this canyon by which we are
camped there was considerable difficulty. One
strong mule, having nearly reached the top,
slii3ped and rolled over and over till he reached
the bottom — dead. Another tumbled nearly as
far, but must have had a very steady and well
ordered brain, as the moment he struck the
river bed below, he stood upon his feet, and has
made a day 's march with us since ; but we had
to shoot him yesterday. A third tumbled half-
way down, and is an ugly spectacle, with his
gashed eye and flank, but is marching along all
right now, doing regular service.
' ' But very few days have passed since leaving
Prescott in which we did not meet recent signs
of Indians; the rude wigwams of bunch grass
and branches, which the Arizonians call 'wicky-
ups'; the moccasin tracks, the mescal heaps,
where the Indian has been roasting his supply
of winter subsistence, composed almost entirely,
of this root; the sweating house or earth oven,
which he gets into when sick, and which is almost
his sole remedy for disease ; the fresh trail, and
the ' ranch eria,' or village of a greater or less
number of wigwams.
"We have been surrounded by these con-
stantly, but all were abandoned; and although
EXPLORATIONS AND SURVEYS. Ill
the stealthy Apache was watching us from every
rocky lookout, we could nowhere catch sight of
him. An inexperienced traveler would have
imagined that there had been a general exodus,
and that the whole race had disappeared — had
gone to the Tonto basin, or the Gila, or some
remote hiding-place.
"If he wanted to have this mistake corrected,
he should have done as we did; he should have
gone down into a canyon and traveled along its
bed for a few miles, until he had reached a place
w^here you can look up on either side and not dis-
cover the remotest chance of getting out —
where ahead, and in the rear, as far as you can
see, it looks like a deep grey cof&n. Then sud-
denly he would hear a war-whoop that would
make him think that all the savages in the Rocky
Mountains, from Fort Bridger to Apache Pass,
were within bow and arrow range.
"A week or two ago, on an occasion very
similar to the above, General Gregg was with
me. We were hunting for a route from the
Val de Chino, eastward to the Colorado Chi-
quito, by crossing the headwaters of the streams
flowing into the Rio Verde close up to where
they emerged from the high rocky wall at the
base of the San Francisco Mountains, when we
came to the canyon of Sycamore Fork. We suc-
ceeded in descending the gorge; but the ascent
was so exceedingly steep, that we thought the
pack train could not climb up out of it ; and con-
cluded, in spite of its violating the fundamental
rule of Indian warfare in these mountains, to
return to the bed of the canyon and follow it to
its mouth.
112 HISTORY OF AEIZONA.
"It was strewn with fragments of red sand-
stone, from the size of a church to that of a
pebble, over which we dragged our footsore ani-
mals very slowly. We had made some eight
miles when, as it seemed, at the roughest part
of the whole way, where nature had made a sort
of waste closet at random for all the shapeless
blocks and sharp-cornered masses of rock and
washed out boulders that she had no time to
work up and wished to hide from sight, we sud-
denly heard a shot from the brink of the canyon
at our rear, and the dreaded war-whoop burst
upon us. Then we looked up to the right and
left, ahead and to the rear ; but the walls seemed
everywhere as tall as a church-steeple, with
scarcely a foot hold from top to base. They
had looked high before^, and the chasm narrow,
but now it seemed as though we were looking up
from the bottom of a deep well or a tin mine,
and no bucket to draw us up by. Soon the
shots were repeated, and the yells were followed
by showers of arrows. We staggered and
stumbled, about as fast as a very slow ox team,
along the rocky bed, till we came to some bushes,
and then stopped.
"Some of the Indians had got on the edge of
the canyon ahead of us, whose yells answered
those from the rear; and the whole concatena-
tion of sounds echoed among the cliffs till it
seemed to us that every rancheria in Arizona
had poured out its dusky warriors to over-
whelm us.
"It was a yell of triumph — of confidence.
It appeared to say, 'Oh, ye wise and boastful
white men, with vour drilled soldiers and re-
EXPLORATIONS AND SURVEYS. 113
peating guns, and wealth and power, who came
out to hunt the poor Indian from his wigwam,
look where we have got you! We have only
been waiting for you to make some blunder;
now we shall take advantage of it, and not let
any of you escape. It shall be worse than at
Fort Kearney, for not even one shall be spared
to tell the story. It will be a good place to
bury you; in fact, you are already buried in as
deep a grave as you could wish. We shall only
leave you there, that is all. Ha! ha! What
are your Spencer carbines worth, and your sol-
diers with their fine uniforms and drill"? It
is only the old lesson we are teaching you; our
forefathers taught it to Braddock, and it has
been repeated many times since; but we shall
drive it into you deeper than ever it has been
before, ha! ha! You thought we had all gone,
but our eyes were never off you ; and now we
are gathering our warriors from every hiding
place. This is the way we call them out-
whoop! whoop! and they are lining the edge of
the canyon before and behind you. You can
take your time. It is only ten miles to the
mouth; and the farther you go the deeper the
canyons get. Perhaps you wish to retreat ? It
is only eight miles back, and you know what sort
of a path it is. From the cedars on the brink we
will pick you off at our leisure, and you shall
not see one of us. This country belongs to us^
the whole of it ; and we do not want your people
here, nor your soldiers, nor your railroad. Get
away to where you belong— if you can, ha! ha!'
''it was not all this in detail, but the sum and
V— 8
114 HISTORY OF ARIZONA.
concentration of it, that flashed through my
mind as I listened to those yells, now rising
clear and wild on the breeze, and now dying
away in the distance.
"We moved close up to the foot of the wall,
from the top of which the shots came, thinking
it would be too steep for them to hit us ; but the
great rocks that came rolling down upon us, re-
sounding almost like heavy ordnance through
the canyon, drove us away from the slight shel-
ter. Here was a new danger, and a very serious
one^ since there was no hope that this kind of
anununition would give out, and the Indians
evidently knew how to use it.
" 'Now, officers, be quick and sharp in giving
your orders ! Throw away precedent and drill,
and come down to native common sense!'
'Now, soldiers, be prompt, and jump at the word
of command, and don't get disheartened! And,
you, muleteers ; scatter out your animals, keep
them sheltered as much as possible, and avoid all
disorder. Now, everybody keep cool, for every
man's life hangs upon a single movement here;
and if a panic breaks out, all is lost, and the
latest tragedy in the great Apache war, which
they say has been waging against the Spaniards
and Americans for over two hundred years^ will
have been enacted!' Soon the sharp clear voice
of the adjutant rang out from behind a huge
rock in the channel, his carbine at a 'ready,'
and without moving his eyes from the cliff —
' Sergeant, send six men to scale that side of the
canyon!'
"As they moved out, General Gregg joined
them and directed their movement.
EXPLORATIONS AND SURVEYS. 115
''I gave the next order to the little escort I
had brought from New Mexico: 'Sergeant
Miller, station five men on this side of the
canyon to cover that scaling party with their
fire. Let them take shelter behind the rocks.'
This was done, and the devoted little band be-
gan slowly to ascend what seemed an almost
vertical wall of sandstone.
"Until now, although the yells had rmig all
around us, the firing was confined to the west
side of the canyon, but at this moment a very
close shot was fired from the other side, and our
plans could not be carried out unless this was
stopped. Another scaling party of six men
was accordingly detailed, of which I took com-
mand, and began ascending the eastern cliff,
covered by the fire of a second small party in the
canyon. This disposed of all our fighting force,
the remainder being required to take care of the
animals. How we got up, God knows; I only
remember hearing a volley from below, shots
from above, Indian yells on all sides, the grat-
ing roar of tumbling boulders as they fell, and
the confused echoing of calls and shouts from
the canyon. Exhausted, out of breath, and wet
with perspiration, boots nearly torn off, and
hands cut and bleeding, I sat down on the sum-
mit and looked around. Across the narrow
chasm I saw the other scaling party. Every-
thing was as quiet as death, the Indians had dis-
appeared— melting away as suddenly and mys-
teriously as they had at first appeared. They
had gone to their hidden lairs, cowed by our
determined approach.
116 HISTORY OF ARIZONA.
''It had been hurriedly arranged before we
ascended, that the scaling parties should move
on down stream at the brink of the canyon, cov-
ering the pack train and animals which would
march along the bed. Accordingly we moved
on towards the Rio Verde; but, in consequence
of side canyons, were compelled to keep back
at least half a mile nearer to the foot of the
mountain than the course of the canyon.
"Six miles further, while skirting a ridge
which projected from the mountain, the Indians
from the top began yelling again like demons,
and firing at us, but the range was too long to do
any harm. They were too cowardly to attack
even our small party, and now that we were no
longer engulfed in a canyon, we laughed at their
whoops. They followed us, however, hoping to
catch us in a ravine, but we always sent three
men across first to cover the rest and be covered
by them in turn.
"Just as the sun was setting we recognized
from a high point the mouth of the Sycamore
and the valley of the Eio Verde. We had not
been able, from the roughness of the country,
to approach the side of the canyon in which we
supposed the rest of the party were moving, and
could not, therefore, ascertain their where-
abouts. But at last, toward dark, we descended
a second time, by a deep side gorge, into the
canyon, dropping down fully 2,000 feet in the
space of half an hour. It was just light enough
when we reached the bed of the main canyon
to discover that our party had not passed down
it;, and although fearful lest the Apaches should
EXPLORATIONS AND SURVEYS. 117
notice our descent and again pepper us in the
narrow ravine, we turned up it to meet them.
*'That night's march up the canyon, over the
broken rocks and through the tangled thickets,
was worse, if anything, than the attack. Every
pebble in the darkness was magnified to a
boulder, and every boulder seemed as large as
a house ; fording the rapid stream twenty times,
we shivered with cold and wet when we halted
for a brief rest; expecting every moment to
meet our party encamped, we yet wondered how
they would dare to stop in such a jDlace.
Finally, near midnight, we halted under some
sheltering rocks, and concluded to take some
sleep; but the guides protested against having
a fire, saying the Indians would detect and shoot
into it. To sleep without one, however, was
impossible. At last I concluded that it was
better to die from an Indian arrow than to
freeze to death in the darkness, and ordered a
small one to be lighted, beside which we sat and
slept and shivered until a little before daylight,
when we took another smoke for breakfast and
pushed out into the darkness to continue our
march up the stream.
''During the night a great rock had either
become dislodged or had been rolled down by
Indians, but it fell into the canyon with a report
like thunder. I started up and found I had not
dreamt it. I would give something to have a
faithful picture of that little party, with the
expression of each as they stood or leaned, star-
ing out into the pitch dark canyon, and wonder-
ing what would come next.
118 HISTORY OF ARIZONA.
"By daybreak we had got well on our way;
when we heard shots in the rear, which we pre-
sumed to be Indians firing into our abandoned
camp. We commended ourselves for early ris-
ing and pushed on, wondering what could have
become of General Gregg's jjarty. Finally, the
guides insisted on getting out of the canyon and
striking towards Prescott, but I ordered them
to keep ahead, feeling confident that we should
soon meet the party or its trail.
"At last all hope seemed to be gone, and I
agreed to climb out up the western cliff. It was
as much as we could do to reach the top, and
imagine our feelings on arriving there to find
that we were merely on a vertical ledge of rock,
and that immediately on the other side was the
same canyon we had come along an hour before.
We scrambled along the narrow ledge, however,
faint from hunger and fatigue, having come
nearly twenty miles on foot, up and down can-
yons and steep ravines, climbing through moun-
tain passes and stumbling over the rocky bed
of the streams — equivalent to at least sixty
miles, as we thought, on a level road. We had
had nothing to eat for over twenty-four hours,
and very little sleep ; the night was bitterly cold,
our overcoats were left behind when we scaled
the cliif during the Indian attack, and we had
nothing to comfort us but a 'Tucson blanket'
each, which scant covering can scarcely be inter-
preted in genteel society.
"Such was our condition when one of the
party cried out, 'What is that smoke?' I gol
out my fieldglass, and saw two fires, and some
EXPLORATIONS AND SURVEYS. 119
animals grazing contentedly on a distant hill.
'That is camp, boys! Orderly, fire two shots in
quick succession ! ' The shots were fired. Anx-
iously we listened for the acknowledgment.
It came soon — the two welcome answering shots,
and we strode on with renewed hearts.
"Now, if we had not seen camp, I could have
walked as many miles as we had already gone
without giving up, but when I came within two
miles of camp, and felt certain of succor, and
could talk with General Gregg across a deep
canyon, only half a mile distant, my legs, some-
how, or other, refused to carry me further, and
I came to the conclusion that infantry service
was disagreeable on an empty stomach. So I
made a fire and laid down to sleepj and sent for
rations, which my faithful servant, George,
brought out to me in the rain, with a flask of
whisky from General Gregg, and strict injunc-
tions to be sure to drink it all — a command I
promptly obeyed. I hope the Temperance
Society will forgive me, as I could have drunk
a demijohn under the circumstances without
being affected by it.
"It was by no means a short walk even from
where we were to General Gregg's camp, as we
had to head the deep side canyon, and to cross
several others near their sources. It was rain-
ing, and the ground and rocks were slippery;
but at last we arrived and received the gratula-
tions of the party, w^ho had heard the Indian
shots and shouts, and feared we had met too
many of the 'noble reds.'
"General Gregg had found a way out of the
Sycamore Canyon along a horrible trail, by un-
120 HISTORY OF ARIZONA.
loading Ms pack mules and making several trips
of it. He had signaled to us, but had no means
of communication^ and supposed we had struck
for Camp Lincoln, a military post in the valley
of the Verde fifty miles to the south.
"My noble gray horse, Signor, is gone. He
had helped to carry me faithfully from Santa Fe
through New Mexico, and thus far into Ari-
zona, but he has fallen a martyr to the topog-
raphy of the sources of the Rio Verde. While
George was leading him up a precipitous path
he lost his footing in jumping over a rock, and
tumbled to the bottom of the canyon, 100 feet,
killing himself instantly. My other valuable
horse, Don, whom I intend to take home if I get
him safely to the Pacific, had just scrambled
over the same obstruction without stumbling.
It was nothing less than a miracle that nobody
was hurt. These Indians are poor shots, which,
with the scarcity of guns among them, must
account for our' escape. They are afraid also
of our 'heap firing guns' as they call the
Spencers.
"A little experience of this sort, occasionally,
is not without use. It enables you to determine
a number of nice problems which otherwise
might never have been solved, to say nothing of
the new phases in which it exhibits the char-
acter of your comrades ; the test of their true
heartedness, their pluck, perseverance, and
generosity. There are also some important
minor questions to which it supplies accurate
solutions. For instance, how would a man ever
know whether a smooth boulder of lava or a flat
sandstone slab would make the best pillow, until
EXPLORATIONS AND SURVEYS. 121
such occasions had induced him to test the mat-
ter practically at frequent intervals during the
same night? And how could he ever ascertain
the durability of a pair of Santa Fe boots under
active service, until a trial of this kind had
placed it forcibly before his observation ? And
while he might hitherto have had a theoretical
appreciation of the value and excellence of a
slice of fat pork with 'hard tack' for dessert, it
is doubtful whether he would ever comprehend
the essential sw^eetness and delicacy of these
dishes until, after twenty-four hours' fasting,
he had watched with a fieldglass across a canyon
until they should start out toward him from a
camp two miles distant."
122 HISTORY OF ARIZONA.
CHAPTER VI.
EXPLORATIONS AND SURVEYS (Continued).
Passage Through Grand Canyon of James
White, Prospector — Personnel of Pros-
pecting Party — Attacked by Indians —
Part of Party Killed — Making of Raft
BY White and One Companion — Voyage
Through Canyon — White's Companion
Drowned — White Continues Alone —
Experience With Indians — Arrival at
Callville.
One of the most interesting stories contained
in this book (New Tracks in North America),
is an account of the passage of James White
down the Grand Canyon of the Colorado upon
a raft. It was written up by one of the sur-
veying party from statements made to him by
White, and, as he was the first man who ever
descended the Colorado from its source to Call-
ville, below the Canyon, it is worthy of reproduc-
tion here:
"Twenty years ago the trapper and hunter
were the romantic characters of the Far West.
They still figure in fiction, and there is a fascina-
tion about their daring deeds which, in America,
makes Boone a household name, and throws an
air of chivalry, seldom to be felt now-a-days,
around the exploits of such men as Carson,
Crockett, and Williams. Nor is our admiration
for these hardy men undeserved; they have
trapped on every Western stream, and hunted
^^ji^<.^-\i,^.
MM
Looking into the First Granite Gorge, Grand Canyon, Foot of Bright Angel Trail.
InoliuliiiK marble Canyon division, this gorge is nearly 300 miles long.
Total depth between 5000 and 6000 feet.
EXPLORATIONS AND SURVEYS. 123
on every mountainside, despite the opposition
of the Indian and the barrier of winter snows.
They have been the skirmish line of that great
army of occupation which is daily pushing west-
ward, and they have taught the savage to respect
the white man's courage and to fear the white
man's power.
"While the field for the trapper and hunter
has been gradually growing less, another class
of adventurers has come into existence — the
* prospectors' in search of precious metals.
Within the last nineteen years these men have
traversed every mountain slope, from the
rugged peaks of British Columbia to the rich
plateaux of Old Mexico ; and have searched the
sands of every stream from the Mississippi to
the shores of the Pacific, stimulated by the same
hope of reward that led the early Spaniards to
explore places, still unsettled, in their search for
an 'El Dorado.' Could the varied and adven-
turous experience of these searchers for gold be
written we should have a record of daring and
peril that no fiction could approach, and the
very sight of gold would suggest to our minds
some scene of startling tragedy, some story of
hair-breadth escape. Could we but gather and
set down in proper form the geographical knowl-
edge possessed by these men, we should know as
much of the western wilds as we now do of the
long settled portions of the American continent.
"It has fallen to the lot of one of these pros-
pectors to be the hero of an adventure more
thrilling than any heretofore recorded, while,
at the same time, he has solved a geographical
problem which has long attracted the attention
124 HISTORY OF ARIZONA.
of the learned at home and abroad, who could
but theorize before his voyage as to the stupen-
dous chasms or canyons through which the
Colorado cleaves its course.
"James White, our hero, now lives at Call-
ville, Arizona Territory, the present head of
navigation on the Colorado Elver. His home
is in Kenosha, Wisconsin. He is thirty-two
years of age, and in person is a good type of the
Saxon ; being of medium height and heavy build,
with light hair and blue eyes. He is a man of
average intelligence, simple and unassuming in
his manner and address, and without any of the
swagger or bravado peculiar to the majority of
frontier men. Like thousands of our own
young men, well enough oft' at home, he grew
weary of the slow but certain method of earning
his bread by regular employment at a stated
salary. He had heard of men leaping into
wealth at a single bound in the Western gold-
field^, and for years he yearned to go to the land
where fortune was so lavish of her favors.
"He readily consented then to be one of a
party from his neighborhood who, in the spring
of 1807, started for the plains and the goldfields
beyond. When they left Fort Dodger, on the
Arkansas River, April 13th, 1867, the party con-
sisted of four men, of whom Captain Baker, an
old miner and ex-of&cer in the Confederate
Army, was the acknowledged leader. The
destination of this little party was the San
Juan valley west of the Eocky Mountains, about
the gold fields of which prospectors spoke in the
most extravagant terms, stating that they were
only deterred from working the rich placers of
EXPLORATIONS AND SURVEYS. 125
the San Juan by fear of the Indians. Baker
and his companions reached Colorado 'city,' at
the foot of Pike's Peak, lat. 38°, in safety.
This place was, and is still, the depot for sup-
plying the miners who work the diggings scat-
tered through South Park, and is the more im-
portant for being situated at the entrance of
Ute Pass, through which there is a wagon road
crossing the Rocky Mountains, and descending
to the plateau beyond. The people of Colorado
'city' tried to dissuade Baker from what they
considered a rash project, but he was deter-
mined to carry out the original plan. These
representations, however, affected one of the
men so much that he left the party, and the
others, Captain Baker, James White, and
Henry Strole, completed their outfit for their
prospecting tour.
"The journey was undertaken on foot, with
two pack mules to carry the provisions, mining
tools, and the blankets they considered neces-
sary for the expedition. On the 25th of May
they left Colorado 'city,' and crossing the Rocky
Mountains, through the Ute Pass, they entered
South Park, being still on the Atlantic slope of
the continent. Ninety miles brought them
across the Park to the Upper Arkansas, near
the Twin Lakes. They then crossed the Snowy
Range, or Sierra Madre, and descended towards
the Pacific. Turning southwest, they passed
around the head waters of the Rio Grande del
Norte, and after a journey of 400 miles, they
reached in safety the Animas, the most northern
branch of the San Juan river, which flows into
the Great Colorado from the east.
126 HISTORY OF ARIZONA.
"They were now in the land where their
hopes centered, and to reach which they had
crossed plains and mountains, and forded rapid
streams, leaving the nearest abodes of the white
man hundreds of miles to the east. Their pros-
pecting for gold began in the bed of the Animas,
and though they were partially successful, the
result did not by any means reach their expec-
tations; so they followed down the stream into
the main valley of the San Juan. There was
gold there, but not in the quantity they ex-
pected ; so they gradually moved west, along the
beautiful valley, for 200^ miles, when they found
that the San Juan entered a deep and gloomy
canyon. To avoid this they forded the river
to the right bank, and struck across a rough
timbered country, directing their course towards
the Great Colorado.
''Having traveled through this rough country
for a distance estimated at fifty miles, they
reached Grand River, being still above the
junction of Green river, the united waters of
which two streams form the Colorado proper.
At the point where they struck the river it was
hemmed in by cliffs of perpendicular rock, down
which they could gaze at the coveted water,
dashing and foaming two thousand feet below.
Men and animals were suffering for water, so
they pushed up the stream along the rocky un-
even canyon wall, hoping to find a place where
they could descend to the river. After a day
spent in clambering over and around the huge
rocks that blocked their way, they came upon
a side canyon, which they succeeded in descend-
EXPLORATIONS AND SURVEYS. 127
ing with their animals, and where they obtained
the water of which all stood so much in need.
*'0n the night of the 23rd of August they en-
camped at the bottom of the canyon, where they
found plenty of fuel, and grass in abundance
for their animals. As they sat around the
camp fire they lamented their failure in the
San Juan country, and Strole began to regret
that they had undertaken the expedition. But
Baker, who was a brave, sanguine fellow, spoke
of placeres up the river about which he had
heard, and promised his companions that all
their hopes should be realized, and that they
should return to their homes to enjoy the gains
and laugh at the trials of their trip. So glow-
ingly did he picture the future, that his com-
panions even speculated as to how they should
spend their princely fortunes when they re-
turned to the States. Baker sang songs of
home and hope, and the others lent their voices
to the chorus till, far into the night, they sank
to sleep unguarded, to dream of coming opu-
lence, and to rise refreshed for the morrow's
journey.
*' Early next morning they breakfasted, and
began the ascent of the side canyon up the oppo-
site bank to that by which they had entered it.
Baker was in the advance with his rifle slung
at his back, gaily springing up the rocks
towards the table lands above. Behind him
came White; Strole, with the mules, brought
up the rear. Nothing disturbed the stillness of
the beautiful summer morning but the tramp-
ing of the mules and the short heavy breathing
of the climbers. They had ascended but half
128 HISTORY OF ARIZONA.
the distance to the top, when stopping for a
moment to rest, suddenly the war-whoop of a
band of savages rang out, sounding as if every
rock had a demon's voice. Simultaneously with
the first w^hoop a shower of arrows and bullets
was poured into the little party. With the first
fire Baker fell against a rock, but, rallying for
a moment, he unslung his carbine and fired at
the Indians, who now began to show themselves
in large numbers, and then, with the blood flow-
ing from his mouth, he fell to the ground.
White, firing at the Indians as he advanced and
followed by Strole, hurried to the aid of his
wounded leader. Baker, with an effort, turned
to his comrades and said with his last breath,
' Back boys, back ! save yourselves ; I am dying. '
To the credit of White and Strole be it said,
they faced the savages and fought until the last
tremor of the powerful frame told them that
Baker was dead.
"Then slowly they began to retreat, followed
by the exultant Indians, who, stopping to strip
and mutilate the dead body in their path, gave
the white men a chance to secure their animals,
and retrace their steps into the side canyon,
beyond the immediate reach of the Indians'
arrows. Here they held a hurried consulta-
tion. To the east, for 300 miles, stretched an
uninhabited country, over which, if they at-
tempted to escape in that direction, the Indians,
like bloodhounds, would follow their track.
North, south, and west, was the Colorado with
its tributaries, all flowing through deep chasms
across which it would be impossible for men or
animals to travel. Their deliberations were
EXPLORATIONS AND SURVEYS. 129
necessarily short, and resulted in a decision to
abandon the animals — first securing their arms,
a small stock of provisions, and the ropes or
lariats of the mules. Through the descending
side canyon they travelled due west for four
hours, and emerged at last on a low strip of
bottom-land on Grand River, above which, for
2,000 feet on either bank, the cold grey walls
rose to block their path, leaving to them but one
avenue for escape — the dashing currents of the
river.
"They found considerable quantities of drift
wood along the banks from which they collected
enough to enable them to construct a raft
capable of floating themselves, with their arms
and provisions. This raft consisted of three
sticks of Cottonwood, about ten feet in length
and eight inches in diameter, lashed firmly to-
gether with their lariats. Procuring two stout
poles with w^hich to giiide the raft, and fasten-
ing the bag of provisions to the logs, they waited
for midnight to come with the waning moon, so
as to drift off unnoticed by the Indians. They
did not consider that even the sun looked down
into that chasm for but one short hour in the
twenty-four, and then left it to the angry waters
and blackening shadows; and that the faint
moonlight reaching the bottom of the canyon
would hardly serve to reveal the horror of their
situation. Midnight came, as they thought, by
the measurement of the dark, dreary hours;
when seizing the poles, they untied the rope that
held the raft, and, tossed about by the current,
they rushed through the yawning canj^on on
V— 9
130 HISTORY OF ARIZONA.
their adventurous voyage to an unknown land-
ing. Through the long night they clung to the
raft as it dashed against half concealed rocks,
or whirled about like a plaything in some eddy,
whose white foam was perceptible even in the
blackness.
"They prayed for the daylight, which came
at last, and with it a smoother current and
less rugged banks, though the canyon walls
appeared to have increased in height. Early
in the morning (August 25th) they found a
spot where they could make a landing, and
went ashore. After eating a little of their
water-soaked provisions, they returned and
strengthened their raft by the addition of some
light pieces of cedar, which had been lodged in
clefts of the rocks by recent floods. White esti-
mates the width of the river where they landed
at 200 yards, and the current at three miles per
hour. After a short stay at this place they
again embarked, and during the rest of the day
they had no difficulty in avoiding the rocks and
whirlpools that met them at every bend of the
river.
"In the afternoon, and after having floated
over a distance estimated at thirty miles from
the point of starting, they reached the mouth of
Green river, or rather where the Green and the
Grand unite to form the Colorado proper.
Here the canyons of both streams form one
of but little greater width, but far surpass-
ing either in the height and grandeur of its
walls. At the junction, the walls were esti-
mated at 4,000 feet in height. Detached pin-
nacles appeared to rise, one above the other, for
EXPLORATIONS AND SURVEYS. 131
1,000 feet higher, from amidst huge masses of
rock, confusedly piled, like grand monuments
to commemorate this 'meeting of the waters.'
The fugitives felt the sublimity of the scene,
and in contemplating its stupendous and un-
earthly grandeur, they forgot for the time their
own sorrows.
''The night of the day upon which they en-
tered the Great Canyon, and indeed on nearly
all the subsequent nights of the voyage, the raft
w^as fastened to a loose rock, or hauled up on
some strip of bottom land, where they rested
till daylight next morning.
"As they floated down the canyon the gi'ey
sandstone walls increased in height; the lower
portion was smooth from the action of floods,
but the perpendicular wall rock above became
more and more rugged, until the far off sky
appeared to rest upon a fringe of pinnacles on
either side. Here and there a stunted cedar
clung to the cliff side 2,000 feet overhead, or a
prickly cactus tried to suck sustenance from the
bare rock. No living thing in sight beyond
the raft, for even the wing of bird which could
pass the chasms in the upper world never
fanned the dark air in those subterranean
depths. Naught to gaze upon but their own
pale faces and the cold grey walls that hemmed
them in, and mocked at their escape. Here and
there the raft shot past side canyons, black and
forbidding, like cells set in the walls of a mighty
prison.
"Baker had informed his comrades as to the
geography of the country, and while floating
down they remembered that Callville was at the
132 HISTORY OF ARIZONA.
mouth of tlie canyon, which could not be far off ;
'such wonderful walls could not last.' Then
hope came with the promise of escape. A few
days would take them to Callville ; their provi-
sions could be made to last for five. So these
two men, thus shut in from the world, buried,
as it were, in the very bowels of the earth, in the
midst of a great unknown desert, began to con-
sole themselves, and even to jest at their situ-
ation.
"Forty miles below their entrance into the
canyon of the Colorado, they reached the mouth
of the San Juan Eiver. They attempted to en-
ter it, but its swift current cast them back. The
perpendicular walls, high as those of the Colo-
rado, with the water flowing from bank to bank,
forbade their abandoning their raft to attempt
escape in that direction. So they floated away.
At every bend of the river it seemed as if they
were descending deeper into the earth, and that
the walls were coming closer together above
them, shutting out the narrow belt of sky, thick-
ening the black shadows, and redoubling the
echoes that went up from the foaming waters.
"Four days had elapsed since they embarked
on the frail raft; it was now August 28th. So
far they had been constantly wet, but the water
was comparatively warm, and the current more
regular than they could have expected. Strole
had taken it upon himself to steer the raft, and,
against the advice of White, he often set one
end of the pole against the bank of some oppo-
sing rock, and then leaned with the other end
against his shoulder, to push the raft away. As
yet they had seen no natural bridge spanning
EXPLORATIONS AND SURVEYS. 133
the chasm above them, nor had fall or cataract
prevented their safe advance. About three
o'clock on the afternoon of the 28th, they heard
the deep roar as of a waterfall in front of them.
They felt the raft agitated, then whirled along
with frightful rapidity towards a wall that
seemed to bar all farther progress. As they
approached the cliff, the river made a sharp
bend, around which the raft swept, disclosing to
them, in a long vista, the water lashed into
foam, as it poured through a narrow precipitous
gorge, caused by huge masses of rock detached
from the main wall. There was no time to
think. The logs strained as if they would break
their fastenings. The waves dashed around the
men, and the raft was buried in the seething
waters. White clung to the logs with the gTip
of death. His comrade stood up for an instant
with the pole in his hands, as if to guide the raft
from the rocks against which it was plunging;
but he had scarcely straightened, before the raft
seemed to leap down a chasm, and, amid the
deafening roar of water. White heard a shriek
that thrilled him to the heart, and looking
around he saw, through the mist and spray, the
form of his comrade tossed for an instant on
the water, then sinking out of sight in the
whirlpool.
"White still clung to the logs, and it was only
when the raft seemed to be floating smoothly,
and the sound of the rapids was left behind,
that he dared to look up ; then it was to find him-
self alone, the provisions lost, and the lengthen-
ing shadows warning him of the approaching
night. A feeling of despair seized him, and
134 HISTOKY OF ARIZONA.
clasping his hands he prayed for the death he
was fleeing from. He was made cognizant of
more immediate danger by the shaking of his
raft, the logs were separating; then he worked,
and succeeded in effecting a landing near some
flat rocks, where he made his raft fast for the
night. After this he sat down, to spend the
long gloomy hours in contemplating the horror
of his situation, and the small chance for com-
pleting the adventurous voyage he had under-
taken. He blamed himself for not having
fought the Indians till he had fallen with
Baker. He might have escaped through the
San Juan valley and the mountains beyond to
the settlements. Had he done so, he would
have returned to his home, and rested satisfied
with his experience as a prospector. And when
he thought of 'home,' it called up the strongest
inducements for life, and he resolved, to use his
own words, 'to die hard, and like a man.'
"Gradually the dawn, long perceptible in the
upper world, began to creep down the black
canyon, and gave him light to strengthen his
raft, and launch it again into the treacherous
river. As he floated down he remembered the
sad fate of Strole, and took the precaution to
lash himself firmly to the raft so as to preclude
the possibility of his being separated from it.
This forethought subsequently saved his life.
His course through the canyon was now over a
succession of rapids, blocked up by masses of
rock, over which his frail raft thumped and
whirled, at times wholly submerged in the foam-
ing water. At one of these rapids, in the dis-
tance of about a hundred vards, he thinks the
EXPLORATIONS AND SURVEYS. 135
river must have fallen between thirty and forty
feet. In going over this place the logs compos-
ing the raft became separated at the upper end,
and, spreading out like a fan. White was thrown
into the water. He struggled to the side by
means of his rope, and with a desperate strength
held the logs together till they floated into
calmer water, when he succeeded in refastening
them.
"White's trials were not yet at an end, and
in relating the following incident, he showed the
only sign of emotion exhibited during his long
series of answers.
"About four miles below where the raft sepa-
rated he reached the mouth of a large stream
which he afterwards learned was the Colorado
Chiquito. The canyon through which it enters
the main river is very much like that of the San
Juan, and though it does not discharge so large
a body of water, the current is much more
rapid, and sweeps across the Great Colorado,
causing, in a black chasm on the opposite bank,
a large and dangerous whirlpool. White saw
this and tried to avoid it, but he was too weak
for the task. His raft, borne by the current of
the Colorado proper, rushed down with such
force, that aided by his paddle, he hoped to pass
the waters that appeared to sweep at right
angles across his course from the Chiquito.
When he reached the mouth of the latter stream
the raft suddenly stopped, and swinging round
for an instant as if balanced on a point, it
yielded to the current of the Chiquito and was
sw^ept into the whirlpool.
136 HISTORY OF ARIZONA.
"White felt now that all further exertion was
useless, and dropping his paddle, he clasped his
hands and fell upon the raft. He heard the
gurgling waters around him, and every moment
he felt that he must be plunged into the boiling
vortex. He waited with his eyes closed for
some minutes, when, feeling a strange swinging
sensation, he opened them and found that he
was circling around the whirlpool, sometimes
close to the vortex, and at others thrown back
by some invisible cause to the outer edge only
to whirl again towards the centre. Thus borne
by the circling waters he looked up, up, up,
through the mighty chasm that seemed bending
over him as if about to fall and crush him. He
saw in the blue belt of sky which hung above
him like an ethereal river the red tinged clouds
floating, and knew that the sun was setting in
the upper world. Still around the whirlpool
the raft swung, like a circular pendulum meas-
uring the long moments before expected death.
He felt a dizzy sensation, and thinks he must
have fainted; he knows he was unconscious for
a time, for when again he looked up between
the walls, whose rugged summits towered 5,000
feet above him, the red clouds had changed to
black, and the heavy shadows of night had crept
into the canyon.
' ' Then, for the first time, he remembered that
there was a strength greater than that of man,
a power that holds the ocean in the hollow of
His hand. 'I fell on my knees,' he said, 'and as
the raft swept round in the current, I asked God
to aid me. I spoke as if from my very soul, and
said, "Oh, God ! if there is a way out of this fear-
EXPLORATIONS AND SURVEYS. 137
ful place, show it to me; take me to it." Here
White's voice became husky, and his some-
what heavy features quivered as he continued —
'I was still looking up with my hands clasped
when I felt a different movement in the raft,
and turning to look at the whirlpool, it was some
distance behind, and I was floating down the
smoothest current I had yet seen in the canyon. '
"This statement is the only information
White volunteered ; all the rest was obtained by
close questioning. One of his friends who was
present during the examination smiled when
White repeated his prayer. He noticed it, and
said with some feeling: 'It is true. Bob, and I'm
sure God took me out. '
"Below the mouth of the Colorado Chiquito
the current was very slow, and White felt what
he subsequently found to be the case — viz., that
the rapids were past, though he was not equally
fortunate in guessing his proximity to Callville.
The course of the river below this he describes
as exceedingly 'crooked, with short, sharp
turns,' the view on every side being shut in by
flat precipitous walls of 'white sand rock.'
These walls presented white perpendicular sur-
faces to the high water level, which had a dis-
tinct mark of about forty feet above the August
stage. The highest part of the canyon, White
thinks, is between the San Juan and the Colo-
rado Chiquito, where the wall appeared to him
more than one mile (5,280 feet) in perpen-
dicular height, and at a few points even higher.
Dr. Newberry states, from barometrical obser-
vations, that for a long distance the altitude is
nearly 7,000 feet. But we must not begin to
138 HISTORY OF ARIZONA.
draw conclusions too soon, much of interest re-
mains to be told of this unparalleled adventure.
"The current bore White from the Colorado
Chiquito slowly down the main river. His
clothing w^as torn to shreds, and the few rags
which clung to his frame were constantly satu-
rated with water. Each noon the sun looked
into the canyon only to pour his almost vertical
rays on the famishing man, and to burn and
blister those parts of his body that the scanty
rags did not cover. One, two, three, four days
dragged slowly past since he tasted food, and
still the current bore him through the towering
walls of the canyon. The hunger maddened
him. He felt it burning into his vitals. His
thoughts were of food! food! food! and his
sleeping moments were filled with Tantalus-like
dreams. Once he raised his arm to open some
vein and draw nutriment from his own blood,
but its shrivelled, blistered length frightened
him. For hours as he floated down he would sit
looking into the water, yet lacking courage to
make the plunge that would rid him of all
earthly pain. On the morning of the fifth day
since he had tasted food, he saw a flat bank with
some mezquite bushes upon it, and by using all
his strength he succeeded in reaching it with his
raft. He devoured the few green pods and the
leaves of the bushes, but they only increased his
desire for more. The journey was resumed,
and he remembers that during the last two days
of unbroken canyon wall, the rocks became very
black, with shining surfaces — probably where
igneous took the place of the cretaceous rocks.
EXPLORATIONS AND SURVEYS. 139
''Six days without food, save the few green
leaves, and eleven days since starting, and still
the uneven current bore on the raft with its
wretched occupant. He saw occasional breaks
in the wall, with here and there a bush. Too
weak to move his raft, he floated past and felt
no pain, for the overwrought nerves refused to
convey sensation.
"On the afternoon of this, the sixth day, he
was roused by hearing the sound of human
voices, and raising himself on one arm, he
looked toward the shore, and saw men beckon-
ing to him. A momentary strength came to his
arms, and, grasping the paddle, he urged the
raft to the bank. On reaching it he found him-
self surrounded by a band of Yampais Indians
(Havasupais), who for many years have lived on
a low strip of alluvial land along the bottom of
the canyon, the trail to which, from the upper
world, is only known to themselves. One of the
Indians made fast the raft, while another seized
White roughly and dragged him up the bank.
He could not remonstrate; his tongue refused to
give a sound, so he pointed to his mouth and
made signs for food. The fiend that pulled him
up the bank, tore from his blistered shoulder
the shreds that had once been a shirt, and was
proceeding to take off the torn trousers, when,
to the credit of the savage be it said, one of the
Indians interfered, and pushed back his com-
panions. He gave White some meat, and
roasted mezquite beans to eat, which the fam-
ished man devoured, aud after a little rest he"
made signs that he wanted to go to the nearest
dwellings of the white men. The Indians told
140 HISTORY OF ARIZONA.
him he could reach them in 'two suns' by his
raft, so he stayed with them all night, and with
a revolver that remained fastened to the logs, he
purchased some mezquite beans, and the half of
a dog.
"Early the next morning he tottered to the
bank, and again pushed into the current. The
first day out he gave way to the yearnings for
food, and, despite his resolution to the contrary,
he ate up his entire stock of provisions, which
did not, by any means, satisfy his craving.
Three long days of hope and dread passed
slowly by, and still no signs of friends. Reason
tottered, and White stretched himself on the
raft; all his energies exhausted, life and death
were to him alike indifferent.
''Late in the evening of the third day after
leaving the Indians, and fourteen days from the
time of starting on this perilous voyage. White
again heard voices, accompanied by the rapid
dash of oars. He understood the words, but
could make no reply. He felt a strong arm
thrown around him, and he was lifted into a
boat, to see manly bearded faces looking on him
with pity. The great objective point, Callville,
w^as reached at last; the battle for a life was
won, but with the price of unparalleled suffer-
ing. The people of this Mormon settlement
had warm, generous hearts, and, like good
Samaritans, lavishly bestowed every care on the
unfortunate man, so miraculously thrown into
their midst from the bowels of the unknown
canyon. His constitution, naturally strong,
soon recovered its terrible shock, and he told
his new found friends his wonderful story, the
EXPLORATIONS AND SURVEYS. 141
first recital of which led them to doubt his
sanity.
"Charles McAllister, at present an assistant
in the store of Mr. Todd at Fort Mojave, was
one of the three men who went in the boat to
White's assistance. He said that he never saw
so wretched a looking man as White when he
first met him ; his feet, legs, and body w^ere liter-
ally flayed, from exposure to drenching from
water and the scorching rays of the sun. His
reason was almost gone, his form stooped, and
his eyes were so hollow and dreary, that he
looked like an old and imbecile man. Mr.
W. H. Hardy, of Hardyville, near Fort Mojave,
brought White thither, that we might see and
talk with him. Mr. Hardy corroborates the
statements of McAllister, and from his knowl-
edge of the country above Callville, says that it
would be impossible for White to have come for
any distance by the river, without travelling
through the whole length of the Great Canyon
of the Colorado. Mr. Ballard, a mail contrac-
tor, in whose employment White is now earn-
ing money to take him home, says he believes
him to be a sober, truthful man ; but, apart from
White's statement, Ballard is confident he must
have traversed, and in the manner stated, that
hitherto unexplored chasm which completes the
missing link between the upper and lower course
of the Great Colorado.
"Dr. Parry, our geologist, thinks that the
subjoined conclusions may be summed up as
some of the new additions to our previous geo-
graphical knowledge of the hydrogTaphy of the
142 HISTORY OF ARIZONA.
Colorado of the West, derived from this re-
markable voyage.
"1. The actual location of the mouth of the
San Juan forty miles below the Green Eiver
junction, and its entrance by a canyon continu-
ous with that of the Colorado, above and below
the point of junction.
''2. From the mouth of the San Juan to the
Colorado Chiquito, three days' travel in the
swiftest portion of the current allowing four
miles per hour for fifteen hours or sixty miles
per day, would give an estimated distance of
180 miles, including the most inaccessible por-
tion of the canyon.
"3. From the Colorado Chiquito to Callville
occupied ten days' travel. As this part of the
route w^as more open, and probably comprised
long stretches of comparatively still water, it
would not be safe to allow a distance of over
thirty miles per day, or 300 miles for this inter-
val. Thus the whole distance travelled would
be 550 miles, or something over 500 miles from
Green Eiver Junction to the head of steamboat
navigation at Callville.
"4. The absence of any distinct cataracts, or
perpendicular falls, would seem to warrant the
conclusion that in time of high water, by proper
appliances, in the form of india rubber boats,
and provisions secured in waterproof bags, with
good resolute oarsmen, the same passage might
be safely made, and the actual course of the
river mapped out, and its peculiar geological
features properly examined.
''5. The construction of bridges by a single
span would be rendered difficult of execution.
EXPLORATIONS AND SURVEYS. 143
on account of the usual flaring shape of the
summits. Possibly, however, points might be
found where the mesas approach sufficiently
near each other for such purpose.
"6. The width of the river, at its narrowest
point, was estimated at 100 feet, and the line
of high-water mark at forty feet above the
average stage in August.
"7. The long continued uniformity of the
geological formation (termed 'white sandstone,'
probably cretaceous) is remarkable; but under
the term may have been comprised some of
the later stratified formations. The contrast on
reaching the dark igneous rock was so marked
that it could not fail to be noticed,
"8. Any prospect for useful navigation up or
down the canyon during the season of high
water, or the transportation of lumber from the
upper pine regions, could not be regarded as
feasible, considering the long distance and the
inaccessible character of the river banks.
"9. No other satisfactory method of explora-
tion, except along the course of the river, could
be adopted to determine its actual course and
peculiar natural features ; and James White, as
the pioneer of this entei^rise, will probably
long retain the honour of being the only man
who has traversed, through its whole course, the
Great Canyon of the Colorado, and lived to re-
count his observations on so perilous a trip."
144 HISTORY OF AEIZONA.
CHAPTER VII.
EXPLORATIONS AND SURVEYS (Continued).
Story of White's Trip Made Officiaij U. S.
Senate Document — Article by Thomas
F. Dawson — Statement in Rocky Moun-
tain Herald — White's Own Statement —
Corroborative Evidence — White's After
Life.
Since the foregoing was written I have re-
ceived through the kindness of the Hon. Henry
F. Ashurst, a copy of Senate Document No. 42,
of the 65th Congress. First Session, which is an
article written by Thomas F. Dawson on the
Grand Canyon, in which the story of White's
adventure is dealt with fully. Here it is shown
that Dr. Parry, who was connected with the
railroad expedition at that time, wrote the ac-
count of White's trip from notes made by
Major Calhoun, who says that he obtained the
facts from White himself.
The story, as written by Major Calhoun, and
printed soon after, is included in a small book
entitled "Wonderful Adventures," published
by W. B. Evans & Co., of Philadelphia, of which
city Major Calhoun was a resident. It is the
first of a series of adventures of which the work
is composed, and bears the title, "Passage of
the Grand Canyon of the Colorado," by A. R.
Calhoun.
In this document the story as it deals with
White's journey, and as written by Major Cal-
houn, is published in full, and differs in no
JAMES WIIITK.
In his 80tli year.
EXPLORATIONS AND SURVEYS. 145
material point from that given in the foregoing
pages, attributed to Dr. Parry. Here is also
printed an account of White's voyage published
in the Rocky Mountain Herald under date of
January 8th, 1869, about five months before
Major Powell began his exploration. It w^as
sent from an obscure place in New Mexico and
the writer appears to have been under the im-
pression that Major Powell had already started
on his work. The name of the author is not
preserved, but the account differs in some re-
spects from the others. Referring to the pros-
pective expedition by Major Powell, the writer
says:
"I trust Mr. Powell's expedition is progress-
ing favorably and that he w411 be able to fur-
nish a satisfactory report to an expectant pub-
lic, for I can assure you that should he be
entirely successful, he will accomplish a work
the magnitude of which — leaving its danger en-
tirely out of consideration — will far surpass
that of any former exploration on the American
continent. ' '
The writer further said that the Canyon had
never been traversed before, and in this connec-
tion added: "None of the Indian tribes on the
river have either remembrance or tradition that
the voyage had ever previously been made."
The w^riter further said that AVhite and his
companion, Strole, had little knowledge of the
country, and that although they had heard of
the Grand Canyon, they had no definite idea
either of its locality or its extent. There was
but little rough water at first, and for a time all
V— 10
146 HISTORY OF ARIZONA.
went well. They were able to land at night, but
having no means of making a fire, went hungry
to sleep. The second day the water was smooth
until noon, when they encountered rapids, swift
and rocky, in descending which they lost then-
carbines and their little store of flour — their
only provisions — while their revolvers were left
too wet for use. Below these rapids they found
an island on which they spent their second
night, eating screw beans to assuage their
hunger. The article proceeds as follows:
"Having passed the night on the island, our
voyagers set out in the morning with their raft
in better condition than before, and with re-
newed hope of soon getting to the end of their
journey, or at least of reaching a port. From
the size and depth of the stream they argued
that Callville must be near. After they had
floated for a few hours, however, the somid of
falling water was borne to their ears, becoming
more and more distinct as they proceeded until
they were satisfied that they were approaching
a cataract. Meanwhile they had gradually and
almost unconsciously drifted into a canyon with
high precipitous walls which confined the river
within a narrower channel than that in which
it had coursed above. A hasty recomiaissance
convinced them that they could not escape from
the gorge by climbing the walls, while the cur-
rent was now so swift that it was useless to
think of turning back. White took the precau-
tion to lash himself to the raft, but Strole re-
fused to take this precaution.
" 'I am an old Mississippi boatman and can
stick to the raft wherever she goes, ' Strole said.
EXPLOKATIONS AND SURVEYS. 147
'It isn't much of a fall, and there is no danger
in running it. We had better tie our revolvers,
however; they are a little wet now, and a little
more won't hurt them.'
"On swept the raft with rapidly increasing
speed; the voyagers silent, with stern, com-
pressed lips and tense nerves boldly facing the
peril which they were now powerless to avoid.
One moment they were balanced on the brink of
the cataract, the next they were plunged sheer
12 feet into the seething waters beneath.
"Emerging at leng-th, White found himself
alone upon the raft, which an eddy had caught
in the rim of its vortex and was whirling
around. White had been seriously disturbed
by the shock of the fall, but when he recovered
his self-possession, he looked around for his
companion and quickly descried him in mid-
channel some 20 feet distant, buffeting the cur-
rent with feeble and uncertain stroke. Shout-
ing to him some words of encouragement and
hastily freeing himself from his lashings. White
prepared to make such efforts as he could to
assist and save his comrade. But almost imme-
diately, poor Strole, half strangled, doubtless,
and bewildered by his frightful plunge over the
cataract, without a cry or a groan, sank and rose
no more.
"The fate of either of his comrades would
have been a merciful one to White in com-
parison to what befell him. Poor fellow, his
troubles had hardly begun, while theirs were
ended, at least for this world. The death of
8trole fell upon him with crushing weight.
Sinking upon the raft, which floated slowly
148 HISTORY OF ARIZONA.
around with the eddy until it stranded upon the
head of a small island, he abandoned himself
for a brief period to all the misery of despair.
But his rugged and energetic nature would not
long succumb to such a feeling. Eecovering
himself, he began to survey as best he might his
situation.
"White no longer doubted that he was in the
Grand Canyon. He could neither scale the
walls nor return. There was nothing left but
to proceed down the stream, and in that direc-
tion there seemed not the shadow of a chance
that he might succeed and live. He only dared
to hope that by carefully tying himself to the
raft his body might float through with some por-
tion of it and be identified by means of a pocket
memorandum book which he endeavored to se-
cure to his person, so that his fate might become
known to his relatives and friends.
"Having considered these things with the
desperate calmness of a man who regards him-
self as doomed to speedy and inevitable death,
he nevertheless omitted nothing which might
tend to the preservation of his life. First, he
overhauled his raft and tightened its lashings.
Next he stripped the mesquite bushes which
grew on the bank of their scanty crop, with
which he partially appeased his hunger. Then,
with a fervent appeal to the great Father of all,
he launched his raft and floated away to en-
counter unknown dangers and terrors.
"It is hardly necessary to say that White
kept no 'log' of his voyage, and it would there-
fore be impossible to give from this point the
details of his daily progress. Never before did
EXPLORATIONS AND SURVEYS. 149
mortal man perform such a journey. For
nearly 500 miles he floated over a succession of
cascades and cataracts varying from 4 to 20
feet, with patches of smooth water between.
Frequently on plunging over a fall the raft was
overturned, and it was with much difficulty that
he saved himself from drowning. Once he was
so long under water that he became insensible ;
but on that occasion the raft providentially
emerged right side up, and when he revived he
found himself floating along as if nothing had
happened.
"Below each fall there was an island formed
by the land thrown up by the eddying waters,
affording him an opportunity of hauling up his
raft for repairs — a very necessary operation, as
the ropes by which it was bound were frequently
cut upon the edges of the rocks at the head of
the falls— and as a place of rest during the
nights. At first the mesquite growing upon the
islands supplied him with a scanty allowance of
food, but after the sixth day he found the
islands barren. A rawhide knife scabbard then
afforded him some slight sustenance and a good
deal of chewing for a couple of days, after
which he was without food until he passed the
Rio Virgen. One day he saw some lizards, but
was too feeble to catch them. To add to his
misery, he was stripped by the rocks and water
of his hat, pants, drawers, boots and socks; his
head, feet, and legs became blistered and raw by
the sun's rays.
"Day by" day and hour by hour he grew
weaker by exposure to the heat and because of
want of food. And all the time the dark walls
150 HISTORY OF ARIZONA.
of tile can}' on towered above him, nowhere less
than a thousand feet, and in some places a mile
and a half in height, to the best of his jndgment.
Anxiously he watched for some avenue of es-
cape, some crevice or fissure in the adamantine
walls which confined him, but there was none.
The consoling- reflection remained that it was
perhaps better to be dashed to pieces or perish
of simple starvation in the canyon than to
scramble out of it and add the torment of thirst
to those which he already endured. So he voy-
aged on, now helplessly broiling in the merciless
rays of the sun as he floated calmly and yet
swiftly along the expanse of the comparatively
smooth water, then tumbling over a casciide or
rushing through a rapid at the imminent peril
of shipwreck upon the rocks which bumped and
thumped his frail craft until its light timbers
rattled; and now shuddering and with bated
breath plunging over a fall, for aught he knew,
into eternity. Day by day, and hour by hour,
he grew w^eaker for the want of food, while from
sitting in a cramped position and from expos-
ure to the sun, his legs were so stiff and sore
as to be almost entirely disabled. Still, with
dogged resolution he persevered, improving
every moment of daylight, and making, as he
believed, at a moderate estimate, 40 or 50 miles
every day.
"At length, on the evening of September 6,
the raft, with our bruised, battered, and starv-
ing voyager, more dead than alive, and yet re-
taining a gi-eat deal of the wonderful vitality
which thus far had sustained him, still clinging
to it, emerged from the canyon. Again the
EXPLORATIONS AND SURVEYS. 151
broadening river flowed between low, green
banks.
"White felt that the worst of the voyage was
over. If he could but hold out for a day or two
longer, he would be saved. But though his
spirit was undaunted, his physical strength was
nearly gone.
"Soon after passing the mouth of a consider-
able stream, the Rio Virgen, he heard voices
shouting to him. He could hardly convince
himself that the sounds were real, and he gazed
in wondering surprise toward the bank. A
number of Indians leaped into the water, swam
out to him, and pushed the raft ashore. He
was roughly treated by the Indians, who tore
off his coat tails and seized one of his revolvers.
One of the Indians who spoke English told him
they were Pah-Utes. They seemed to compre-
hend the fearful trip White had made and to
express some astonishment among themselves
that he should have survived it, but his condi-
tion excited not the smallest spark of sympathy
in their dusky bosoms.
"White asked for food, and the Indians
agreed to give him a small dog for the remain-
ing pistol. But on securing the weapon, they
let the dog escape. He was finally compelled
to give them his vest for catching and killing
the animal, and even then the Indians appro-
priated the fore quarters. White ate a hind
quarter of the dog I'aw and without salt for his
supper, and then lay down and slept soundly.
In the morning he ate the other hind quarter
and resumed his voyage to Callville.
152 HISTORY OF ARIZONA.
"It chanced that at this time the barge Colo-
rado, of Fort Mojave, in charge of Capt. Wil-
burn, with a crew of four or five men, was at
Callville, receiving a cargo of lime and salt.
Standing on the bank, the captain saw the
strange craft passing by on the other side and
hailed it.
"'My God! Is this Callville r responded
White in feeble tones.
" 'Yes,' replied Capt. Wilburn, 'come ashore.'
" 'I'll try to,' replied the voyager, 'but I
don 't know whether I can or not. '
"Fastening his raft about 200 feet below.
White, a strange looking object, made his
appearance on the crest of a hill near the land-
ing.
" 'My God! Capt. Wilburn, that man's a hun-
dred years old,' exclaimed one of the crew.
"He looked older, for his long hair and flow-
ing beard were white. His eyes were sunken,
his cheeks thin and emaciated, his shrunken
legs a mass of black and loathsome scabs from
his loins to his toes. As he crawled slowly and
painfully toward them, the men, with exclama-
tions of astonishment and pity, went to meet
and assist him. They brought him to their
camp, gave him food, washed and anointed his
sores, and clothed him. White became deliri-
ous, but toward evening his wandering senses
returned, and he was able to give an account of
himself.
"James Ferry, United States quartermaster
at Callville, made the Pah-Utes return White's
possessions and took care of him until he re-
covered.
EXPLORATIONS AND SURVEYS. 153
"When I last heard of White he was carr}^-
ing the mail between Callville and Mojave. At
the latter place Gen. W. J. Palmer saw and
conversed with him, and from his statements
was satisfied that the length of the Grand Can-
yon is not less than 500 miles, and that its
thorough scientific exploration, while not abso-
lutely impossible, will present difficulties which
will not soon be surmounted."
White is still living, a resident of Trinidad,
Colorado, and has furnished a statement at first
hand of his adventure, which is here repro-
duced. It seems that after remaining a few
months on the lower Colorado, and after visit-
ing his old home in Wisconsin, Mr. White re-
turned to Colorado and ultimately located in
Trinidad, where he has lived since 1878, and
there, in 1916, he prepared this account of his
voyage w^hich, as far as known, is the only
printed statement made and signed by him, with
the exception of a brief account which appeared
in a Wisconsin paper soon after the conclusion
of his voyage. Mr. White writes :
"I was born in Eome, N. Y., November 19,
1837, but was reared in Kenosha, Wis. At the
age of 23 I left for Denver, Colo., later drifting
to California, and there enlisted in the Army at
Camp Union, Sacramento, in Company H, Cali-
fornia Infantry, Gen. Carleton (some doubt as
to the correct spelling of his name) being gen-
eral of the regiment, and the company being
under Capt. Stratton. I served in the Army
three and one-half years, being honorably dis-
charged at Franklin, Tex., on May 31, 1865.
From there I went to Santa Fe, N. Mex., and
154 HISTORY OF ARIZONA.
then to Denver. In the fall of that year I went
from Denver to Atchison, Kans., with Capt.
Turnley (some doubt as to the correct spelling
of his name) and his family, and from Atchi-
son I went to Fort Dodge, Kansas, where I
drove stage for Barlow & Sanderson, and there
I got acquainted with Capt. Baker, also George
Strole and Goodfellow. This was in the spring
of 1867, and the circumstances under which I
met them were as follows: Capt. Baker was a
trapper at the time I met liim there, and the
Indians had stolen his horses, and he asked me
to go with him to get his horses, and I went with
him, George Strole, and Goodfellow. We could
not get his horses, so we took 14 head of horses
from the Indians. The Indians followed us all
night and all day, and we crossed the river at
a place called Cimarron, in Kansas, and we
travelled across the prairies to Colorado City,
Colo.
"Before going further with my story I would
like to relate here what I know of Capt. Baker 's
history. He had been in the San Juan country
in 1860 and was driven out by the Indians. He
showed me lumber that he had sawed by hand
to make sluice boxes. I was only with him
about three months, and he spoke very little of
his personal affairs. WHen we were together
in Colorado City he met several of his former
friends that he had been prospecting with in the
early sixties. I cannot remember their names.
The only thing I know is that he mentioned
coming from St. Louis, but never spoke of him-
self as being a soldier, and I thought 'Captain'
was just a nickname for him. He was a man
EXPLORATIONS AND SURVEYS. 155
that spoke little of his past or personal affairs,
but I remember of his keeping a memorandum
book of his travels from the time we left Colo-
rado City.
''After reaching Colorado City, Colo., Baker
proposed a prospecting trip to the San Juan.
There we got our outfit, and that spring the
four of us started on the trip and went over to
the Rio Grande. At the Eio Grande Good-
fellow was shot in the foot, and we left him at
a farm house, and the three of us proceeded on
our trip. From the Eio Grande we went over
to the head of it, down on the Animas, up
the Eureka Gulch. There we prospected one
month. We dug a ditch 150 feet long and 15
feet deep. We did not find anything, so we
went down the Animas 5 miles, crossed over into
the Mancos. At the head of the Mancos we
saw a large lookout house about 100 feet high,
which was built out of cobblestones. Farther
down the canyon we saw houses built of cobble-
stones, and also noticed small houses about 2
feet square that were built up about 50 feet
on the side of the canyon and seemed to be
houses of some kind of a bird that was wor-
shipped. We followed the Mancos down until
we struck the San Juan. Then we followed the
San Juan down as far as we could and then
swam our horses across and started over to the
Grand Eiver, but before we got to the Grand
Eiver we struck a canyon; so we went down
that canyon and camped there three days. We
could not get out of the canyon on the opposite
side, so we had to go out of the canyon the same
wav we went down. There we were attacked
156 HISTORY OF ARIZONA.
by Indians and Baker was killed. We did not
know there were any Indians about until Baker
was killed. Baker, falling to the ground, said,
'I am killed.' The Indians were hiding be-
hind the rocks overlooking the can3^on. Baker
expired shortly after the fatal shot, and, much
to our grief, we had to leave his remains, as the
Indians were close upon us, and George Strole
and I had to make our escape as soon as pos-
sible, going back down in the canyon. We left
our horses in the brush, and we took our over-
coats, lariats, guns, ammunition, and 1 quart of
flour, and I also had a knife scabbard made out
of rawhide, and I also had a knife, and we
started afoot down the canyon.
"We travelled all day until about 5 o'clock,
when we struck the head of the Grand Canyon
of the Colorado River. There we picked up
some logs and built us a raft. We had 200 feet
of rope when we first built the raft, which was
about 6 feet wide and 8 feet long, just big
enough to hold us up. The logs were securely
tied together with the ropes. We got on our
raft at night, working it with a pole. We
travelled all night, and the next day, at 10
o'clock, we passed the mouth of the San Juan
river. We had smooth floating for three days.
The third day, about 5 o'clock, we went over a
rapid, and George was washed off, but I caught
hold of him andgot him on the raft again.
"From the time we started the walls of tlie
Canyon were from two to three thousand feet
high, as far as I could estimate at the time, and
some days we could only see the sun for an hour,
possibly two hours. Each day we would mix
EXPLORATIONS AND SURVEYS. 157
a little of the flour in a cup and drink it. The
third day the flour got wet, so we scraped it of£
the sack and ate it. That was the last of the
flour and all we had to eat.
"On the fourth day we rebuilt our raft, find-
ing cedar logs along the bank from 12 to 14
feet long and about 8 or 10 inches through. We
made it larger than the first one. The second
raft was about 8 feet wide and 12 feet long.
We started down the river again, and about 8
o'clock in the morning (as to our time, we were
going by the sun) we got into a whirlpool and
George 'was w^ashed off. I hollered to him to
swim ashore, but he went down and I never saw
him again,
"After George was drowned I removed my
trousers, tying them to the raft, so I would be
able to swim in case I was washed off. I then
tied a long rope to my waist, which was fast-
ened to the raft, and I kept the rope around my
waist until the twelfth day.
"About noon I passed the mouth of the Little
Colorado river, where the water came into the
canyon as red as could be, and just below that
I struck a large whirlpool and I was in the
whirlpool about two hours or more before I got
out.
"I floated on all that day, going over several
rapids, and when night came I tied my raft to
the rocks and climbed upon the rocks of the
walls of the canyon to rest. I had nothing to
eat on the fourth day.
"On the fifth day I started down the river
again, going over four or five rapids, and when
158 HISTOEY OF ARIZONA.
night came I rested on the walls again, and still
nothing to eat.
"On the sixth day I started do\^^l the river
again, and I came to a little island in the middle
of the river. There was a bush of mesquite
beans on this island, and I got a handful of
these beans and ate them. When night came I
rested on the walls again.
"The seventh, eighth, ninth, and tenth days
were uneventful, but still going continuously
over rapids, and still nothing to eat. So I cut
my knife scabbard into small pieces and swal-
lowed them. During the entire trip I saw no
fish or game of any kind.
"On the eleventh day I went over the big
rapid. I saw it before I came to it, and laid
down on my stomach and hung to the raft and
let the raft go over the rapid, and after getting
about 200 yards below the rapid I stopped and
looked at a stream of water about as large as
mj body that was running through the solid
rocks of the canyon about 75 feet above my
head, and the clinging moss to the rocks made
a beautiful sight. The beauty of it cannot be
described.
"On the twelfth day my raft got on some
rocks and I could not get it off ; so I waded on to
a small island in the middle of the river. On
this island there was an immense tree that had
been lodged there. The sun was so hot I could
not work, so I dug the earth out from under
the tree and laid under it until the sun dis-
appeared behind the cliffs. This was about
noon. After resting there I got up and found
five sticks about as big as my leg and took them
EXPLORATIONS AND SURVEYS. 159
down to the edge of the island below my raft.
\L then untied the rope from my raft and took
the loose rope I had around my waist and tied
these sticks together. I slept on this island all
night.
"On the thirteenth day I started out again
on my newly made raft (leaving the old raft on
the rocks), thinking it was daylight; but it was
moonlight, and I continued down the river until
daylight. While floating in the moonlight I
saw a pole sticking up between two large rocks,
which I afterwards learned the Government
had placed there some years before as the end
of its journey.
"When daylight came I heard some one talk-
ing, and I hollered 'hello,' and they hollered
'hello' back. I discovered then that they were
Indians. Some of them came out to the raft
and pulled me ashore. There were a lot on the
bank, and I asked them if they were friendly,
and they said they were, and I then asked them
to give me something to eat, when they gave
me a piece of mesquite bread. While I was
talking to some of the Indians, the others stole
my half-ax and one of my revolvers, which were
roped to the raft. They also tore my coat try-
ing to take it from me.
"After eating the bread I got on my raft and
floated until about 3 o'clock in the afternoon,
w^hen I came upon another band of Indians, and
I went ashore and went into their camp. They
did not have anything for me to eat, so I traded
my other revolver and vest for a dog. They
skinned the dog and gave me the two hind quar-
ters and I ate one of them for supper, roasting
160 HISTORY OF ARIZONA.
it on the coals. The Indians, being afraid of
me, drove me out of their camp, and I rested
on the bank of the river that night, and the next
morning, the fourteenth day after I got on my
raft, I started to eat the other quarter, but I
dropped it in the water. I floated that day un-
til 3 o'clock and landed at Callville, and a man
came out and pulled me ashore.
"Jim Ferry or Perry (not sure as to the first
letter of this name) was a mail agent at this
place. He was also a correspondent for some
newspaper in San Francisco. He took me in
and fed me. When I landed all the clothing I
had on my body was a coat and a shirt, and my
flesh was all lacerated on my legs from my ter-
rible experience and of getting on and off the
raft and climbing on the rocks. My beard and
hair were long and faded from the sun. I was
so pale that even the Indians were afraid of me.
I was nothing but skin and bones and so weak
that I could hardly w^alk. Jim Ferry (or Perry)
cared for me for three days, and the soldiers
around there gave me clothing enough to cover
my body.
"I was at Callville about four weeks, and a
boat was there getting a load of salt, and I got
on that boat and w^ent to Fort Mojave. There
I met Gen. Palmer and told him my story.
"From Fort Mojave I w^ent to Callville again
and there worked for Jim Ferry (or Perry),
carrying the mail for three months between
Callville and Fort Mojave. Then he sold out
to Jim Hinton, and I carried mail for him for
a month. He sold out, and we each bought a
horse and pack animal and we started from Call-
EXPLORATIONS AND SURVEYS. 161
ville, going to Salt Lake in the spring of 1868.
From Salt Lake City we went to Bear River.
There we took a contract of getting out ties.
Then I hired out as wagon boss. Then I quit
and run a saloon. I sold out and then went to
Omaha, Nebr. From there I went to Chicago,
and from there to Kenosha, Wis., to visit my
old home. That was in 1869. From Kenosha
I went to Chicago, and from there to Leaven-
worth, Kans., and later to Kansas City, Kans.
From there I went to Junction City, Kans., and
then to Goose Creek. I drove stage in and out
of Goose Creek for Barlow & Sanderson, for
whom I had worked in Fort Dodge. I was
transferred from Goose Creek to Fort Lyon or
Five Mile Point. From there I went to Bent
Canyon, Colo., and minor places, later drifting
to Trinidad, where I have lived since 1878.
"These are the plain facts. There are many
minor points that could be mentioned, but did
not think it necessary to mention here. I have
never been through that country since my ex-
perience, but have had a great desire to go over
the same country again, but have never been
financially able to take the trip.
■ "(Signed) JAMES WHITE."
Corroborative evidence of the statement of
Mr. White, and other statements, concerning his
trip, is also produced by the writer, from which
the following is taken:
"Among tliose who took cognizance of it was
Bancroft, the historian of the western coast,
who includes the White story in his history of
Arizona. Samuel Bowles, the famous editor of
V— 11
162 HISTORY OF ARIZONA.
the Springfield Republican, and Albert D. Rich-
ardson, both of them early and frequent visitors
to the West, accept the record without question,
and both make mention of White's adventure
in books written by themselves. It would be
worth while to quote from all these notable pub-
licists, but an extract from Mr. Richardson
must suffice as a sample of the thought and ex-
pression of all. He w^ent to the extent of giv-
ing the full story of the Grand Canyon exploit
in the 1869 edition of his great book, 'Beyond
the Mississippi, ' regarded everywhere in its day
as the last word on all things western. The fol-
lowing excerpt affords a fair idea of his esti-
mate of White 's story :
" 'Indians and trappers have always believed
that no man could tread the stupendous gorge,
hundreds of miles long, with its unknown cata-
racts and its frowning rock w^alls a mile high,
and come out alive. But one has done it and
lives to tell the tale. * * * What a romance
his adventures would make. Let Charles Reade
or Victor Hugo take James White for a hero
and give us a new novel to hold children from
play and old men from the chimney corner. '
"In another connection in the same article
Mr. Richardson characterizes White's feat as
'perhaps without parallel in authentic human
history.' "
The writer continues:
' ' The fact having been established by so many
witnesses that White actually made his appear-
ance below^ the canyon, the case would be com-
plete if it could be shown that he went into the
canyon at its head ; but obviously such proof is
EXPLOKATIONS AND SURVEYS. 163
impossible, as there were no white men's habi-
tations within hundreds of miles on the day that
White and Strole pulled out into the stream to
escape the savages w^ho had so unceremoniously
deprived them of their leader.
"All that can be done to substantiate White's
story regarding the entrance upon his perilous
enterprise, is to adduce as much testimony as
possible indicating the probability of truthful-
ness in that connection. Necessarily, in view
of the lapse of time and the remoteness of the
locality, such proof is scarce. Still it is not en-
tirely lacking. We have at least three wit-
nesses whose testimony shows that White and
Baker, with others, were moving toward the
head of the canyon in the spring of 1867, and
fortunately one of these still lives. He is no
other than Hon. T. J. Ehrhart, the present
highly regarded chairman of the Colorado State
Highway Commission. The other two are S. B.
Kellogg and Mrs. Thomas Pollock, both for-
merly of Lake City,, Colo., whom we find quoted
in the Rocky Mountain News, of Denver, in its
issue of November 14, 1877.
"The statement in the News was a contribu-
tion from a correspondent, and the reference to
White was incidental to an effort to clear up the
fate of Baker, who, as the leader of the first
expedition into the San Juan region, was a his-
torical character in Colorado. Kellogg had
aided in fitting out the original Baker expedi-
tion when it left California Gulch in 1860, and
had become a member of the Baker party while
it was operating in San Juan during the fall of
that year, while Mrs. Pollock had joined the
164 HISTOEY OF ARIZONA.
party as the wife of another of its members.
When seen by the representative of the Denver
paper, both resided in Lake City, and Kellogg
held office as a justice of the peace.
"The News correspondent bases his whole
article on information supplied by these two
former associates of Baker and, after detailing
the facts regarding the venture of 1860, says :
'' 'In the summer of 1867 Charles Baker re-
turned to Colorado and camped for a short time
on Chalk Creek. With several other men he
started south from there and wandered through
the mountains prospecting. Their number
dwindled down until only Baker, a man named
White, and another, whose name is forgotten,
remained together.'
''The particulars of the futile prospecting
trip through the San Juan, the journey to the
mouth of the Grand Eiver, the murder of Baker,
and White's voyage down the river are then re-
counted, after which recital the News writer
adds:
" 'In May last White w^as in Lake City, and
it is believed that he is now in the southern part
of the State. He is about 35 years of age, a
plain, matter-of-fact, practical, adventurous
man. There is not a shadow of doubt about his
wonderful adventures and his marvellous es-
cape through the Canyon of the Colorado.'
"The writer does not say in explicit words
that Kellogg and Mrs. Pollock met Baker while
engaged in his new prospecting enteiprise, but
he gives the impression that they were relating
facts of which they were personally cognizant.
As a matter of fact, however, Baker's presence
EXPLORATIONS AND SURVEYS. 165
in that region would have been the subject of
common knowledge, as he was known as few
other men there because of his identification
with the history of the country; so that there
can be no doubt that Mr. Kellogg and Mrs. Pol-
lock knew just what they were talking about.
Hence their testimony goes far toward corrobo-
rating White's story of the party's visit to the
San Juan prior to the adventure on the Rio
Colorado. Incidentally, it is worth while to
point out that this publication was made eight
years after Powell's voyage. More significant
still is the fact that it appeared in the Rocky
Mountain News, whose editor was a close per-
sonal friend of Maj. Powell's."
The testimony seems abundant that White
did pass the winter in the San Juan country in
a futile prospecting tour. x\mong those who
vouch for the correctness of this story is T. J.
Ehrhart, Commissioner of State Highways of
Colorado, and among those who vouch for the
character of Mr. White, who seems to have
raised a family and to have always pursued a
quiet life, not realizing at any time that he had
done anything extraordinary in passing through
the Grand Canyon, is Hon. D. L. Taylor, Mayor
of the City of Trinidad, who has known White
ever since he located in Trinidad; the Hon.
S. W. He Busk, State Senator from the Trini-
dad District ; the Hon. Julius Gunter, Governor
of Colorado, and Eli Jeffryes, Cashier of the
First National Bank of Trinidad, besides a
number of others. Mr. Jeffryes said:
"I have known Mr. James White, of this city,
for the past thirty-three years. In all that
166 HISTORY OF ARIZONA.
time I have known him to be a man of first-class
reputation. He is the father of a very splen-
did family of children, all of whom are a credit
to the commmiity. We consider him entirely
honest, and he is of good credit locally."
George Wharton James in his work, ''In and
Around the Grand Canyon," says that White
subsequently worked for Major Pow^ell. White
declares that at no time was he in the employ of
the Major, nor did he laiow him, and that he
had never seen the man. In a letter dated
"Trinidad, Colo., April 20, 1917," to Mr. Daw-
son, Mr. White says :
"I have come into knowledge of the fact that
a charge has been made that I did not reach the
Colorado river above the San Juan, but below
it. You will notice from the account that I sent
you of my trip that when our party started on
our prospecting trip we w^ere headed for the
Grand River, as Baker said there was gold in
that part of the country ; but Baker was killed
before reaching the Grand River in a canyon
between the San Juan and the Grand. I knew
nothing of the country, but Baker did, and he
kept a memorandum ; but we did not think of it
after the Indians attacked us, as we had to make
our escape as quickly as possible. Mr. Baker
also carried a compass and kept us informed as
to the directions w'e w^ere travelling, and he told
us that we were going north to the Grand
River; that the Grand River and the Green
River formed the Colorado River.
"Baker w^as killed after w^e crossed the San
Juan River in a canyon between the San Juan
and the Grand, beino^ north of the San Juan.
EXPLORATIONS AND SURVEYS. 167
We camped in the canyon that night, and the
next morning we had to gp out the way we went
in, and that is w^here the Indians attacked us
and Baker was killed.
''George Strole and I went down the canyon,
travelling all that day, reaching the Colorado
River just below where the Grand River and
the Green River meet, forming the Colorado
River, and there we made our raft and began
our descent down the Colorado.
"TFe did not travel dotvn any small stream
before reaching the Colorado River.
"Mr. Baker was a man who had prospected a
good deal in the San Juan country, and surely
he knew where he w^as going and in which direc-
tion he was going.
"I guess the story will be attacked w^hen
printed, but I am willing to talk to anyone and
convince them that I entered the Colorado River
above the San Juan and not below it.
"I do not like to bother you so much, but I
thought it best to let you know of this charge
and to try and explain fully to you why I know
that we entered the Colorado north of the San
Juan river.
"Thanking you for your kindness, and hop-
ing that some day I will have the pleasure of
meeting you, I am,
"Very truly vours,
"eT AMES WHITE."
In view of this later evidence, as printed in
a Senate Document, there seems to be no room
to doubt that White actually made the journey,
and that he was the first man to traverse the
Colorado. Dellenbaugh has contributed sev-
168 HISTORY OF ARIZONA.
eral volumes, devoted to Major Powell's explo-
rations of that gorge, which, of course, form a
great addition to the history of the Grand Can-
yon of the Colorado, but it should be remem-
bered that Dellenbaugh was a partial biog-
rapher, and his declaration that it would be
impossible for any man to pass through the
Colorado on a raft should be taken with many
grains of allowance, because he was anxious,
apparently, not only to give Major Powell due
credit as being the first to explore the Grand
Canyon, but also to rob White of the credit of
being the first, by a force of circumstances, to
pass through it, and it is not surprising that
others have taken Dellenbaugh 's statements
that the entire story was a "base fabrication,"
and so proclaimed it to the world. The effects
of such statements, once given currency, are
hard to eliminate. It is like the story first
printed by Bancroft that Jeff Davis introduced
a bill into Congress to organize the Territory of
Arizona, when, as a matter of fact, Jeff Davis
never did anything of the kind, yet, to-day, it
is circulated and believed by a great many
of the people who have not the time and the
patience to hunt up the record.
JOHN WESLEY POWELL.
Explorer of the Canyons of the Colorado, Pounder, and, till his death,
Director of the Bureau of American Ethnology, and long Director of the
U. S. Geological Survey. As ho looked during the decade following his
two descents of the Colorado. Taken about 1876, in Washington. Major
Powell died September 23d, 1902.
EXPLORATIONS AND SURVEYS. 169
CHAPTER VIII.
EXPLORATIONS AND SURVEYS (Continued).
Major Powell's First Exploration of the
Grand Canyon — Cataract Canyon — De-
scription OF Walls of Canyon — Three
OF Party Leave and go Overland — End of
First Exploration — Mormons — Approxi-
mate Distance by Ri\^r — Major Powell's
Second Exploration of the Grand Can-
yon— White's Story Branded Fabrica-
tion BY DeLLENBAUGH.
Two years later, in 1869, Major Powell organ-
ized his first expedition for the exploration of
the Canyon, a short sketch of which he gave to
the press in 1869, as follows :
"For two or three years I have been engaged
in making some geographical studies in the
mountains to the east and north of the Colorado
Basin, and while pursuing them the thought
grew into my mind that the canyons of this
region would be a book of revelations in the
rock-leaved Bible of geology. The thought
fructified, and I determined to read the book;
so I sought for all the available information
with regard to the canyon land. I talked with
Indians and hunters; 1 went among the Mor-
mons to learn what they knew of this country
adjacent to the 'Kingdom of God,' the home of
the 'Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day
Saints'; I read the reports of the United States'
Surveys, and I explored canyons of the tribu-
tary streams that I thought would represent
170 HISTORY OF ARIZONA.
somewhat the nature of the Grand Canyon, on
account of similar geological and physical fea-
tures. From the fabulous stories, the facts,
and the reports, and from the knowledge of
other canyons, I came to the belief that the
'Grand Canyon of the Colorado' could be ex-
plored by descending the river in small boats.
I also arrived at the conclusion that w^hat was
known as the 'Grand Canyon' was in fact a
series of canyons, forming the banks or walls
of the Upper Colorado and the lower portions
of the Green and Grand, that unite to form it.
These two streams unite in canyons, and some
persons held that the vaguely defined 'Grand
Canyon' was continued up the Green, and others
that it was continued up the Grand, while others
still asserted that these streams united in a val-
ley. One man assured me that he, with several
others, had laid out a city at the junction, but
was driven away by Indians.
"Having made up my mind to explore the
gorge, I came from the mountains to Chicago
last spring, to procure outfit and build boats.
Four of these were made on a model devised for
the purpose of navigating canyon streams ; and
taking them out to Green River Station, where
the Union Pacific Eailroad crosses the Green,
I w^as ready to embark. There I had a party of
nine men awaiting my arrival, and anxious to
enter the 'Great Unknown' with me — men all
experienced in the wild life of the country, and
most of them in boating on dangerous streams.
"On the 24th of May we started. For a few
days our way was through a river of low canyons
and small green valleys, until we reached the
EXPLORATIONS AND SURVEYS. 171
Uintah Mountains. Through this range the
river has cut a winding channel, forming the
Uintah system of canyons. Near the lower end
of this series Yampa river enters the Green by
a canyon. Further down, in a valley portion
the Uintah and White rivers come in. About
thirty miles below this point we enter another
series of canyons. I.ow walls of grey, buff, and
rust colored sandstone shut us in. These walls
slowly increase in height as we advance ; the grey
rocks are lost; dark red sandstone appears;
the walls are broken down by lateral canyons,
increasing in number until we are in the heart
of the Canyon of Desolation. Sometimes these
lateral canyons are so crowded, that the rock
between them stands as a narrow wall hundreds
of feet high, the end being, of course, towards
the main canyon.
"Some lateral canyons have their own lateral
canyons, then a fourth series, cutting the wall
into sections, whose towering summits, though
large enough to support cathedrals, seem
scarcely to furnish footing for man. Two thou-
sand feet — three thousand feet overhead is the
summit of the walls, while rocks and crags, and
peaks rise higher, and still higher away back
from the river, until they reach an altitude of
nearly five thousand feet. These rusty, grey,
and dark red sandstones have no beauty of
colour. A few greenish brown cedars are seen,
looking not like shoots of evergreen spray, but
like clumps of knotty war clubs bedecked with
spines. These, with a little sage, constitute all
the verdure. We next ran through Coal Can-
yon, and passed the mouth of Little White
172 HISTORY OF ARIZONA.
River; then came a valley region, where we
passed the mouth of the San Rafael, and soon
entered Stillwater Canyon. The river winds
through this with a quiet current, as if in no
haste to leave this beautiful canyon, carved out
of orange sandstone. All along its walls domed
alcoves and amphitheatres have been cut out of
the solid rock; grottoes and caves abound, nar-
row lateral canyons, channels of rivulets, born
of a shower, and born again of a shower, are
cut as clefts in the rocks; and at every curve
on the inner side is a spot of willow bordered
meadow. Then the walls grow higher, the river
swifter, and w^e glide down to the junction of
the Green and Grand. Here the walls are
nearly 1,300 feet high. But away back from
the river are lateral canyons, and canyon val-
leys, the floors of w^hich are at about the same
altitude as the immediate walls of the main
canyon, and the walls of this upper set are hun-
dreds of feet higher, and still further back again
the country is cut into a labyrinth of canyons.
The main walls at the junction are not vertical,
but have the slope of broken rocks tnmbled
down, while the lateral canyons have mostly
vertical walls with a sloping talus at the base.
"We remained at the junction several days,
and then rowed out into Cataract Canyon.
Soon we heard the roar of waters, and came
upon a succession of rocky rapids and cataracts.
Over some of these we were compelled to make
portage; usually only the cargoes were carried
over the rocks and the boats were let down with
lines ; but now and then boats and all had to be
carried. When these cataracts and rapids were
EXPLORATIONS AND SURVEYS. 173
unobstructed by rocks, or where there was any
passage, we were able to run them, never fmding
any fall greater than nineteen feet in this can-
yon. Sometimes the waves below would I'oll
over a boat and fill the open part; but they
could not sink it, as each was decked fore and
aft, and so had a watertight compartment at
either end. Now and then a boat would roll
over; but, clinging to its sides until they could
right it, the men would swim to shore, towing
it with them. We found much difficulty in the
whirlpools below; for at times it was almost
impossible to get out of them. They would
carry us back under the falls, they would dash
us against the rocks, or they would send us
whirling down the river. For twelve days we
toiled through this canyon, stopping once to
measure the altitude of its walls near its highest
point, and finding it nearly 2,500 feet. This
was at the axis of a vast fold in the strata, and
from that point the upper rocks slowly came
down with a gentle dip to the southwest until
we reached the foot of the canyon, 45 miles
from its head. A rocky valley canyon was
found here on the left, and the river made a
bend around a sharp point on the right, which
point was set with ten thousand crags and rocks.
We called it Mille-crag Bend, and sweeping
around this in a rapid current, our boats shot
into Narrow Canyon, down which we glided
almost at railroad speed, the walls rising verti-
cally from the water 1,300 feet at its head, and
coming down to high-water mark at the foot,
7 miles below, where the Dirty Devil, a river of
mud, enters from the right. Now we had come
174 HISTOEY OF ARIZONA.
again to the red and orange sandstone, and the
walls were of beautiful bright rock, low at first,
but as we cut down through the strata, rising
higher and higher. Now and then, on this and
that side, the rocks were vertical from the
water's edge; but usually they were cut into
moimds and cones and hills of solid sandstone,
rising one above the other as they stretched back
in a gentle slope for miles. These mounds have
been cut out by the showers from the bright
orange rock, and glitter in resplendent beauty
under the midday sun. Hour after hour have
we gazed entranced on them, as they faded in
the perspective and retreated to the rear; for
the river was gentle, though swift, and we had
but to steer our boats, and on we went through
this land of beauty and glory.
"On the 31st of July we reached the mouth
of the San Juan, at the foot of Mound Canyon,
and went into camp for a day or two's rest.
Then we started again. We had now run once
more into dark red and chocolate coloured sand-
stones, with slate coloured beds below; these
usually formed vertical walls, occasionally ter-
raced or broken down, and from the crest of
these the orange mounds sloped back, bearing
on the top of each mound some variegated
monument, now vertical, now terraced, now
carved by time into grotesque shapes, such as
towers, pinnacles, etc. These monuments stood
alone or in groups, and spread over the land-
scape as far as the eye could reach. The little
valley of the Paria River terminates this can-
yon, making it about 100 miles long. We named
it Monument Canyon.
EXPLORATIONS AND SURVEYS. 175
"By this time the river had cut through the
sandstones and reached the limestones below
them at this point, and as We advanced the chan-
nel was cut into this new strata. We entered
between walls, low but vertical, which gradually
increased in altitude to the foot, where they
were 2,900 feet high, terraced and broken down
into crags above. Halfway down the canyon
we found the lower strata appearing as marble ;
the marbles were white, grey, and slate coloured,
then pink, purple and brown; other strata ap-
peared which were variegated with these colours
intermixed, until at last we had 400 feet of
marble wall, mostly variegated, from the water's
edge. They were fretted by the water, em-
bossed with strange devices, and polished into
beauty. Where there were patches of marble
floor left bare, large shallow water basins ap-
peared, hollowed out by the whirlpools of the
flood season, and filled with clear, sparkling
water — a beautiful contrast to the red muddy
river. Springs gushed from these limestone
strata, forming fountains which plunged into
marble fonts, and formed a strange contrast,
after every shower, to the cascades of red mud
which poured over the walls from the red sand-
stone above, with a fall of hundreds of feet.
We called this Marble Canyon ; it terminated at
the mouth of the Little Colorado (Colorado
Chiquito), and was about 36 miles long.
"Here a short rest, and then we pulled out on
the home stretch— not a very short one either—
nearly 300 miles by river to the mouth of the
Virgen. The lower members of this carboni-
ferous f oimation are of dark rust coloured sand-
176 HISTORY OF ARIZONA.
stones, sometimes almost black. We soon ran
through these, and through Silurian red sand-
stone, and about 15 miles below the mouth of the
Little Colorado, struck the granite.
' ' From the mouth of that stream to the mouth
of the Virgen, our objective point, the general
course of the river is to the west ; but it makes
three great curves to the south and three cor-
responding curves to the north. At the ex-
tremity of the southern curves the walls are
granite at the base, reaching to an altitude of
800 feet. This usually rises from the w^ater in
almost vertical cliffs, set above with ragged
crags, then a sloping terrace 100 to 500 yards
wide, then walls of sandstone and marble tower-
ing 200 or 300 feet towards the heavens. In the
northern bends the marble comes down to the
w^ater's edge. In the southern bends the river
runs raging through a narrow gorge filled with
rapids and cataracts, often falling at a plunge
from 5 to 20 feet — the greatest being 22 feet.
Over these we usually had to run, as the granite
walls rarely gave foothold, though some port-
ages w^ere made. The roar of a cataract could
always be heard for half a mile or more, so that
we never came upon them unapprised of danger.
"In the last great bend to the south we came
upon a series of cataracts and rapids crowded
together into a distance of three-fourths of a
mile; a stream came down through a narrow
canyon on either side, and above their mouths
we found a foothold to land, so we stopped to
examine. On the river there seemed to be great
danger, and no portage could be had. We
arrived in the morning, and the day was spent
EXPLORATIONS AND SURVEYS. 177
in exploring and trying to decide some method
of getting over the difficulty. I found that we
could climb to the summit of the granite, 800
feet high, and passing along the terrace could
descend to a point helow ; but it would require
ten days to get our boats and cargoes over, and
we had scant five days' rations. When I re-
turned to camp at night I announced to the men
that we must attempt to run it. After supper
one of them came to me and asked if I was will-
ing that he and two others should leave the river
and walk out over the mountains ; they thought
that they could climb out of the canyon, up the
channel of the right hand creek. Of course, I
objected, but they were determined to go. An
hour's talk failed to shake their resolutions; so
I sat up all night, made observations for the
latitude and longitude of that point, and then
walked up and down a little sand beach until
morning.
"On the morrow the men were still deter-
mined to go, and I hastily fitted out the little
party with guns, ammunition, and a small store
of rations. In the meantime those going down
the river were ready to start. Not being able
to man it, I tied up one of the boats and
abandoned it. When all was ready we shook
hands, and some tears were started, as each
party thought the other going to destruction.
' Goodby, ' and away went our boat over the first
cataract, then amongst the rocks and over the
second to the left of a huge rock and whirlpool,
and then leaping a third, it shot into an eddy
below.
V— 12
178 HISTORY OF ARIZONA.
''The boats were half filled with water, but
that was of common occurrence ; we really found
it less dangerous than a hundred we had rmi
above. The men that were left sat on the cliffs
and watched us go safely over, so we went into
camp and waited two hours, hoping that they
would join us with the boat left tied to the rock
above. But we never saw nor heard of them
since.
' ' The same afternoon we passed one more dan-
gerous rapid, and then had fair sailing to the
end of the canyon, where the river debouches
into Mormon Valley, so named by our party.
"This ended the exploration of the Grand
Canyon of the Colorado — its head at the con-
fluence of the Little Colorado, its foot at the
entrance of Moimon Valley, its length 238
miles, its altitude from 2,500 to 4,000 feet. A
number of clear streams flow into it from either
side, the largest coming down from the Buck-
skin Mountains on the north, which we named
Right Angle River.
"I have mentioned the terraces of the south-
ern bends; these have been the sites of ancient
Indian villages, inhabited by a race of diminu-
tive people now almost extinct. Their little
clusters of houses, fomid on the south side of
the river, were 800 or 1,000 feet above the water.
They were built of stone laid in mortar, and
seem to have had reservoirs for water. Frag-
ments of their pottery are found scattered about
in great profusion, and deeply worn foot paths
leading from village to village, or down to the
river, or up to the summit plain, were fre-
quently seen. On the northern bend their
EXPLORATIONS AND SURVEYS. 179
dwellings were near the river. Some of the
ruins seem to be centuries old, and others to
have been inhabited by the present generation —
the latter were found near the mouth of the
Little Colorado. Other ruins and fragments of
pottery were found in the canyons above, and
away up in the valleys of the Uintah. Only a
few villages of these interesting people now
remain in the country to the southeast.
'^ Below the Grand Canyon the river and ad-
joining country had been explored by Mormon
parties, and here ended the 'Great Unknown,'
no longer thus to be designated. One party had
crossed through Mormon Valley; another had
brought a skifi down the Grand Wash just be-
low it, and descended in it to the mouth of the
Virgen — to Call's Landing, and still other par-
ties have passed through the country whose re-
ports I find quite correct, except that they a
little over estimated the distances. Alternating
valleys and canyons were passed till we reached
the mouth of the Virgen, where we came upon
three white men dragging a seine. They proved
to be Mormons, who had been sent on to prepare
for a large settlement of people, which will be
sent here by the Church, to build up another of
those wonderful villages seen only in the 'King-
dom.'
"The whole region was one of great scenic
beauty and grandeur; the constant change in
geological structure made a constant change of
scenery. The high walls enclosing a tortuous
river, shut off the view before, and as we ad-
vanced, it opened out, ever bringing into view
some new combination of marvel or beauty.
180 HISTORY OF ARIZONA.
The impression of this scenery was the more
vivified by a little anxiety — the shadow of a
pang of dread ever present to the mind.
"Of my party, I should like to say that some
left me at the start, cutting the number down to
ten, including myself. One left me at the mouth
of the Uintah, three left me as mentioned before,
and five went through. These were Captain
W. H. Powell, John C. Sumner, George T.
Bradley, W. Rhodes Hawkins, and Andrew
Hall."
I append a table of approximate distances,
from source to mouth of the Rio Colorado, col-
lected from the most authentic sources, 925
miles of which were traversed and measured by
Major J. W. Powell:
APPROXIMATE DISTANCES BY RIVER.
GREEN RIVER.
Miles Total m
Intermediate. Miles.
Prom headwaters of Green River
to Green River Crossing (on
the U. P. R. R.) about 130 130
Through valley to mouth of
Henry's Fork 60 190
Through Uintah series of Canyons 70 260
Through valley past mouths of
Uintah and White rivers 50 310
Through Lower Green River sys-
tem of canyons to junction of
Green and Grand 190 500
EXPLORATIONS AND SURVEYS. 181
RIO COLORADO.
Miles Total in
Intermediate. Miles.
Through Cataract Canyon 45 545
Through Mound Canyon 7 552
Through Narrow Canyon to mouth
of San Juan River 68 620
Through Monument Canyon to
mouth of Paria River 100 720
Through Marble Canyon to mouth
of Little Colorado 36 756
Through Grand Canyon 238 994
Through valley to mouth of Virgen 43 1,037
Through Callville 18 1,055
Fort Mojave 75 1,130
The Needles 25 1,155
Mouth of Bill Williams's Fork. ... 60 1,215
Fort Yuma 190 1,405
Head of the Gulf of California .... 150 1,555
This was the first scientific investigation ever
made of the Grand Canyon. Major Powell
made a second expedition two years later, full
accounts of which have been written by F. S.
Dellenbaugh in two books entitled "The Ro-
mance of the Colorado River," and "A Canyon
Voyage."
Dellenbaugh brands White's story as a fab-
rication, but the fact remains that White was
taken up at Callville in an exhausted condition.
Everyone who knew W. H. Hardy, who is quoted
as one of the persons who interviewed White,
knows that the old gentleman was the last man
on earth to be imposed upon by any fictitious
story. According to White's story, a few days
182 HISTORY OF ARIZONA.
before arriving at Callville, he was drawn out
of the water by a band of Indians. These In-
dians were, unquestionably the Havasupais,
who had inhabited that portion of the Colorado
Canyon for many years, how long, no one knows.
Whipple, in his survey in 1854—55, speaks of
them, and they are cultivating the same land to
this day. White was by no means a boaster.
He was a quiet, industrious, peaceable man, and
after recovering his health, his only ambition
was to return to his old home in Wisconsin. I
would not detract from the laurels Major Powell
has honestly earned. He was an indefatigable
explorer and scientist, and as this history pro-
ceeds it will be shown that he did much for the
conquest of the arid West.
THE MILITARY. 183
CHAPTER IX.
THE MILITARY.
General Mason's Report — Different Indlvn
Tribes — Forts in Arizona — General Mc-
Dowell's Report — Praise for Arizona
Volunteers — Expeditions Against In-
dians— Conditions in Arizona by Major
General Halleck.
General John S. Mason's report shows the
condition of the Territory at the time he as-
sumed command, and the necessity for vigorous
operations on the part of the military. His
recommendations were certainly wise so far as
the employment of Arizona native troops for
operation against the hostiles were concerned.
All subsequent commanders for several years
afterwards agreed with him that the native
troops, Papagoes, Pimas, Mexicans, and also
volunteers of our own race, were more effective
in the Indian warfare than were two or three
times the number of regular troops.
Tucson, at that time, according to General
Mason's statement, was but little more than a
village, and, while in the northern part of the
Territory, and along the Colorado in the neigh-
borhood of Yuma, there was quite a large popula-
tion of whites and others, yet in all their enter-
prises they lacked the protection of the Govern-
ment. General Mason was superseded before
he had an opportunity to make effective the
policy outlined by him in this report, whicli
follows :
184 HISTORY OF ARIZONA.
^'HEADQUARTERS, DISTRICT OF ARI-
ZONA.
"Camp on the Rio Gila, Sacaton, April 29, 1866.
' ' SIR : In compliance with your letter of the
30th ultimo, I have the honor to submit the fol-
lowing report of operations in this district since
I assumed command of the same in May last.
"Before leaving San Francisco, neither the
general commanding the department nor myself
could learn anything definite as to the actual
number of troops in the Territory, their status,
nor the state of their supplies ; but we were as-
sured there were small garrisons at Fort
Whipple near Prescott; Fort Goodwin on the
Upper Gila; Fort Bowie at Apache Pass, and
at Tubac.
"The seventh California infantry volunteers,
four companies of native California cavalry
volunteers, and one company of the first Cali-
fornia cavalry volunteers, were assigned to
duty in the district. They commenced leaving
San Francisco in April, and the last arrived in
September. Supplies for six months, for the
troops destined for service south of the Gila
and east of Tucson, were sent to Guaymas, to
be hauled through Sonora to the depot to be es-
tablished at Tubac. Three months' supplies
for the post at Fort Yuma, and those north of
the Gila, were sent direct to Fort Yuma by
water. It was understood before I left San
Francisco that the companies of the seventh in-
fantry would be distributed as follows : one com-
pany at Fort Mojave, two at Fort Yuma, four
at Calabasas, or at some point near the site of
THE MILITARY. 185
old Fort Buchanan, and three at Fort Mc-
Dowell, a post to be established north of the
Gila, and near the country of the Tonto
Apaches. The four companies of native cavalry
were to be stationed at the post near Fort Bu-
chanan, and the company of the First Cali-
fornia cavalry at my headquarters, which we
then supposed would be at Prescott. On my ar-
rival at Drum barracks, learning that the gar-
rison at Prescott was weak, I sent one of the
companies intended for Fort Yuma to that
point. On my arrival at Fort Yuma, on May
, a deputation of citizens of La Paz, a town
on the Colorado river, about midway between
Fort Yuma and Mohave, waited upon me with
an urgent request for troops at that point, in-
forming me that the mails, and, in fact, all
intercourse with the interior was entirely cut
off; that Prescott and Wickenburg were sur-
rounded by bands of hostile Indians, out of
supplies; that all the farmers had left their
farms, and the whole road was deserted, and the
garrison was too small to render any assistance.
I ordered a company of infantry to proceed at
once by steamer to La Paz, with orders to pro-
ceed to a point on Date creek, and establish a
camp. I enclose a copy of instructions given
to the officer in command, marked ''A." The
stores shipped via Guaymas were not permitted
to land at that point. The vessel brought them
to Fort Yuma, and we w^ere compelled to haul
them from there to their destination. Much
difficulty and delay was experienced on account
of the very limited amount of transportation in
the Territory. My want of knowledge of the
186 HISTOKY OF ARIZONA.
nature and extent of the Territory, of the num-
ber of hostile Indians and their haunts, and the
fact that I could find no person who knew much
more on the subject than I did, determined me
to visit as much of the district as I possibly
could before either going to Prescott, the Capi-
tal, or establishing my headquarters at any
point.
"Governor John Goodwin accompanied me
on this tour. On our arrival at the Pima vil-
lages, he made arrangements to raise two com-
panies of Pima and Maricopa Indians for the
Arizona volunteers; also, for a company of
Mexicans at Tucson, and one at Tubac for the
same regiment. The result of observations on
my tour led me to the following conclusions:
That the country bordering on the Colorado
river was inhabited by the Yuma, Chemehua-
vies, Mohave, and Pinto tribes or nations of In-
dians, at peace with the whites. Between these
tribes and Prescott and Wickenburg were the
Hualapais, on the north, and the Yavapais
south ; both wild Indians who had seen but little
of the whites, and who would not hesitate to
attack small parties, although overtures for
peace had been made by them.
"The country east of Prescott, to the eastern
line of the Territory, and north of the Gila, is
inhabited by the Tonto, Pinal, Sierra Blanca,
and Coyotero Apaches ; in fact, most of the hos-
tile Indians dwell north of the Gila river, or in
the mountains contiguous to that stream, and
east of the Rio Verde. One small but very hos-
tile band, probably the very worst Indians on
THE MILITARY. 187
the continent — Cochese's band — dwell in the
Chiricahua and Huachuca ranges of mountains.
''At the time of my arrival in the district, I
believe every ranch had been deserted south of
the Gila. The town of Tubac was entirely de-
serted, and the towTi of Tucson had but about
two hundred souls. North of the Gila, the roads
were completely blockaded; the ranches, with
but one or two exceptions, abandoned, and most
of the settlements were threatened with either
abandonment or annihilation. The mere es-
tablishments of posts in the vicinity of the set-
tlements is of no practical importance. The
Apaches, differing from almost all other In-
dians, in consequence of the difficulty of sub-
sisting large parties, or of finding sufficient
water, make their forages in small parties, join-
ing forces at such points as they may have
agreed on before hand, then separatmg again
after an attack. The nature of the country is
such that from the isolated mountains in the
midst of extended plains they can watch the
approach of any party, and as, from the great
scarcity of water, they can always prepare an
ambuscade, they seldom or never attack parties
who are prepared or watchful, but depend en-
tirely upon a surprise. If they fail in this they
give up the fight. They are the most expert
thieves in the world, having stolen from the
people of Sonora for generations. They can
come in small parties and steal stock almost in
sight of the posts. To pursue them is useless.
Soon they reach the rugged mountains, scatter
into small parties, and can then defy either our
infantry or cavalry; consequently t concluded
188 HISTOEY OF ARIZONA.
that the only true way to obtain a peace was to
push into the country where they lived, where
they had their wives and children, and their
winter 's supply of provisions and by destroying
their rancherias and provisions in midwinter
compel them to sue for peace. With this idea
in view I issued a general order for a united
and vigorous campaign.
''Colonel Wright, with eight small companies
of his regiment arrived in October last. Col-
onel Wright with five companies, was sent to
reoccupy old Fort Breckenridge now known as
Fort Grant; and Colonel Pollock with the re-
maining companies, was sent to Fort Goodwin.
Both posts have done a great deal for their sec-
tions of the Territory, being admirably located
with reference to hostile Apaches. The post
at Fort Grant will enable settlers to come in on
the rich valley of the San Pedro. That at Fort
Goodwin protects such Indians as may give
themselves up and come to terms. The troops
were at their stations, and the increase of ex-
pense to keep them on the move but trifling.
Owing to several causes the results have not been
as great as anticipated; the great trouble in
bringing up supplies ; the disinclination of some
of the volunteer troops, who expected hourly to
be ordered home, to take long scouts in mid-
winter; the extreme severity of the winter it-
self, the thermometer ranging as low as 14°
below zero for days; the snow at a depth of
twenty inches; and, finally, the withdrawal of
volunteers and substitution of regulars at a
time that broke into the campaign, when we
expected the most success — using that time in
THE MILITARY. 189
making the transfer instead of scouting — all
have tended to prevent great results ; yet some-
thing has been done. A few days ago I for-
warded a synopsis of the scouts made, and a
map of the country showing the stations of the
troops.
"1 am satisfied that the only true policy is
that at present adopted. By pressing the In-
dians from all points, and giving them a reserva-
tion where they can be protected and fed, we
will succeed in the end. Already we have near
nine hundred Indians on the reservation at Fort
Goodwin, and they are reported as coming in
daily. The Yavapais during the year have been
induced to abandon their country and come in
with the Mohaves. The Hualapais are de-
sirous of doing the same thing, unless the late
report of their murder by whites be considered
a cause for renewal of hostilities. Numbers of
the Tonto Apaches are moving down into the
junction of the Gila and Colorado with the
Yuma. The different valleys have been reoc-
cupied, many new settlements have been started,
and the year promises much for the develop-
ment of the Territory. The troops now here
are inadequate for the service. The district is
immensely large, the distance over which sup-
plies have to be hauled very great, requiring
strong escorts to guard the trains, and with the
very small number of men in the different com-
panies, and but one officer wath each company,
most of the posts, for the present, can do but
little more than hold their posts and escort their
supply trains.
190 HISTORY OF ARIZONA.
"Efforts are being made to throw in a grass
supply at once, which will enable us to dispense
with many escorts. The dilSerent posts now^
occupied are mere cantonments, no money hav-
ing been expended in their erection, so that
should it be deemed advisable to abandon any
of them and curtail operations in the district,
there would be but very little actual loss to the
government. I would recommend that au-
thority be given to raise two or three companies
of mounted scouts from the men who have been
raised on the Sonora frontier, and have been
fighting Apaches for years — men who are ac-
customed to travel for days with a little pinole
and dried beef, and who can follow a trail with
the certainty of an Indian. Such companies
would, in my judgment, do more efficient ser-
vice than thrice the number of regulars.
''Your obedient servant,
''JOHN S. MASON,
"Brig. Gen. Volunteers, Commanding District
of Arizona.
"Brevet Brigadier General R. C. DRUM,
"A. A. G., Department of California, San
Francisco.
"Official:
"JOHN P. SHERBURNE, A. A. G.
"Official:
"JAMES B. FRY, A. A. G."
As we have seen, a strong effort was made by
the people of Arizona to continue in the service
the Arizona volunteers, who had proved the
most valuable aid to the military in subduing
the hostile Indians. General McDowell, in his
THE MILITARY. 191
annual report to the Secretary of War for the
year 1866, speaks in high commendation of the
Arizona volunteers.
This report on conditions in Arizona was :
''The regular troops in this district consist of
the first and third battalions of the fourteenth
infantry, four companies of the first United
States cavalry, and one company of the second
United States artillery. Until very recently
there were also several companies and frag-
ments of companies of Arizona volunteers.
The latter have been ordered to be mustered out
on the expiration of their year's term of service,
and most, if not all, have by this time been dis-
charged. They were the most effective troops
for the service in that country that we have had,
and have done more than all the others together.
In fact, it is not too much to say that they only
within the last year have inflicted any consider-
able injury on the hostile Apaches. The regu-
lar troops, used to a different kind of warfare,
unused to the kind of life necessary to obtain
any results against the Indians in Arizona, seem
to acquire very slowly the experience necessary
to enable them to be effective for offensive
operations.
"There has been a good deal of uneasiness
within the year at several points along the river,
particularly at La Paz, the mouth of Bill Will-
iams's fork, Hardyville, and El Dorado Canyon,
and it has been impossible to furnish the pro-
tection asked for, except to a limited extent.
The hostility existing between the Eiver In-
dians and certain bands of the Pi-Utes and
Chemehuevis has caused alarm to the white in-
192 HISTORY OF ARIZONA.
habitants who have been and are, friendly to
the Mohaves. The killing of the head chief,
Waba Yuma, of the Hualapais, by some whites
on the road from Hardy ville to Prescott, has also
unsettled the good relations heretofore existing
with those Indians.
"The hostilities on the road from Camp Cady
to Fort Mojave with the Pi-Utes seem to have
extended their effects to the Indians of that or
kindred tribes further to the north and there
have been offensive movements against the im-
portant mining settlements at El Dorado can-
yon. This has given alarm to those engaged
in the enterprise of opening a line of trade by
way of the Colorado river to Utah, and they
fear their boat with its supplies may be in dan-
ger. At their repeated and earnest request I
have ordered a guard of ten men to be detached
from Fort Mojave to be stationed for sixty days
in El Dorado canyon. This, I since learn, will
take every man, not on special duty, away from
the post, the others being absent escorting cattle
to Fort Whipple.
* ' The Indians, who have heretofore been quiet
on the road from La Paz to Prescott, and have
confined themselves to limits prescribed by the
military commander and Indian Superinten-
dent, were found in large numbers beyond their
limits in Skull valley. It is claimed they were
there with hostile intent, and that they attacked
a private train under escort of some Arizona
volunteers. The result was an engagement, in
w^hich a large number of Indians w^ere killed
and wounded; it remains to be seen whether
enough to subdue the tribe, or onl}^ to reflame it.
THE ailLITARY. 193
"The Arizona volunteers, heretofore sta-
tioned in Skull valley, having been mustered out
of service, their j^lace has been supplied by the
company of the fourteenth infantry, from Date
Creek, and the stations at the latter place and at
Wickenburg have been abandoned.
"The post of Camp Lincoln, on the Upper
Verde, has proved so favorable for operations
against the Apaches that it will be maintained
by a company of the fourteenth infantry, though
the force, both in quality for this kind of ser-
vice, and quantity, will not replace the volun-
teers whose places they take.
"The post at Fort Whipple, near Prescott,
will be kept up for the present.
"The post at Fort McDowell, on the Lower
Verde, now occupied by three companies of the
fourteenth infantry and one company of the
first cavalry, has, together with the post of
Camp Lincoln, inflicted so severe a chastisement
in repeated combats with the Apaches, that they
have compelled them to beg for peace. This,
heretofore, has been offered them on condition
they would go to the place reserved for Indian
prisoners at Fort Goodwin. But they repre-
sent that they are at enmity with the Fort Good-
win bands, and cannot live with them.
"I am not sure they are sincere in their de-
sire for peace ; but as they may be, and as I have
now lost the force most competent to further
chastise them, I have given instructions to grant
them peace on the terms proposed to them by
the late excellent commander of Fort McDowell,
which will provide for their coming in as pris-
V— 13
194 HISTORY OF ARIZONA.
oners, in the vicinity of that station, and there
plant and keep the peace with the whites and
their allies, the Gila Indians, the Pimas and
Maricopas.
"The post of Fort Grant, (two companies of
the fourteenth infantry) at the mouth of the
San Pedro, has been recently destroyed by the
floods of the river, and the station has been re-
moved to the site of old Port Breckenridge. I
hope soon to change it to the heart of the
Apache country, where the climate may prove
healthy, and there is an abundance of wood and
grass, as well as pure mountain water.
"The post of Port Goodwin, occupied by
three companies of the fourteenth infantry, is
the place I have assigned for such of the
Apaches as have surrendered themselves, and
claim to wish to live in peace with the whites.
At times several hundred have been on the res-
ervation, but the difficulty of at all times hav-
ing supplies for them has made it necessary to
relax the rule for their constant presence, that
they might lay in a store of mescal, etc., for
food. This may have been taken advantage of
in some instances to escape and commit depre-
dations on the settlements. I do not expect in
one season to reform a people whose whole life
has been one of plunder, but I have no doubt
that a combined system of kindness, when they
do w^ell, and chastisement when they do ill, will
have the same effect on Apaches as it has on
other men, as well as animals.
"Owing to sickness in the valley, the small
post on the San Pedro, above Fort Grant, has
been abandoned.
THE MILITARY. 195
"The camp on the upper San Pedro, near
Barbecoma, is still maintained as a protection
for the settlements, as are also the stations at
Fort Bowie and Tucson. The companies sta-
tioned at Fort Mason, (so called) on the upper
Santa Cruz near Calabasas, have been tempo-
rarily removed (by the district commander, on
account of sickness) to the vicinity of old Fort
Buchanan, whether to any good purpose re-
mains to be seen.
"The cost of transportation is so great into
Arizona that I have felt it good economy to
do everything possible to raise, and stimulate
others to raise, supplies in the country.
"I am glad to say that the experiment of a
government farm on a large scale in the valley
of the Verde, at Fort McDowell, has proved a
success, and an abundant crop of corn and sorg-
hum is about to be harvested, to be followed by
a second crop of small grain.
"Like results are expected from the farm
ordered to be opened at Fort Goodwin, so I hope
that next year will show a reduction in the cost
of maintaining the troops, to be followed by re-
ductions in every succeeding year, for there is
an abundance of good arable land in the country
to support a large population.
"A great drawback to the service in the de-
partment is the lack of officers, both staff and
regimental.
"There should be at least four officers of the
quartermaster's department in Arizona alone.
There are but two there now, and they belong
to the volunteer service and will undoubtedly
soon be mustered out.
196 HISTORY OF ARIZONA.
"The lack of company officers is such that at
times companies are without a commissioned
officer. At one time a post of two companies in
Arizona had only one officer, a subaltern, to
command the post, the two companies, and do
the duty of quartermaster and commissary.
"Under authority given me from division
headquarters to raise a hundred Indian scouts,
I have directed the district commander in Ari-
zona to enlist seventy Pimas and Maricopas and
twenty tame Apaches."
The most important military expedition
against the Apaches during the year 1866 was
commanded by George B. Sanford, Captain 1st
U. S. Cavalry, the official report of which fol-
lows:
"HEADQUARTERS FORT McDOWELL,
"Arizona Territory, November 20, 1866.
"I have the honor to submit the following
report of the expedition against the hostile
Apaches, made in compliance with Special
Orders No. 119, dated Headquarters, Fort Mc-
Dowell, Arizona Territory, November 10, 1866.
"The expedition was composed as follows:
"Captain George B. Sanford, company E.
first United States cavalry, commanding.
"First Lieutenant Camillio C. C. Carr, Com-
pany E, first United States cavalry.
"Company E, first United States cavalry,
(47 enlisted men).
"One enlisted man of company B, fourteenth
United States infantry accompanied the com-
mand, as acting hospital steward.
THE MILITARY. 197
''Mr. Max Strobel, accompanied the expedi-
tion as a volunteer.
''Eight (8) Maricopa and five (5) Pima
Indians also volunteered for the expedition.
"Mr. Thomas Ewing acted as guide. Total
sixty-five (65).
"The rations consisted of pinole, jerked beef
and coffee, which were carried by the men on
their saddles. Four pack-mules were taken,
but they were so lightly loaded that they were
able to keep up with the command at a gallop.
None of them carried one hundred pounds, and
they might have been dispensed with entirely,
but I wished to have some extra animals along
in case any of the soldiers' horses should break
down or be wounded.
"Wednesday, November 14. — The expedition
left Fort McDowell just as the sun was setting.
Crossed the Rio Verde, and marched on the
Pima trail to a small valley on Sycamore (or,
it is sometimes called, Caiion) creek, where we
camped. The camp was reached at 10 p. m.
Distance from the fort, twenty-five (25) miles;
direction, northeast. Wood, water and grass in
abundance. The valley was so situated that it
was almost impossible for the Apaches to dis-
cover us, without coming right into the camp.
"November 15. — Remained in camp all day,
grazing the animals. At sunset saddled up and
marched through Sunflower valley, and over the
Mazatzal mountains, crossing the ridge by the
pass at the North Mazatzal. Camped at 11:15
p. m. in a canon about two (2) miles from Tonto
creek. Distance from last camp, twenty-one
(21) miles. Water and grass good.
198 HISTORY OF ARIZONA.
''November 16. — At daylight two of the
Indians were sent down to the creek to look for
Apache signs. They returned in a few hours
with information that, on the day before, two
horses and one Indian had crossed the creek and
gone in the direction of the Sierra Ancha moun-
tains. At 1 p. m. saddled up and started on the
track of these two horses.
"The Apache had followed no trail, but kept
as much as possible in the bushes, evidently
hoping to conceal his track. About six (6)
p. m. we followed the track on to an old Apache
trail, and shortly after came upon the sign of
a mule and a burro. About seven (7) p. m. we
commenced to cross the Sierra Ancha range,
and at ten (10) p. m. had reached the summit.
The moon was obscured by clouds a good deal
of the night, which rendered tracking a very
difficult operation; but the Indians stuck to it
with the tenacity of bloodhounds, and about
midnight they reported that they were pretty
certain we were near a rancheria. After some
attempts to get into the canon, we were obliged
to give up all thoughts of getting on to it that
night. The rocks were so steep that a man could
not walk at the mouth of the canon on foot. At
one (1) p. m. we lay down by the horses and
waited for daylight. Distance, about thirty
(30) miles. This march was a very hard one, as
we were continually winding round the moun-
tains, and over them, down into deep caiions, and
through rocks and boulders. Although the
night was very cold, we built no fires, for fear
of alarming the Apaches.
THE MILITAKY. 199
"November 17. — At daylight we started right
over the mountain, and after traveling up it
for about half an hour, we discovered the ran-
cheria at the head of the canon. The men and
Indians charged immediately down the rocks
and into the rancheria, and, leaping from their
horses, pursued the flying Apaches over the hills
and across the cailons in the most gallant man-
ner. Many of the men got bad falls among the
rocks and precipices, but they kept on without
any regard for anything but the Apaches. Six
(6) were killed, five (5) w^ere taken prisoners,
and two (2) horses captured. The mule and
burro had been killed, and were being roasted
on the fire.
"There was a very large amount of winter
stores in this rancheria, which were all de-
stroyed and the rancheria burned. Among the
articles found were two tin canteens, such as are
issued by government, a portion of an English
copy of the New Testament, some mail straps
and pieces of a saddle, a gun lock and brass
plates belonging to a gun, and baskets such as
are used for carrying grain, etc., in great num-
bers. They had a great abundance of seeds,
nuts, acorns, buckskins, scrapes, and other arti-
cles used by the Indians, and the destruction of
these just as winter is setting in wall be a great
blow to them.
"This was evidently an old established ran-
cheria, and one which they considered very safe.
Words cannot do justice to the place. It was
as nearly inaccessible as possible. The huts
were situated just at the head of the canon, and
back of them the rocks rose almost perpendicu-
200 HISTORY OF ARIZONA.
laiiy for several hundred feet. On each side
the slope was more gradual, but still it was ter-
rific. A little stream issued from the rocks, and
'flowed through the caiion, and some fine oak
trees grew along the banks. From this circum-
stance I called the place Oak Caiion.
"Mr. Thomas Ewing, (the guide) who has
had much experience in Indian fighting, in-
forms me that it was the worst place to get into
that he ever saw.
"As soon as the fight was over, and the ran-
cheria destroyed, we started after some cattle
which one of the prisoners (an Apache squaw)
informed us were in Greenback valley. Com-
ing upon some fresh signs of Indians, we took
the gallop again, and charged across Greenback
valley, which was about five miles distant.
Much to our regret, we found nothing of them.
We crossed another range of mountains, and got
to within a short distance and in sight of Salt
river. Here we struck more fresh tracks, and
made another charge, getting very close on to
some Indians, who w^ere gathering seeds. They
managed to escape us, however, by concealing
themselves in the rocks, and our horses were
now so badly used up that we could not overtake
them. On the last charge we were brought to
a stand-still in another caiion, out of which
there appeared to be no means of exit whatever
for any animal without wings. The Maricopas
and Pimas had never seen the place before, and
could give no information about it. We accord-
ingly turned round and came slowly back to
Greenback valley, where we camped about two
(2) p. m.
THE MILITARY. 201
"The Apaches in the meantime had put up
signal smokes, and alarmed the country.
''We grazed the animals all the rest of the
day and during the night. Distance travelled
this day, I should think, was about twenty-five
(25) miles. As most of the time we were on the
run, and travelling backwards and forwards
among the rocks, it is rather difficult to esti-
mate it.
"November 18. — Saddled up at daylight, and
marched to Tonto creek, where we grazed the
animals two (2) hours, and then crossed the
North Mazatzal on the old trail, and camped in
Sunflower valley. Distance thirty-two (32)
miles.
"No\t:mber 19. — Saddled up at daylight, and
marched to a grazing place on Sycamore creek,
where we remained two (2) hours, and then
moved on, reaching Fort McDowell about five
(5) p. m.
"No man or animal was lost in this expedi-
tion. The weather was quite cold at night, but
pleasant during the day, and we had no rain.
"I expected when I started that this expedi-
tion would be a very hard one, and my expecta-
tions were fully realized; but success has amply
repaid us.
"To Lieutenant Carr and the enlisted men
concerned in this campaign I am exceedingly
indebted for the activity and energy they dis-
played. The conduct of one and all was gallant
in the extreme. Their success in the previous
expedition had given them confidence in them-
selves, and every man exerted himself to the
utmost to make the campaign a success. The
202 HISTORY OF ARIZONA.
long preserved reputation of the first cavalry
will never suffer in the hands of these men.
''I am also very much indebted to Mr. Thomas
Ewing and Mr. Strobel. Mr. Ewing displayed
his usual gallantry and energy. His knowledge
of the country and of the habits of the Apaches
is very extensive, and his services are exceed-
ingly valuable.
"Mr. Max Strobel, who is a topographical en-
gineer by profession, kindly undertook to make
a map of this country, and to him I am indebted
for the map which accompanies this report.
He exercised the greatest care in taking the dis-
tance, directions, etc., and I think he has suc-
ceeded in making the most correct map I have
seen of that section of the country.
"I cannot close without acknowledging my
thanks to the Pimas and Maricopas who accom-
panied me. These splendid Indians performed
their part in the most admirable manner and
were of the greatest service during the whole
trip.
"I am sir, very respectfully,
"Your obedient servant,
"GEORGE B. SANFOED,
"Captain 1st. U. S. Cavalry Commanding.
"By command of Brevet General Mc-
DOWELL :
"JOHN P. SHERBURNE,
"Assistant Adjutant General.
"Official: "JOHN H. COSTER, A. D. C."
THE MILITARY. 203
Major-General Halleck, Commanding the
Division of the Pacific, in his report, dated Sep-
tember 18th, 1867, has the following to say con-
cerning Arizona :
''As stated in my last annual report, the
Apaches and cogiiate tribes in Arizona and
northern Sonora are the natural and hereditary
enemies of the whites, of whatsoever nation or
character. They have successfully expelled
from that territory the Aztecs, the Spaniards,
and the Mexicans, and they mil yield to our
people only when compelled to do so by the
rifle and revolver. They probably resemble the
African Bedouins more than any other people,
and murder and robbery constitute almost the
sole occupation of the Apache. These Indians
do not fight in masses, like most of the tribes
east of the Rocky mountains, but move
stealthily in small bands over the greater por-
tion of Arizona and the northern parts of
Sonora and Chihuahua, waylaying and murder-
ing travellers on the roads, and plundering and
destroying unprotected agricultural and mming
settlements.
"This mode of warfare, combined with the
rough and desert character of the country, and
the want of practical roads, renders it very
difficult to operate successfully against them, or
to give adequate protection to the small and
scattered settlements in that extensive but
sparsely populated Territory. Military opera-
tions would probably be more effective in re-
ducing these hostile Indians if the troops could
be concentrated in larger posts, so as to have
available a greater number for active cam-
204 HISTORY OF ARIZONA.
paigiiing in the country where they leave their
families and obtain most of their supplies; but
for this to be done with the forces at our com-
mand, it w^ould be necessary to withdraw all
protection to many small settlements which
have heretofore been often broken up, but are
now in a more flourishing condition. It has,
undoubtedly, been an increased expense to the
Government, supporting and supplying so many
separate and distinct military posts; but this
expense has been more than compensated for in
the reduced cost of transportation and supplies
caused by the increased local agricultural prod-
ucts. Thus most of the military supplies last
year were transported from San Francisco to
Fort Yuma, and thence to the several posts at
from 14 to 21 cents per pound — these high
j)rices of transportation resulting from the cost
of forage for teams on the road. This year,
forage and commissary stores have been con-
tracted for at the several posts and on the roads
at greatly reduced rates, and transportation, in
many instances, has been obtained at less than
one-third of former charges. And the same or
a greater reduction in the prices of supplies and
transportation has been obtained by private
individuals, who have heretofore drawn most of
their provisions and other necessaries from the
Pacific Coast. It has, therefore, been found
that local military protection to the small agri-
cultural districts in Arizona has not only re-
duced the Government expenses in such dis-
tricts, but has had a most beneficial effect upon
the Territory generally.
THE MILITARY. 205
"Under these circumstances, I have not felt
myself justified in interfering with General
McDowell's protective dispositions by ordering
a greater concentration of troops. With an
additional force of, say, one regiment of cavalry
and one or two regiments of infantry in that
country, which are really required there, we
would be able to accomplish the double object
of affording local protection, and, at the same
time, of penetrating into the mountain homes of
these savages. In giving local protection to
settlements, it has not been proposed to guard
particular ranches, mines, or mills from Indian
depredations. To attempt this would absorb
and paralyze our whole force without accom-
plishing any result, for it is w^ell known that
these Indians will steal stock, even before the
eyes of the sentinels who guard it, and pursuit
in such cases is seldom successful. The only
plan which has given any valuable results, is
that of establishing posts in the vicinity of
settlements, and from these posts sending secret
expeditions of small parties into known Indian
haunts. Large parties are not required, and
are never successful, for the Indians discover
their approach and hide themselves in the
mountains. They can be reached only by the
utmost secrecy and rapidity of movement.
"On the question of concentrating the troops
in that country in a few posts only, I respect-
fully refer to the report of Lieutenant Colonel
Roger Jones, and the accompanying remarks of
Brevet Major General McDowell, transmitted
herewith and marked *B.' "
206 HISTORY OF ARIZONA.
CHAPTER X.
THE MILITARY (Continued).
Report of Colonel Jones, Inspector — Remote-
ness OF Arizona Bar to Frequent Inspec-
tions— Recommends Separate Military
District for Arizona, and Concentration
OF Troops — Also Recommends More and
Better Buildings — General McDoweli/s
Remarks on Colonel Jones ^ Report —
Statement of Conditions.
The report of Colonel Jones, in which he
criticised the military operations in Arizona,
and made certain recommendations thereto,
follows :
"(Confidential.)
''Wilmington, Cal., July 15, 1867.
' ' GENERAL : In reporting that I have com-
pleted the duty of inspecting the posts in Ari-
zona and Southern California, I respectfully
submit for consideration some general remarks
and recommendations which I consider should
constitute a separate and distinct report.
"In compliance with the order directing me
to make this tour, I have from time to time, as
occasion offered, forwarded reports of each post
visited, and in them have set forth the state of
affairs as revealed b.y my inspections.
"These reports exhibiting an unsatisfactory
condition of affairs throughout a considerable
portion of Arizona, my duty would be but par-
tially discharged if I failed or omitted to show
THE MILITARY. 207
liow or in what manner matters may in my
judgment be improved, which is my sole object
in addressing you this communication.
''Leaving here on the 20th of April, the
journey has occupied me eighty-four (84) days
from this point, during ^\'hich time I visited
every post within the country designated, and
travelled with government transportation over
twenty-one hundred (2,100) miles.
''The first and most important change which
is deemed absolutely essential to any lasting
improvement in the general condition of affairs
in Arizona, is the organization of the Territory
into a separate military department with a com-
mander residing at some central point.
"The distance travelled, and the length of
time it has taken me to make this tour, show
very clearly that it is not in the power of a com-
mander residing in San Francisco to make fre-
quent or even annual visits to Arizona. As
further evidence on this point, reference is
made to the fact that General McDowell has
been able to make but one tour through the
country in the three years it has been under his
command.
"This remoteness of the department com-
mander affects everything wherein his action is
necessary, and during the past winter, at some
of the remote posts, it required three months
and upwards to communicate with, and receive
answers from, department headquarters. In
fact, in point of time, St. Louis is quite as near
as San Francisco to Prescott and Tucson, if not
nearer ; papers and letters from St. Louis reach-
ing those points as a rule in from eighteen to
208 HISTORY OF ARIZONA.
twenty-one days. The rains of next winter may
produce the like interruptions to the mails as
was experienced last winter.
"The following is a case in point illustrating
the inconvenience and detriment to the service
arising from the department commander being
stationed in San Francisco.
"On the 16th of April he ordered two com-
panies from camp McDowell to camp Grant,
and two from the latter camp to the former.
On receiving the order Colonel Ilges applied
to his quartermaster for transportation; the
latter replying that he had none available.
Colonel Ilges forwarded his application to the
commanding officer at Fort Yuma, who sent it
to Colonel Crittenden at Tucson, nearly three
hundred miles distant.
"Not having any wagons at hand, and Colonel
Ilges not being at that time under his command,
Colonel Crittenden submitted the matter to me ;
and thus, but for my presence and the authority
vested in me by General Halleck, this move
would probably not have been made without re-
ferring the matter to department headquarters.
"It is immaterial whether these movements
required promptness or not; the delay in mak-
ing them fairly illustrates the inconvenience
and injury the service in Arizona unavoidably
sustains in consequence of it not being a mili-
tary department per se.
"Another serious injury resulting from this
remoteness of the department commander is the
length of time soldiers have been kept in the
guard house awaiting trial. To remedy this
THE MILITARY. 209
General McDowell has ordered the release of
prisoners who had been confined several months.
"In San Francisco, without telegraphic com-
munication, and with unreliable weekly or semi-
weekly mails, it is impossible for the depart-
ment commander to know of any particular
transaction in Arizona until long after it has
transpired, and matters are constantly arising
which can neither be foreseen nor provided for,
concerning which the best interests of the ser-
vice demand prompt if not immediate action.
''The division of the Territory and districts
has not and cannot yield results at all satisfac-
tory, nor can it atone for the evils which are
a necessary accompaniment of Arizona being
attached to the department of California.
" In a word, there is scarcely a measure taken
in San Francisco in regard to affairs in Arizona
that could not be better and more intelligently
ordered by a commander residing in the Terri-
tory, where he could from personal observation
leai-n its wants, resources, geographical feat-
ures, and the wants and condition of the troops
and supply departments.
"This change, under a judicious commander,
should lead to a reduction of expenses, and to
increased efficiency in all branches of the
service.
"The public interest, the interest of the Ter-
ritory, the credit of the service, and welfare of
the soldier, alike require that Arizona be made
a separate military department.
"Sacaton, on the Gila, about ninety (90)
miles this side of Tucson would be, on account
V— 14
210 HISTORY OF ARIZONA.
of its central position, the most eligible point
for department headquarters.
"I come now to the consideration of the policy
that has been followed in assigning troops to
stations in Arizona.
"The effort has evidently been to cover or
occupy a vast extent of country with compara-
tively a small number of troops.
''To accomplish this it became necessary to
establish a number of posts, garrisoned by one
and two companies.
"The evils of these petty commands are too
well known to require special enumeration, but
among the most prominent is the large number
of men rendered non-effective, from the neces-
sity of employing them in performing ordinary
routine duties, the proportion being much
greater in commands of one and two companies
than in garrisons of five and six companies
strong.
"In this way the efficiency of troops is much
impaired, discipline seriously injured, and the
non-effective force greatly increased, in conse-
quence of the necessity of leaving in camp a
large proportion of a command for the protec-
tion of public property, etc., whenever it takes
the field.
"This policy also multiplies places for incom-
petent commanders and disbursing officers, be-
sides greatly increasing the expense of the mili-
tary establishment.
"As an offset to the grave objections which
are incident to, and indeed are part and insepa-
rable from, the policy itself, it will be asked
THE MILITARY. 211
what are the results, and is life and property
rendered comparatively secure by this scatter-
ing of the troops into small commands and
detachments ?
''Would that I could reply in the affirmative;
but when it is known that men were killed on
the road a few miles ahead of and behind me,
that animals have been killed and driven off
from a corral, not fifty yards distant from a de-
tachment of seven men specially designed for
their protection, and that the safety of the de-
tachment itself is probably due to the timely and
accidental arrival of fifteen or twenty soldiers,
it will be seen that neither life nor property are
very secure at this time in Arizona.
"Indeed, it may well be doubted if they have
ever been less so, and certainly, since travelling
through the Territory in 1857 and 1859, I have
never known the roads so dangerous as they are
now.
''The remedy for this condition of things I
conceive to be the adoption of the opposite
policy from that now in existence in Arizona,
viz., in the concentration of troops.
"I do not expect or look for any immediate
improvement in the state of affairs in the event
of concentration becoming the policy for the
future, but its adoption would give at all times
a large force for operations against Indians,
and from several points. As matters now are
and have been this is proved to be impracticable.
"Certainly many of the grave evils of the
existing policy, set forth above, which officers
on the frontier know, feel, and complain of.
212 HISTORY OF ARIZONA.
should and probably would not be found if the
troops were concentrated at several large posts.
"In the Prescott district the only change that
seems to me necessary is to concentrate the six
companies at one post, within from twenty to
thirty miles of Prescott, maintaining outposts
at the settlements, if necessary.
''South of the Gila, the only point which I
think it necessary or advisable to occupy are
Camps Goodwin and Bowie and a point adjoin-
ing the site of old Fort Buchanan, which is ex-
ceedingly favorable for a large force, especially
for cavalry.
"If supplies are to be sent to the posts south
of the Gila, through Sonora, Buchanan is the
point for the depot.
"At Sacaton, one company would be needed
if it became the headquarters of the department.
"The third point demanding attention is the
want of more mounted men. There seems to
me to be but one way of bringing about this
result, and that is to mount infantry. This will
render them available in the pursuit of Indians,
and will be a strong addition to the effective
force in the Territory. As footmen they are of
but little service in Indian warfare.
' ' Eight or ten companies of infantry mounted
and armed with a carbine, preferably with
Spencer's, would be ample.
"This done, the troops concentrated, and the
Territory organized into a military department,
and it will not be long before a marked improve-
ment becomes manifest in the general condition
of military affairs in Arizona.
THE MILITARY. 213
"Infantry companies employed mainly on es-
cort duty need a carbine and pistol. Men of
the company at Camp Cady, which is thus en-
gaged, have provided themselves with revolvers
at their own expense.
"The introduction of the Spencer carbine
throughout the service will more than treble our
effective strength.
"Having very recently reported in regard to
abandoning El Dorado Canon, it is unnecessary
to say more on the subject.
"The subject of providing storehouses, hos-
pitals, and quarters for troops in Arizona is one
also meriting attention.
"Quarters are promised the recruit when he
enlists, money is annually appropriated by Con-
gress for this purpose and, I may add, is con-
tinually squandered by being placed in the
hands of unpractical and incompetent officers
for expenditure.
"The contentment, comfort, health, welfare,
and efficiency of the soldier are so intimately
connected with this subject of quarters when in
garrison that they cannot be denied them as a
rule without creating discontent with the ser-
vice.
"There are to-day many suffering soldiers m
Arizona, soldiers who are suffering unneces-
sarily, who are exposed to the weather, as the
negro of the south or the peasant of Ireland has
never been, and this in a climate where the heat
is greater and more oppressive than I ever ex-
perienced in Texas, the tropics, or elsewhere,
where the thermometer ranges every day for
214 HISTORY OF ARIZONA.
several montlis from 95° to 115° and 120° in the
coolest places.
''If a large post and depot should be located
near old Fort Buchanan or elsewhere, the build-
ing of it should be committed to a regular
quartermaster, and not to inexperienced young
officers, as I found to be the case at Camp
Goodwin.
"This is one of the duties of the Quarter-
masters' Department that should, as far as pos-
sible be discharged by officers of the department.
Under their superintendency better and cheaper
buildings will, as a rule be erected.
"The views set forth, whether sound or not,
are my convictions, and, as I interpret my duty
as inspector of the division, I feel bound to ex-
press them for the consideration of the major
general commanding.
"I remain, general, very respectfully, your
obedient servant,
"ROGER JONES,
"Major and Assistant Inspector General,
"Inspector General Military Division Pacific.
"Brevet Major General JAMES B. FRY,
"Adjutant General Middle Division of the
Pacific.
"San Francisco, California.
"Official:
"JAMES B. FRY, A. A. G."
THE MILITARY. 215
Here follow the remarks of General Mc-
Dowell on the report of Colonel Jones :
"HEADQUARTERS DEPARTMENT OF
CALIFORNIA.
''San Francisco, California,
"August 14, 1867.
"Respectfully returned with the following
remarks :
"The state of affairs which the assistant in-
spector general noticed in Arizona has been well
known to me, and has not ceased to engage my
attention from the first. But it is not, in my
judgment, due to the causes he supposes, and is
not to be corrected by the measures be suggests.
"His remedy consists mainly in,
"1st. The creation of Arizona into a sepa-
rate command, with its commander at some
central station, as at Sacaton, for instance.
"2nd. In the concentration of the troops in
large commands, as, for instance, the six com-
panies in the district of Prescott, into one post,
within from twenty to thirty miles of Prescott,
maintaining outposts at the settlements, if nec-
essary, and south of the Gila, having only
Camps Goodwin and Bowie, one post near old
Fort Buchanan, and a company at Sacaton.
"Had the assistant inspector general been out
here for the last two and a half years, he might
have been able to discuss this question more sat-
isfactorily with reference to the remedies he
proposes, for they have both been tried, and the
unsatisfactory condition of affairs he has
noticed in the course of his inspection, and
216 HISTORY OF ARIZONA.
which existed when his proposed measures were
in force, would have to be accounted for other-
wise than he suggests.
' ' When I came to the command of the depart-
ment of the Pacific, in July, 1864, Arizona
formed part of the district of New Mexico, and
when it was added to my command, its inhabi-
tants were greatly rejoiced. It was a claim to
their consideration to have been prominent in
having had the change effected. At first I had
been averse to having the Territory, but yielded
to the desire of others, when I came to see that
it drew its supplies from this place, and that
I had, in fact, to care for it, without having the
authority to control it.
"On its being placed under me, I made of it a
district ; appointed a general officer to command
it; sent him more than a brigade of troops (at
one time thirty-six companies), more men, and
better men for the purpose, and, with some
exception, better officers, than are there now.
"He had full authority in the matter of dis-
tributing his troops, in making contracts and
purchases for their supply; was furnished with
everything he asked for, that had to come from
here; had authority to institute courts-martial;
and in short had all the authority, in every
particular, that I, as department commander,
at this moment possess.
"His posts were larger than the assistant
inspector-general suggests, for he appreciated,
as I most fully do, all the evils of small com-
mands.
"Near old Fort Buchanan, which is one of the
23oints the assistant inspector-general recom-
THE MILITARY. 217
mends, he had a post of seven companies, four
companies at Fort Grant, five companies at
Goodwin, four companies at Fort Whipple, at
one time six, and six companies at Camp
McDowell.
''His headquarters were at Yuma, Prescott,
and at the very place suggested by the assistant
inspector general, Sacaton.
"His men were of the best; they were self-
reliant, intelligent, hardy, quick to take care
of themselves wherever sent. He had two suc-
cessors, w^ho had their headquarters at Sacaton.
' ' Did this command as thus ordered, and these
large posts, give that absolute security to the
people and property all over Arizona, without
which affairs may be properly said to be un-
satisfactory? Were men suifered by the In-
dians to go alone within their reach, unmo-
lested'? Were cattle always safe even under
the fire of a sentinel? No.
"The assistant inspector general, speaking of
what he calls the results of the present policy,
says that men were even killed a few miles
ahead of and behind him, and that animals were
killed and driven off from a corral not fifty
yards from a detachment of seven men specially
designed for their protection. Well, the same
was done under the state of affairs which he
thinks would prove a remedy.
"It is to be well borne in mind, in considering
matters in Arizona:
"1st. That the Apache kills and robs as a
means of livelihood. It is his normal condition.
He has been at it for forty-seven years, if not,
indeed, for centuries.
218 HISTORY OF ARIZONA.
''2iid. That there is no confederation or al-
liance between the several tribes, frequently
none between the bands of the same tribe (or,
if there has been, it has been of no practical
importance).
"3rd. That the hostile Indians all live in the
most remote and inaccessible parts of the Ter-
ritory, to which it is difficult for the whites,
under the most favorable circumstances, to
IDenetrate.
"4th. That the portions of the Territory
(with few exceptions) inhabited by the whites,
are seamed with mountain ridges, which, like
the plains between them, are bare of trees, and
from which the roads and the settlements are as
plain to the sight of the stealthy Apache, as is
the pit of a theatre to a spectator in the gallery.
"5th. That this physical condition of the
face of the country enables the Apache to make
a sure calculation what to do, and what to avoid.
He can, from his secure lookout in the mountain
side or top, see for miles off exactly how many
persons are moving on the road, and how they
are moving; he knows exactly where they must
pass, where only they can get a drink of water ;
he never has occasion to take any risk, and it is
his law never to take any.
"6th. That having been at this business for
years, and having an exact knowledge of every
ridge, every pass and ravine, and being entirely
unencumbered with any luggage, camp or gar-
rison equipage, and being able to go for days
on an amount of food on which a white man
would sink from exhaustion, he can strike and
escape before any one but the one stricken has
THE MILITARY. 219
Imowledge of his presence ; and if he is too hard
pressed to carry off his booty, he has only to
abandon it and gain one of the inevitable moun-
tain ridges, and he is safe from any pursuit that
a white man, either on foot or horseback, can
make.
'* Bearing these facts in mind, it is easy to be
seen that a large post will not prevent an as-
sassination or a theft. Witness what was done
last month, near one of the largest posts in Ari-
zona, where there are five companies, and near
which two men were killed while fishing; and
what occurred a few days ago in Nevada, where
a man, who was fishing near the post, was shot
in the head by an Indian concealed behind a
rock. Neither large posts nor small posts Avill
prevent these things so long as the Indians are
in a state of hostility, any more than murder
and robbery will not be committed in the vicinity
of a large city. This is well illustrated by the
following slip from to-day's paper, August 14,
giving an account of a raid in the vicinity of
Prescott, Arizona Territory.
'' 'On Thursday, at noon, a band of Indians
jumped the herd kept by Mr. A. G. Dunn, and
at the time grazing within half a mile east of
the centre of the town of Prescott. An alarm
was immediately given and our citizens turned
out in force, but being mostly on foot they gave
up the chase. In an hour Lieutenant Purdy
and twenty-five cavalrymen from Whipple were
on the track, with several citizens well mounted ;
but after an absence of twenty-four hours they
returned, having been unable to follow the trail.
In the herd were five horses belonging to
220 HISTORY OF ARIZONA.
O. Allen, one to Sheriff Rourke, one to Ben
Block, and one to the Governor, making some
five or six valuable saddle animals the Indians
have taken from him within three years. This
is a great country. Yesterday the Indians ran
off the stock from Bower's ranch, at the Point
of Rocks, seven miles from Prescott, but they
were pursued and the stock recovered.'
"But it may be urged large posts are not for
defensive purposes; they are to enable large
bodies (see report on camp Grant) to move into
the mountain fastnesses and homes of the hos-
tile.
"The celerity and, above all, the secrecy of
movement of a body decreases with its size.
These large posts, established as indicated by
the assistant inspector general, would be at a
long distance from these mountain fastnesses,
and long before the large body, encumbered by
its pack train, could gain them, the Indians
would know of its movement, and would have
fled onl}^ to be seen making insulting gestures
from a distant moimtain ridge, or found hang-
ing on the rear and shooting from some secure
hiding place, on the pack train as it woimd
through some gorge or canyon.
' ' The reports of expeditions carried on in the
way suggested have almost invariably ended
with the statement that, after leaving their
camp and marching for several days over a bar-
ren country, meeting no one, they finally saw
smoke from distant hills or mountain ridges
answered by other smokes, and after pushing
on with their command over almost inaccessible
mountains and impassable canyons, they found
THE MILITARY. 221
their rations would only last them long enough
to get back to camp, and so they returned with
the men and horses shoeless and used up, their
promenade having no other effect than to
embolden rather than to subdue the enemy.
''This is illustrated by the following account,
taken from to-day's paper (August 14) of a
scout in the Verde district, Arizona Territory.
" 'On the ninth day their track got verj^
fresh, and w-e ambushed in some willow brush
until night. We had been obliged to travel in
the day-time, owing to dark nights and the
roughness of the country. We were across Salt
river, in what is known as the Salt River coun-
try. Just about sunset we started, and we had
not traveled one hour when we were fired upon
from the top of a very steep sided mountain.
In fact, it was almost impossible for a man to
climb it at all. The first notice we had of them
was a volley of balls and arrows. They did not
use their guns after the fire, but kept up a cloud
of arrows with a perfect looseness, as though
'twas no trouble to make them. None of our
men were hit. We returned the fire, but were
unable to determine how many, if any, were hit,
as at each volley the Indians w^ould drop to the
ground. They danced, shouted, and called us
all the pet names their vocabulary affords, I
presume. We prospected around the mountain
and found there was no way to get up to it with-
out the sacrifice of many valuable lives; and
then the Indians could run from us, and having
been discovered, and many signal smokes having
been sent up, we gave it up as a bad job and
returned to the post.'
222 HISTORY OF ARIZONA.
''In other words, to place the troops in large
bodies involves with the limited number at com-
mand, few posts at a great distance apart, and
these posts, as proposed, nearer the whites than
the Indians.
''This, in a country Like Arizona, would
neither protect the settlers nor punish their
enemies.
"It may be asked if it is not necessary, for
safety as well as efficiency, that a force going
after these Indians should be large in order to
effect anything. Such does not seem to be the
opinion of two of the best commanders in Ari-
zona.
"Brevet Lieutenant Colonel Price, command-
ing the district of the upper Colorado, reports
that in his expeditions after the Indians, he has
ascertained, 'that the Hualapais are a very
cowardly race, and that ten good cavalry men
could probably disperse the whole tribe if they
could be caught on the plain ; but they are very
fleet runners, and have a large tract of country
to range over.
" 'The most hostile band is led by Chief
Cherum (war chief of the Yavapais), in the
Cerbat range. They have committed nearly all
of the murders and depredations.
" 'They are well acquainted with the ways
and manners of the white man, and many of
them are armed v^th superior weapons, which
they well know how to use from behind rocks
and safe places. The officers from Prescott say
they would prefer fighting five Apaches to one
Hualapai.'
THE MILITARY. 223
"In southern Arizona a detachment of forty
officers and men sent out from Camp Wallen, a
two-company post, were judged sufficient by one
of our most celebrated Indian fighters, Colonel
McGarry, to penetrate the haunts of Cochese,
which they did successfully, destroying one of
his rancherias and putting his men to flight.
' ' That more was not done was due, the colonel
states, not to the want of numbers, but to the
broken down condition of the horses when they
came up with the Indians.
"With the exception of the troops in the dis-
trict of the Yerde, when they fell into the hands
of an officer unsuited to his duty, there has not
been a party sent out from a post in Arizona
that has not driven the Indians wherever they
could come up with them, or find them. One
company of cavalry from the district of Pres-
cott, last month dispersed and drove what is
reported to be a combination of the Hualapais
tribe and the Piutes. (See recent reports of
General Gregg and Colonel Price.)
"Take for instance, the expeditions sent out
from Camps Wallen, McDowell and Whipple.
"It is, I think, beyond a question that the de-
fect is not in the quantity, but in the quality of
the force. It is not so much a large body, but
an active one that is wanted— one moving with-
out any baggage, and led by active, zealous offi-
cers, who really wish to accomplish something,
and who are able to endure fatigue, and willing
to undergo great personal privations.
"I grant the existence of all the evils named
by the assistant inspector general, as incident
to small posts, and were it possible, I would
224 HISTORY OF ARIZONA.
never have tlie garrison of a post less than a
regiment; and if obliged to make detach-
ments never have one less than two companies,
and never suffer these companies to be absent
for more than a few months at a time. I would
also never send raw recruits into the field, never
have artillery act as infantry, or the latter as
cavalry. The question wdth me, how^ever, has
been one of necessity, not of choice, or, at least,
but a choice of evils.
' ^ The assistant inspector general thinks a bet-
ter state of affairs would follow if all the six
companies in the district of Prescott were con-
centrated at one camp near the town (within
twenty to thirty miles of it), with outposts at
the settlements, if necessary. Has he calcu-
lated the number of these outposts *? If he com-
menced with sending a few men to this ranch
or that mill, other ranches and other mills would
ask and have a claim for as much; and then,
when all the defensive arrangements were made,
some succeeding inspector would have the op-
portunity of repeating his report, 'that animals
have been driven off from a corral not fifty
yards distant from a detachment of seven men,
specially designed for their protection.' And
then, how would protection be given the road
from La Paz to Prescott over which the sup-
plies have to be hauled ? By a detachment from
the large camp? How^ protect the road from
Maricopa and Wickenburg, over which the mail
is carried between southern and northern Ari-
zona'? By another detachment? Thus much
for the defensive arrangements. The offensive
movements against the Apaches w^ould have to
THE MILITARY. 225
be carried on as far as beyond the Verde, beyond
Grief hill.
''I do not think it well to protect the road
from the river, and from the Gila to Prescott,
by troops stationed at the latter place. Sup-
plies would have to be hauled to Prescott, and
then hauled back over the road. It is a ques-
tion if the camp at McPherson had not better
be at La Paz, where, on the application of the
superintendent of Indian affairs, another post
will have to be made ; and there would be no ques-
tion, if it were not that the road from the Gila,
coming into the La Paz road near McPherson,
also needs protection.
"The offensive force given by the ten com-
panies of cavalry is, as has been proven, large
enough to go anywhere into Arizona, and the
post on the Verde is near enough the haunts of
the Indians for the infantry there to accomplish
something if they had a commanding officer
suited to the service.
"As the assistant inspector general does not
mention the district of the Verde, I will not
now refer to it.
"As to the arrangement of troops south of the
Gila, I find the only change that is suggested is
that the posts of Camps Wallen and Tubac
should be consolidated into one post at old Fort
Buchanan ; that the posts at Tucson and Grant
should be abandoned. As to the first it is with
General Crittenden and Colonel McGarry to do
so or not, as they with their experience may
judge best. The company at Tucson is neces-
sary for escorting trains, etc., from the depot
V— 15
226 HISTORY OF ARIZONA.
to the surrounding posts, and this duty can be
better done by detachments from a company
there than by drawing one from the more dis-
tant camps, and can be maintained at a less cost.
I have tried in vain to do away with Camp
Grant, and once had issued the order for it to be
abandoned but was obliged, by the representa-
tions of the commanders and the inhabitants,
to re-establish it.
"I come now to the assertions made by the
assistant inspector general, 'that, indeed, it may
well be doubted if life and property have ever
been less secure in Arizona than at this time.^
He adds, 'and certainly, since traveling through
the Territory in 1857 and 1859, I have never
known the roads so dangerous as they are now. '
In justice to myself and the service in Arizona
the following facts are to be borne in mind:
"1st. That when the whites first came to
Arizona the Apaches were friendly to them.
The following extracts are from the journals of
Emory and Johnstone of their march to Cali-
fornia under General Kearney in 1846 :
"'October 20 * * * the general sent
w^ord to the Apaches he would not start until 9
or 10; this gave them time to come in, headed
by their chief. Red Sleeve. They swore eternal
friendship to the whites and everlasting hatred
to the Mexicans. The order, quickness, and
quietude of our movements seemed to impress
them. One of the chiefs (Apache), after eye-
ing the general with apparent admiration, broke
out in a vehement manner: 'You have taken
New Mexico, and will soon take California; go
then and take Chihuahua, Durango, and Sonora,.
THE MILITAEY, 227
we will help you. You fight for land, we care
nothing for land. We fight for the laws of
Montezuma and for food. The Mexicans are
rascals ; we hate and will kill them all. ' * * *
" 'November 4 * * * Ti^e Apaches gave
us to understand that a marauding party of
their people were in Sonora. The broad, fresh
trail of cattle and horses leading up the Aroya
induces us to believe that they have returned,
successful, of course.
" 'November 5. * * * The bed of this
creek was deeply cut, and turned at short angles,
forming a zigzag like the boyaux laid by sap-
pers in approaching a fortress, each turn of
which (and they were invulnerable), formed a
strong defensive position. The Apache, once in
possession of them, is secure from pursuit or
invasion from the Mexican. * * *
" 'Nature has done her utmost to favor a con-
dition of things which has enabled a savage and
uncivilized tribe, armed with the bow and lance,
to hold as tributary powers three fertile and
once flourishing States : Chihuahua, Sonora and
Durango, peopled by a Christian race, country-
men of the immortal Cortez. These States were
at one time flourishing, but such has been the
devastation and alarm spread by these children
of the mountains that they are now losing popu-
lation, commerce, and manufactures at a rate
which, if not soon arrested, must leave them
uninhabited. '
"Captain Johnstone says:
" 'October 28. * * * Around the south-
east base of this is a broad trail leading towards
Sonora, where the Apaches go to steal.
228 HISTORY OF AEIZOIs^A.
'' 'October 29. * * * About five miles
from camp we fell upon the great stealing road
of the Apaches. It is hard beaten and in places,
many yards wide, filled wdth horse, mule, and
cattle tracks, the latter all going one way from
Sonora.
'"October 31. * * * Captain Moore and
Carson shook hands with them (Gila Apaches),
but they would not be induced to come into
camp. They had been dealt with by Americans
in the employment of Chihuahua, who had
hunted them at $50 a scalp, as one would hunt
wolves, and one American decoyed a large num-
ber of their brethren in rear of a wagon to trade,
and fired a field piece among them.
" 'November 2. * * ^ Some Apaches
(Pinoleros) showed themselves on a hill top
early this morning. * * * The high peaks
afford fine points for lookouts, upon one of
which is always seated one of their number, like
a sentinel crow on the highest limb of the ad-
jacent tree, watching over the safety of his
thieving fraternity. Their wigwams scarce
peep above the low brushwood of the country,
being not more than four feet high, slightly dug
out in the centre, and the dirt thrown around
the twigs which are rudely woven into an oven
shape as a canopy to the house. A tenement of
a few hours' work is the home of a family for
years or a day; like wolves they are ever wan-
dering.
" 'November 4. * * * Here we fell into
another Indian trail, larger than that we w^ere
upon; both were fresh, signs of cattle lately
driven from Sonora. These Indians have now
THE MILITARY. 229
been seventeen years living by the plunder of
Sonora; when they are required to stop it will
require either money or powder to make them
obey. '
"2nd. That they so remained as a general
thing until the breaking out of the rebellion.
"3rd. That at the time referred to by the as-
sistant inspector general there were, I think,
but two posts in the country now known as Ari-
zona— Forts Buchanan and Breckenridge.
"4th. That all the country north of the Gila
was unsettled and almost totally unknown by
the w^hites. Prescott, and the farms and mines
near, and the roads leading to it, and all the
settlements north of the Gila, were established
since the breaking out of the rebellion.
"5th. That if life and property were more
secure in 1857 and 1859, it was not because of
the existence of a better policy then than is
now pursued; not because the one post in south-
em Arizona gave more protection than do many
posts now established, some of which have been
much larger than the one referred to. It was
due, not to better protection against Indian hos-
tilities, but to the fact that there were fewer
hostilities to guard against, and fewer, much
fewer, points to guard. The Indians who used
to prey on Sonora and Chihuahua now find men
and property to murder and steal near their
haunts. Instead of the long, broad trails to
Sonora mentioned by Johnstone, they now make
short ones to the roads and property of the
whites in Arizona. All that mountainous coun-
try running from northwestern to southeastern
Arizona is infested by different bands of hostile
Indians, who now have to be guarded against
230 HISTORY OF ARIZONA.
and who gave no insecurity to the whites in 1857
and 1859. Even in southern Arizona, Cochese's
band, which is the only one whose raids we have
now to guard against, was friendly.
"The comparison is therefore in every way
unjust. A fair one would be between the state
of the country as it was when I first took charge,
and what it is since 'my policy' has been in
operation. The condition of the country when
I received it was fully described in mv report of
March 23, 1866, as follows :
" 'Their (the Apaches) murdering and ma-
rauding forays have been carried on from the
sixty miles north of Prescott to the Sonora line,
all along the valley of the Hassayamp, the Verde,
the Agua Fria, the Gila, the Santa Cruz, San
Pedro, Sonoita, Arivaipa, and Arrivaca, in Skull
valley, on all the roads leading to Prescott and to
Wickenburg, and from the Pimas to Fort Mc-
Dowell— everywhere, in fact, where there was
life or property to be taken. The Territory was
reduced to so low a point for want of troops, at
the time of its being transferred to my com-
mand, that it was fast being abandoned. Tubac
was entirely abandoned. All the farms in the
upper Santa Cruz and in the vicinity of Tucson,
on the Sonoita and the San Pedro, were aban-
doned. Valuable mines were given up, as no
one could venture to go into the valley to either
cultivate the land or herd the stock, so that the
country produced no food. '
"It has so far recovered under the measures
1 have taken that I was justified in saying in
that same report as follows:
THE MILITARY. 231
" 'The valley of the Santa Cruz is again
peopled and planted. Every house in Tubac
and every farm in its vicinity is occupied.
Tucson, I was told by those who w^ere to be
believed had improved two hundred per cent.
" 'The establishment of Fort McDowell and
the raising of two companies of Pimas and
Maricopas have given heart to central Arizona. '
"A most convincing proof of the jDrotection
given is in the fact that the flour, beans, and
forage raised in Arizona are now sufficient for
the citizens and for the troops, and purchased
by open competition for the latter at prices one-
third and one-fourth and one-half of what has
hitherto been paid.
"Flour is now as cheap in central Arizona as
in New York.
"That part of Arizona between the Pimas
and Fort Yuma, which was once the scene of
some horrible atrocities committed by the
Apaches, is now safely traveled without escorts.
"The assistant inspector general refers to
my having been able to make but one tour
through the country in the three years it has
been under my command.
"Arizona was placed under my command in
the spring of 1865, and has been under me a little
over two years. I visited it as soon as I was
able, and 1 believe I have seen more of it than
any department commander ever has; more, I
venture to say, than the commander of the de-
partment of Missouri has of New Mexico, or the
commander of the Gulf has of Texas, or than
either of them is likely to see of those countries
in the next five years.
232 HISTOEY OF ARIZONA.
**I do not concur in the idea thrown out that
I am to visit every post in my department, once
a year, if not of tener ; I think I have done more
of this than is usual ; I would do more of it than
I do, if I consulted merely my personal inclina-
tions; but I find my presence is more needed,
constantly, at headquarters than at any one post
of my command. If I am absent my adjutant
general or aide must do much in my name with-
out being able to consult me. It should be as
little expected of me as that the division com-
mander should visit all the division every two
years.
"As an argument for having Arizona under
one commander, he refers to the time it took him
to make an inspection of the posts in that coun-
try, eighty-four days. Of this time but ten to
fourteen days were necessary to reach Arizona,
and as many to reach this place from that coim-
try. It was the very fact he mentions, the time
it takes to go from one end of Arizona to the
other, and the bad results that came of having
a commander, even in a central point like Saca-
ton, who was to control points, places, and
frontiers he could not readily communicate
with, that caused the making of several smaller
districts, within each of which the commander
could be free to act at once, without the necessity
of referring to any one on any matter connected
with his active field operations.
"This is entirely practicable in Arizona,
where no concert of action of any moment exists
or is likely to arise on the part of the Indians,
who are dispersed over a large extent of broken
country^ and there is nothing more required of
THE MILITAKY. 233
the commander than activity and energy in his
movements, and a thorough study of the coun-
try and the habits of hostile Indians.
''The district commanders have no restric-
tion placed on them by me in any matter con-
cerning their movements against those hostile
Indians. Their contracts have to come here
for my approval, as they would have to do in
any case for that of the division commander.
Administrative questions connected with the
care of public property, money and accounts,
have to come here for the same reason.
"Courts are not assembled often in Arizona
for the same reason that they are not in Nevada
and northern California — the want of officers.
The remedy for this is not with me, and would
not be with a commander at Sacaton.
''So, at one time since I have had command,
there was no mail communication whatever be-
tween Arizona and New Mexico, and letters be-
tween the Territories went by way of Denver
and Utah.
"As to the suggestion made, of mounting in-
fantry, I will not repeat here what I have
already said on the subject.
"The assistant inspector general writes with
much emphasis as to the necessity of providing
storehouses, hospitals, and quarters for troops
in Arizona. He has specially referred to this
subject in each of his reports, and he is sus-
tained in his general proposition, that increased
protection in the way of buildings for men and
property should be given, by the recommenda-
tion of General Crittenden, and in fact most if
not all the district commanders in the TeiTitory.
234 HISTORY OF ARIZONA.
General Crittenden says as follows in an en-
dorsement on estimate of the commander of
Camp Wallen:
" 'I am perfectly convinced, since my arrival
in the district, that the troops at all posts in this
district should be quartered in adobe buildings,
for both the health of the troops and as a matter
of economy to the government. Indeed I think
it is impossible for the troops to retain their
health while in tents, especially during the sum-
mer season.'
' ' With respect to this I transcribe the follow-
ing from the instructions to Colonel Lovell, of
November 8, I8166, in answer to a letter from
the commanding officer of Camp Wallen, recom-
mending the erection of buildings at that place,
the one concerning which General Crittenden
makes the recommendation I have quoted :
'' 'By orders of April 23, 1866 (Special Or-
ders No. 80), the troops ordered to the upper
San Pedro were directed to go into camp, or
provide themselves wdth such shelters as can be
made with the means at hand by the labor of
men.
" 'The camp was established May 10, and yet
up to September nothing seems to have been
done by any one in Arizona towards providing
these shelters for the men, such as have been
made hitherto throughout this country, from
Washington Territory to the Sonora line.
" 'The troops, wherever sent, have always
soon made themselves comfortable by their offi-
cers' direction, and by their own labor, and
hutted themselves in the same way prospecting
miners have done, and are continually doing,
THE MILITARY. 235
by the use of stone, wood, adobes, poles placed
upright and filled in with clay, turf, sods, reeds,
willows, etc., and this in places more destitute
than at Camp Wallen.
********
" 'You will order that, in making these shel-
ters, the commanding officer shall put them up
in the order of time prescribed in General Or-
ders No. 39, for the huts to be built at the camp
to be established northeast from Fort McDowell,
(Camp Reno) . The same provisions as to extra
pay to the enlisted men, therein made, will
apply in the case of the new camp.'
"I have not authorized more permanent quar-
ters than those which the men could make by
their own labor, with the materials at hand, be-
cause it was not known, nor could it be ascer-
tained at once where permanent posts would
be required.
"The population in this country is so fluctuat-
ing (on account of the uncertainty of mining
operations) , that it frequently happens that be-
fore a permanent post is finished the necessity
for it has ceased."
The recommendations of the Inspector-Gen-
eral that a division commander with headquar-
ters in Arizona, be appointed, were afterwards
adopted when General Crook was placed in com-
mand with full authority to direct the campaign
according to his judgment without interference
from a superior officer twelve hundred miles re-
moved from the theater of conflict.
236 HISTORY OF ARIZONA.
CHAPTER XI.
THE MILITARY (Continued).
General Orders as to Location of Troops in
Arizona — Remarks of General Mc-
Dowell— Easy Times for Government
Contractors — General Gregg Orders
That All Indians Off Reservations be
Treated as Hostiles — Interference With
Order by Indian Agent Dent — General
Gregg ^s Order Countermanded by General
McDowell — General McDowell Criti-
cised BY Governor McCormick — General
McDowell ^s Second Annual Report — Re-
ports Expeditions Against the Indians.
''(General Orders No. 39.)
''HEADQUARTERS DEPARTMENT OF
CALIFORNIA.
"San Francisco, Cal., October 31, 1866.
"I. The troops heretofore at Fort Grant,
and, since the flood there, at the site of old Fort
Breckenridge, will be withdrawn from those
places, and the stations there abandoned. The
public property and stores will be sent, under
the direction of the district commander, to such
other stations as may be best for the service.
The troops will be sent to Fort McDowell, and
thence will proceed to establish themselves, as
soon as practicable, at the most eligible point
beyond the Sierra Ancha, in what has been
called Meadow Valley, about eighty-five miles
THE MILITARY. 237
northeast from Fort McDowell. This place is
reported to have good water, an abundance of
grass, oak, and pine wood, and some arable
land. It is in the midst of the hostile Apaches,
and is at present inaccessible to w^agons. The
district commander is specially charged with
the duty of seeing that timely supplies of
quartermasters' subsistence, and medical stores
and ordnance are sent to Fort McDowell, and
afterwards to the new post, for this command.
"II. Preliminary to establishing themselves
as above, the companies will proceed to make
a good trail from Fort McDowell to their new
station, to be improved as far and as soon as
possible into a wagon road.
''III. The huts and shelters at the camp
will be made by the labor of the enlisted men
from the materials at hand, and in the following
order, viz.:
''First. The shelter huts for the men and
company laundresses, including the mess-rooms ;
nothing else in the way of building to be com-
menced until they are "finished and occupied.
' ' Second. Shelter hospital.
"Third. Shelter storehouses.
"Fourth. Shelter huts for officers.
"Fifth. Shelters for horses.
"Dimensions of the huts for officers will be
furnished the commanding officer by Colonel
Babbitt, and these dimensions wdll not be
exceeded.
"IV. Whilst working more than ten days
continuously on the trail and wagon road, and
on the huts and shelters at the standing camp
238 HISTORY OF ARIZONA.
for themselves and. their supplies, the enlisted
men will be allowed the extra pay provided by
the act approved July 13, 1866. Care will be
taken to see that the provisions of that act are
fully complied with.
"The assistant inspector general is very de-
cided in his language as to the insufficiency of
the shelters provided in Arizona, and I submit
that, in view of his condemnation of the hos-
pitals at Tucson, Whipple, McDowell, Mohave,
etc., which were all found good by the medical
director, the building used at Whipple is the
finest one in Arizona — his opinion should be re-
ceived with some allowance. It depends on the
standard of comparison whether these shelters
merit the condemnation with which he visits
them. I know nothing of the huts in Ireland;
but have seen plenty of negro cabins that were
very comfortable as compared with a tent, and
this is the comparison to make. I lived ten
years in Mexico, most all the time in a tent, and
found the Mexican hacal comfortable in com-
parison.
"If the officers and men, like at Camp Wall en,
prefer to suffer rather than exert themselves,
as those before them have done, and had rather
live under a shelter tent than to make them-
selves comfortable, as they have been authorized
and ordered to do, their discomfort merits re-
proaches rather than sympathy. It is seen,
from recent reports, that the commanding offi-
cer of the camp is now making the shelters
which he should have made long ago.
THE MILITARY. 239
"I sent a saw-mill to southern Arizona, to be
used in the pinery to get out lumber for quar-
ters, but it was never set up, and not long since
a report of a board of survey came to me con-
demning the mill as old and worn out, or useless.
No one took the trouble to see about it. It was
a new mill which never had been used.
"One of the causes of the unsatisfactory state
of affairs in Arizona, and which has not been
touched upon by the assistant inspector general,
is, that of the few officers whom it has been
possible to get there with their companies many
are not yet suited to the particular kind of ser-
vice required in that country, and of these many
show but a feeble disposition to adapt them-
selves to it. Coming out of a war of immense
proportions, in which many of them have borne
a prominent and distinguished j^art, having
passed through all the excitement that it created,
they want rest, and the service in Arizona is
peculiarly fatiguing and disagreeable. Many
look upon the veiy act of being sent there as a
punishment. Again, many have married since
the war, or have but rejoined their families since
peace was made, and they have their families
with them, under circumstances of great priva-
tions to those of whom they are naturally most
solicitous ; many times with young children and
no servants. They do not want to live the life
of Indian-trackers, and accommodate them-
selves to that kind of service which only can in-
sure success. Of course there are many excep-
tions, but this will apply to a large number with
whom the personal comfort of their families
240 HISTORY OF ARIZONA.
and themselves is the most prominent question,
and to which all else has to yield.
"I passed an officer, going to his post, carried
in an ambulance drawn by four mules, with a
six-mule team carrying his baggage, and that
of his infantry escort, who were scattered along
the road, with their muskets in the wagon.
Though cautioned about the danger of moving
in this way, he was soon afterwards attacked
and killed by the Apaches.
"I met another officer going along with his
company, encumbered with his family in such
a way as to destroy his efficiency. This was
shown when the officer above referred to was
attacked, and, when the latter was ordered to
go in pursuit, he pleaded that he could not leave
his wife alone. He has since resigned.
"In saying what I have, I do not wish to be
understood as questioning the gallantry and
intelligence of the officers in Arizona, but only
as stating that the life and service there is one
for which their antecedents have not qualified
them.
"iRViN Mcdowell,
"Brevet Major General Commanding Depart-
ment.
"Official:
"JAMES B. FRY, A. A. G."
In his remarks General McDowell called at-
tention to the orders issued by him to those in
command of certain posts, to provide them-
selves with shelter for men and officers, using
such materials as were at hand, and employing
soldiers to do the work. This would seem to
THE MILITARY. 241
have been a very good policy if it could have
been carried out. The exiDense of building
houses on any of the reservations was ex-
cessive, when done by private contract. It
was said that every adobe made at Camp Grant
cost the government twenty dollars, gold.
There is no doubt but what at this time con-
tractors of all kinds, supplying either food,
forage or labor for building, had a "picnic."
Even if, as was charged, they had some times
to divide with quartermasters, yet it required
but a few contracts of any kind, made with the
military, to place the contractor upon easy
street financially.
In the paper accompanying these reports it is
shown in one case where about eleven thousand
tons of hay disappeared, the inference being
that it was taken by "trade rats" of the biped
species who, in exchange therefor, received a
quartermaster's certificate.
The ordinary trade-rat is found everywhere
in the Arizona desert. He surrounds his hole
with cholla cacti to protect it from rattlesnakes ;
he robs mines of candles and cabins of food and
articles useful to him, leaving a rock or some-
thing useless in place of the thing taken.
The general calls attention to the reduced cost
of produce to the army posts, on account of the
increased production of necessaries of life by the
farmers of the Territory, which however, was
attended by great loss of life and property.
About this time the River Indians were on the
warpath according to the statement of Charles
B. Genung, contained in Volume 4 of this his-
242 HISTORY OF ARIZONA.
tory. This was caused by the lack of food
and employment on the Mohave Reservation.
George W. Dent, a brother-in-law of President
Grant was general Indian Agent for the Terri-
tory. President Grant's loyalty to his friends
has never been questioned, his one weakness
being to stick to his friends, right or wrong, pro-
tecting them at every mark of the road. Dent
was either lacking in administrative qualities,
or else he possessed too much of that peculiar
kind which sometimes enriches the individual
at the expense of the public.
General Gregg issued an order instructing his
subordinates to treat as hostiles all Indians
found off their reservations. When this order
was promulgated, Dent immediately interfered,
and wrote the following letter to the Commis-
sioner of Indian Aifairs:
"TERRITORY OF ARIZONA,
"Office of Superintendent of Indian Affairs.
"La Paz, March 5, 1867.
"SIR : I have to report to your office another
melancholy massacre of American citizens by
the Apaches of Central Arizona.
"On the 2nd instant, two teams belonging to
a resident of La Paz, returning from Prescott
in charge of two drivers and accompanied by
five other men, were fired into with guns by a
party of about forty Apaches, at a place in the
open country sparsely covered with sage brush,
and the two drivers and one traveler killed.
The scene of the casualty was about eight miles
on the La Paz side of Date Creek. Two of the
THE MILITARY. 243
travelers were wounded and escaped, and the
two remaining escaped unhurt. The Indians
destroyed part of the harness of the teams,
rifled the wagons and ran off the stock, consist-
ing of eighteen mules and four horses.
"About three hours after the occurrence an-
other train of wagons came up, and, being pre-
pared, attempted to recover the stock. They
followed them to a canyon in the mountains to
the north of the road, when they were charged
by the Indians and repulsed and the Indians
thus made off with the entire booty. After
burying the dead by the roadside they pro-
ceeded to town and reported the foregoing.
"This depredation occurred on a part of the
road heretofore regarded as safe against the
hostiles, and is additional proof of the increas-
ing boldness of the Apaches. By recent order
of the military commanding officer a military
patrol will be stationed between here and Date
Creek, and the efficiency of the troops will be
tested.
"It is somewhat believed here, but I cannot
report it officially, that some of the young men
of the Yavapais and Mohaves join with the
Apaches in their depredations. Such is the
strength of sentiment and belief that should
a reasonable proof be made of such coalition,
the whites would retaliate on the friendly river
Indians and sacrifice them mercilessly. I have
steadily aimed to keep dowii this spirit, while
the real proof is pending; but if, as I say, proof
should be had of such joining with the Apaches,
no force, either the influence of the Indian de-
partment, the check of truly friendly chiefs, or
244 HISTOEY OF ARIZONA.
the military arm can prevent a general massacre
of the river bands. It is to be hoped that the
presence of troops soon to be placed on the road
where the late depredation was committed, with
orders adequate to the occasion, will check and
prevent any coalition of the bands.
''Very respectfully, your obedient servant,
''GEORGE W. DENT,
"Superintendent Indian Affairs, A. T.
"Hon. L. V. BOGY,
"Commissioner Indian Affairs, Washington,
D. C."
He enclosed the following copy of a treaty he
said he had made with the river Indians :
"At a convention held at the office of the
Arizona superintendency at La Paz on the 21st
day of March, A. D. 1867, in the presidency of
G. W. Dent, superintendent of Indian Affairs,
between delegations of the Mohave Tribe of
Indians and the Chemehuevis tribe of Indians,
for the purpose of concluding peace between
these two bands, and restoring and confirming
amity :
"The Chemehuevis were personally present
by Pan Coyer, their head chief, and certain of
his captains and head men, and the Mohaves
were personally present by Iretaba, their head
chief, and certain of his captains and head men,,
and after full conference the two bands agreed
upon the following terms, to wit :
"1st. All hostilities heretofore existing be-
tween Mohaves and Chemehuevis cease on and
after this day, and perpetual amity shall exist
between the two bands.
THE MILITARY. 245
''2nd. The Mohaves shall occupy and culti-
vate the lands on the left bank of the Colorado
river, and the Chemehuevis the lands on the
right bank of the Colorado river ; provided that
Indians of either band may freely visit and
travel over either country, and shall not be mo-
lested therein either in their persons or their
property.
''3rd. It is also agreed between the parties
to this agreement that they will use their best
exertions to prevent the members of either of
the tribes from committing any depredations
upon the persons or property of American citi-
zens in the country occupied by them, and
should any such depredations be committed that
they will endeavor to recover property taken
and bring the offenders and deliver them to the
superintendent of Indian Affairs at La Paz.
"In testimony of the above agreement we
have set our hands and our seals at La Paz,
Arizona, on the day and year first written.
"IRETABA, his + mark (Seal),
"Head Chief of Mohaves.
"PAN COYER, his + mark (Seal),
"Head Chief of the Chemehuevis.
"Signed and sealed in the presence of —
"G. W. DENT,
"Special Indian Agent, Colorado River In-
dians.
"CHARLES HUTCHINS.
"Official:
"JOHN H. COSTER,
"Aid-de-camp."
246 HISTORY OF ARIZONA.
The order of General Gregg referred to was :
''(General Orders No. 3.)
"HEADQUARTERS DISTRICT OF PRES-
COTT.
''Camp Whipple, A. T., April 23, 1867.
"The increasing number of Indian depreda-
tions committed throughout this district ren-
ders it necessary, in order to remove doubt, to
announce what tribes are considered hostile and
against whom hostilities may be carried on.
"The following tribes are announced hostile,
viz. : The Hualapais, the Chemehuevis, the
Tonto, the Apache Tonto and the Apache Mo-
have, and all other tribes or parts of tribes
within the limits of this district, including the
Mohaves and other Indians, purporting to be
friendly, except when the latter are found
wdthin the limits of the reservations on the
Colorado river, or when acting in conjunction
with the troops as guides or otherwise.
"By order of Brevet General GREGG:
"A. E. HOOKER,
"First Lieut, and Adjutant 8th Cavalrv, A. A.
A. G.
"Official:
"JOHN H. COSTER, A. D. C."
On May 18th, 1867, General McDowell, ac-
knowledged the receipt of General Gregg's
order, through his Adjutant-General, and made
the following order countermanding the same:
"I am instructed by the department com-
mander to say in reference to those orders that.
THE MILITARY. 247
as he is at present informed, and so far as he
can at this distance judge of them, it seems to
him you have declared war on many Indians
with whom it might be possible to continue
friendly relations. You unquestionably 're-
move doubt' as you express it, but you have
given the doubt in favor of hostilities against
tribes of all kinds whatsoever who may not be
on the Indian reservation.
"With respect to that reservation the follow-
ing is from the last annual report of the Com-
missioner of Indian Affairs :
" 'Arizona. * * * Plans to colonize the
tribes known as the River Indians, the Yava-
pais, Hualapais, etc., upon a reservation on the
Colorado river, set apart for them by Congress
two years ago, have been considered and pre-
sented to the department, but for want of nec-
essary fmids nothing of a permanent character
has been done. Nevertheless, the superinten-
dent and Agent Feudge, who was more directly
in charge of the enterprise, succeeded in induc-
ing a considerable number of the Mohaves and
of the tribes above named to commence plant-
ing. By the August report it appeared that the
tribes, many of the members of which had been
disposed to hostility, were peacefully at work,
and that for the first time in months trains were
moving between the river and Prescott, the capi-
tal of the Territory, without interruption. The
first crops planted by the Indians were swept
away by a flood in the river, and another rise
had also occurred, the effect being so to saturate
the ground as to assure the Indians of a success-
ful crop.'
248 HISTORY OF ARIZONA.
"The foregoing extract (given in full) shows
that there is but one reservation on the river
for all the tribes named in your general order.
This is understood to be below Williams Fork,
and therefore beyond the limits of either of the
districts (Upper Colorado and Prescott) now
under your command. This reservation, though
set apart by Congress, is not yet established,
and the Indian department is not in a condition
at this time to support these Indians on it. Yet,
by your general order, if the Indians whom the
agent has succeeded in drawing to the reserva-
tion are found away from it for the purpose of
hunting, under a condition of things where they
must hunt or starve, you order that the permit
of the agent shall not be regarded, and the
Indians shall be declared hostile.
"Many of the Mohaves and the Hualapais
have hitherto been living quietly in the vicinity
of Fort Mohave and on the bottom lands along
the Colorado river, raising food for themselves
and for sale, and procuring wood for the
steamers plying on the river, transporting the
supplies for the government, and the miners and
other settlers in the Territory. By your Gen-
eral Order No. 3 these Indians are declared
hostile, and war is to be waged on them.
"Thus far the Indians complained of have,
as is alleged, confined themselves to stealing
stock, and it must be said that if the government
has as yet made no provision for them in the one
reservation set apart for them, and you forbid
their being allowed to go hunting because some
of them have abused the privilege, they have
some excuse to plead also, as the whites have
THE MILITARY. 249
done, having acted upon one of the first great
laws of nature.
"The general commanding is quite sure you
cannot have fully considered the effect of your
two general orders, and he directs you to recon-
sider and modify them, and make no war on
Indians not in hostility with the settlers, and
that you aid the Indian department as far as
possible in co-operating with its agents. That
Indians steal when they find property on which
they can lay their hands is not surprising, under
the state of affairs now existing in Arizona.
This, of course, is much to be regretted, but it
is not a matter for which the military authori-
ties are responsible, and the general is not dis-
posed to authorize an indiscriminate warfare on
whole tribes on a suspicion that some of their
members, or some of another tribe, perhaps,
have committed theft.
*'I have the honor to be, very respectfully,
your obedient servant,
"JOHN P. SHERBURNE,
"Assistant Adjutant General."
"Brevet Brigadier General J. I. GREGG,
Colonel 8th U. S. Cavalry, Com'dg Dis-
tricts of Prescott and Upper Colorado,
Fort Whipple, A. T.
"Official:
"JOHN P. SHERBURNE, A. A. G."
Under the orders of his superior officer. Gen-
eral Gregg was compelled to modify his orders
in reference to hostile Indians, thus leaving the
settlers of Northern Arizona at the mercy of
predatory bands, who did not fail to kill, plun-
250 HISTORY OF ARIZONA.
der and destroy whenever and wherever it was
to their advantage to do so. For his interfer-
ence with General Gregg, General McDowell
was severely criticised by Governor McCormick
who in this controversy supported General
Gregg.
In his second annual report, dated September
14th, 1867, General McDowell gives the follow-
ing resume of Military and Indian Affairs in
Arizona :
''AEIZONA.
"11. DISTRICT OF TUCSON — Camp
Goodwin, on the upper Gila; Camp Bowie,
Apache Pass; Camp Wall, Upper San Pedro;
Camp Tubac, Tubac; Camp Lowell, Tucson;
Camp Grant, Lower San Pedro. The camps
of this district have afforded as fair a measure
of protection to the settlements as the circum-
stances have admitted.
' ' The most active operations have been in the
southern part against Cochese's band of
Apaches, who continued to keep up active hos-
tilities against the southern settlements, and
have, during the past year, killed many citizens
and destroyed much property. The expeditions
sent out from Camp Wallen have been success-
ful, and have partially and temporarily checked
the inroads *of the Indians.
"The southern part of the Territory has been
at certain seasons of the year subject to inter-
mittent fevers to such an extent as to prostrate
a large part of the force, and cause many
changes to be made in the camps, in the hope of
getting to a healthy site.
THE MILITARY. 251
"Camp Wallen seems, at last, to have been
made comfortable and healthy, the labor of the
men on the ruins of an old Mexican house hav-
ing given them sufficient shelter for themselves
and their supplies.
"The remainder of the force in the southern
part of the Territory has been temporarily
quartered, free of expense, in houses in Tubac,
which the owners were glad to offer for the in-
creased protection they would receive from the
troops being relieved from having to build
themselves shelters.
"General Crittenden has recommended the
building of the permanent camp near the site
of old Fort Buchanan, where there are many
adobes, made before the war, and which can be
used in new buildings. It is proposed to com-
mence this in November next, the labor to be
done chiefly by the men with the materials at
hand. When built, the post at Tubac will be
discontinued.
' ' There has been much complaint as to the in-
sufficient shelters heretofore provided for the
troops in Arizona, but the recent order from the
War Department on the subject of shelters for
troops has only been anticipated in the orders
from these and division headquarters.
' ' The troops have been required to make tem-
porary shelters for themselves and their sup-
plies by their own labor with the materials at
hand. The principal difficulty in southern Ari-
zona arises from the scarcity of timber and
lumber.
"At Camp Grant the commanding officer
made, without authority, an impracticable
252 HISTORY OF ARIZONA.
treaty with some of the Indians near the sta-
tion. General Crittenden subsequently saw the
Indians, and made a new agreement with them,
which they broke in a few days after making
it. Some of them have, however, since come in
and submitted to military control.
"In order to give a greater force at other
points, I endeavored to break up this camp, but
found the need of it so great that it had to be
continued, and the commanding officer has been
authorized to make adobe shelters for his com-
mand to the extent necessary for a post of this
character.
"Camp Goodwin is intended as a guard for
such of the Indians as submit themselves to mili-
tary control in that part of the Territory. It
has been found very difficult to retain the In-
dians on even a reservation of the extent of the
one at this post. There are frequent charges
made by persons at a distance, of depredations
committed by these Indians, who, it is said, steal
away, and rob or murder, as has been their cus-
tom. The commanding officer denies this, and
has shown, at least in one instance, that these
charges are not true. It will undoubtedly take
much time to break up the habits of generations,
and those who expect an immediate cessation of
all hostilities or molestations from these people
are most likely to be disappointed.
"I am still, however, convinced that mere
force will not so soon accomplish the subjuga-
tion of these mountain robbers, as force and
care of those who profess to submit, combined.
"The transportation of supplies to this sec-
tion of the Territory has heretofore been a
THE MILITARY. 253
heavy item of expense, even under the most
favorable circumstances. Last year it was
enormously so; but this has had the effect to
produce much competition this year, and the
price is nearly two-thirds less than it was, but
this has been done by contractors who expect to
send their trains from the coast of the Gulf of
California through Sonora.
^'It is much to be desired that Mexico should
be induced to make a port of entry at Libertad,
so that the freighters should have no difficulty
in using that port to disembark their stores. It
would then be supplied with lighters, and all
facilities necessary, and which are now wanting
at that place, for a port.
''12. DISTRICT OF THE VERDE—
Camp McDowell. — The troops at this post were
employed with good effect by Brevet Lieu-
tenant-Colonel Sanford in two very important
and entirely successful combats with the hos-
tile Apaches, killing and capturing a large
number, and destroying large quantities of their
property.
''Wishing to follow up his successes, and force
the Apaches in this district to submit, I en-
deavored to establish a camp in the heart of
their mountain fastnesses, and gave orders to
that effect last autumn ; but owing to many cir-
cumstances I have thus far failed to get accom-
plished my purpose, and have to postpone it
till a more favorable opportunity.
"Besides the important successes of Brevet
Lieutenant-Colonel Sanford, some others have
been obtained by other parties from this camp,
one by the Pima and Maricopa scouts.
254 HISTORY OF ARIZONA.
"Twice, lately, the Indians near this camp
have sent in word to the commanding officer that
they wish to be at peace with the whites. But
they have so little confidence in us, and we so
little in them, that it is difficult to say whether
anything positive is likely to come of their ap-
plication. I have instructed the commanding
officer that if they will submit to military con-
trol they will be provided for.
"Ninety of the one hundred Indian scouts al-
lowed this department have been allotted to the
districts of the Verde and Tucson. The com-
manders of each bear witness to their efficiency
in hunting, trailing, and fighting the Apaches.
They have proved most valuable auxiliaries to
the regular troops. Their peculiar know^ledge
of the country and habits of the Apaches makes
them, in some capacity, indispensable. I wish
that authority could be had for a still greater
number. They are a cheap and effective force
for local purposes. There is also in Arizona a
class of men who are, on some accounts and for
some purposes, even better than the Indians —
those who were born there or have been a long
time in the country. They would not be well
suited to army life and discipline, particularly
under the officers who are now in the Territory,
who are unacquainted with it or its inhabitants ;
but who, were they employed for a few months
at a time, or for some particular service, and
under the lead of some of their own number,
would be of great use in the peculiar kind of
warfare which has to be carried on in that
country.
THE MILITARY. 255
"Many of the settlers would, I have reason to
believe be willing to go out for an expedition,
could they be furnished with ammunition, food
and transportation. Many have done so with-
out any aid, and I think it well worth the while
to obtain authority to furnish these supplies for
any parties whose services any district com-
mander may accept for an expedition against
the Indians.
''13. DISTRICT OF PRESCOTT— Camp
Lincoln^ on the upper Verde ; Camp McPherson,
La Paz road ; Fort Whipple, Prescott. — The two
cavalry companies in this district have done
excellent service against the hostile Indians,
and killed and captured a large number, and
destroyed much of their (to them) valuable
property.
"In one of the combats Captain J. W. Will-
iams, eighth cavalry, was badly wounded. I
regret the loss of the services of this gallant and
most effective officer, and am glad to learn that
his wound is not so serious as at first reported.
"The commander of this district, actuated by
some motive I have not been able to appreciate,
issued orders declaring war on all Indians in his
command, save those employed with the troops,
or on a reser\^ation on the Colorado river. This
unnecessary act was as impolitic as it was un-
just, for we had more enemies than we had
troops to combat them. He was therefore re-
quired to reconsider and modify his orders, and
only war on hostile Indians.
"As his subsequent conduct was unsoldierly,
and caused a good deal of correspondence, and
has affected the public service in his district, I
256 HISTORY OF ARIZONA.
submit herewith a special report in the case,
in connection with the despatch of Mr. Dent,
superintendent of Indian affairs for Arizona,
dated March 5, 1867.
"14. DISTEICT OF THE UPPER COLO-
RADO^— Camp Mohave; Camp El Dorado. —
The Indians in this district, as mentioned in
my last report, have been brought into hostility
with the whites; whether necessarily or un-
necessarily— as it was not by any act of any one
in the military service, is no longer a question.
^ ' They have done much damage, and have kept
employed a large part of the force I had hoped
to employ elsewhere. They have also affected
with a spirit of hostility the Piutes heretofore
friendly, and there is danger of this hostility
extending up the Colorado and to the Salt Lake
and Los Angeles road.
''I have sent as large a force as possible to
re-enforce Brevet Lieutenant-Colonel Price,
commanding the district, and he has now nearly
five hundred men, and was by the last account
about to take the field, with good prospect of
success. The country is, however, very much
broken, and the Indians very active, and have
become well armed ; and it is not at all improb-
able the colonel may have to take much longer
time than I have allowed him before he succeeds
in his campaign.
"That he might have as large a force as pos-
sible, I have temporarily attached Major Clen-
denin, with a company of cavalry under orders
for Camp McDow^ell, to his command; and as
the mining operations seemed to have been, at
least for the present, suspended or abandoned
THE MILITAEY. 257
at El Dorado, and the trade to Salt Lake, by way
of the Colorado, seemed to be broken off, and the
company at El Dorado was suffering where it
was, and the troops were needed for active field
operations elsewhere, I authorized him to with-
draw all the company except a small guard, and
use it in his approaching campaign.
^'15. DISTRICT OF THE LOWER
COLORADO— Fort Yuma.— This district con-
tains the principal depot for receiving and for-
warding the supplies to the country north of
the Gila, and the reserve supply for the whole
Territory. During the year the depot was ac-
cidentally burned, and with it a large quantity
of public property. For fear that the troops
might be depending on some of the supplies thus
lost, a steamer was engaged to take to the mouth
of the river such articles as the place seemed to
be most likely in need of. They have arrived
as have other cargoes sent by sailing vessels,
and no danger is now felt of the troops being in
want by reason of the accident. The depot is
being rebuilt.
''The company of artillery ordered from Fort
Yuma, to obtain a force to go to Sitka, leaves
this post with but a single company of infantry,
from which a detachment is kept up at old Fort
Gaston, on the Colorado river, a few miles above
the Gila.
"16. I am continually receiving complaints
of the insufficient number of troops provided
for the defense of the settlements against the
hostile Indians. The governors of Nevada and
Arizona have been earnest in their representa-
V— 17
258 HISTORY OF ARIZONA.
tions that more troops should be sent to their
State and Territory. As I have sent all I have
— which I know is a full share of what has been
sent to the Pacific Coast — the question of in-
creased military force for this country is one
for the War Department to determine, with
reference to the strength of the army and its
needs elsewhere. I can only say that an addi-
tional force would be of great benefit to this
country; is much needed, and that it would be
good economy to employ it. I am, however,
constrained to say that, for Arizona, I think it
far preferable that a temporary irregular force
be authorized to be retained, in the same w^ay
as is provided by law for the Indian scouts.
' ' 17. The hostilities in that country are made
by Indians who live in the mountainous parts
of the Territory, where nature has combined
everything to favor the life of murder and
rapine they lead. They require a peculiar kind
of warfare, and a peculiar force to carry it on
successfully.
'Mt is not so much a large force as an active
one that is needed. It is more like hunting wild
animals than any kind of regular warfare. The
Indians are seldom in large bodies, and never
take any risk. They move with great celerity,
unencumbered with any baggage, and when out
on their forays can seldom be overtaken. When
they are, and are pressed, they give way and dis-
perse among the mountains and ravines, so that
it is impossible to follow them. The most that
is done in such cases is to cause them to abandon
any animals they may be carrying off. They
can only be successfully fought by troops who
THE MILITARY. 259
carry on an offensive warfare against them,
who do not wait till they have attacked, for in
such cases but little is ever accomplished, but
who fight them in their own way; take no bag-
gage, move by night, and hide during the day ;
creep upon their camps, and rush upon them by
surprise. When this is done, no matter by how
few or how many, they always fly, and then
seek to do what damage they can by firing from
some safe cover. In these cases, it is in the first
few minutes that everything is done.
"In view of this, and of the great expense it
requires to obtain these few minutes, it is, I
think, the highest economy to place in the hands
of those who have to improve them, the best
arms we have, some repeating rifle that will give
them from five to fifteen shots without loading.
''18. The need of sending off immediately to
the scene of Indian hostilities all the men that
were sent to me has made it necessary to send
companies to the field as soon as they were or-
ganized, and in all cases with an insufficient
number of officers, and many times with officers
of other companies or corps. This, and the
mistaken notion many men have that California
is filled with gold, which they will be able to pick
up in the first stream they come to, or that it ex-
ists in such quantities and in such conditions that
a man can soon gather it and become wealthy,
together with the hard service required of the
troops in this Indian hunting, have combined to
cause many desertions. The evil, which has be-
come serious, is beyond my control, nor can I
charge it upon any one.
260 HISTORY OF ARIZONA.
''I send herewith the reports of successful
Indian combats, and copies of the orders an-
nouncing them to the department.
"I have the honor to be, very respectfully,
your obedient servant,
"iRviN McDowell,
''Brevet Major General, Commanding Depart-
ment.
"Brevet Major General J. B. FRY,
"Assistant Adjutant General, Headq'trs Mil.
Div. of the Pacific, San Francisco, Cal."
THE MILITARY. 261
CHAPTER XII.
THE MILITARY (Continued).
Major General Halleck^s Report for 1867-
68 — Describes Conditions in Aeizona —
Urges That More Troops be Sent to Ari-
zona— Expeditions Against Hostile In-
dians— Frequent Desertions of Soldiers
— Report of Brigadier General Thomas
E. Devin of Expedition Against the Hos-
TILES.
Under date of September 22nd, 1868, Major
General H. W. Halleck, who had succeeded
General McDowell in command of the Pacific,
made his report to the Secretary of War, in
which report he had the following to say in
regard to conditions in Arizona:
"This Territory has an area of some 104,000
square miles. There are no very reliable data
in regard to its population, but a means of var-
ious estimates would place it at about 8,000
whites and 15,000 Indians. The military force
in the Territory consists of two full regiments
of infantry, and nine companies of cavalry;
in all 29 companies that is, nearly one-half of
all the troops in the division available for ser-
vice in the field. Nevertheless, considerable
dissatisfaction has been shown by the inhabi-
tants because more troops were not sent to that
Territory. This could not be done by me from
the small force at my disposal without depriving
other States and Territories of their propor-
262 HISTORY OF ARIZONA.
tionate share of protection in places where
Indian hostilities existed or were threatened.
"These troops in Arizona are distributed as
follows: At Fort Mojave, two companies for the
protection of the depot, with outposts on the
road to San Bernardino; at Camp Willow
Grove, two companies for the protection of the
road from Mojave to Fort Whipple, and opera-
tions against the hostile Hualapais; at Fort
Whipple, two companies for defending depot
and operations against the Apaches; at Camp
McPherson, one company to protect road and
mail from La Paz to Prescott; at La Paz, one
company for duty at Indian reservation; at
Camp Lincoln, two companies to protect set-
tlers on the Verde, and operate against Apaches
east of that river; at Camp McDowell and the
outpost of Camp Eeno, five companies to guard
depot and operate against Apaches between the
Verde and Salinas rivers ; at Fort Yuma (in an
appended footnote General Halleck says: Fort
Yuma is in the State of California, but is in-
cluded in the military district of Arizona), one
company to guard main depot of supplies; at
Camp Lowell, Tucson, one company to guard
depot of supplies for southern Arizona ; at Camp
Grant, three companies to protect roads and
settlements, and to operate against Apaches ; at
Camp Goodwin, three companies to protect
roads and settlements, and to operate against
Apaches ; at Camp Bowie, one company to guard
an important pass and check hostile incursions
by Indians from New Mexico ; at Camp Wallen,
two companies. This post was established to
prevent hostile incursions by the Sonora
THE MILITARY. 263
Apaches, and especially by the band of Cochise.
As it had signally failed to accomplish either
of these objects, it is probable that its location
was not judicious. At Camp Crittenden, three
companies. The troops were removed from
Tubac to this place as being a more healthy
position. They are intended for general opera-
tions against Apaches in southern Arizona.
''The locations of these several posts were
determined by General McDowell after fre-
quent personal visits to all parts of that Terri-
tory, and after consultations with officers fully
acquainted with the topography of the country,
and of large experience in operations against
the Apaches. They should, therefore, be
changed only after mature deliberation and
upon the most satisfactory evidence that their
location is erroneous. I have interfered only
to prevent what I considered too great a divi-
sion and scattering of our forces. To properly
locate a military post in an Indian country, an
officer should have a knowledge of the topog-
raphy of the country, the dangers threatened,
and the means of averting or surmounting them.
As General McDowell possessed this knowledge
in a remarkable degree, I have felt the less dis-
posed to change or overrule any distribution of
troops in Arizona which he proposed or ordered.
''In northern Arizona the troops under Gen-
erals Devin, Price and Alexander have been,
during the past year, actively engaged in scouts,
and their operations have been attended with
very considerable success. Much of the coun-
try lying between Yerde and Salinas rivers,
heretofore unknown, has been explored, and
264 HISTORY OF ARIZONA.
Apaches shown that we can now penetrate to
their secret haunts and homes. As soon as
proper depots of supplies can be established,
these explorations will be renewed with everj^
prospect of favorable results.
''The efficiency of the forces south of the Gila
has not been so manifest, and their operations
have been less successful.
"The details of the military operations in
Arizona during the past year are given in the
several reports forwarded through department
headquarters. Arizona has been greatly mis-
represented, even by its own people. It has been
described as a wonderfully rich mineral coun-
try, abounding in lodes and mines of gold and
silver, of such surpassing wealth, that any man
who could work them could, in a few months,
accumulate a fortune of millions. But these
mines of fabulous wealth, if they really exist,
are as yet undeveloped, and perhaps undiscov-
ered. I do not mean to say there are no val-
uable mines in Arizona, but simply that the
products of these mines have never equalled the
sanguine anticipations and representations of
their owners, and that the failure of expected
dividends to anxious stocldiolders has not been
entirely due to the want of military protection,
as is so commonly alleged. But this Territorj^
has interests and resources other than its min-
erals, and I have little doubt that in a few years
its agricultural products will far exceed in value
the yield of its mines of gold, silver, and
copper, however rich they may prove to be. In
many parts of the country the soil is exceed-
ingly rich, and crops of all kinds are most
THE MILITARY. 265
abundant. Its climate is favorable for the
growth of most kinds of grain and fruits, and
its gi'ass lands are so extensive and rich that the
traveler is surprised to learn that the beef and
mutton consumed is mostly obtained from Texas
and California, and still more that much of the
bread eaten is made of flour imported from Cali-
fornia and Sonora. There can be little doubt
that when the Territory shall receive an immi-
gration of thrifty farmers, it will become one
of the most prosperous countries on the Pacific
slope. But farmers and stockraisers are ever
more exposed to Indian depredations, and re-
quire more military protection in a country
infested by hostile Indians, than miners in the
development of their mines. The farmer's
wealth consists in his cattle and crops; and if
these are destroyed, he is often utterly ruined.
The miner's principal wealth is in his mines,
which the Indians camiot destroy, although they
may cripple his operations for a time by rob-
bing him of his work animals, tools, and his
supplies. Notwithstanding the too frequent
raids of Apaches, and the ruin which they have
caused to many ranches, the farming interest in
Arizona has made considerable progress within
the last two years. Many posts are now mainly
supplied by the products of the country, and at
prices nearly fifty per cent less than formerly.
**It will be seen from this summary that,
while there is a considerable military force in
the territory, the number available for scouts
and field operations is small, and that this field
force cannot be increased without leaving un-
protected many necessary depots of supplies
266 HISTORY OF ARIZONA.
and important mining and agricultural dis-
tricts. I, therefore, respectfully and most
urgently repeat my recommendation of last
year, that an additional force of one or two regi-
ments of infantry be sent to this division for
service in Arizona. The troops now there will
be able to hold their present positions and to
make gradual advances upon the enemy until
he is finally subdued or destroyed. But this
process must be a slow one. With the addi-
tional troops asked for, the operation will be
greatly facilitated, the desired result attained
in less time, and the total cost of the war greatly
diminished.
"I call attention, also, in this connection, to
the fact that the health of the troops in southern
Arizona will soon render it necessary to ex-
change them for those at more northerly posts,
say in California and Oregon. But to make
this exchange will require several months, and,
in the meantime, many posts would be so re-
duced as to be misaf e, and all would be too weak
for any field operations against the hostile In-
dians. If an additional regiment of infantry
be sent to the division, these changes can be
effected gradually and without serious detri-
ment to the service.
"The law authorizing the employment of In-
dian scouts limits the number to 1,000, of which
only 200 are assigned to this division. If this
number could be doubled, at least on the coast,
it would greatly facilitate military operations
in Arizona. Officers are unanimous as to the
value and usefulness of these scouts in the
field.
THE MILITARY. 267
"I beg leave to reproduce the following ex-
tracts from my amiual report of last year:
*' 'The Apaches and cognate tribes in Arizona
and northern Sonora are the natural and heredi-
tary enemies of the whites, of whatsoever nation
or character. They have successfully expelled
from that Territory the Aztecs, the Spaniards
and the Mexicans; and they will yield to our
people only when compelled to do so by the rifle
and the revolver. They probably resemble the
African Bedouins more than any other people;
and murder and robbery constitute almost the
sole occupation of the Apaches. These Indians
do not fight in masses, like most of the tribes of
the Eocky Mountains, but more stealthily in
small bands over the greater portions of Ari-
zona and the northern part of Sonora and
Chihuahua, waylaying and murdering travelers
on the roads, and plundering and destroying
improtected agricultural and mining settle-
ments. This mode of warfare, combined with
the rough and desert character of the country,
and the want of practicable roads, renders it
very difficult to operate successfully against
them, or to give adequate protection to the
small and scattered settlements in that exten-
sive but sparsely populated Territorj^
" 'It is useless to negotiate with these Apache
Indians. They will observe no treaties, agree-
ments, or truces. With them there is no alter-
native but active and vigorous w^ar, till they are
completely destroyed, or forced to surrender as
prisoners of war. '
"Another year's experience has confirmed the
correctness of these remarks. But what is to
268 HISTORY OF ARIZONA.
be done with these Indians when captured or
surrendered as prisoners of war? The agents
of the Indian bureau, as a general rule, refuse
to receive them, and the military have no funds
or authority to establish special military 'reser-
vations' for them. To keep and to guard them
at military posts will require the whole force of
the garrison, and prevent the troops from
operating in the field. We have no available
funds with which to purchase seeds and agri-
cultural implements, so that they can be made
to contribute to their own support ; and to keep
them in idleness for any length of time has a
most injurious effect. If permitted to hunt
and fish for their own support, they are certain
to desert and resume hostilities. It is hoped
that some steps may be taken to modify our
Indian system, at least in Ai'izona, so as to ob-
viate these very serious difficulties in the re-
duction of the Apaches and the pacification
of the Territory. I respectfully repeat my
recommendations of March last, that Arizona,
with the three most southerly counties of Cali-
fornia, be made a separate military department.
I believe this change to be essential to the dis-
cipline of the troops and the proper direction of
military operations there. The present depart-
ment of California is of so great a geographical
extent, with so many posts distant from each
other, and connected by roads and mountain
trails difficult to travel, that the department
commander cannot make the personal inspec-
tions and give to its affairs that personal super-
vision which are absolutely required. Making
Arizona a separate department will not only be
THE MILITARY. 269
of advantage to that Territory, but will give a
better supervision to military affairs in Cali-
fornia and Nevada. General Ord fully concurs
with me in this recommendation.
' ' It gives me pleasure to report that the open-
ing of new roads and the settlement and cultiva-
tion of land in the vicinity of the military posts
have greatly reduced the cost and transporta-
tion of army supplies in the division generally.
Still further reductions may be hoped in the
future.
' ' The locations of the several military posts in
the division are designated on the accompanying
maps.
"Very respectfullv, your obedient servant,
■^ "H. W. HALLECK,
''Major General Commanding."
During this year several expeditions were car-
ried out against the hostiles, in which a few
Indians were killed and rancherias destroyed,
the particulars of which are not given in Gen-
eral Halleck's report. General Ord, in his re-
port dated September 27th, 1868, calls attention
to the frequent desertions, saying:
''In Arizona the men have been occupied in
pursuit of the Indians, scouting, and on escort
duty. They have been but in few cases able to
build quarters; at some of the forts the troops
are yet living in tents, or under earthen roofs
and mud walls. Timber is so scarce in many
parts of the State of Nevada, and in Arizona
Territory, that at some posts it has been at
times impossible to procure a sufficient number
of boards to make coffins for the dead.
270 HISTORY OF ARIZONA.
''The consequences of these discomforts, and
the want of vegetables, is many desertions, es-
pecially from the posts where commanders were
careless of the comfort of their men, and failed
to make use of such means as the country af-
forded in providing for them such necessaries
as vegetable gardens, airy rooms, though built
of adobes, and plenty of good water. Every
effort has been made by me to remedy these
wantSj and some additional expense incurred
which will, by increasing the comfort of the
troops in quarters, diminish the number of de-
sertions, and make them more healthy and effi-
cient in the field. At one post inspected by me
I found that its garrison of 86 men had lost 54
men by desertion, and every deserter had car-
ried off a good horse and repeating rifle, worth
together from $150 to $300 at the post. These
horses and arms are generally sold to the citi-
zens in the vicinity for half or a third of their
value, so that the citizen finds more profit in
encouraging desertion by buying the deserter's
arms, horse and clothing, than in arresting him
for the small reward of about $20 in gold.
Commanding officers would prosecute such citi-
zens in many cases if they were authorized to
employ counsel, for there is scarcely ever in the
vicinity of such remote posts a United States
district attorney, or other person to act as such.
**I would recommend as some preventive to
this wholesale purchase of deserters' clothing,
arms and horses, that whenever a citizen, or sol-
dier returned a deserter, or his horse, arms or
clothing, the person making the return should
be paid the value of such articles as might be
THE MILITARY. 271
returned, and the actual cost of apprehension
in addition to the $30 now paid, all of which
money should be paid on delivery of the man
or his property, and upon a certificate to that
effect from the officer to whom he or it may be
delivered; at present many officers refuse to
give the certificates of delivery until the man
is convicted, which acts as a bar to the zeal of
persons who might be otherwise disposed to
arrest deserters."
The most important progress made by the
military during this year is contained in the
following report made by Brigadier General
Thomas E. Devin who commanded the Sub-
District of Prescott, which report is dated June
12tli, 1868:
'* Headquarters Sub-District of Prescott.
''Fort Whipple, A. T., June 12, 1868.
"Colonel: I have the honor to report my re-
turn from a 45 days' scout into the Apache coun-
try, to the east of this post, in pursuance of
instructions from headquarters district of Ari-
zona, directing me to move with my available
force in a southeast course from Camp Lincoln
towards Goodwin, and as far as the headwaters
of the San Carlos, on which I would find the
hostile Pinal Apaches, who now appeared
disposed to fight, and give us a favorable op-
portunity to punish them. No operative move-
ments would be made from other points.
"The above instructions were received at tliis
post April 25, and at the time my largest
cavalry company was on a 15 days' scout in the
272 HISTORY OF ARIZONA.
Havemia (probably Harcuvar) mountaius, 100
miles westward. On the morning of the 26th I
started my w^agons with 30 days' rations, and
company B, 8th cavalry, en route to the Rio
Verde. " On the 28th, company L returned from
its scout, and I at once follow^ed with that com-
mand. On the 30th I left Camp Lincohi with
the troops, and my pack train of 60 mules, carry-
ing 30 days ' rations and crossing Clear Creek six
miles from its mouth, ascended the Mogollon
mountains (erroneously called the 'High Mesa')-
My force consisted of one hundred (100) cavalry,
and fifty (50) infantry, and the four guides
from the district posts.
"Crossing the divide to the southern crest of
the mountains I descended into Tonto basin
near the head of the east fork of the Verde,^at
a point where the mountain rises about 2,500
feet above the basin. The first 500 feet being
nearly a perpendicular cliff, I was obliged to
cut a zigzag path down the face, after which
the breaking of a trail was comparatively
easy. The same night my camp was fired into
by Indians, killing one horse. At midnight,
company L, with a guide, was sent out to look
for 'smokes' seen from the mountain. As the
column pushed on, detachments were sent out
from the front and right flank to scour the
country, many rancherias were found, but all
had been abandoned — some of them quite lately,
others for months.
"On reaching the main fork of Tonto creek,
a number of small farms w^ere found, just pre-
pared for planting, ground hoed, etc., but no
crops yet in. The^Indians had evidently left in
THE MILITARY. 273
haste fleeing southward. At this point I found
that from the appearance of the country and
probable obstacles in front, I would not be able
to reach the San Carlos, and return with the
rations on hand. Before starting I had been
assured that the pack animals w^ould carry 250
pounds anywhere the cavalry could go. This I
found to be an error as they could not average
200 pounds, and with that could not make over
10 miles a day in a mountain country. In en-
deavoring to accomplish even that several gave
out, others were killed falling over precipices
and some of the rations were lost. The work was
also telling on my cavalry horses. I therefore
selected a camp on the head of Tonto creek,
and sending my pack train back to Camp Lin-
coln for 20 days' rations I occupied the interval
in scouting with mounted and dismounted par-
ties the country between Salinas and the Mo-
gollones. On the return of the train, I, for the
second time, attempted to push my southward
way, but was again repelled by impassable can-
yons. I finally succeeded in crossing the
Salinas at a point where the banks rise nearly
to the height of 1,000 feet, and are very steep.
Other crossings were afterwards found, and the
troops crossed and recrossed the Salinas at four
different points between its source and the big
Bend, while operating in the basin. During
one of the scouts one rancheria was found in-
habited, and four Indians were killed while
escaping across the river. On another occa-
sion a party exploring a trail to the San Carlos
were ambushed but the Indians were repulsed ;
V— 18
274 HISTORY OF ARIZONA.
two fell but were carried off by their comrades ;
one soldier and two animals were womided.
The pack train, w^hile on its return for the ra-
tions, was ambushed near the top of the 'jump-
off' I had constructed down the mountain, and
the pack master, Mr. Baker, was killed. The
Indians fled before the troops could reach the
summit, though they dashed forward with all
the speed the steep ascent would admit.
''The section of country north and west of
the Salinas having been pretty well scouted, I en-
camped on one of the east forks of the Salinas,
and taking 60 cavalry, all that I had left that
were serviceable for a hard march, I pushed on
to the San Carlos, which stream I reached after
crossing three of its forks. The character of
the country here is widely different from that
west of the Salinas, the mountains easier of
access, and the divides easier crossed. The
scenery is very beautiful, land fertile, and river
bottoms wide and filled with nutritious grasses,
but no signs of recent occupation by Indians,
as far as could be seen. A well beaten trail
from the southwest, on which the tracks of
women and children were very evident, led
towards the head of the Little Colorado, or val-
ley of the Prieta, and showed that their families
had been moved east, but the shoes of my horses
were worn out, and many of the men likewise.
I had but rations enough to carry me back at
a much faster rate than I had advanced, and
from the highest peak not an Indian 'smoke'
could be seen. I had with difficulty, and
through a country hitherto unknown, and inter-
THE MILITARY. 275
sected in every direction by impassable canyons,
penetrated to the point designated by my orders.
I had four of the best guides in the Territory,
though none of them had ever been in this sec-
tion previously (nor could I find or hear of any
one who had), but all were excellent mountain
men, and brave and expert in following Indian
trails, but I could not get a fight. The Indians
have (with the exception of a few predatory
bands), either left the country west of the San
Carlos, or have sent their families beyond, and
gone on some grand stealing raid to Sonora.
"The men were eager for a fight, and I was
willing, and it had been prophesied that I would
meet a thousand warriors before I reached San
Carlos; bnt I can truly say that I can at any
time find more fresh Indian signs within 50
miles of this post than I found at 200 miles dis-
tant.
''I concluded to return across the mountains
and try to explore a road by which I might for-
ward supplies by wagons along the crests of the
divide between the waters running to the Colo-
rado, and those running to the Salinas and Gila,
thus enabling me to establish temporary depots,
from whence I could make descents either into
the valley of the Prieta, the Sierra Blancas, or
the Little Colorado, with detachments supplied
with five to ten days' rations, and thus obviate
the necessity of large pack trains. I succeeded
in finding such routes.
"Returning from San Carlos to camp near
the Salinas, I ascended the Mogollones, and,
following the general course of the divide,
reached Camp Lincoln in eight days, from a
276 HISTORY OF ARIZONA.
point at the head of Salt River. Grass and
water in plenty until after crossing the head of
east fork. From this point to Clear Creek,
water is scarce from May 14th until the summer
rains, about July 1. Very little Indian signs
were found on the mountain, though the game
was far more plentiful than in the valley.
"It may be proper here to refer to the ex-
pedition I was organizing to start about May 15
by this very route, and turning the head of the
San Carlos, return by the Salinas to Camp
Reno. I would thus have taken the Indians
from the rear, with perhaps greater success;
but military necessity ordained that the move-
ment should be made earlier, and there was too
much melting snow on May 1 to allow my ani-
mals to travel on the divide, and I had to descend
into the basin.
"At the time of the receipt of General Crit-
tenden's order I had nearly completed a road
from Clear creek to the summit of the Mo-
goUones (for wagons). As soon as the summer
rains set in I will recommence the work, and
continue it to the southern crests, after which
the road, though crooked, can be easily worked.
My impression is that the most effectual mode
of holding the Indians in check, next to fighting
them, is to open roads and trails through their
country, so that the troops can readily track and
follow them. This policy I have followed since
my assignment to duty here, and the district has
been very quiet.
"Tonto basin is now very well chequered with
our trails and officers and men are well ac-
quainted with the country. The basin includes
THE MILITARY. 277
the district of country south of the high mesa,
west and north of the Salinas, and east of the
Mazatzal mountains, and has heretofore been
properly supposed to be the home of the
Apaches, where they had their farms, families
and stock. It has probably contained a large
population, as we found rancherias sufficient
for hundreds of families, but all abandoned.
^'Two sets of shoes were prepared for the
animals, and three for the infantry; nearly all
were worn out before our return, and the feet
of a number of the horses had to be encased m
leather in order to enable them to return the
last 60 miles to Lincoln, the country being cov-
ered with broken lava. For 40 days they had
not a grain of forage. None of the large herd
of cattle stolen by the Indians near Tucson
could have been brought into Tonto basin, as at
first supposed. Major Clendenin, who skirted
the southern edge, could find no trail, and I re-
peatedly crossed his trail. No stock had passed
over my route subsequent to the snow melting
with the exception of two horses. The health
of the men in general was excellent.
'*As soon as a map of the country scouted
can be compiled, it will be forwarded, together
with journal.
''Very respectfully, your obedient servant,
''THOMAS C. DEVIN,
"Lieutenant Colonel and Brevet Brig. Gen.
Commanding."
From this report, it will be seen that the result
of the scout was the establishment of new trails
through the Indian country and its mapping, so
278 HISTORY OF ARIZONA.
that the military thereafter might intelligently
locate their camps where water and feed could
be obtained.
It will also be seen that, according to the mili-
tary reports for the years 1866, 1867 and 1868,
very little was accomplished in the way of sub-
duing the hostile Apaches. Had Congress au-
thorized the raising of a volunteer regiment in
Arizona, such a body of men,^ under the com-
mand of an experienced frontiersman like King
Woolsey, Townsend, or Genung, would have
done more in one year for the protection of the
settlers on the frontier and towards the conquer-
ing of the hostile Apaches, than all the soldiers
furnished by the Government did up to the time
Crook assumed command. Such, at least, was
and is, the consensus of opinion among old time
residents of this State. As it was, there were
more Indians killed by settlers than by the
troops.
INDIAN TROUBLES. 279
CHAPTER XIII.
INDIAN TROUBLES.
Attack on T. Lambertson — Killing of Henry
Twaddle — Killing of Gonzales — Attack
ON Le Roy Jay and William Trehan —
Fight With Frenchmen on Hassayampa
— Attacks in and Around Wickenburg —
Jackass Smith — Expedition of Lieut.
Cradlebaugh Against Indians — Jackson
McCracken's Plight — Killing of Gteorge
Bowers — Experience of "Jeff^^ Davis —
Orick Jackson Describes Conditions —
Thomas Thompson Hunter^s Description
OF Conditions — Hostilities at Fort Bowie
— Killing of Commander of Post — Murder
OF Col. Stone and Escort — Duel Between
Keeper of Station and One of Cochise \s
Band — Murder of Mail Carrier Fisher —
Attack on W. A. Smith and Companions
— Depredations Around Tucson — Camp
Grant Massacre — Mrs. Stephens' Fight
With Indians — '^Miner'' Editorial on
Situation — W. M. Saxton Killed.
The following are some of the outrages com-
mitted by the Indians up to and including the
year 1868:
In Hamilton's "Resources of Arizona," are
given the following:
*'T. Lambertson, of Walnut Grove, was one
of the first settlers who brought cattle into that
valley. He had seven or eight cows and watched
280 HISTORY OF ARIZONA.
them continually. He was driving them home
one evening in 1867, when he w^as ambushed by
the redskins within half a mile of his house.
The old man was badly wounded in his side at
the first fire and fell to the ground. The In-
dians rushed upon him from the brush, but
Lambertson had a Henry repeating rifle, and as
he lay on the ground killed three of them, when
the rest retreated and he made his way home
with the cows. He never entirely recovered
from the effects of the wound, though he lived
for several years afterwards.
''Harvey Twaddle, a pioneer prospector, was
waylaid on a trail in Walnut Grove and shot
in the heart, but drove off the Indians who at-
tacked him. Assistance arriving shortly, he
was carried home and lived eight days. A post-
mortem examination showed the bullet im-
bedded in his heart a half an inch from its lower
point. This is one of the most extraordinary
instances of vitality on record.
"In 1866 a marauding band of Tontos sur-
prised a Mexican named Gonzales between the
Agua Fria Valley and Prescott, killed and
stripped him, set the body up with the knees,
elbows and head resting on the ground, and then
shot seventeen arrows into it, and left it in that
position.
"In 1867 two well known citizens, Le Roy Jay
and William Trehan, while escorting a wagon-
load of provisions from Prescott to the Bully
Bueno mining camp, fell into an ambush and
were killed between Big Bug and Turkey Creek.
The driver escaped, the Indians getting away
with the provisions and animals. The B. B.
INDIAN TEOUBLES. 281
Mining Company, from 1866 to 1869, lost by In-
dians 240 mules and horses, five of their em-
ployees were killed and four badly wounded
and their ten stamp quartz mill burned.
"In 1867, two Frenchmen mining in Hassa-
yampa Creek owned two burros and lived in a
stone cabin with a log roof covered with earth.
One afternoon they observed three Indians on a
hill near the creek. Immediately they got the
donkeys, took them into the cabin, and shut the
heavy plank door. In five minutes there were
twenty Indians around the house. At first they
tried to break in the door by throwing heavy
rocks against it, but as one of the attacking
party advanced with a heavy boulder in his
hands he was shot through the heart from a
crack in the door and fell dead in front of it.
That was the only shot the Frenchmen fired.
The reds then went behind the house, which was
built against a high rocky bank, and tried to
break it down by throwing great rocks upon it
from the bluff above and kept that game up well
into the night, but the roof withstood all assaults.
The inmates remained in the house until the
middle of the next forenoon, when a mining
neighbor named Wallace came along and found
the dead Indian at the door. Seeing smoke ris-
ing from the chimney, he hailed the inmates and
the badly scared Frenchmen opened the door.
They stated that they had plenty of provisions
and'thought they would wait and let the Indians
go away.
"Wickenburg was a to^vn on the Hassayampa,
built by those who worked quartz from the Vul-
ture mine in ISM to 1865.
282 HISTORY OF ARIZONA.
''Many men were killed in those years in that
neighborhood, and hundreds of animals stolen.
In 1865 there were thirty-three arrastras in the
town running on Vulture ore. In the summer,
on moonlight nights, many of them were run all
night. Bigelow & Smith were running three
arrastras day and night, having six animals.
One night in June, as Smith (known as 'Ore-
gon Smith') was on duty, he saw a suspicious
object moving in the tall grass near the arrastra.
He aroused his partner, saying: 'The Indians
are here.' Both went out. Smith with a rifle,
Bigelow with a shotgun. Smith said : ' Lay low.
Big, and you'll see the cuss raise up his head
above the grass out there,' pointing where he
had seen him. In less than two minutes a head
raised, and Smith fired. A groan followed,
and all was still. Smith reloaded and both cau-
tiously approached the supposed dead Indian,
and found a young donkey lying dead in the
brush; it w^as shot in the throat and its neck
broken. The slayer, after that, was known as
'Jackass Smith.'
"In 1867 or 1868, Lieut. Cradlebaugh was sent
out from Camp Verde with a detachment of men
to the Black Hills, for the purpose of having a
talk with a band of Indians who signified a will-
ingness to make peace and come into the post.
He camped the first night in a small flat below
a high ledge of rocks, the horses being fas-
tened to a picket rope in front of the camp.
Towards morning the slumbering troopers were
awakened by the most unearthly yells and
showers of arrows and bullets. Every horse at
the picket line was soon shot down. The troops
INDIAN TROUBLES. 283
huddled closelj^ under the rocky cliff. One man
was killed, and several wounded, including a
doctor, who had his arm broken and afterwards
amputated at the post. Jackson McCracken,
afterwards the discoverer of the famous mine
which bears his name, was with the party.
When the attack began, he was sound asleep
with his head against a small pine tree about
eight inches in diameter. He was in full range
of the fire, and when the leaden hail became fast
and furious he hugged the protection of that
small tree with praiseworthy pertinacity. Be-
ing a large, fat man, the little sapling was in-
sufficient to cover his whole body, and years
afterwards, in telling the story, he used to say
that as he heard the arrows whiz by and the
bullets strike the tree near his head he thought
he would give all of Arizona to have that tree
six inches larger.
^'In 1868 George Bowers, one of the brightest
young men of Prescott, was killed on the road
coming from Camp Verde to Prescott. In 1869,
a party of thirteen prospectors outfitted in Santa
Fe, New Mexico, and came into the eastern por-
tion of Arizona looking for placer diggings.
They were successful in finding gold, but the
Indians attacked them while at work, killed four
or five of the party and got possession of their
camp, provisions and animals. The remainder
made their way across the mountains to the
Verde settlements, and coming down Clear
Creek approached the camp of a detachment of
soldiers who took them for Indians, and fired
more than fifty shots at them before the ragged,
284 HISTORY OF ARIZONA.
half-starved wretches could convince them of
their mistake.
"C. Davis, better known as 'Jeff' Davis, of
Yavapai County, had a lively experience in those
days. He lived on a lonely ranch near the head
of the Hassayampa, and was engaged in farm-
ing and stock raising. The latter pursuit, how-
ever, was not a success, for whenever he had
accumulated a few head of stock the Indians
were sure to steal them. 'Jeff' was a great
himter, and on one of his expeditions he came
upon a band of Indians in the heavy pine timber.
Stepping behind a tree he waited until the fore-
most savage got within range when his trusty
rifle rang out and the Indian fell to rise no
more. The astonished redskins looked around
to see from whence the attack came, and ere the}^
could recover themselves two more bit the dust.
The remainder fled panic stricken, while 'Jeff'
pumped the lead after them while one remaine,d
in sight."
Orick Jackson in his "White Conquest,"
says:
"During the carnival of blood that extended
from 1863 to 1873, over 600' white men were
killed by the Indians in that zone lying north of
the Gila and Salt Elvers. These fatalities were
confined principally to 'picking off' travelers in
parties of from two to five. Organized bodies
were very seldom molested, excepting of course
the military operations in a general fight.
Many ranchers fell in the field while at work or
in going from home to a neighbor. Invariably
the white victim was scalped and horribly muti-
lated otherwise."
INDIAN TROUBLES. 285
The following from the pen of Thomas
Thompson Hunter, an old timer, shows the atti-
tude of the Indians at this time :
''In the fall of 1867 I entered the Territory
of Arizona with a herd of cattle gathered in
Central Texas and driven across the plains,
seeking a market at the Government Posts, the
only beef supply available at the time for the
different army posts. The trip was a dreary
one from the start, accompanied with dangers
and hardships innumerable. Every inch of
the distance across was menaced with hostile
Indians, who never lost an opportunity to attack
our outfit. For weeks at a time we subsisted
solely upon our herd, for beef straight w^as our
only ration. Apache Pass was the first place
reached in Arizona of any note. A small com-
pany of U. S. Infantry occupied the military
post there, known as Fort Bowie. On the day
of our arrival at Bowie, it looked pretty gloomy
and lonesome for the few soldiers stationed
there. The Indians were hooting and guying
the soldiers from the cliffs and boulders on the
mountain sides. They spoke mostly in Spanish,
but several of their number could make them-
selves understood in our native tongue (Eng-
lish).
"A few days before our arrival at Fort Bowie
happened a sad incident that impressed me
very much. The Commander, a captain of the
Post, could not believe that there existed such
a thing as a hostile Indian. He had never been
close to one. An alarm was given by some of
the herders that they had been attacked by In-
dians. The captain indiscreetly mounted his
286 HISTORY OF ARIZONA.
horse, with only one assistant, and galloped off
to where the Indians were last seen. The wily
Apaches concealed themselves, and when the
captain approached near enough, instead of
shooting him as they generally did, they roped
him, jerked him off his horse, and dragged him
to death. On the day of our arrival, one of the
Indians rode up on the captain's horse, and
charged around, yelling and hooting and defy-
ing the soldiers. I could relate other just such
performances by the reds.
''It was near Bowie a few years later that
Col. Stone and his escort were murdered by
Apaches. Old Fort Bowie, now abandoned, is a
dreary, lonesome place, yet the Indian war is
over, but it gives one the shivers to go through
that pass and recall the horrible deeds that have
been committed thereabouts. While there in
1867 I looked at the little old stone cabin built
by Butterfield's men, and while I am relating
dark tales of old Apache Pass, I'll just relate
an incident that I never heard of in print. A
friend of mine was stationed there about the
time that Butterfield 's lines were drawn off. A
fine looking young man, known to the em-
ployees as ' Joim, ' I think an Ohio boy, was the
keeper of the station. The stages brought in
what little grain was used by the stage com-
pany's horses from the Pima villages. At this
time old Cochise's band was friendly with the
whites, and at the time would camp in and
around the station. On one occasion, John, the
keeper, discovered one of the Cochise men steal-
ing corn out of a little hole in one of the sacks.
John, acting upon the impulse of the moment,
INDIAN TROUBLES. 287
kicked the Indian out of the cabin. In a little
while afterward, the old chief Cochise came
and made a bitter complaint to John about his
abusing one of his best warriors — that it was the
act of a coward, and he demanded that John
fight his warrior like a brave man, that he could
not tolerate such an insult to one of his best
men, whereupon Cochise staked off the distance.
His man toed the mark, with an old Colt cap and
ball six-shooter. John, the boy keeper of the
station, accepted the challenge readily, and took
his station in the door of the cabin facing his
antagonist, with a duplicate of the same arm
that the warrior had. He looked the true speci-
men of frontier manhood that he was, with two
white men his only backers, while the Indian
had his able chief with his tribe to back him.
The critical moment had arrived. John, the
Ohio boy, represented the white race of America,
while the Indian represented the Indian world.
Would John weaken ? Could John face such an
ordeal? The great chief stood for fair play,
and he gave the signal by dropping something
from his own hand. The two fired nearly to-
gether. John's dark, curly locks touched the
wooden lintel over his head. The Indian's ball
was a line shot, but too high by about half an
inch. John's ball centered the Indian's heart,
and he fell dead in his tracks. The old chief
stepped forward and grasped John's hand, and
told him that he was a brave man. This closed
that particular incident, and the white boys and
the Chiricahua Indians remained good friends
until the stage line was taken off — an act of the
Civil War. About this time there were many
288 HISTORY OF ARIZONA.
terrible crimes coroinitted. Arizona was cer-
tainly a bloody battle field.
"As we entered the Territory north of Stein's
Pass, we crossed through Doubtful Canyon in
the night time. At the divide where we turn
down on the slope of the San Simon, we ran
upon a gruesome scene. A number of dead men
were scattered around. We passed along as
rapidly as we could in order to reach the plains
before daylight. At the very time that we were
passing through Doubtful Canyon, the signal
fires were burning on the mountain side
(Apaches), telling each other of our movements.
We passed on to Fort Bowie as fast as we could.
In going up the momitain side entering Apache
Pass, we saw where a battle royal had been
fought. Just before we got there, the party
who had contracted to deliver the U. S. mails
was at the time very hard pressed. It was so
discouraging, so many riders had been killed
and stock lost, that the contractor would hire
men for the trip to carry the mails from Bowie
to Las Cruces and return. One himdred and
fifty dollars would be paid for the trip. The
boy who made this fight, whose name was Fisher,
had agreed to make the trip to Las Cruces. He
left Bowie one afternoon mounted upon an old
condemned government mule, armed with two
45 six shooters. When about half way down the
slope toward San Simon flats^ the enemy at-
tacked him, and if he had had a decent mount,
I believe to this day that he would have won out.
They forced him to zigzag along the side of
the mountain, their numbers driving him to the
hills, and preventing him from getting them in
INDIAN TROUBLES. 289
the open. All along his trail were dead ponies
that Fisher had shot. We never knew how
many Indians he got, as they removed their
dead. Not a thing did I know about this boy
except that his name was Fisher. After ex-
hausting his ammunition, they finished him up,
after a fight against fearful odds, the equal of
which never came off in any other fight by a
single lone boy in all of Arizona's Indian wars.
Fisher was one of God's own boys, and the splen-
did leather in his makeup was duly respected
by the Apache nation. The record left on his
mutilated body was evidence sufficient that he
died game, — his heart was taken out and prob-
ably eaten, — a custom of the Indians practiced
in those days by them, a belief that it would
make them brave like their victims. His stir-
rup foot (the left) was skiimed, — a mark of
honor and respect to a fallen brave enemy, as
also his right hand, the bridle hand. The In-
dians honored the brave boy in his death, and
nature did the rest by erecting the grand old
brown mountains for his monument, which will
last through Eternity.
"We leave Apache Pass now and travel on
toward Tucson, the next place of any note, ex-
cept that I might mention Pantano, the historic
place where W. A. Smith made one of the best
fights on record. He and three companions
were attacked early one morning by the Indians.
He was the only one of the four men left to tell
the tale. Is there any one person to-day in all
of Arizona who can possibly realize or appre-
ciate the position of this man, fighting for his
V— 19
290 HISTORY OF ARIZONA.
life with his three dead comrades piled around
him, he with his big old shotgun carrying death
and destruction at ever}^ discharge of the ter-
rible old weapon — justly earning for himself the
name of 'Shotgun Smith.' Afterwards, the
Indians in relating the battle, said that the man
who handled the shotgun killed or wounded
seven or eight of their number. Old 'Shotgun
Smith' is an old man now, and lives at the Sol-
diers' Home at Santa Monica, California, a
personal friend of thirty years' standing — a
friendship that has grown with the years.
Man}^ other horrible deeds were committed in
and around Pantano, but I got through O. K.,
and arrived in Tucson in time to take my Christ-
mas dinner in 1867, which I might state con-
sisted of a can of jelly and a piece or two of
Mexican sugar panoche. This was a luxury for
cow boys after our drive, and a fare of prin-
cipally beef broiled upon a stick, and oftentimes
not even that much. Oh, how I did love the old
city then, a place of rest, a place of refuge. I
could spread my blankets on the ground and
sleep so good, with my system relaxed — no hor-
rible dreams, no nightmare. For once I was
happy and contented, and had not a single desire
to move on and hunt something better. At that
early date I felt that Arizona was good enough
for me. Already I loved her grand old brown
mountains. I felt at home in the strange un-
known land of my adoption. Tucson was pe-
culiarly afflicted with Apache depredations at
this time. The government at Washington
could never hear the cries of distress from the
pioneers — people who were struggling against
INDIAN TROUBLES. 291
such fearful odds to maintain themselves. Our
petitions and prayers were ignored, and at times
of unusual activity on the part of the enemy,
we felt like giving up the unequal contest. The
policy of the Government at this time was cer-
tainly contemptible. Under the guns at Fort
Grant, with the strong arm of the Government
protecting a gang of Apache cutthroats, and
issuing rations to them, mamtaining their
families, in order that the bucks could more
easily raid Tucson, murder her citizens and
steal the stock, and maintain a reign of terror
for unfortunate old Tucson. There must be a
beginning and an ending of all things, and,
like the old Kentuckian who, summing up the
political situation, said, 'when politics got bad
it's mighty hard to mend them, but when they
got d d bad, they just tear loose and mend
themselves,' the Apache situation had reached
this point, and something was going to happen.
Only one of those old pioneers of Tucson who
faced that crisis and made himself an outlaw
in order to save his country, is alive, old and
feeble Sidney E. DeLong. (Since deceased.)
W. S. Oury and his friends were the leaders in
leading a band of Papago Indians to old Fort
Grant, surprising the Government renegades,
and exterminating the whole outfit. Tucson
enjoyed a rest after this, but the Federal
Grand Jury afterwards arrai.gned Sidney R.
DeLong and one hundred others, but the only
thing that did happen was that the Govern-
ment ordered General Grook to Arizona, and
my old friend DeLong 's action was the begin-
ning of the end of the terrible Apache war.
292 HISTOEY OF ARIZONA.
The war continued for years, many crimes were
committed, many pioneers were murdered after
this, but DeLong's action forced the Washing-
ton authorities to listen to our prayer and peti-
tions for the first time. The war is now over,
peace reigns supreme. Let us cover the past
with the mantle of charity, forget the past in so
far as we can, and when the true history of Ari-
zona is written, may it remind the future genera-
tion of its obligation to the old pioneer Sidney
R. DeLong, who is spending the evening of his
useful life in the old historic town of Tucson
that he loved so well.
''As we take the western trail from Tucson,
we pass on to the Gila Elver, and enter the Pima
and Maricopa Indian country. These Indians
were fomid in a pitiful condition, poverty
stricken in the extreme. They made their boast
to us that they had never taken white blood.
It was very easy to see why this was the case.
They were being hard pressed by the Yumas,
Apaches and other Indians. They were com-
pelled to accept the whites as allies, otherwise
they would have been exterminated root and
branch in a few years more. We felt safe
among them from the hostiles. The greatest
trouble was their stealing propensities, which
were thoroughly developed. Our stock was get-
ting so poor and w^orried with travel that we
camped isome days in this section. Quite a num-
ber of immigrants fell in with us for protection
from the Apaches, and while here at Maricopa
a few pioneers came over from Salt River to
tell us about the wonderful coimtry over there,
and induce the immigrants to settle with them.
INDIAN TROUBLES. 293
They also held out the inducement to us that
there was plenty of grass there also, and that
it would be a fine place for our cattle."
The "Miner" of September 21st, 1867, says:
"News w^as brought to town last evening from
the Point of Rocks, about four miles from Pres-
cott and three miles from Fort Whipple, that
about 20 Indians had made an attack upon Hon-
orable Lewis A. Stephens' home with the evident
intention of murdering the inmates and stealing
the stock. At the time of the attack there were
on the place but two persons, Mrs. Stephens and a
hired man. The house is situated about a hun-
dred yards from an immense pile of rocks,
which contains numerous caves and little valleys.
As luck would have it, Mrs. Stephens and the
man saw the murderous villains as they emerged
from the rocks, and ran for their gmis, opening
fire upon the thieves, who returned the fire for
some 'time, trying at every turn to get posses-
sion of the horses, but the quick eyes and steady
fire of Mrs. Stephens and the hired man, cowed
the savages and they were forced to skulk back
to their hiding places without accomplishing
the object of their raid. Many a man placed
in the same position as Mrs. Stephens would
have taken to his heels and ran for dear life,
but she stood her ground and fought them like
the heroine that she is. Shortly after the In-
dians left, Mr. Johns, who lives on a neighbor-
ing ranch and heard the firing, started with some
men for Stephens' and followed the Indians
into the rocks, but failed to find them. He then
started to town bringing the news, and a request
from Mrs. Stephens to her husband, who is a
294 HISTORY OF ARIZONA.
member of the legislature, to send her some
buck shot, 'A little more shot, Mr. Stephens.'
Bully for Mrs. Stephens; she is our favorite
candidate for the ^Commander of the District of
Arizona."
In the Fish manuscript another version of
this story is given. In this version it is stated
that Mrs. Stephens' message to her husband was
as follows:
"Lewis, the Indians are here; send me plenty
of powder and lead. Don't neglect your duties
by coming home, for I am master of the situa-
tion and can hold the house."
The following is from the "Miner" of Oct. 3,
1867:
"Troops on the Colorado, with Col. Price,
take warpath against Wallapais. ' ' Also,
"The Legislature petitions Maj. W. R. Pnce to
sustain a company of cavalry at the Vegas
Ranch for the protection of the road and the
settlements in Pah-Ute County."
The "Miner" of Sept. 30, 1857, copies from
the "San Francisco Call" the following editorial,
wliich shows the feeling in the West against the
hostile Indians:
' ' Indian raids still continue. ' '
"Everything connected with the Indian busi-
ness of the country seems to be a failure, except
massacres by Indians. They flourish ' like a green
bay tree ' and fill the land with their butcheries.
The shrieks of unfortunate women and children
while being tomahawked, scalped or disem-
boweled on the plains, nightly rend the air;
yet nothing is done to put an end to the out-
INDIAN TROUBLES. 295
rages. Sherman, who ' rode from Atlanta to the
sea,' has proved a big failure as an Indian
fighter. Several months ago he made a trip
through the borders of the Indian country, and
positively announced that there was no danger
to be apprehended from the Indians; that all
the stories of Indian outrages are false; that
there was no cause to fear anything from the
Indians ; and that, in effect, but few troops were
needed to protect the routes of travel, etc. Gov-
ernment, and the people not threatened by In-
dians, listened to Sherman's oracular sayings,
and acted accordingly. The result is before us.
Not only are white travelers and settlers being
mercilessly slaughtered and their dead bodies
shockingly outraged every day, but the Indians
have stopped telegraphic communications al-
most entirely, intercepted the mails and cap-
tured railroad trains ; they have also endangered
the very existence of General Sherman's troops.
It cannot be denied that Sherman's manage-
ment of Indian affairs has resulted in the great-
est failure of the day. His pompous assertions
at the outset have been falsified by events, and
the Indians have constantly grown in strength
in spite of him. These things happened partly
because he was too wise in his own conceit, and,
therefore, above listening to those who knew
more of Indian fighting than he did, and partly
because he has persisted in fighting the Indians
on moral suasion principles, rather than ac-
cording to the only system they can compre-
hend, that of destructive force. He has shown
himself to be more of a missionary than a sol-
dier in the last Indian campaign, and has con-
296 HISTORY OF ARIZONA.
sequently, relied for success more upon talking
than fighting. The amount of it is Government
made a mistake in allotting Sherman to the
Western District. Sheridan should have been
there and Sherman in Louisiana. The former
knows how to fight Indians, while Sherman does
not. But even Sherman's failures in Indian
fighting do not do away with the fact that our
whole Indian policy is wrong. We could cease
to bestow Indian annuities, to make presents;
to recognize Indian nations and tribes. We
should give the Indians to understand that they
should respect life and property everywhere, or
else suffer the most serious consequences. A
war of extermination against the Indians would
be better for all, than the merciless and con-
tinuous butcheries that have been going on."
The "Miner" of Sept. 11, 1867, says:
"W. M. Saxton, Cummings and Manning,
were attacked by Indians at Round Valley. Sax-
ton killed, Cummings and Manning wounded.
Indians defeated."
INDIAN TROUBLES. 297
CHAPTEiR XIV.
INDIAN TROUBLES (Continued).
Indian Question not Solved — General Mason
Succeeded by Colonel Wallen and Col-
onel LovELL — General Gregg and Gen-
eral Crittenden Succeed Colonels Wal-
len AND LoVELL — ARIZONA DECLARED MILI-
TARY District by General Halleck — Gen-
eral McDowell Makes Visit to Arizona
— Eaids AND Massacres Continue — Expedi-
tion BY General Gregg — Attack on Mil-
ler's Eanch — Bravery of Mrs. Miller —
A. M. Erwin, Member of Legislature,
Killed by Indians — General Ord Suc-
ceeds General McDowell — Charles Spen-
cer AND Party Attacked by Indians —
Expedition by General Alexander — La
Paz Threatened by Indians — Attack
Upon Joseph Melvin and J. P. Gibson —
JosiAH Whitcomb and Party Attacked
BY Indians — George D. Bowers and Party
Attacked, Bowers Killed — Begole and
Thompson Attacked, Thompson Khxed —
Fight at Burnt Ranch — Jake Mnj:.ER
Kills Indian Chief and Saves Ranch and
Stock — E. A. Bentley, Editor and Pro-
prietor OF ''Miner''' Killed by Indians —
Murders and Raids in Southern Part of
Arizona Detailed by Charles A. Shibell
— Sol Barth's Experience With Cochise.
From the Fish Manuscript:
"The Indian question in Arizona had not heen
solved and many plans to arrange the small
298 HISTORY OF ARIZONA,
military forces were proposed so that they would
accomplish the best results. In 1866 Arizona
was divided into what was called the north and
south districts, and Mason's successors were
Colonel H. D. Wallen in the north, and Colonel
Charles S. Lovell in the south. These two did
not hold their positions very long, nor does it
appear that they did much. They were suc-
ceeded by General J. I. Gregg in the north and
General T. L. Crittenden in the south, early in
1867. General Crittenden came from Cali-
fornia with three hundred men and arrived on
the lower Gila early in the year. He had a diffi-
cult time in getting through, encountering some
very bad sand storms as well as unfavorable
weather.
"Regular troops had been sent in to take the
place of the volunteers and now numbered from
fifteen hundred to two thousand, and were soon
increased. In October, Arizona was formally
declared a military district by order of General
Halleck. In December, General McDowell
made a visit to this part of his department which
did not result in much good. He was not Avell
liked by the people of Arizona, and while he was
acknowledged as a gentleman, he was wholh^
incapable of comprehending the nature and re-
quirements of Indian warfare. As a cabinet
officer he may have had few equals in the ser-
vice ; but for Indian campaigning it would have
been difficult to select another so poorly quali-
fied.
''Raids and massacres still continued, and
there was some agitation in the south during the
winter of 1866-67, in consequence of the Im-
INDIAN TROUBLES. 299
perialists leaving Mexico and going to Cali-
fornia by way of Yiuna. When Maximilian first
came there was an exodus of the liberals, but
now Juarez had triumphed and the Imperialists
emigrated in large numbers. These agitations on
the border were continually occurring, and the
Indians never slackened their vigilance, and
thefts and attacks upon the emigrants were
constant. During this winter a party came into
southern Arizona, camping one night at a sta-
tion on the lower Gila. They secured their ani-
mals by putting them in an adobe corral, and
then lay down at the entrance for the night.
The Apaches got to the back of the corral and
with strips of rawhide sawed out a section of the
wall, and when the Americans arose in the morn-
ing, they found themselves left afoot.
"In April, 1867, the Apaches made an attack
on a ranch three miles east of Prescott and
drove off several head of cattle. A detachment
of troops was at once sent out from Fort Whip-
ple, and though they marched seventy-five miles
in twenty-four hours, they failed to come up
with the redskins. The officer in command re-
ported that the hostiles were strong in numbers,
and had fled in the direction of Hell's Canyon.
General Gregg, then commanding the northern
district, immediately started with two fresh
companies of cavalry, himself at the head, and
made a forced march by night, in order to sur-
prise the enemy. Next morning at daybreak
he was at Hell's Canyon, but no Apaches were
to be found there nor any trace of them. After
scouring the country down the Verde, he re-
turned to Fort AVhipple. However, a day or
300 HISTORY OF ARIZONA.
two afterwards a detachment of cavalry suc-
ceeded in finding and surprising a rancheria of
Apaches to the southwest of the Verde, and kill-
ing five and wounding twice as many more at
the first fire. The rest fled but soon rallied and
came on in such numbers that the troops were
compelled to fall back to the main column. It
was then thought best to retire to Fort Whipple
as their rations were about exhausted. Subse-
quently Gregg sent them out again, and this
time they succeeded in damaging the Apaches
considerably.
"The main roads and trails from Prescott to
Antelope, Rich Hill, Date Creek, Wickenburg,
and Ehrenberg, on the Colorado river, went
through Skull Valley, and at least fifty white
men were killed on them during the war times.
A small detachment of soldiers was stationed
at the lower end of the Valley in 1866 to escort
the United States mail, and to protect the set-
tlers along the roads. Lieutenant Hutton was
in command of this force which was made up of
Mexican volunteers.
"In 1867 S. C. Miller's ranch at the edge of
Prescott was attacked by Indians, who com-
menced to drive off the stock. Miller was not at
home but Mrs. Miller, w^ho was alone, took her
husband's gun and opened fire on them. Miller,
who was on his way from town, heard the fir-
ing, and soon came to the rescue, but it was
through Mrs. Miller's pluck that the stock was
saved.
"The year 1868 does not record as many mur-
ders as usual, but among them w^ere those of
A. M. Erwin, a member of the Legislature, who
INDIAN TROUBLES. 301
was killed by Indians, and George Bowers, one
of the brightest young men in Prescott, while
on the road coming from Camp Verde to Pres-
cott."
Notwithstanding the statement made by Mr.
Fish in the paragraph just above quoted, the
following items taken from the files of the Ari-
zona "Miner" for the year 1868, speak for them-
selves *
''February 29th, 1868.
' ' Band of Indians stole horses and mules near
Wickenburg. A band of twenty-four men was
organized at Wickenburg and followed them
into Tonto Basin. It was charged that the In-
dians were some of those who have been fed all
winter at Camp Reno by the Government, who
stole the animals. It goes on to say that the
tracks of all animals stolen from this section of
the country have been seen going in that direc-
tion. If this be the case, and from our knowl-
edge of the Indians and their country, we be-
lieve it is so, we are sorry that the officers in
command of the troops en route to Reno do not
keep their friendlies at home. The Mexicans,
Pimas and Maricopas say that the Apache cares
nothing for treaties, and they look upon a treaty
with an Apache as a farce, and claim they are
friendly with the military at some government
post in their country, where they can draw ra-
tions from the commissary, and upon them
travel to settlements, steal and kill, and hurry
back with their booty. We do not blame the
officers at McDowell and Reno for trading with
302 HISTORY OF ARIZONA.
the Indians, as we suppose they are carrying
out instructions from their superiors. ' '
In the same paper appears the following :
"General Ord, who succeeds General Mc-
Dowell, declares that they may talk of Peace
Commissioners, but the only way to make peace
with the Apaches is to kill them off, the sooner
the better."
Under date of April 4, 1868, the "Miner"
says:
"Hualapais attack a mail party, kill the es-
cort, wound one rider and capture the mail,
within three miles of a camp of U. S. Volunteers.
They brutally mutilated the lifeless bodies of
their victims, cut off their limbs, etc. Under
this heading is given this description of the
fight:
"Camp Willow Grove, Arizona,
"March 23, 1868.
"I am extremely sorry to have to inform you
that Mr. Charles Spencer has been severely
wounded by Indians, but I am happy to state,
not mortally. He is now in the hospital at this
post and is doing as well as could be expected.
"He and the escorts started from this post
with the mail for Hardyville and Grant, on the
morning of the 21st inst., at the usual time, nine
o'clock. Before they got into the cotton-woods
four miles from here, they were fired upon by a
party of Hualapai Indians, and the escorts, con-
sisting of Corporal Troy and Private Flood,
were killed at the first fire, as was also the mule
which the mail carrier was riding. Spencer, as
INDIAN TROUBLES. 303
quickly as possible, disengaged himself from the
saddle, grabbed his seven shooting rifle, and ran
behind a green wood birch, which was the only
shelter close at hand. Soon after getting be-
hind this cover he saw a party of savages go
up to the dead body of the corporal, strip and
mutilate it. While they were engaged in this
bloody work Spencer kept up a steady fire upon
them, and had the satisfaction of killing two
of the red devils. The others then ran for shel-
ter. Spencer did the same, and, on reaching
a safe retreat, and just as he was about to get
securely covered, he was fired upon by about a
dozen Indians who were hidden behind some
rocks. One of the shots hit him in the thigh,
passing through the fleshy part, causing him to
fall. They then rushed towards him, thinking
they had him sure. In this they were mistaken,
for Charley had not yet commenced to fight.
He soon gathered himself up and made the sav-
ages hunt their holes. He then crawled into a
cave between some rocks, and took a rest, which
he needed. During all this time a party of the
Indians were stripping the bodies of the mur-
dered soldiers and cutting up the carcasses of
the horses and mules, which occupied them for
about twenty minutes. They then surrounded
Spencer and tried to shoot him out, but he could
shoot and they found that that was no good.
Then they tried to scare him out with yells, but
he yelled back defiance at them and, whenever
an opportunity offered, sent a bullet after them.
Changing their tactics, they tried to flatter him
by telling him to go home; that they did not
want to kill him. About 4 P. M. they got up
304 HISTORY OF ARIZONA.
and left the place. The cause of their leaving
was the appearance of a squad of soldiers sent
out to learn the cause of the firing which had
been heard at camp. The men came upon the
dead bodies of the corporal and the escorts.
Hastening to camp they reported, and a wagon
and twenty men were sent out under Lieu-
tenant Robinson to bring in the bodies. Spencer
heard the rumble of the wagon, but being unable
to go to it on account of his wounds, he yelled
and discharged his pistol, by which means he
attracted the attention of the lieutenant to his
situation. He was immediately placed in the
wagon and brought to camp here. All the care
and attention necessary was and will be ren-
dered him by the officers and men. He says
there were all of seventy-five Indians, one-half
of whom were armed with guns. The officers
were censured for not sending troops to the
scene of action sooner as the reports of the fir-
ing were heard at the military camp several
hours before they moved."
Under date of June 6th, 1868, the "Miner"
had the following:
"Camp O'Connell.
"On the 3d of March General Alexander and
Major Clendenin arrived at Camp O'Connell
with their force which numbered about 170 men,
and had a talk with the Indians, some two hun-
dred in number, under two chiefs, Delchayha
and Skivitkill. The former is the miraculous
gentleman I have spoken of before. The lat-
ter the War Raven Chief, and a Pinal. The
general wished them to remain in camp until
INDIAN TROUBLES. 305
he returned, and if they wished to give him
a dozen men as scouts or guides, all well; if
not, to remain in camp and they would be safe ;
but any caught outside would be shot. To this
they agreed and sung all night. Next morning
they received a beef, and as soon as the cavalry
made its appearance over the hill coming into
camp, Skivitkill and his tribe took to their heels
and made for the mountains. The other chief
took it coolly and remained, but during the
forenoon most of his men left, and about noon
he departed in peace. At two o'clock the com-
mand was under way, and camped in Tonto
Creek the night of the 3rd. The next morning
they proceeded direct for the mountains of the
east. As we reached the canyon, on the left was
a small hill on w^hich the Indians were standing,
almost over the trail. The guide being ahead,
the Indians motioned him to come up, which
he did, and found Delchayha was there. They
immediately lit cigars, and were joined by the
Apache interpreter, the Spanish interpreter be-
ing about half way up the hill. When the gen-
eral at the head of the command arrived, he
wished to know of the chief what he wanted.
The chief was not alone, an Indian orderly
standing about twenty paces in the rear, the re-
mainder being behind rocks. The chief stood
upon a rock that projected over a hill, with his
gun in his hand and having on a blouse, shoulder
straps and a black hat. He said he had come
there to meet the Capitania to declare war
against the Americans as he had made up his
mind to that since the night before. He re-
V— 20
306 HISTORY OF ARIZONx\.
quired blood and wanted the general to leave
his country. He said that the Capitan Little,
meaning Lieutenant Dubois, was a good man,
but the Capitanias Grandes were bad, and he
would not hear of peace with them. Skivitkill,
with a thousand of his warriors was coming to
attack our camp, and we would be wiped out of
the country in no time. All this was accom-
panied by formidable gestures, and at last the
'Gentleman' broke into the most abusive lan-
guage. The general called to the guide and
the interpreter to come down, and told some of
the men to shoot the chief up. The words
were not finished when about half a dozen
bullets greeted the chief, leaving nothing to be
seen of him but his breechclout, the Apache
national flag, floating for an instant, and then
disappearing. The infantry and cavalry as-
cended the hill immediately, but the Indians
were nowhere to be found ; nothing but a tin pail
remained. The general, not wishing to lose
time, moved on, and when the rear guard was
passing, the Indians came to the front but with-
out injury to either party. The march was con-
tinued to Red Rock Canyon, where we camped
for the night, and started the next morning for
Meadow Valley, and arrived there about three
o'clock Sunday, the 5th, and saw no Indians.
"Monday evening we started back again, but
the general, Major Clendenin, and the cavalry,
started southeast in the direction of Fort Grant.
As the infantry climbed the hill, a sergeant of
Company L, 8th Cavalry, who was some distance
in the rear, leading his horse which had given
out, a shot was fired from the woods, hitting
INDIAN TROUBLES. 307
the horse in the flank with a charge of buck shot.
The sergeant and the Indians had it pretty
warm for about fifteen minutes, when a squad
of the rear guard went back, dislodged the
Apaches, and brought off the horse, which was
shot soon after. On arriving at the top of the
hill and looking in the direction that the cavalry
was taking, the country was covered with slopes
as far as the eye could reach. From Meadow
Valley the infantry marched in two days to this
camp, losing a number on the road. I forgot
to say that after firing on the chief, the general
immediately dispatched a corporal and six men
into camp, with orders to capture all the Indians
in and around there. Some half dozen were
still around, but were soon put in confinement.
The next night one buck bolted, was fired on
and missed, and on reaching the hill over the
camp, made quite a speech, cursing all Ameri-
cans. The day after, four Indians came in
mider a flag of truce from Skivitkill, saying as
well as could be understood, that the chief was
scared on seeing so many Americans and ran
away, but did not intend to be hostile, and, see-
ing that the general meant him no harm, he
wished to come in right away. These four were
confined also. Two Apache-Mohaves came in a
day after the scout left, but were hunted out.
The most of the Apache-Mohaves have soldiers'
clothes on, and may be from the reservation.
The other Indians say they are great thieves.
In a few days a scout will leave for Green
Valley, which is to be Camp Reno instead of the
first place located. This valley is ten miles from
Meadow Valley west, and a little north of it.
308 HISTORY OF ARIZONA.
A splendid place for a post and to hunt Indians.
With another post between this and Grant, with
plenty of cavalry, the Apache w411 be kept hop-
ping. Let the posts be planted in the homes of
the reptiles at any expense, roads made there,
and it is the end of the hostile Apache in Ari-
zona. Hunting them, we can follow them and
accomplish nothing. Infantry they laugh at, but
cavalry and Pimas they dread, the latter the
most. For anything but garrison duties and
road making, the infantry is useless."
Also, under date of October 10th, 1868, the
*' Miner" says:
' ' La Paz threatened by Indians. The citizens
and seventy or eighty Chimehuevi Indians pre-
pared to defend the place against the combined
hostile force of Apache-Yumas, Apache-Mo-
haves and Yavapais. Forty families are re-
moved to Kavena's large store. Pickets w^ere
placed outside the town, and the Chimehuevis
were actively scouting the country and advising
their white friends of the movements of the
hostile savages."
Note: These Indians were supposed to have
been on the Colorado Eeservation in charge of
Mr. George W. Dent, Indian Agent.
On October 31st, 1868, in an editorial, the
"Miner" gives the following in reference to hos-
tile Indians and attacks upon settlements :
''The first attack was made upon Mr. Joseph
Melvin and Mr. J. P. Gibson while they were
going from the Agua Fria to the Verde, the
particulars of which are as follows :
"While riding along the road near Ash Creek
they were waylaid and fired upon by a large
INDIAN TROUBLES. 309
band of Indians, when Mr. Gibson received four
bullets in his arm, and two in his right breast.
The bullet passed through Mr. Melvin's boot
leg, and he having so miraculously escaped un-
hurt, held his friend Gibson on the saddle while
they retreated toward the Agua Fria, pursued
by the murderers. When shot at, Gibson tried
to take his shot gun out of the gun leather on
the pommel of his saddle, but a rope by which
he was leading a pack mule was fastened to the
pommel, and in order to facilitate matters he
pulled his knife and cut the rope, when, un-
fortunately, the gun dropped to the ground, and
both it and the mule fell into the hands of the
Indians.
"Upon reaching Willow Springs, Gibson,
from loss of blood became too faint to ride
further, and Melvin w^as forced to leave him and
ride to the ranches for assistance. He procured
a wagon and hauled the wounded man to his
home.
*' Sunday night Messrs. Brainard, Lount and
others started from town for Gibson's ranch,
and brought him to Fort Whipple hospital
where he now lies. This is the second time
within the past two years that Gibson has been
attacked by Indians.
"Sunday last, about four o'clock in the after-
noon, Josiah Whitcomb, William King, and
Boblett were coming to Prescott from their
ranches at the Toll Gate, and when near the
Burnt Kanch about four miles from Prescott,
fire was opened upon them from both sides of
the road. Whitcomb was shot dead and King,
while in the act of firing at the savages received
310 HISTORY OF ARIZONA.
a severe bullet wound in the left leg. Boblett,
who rode on the seat alongside of Whitcomb,
escaped without a scratch. A discharged sol-
dier who rode behind the wagon also escaxjed.
Upon being shot, Whitcomb, who was driving,
dropped the reins, and would have fallen out
of the wagon had not Boblett taken hold of him.
Boblett then got hold of the reins and drove
out of the trap as fast as possible. When the
attack was made upon the party, a large body
of recruits were coming on behind them close
enough to hear the firing, but not near enough to
render assistance. Mr. Lee, of the American
ranch, informed us that the ground in the vicinity
of the place where the attack w^as made was liter-
ally covered with arrows. Mr. Lee was with the
volunteers coming into Prescott.
''Mr. Whitcomb was buried in this place on
Monday, resting in the Masonic burial ground.
He leaves a wife and three small children, and
an aged father and mother, all of whom reside
in this vicinity.
"The next day, Monday, about ten o'clock,
another party of Indians attacked a party of
five men, composed of Mr. George D. Bowers,
Joseph C. Lennon, and three soldiers, as they
were coming from Camp Lincoln to Prescott.
The attack was made upon this party at a point
about one mile east of the Cienega. At the
time of the attack Bowers was in the lead, fol-
lowed by a soldier ; next came Lennon, who was
followed by two soldiers. The first intimation
the party had of danger was the seeing of a
blazing fire issuing from the mouths of about
thirty guns which the Indians had leveled upon
INDIAN TROUBLES. 311
them from both sides of the road, accompanied
by showers of arrows and deafening savage
yells. Poor brave George Bowers was shot in
the abdomen and the soldier who rode behind
him was shot from his mule and wounded in six
places. Lennon and the two soldiers who rode
behind him escaped. After managing to get the
womided soldier upon an animal, the party re-
treated, Lennon holding Bowers in the saddle,
and the two soldiers doing the same with their
wounded comrade. They were followed for
about a mile and a half by about sixty yelling,
fiendish red skins. They were met by Lieu-
tenant Derby and about twenty men, who were
coming to Fort Whipple with some wagons.
They put the wounded man in a wagon, and
returned to Camp Lincoln.
"Wednesday night Augustus Begole and
B. F. Thompson were attacked three-quarters
of a mile from Prescott by a large band of In-
dians who were hidden in the rocks. Thomp-
son was killed by the savages, and Begole was
wounded severely in the shoulder. After firing
all the shots out of his revolver, Begole ran to
the house, got his rifle, and prevented the sav-
ages from taking the team."
Probably the most desjDerate attack which
was made by the Indians during this period was
that which is now^ known as the fight at the
Burnt Ranch. Judge E. W. Wells, of Prescott,
gives the following account of this fight :
"This occurred in 1865 at a small camp north-
east of Prescott, established by Jake Miller,
father of Sam Miller, now residing near Pres-
cott, and the last surviving member of the
312 HISTORY OF ARIZONA.
famous Walker Party. Miller was an old man
who had pioneered and fought Indians from the
Ohio river westward. With one companion he
had built a small log cabin northeast of Pres-
cott, and was engaged in making shakes out of
the pine timber abundant in the section, shakes
at that time being in great demand in Pres-
cott.
"The little cabin was in one of the best
grassed sections of the country, and this fact
led E. W. Wells, who owned a small band of
cattle, to arrange with Mr. Miller to care for
them, keeping more or less herd of them by day,
and corralling them in a pen of logs at night.
This corral was perhaps five hundred feet long,
and the gate to it joined the cabin, so that the
cattle could not be taken out unobserved. Mr.
Miller and his friend were both armed with
muzzle loading rifles, and well supplied with
ammunition. One afternoon Mr. Miller went to
drive up the cattle feeding in the valley just
below him, it being his custom to bring them in
early, thereby avoiding the danger of an even-
ing brush with prowling Indians. At this time
the Apache-Mohaves, or Date Creek Indians
were very troublesome, and miners were killed
and stock stolen almost within the limits of the
town. As Mr. Miller neared the cattle and be-
gan to round them up, he noticed a raven flit
from one clump of oak brush near him to an-
other. A second and a third raven followed —
flitting from point to point— till an incautious
movement revealed the head of an Indian in-
stead of a bird. Mr. Miller had his gim, but he
continued rounding up the cattle, and hurried
INDIAN TROUBLES. 313
them toward the corral. When the Indians saw
they were discovered, they sprang out in open
pursuit, but, being armed only with bows and
arrows, feared to close in at once. Hurrying
the cattle, Mr. Miller fired and brought down
the foremost Indian. This stopped the others
for a moment, and Mr. Miller had with him a big
brindle bull-dog, which at once leaped on the
dead Indian and began worrying the body. As
the other Indians ran up the dog fought with
them till he was killed, but he had created suffi-
cient diversion to allow time for the cattle to be
penned and the gate fastened securely. Inside
the cabin the two men made ready for a siege,
for the Indians were approaching in large num-
bers, so sure and confident of success that they
did not hurry. Had they rushed the attack it is
more than likely that they would have met with
success, for with only two muzzle loading rifles,
the defenders would have been at serious dis-
advantage, but with the overwhelming numbers
the Indians had decided to capture the white
men alive, and they made their advance in a
leisurely manner unusual in savage warfare.
They did not try to kill the cattle — it being
always their preference to drive off the stock
for use as desired. Inside the cabin the two
men watched, with loaded rifles,— passing from
point to point they would remove a bit of chink-
ing from between the logs, fire, and then hastily
replacing the block be away in another part of
the room as soon as possible, — for whenever a
puff of smoke came from a chink, that spot was
immediately made a target for Indian fire. The
white men wasted very few shots, both were
314 HISTORY OF ARIZONA.
expert with the rifle and Miller particularly so.
He kept cool and fought calmly ; the young man
was excited and often during the first half hour
made some mistakes in loading, by one of which
mistakes a bullet was caught half way down the
barrel of his rifle. He could neither draw it out
nor ram it home, and the rifle was rendered use-
less. The fight now devolved upon Miller, who
continued to pick off the Indians as they crawled
along the log corral in their efforts to get nearer
the cabin. The unarmed man was stationed
with the axe to fell any savage who might succeed
in rushing the door. Slowly the battle pro-
gressed until Miller had just one shot left in his
rifle. In those days no man spent his last shot ;
it was always saved for himself, for the methods
of torture practiced by the Indians of the plains
were tame when compared with those of the
Apache tribes of the southwest. All this time
the chief of the Indians had lain close against
the log cabin, just in the place where the corral
joined it, directing the movements of his men
while in safety himself. He lay close to the
ground, hugged against the logs. . There was no
point within the cabin from which he could be
reached. Miller and his companion discussed
the matter, and decided to risk their last bullet
in an effort to get this man, for once he was
killed or wounded they knew the fight would be
over, for the time at least, since the loss of their
leader always threw these Indians into a panic.
They did not know the exact location of the
chief outside, and Miller decided to reconnoitre.
He crawled under his bunk, built at the back
of the room, cautiously removed a bit of chink-
INDIAN TROUBLES. 315
ing, and poked his rifle through. The end of
the gun was caught by the Indian, but Miller
wrenched it away from him and sprang up. As
he did so, he displaced the bed clothes and ac-
cidentally put his hand on an old horse pistol
loaded with buckshot which he had forgotten.
This gave him one more chance — one more shot.
He also remembered what in the fight he had
forgotten, — a small square hole like a window
near the head of his bed, which was closed with
a board which could be removed at will. With
much caution he opened the hole and peeped out
— the chief lay directly below him, w^atching the
hole in the chinking through which the rifle had
just been pulled. His broad breast was ex-
posed as he cramped his body to see better.
Silently Miller lifted the pistol and poked it
through the hole — then he fired, and the Indian
sprang up and backward twenty feet before he
fell — his breast torn in a dozen places.
''The Indians rushed to him wildly, yelling
and bearing him among them, stampeded up the
hill. As they ran old man Miller flung open the
door and, with a yell of triumph, sent his last
bullet after them and brought down an Indian.
Late that evening the mail carrier passed the
place and stopped to water his mules. By him
Miller sent in word of the fight to the troops at
Fort Whipple, and a note to Mr. Wells telling
him to come and get his cattle.
''Mr. Wells went out the next morning and
found the two men packing up their belongings
ready to leave. Miller said that he had fought
Indians since boyhood, all over the United
States from Kentucky to Washington, and this
316 HISTORY OF ARIZONA.
was his closest call ; that he was an old man and
had had enough of fighting. Although the In-
dians had carried off all their dead, the ground
all along the outside of the corral was as bloody
as a slaughter pen, 'exactly like a barnyard in
hog-killing time.' The cattle were brought into
Prescott, and the same night the Indians re-
turned and burned the cabin and corral to the
ground.
"This ranch has for many years been occu-
pied by Robert Blair as a cattle ranch, and is
still known, to old timers at least, as the 'Burnt
Ranch.' "
The date of this fight has been given by some
writers as 1864, but as Mr. Wells arrived in the
Territory in that year, and as he also owned the
cattle which were being herded by old man Mil-
ler, it is to be presumed that his statement that
the fight occurred in 1865 is correct.
In the "Prescott Journal-Miner" of January
10th, 1911, appears the following:
"William Bentley, mention of whom was
made in the 'Journal-Miner' recently, as the
nephew of the late E. A. Bentley, who was the
editor and proprietor of the Arizona 'Miner'
(now the 'Journal-Miner'), in 1865-66, in an
interesting reminiscent mood, Saturday, re-
called many thrilling events of that far away
day in Prescott when life was insecure and it
was not known at what moment the cruel
Apache would claim another victim. Although
he was a mere boy, but sixteen years of age, he
remembers the danger attendant upon living in
this little hamlet, not to mention such hazardous
INDIAN TROUBLES. 317
undertakings as leaving the settlement, except
under a strong escort.
"While his uncle was not classed as a 'fight-
ing-editor' nevertheless he was a brave man, as
were all in that day on the frontier, and from
his intrepidity received a bullet from an Apache,
which led to his death later. This was in the
spring of 1868, and in that memorable fight,
Louis St. James, a resident of Prescott to-day,
was one of the participants. In recalling this
thrilling event, Mr. St. James yesterday stated
that he was with Mr. Bentley, both being en
route for the old Bowers' ranch, in Skull Valley,
from Prescott. They traveled on horseback,
and took the cut off trail route of that day,
which passes over a portion of the present
wagon road to Copper Basin. After reaching
the latter place, and while going through a long
ravine at a low elevation, the party was fired
upon. Mr. Bentley, being in front, received the
first wound. He was struck in the abdomen
and fell from his horse. With nerves of steel
and a firm determination to make a brave fight
to the end he stood erect and poured several vol-
leys into the redskins. Mr. St. James came up
at this critical time and began firing a fusilade
of bullets that astounded the Indians. Tie had
a Henry rifle, the first repeating weapon that had
been received in the country. The rapidity of
the fire, together with the good execution, saved
Mr. Bentley and himself from a horrible fate.
The Indians took to the brush, with the excep-
tion of three killed by Mr. St. James at close
range, and while they were ready to descend
upon the two with their knives to begin their
318 HISTORY OF AEIZOXA.
frightful work of mutilation. Mr. St. James
was also wounded in this battle, receiving a
wound in the leg, which would not permit of him
advancing except at a slow pace.
"Mr. Bentley, in his pitiable condition, was
brought to Prescott that day, a party of trav-
elers fortunately coming along and assisting the
wounded men back. Eighteen days later Mr.
Bentley passed away as a result of his wounds,
and a short time afterward his nephew left the
Territory for Oakland, California, and ever
since has made his home in California."
Conditions in the southern part of the Terri-
tory were as bad as in the north, as the follow-
ing, from a paper read before the Pioneers'
Historical Society at Tucson, by Charles A.
Shibell, of whom mention has been made in this
history, will show:
"During the year 1867 I was for the first six
months at Tubac, and in that time murders by
Apaches were of constant occurrence. On March
1st, Ed. Marcy was killed, and our brother
pioneer, Oscar Buckalew, lost his leg and ran a
narrow chance for his life. The circumstances
of this case show out in bold relief that bond
that knit us as a band of brothers, and the feel-
ing that exists between us, which to those outside
of us is hardly understood. Mr. Buckalew was
the mail rider between Tubac and the Patagonia
mine, and on approaching the buildings at the
mine, that were then in charge of Thomas
Yerkes, Richard Dorce, and E. I. Marcy, he
was waylaid by the Indians, fired on by them,
his horse mortally wounded, and himself shot.
The horse had life enough in him to reach the
1 1 \ s \ s 1 1 1 1 ; K 1 . 1 .
INDIAN TROUBLES. 319
gate of the corral, where he fell dead, Bucka-
lew with a broken leg being under him. The
Indians kept up a constant fire, in the midst of
which Thomas Yerkes rushed out from the cor-
ral, succeeded in extricating Buckalew and carry-
ing him into the building. His life was saved
at the expense of a leg. Richard Dorce was
wounded at the same time, from the effects of
which he became demented, and wandering off,
was never found. In the same year about July,
on the old Camp Grant road, Tomlinson, Israel
and Irwin were killed. In August, Charles
Hadsell, known as Tennessee, and two soldiers
were killed on the road near Bowie. About the
same time Lieut. C. C. Carrol and John Slater
were killed near Bowie.
"During this time murders by the Indians
were numerous, and among those killed I recall
the following: E. C. Pennington. His son.
Green Pennington, on the Sonoita, during the
month of July, 1868. Narboe's cattle, some 660
head, were taken near Picacho, one man killed
and two wounded. Although efforts were made
to recover these cattle, the Indians succeeded in
getting away with them all."
The following is contributed by A. F. Banta,
who has been mentioned in these pages at dif-
ferent times:
''In 1867 the writer had again drifted back
to the Zuni villages. Some time in June of the
same year Sol Barth and a few Mexicans from
the frontier village of Cubero passed Zuni for
the Apacheria. The party was well supplied
with saddle animals; also pack animals loaded
with Indian goods. In due time, and without
320 HISTORY OF ARIZONA.
mishap, the party reached the Rio Carizo, the
home country of the Coyotero Apache. In the
olden days, before the subjugation of the
Apaches and their confinement upon reserva-
tions, the trail from Zuni to Apacheria followed
down the valley of the Zuni river until it
reached the last black mesa, w^hich bordered the
Zuni river on its northern side. At this point
the trail left the valley and led across some
sandy hills and table lands, striking the Little
Colorado river among some sandstone cliffs
about twelve miles below the present town of
St. Johns. Amongst these rocks was the usual
place of meeting for the purpose of trade be-
tween the Zuni Indians and the White Mountain
Apaches. It was the usual custom of these
Apaches to make signal fires on the summit of
the mountain by which they indicated the day
they could be expected at the 'Rock Crossing'
for the purpose above mentioned. Crossing the
river at this point, the trail led down the south
side to Concho Creek ; here the trail forked, the
one for the Coyotero country taking a westerly
course, and the trail leading to the White Moun-
tain country followed up Concho creek in a
southerly direction.
"From time immemorial, or within the
writer's knowledge of the past fifty-four years,
the Little Colorado river has been the neutral
ground for the mutual benefit of the various
Indian tribes, and no hostilities ever occurred
between them in its immediate vicinity. Never-
theless, it is no bar to scraps (as the writer
knows from experience), going to or from the
river itself.
INDIAN TROUBLES. 321
' ' The Barth party remained some days at the
rancheria of the Coyoteros, by whom they were
hospitably treated, when they decided to visit
the White Mountain Apaches, whose country
lay some distance southeast from the Carizo.
Unfortunately, for the Barth party, the notor-
ious Cochise, with a large band of his picked
warriors had arrived at the rancheria of Pedro,
the chief of the Sierra Blanca Apaches, a short
while prior to the Barth party; and, to make
matters worse, Pedro happened to be tem-
porarily absent from the rancheria. Cochise
being of a dominating disposition and notor-
iously cruel and savage, he simply overawed
the sub-chief left in charge of the rancheria,
and before they realized what was taking place,
the members of the Barth party were disarmed,
stripped of clothing, and of all their animals
and plunder. Pandemonium was rampant for
a time, and the naked bunch of terrified captives
expected nothing else but instant death. How-
ever, the savage Cochise, to give his captives
all the mental distress possible, decided to post-
pone the execution to the following morning. He
had decided, after a conference with his warriors,
to lash the captives to trees, and have another
old fashioned human barbecue. In the mean-
time the sub-chief had dispatched a swift mes-
senger to meet his chief. The White Mountain
chief made all haste to reach his camp. Pedro
rushed in, released the captives, and demanded
in a loud angry voice: 'By whose authority is
this done in my camp and in my absence ? ' The
captives stood huddled together, hardly daring
V— 21
322 HISTORY OF ARIZONA.
to breathe, listening to the angry conversation —
not understanding a word — between Chief
Pedro and the bloody-minded Cochise. Pedro
told Cochise that, 'You have violated ^oay hospi-
tality ; have violated the hospitality of my camp
and my people; have committed outrages
enough, and when I want people killed in my
camp, I alone will give the order. What I have
said, I have said.' He then turned to the cap-
tives and said, 'Go, go quickly.' His motion
and words were understood, and they hit the
trail without any ceremonious farewells. As
they passed by some women, one of them handed
Sol a pair of cotton drawers. And without
food, clothing, or even a match to start a fire,
the fugitives had one hundred and twenty-five
miles to hoof between the Apache Camp and the
Zuni villages, the nearest point where assist-
ance could be obtained.
"It must be remembered that Chief Pedro
labored under a great disadvantage; all his
women and children were in that camp, and
Cochise only had his band of picked men ; and in
the event of a fight, Cochise had much the best
of the situation. Cochise absolutely refused to
give up as much as a string of the plunder ; but, as
a compromise, he allowed Pedro the privilege of
disposing of the captives in any manner suitable
to him. Cochise suggested that the proper end-
ing of the affair would be an old-fashioned 'roast
and big dance.' Most of the foregoing facts
were obtained from two Mexicans Cautivos, —
Miguel of the Coyotero Apaches, and Concepcion
of the White Mountain Apaches. Miguel gave
INDIAN TEOUBLES. 323
his version of the affair in 1869, and Coneepcion
in 1872.
"The second da}^ of their flight a little Apache
dog came to them^ which was caught and killed.
They carried the dead dog until they fortunately
came to some flints, and with these the dog was
dressed. The next thing was to make a fire.
Taking a small piece of the cotton drawers and
pounding it and rubbing it to a fuzzy pulp, and
with the flints they struck sparks until one caught
the cotton and, with patient blowing, a fire was
made. They made a fairly good meal out of the
roasted dog without salt, were comparatively
happy and laughed at their present predicament.
Sol Barth, being the only 'aristocrat' in the
bunch, being sumptuously and gaily dressed in a
pair of cotton drawers, was unanimously dubbed
'EL REY.' Before leaving this camp fire, they
charred a chunk of wood, and by waving it occa-
sionally, kept it afire for the following night.
The third day's tramp carried the party well up
the Zuni river, and having the fire and the rem-
nants of the dog, they were fairly well off, so to
speak. However, by this time, their feet were
sore, and their bodies badly blistered by the sun.
"The fourth day the fugitives reached the
neighborhood of the Zuni villages, where they
concealed themselves in a ravine until the ' King '
could go to the village for some sort of apparel
for the party. Mr. Barth came to my place, and
after he had filled himself with beans, mutton
and shah-kay-way (an Indian substitute for
bread), I let him have sheeting enough to dress
his companions, and late that evening the whole
party came in and were comfortably housed.
324 HISTORY OF ARIZONA.
The party were exhausted, and la}^ over for a few
days to recuperate. In the meantime I let Mr.
Barth have more manta and a full piece of
gaiyete (a species of red flannel highly prized by
the Indians, and especially by the Navajo).
With this he hired animals to ride and bought
baustimento (grub) to last the party till they
could reach Cubero, New Mexico. The distance
from Zuni to Cubero, the nearest town, is about
one hundred miles.
"I doubt if Mr. Barth and the Mexicans ever
knew they were to be burned, although they had
every reason to expect death at the hands of the
bloodthirsty Apaches. ' '
Another version of this story, which is author-
ized by Mr. Barth himself, is as follows :
"One of the most memorable experiences in
the adventurous life of Sol Barth occurred in
November, 1868. Barth, Magdalena, Calderon,
George Clifton, Francisco Tafolla, Jesus and
Roman Sanches, and a Mexican named Mazon,
who had been an Apache captive, had been trad-
ing on the Cibicu with the White Mountain In-
dians, of which tribe Pedro was the chief. The
white men were thence called over, possibly en-
ticed, to trade with a band of Apaches headed by
Cochise. The band had but lately come from
the south and were hostile. Barth and his party
were led about forty miles to a point near the
present Fort Apache, by a treacherous Mexican,
who effectively delivered them into the hands of
their enemies. The Indians had been making
tizwin and all were drunk. The traders ap-
proaching by a narrow trail, were seized singly
by the Indians and stripped of everything includ-
INDIAN TROUBLES. 325
ing clothing. Barth was last, and found his
companions standing naked and waiting for
death, within a circle of Indians, who were
threatening them with clubs that had been
charred and hardened by fire. Earth's arms and
clothing went the same way as had his compan-
ions ' belongings. Juana Marta, a Mexican cap-
tive of the band, then appeared in the role of
Pocahontas. It appeared that she cited some
tribal law concerning the taking of captives on
the lands of a friendly tribe, and so the case had
to be appealed to Pedro, chief of the White
Mountains. He was not long in coming, and
there was only a short confab after he arrived.
He was a decent sort of Indian and well disposed
toward the white man, but the best he could do
was to save their lives, without any reference to
the loot. The conference concluded, the white
men were dismissed with a mere wave of the
hand.
"It happened that none of them had been
robbed of their shoes, a fortunate circumstance,
inasmuch as it took four days of travel to reach
the nearest point of safety, the Zuni village in
northwestern New Mexico. During that time
the men's bare skin was scorched by the sun of
the days, while they huddled, nearly frozen,
around fires at night, for winter was coming on.
Barth tells that he stood the trip rather better
than the others and kept in the lead. The jour-
ney was made on a very light diet, consisting
almost entirely of tuna fruit, and an all too
scanty share of the carcass of a small dog that
had followed them from the Indian camp. On
the last day Barth was well ahead, and, at a point
326 HISTORY OF ARIZONA.
fifteen miles out from Zuni, met an Indian who
divided with him a few tortillas. Barth hap-
pened to be well acquainted with the Indian, but
the recognition was not mutual, for the fugitive,
by that time, had little resemblance to the well
fed and cheerful freighter who for years had
made Zuni a stopping place. Refreshed by the
tortillas, Barth then made rapid time into the
village, from which he sent runners out with as-
sistance and food. All recovered from their
hardships, though Barth suffered a severe attack
of 'Chills and fever.'"
PROGRESS OF THE TERRITORY. 327
CHAPTER XV.
PROGRESS OF THE TERRITORY.
Building Boom in Tucson — Leading Mer-
chants— Indian Eaids — A. J. Doran's Ex-
perience With Pah-Utes — Loyalty of
Indians — Biography of J. W. Sullivan —
His Early Experiences in the Territory —
Biography of John H. Marion.
About this time, 1867-68, S. W. Foreman made
the first survey of Tucson, and, according to
Fish, soon after this building took a boom. Sub-
stantial and convenient houses replaced many
of the old hovels. Kirtland built the first road
from Tucson to the Santa Rita mountains, and
hauled logs into the settlement.
In 1866, according to Hinton, "Handbook
of Arizona," p. 266, several mercantile firms
brought large stocks of goods to the place.
Among the leading firms of the early days were
Tully, Oehoa & Company, the senior member of
which, P. R. Tully, died in Tucson in the year
of 1903. This firm did a very large business.
They were followed, after the removal of the cap-
ital to Tucson, and, with it, the opportunities of
getting fat contracts and legislation suitable to
the governed classes, resulting in Tucson having
quite a revival, by other firms, among them being
that of Lord & Williams. Dr. Lord, the senior
member of this firm, was appointed receiver of
public moneys in Tucson. W. W. Williams, his
partner, was born in New York, came to Arizona
328 HISTORY OF ARIZONA.
in 1864, and died April 19tli, 1907. L. Zecken-
dorf & Company were also among the leading
merchants.
It required a large capital at that time to do
business. Supplies came from California and
from the Missouri river, compelling the mer-
chants to keep a stock of goods in transit, and a
stock of goods in the store. Prior to this time,
and, indeed, including this time, the firm of
Hooper, Whiting & Company were the leading
merchants of the Territory. This firm had
wholesale houses at Yuma, and branches at
Ehrenberg, Camp McDowell and Maricopa
Wells, from which the adjoining territory was
supplied. Merchants were constantly harassed
by roving bands of Indians, who captured their
supply trains, often causing losses running into
tens of thousands of dollars.
The outlook for 1868 was not very hopeful, for
the Indians on the Colorado and in the Apache
strongholds were on the warpath. Fish says
that in the winter of 1867-68, there were forty-
eight men, settlers, killed in and around Prescott
and Walnut Grove.
The Navahos were quiet as far as Arizona was
concerned ; they made no raids but, occasionally,
would steal stock. They, however, made forays
into Utah, murdering and driving off stock.
Jacob Hamblin, who was the pioneer diplomat of
the Mormon Church, and who founded the set-
tlements around Callville and in what was then
Pah-Ute County, Arizona, was sent down to ar-
range a peace with them, which he succeeded in
doing.
PROGRESS OF THE TERRITORY. 329
Major Powell, in his explorations of the
Colorado river, in speaking of Hamblin, says:
''This man Hamblin speaks their language well,
and has a great influence over all the Indians
in the regions round about. His talk is so low
that they must listen attentively to hear, and
they sit around him in deathlike silence. When
he finishes a measured sentence, the chief repeats
it, and they all give a solemn grunt.
"Mr. Hamblin fell into conversation with one
of the men, and held him until the others had
left, and then learned more of the particulars of
the death of the three men. (Three of Powell's
men lost in the first expedition. 'Kapurats,' as
Major Powell was called by the Pah-Utes, and
his men were allowed by the Pah-Utes to travel
unmolested in their country.) They, the three
men, came upon the Indian village almost
starved, and exhausted with fatigue. They were
supplied with food, and put on their way to the
settlements. Shortly after they had left, an
Indian from the east side of the Colorado arrived
at their village, and told them about a number of
miners having killed a squaw in a drunken brawl,
and no doubt, these were the men. No person
had ever come down the canyon; that w^as im-
possible; they w^ere trying to hide their guilt.
In this way he w^orked them into a great rage.
They followed, surrounded the men in ambush,
and* filled them full of arrows.
"That night I slept in peace, although these
murderers of my men, and their friends, the
U-in-ka-rets, were sleeping not five hundred
yards away. While we were gone to the canyon,
the packtrain and supplies, enough to make an
330 HISTORY OF ARIZONA.
Indian rich be3^ond his wildest dreams, were all
left in their charge, and were all safe ; not even a
lump of sugar was pilfered by the children."
I give other evidences of Indian loyalty:
Major A. J. Doran, in his memoirs, which will
be produced later in these pages, recites a story
of himself and companions entering a Pah-Ute
camp when they were at war with the whites;
joining in their festivities, and then returning to
their own camp about a mile away and sleeping
in peace all night, and, in the moiiiing, after
breaking camp and starting on their way, being
passed by these same Indians and meeting with a
friendly greeting from them, although, a few
hours later the Indians attacked and murdered
another party of white men.
As heretofore related. Captain Thos. J. Jef-
fords went into Cochise's camp; took off his
arms, ammunition, etc., and handed them to
Cochise, and asked him to take care of them
while he remained there a few days. Capt. Jef-
fords received only hospitality at the hands of
the chief and the friendship thus commenced
lasted until Cochise's death.
W. H. Hardy, in one of his trips from Hardy-
ville to Prescott, one evening, through mistake,
rode into a camp of Wallapais. Finding him-
self among them, he requested one of the Indians
whom he knew, to take care of his horse and give
him a place to sleep for the night. Although
these Indians were at war at the time with the
whites. Hardy only received that courtesy due to
a brave man who had placed his life in their
hands. The next morning he was permitted to
PEOGRESS OF THE TERRITORY. 331
resume liis journey without molestation from the
Indians.
With all the prejudices that a pioneer Ari-
zonan may have against the Indians, for, after I
came to this Territory in 1879, many of my
friends lost their lives in Arizona and Sonora at
the hands of the Chiricahuas, yet, in stud}i^ng the
record as I have tried to do, impartially, I find
that as much, or even more, treachery can be
charged against the whites as against the In-
dians. General Crook once said that the Indian
never violated a treaty, solemnly made ; that the
white man never kept one. This, perhaps, is
overdrawing the matter, but still there is much
truth in the remark.
Hon. J. W. Sullivan, is known as one of the
most prosperous and opulent business men in
the northern part of the State; a man whose
cattle graze upon a thousand hills, who is inter-
ested in mining, banldng and other business pur-
suits sufficient to occupy the mind of any ener-
getic man, has his headquarters at Prescott and
served as a member of the House of Represen-
tatives in the Third Legislature of the State of
Arizona, the only political position he has ever
accepted.
Mr. Sullivan was born in Picton, Prince Ed-
ward's County, on the shore of Lake Ontario, in
Canada, in the year 1844. He went to Ohio in
1864, finding employment in a lumber camp
where, for a time, he w^as employed in hewing
railroad timbers and ties, in charge of an outfit
so employed.
From there he went South into Kentucky and
Tennessee, and was employed in bridge building
332 HISTORY OF ARIZONA.
near Nashville, as a carpenter, when the battle of
Nashville was fought. After the assassination
of President Lincoln, he went into the oil regions
of Pennsylvania, taking a contract from the
Pennsylvania Railroad for furnishing railroad
ties, etc. After a few months he Avas employed
by the Phelps, Dodge Company, who had large
lumber interests, as a log scaler, whose duty it
was to receive the logs from shippers and scale
the measurements for the company. After two
years in their employ, in the spring of 1867, he
started West, employing his odd time as a car-
penter and teamster. In May, 1858, he was sent
in charge of seven teams from Fort Union, New
Mexico, which was then in process of construc-
tion, to Fort Craig and Fort Bowie, to deliver
a lot of cavalry horses and Government mules.
After his return to Albuquerque, he assisted in
moving the Navajo Indians to their present
Reservation.
About October, 18G8, he met John Clark, who
gave him glowing accounts of the mining pros-
pects in Arizona, and organized a party of six-
teen, which started for Prescott about the 5th of
November, 1868. His life in Arizona and the
West, as told by himself, follows :
"At that time there wasn't a white man be-
tween Albuquerque and Prescott. We didn't
come through Fort Wingate, but came through
the Zimi Villages, through Navajo Springs, and
struck the old Beale trail, struck this at Navajo
Springs, and about the first white man we struck
on our trip was old man Banghart, Ed Wells'
father-in-law. We finally landed in Prescott;
had quite a storm on the road coming out; where
PROGRESS OF THE TERRITORY. 333
Flagstaff is now, about twelve inches of snow
fell; it was the latter part of November when
we got into Prescott. I never kept much track
of the dates. Old Hance, who has been a guide
about the Canyon, says we landed there on the
2nd day of December, 1868, so that is my history
of the trip to Arizona in the early days.
"When we organized to come to Arizona there
were only four of us had enough to buy riding
animals, so we bought ponies for the rest of the
fellows as we had to have a large party for pro-
tection. We had a character called ' Dublin ' ; he
was an Irishman and claimed to be a first cousin
of the great pugilist, Tom Sayers, an English
prizefighter, and this fellow was somewhat on the
pugilistic order himself. We christened him
'Dublin Tricks' on the road. He afterwards
started a saloon. After I got into Prescott pro-
visions were scarce and high. For instance, I
had bought a batch of flour in Albuquerque. I
traded for it myself, and it was in 100' lb. sacks.
When I got into Prescott I sold all my stock ex-
cepting a couple of ponies. A pair of mules
sold for $500; they cost me $40 apiece in Albu-
querque. I had four big cavalry horses, and
I sold one team for $400, and the other for $450;
horses and mules were very scarce on account of
the Indians raiding the outfits, and getting away
with most of their stock, and draft stock was
very high. I had a peculiar experience just a
few days before I left Fort Union — this reminds
me of a deal I got into while we were organizing.
One day at our camp outside the post, we heard
an auctioneer hollering out, calling for bidders
for the extra stuff at the commissary yard. I
334 HISTORY OF ARIZONA.
stopped in to see what was going on, and they
had three great stacks of old rusty bacon, sow
belly, and it was in i3iles of fifty, fifty-five and
sixty thousand pounds. It was claimed that in
1864 they had used this bacon for breastworks at
Fort Craig. It had been knocked around from
one post to another, and was now being sold as
condemned army stores. Some of it looked like
pretty good bacon, and I thought I knew where
I could handle it, trade it off for stuff along the
road, and I thought I might load up with a
couple of thousand pounds, and trade it off.
The first pile offered was the fifty-five thousand
pound pile. I bid on it twenty-five dollars for
the pile ; others bid and I ran it up to fifty-five
dollars, and it was knocked down to me for that
figure. The other two piles went considerably
higher. A couple of days after I got to thinking
I had a white elephant on my hands, and a fellow
Ijy the name of Collier, who had a station, a Gov-
ernment station to look after the teams, asked
me what I would take for that bacon. I said to
him that I wanted to take about fifteen or
eighteen hundred pounds of it. He looked it
over, and said he would make me a bid on it;
that he would let me take whatever I wanted of
it, fifteen hundred pounds at least, and that he
would give me $125 for the balance. I told him
the bacon was his; that I might be able to get
more for it, but didn't want to bother with it.
The next day I sorted out my bacon and got a
pretty good class of bacon. When I got out on
the road I used to trade the bacon for fresh mut-
ton, vegetables, and so forth, and I traded some
of it at Albuquerque for about six hundred
PROGRESS OF THE TERRITORY. 335
pounds of flour, flour in 100 lb. sacks, and when
we got into Prescott and split up, we disbanded
there, Branneman and the Hance boys were with
us, I thought of going through to California,
expected to clean up and go through; didn't ex-
pect to stop here in Arizona, and a fellow by the
name of Silverthorn, who was keeping a restau-
rant where the St. Michaels Hotel now is, came
over and asked if we had any flour, and I told
him that we had about tw^o sacks, but that I ex-
pected to go through to California by way of
Ehrenberg, and he said that he would give me
sixty dollars a hundred for it ; there was no flour
in Prescott, only a little cornmeal. They got a
little from the soldiers at Whipple, who used to
steal it and sell it at sixty cents a pound. Old
John G. Campbell ran a store at that time, and
he came over to my camp and wanted to know if
I had any bacon left. I told him I had about two
hundred and fifty poimds, but that I wanted to
keep a little of it, twenty to twenty-five pounds,
and he went and looked it over and said : ' Take
ninety cents a pound for it — for what you can
spare?' I had to ask him the second time what
he said ; it kind of took my breath away. I said
yes, so he told me to bring it down to the store,
and I did, and sold my rotten bacon at ninety
cents a pound; so I cleaned up and sold every-
thing I had except a little saddle pony ; I figured
on going to California. An old fellow came to
me, his name was Johnson; he lived about six
miles south of Prescott ; he was a blacksmith ; he
was raised in Baltimore and came to California
during the excitement in the gold days, and
drifted to Arizona, and he and a man by the name
336 HISTORY OF AEIZONA.
of Zimmerman had a ranch, they raised pota-
toes, etc.; had quite a place in the hills at that
time, and they had taken a contract to make
shingles for the Government, four hundred thou-
sand shingles for Camp Verde. He wanted to
know if I and one of the boys who came with us
knew anything about making shingles. This
fellow with me had been in the lumber woods, but
didn't know anything about shingles or shingle
making, but I had made them in Canada, my
father used to make them and trade them for
cattle, etc. I thought the matter over, and
thought that I might wait over that winter, and
go to California in the spring, so I asked him
what wages he was paying. He said he was pa}^-
ing a hundred dollars a month to good hands.
I told him that I thought with my knowledge of
lumber and working shingles I could earn more
than that ; that I would not mind taking a con-
tract from him for making shingles, but he said
for me to come out for a week or two and let
him see what I could do. He had about ten or
twelve men burning charcoal for the government
too. He was hauling timber to the Sterling Mill,
also; had quite a bunch of men around there.
So I went down to his camp and took a couple
of men out with me to hunt shingle timber. I
knew how to select my trees, and I made such
headway in three or four days that he had me
come in. He had built a camp, with a log cabin
fifty feet in length, and he had three or four men
working in the camp, working up the timber, and
he was paying men a hundred dollars a month
and they were averaging about half a thousand
shingles a day ; they thought that was pretty big
PROGRESS OF THE TERRITORY. 337
work. The first week I worked in camp I aver-
aged over eight thousand in one week, and the
old man offered to pay me a hundred and fifty
dollars a month if I would take charge of the
camp. We would work until ten o 'clock at night
by the firelight. So I worked on that shingle
proposition until about the first of June the next
summer. The old man was quite thrifty and a
rustler, and he and his partner had taken a con-
tract, a subcontract, for the cutting of a thousand
tons of hay in the Williamson Valley for the
Government. There was an excellent crop of
wild hay there, blue stem wire grass, red top, and
one thing and another of that kind, and they had
located about four hundi-ed acres of the land,
taking it up as homesteads, etc., to cut hay on it.
They were to get eleven dollars a ton, put in
shock, so it could be loaded on wagons. George
Bowers and C. C. Bean were in together. They
were getting thirty-five dollars a ton for that
hay at Fort Whipple, and they made a contract
with Zimmerman & Johnson to cut this hay at
eleven dollars a ton, they to furnish two mowing
machines, hayricks, etc. They got after me to
go in with them and take a third interest in the
cutting of this hay. It was a very dangerous
proposition. The Indians were very bad those
days, the Wallapais, Tontos and Mohave-
Apaches were very bad. They had driven me
out of the woods a couple of times the winter
before. I remember once fifteen of them came
on to where we were one morning just after we
started work. We had quite a time getting out
of the way. We got back to camp and armed
V— 22
338 HISTORY OF ARIZONA.
ourselves. The snow was on the ground and we
struck their trail, and they went south on the
Hassayamp. We took after them and killed two
of them, and the others got away, and once after-
wards we came very near getting killed. I knew
this was a dangerous proposition, but I went in
with them, they were to give me a third interest,
and I was supposed to take all the chances and
do all the work, which I did. We got out there
about the 8th of June that year, and started to
cut hay. Zimmerman went out for a few days,
but he used to go on a drunk and didn't amount
to much. Old man Johnson was kind of feeble
and he stopped at the camp to look after the boys.
I had tw^o men, one to rake and one to bunch up
the hay, and a Frenchman to cook. I ran the
mowing machines myself. I had two machines ;
in case one gave out I had the other ready to
keep right on to work. I would get out at day-
light in the morning, take one team until ten
o'clock, and another team until two, and then
work until dark with the first team. We put up
about eighteen tons of hay a day. There were
Indians on the hills all the time. I used to carry
a gun strapped across my breast and two six
shooters on me. We were all armed in about
the same way, we always kept within hailing
distance of each other, and we had a couple of
dogs, the best scouts I ever saw. I depended on
them more than on anything else. We kept
those dogs scouting around and in that w^ay I
guess we saved our lives many times that sum-
mer. There were eight or ten men killed be-
tween Williamson Valley and Prescott at what
was called the Divide, that is nine miles from
PROGRESS OF THE TERRITORY. 339
Williamson Valley. About a month before we
got through with our hay contract there were two
big freight teams driven by a fellow of the name
of Buchanan, which was one of the best outfits
that there was there at that time. Buchanan
came from Nevada, and some parties said that
he had stolen the teams. There was another
fellow by the name of Wood, Cap Wood, who
came through as a sutler with some cavalry out-
fit to Fort Whipple during the summer, and he
had a team of ten mules. The government had
a lot of corn at Camp Wallapai, and was short of
corn at Fort Whipple, and these two fellows,
Buchanan and Wood, got a contract to haul that
corn from Wallapai to Whipple, and they got on
the north side of the divide, and the Indians
jumped them and got away with two teamsters.
Buchanan himself got away and ran to Lee's
ranch, about four miles from them, and got some
help and went back. When they got back the
Indians had got away with all the stock, about
twenty-four head of stock. Several parties
going back and forth there were killed there.
"I had a little experience myself the first ten
days I was at Williamson Valley. We had our
headquarters at a little spring at the edge of the
valley, about two miles from where the crossing
is at the present time. A fellow by the name of
vlim Fine had taken up a little ranch at the
crossing, and he had a fellow working with him,
cutting hay for a livery outfit in Prescott,
they were using the old fashioned scythes to cut
the hay, and the Indians came up on the ridge
above them and fired on them, and killed this
fellow who was working for Fine. Fine had
340 HISTORY OF ARIZONA.
a horse three or four hundred yards below where
he was, and he jumped on it barebacked and
rushed down to our camp ; our camp was about
a mile and a half below, and he told us wiiat they
had done. We turned out, three men besides
myself, and hitched up with all our stock;
daren 't leave anything there for fear the Indians
might get away with it, and went to the place
where the fellow had been killed. We put
blankets around him and dug a hole about three
feet deep and buried him. It was mighty hard
to dig ; it was in June, hot weather, and after we
buried him, Jim pulled out at night and went
into Prescott and was away two days. The In-
dians were watching us, and as soon as he pulled
out they knew he would bring a crowd. They
had taken this fellow's clothes, leaving him
naked, and between the time that Jim pulled out
and got back, they had come back, dug up the
remains and dragged them down to a little well
near the cabin and diunped them in the well.
Jim found the trail where they had dragged the
body and followed it up to find the grave empty.
He came to our camp and stopped all night with
us, and told us what had happened, and I sent
a man up with him the next day and they filled
up the well, threw in some dirt, and covered it
up, and dug another well some little distance
away. There was a government express ran be-
tween Wallapai and Whipple, and the next day
after they had dug up this body and thrown it
into the well, this bunch of Indians met the ex-
press party, caught them on the divide, and
killed the soldiers and got away with the mules.
PROGRESS OF THE TERRITORY. 341
"I had another experience the next summer.
I took a contract to make shingles for the Gov-
ernment and contracted for four hundred thou-
sand shingles, part for Camp Wallapai, and
part for Camp Date Creek. I had four men in
the camp and about once a week I used to go
down to town to get supplies. We had been
down there about two months and were getting
along finely, and one day I started about four
o'clock in the afternoon,* in March, and had my
two six shooters strapped on me. The road to
the Ashley Sawmill passed our camp over on
Groom Creek, about a quarter of a mile from
Granite Creek, and I followed on down the road,
which struck west and then north at Granite
Creek, and after I struck the old Sterling road
on Granite Creek, about three miles and a half
from Prescott, I saw some Indian tracks, across
the road. In those days we were generally on
the lookout anyway, and I saw where the Indi-
ans had travelled fifty or a hundred yards along
the road and then dodged off, and then crossed
back. I got along about half a mile further — a
little further down the main road there is a hill,
Eed Hill, and right below is a canyon across the
road, and just as I got to the top of the hill above
the canyon, I saw something in the brush about
a hundred and fifty yards below me. There was
a pine stump there about three feet high, and
I dodged behind that stump and kept watch,
and in a few moments an Indian dropped down
into the road, came off the ridge, and directly
came another and another until there was five of
them there. The first one that dropped down
into the road had on a long buckskin shirt which
342 HISTORY OF ARIZONA.
looked to be about six feet in length; it looked
like a nightshirt. They had seen me coming and
got down there to cut me off. They had got on
a high point and watched me coming. That was
their game. I thought I was in for it, and they
blazed away at me. I kept my head very low
behind the stump, and I would reach up and get
my gmi on the top of the stump and shoot, but
they were much lower and they soon discovered
that I was overshooting them, and they came
closer and three of them had those old Henry
rifles, and two of them had bows and arrows,
and they kept coming closer and closer, and I
fired eleven shots at them over the top of that
stump, and I was down to my last cartridge, cap
and ball cartridge, and I thought I had better
break for camp. By cutting across through the
brush I could strike my camp much quicker than
by going back on the main road to Prescott.
Just as I jumped from behind the stump the}^
shot me with an arrow in the neck. I have the
scar yet. I grabbed it and broke the wooden
part of it off and left the point in there. I had
to run across the road, and when I jumped up
the pistol, which still had one cartridge in it, fell
out of the holster, my right holster, which was
loose on the belt. The pistol fell out and dropped
in the brush, and if you ever saw a man run, I
did. I had on an old fashioned white hat, and
they put a bullet through that. Clothing was
scarce in those days, and I was wearing a
soldier's blouse, and they fired at me from be-
hind, and one of the bullets went right under my
arm pit, cutting through the blouse, and I
thought I was bleeding like fury from the bum
PROGRESS OF THE TERRITORY. 343
of that bullet. I was bleeding freely from the
wound in my neck. They followed me about
three hundred yards and then let up and shouted
and hollered like fury. How I did run until I
struck three men working for me, about four or
five hundred yards from my camp, and I fell
right over in a heap, loss of blood and exhausted,
of course. My men picked me up and took me
to camp ; got the arrow head out of my neck, and
stopped the bleeding, and while I was not cut
very deep, it made quite a wound. On Sunday,
a day or two afterwards, a couple of men from
the sawmill were going to town, and I went down
with them, and when we came to the place where
I had had my fight with the Indians, I looked
around and found my pistol. The Indians had
rim right over it and never saw it, and I picked it
up as we went down to town two days afterwards.
''That evening that they got me on the run,
there was a superintendent named Baker in
charge of the old sawmill, the Sterling Sawmill,
over on Groom Creek, and he had a magnificent
riding horse he brought over from California;
he had been away from there for about three
months, and after the Indians had given me this
chase, they went up the road about three quarters
of a mile, and old man Baker, he came along
from Prescott, going out to his camp, and they
jumped him there, shot his horse; the horse
dropped, and the bullet that killed the horse went
right through the horse and struck the old man
on the ankle, kind of a spent bullet, and he got
off and started to run to Johnson's camp about a
mile and a half away. Johnson had an old log
cabin there with a dirt floor. The first log
344 HISTORY OF ARIZONA.
formed a sill across the doorway and you had to
step over it to get down in the cabin. Baker
rushed to the door, struck that log, and fell over,
and didn't come to for three or four hours.
Johnson's outfit got back next morning. He
told them what had occurred, and they went to
the place where the Indians had shot the horse.
All they found was the tail and the mane of the
horse ; everything else was gone.
''In the spring, in February, 1871, I started
for California, in fact, I started for Puget
Sound, Washington Territory. I had been rus-
tling pretty lively for the Government, cleaning
up eight or nine thousand dollars in a couple of
years; made thirty-five hundred dollars out of
the hay ; and the next winter I made four thou-
sand dollars ont of the shingles, and in March,
1871, I started for California and for the Sound
country. At Wickenburg I fell in with a couple
of men who w^ere going to South America.
They told a story of a fellow having mines in
Peril, and they wanted me to go with them. By
the time we got to San Francisco, we w^ent to Los
Angeles first and then took a steamer to San
Francisco, they talked me into going to South
America with them. So we took passage on a
sailing vessel to the San Bias country. I made
the trip into the mines with these fellows,
stopped there about three months, got disgusted,
thought it wasn't the place for me as I wasn't
a miner, and I got so disgusted that I came back
to the coast. Took a roundabout w^ay to get back
to the coast; spent about six months travelling
around to get back to the coast. Finally got to
the Sound country, I went over to New West-
PROGRESS OF THE TERRITORY. 345
miiister, now a suburb of Vancouver, and spent
about two weeks over there waiting for an ex-
pedition going about three hundred miles up the
coast, and while there I met some fellows who
had been there the year before and they told me
what hardships they had undergone going in and
coming out. They told me that there was about
two hundred and fifty miles of lakes, etc., to
travel over, and everybody had to pack grub,
etc., and I gave that up. On my way back I took
a steamer to Seattle, at that time a town of about
seven hundred inhabitants, and on the steamer I
struck an old California miner, and I was in-
quiring about farming interests and land inter-
ests there in the Sound country. I got ac-
quainted with two fellows, and one of them had
a big claim, and he wanted to sell out. I went
down to look at his property which was about
twenty miles from the present town of Belling-
ham. It was tide country, like Oakland. I
finally made a deal for it and spent about nine
months filing on it under the old pre-emption law.
Lived on it long enough to make final proof.
The land was surrounded by a slough, and the
w^ater would back up when it was high tide, on
the land, and I had to throw up a levee about five
feet high ; each one of us around there had to do
his share. I had about a hundred and seventy
rods of levee to build. I went to work and got
mine completed, and the others were a little slow,
and were not ready to join me, so, after I had
made final proof on the property, I thought I
would come over to Portland, over into Oregon,
so I came over there in the fall of the year, and
the old railroad, now the Southern Pacific, was
346 HISTORY OF ARIZONA.
building at that time, and there was an outfit
there, they were putting in pile drivers, and I
came up there and took charge of the crew for
the winter.
"After I got through there I decided I would
go into the cattle business, and I came over to
Eastern Oregon, had a young fellow with me,
and we went up there looking for a cattle ranch.
It was a fine country for that purpose. That
was the spring of 1873. I spent about four
months there, then came over to the Grand
Round, from there to Spokane, and went clean
up to the British possessions, travelling around
looking for a cattle ranch. We located about
twenty-five miles from the Columbia, about sixty
miles from the Dells, and then we came back and
I bought a bunch of cattle. I didn't expect to
stick to them myself very long, but I put this
young fellow to work. When I left Arizona I
left about two thousand dollars in money uncol-
lected. C. C. Bean owed me about $1700, and
he was to send it to me, but, 'out of sight, out
of mind,' and the money didn't come, so I left
this young fellow in charge of about fifty head
of cows with calves, and about a hundred and
fifty head of yearling heifers and steers, and I
came back to Arizona, and found there was but
little show of collecting this money from Bean
at this time. Before I left Arizona, however,
I had sold Bean the possessory right to some land
in Williamson Valley, and he had just got title
to it when I got back, so I took a mortgage on
the proposition. I knocked around for six
months, took a contract for jobbing for the Gov-
ernment, putting up buildings, and remained in
PROGRESS OF THE TERRITORY. 347
Arizona for about three years before I got things
straightened out, and then I went back to Ore-
gon, and drove the cattle I had there over here
to Arizona. That was in 1877, and I have been
here ever since in the cattle business. ' '
Mr. Sulhvan is an old bachelor, and is passing
the evening of his days in the State to whose
prosperity and advancement he has contributed
the best years of his life. He is among those
pioneers remaining with us who braved the dan-
gers incident to the early settlement of Arizona,
^'in the days that tried men's souls," when he
carried his rifle on his machine while mowing
hay, to protect himself from the incursions of
savage foes.
John H. Marion was a man of great force of
character; of bulldog tenacity, exceptional abil-
ity, and great perseverance. He was born in
Louisiana in 1835 ; came to California in the
later fifties, and, being a printer by trade, was
employed for some time at Oroville, Butte
County, on a weekly paper there. He came to
Arizona about the year 1865, being attracted
here by the reported rich gold discoveries. He
spent a year or two in prospecting; had several
Inrushes with the Indians ; finally located in Pres-
cott and became part owner of the Prescott
Miner about the year 1866. He continued as its
editor for about ten years. When party lines
were drawn in the Territory in 1870, he aligned
himself with the Democratic party, and was
always an able exponent of the principles of
Democracy as held by the party to which he gave
his allegiance. He was a public spirited man;
348 HISTORY OF ARIZONA.
nothing calculated to build up Prescott or the
Territory ever failed to find in him an advocate.
He was a good neighbor; a kind friend, and a
bitter enemy. Especially was he devoted to the
old timers of whatever creed or nationality, who
had shared with him the trials and disappoint-
ments incidental to the early settlers of the Ter-
ritory. He was a great admirer of General
Crook, because Crook had subdued the hostile
Indians in Arizona, particularly those around
Prescott. He was an original character; could
write a very humorous article, full of wit and
sarcasm, yet had no sense of humor. He was
never governed in the selection of words by any
dictionary. When he wanted a word he would
coin one, and the word itself would explain its
meaning.
Personally he was about as homely a man as
ever stood upon two legs. In speaking, even in
a public address, which^ on rare occasions he in-
dulged iu, he spoke in a monotone, and his utter-
ances seldom failed to bring down the house
because of his originality. In 1883, at a banquet
extended to General Crook by the citizens of
Prescott, at which many ladies were present,
Marion was called upon for a speech. It ran
somewhat in this wise:
"We have had many generals here to fight the
Injuns, but Cl*ook is the only one who ever suc-
ceeded. We had Stoneman; Stoneman was a
good fighter, he built a good many roads, and did
a good deal of work, but he couldn't fight Injuns.
Wilcox had a big reputation as a Civil War
soldier, but he couldn't fight Injuns; he had the
piles ; and so it was with the balance both before
PROGRESS OF THE TERRITORY. 349
and after Crook came. When Crook come lie
made the Injuns hunt their holes, and we've had
peace in northern Arizona ever since. ' '
When T. L. Bullock undertook to build a road
from Ash Fork to Prescott, John Marion was his
ardent friend, and supported him in every way
possible, not only through the columns of his
paper, but also by money contributions, and when
the road was completed, he, of course, was among
those who had a general jubilation meeting in
Prescott, welcoming the arrival of the first train.
Among other things Marion said: "I was here
when two men right across Granite Creek were
killed by Injuns, and when we had to sleep every-
where on our guns, and when it took a lady's
stocking full of gold dust to buy a sack of flour,
and everything else in the same proportion.
They tried to get my scalp, both the Injuns and
the white men but,' damn 'em, I'm still here."
He sold his interest in the Miner about the year
1876, and a few years thereafter started the
Prescott ' ' Courier. ' '
He was loyal to his friends, and particularly
loyal to his home and his home people. Having
lived a great part of his life in Prescott, endured
all the trials and hardships of an early pioneer
in that locality, he laid aside his party preju-
dices, being a strict Democrat, and numbered
among his friends and associates Eepublieans
who, like himself, were pioneers. It was his
custom after closing his office, and when going
to his home, to spend an hour every day with
Judge Fleury in talking over old times. "Old
Grizzly" and Col. H. A. Bigelow, both strict
adherents of the opposite party, were his warm
350 HISTORY OF ARIZONA.
personal friends. When Cleveland was elected in
1884, and Zulick was inaugurated the first Demo-
cratic Governor of the Territory in 1885, he gave
the influence of his paper to the cordial support
of his administration until, in 1889, at the begin-
ning of the session, Zulick signed the bill to re-
move the Capital to Phoenix. Thereafter the
"Courier" could not be numbered as among his
political friends. He did not fail in his editorials
to criticise in his rough and homely manner the
course of the Governor, for with him, in this in-
stance, the duties of a citizen were paramount
to party.
John Marion died July 27th, 1891, the records,
of the Masonic Lodge at Prescott showing that
he was, at that time, 56 years of age. His death
occurred in the morning. He had gone to the
well for a bucket of water, placed the bucket on
the porch and feU dead from heart disease. He
occupies an unmarked grave in the Masonic
cemetery at Prescott. Peace to his ashes.
INDEX.
INDEX.
ADJUTANT-GENEEAL— Appointment of W. T. Flower as criti-
cised by Special Legislative Committee, 23; W. H. Garvin
appointed to office, 23.
AGRICULTURE— Mentioned by Gov. McCormick, 9; mentioned
by Gov. McCormick in message to Fifth Legislature, 39.
ALEXANDER, GENERAL— With Major Clendenin, holds confer-
ence with Delchayha and Skivitkill, 304 et soq.
ALLEN, .JOHN B.— Member of Fourth Legislature, 2; Territorial
Treasurer— his estimate of expenses of Territory for year
ending Nov. 1, 1869, 49-50; Appointed Territorial Treasurer
by Gov. McCormick, Dec. 31, 1867, 57.
ALLEN, O. — Proprietor of horses stolen by Indians, 220.
ALSAP, JOHN T.— Only member in Council of Fifth Legislature
from Yavapai County, 33; elected President of Council, 34.
ANDERSON, JOHN— Member of Fifth Legislature, 34.
ANNEXATION — Fourth Legislature memorializes Congress pro-
testing against annexation of part of Arizona to Nevada, 15.
APACHE-MOHAVES — With Apache-Yumas and Yavapais,
threaten town of La Paz, 308.
APACHES — Description of by Lieut. Emory and Capt. Johnstone,
226 et seq.
APACHE-YUMAS — With Apache-Mohaves and Yavapais, threaten
town of La Paz, 308.
ARTESIAN WELL — Fifth Legislature passes resolution request-
ing Delegate in Congress to solicit premium for first person to
sink one on desert, 44.
ATTORNEY-GENERAL — Special Legislative Committee reports
Coles Bashford held office of illegally, 19 et seq.
AUDITOR, TERRITORIAL— Report of, 14, 15; Report of, 58, 59.
BACKUS, JUDGE— Decides Third, Fourth and Fifth Legislatures
illegal, 98.
BAKER, CAPTAIN — Leader of prospecting party of which James
White was member, 124; killed by Indians, 128.
BALLARD . — Gives James White employment after latter's
trip through Grand Canyon, 141.
BANCROFT, H. H. — Includes James White's story in history of
western coast, 161.
BANGHART .—Father-in-law of E. W. Wells, mention of, 332.
BARLOW & SANDERSON — Employers of James White after lat-
ter's trip through Grand Canyon, 161.
BARNETT, UNDERWOOD C. — Member of Fourth Legislature, 2.
BARTH, SOL — Adventure with Cochise, description by Banta, and
Barth's own story, 319 et seq.
BASHFORD, COLES — Special Legislative Committee reports held
position of Attorney-General illegally, 19 et seq.; as Delegate
V— 23 (353)
354 INDEX.
in Congress introduces bill to make Arizona a collection dis-
trict, 88; speech on appropriation for improvements on Colo-
rado Kiver Indian reservation, 88 et seq.j speech on amend-
ment to postal bill, 96 et seq.
BEAN, C. C— Mention of by J. W. Sullivan, 337,
BEGOLE, AUGUSTUS— With B. F. Thompson, attacked by In-
dians; Thompson killed and Begole severely wounded, 311.
BELL, WILLIAM A. — Member of surveying expedition of Kansas
Pacific Railway, 102; publishes book "New Tracks in North
America," describing experiences oi expedition, 102 et seq.
BENTLEY, E. A. — Editor and proprietor of "Arizona Miner"
killed by Indians, 316 et seq.
BIDWELL, THOMAS J.— Member of Fifth Legislature; elected
Speaker of House, 34.
BIGELOW, COL. H. A.— Mention of, 349.
BLOCK, BEN— Owner of horse stolen by Indians, 220.
BOBLE'TT .—With Whitcomb and King attacked by Indiansj
Whitcomb killed and King severely wounded, 309, 310.
BOUNDARY — Between Arizona and California, mentioned by Gov.
McCormick in message to Fifth Legislature, 41; Report of
Committee on Counties and County Boundaries on boundary
between California and Arizona, 50 et seq.
BOWERS, GEORGE— Killed by Indians, 283, 301, 310; mention of
by J. W. Sullivan, 337.
BOWLES, SAMUEL— Makes mention of James White's trip
through Grand Canyon in book, 161, 162.
BRADLEY, GEO. T.— Member of Maj. Powell's first expedition
through Grand Canyon, 180.
BUCKALEW, OSCAR— Severely wounded by Indians, 318.
BUILDING — Cost of on military reservations when performed by
private contract, 241; booms in Tucson, 327.
BULLOCK, T. L. — Builds railroad between Prescott and Ash Fork,
349.
BURNT RANCH — Indian attack upon and defense of by Jake
Miller and companion, 311 et seq.
BUTLER, BENJAMIN F. (of Massachusetts) — Opposes amend-
ment to Appropriation Bill in Congress, for appropriation for
Improvements on Colorado River Indian reservation, 92 et seq.
CABABI MINES— Mentioned by Gov. McCormick in message to
Fifth Legislature, 38.
CALABASAS— Mentioned by Genl. John S. Mason in his report,
184.
CALHOUN, MAJOR— Member of Kansas Pacific Railway Com-
pany's surveying expedition, makes notes of and writes ac-
count of James White's trip through Grand Canyon, 144,
CALIFORNIA — Boundary between and Arizona, mentioned by
Gov. McCormick in message to Fifth Legislature, 41; Report
of Legislative Committee on, 50 et seq.
CALIFORNIA VOLUNTEERS— Mentioned by Genl. John S.
Mason in his report, 184.
CAMPBELL, .JOHN G.— Mention of by J. W. Sullivan, 335.
CAMP GRANT MASSACRE— Mentioned by Thomas Thompson
Hunter, 291.
INDEX. 355
CAPITAL — Located at Tucson by Fourth Legislature, 28; Congress
memorialized by Fifth Legislature for appropriation for Cap-
ital Building, 43.
CARR, LIEUT. CAMILLIO C. C— Accompanies Capt. George B.
Sanford on expedition against Apaches, 196.
CARROL, LIEUT. C. C— Army officer stationed at Fort Bowie,
102; killed bv Indians, 103 et seq., 319.
CHAMBERS, SOLOMON W.— Member of Fourth Legislature, 2;
member of Fifth Legislature, 34.
CHIMEHUEVIS — ^With Mohaves, makes treaty with Superintend-
ent Dent, 244.
CHRISTIE, FOLLETT G.— Elected Chief Clerk of House in Fourth
Legislature, 2.
CLENDENIN, MAJOR— Mentioned by General McDowell, 256;
with General Alexander, holds conference with Delchayha and
Skivitkill, 304 et seq.
COCHISE — One of his band has fight with station keeper at Fort
Bowie and is killed, 286, 287.
COLLECTION DISTRICT— Bill introduced in Congress to make
Arizona one, but not passed, 88.
CONGRESS — Memorialized by Fourth Legislature for regiment of
volunteers; to increase jurisdiction of Justices of Peace; to
allow duties to be paid in currency; protesting against an-
nexation of part of Arizona to Nevada; asking Congress to
assume certain indebtedness of Territory; to increase pay of
Legislators and officers of Territory, 15 et seq.; passes resolu-
tions asking Congress to make Arizona separate military de-
partment; memorialized by Fifth Legislature for authority to
military commanders to arm citizens; for extension of time
for appropriation of net proceeds of Internal Revenue for
building of penitentiary; for Mail Route from Tucson to
Sasabi Flat; for appropriation for library; for appropriation
to codify laws of Territory; asks for appointment of Surveyor-
General for land district of Arizona, 43; resolutions of Fifth
Legislature; asking for establishment of mail route from
Tucson to Wickenburg; for semi-weekly service from Prescott
to Albuquerque, N. M.; recommending establishment of U. S.
Depository at Tucson, requesting Delegate in Congress to
solicit premium for first person to sink artesian well on desert,
44; Bill to create Collection District for Arizona introduced
but not passed, 88; Appropriation for improvements on Colo-
rado River Indian Reservation refused, 88 et seq.; amendment
to postal bill favoring Arizona and other Territories, passed,
94 et seq.; passes act legalizing actions of Third, Fourth and
Fifth Legislatures, 98.
CONTRACTORS — Have easy times and make big money when
working for Government, 241.
COOK, EDWARD J. — Member of Fourth Legislature, 2; biography
of, 31.
CEADLEBAUGH, LIEUT.— Attacked by Indians while on peace
mission, 282, 283.
GRAND A L, ROBERT M.— Member of Fifth Legislature, 34.
CRITTENDEN, COL. T. L. afterwards General — Commended by
Fourth Legislature, 18; mentioned by Assistant Inspector Gen-
356 INDEX.
eral Jones in report, 208; recommendations as to housing of
troops in Arizona, 234; succeeds Colonel Lovell in southern
Arizona, 298,
CULLUMBEH, ANDREW— Member of Fourth Legislature, 2.
CUMMINGS .—Wounded by Indians, 296.
CUTLER, ROYAL J. — Member of Fourth Legislature, 2.
DANCING— Licensed by Fifth Legislature, 63.
DARE, JOHN T.— Member of Fourth Legislature, 2.
DAVIS, C. (JEFF.) — Makes attack single handed on band of In-
dians, 284.
DAWSON, THOMAS F.— Writes U. S. Senate document on Grand
Canyon, dealing fully with James White's trip, 144.
DE BUSK, S. W.— State Senator in Colorado, vouches for charac-
ter of James White, 165.
DELCHAYHA — With Skivitkill, holds conference with General
Alexander and Major Clcndenin, 304 et seq.
DELEGATE TO CONGRESS— Reference to his election as, by
Gov. McCormick in message to Fifth Legislature, 42.
DELLENBAUGH, F. S.— Brands James White's story of trip
through Grand Canyon as "base fabrication," 168, 181.
DE LONG, SIDNEY R.— Resigns office as Probate Judge, 58; Men-
tion of by Thomas Thompson Hunter, 291, 292.
DENT, GEO. W.— General Indian Agent for Territory, mention of,
242; interferes with General Gregg's order to consider all In-
dians off of reservations hostile, 242 et seq.; makes treaty with
Mohaves and Chimehuevis, 244.
DEPOSITARY, U. S. — Fifth Legislature passes resolution recom-
mending establishment of, at Tucson, 44.
DESERTIONS — General Ord in report mentions desertions of sol-
diers, 269. .....
DEVIN, GENERAL THOMAS E.— Report of expeditions against
hostile Indians, 271 et seq.; makes mention of building roads
and trails, 276.
DORAN, MAJ. A. J.— Experience with Pah-Utes, 330.
DORCE, RICHARD — Severely wounded by Indians, 319.
DRACHMAN, MOSE— Mention of, 32.
DRACHM AN, PHILIP— Member of Fourth Legislature, 2; bi-
ography of, 31.
DRACHMAN, SAMUEL ARIZONA— Mention of, 32.
DUNN, A. G. — Has herd of horses stolen by Indians, 219.
DUTIES — Fourth Legislature memorializes Congress to allow
duties to be paid in currency, 15.
EDUCATIONAL MATTERS— Mentioned by Gov. McCormick in
message to Fifth Legislature, 41.
EHRHART, T. J.— Chairman of Colorado State Highway Commis-
sion, furnishes corroboration of James White's trip through
GraHd Canyon, 163.
ELIAS, JESUS M.— Member of Fifth Legislature, 34.
EMORY, LTEUT.- Description of Apaches, 226.
ERWIN, A. M.— Member elect of Fifth Legislature, killed by In-
dians, 46, 300.
INDEX. 357
EWING, THOMAS— Guide of Capt. Sanford's expedition against
Apaches, 196.
EXPLORATIONS AND SURVEYS— Kansas Pacific surveying ex-
pedition, 100 et seq.; story of James White's trip down the
Grand Canyon, 122 et seq.; story of Major Powell's first ex-
pedition through Grand Canyon, 169 et seq.
FERRIES — Mentioned by Gov. McCormick in message to Fifth
Legislature, 41.
FERRY, JAMES — U. S. quartermaster at Callville, takes care of
James White after latter's trip through Grand Canyon, 152.
FINANCES, TERRITORIAI^-Meution of by Gov. McCormick, 14;
Report of special committee on condition of Territorial
Finances, 19 et seq.
FINE, JIM— Mention of by J. W. Sullivan, 339.
FISHER .—Mail carrier killed by Indians, 288, 289.
FLETJRY, JUDGE— Mention of, 349.
FLOOD, PRIVATE— One of escort of mail rider Spencer, killed
and mutilated by Hualapais, 302 et seq.
FLOWER, W. T. — Special Legislative Committee criticises appoint-
ment of as Adjutant-General, 23.
FOREMAN, S. W.— Makes first survey of Tucson, 327.
FORT BOWIE — Description of by Wm. A. Bell, 102; mentioned by
General John S. Mason in report, 184; conditions at described
by Thomas Thompson Hunter, 285; commander of post killed
by Indians, 285, 286; fight at between station keeper and one
of Cochise's band, 286 et seq.
FORT BRECKENRIDGE— Mentioned by Genl. John S. Mason in
his report, 188; name changed to Fort Grant, 188.
FORT BUCHANAN— Mentioned by Genl. John S. Mason in his
report, 185.
FORT GOODWIN— Mentioned by Genl. John S. Mason in report,
184.
FORT GRANT — Formerly Fort Breckenridge; mention of by Genl.
John S. Mason in his report, 188.
FORT McDowell — Mentioned by Genl. John S. Mason in his
report, 185; mentioned by Genl. Irvin McDowell in his report,
231.
FORT MOJAVE — Mentioned by Genl. John S. Mason in his report,
184.
FORT WHIPPLE — Mentioned by Genl. John S. Mason in report,
184.
FORT YUMA — Mentioned by Genl. John S. Mason in his report,
184.
FRENCHMEN, TWO — Fight with Indians down on Hassayampa,
281.
GAGE, ALMON— Elected Secretary of Council of Fourth Legis-
lature, 2.
GARVIN, W. H. — Appointed Adjutant-General, 23.
GASS, OCTAVIUS D. — Member of Fourth Legislature, 1; elected
President of Council, 2; represents Mohave and Pah-Ute Coun-
ties in Fifth Legislature, 33.
358 INDEX.
CrIBBINS, ANDKEW S.— Member of Fifth Legislature, 34.
GIBSON, J. P.— With Joseph Melvin attacked by Indians and
severely wounded, 308, 309,
GILES, JAMES S.— Member of Fourth Legislature, 2.
GONZALES .—Murdered by Indians, 280.
GOODFELiLOW . — Name of fourth member of prospecting
party of which James White was a member, 154; shot in foot
and left behind, 155.
GOODWIN, FEANCIS H.— Member of Fifth Legislature, 34.
GOODWIN, GOVERNOR JOHN N.— Accompanies Genl. John S.
Mason on tour of Territory, 186; makes arrangements to raise
two companies of Pima and Maricopa Indians; one company
of Mexicans at Tucson and one at Tubac, 186.
GOVERNOR— Message of R. C. McCormick to Fourth Legislature,
2 et seq.; Message of R. C. McCormick to Fifth Legislature,
34; McCormick takes seat in Congress as Delegate, 09; arrival
of A. P. K. Safford, 99.
GRAND CANYON— First known passage of by James White, 122
et seq.; story of Major Powell's first expedition through Grand
Canyon, 169 et seq.; distances traversed by Maj. Powell, 180,
181; mention of second expedition of Maj. Powell, 181.
GRANT, JAMES— Report of as Territorial Auditor, 14, 15; resigns
office, 57.
GREGG, GENERAL — Commended by Fourth Legislature, 18; with
Genl. Palmer in experience with Apaches, 111 et seq.; issues
order that all Indians found off reservations be treated as hos-
tiles, 242; order interfered with by Superintendent of Indian
Affairs Dent, 242 et seq.; order countermanded by General
McDowell, 246; succeeds Col. Wallen in northern Arizona, 298;
commands expedition against hostiles, 299.
GUNTER, JULIUS— Governor of Colorado, vouches for character
of James White, 165.
HADSELL, CHARLES— Murdered by Indians, 319.
HALL, ANDREW— Member of Maj. Powell's first expedition
through Grand Canyon, 180.
HALLECK, MAJOR-GENERAL H. W.— Report, 203 et seq.; re-
port on Military Conditions in Arizona in 1868, 261 et seq.;
declares Arizona military district, 298.
HAMBLIN, JACOB — Diplomat of Mormon Church makes peace
with Navahoes, 328; description of by Maj. Powell, 329.
HANCE .—Mention of by J. W. Sullivan, 333.
HANFORD, G. W.— Member of Fourth Legislature, 2; did not at-
tend session, 2.
HARDY, W. H. — Member of Fourth Legislature, 1; corroborates
statements of Charles McAllister in reference to James White,
141; his experience with hostile Wallapais, 330.
HAVASUPAIS.— Treatment of James White in Grand Canyon,
159, 182.
HAWKINS, W. RHODES— Member of Maj. Powell's first expedi-
tion through Grand Cauvon, 180.
HENION, JOHN— Member of Fourth Legislature, 2; did not at-
tend session, 2.
INDEX. 359
HIGHWAYS AND STREETS— Act passed by Fifth Legislature in
reference to, 64.
HINTON, JIM — Employer of James White after latter's trip
through Grand Canyon, 160.
HODGES, FRANCIS M.— Member of Fourth Legislature, 2.
HOOPER, JOSEPH H.— Member of Fifth Legislature from Yuma
County — did not attend session, 33.
HOOPEH, WHITING & CO.— Leading merchants of Territory, 328.
HUALAP'aIS, see Wallapais.
HUBBARD, LIEUT. — Army officer stationed at Fort Bowie, 102.
HUNTER, THOMAS THOMPSON — Describes attitude of Indians
in 1867 and 1868, 285 et seq.
ILGES, COLONEL— Mentioned by Assistant Inspector General
Roger Jones in report, 208.
INDEBTEDNESS— Fourth Legislature memorializes Congress ask-
ing that certain indebtedness of Territory be assumed by
Federal Government, 15 et seq.
INDIAN RESERVATIONS— Need of mentioned by Gov. McCor-
mick, 7; one only in Arizona, 7; appropriation for improve-
ments on Colorado River Indian reservation refused by Con-
gress, 88 et seq.
INDIANS — Hostile mentioned by Governor MeCormick m his
message, 2; mentions need of reservations, 7; hostiles again
referred to by Governor MeCormick in message to Fifth Legis-
lature 34; mention of in general, 36; sale of liquor to, men-
tioned by Gov. MeCormick in message to Fifth Legislature,
41; report of committee of Fifth Legislature, 47 et seq.; kill
Lieut. Carrol and mail carrier, 103 et seq.; attack Genl. W. J.
Palmer in command of Kansas Pacific Railway Company's sur-
veying expedition, 109 et seq.; treatment of James White by
Havasupais, 159, 182; friendly and hostile tribes mentioned by
Genl. John S. Mason in his report, 183 et seq.; mentioned in
report of Assistant Inspector General Jones, 206 et seq.; also
in reply of General McDowell to report of Assistant Inspector
General Jones, 215 et seq.; expeditions against described by
General McDowell, 219 et seq.; steal horses belonging to A. G.
Dunn, O. Allen, Sheriff Rourke, Ben Block, and Governor Me-
Cormick, 219, 220; Yavapais mentioned by Lieut.-Col. Price
as most hostile of Indians, 222; also Wallapais, 222; Descrip-
tion of Apaches by Lieut. Emory and Capt. Johnstone, 226
et seq.; River Indians on warpath, 241, 242; General Gregg
issues order that all Indians found oflE reservations be treated
as hostiles, 242; order interfered with by Superintendent of
Indian Affairs Geo. W. Dent, 242 et seq.; Superintendent Dent
makes treaty with Mohaves and Chimehuevis, 244; General
McDowell countermands General Gregg's order, 246; report of
General Thomas E. Devin of expeditions against hostiles, 271
ct seq.; murders, raids, etc.; names of persons murdered,
wounded, or robbed by, 279 et seq.; Colonel Price takes war-
path against Wallapais. 294; article in San Francisco "Call"
on, 294 et seq.; Indian question still unsolved, 297 et seq.;
continue raids and massacres, 298 et seq.; attack on S. C.
360 INDEX.
Miller's ranch, 300; Apache-Yumas, Apache-Mohaves and Yava-
pais threaten town of La Paz, 308; murders, raids and attacks
by, 308 et seq.; attack on Burnt Kanch, 311 et seq.; kill forty-
eight settlers in and around Prescott and Walnut Grove, 328;
murder three of Maj. J. W. Powell's men who left him on
first trip through Grand Canyon, 329; Major Powell sleeps in
safety among murderers, 329; Major A. J. Doran's experience
with Pah-Utes, 330; Capt. Thos. J. Jeflford's experience with
Cochise, 330; W. H. Hardy's experience with Wallapais, 330.
lERIGATION — Mentioned by Gov. McCormick in message to Fifth
Legislature, 40, 41.
IRWIN .—Murdered by Indians, 319.
ISRAEL .—Murdered by Indians, 319.
JACKSON, ORICK — In "White Conquest," gives number of whites
killed by Indians, 284.
JACOBS, B. M.— Enrolling Clerk of Council, Fifth Legislature, 34.
JACOBS, L. M. — Engrossing clerk of Council, Fifth Legislature, 34.
JAMES, GEO. WHARTON— In "In and Around Grand Canyon"
makes statement that James White worked for Major Powell;
statement denied by White, 166.
JAY, LE ROY— Murdered by Indians, 280.
JEFFORDS, CAPT. THOS. J.— His experience with Cochise, 330.
JEFFRYES, ELI— Cashier of First Natl. Bank of Trinidad, Colo-
rado, vouches for character of James White, 165, 166.
JENKINS, HENRY— Member of Fourth Legislature, 1; member
of Fifth Legislature, 33; death of, 45.
JOHNSTONE, CAPT.— Description of Apaches, 227.
JONES, COL. ROGER — Assistant Inspector General — Makes report
on Military Operations and Conditions in Arizona in 1866-67;
makes recommendations as to disposition of troops and loca-
tion of posts; makes mention of dangers from Indians; men-
tions inconvenience and discomforts suffered by soldiers, 206
et seq.; recommendation that department commander for Ari-
zona be appointed, finally followed out, 235.
JUSTICES OF PEACE — Fourth Legislature memorializes Congress
to increase jurisdiction of, 15.
KANSAS PACIFIC RAILWAY COMPANY— Organizes surveying
expedition across Arizona for route for southern Railway, 100
et seq.
KELLOGG, S. B. — Furnishes corroboration of James White's trip
through Grand Canyon, 163.
KING, WILLIAM— With Whitcomb and Boblett attacked by In-
dians; Whitcomb killed and King severely wounded, 309, 310.
KIRKLAND . — Builds first road from Tucson to Santa Rita
Mountains, 327.
LAMBERTSON, T.— Attacked and wounded by Indians. 279, 280.
LAND DISTRICT— Fifth Legislature asks Congress for appoint-
ment of Surveyor-General for, 43,
LA PAZ — Threatened by Apache-Yumas, Apache-Mohaves and
Yavapais, 308.
INDEX. 361
LAWSON, LIEUT.— Member of Kansas Pacific Railway Com-
pany's surveying expedition, 102.
LEGAL — Mention of courts by Gov. McCormick, 12; Congress
memorialized by Fifth Congress for appropriation to codify
laws, 43; Judge Backus decides Third, Fourth and Fifth Legis-
latures illegal, 98; mention of scarcity of courts by Genl.
McDowell, 233.
LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY— Fourth Session convened at Pres-
cott, 1; memorializes Congress for regiment of volunteer
troops; to increase jurisdiction of Justices of Peace; to allow
duties to be paid in currency; protesting against annexation
of part of Arizona to Nevada; asking Congress to assume cer-
tain indebtedness of Territory, and to increase pay of members
and officers of Legislature, 15 et seq.; passes resolutions that
request be made that Arizona be made into separate Military
Department; of commendation for Generals Gregg and Critten-
den and Colonels Lovell, Sanford and Price, 17 et seq.; report
of select committee on financial condition of Territory, 19
et seq.; defeats act to create Maricopa County, 26; conven-
ing of Fifth, 33; memorializes Congi-ess for appropriation for
capital building at Tucson, 43; memorializes Congress for au-
thority to military commanders to arm citizens, 43; memorial-
izes Congress for extension of time for appropriation of net
proceeds of Internal Revenue for building of penitentiary, 43;
memorializes Congress for Mail Route from Tucson to Sasabi
Flat, 43; memorializes Congress for appropriation for Library,
43; memorializes Congress for appropriation to codify laws of
Territory, 43; asks Congress for appointment of Surveyor-
General for land district of Arizona, 43; Fifth Legislature
passes resolution requesting Arizona's Delegate in Congress to
ask for establishment of mail route from Tucson to Wicken-
burg and for semi-weekly service from Prescott to Albuquer-
que, N. M., 44; resolution recommending establishment of U. S.
Depositary at Tucson, 44; joint resolution in nature of appro-
priation bill, 44; resolution asking Delegate in Congress to
solicit premium for first person to sink artesian well on desert,
44; resolution of commendation of Governor McCormick, 45;
Death of Henry Jenkins, member, 45; A. M. Erwin, member
elect, killed by Indians, 46; report of committee on Military
and Indian Affairs, 47 et seq.; estimate of expenses of Terri-
tory for year ending November 1, 1869, 49, 50; Report of Com-
mittee on Counties and County Boundaries on boundary be-
tween California and Arizona, 50 et seq.; Gov. MeCormick's
appointments submitted to Council, 57; Acts passed by Fifth
Legislature: Dancing licensed; public highways and streets;
establishment of public schools; locating Territorial Prison
at or near town of Phoenix, 63 et seq.; Judge Backus decides
Third, Fourth and Fifth Legislatures illegal, 98; Congress
legalizes actions of these Legislatures, 98; in 1871, held m
Tucson, 99.
LENNON, JOSEPH C— With Geo. D. Bowers and party attacked
by Indians, Bowers killed. 310, 311.
LEWIS, CHARLES W.— Member of Fourth Legislature, 2.
362 INDEX.
LEWIS, NATHANIEL S.— Member of Fourth Legislature, 2.
LIBRARY — Fifth Legislature memorializes Congress for appro-
priation for Library 43.
LINDSEY, OLIVER— Member of Fourth Legislature, 2; elected
Speaker of House, 2; member of Fifth Legislature, 34.
LIQUOR, SALE OF TO INDIANS — Mentioned by Gov. McCor-
mick in message to Fifth Legislature, 41.
LORD, CHARLES H. — Appointed Territorial Auditor July 1, 1868',
by Gov. McCormick, 57.
LORD, DR.— Member of firm of Lord & Williams, appointed re-
ceiver of public moneys in Tucson, 327.
LORD & WILLIAMS — Leading firm in Tucson, 327.
LOUNT, DANIEL S. — Member of Fourth Legislature, 1.
LOVELL, COL. CHAS. S.— Commended by Fourth Legislature, 18;
succeeds Genl. Mason in southern Arizona, 298; is succeeded
by Genl. Crittenden, 298.
McAllister. CHARLES— One of party who rescued James
White; his description of White's condition, 141.
McCORMICK, GOV. R. C— Message to Fourth Legislature, 2 et
seq.; Message to Fifth Legislature, 34 et seq.; makes refer-
ence to his election as Delegate to Congress in message to
Fifth Legislature, 42; resolution of commendation of by Fifth
Legislature, 45; takes seat in Congress as Delegate, 99; owner
of horse stolen by Indians, 220; severely criticises Genl. Mc-
Dowell for countermanding General Gregg's order that all In-
dians found olf reservation be treated as hostiles, 250.
McCRACKEN, JACKSON— With Lieut. Cradlebaugh, attacked by
Indians, 283.
McDowell, genl. IRVIN— Report on conditions m Territory;
speaks in high commendation of Arizona Volunteers, 190 et
seq.; criticised bv Assistant Inspector General Jones for mili-
tary conditions in Arizona, 207 et seq.; replies to report of
Assistant Inspector General Jones, 215 et seq.; reports on ex-
peditions against Indians, 219 et seq.; mentions Colonel Mc-
Garry as celebrated Indian fighter, 223; issues special orders
No. 39, with reference to location of troops in Arizona, 236
et seq.; countermands General Gregg's order that all Indians
found off reservations bo treated as hostiles, 246; severely criti-
cised by Governor McCormick, 250; second annual report, 250
et seq."; makes special mention of Lieut. Col. Sanford, 253;
Capt. J. W. Williams wounded in expedition against hostile
Indians, 255; makes visit to Arizona; not well liked by people
of Arizona. 298; succeeded by Genl. Ord, 302.
McGARRY, COLONEL — Mentioned as celebrated Indian fighter by
General McDowell, 223.
McKEY, ALEXANDER— Member of Fourth Legislature, 1; mem-
ber of Fifth Legislature, 33.
MAIL CARRIER— Killed by Indians, 103 et seq.; Hualapais
severely wound mail rider Chas. Spencer, and murder and muti-
late escorts, 302 et seq.
MXTL ROUTE — Fifth Legislature memorializes Congress for estab-
lishment of Mail Route from Tucson to Sasabi Flat, 43; passes
INDEX. 363
resolution requesting Delegate in Congress to ask for mail
route from Tucson to Wickenburg, and for semi-weekly service
from Prescott to Albuquerque, N. M., 44.
MAIL SERVICE— Mentioned by Gov. McCormick, 10; poor ser-
vice mentioned by Genl. McDowell, 233.
MANNING .—Wounded by Indians, 296.
MABCY, ED— Killed by Indians, 318.
MARICOPA COUNTY— Act introduced into Fourth Legislature to
create, defeated, 26.
MARION, .lOHN H.— Biography of, 347 et seq.; Death of, 350.
MASON, GENERAL JOHN S.— Report on Arizona for 1865-66,
183 et seq.; succeeded by Col. H. D. Wallen and Col. Chas. S.
Lovcll, 298.
MATHEWS, JOHN H.— Member of Fourth Legislature, 2.
MELVIN, JOSEPH— With J. P. Gibson attacked by Indians, 308,
309,
MILLER, JAKE — With companion defends Burnt Ranch against
Indian attack and kills chief, 311 et seq.
MILLER, S. C. — Indians attack ranch of, brave defense by Mrs.
Miller, 300.
MILITARY — Governor McCormick calls attention to insufficient
forces in Arizona, and urges separate department for Terri-
tory, 2, 3; Fourth Legislature passes resolution that request
be made for separate department, 18; Fourth Legislature passes
resolution of commendation for Generals Gregg and Critten-
den, and Colonels Sanford and Price, 18, 19; Fifth Legislature
memorializes Congress to give authority to commanders of posts
to arm citizens, 43; report of committee of Fifth Legislature,
47 et seq.; Report of General .lohn S. Mason, makes trip over
District, accompanied by Governor Goodwin; mentions friendly
and hostile Indians; mentions arrival of Colonel Wright with
troops; recommends that two or three companies of native
Arizona troops be raised, 183 et seq.; Report of General Irvin
McDowell; speaks in high commendation of Arizona Volun-
teers, 191 et seq.; report of ex|)edition against Apaches by
Captain George B. Sanford, 196 et seq.; Report of Major-
General Halleck, 203 et seq.; Report of Colonel Roger Jones,
Assistant Inspector General, criticising military operations in
Arizona, 206 ct seq.; General McDowell's reply to report of
Assistant Inspector General Jones, 215 et seq.; expeditions
against Indians described by General McDowell, 219 ct seq.;
Special Orders No. 39, with 'reference to location of troops in
Arizona. 236 et seq.; General Gregg issues order that all In-
dians found off reservations be treated as hostiles, 242; General
McDowell countermands General Gregg's order, 246; General
McDowell's second report, 250, et seq.; Major-General H. W.
Halleck's report, 261 et seq.; General Ord's report, 269 et seq.;
desertions of soldiers mentioned by General Ord, 269 et seq.;
report of General Thomas E. Devin of expeditions against hos-
tile Indians, 271 et seq.; General Mason succeeded by Colonels
Wallen and Lovell, 298; Colonels Wallen and liovell, succeeded
by Generals Gregg and Crittenden, 298; Arizona declared mili-
tary district by Genl. Halleck, 298; General McDowell sue-
364 INDEX.
ceeded by General Ord, 302; Genl. Alexander and Major Clen-
denin hold conference with Delchayha and Skivitkill at Camp
O'Connell, 304 et seq.
MINES AND MINING — Mentioned by Gov. McCormick, 8; men-
tion of by Gov. McCormick in message to Fifth Legislature,
37 et seq.
MOHAVE RESERVATION— Indians on, go on warpath, 241, 242.
MOHAVES — With Chimehuevis, make treaty with Superintendent
Dent, 244,
NAVAHOES — Peace made with by Jacob Hamblin, 328.
OCHOA, ESTEVAN— Member of Council of Fifth Legislature from
Pima County, 33.
ORD, GENERAL C. C. — Report on conditions in Arizona in 1868,
269 et seq.; succeeds General McDowell and announces his
Indian policy, 302.
OURY, W. S. — Mention of in connection with Camp Grant mas-
sacre, 291.
OWEN, JOHN— Member of Fifth Legislature, 34.
PAH-UTES — Mentioned by Governor McCormick as hostiles, 2.
PALMER, GENL. W. J.— Succeeds Genl. W. W. Wright in charge
of Kansas Pacific Railway Company's surveying expedition,
101; experiences with Apaches in chasm in MogoUons, 109
et seq. ,
PARRY, DR. — Geologist of Kansas Pacific Railway Company s
surveying expedition; his conclusions as to the hydrography
of the Colorado river, 141 et seq.; wrote account of White's
trip through Grand Canyon, 144.
PAY OF LEGISLATORS AND OFFICERS OF TERRITORY—
Fourth Legislature memorializes Congress for increase in pay
of, 17.
PENITENTIARY — Fifth Legislature memorializes Congress for
extension of time of net proceeds of Internal Revenue for
building of, 43.
PENNINGTON, E. C— Murdered by Indians, 319.
PENNINGTON, GREEN— Murdered by Indians, 319.
PLATT, MORTIMER R. — Member of Fourth Legislature, 1.
POLLOCK, MRS. THOMAS — Furnishes corroboration of James
White's trip through Grand Canyon, 163.
POSTAL BILL — Amendment to favoring Arizona and other Terri-
tories passed, 94 et seq.
POWELL, CAPT. W. H. — Member of Maj. Powell's first expedition
through Grand Canyon, 180.
POWELL, MAJOR J. W.— Expedition through Grand Canyon re-
ferred to by "Rocky Mountain Herald," 145; story of first
expedition through Grand Canyon, 169 et seq.; distances trav-
ersed by, 180, 181; mention of second expedition, 181; de-
scribes Jacob Hamblin, 329; mentions death of three men who
left him on first trip through Grand Canyon, 329; sleeps in
safety among murderers, 329.
INDEX. 365
PRICE, LIEUTENANT-COLONEL— Commended by Fourth Legis-
lature, 18; Commands Expedition Against Indians, 222; men-
tions Yavapais as most hostile tribe, 222; also Wallapais, 222;
mentioned by Genl. McDowell, 256; takes warpath against
Wallapais, 294.
PRISON, TERRITORIAL— Act passed by Fifth Legislature estab-
lishing same at or near Phoenix, 87.
PURDY, LIEUTENANT — Commands expedition against Indians,
219.
RAILROADS AND TELEGRAPHS— Mentioned in Governor Mc-
Corniick's message to Fifth Legislature, 35.
RICHARDSON, ALBERT D.— Makes mention of James White's
trip through Grand Canyon in "Beyond the Mississippi," 162.
RICHARDSON, MARVIN M.— Member of Fourth Legislature, 2.
ROADS AND TRAILS — Mention of by Gov. McCormick in mes-
sage to Fifth Legislature, 42; General Dcvin mentions building
of, 276; first road from Tucson to Santa Rita mountains built
by Kirkland, 327.
ROCKY MOUNTAIN HERALD— Publishes account of James
White's trip through Grand Canyon, 145; refers to Major
Powell's expedition, 145.
ROURKE, SHERIFF — Owner of horse stolen by Indians, 220.
RUSH, JOHN A.— Member of Fourth Legislature, 2; biography of,
31.
ST. JAMES, LOUIS— With E. A. Bentley when Bentley was mur-
dered by Indians, 316 et seq.
SAFFORD, A. P. K. — Governor, arrives in Territory, 99.
SALPOINTE, BISHOP A. B.— Chaplain of Council, Fifth Legis-
lature, 34.
SANFORD, COLONEL GEORGE B.— Commended by Fourth Legis-
lature, 18; report of expedition against Apaches, mentions
Lieut. Camillio C. C. Carr, Mr. Max Strobel, Mr. Thomas
Ewing, 196 et seq.; mentioned by General McDowell in second
report, 253.
SAN FRANCISCO "CALL"— Editorial showing feeling towards
Indians, 294.
SAXTON, W. M.— Killed by Indians, 296.
SCHOOLS— Mentioned by Gov. McCormick, 11; Act passed by
Fourth Legislature empowering Supervisors to establish School
Districts, 29 et seq.; Act passed by Fifth Legislature estab-
lishing, 64 et seq.
SHIBELL, CHAS. A.— In paper read to Pioneers Historical So-
ciety gives list of murders and outrages by Indians, 318, 319.
SIMMONS, JOHN W.— Member of Fourth Legislature, 1.
SKIVITKILL- With Delchayha, holds conference with General
Alexander and Major Clendcnin, 304 et seq.
SKULL VALLEY — Many murders by Indians in, 300; Lieut. Hut-
ton in command of small force in, 300.
366 INDEX.
SLATER, JOHN— Murdered by Indians, 319.
SMITH, JOHN — Member of Fifth Legislature, afterwards known
as John Y. T. Smith, 34.
SMITH, W. A.— Known as "Shot Gun Smith"; memorable fight
against Indians, 289, 290.
SOCIAL LIFE^ — Mention of by Gov. MeCormiek in message to
Fifth Legislature, 42.
SPENCER, CHARLES— Mail carrier attacked by Hualapais,
severely wounded, and escort murdered and mutilated, 302
et seq.
STEVENS, HIRAM S.— Member of Fifth Legislature, 34.
STEPHENS, LEWIS A.— Member of Fourth Legislature, 1; In-
dians attack home of during absence attending Legislature;
brave defense by Mrs. Stephens, 293, 294.
STICKNEY, DANIEL H.— Member of Fourth Legislature, 1;
member of Fifth Legislature, 33.
STONE, COL. — Killed by Indians near Fort Bowie, 286.
STROBEL, MAX — Civilian who accompanied Capt. George B. San-
ford on expedition against Apaches, 196 ct seq.
STROLE, HENRY — Member of prospecting party led by Capt.
Baker of which James White was also member, 125; drowned
in waters of Colorado river in Grand Canyon, 133.
SULLIVAN, HON. J. W.— Biography of, 331 et seq.
SUMNER, JOHN C. — Member of Maj. Powell's first expedition
through Grand Canyon, 180.
SURVEYOR-GENERAL — Fifth Legislature asks Congress for ap-
pointment of for Arizona, 43.
TAYLOR, D. L. — Mayor of Trinidad, Colorado, vouches for charac-
ter of James White, 165.
TELEGRAPHS — See Railroads.
TERRITORIAL PRISON— Gov. McCormick mentions Congres-
sional appropriation for, and recommends selection of site, 13.
THAYER, JOHN S.— Appointed Probate Judge, July 20, 1868, by
Gov. McCormick, 58,
THOMPSON, B. F.— With Augxistus Begole, attacked by Indians,
Thompson killed and Begole severely wounded, 311.
TOMLINSON . — Murdered by Indians, 319.
TOOLE, JAMES H. — Appointed Adjutant-General September 7,
1868, by Gov. McCormick, 58,
TRADE RATS— Mention of, 241.
TRAILS — See Roads and Trails.
TREASURER, TERRITORIAL— Estimate of expense of running-
Territory for year ending Nov. 1, 1869, 49, 50; Report of, 59
et seq.
TREHAN, WILLIAM — Murdered by Indians, 280.
TROY, CORPORAL— One of escort of mail rider Spencer, killed
and mutilated by Hualapais, 302 et seq.
TUBAC — Mentioned by Genl. John S. Mason in report, 184; de-
serted on account of hostile Indians, 187.
INDEX. 367
TUCSON— Capital located at by Fourth Legislature, 28; men-
tioned by General John S. Mason as a village, 183; building
boom in, 327; first survey of by S. W. Foreman, 327; large
stocks of goods brought into by several firms, 327.
TULLY, OCHOA & CO.— Leading firm in Tucson, 327.
TULLY, P. E— Death of, 327.
TWADDLE, HARVEY— Murdered by Indians, 280.
U. S. DISTRICT ATTORNEY— Mention by Gov. McCormick of
office being vacant, 13.
U. S. MARSHAL— Mention by Gov. McCormick of office being
vacant, 13,
VOLUNTEERS — Governor McCormick urges raising of regiment,
4; General John S. Mason recommends raising of two or three
companies, 190.
VULTURE MINE— Mentioned by Governor McCormick in mes-
sage to Fifth Legislature, 37.
WALLAPAIS — Mentioned by Governor McCormick as hostiles, 2;
Mentioned by Licut.-Col. Price as among most dangerous In-
dians, 222; Colonel Price takes warpath against, 294; severely
wound mail rider Spencer and kill and mutilate escort, 302
et seq.
WALLEN, COL. H. D. — Succeeds Genl. Mason in northern Ari-
zona, 298; is succeeded by Genl. Gregg, 298.
WEAPONS, DEADLY — Improper use of forbidden by Act of
Fourth Legislature, 26 et seq.
WELLS, JUDGE E. W.— Description of Indian attack on Burnt
Ranch, 311 et seq.
WHITCOMB, JOSIAH— With William King and Boblett, attacked
by Indians; Whitcomb killed and King severely wounded,
309, 310.
WHITE, JAMES — First person known to make passage of Grand
Canyon of Colorado, 122 et seq.; leaves Fort Dodger on Arkan-
sas River with three companions on prospecting expedition,
124; attacked by Indians in canyon of Grand River, Captain
Baker killed, 128; White and one companion. Strole, build raft
and begin journey, 129; White's companion drowned, 133;
White's experience with Havasupai Indians, 139; arrives at
Callville and is rescued by Mormons, 140; story of trip made
official U. S. Senate document, 144; story of trip written by
Major Calhoun, member of Kansas Pacific Railway Company's
surveying expedition, 144; account of trip published in "Rocky
Mountain Herald," 145; said to have been rescued by Capt.
Wilburn of barge Colorado, 152; still living at Trinidad, Colo-
rado; his own story, 153 et seq.; denies statement made by
Geo. Wharton James that he worked for Maj. Powell, 166.
WICKENBURG — Vicinity of, scene of many Indian raids and mur-
ders, 281, 282.
WILBURN, CAPTAIN— Master of barge Colorado, said to have
rescued James White, 152.
368 INDEX.
WILLIAMS, CAPT. J. W.— Mentioned by Genl. McDowell as hav-
ing been wounded in Indian fight, 255.
WILLIAMS, W. W.— Member of firm of Lord & Williams; bi-
ography of, 327, 328.
WINDOM, WM. (of Minnesota) — Introduces amendment to Ap-
propriation Bill in Congress, for appropriation for Improve-
ments on Colorado Kiver Indian reservation, 88.
WEIGHT, GENL. W. W. — In charge of surveying expedition of
Kansas Pacific Eailway, 100.
YAVAPAIS — Mentioned by Governor McCormick as hostiles, 2;
With Apache-Yumas and Apache-Mohaves, threaten town of
La Paz, 308.
YEEIiES, THOMAS— Mention of, 318.
ZULICK, HON. C. MEYEE— Mention of, 350.
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