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Gc  --      - 

977.201 

B28h  ' 

v.l 

1490209 

GENEALOGY  COLLECTLOH 


G^i^ 


ALLEN  COUNTY  PUBLIC  LIBRARY 


3  1833  02490  0190 


HISTORY 


BARTHOLOMEW  COUNTY. 


INDIANA. 


FROM  THE  EARLIEST  TIME  TO  THE  PRESENT,  WITH  BIOGRAPHICAL 

SKETCHES,  NOTES,  ETC.,  TOGETHER  WITH  A  SHORT  HISTORY 

OF  THE  NORTHWEST,  THE  INDIANA  TERRITORY, 

AND  THE  STATE  OF   INDIANA. 


ILLTISTRATED. 


CHICAGO: 

BRANT  &  FULLER, 

1888. 


f 
1490209 

PREFACE. 


After  several  months  of  almost  uninterrupted  labor,  the  History  of 
Bartholomew  County  is  completed.  In  issuing  it  to  our  patrons  we 
do  not  claim  for  it  perfection ;  but  that  it  contains  that  reasonable  de- 
gree of  accm-acj  which  onl}'  could  be  expected  of  us,  is  confidently 
asserted.  The  difficulties  that  surround  such  an  undertaking  can 
scarcel}^  be  realized  by  one  who  has  never  engaged  in  work  of  the 
kind.  To  reconcile  the  doubtful  and  often  conflicting  statements 
that  are  so  frequently  made  by  those  who  would  seem  to  be  best 
informed,  is  a  task  both  perplexing  and  tedious.  Yet  we  believe 
that  we  have  been  able  to  present  a  history  of  the  coiuity  that  is  as 
nearly  complete  as  reason  can  demand,  and  the  book  exceeds  our 
promises  in  almost  every  particular.  We  have  endeavored  to  set 
forth  the  facts  in  as  concise  and  unostentatious  language  as  possible, 
believing  it  is  for  the  facts  and  not  for  -rhetorical  display  that  the 
book  is  desired.  The  mechanical  execution  and  general  appear- 
ance of  the  volume  will  recommend  it,  even  to  the  fastidious.  The 
arrangement  of  the  matter  is  such  as  to  render  an  index  almost 
superfluous,  as  the  subject  under  consideration  is  at  the  top  of  every 
right-hand  page.  For  further  details  the  italic  subdivisions  will 
enable  the  reader  to  refer  with  readiness  to  any  topic.  In  the  spelling 
of  proper  names  there  is  such  a  wide  difference,  even  among  mem- 
bers of  the  same  family,  and  it  is  a  matter  of  so  arbitrarj^  a  nature, 
that  our  only  guide  was  each  man's  desire.  Every  clew  that  gave 
promise  of  important  facts  connected  with  the  count3''s  historj'  has 
been  investigated  by  those  engaged  in  the  work.  We  believe  the 
volume  will  be  favorably  received  and  highly  appreciated  by  those 
for  whom  it  was  prepared.  Our  thanks  are  due  to  those  who  have 
rendered  us  assistance  and  to  our  patrons. 

THE  PUBLISHERS. 
Chicago,  Ili..,  September,  1888. 


CONTENTS. 


•  Past  i-histoet  of  indiawa. 


CITAPTER  I.  rAGK. 

PfiEHISTORIC  Raci:s 17 

Antiquities 1^ 

Chinese,  Tlio 18 

Discovery  by  CoUniitnis 33 

Exploralious  by  tlie  Wliites 87 

Indians,  The 31 

Immigration,  The  First 18 

Immigralion,  Tlie  Secona 20 

ryrauiids.  etc.  The 21 

Relics  of  the  Mound-Builders 23 

Siivage  Customs 34 

Tartars,  The 23 

Vincennes 39 

Wabash  Kiver,  The 39 

AVhite  Men,  The  First 37 

CHAPTER  II. 

National  Policies,  etc 41 

American  Policy,  The 46 

Atrocity  of  the  Savages 47 

Burningof  Hinton 48 

British  Policy,  Tlie 46 

Clark's  Expeditiou 52 

French  Scheme,  The 41 

Gilbault,  Father 65 

Government  of  the  Northwest 67 

Hamilton's  Career 64 

Liquor  and  Gaming  Laws 74 

Missionaries,  The  Catholic 42 

Ordinance  of  1787 70 

Pontiac's  War 46 

Kuse  Against  the  Indians C4 

Vigo,  Francis 6 

CHAPTER  III. 

Operations  Against  the  Indians 75 

Battle  at  Peoria  Lake 104 

Campaign  of  Harrison 92 

Cession  Treaties 93 

Defeat  of  St.  Clair 79 

Defensive  Operations 70 

Expedition  of  Harmer 75 

Expedition  of  Wayne 79 

Expedition  of  St.  Clair 78 

Expedition  of  Williamson 78 

Fort  Miami,  Battle  of 80 

Harrison  and  the  Indians 87 

Hopkins'  Campaign 105 

Kiekapoo  Town,  Burning  of. 78 

Maumee,  Battle  of. 75 

Massacre  at  Pigeon  Roost 103 

Mississiuewa  Town,  Battle  at 106 

Oratory,  Tecumseh's H4 

Prophet  Town,  Destruction  of 100 

Peace  with  the  Indians 100 

Siege  of  Fort  Wayne 101 

Siege  of  Fort  Harrison 103 

Tecumseh Ill 

Tippecanoe,  Battle  of. 98 

War  of  1812 lol 

War  of  1812,  Close  of  the loS 

CHAPTER  IV. 

Obganization  of  Indiana  Territory 82 

Bank,  Establishment  of 120 

Courts,  Formation  of 120 

County  Offices,  Appointmentof. 119 

Corydon,the  Capital „ 117 

Gov.  Posey 117 

Indiana  in  1810 84 

Population  in  1815 118 

Territorial  Legislature,  The  First 84 

Weilem  Sun,  The 84 


CHAPTER  V.  PAGE. 

Organization  of  tiik  Statk,  etc 121 

AmendiiRut,  The  Filteenth 147 

Black  Hawk  War UG 

Constitution,  Formation  of  the 121 

Caiiipai',Mis  Against  the  Indians 128 

Deloal  of  Black  Hawk 130 

lOxodu.s  of  the  Indians 131 

General  Assembly,  The  First 122 

Guadaliii'  -Hidalgo,  Treaty  of 142 

Harmony  <  omniunity 134 

Indian    lilies 132 

Immigration 125 

Lafayette,  Action  at 127 

Land  Sales 133 

Mexican  War,  The 136 

Slavery 144 

CHAPTER  VI. 

Indiana  inthi^,  Reheli.ion 148 

Batteries  of  Ijight  Infantry 182 

Battle  Record  of  States 188 

Call  to  Arms,  The 149 

Colored  Troops  of  Indiana 182 

Calls  ol  18G4 177 

Field,  In  the 152 

Independent  Cavalry  Regiment 181 

Morgan's  Raid 170 

Miuute-Men 170 

One  Hundred  Days'  Men 176 

Regiments,  Formation  of 151 

Regiments,  Sketch  of 153 

Six  Months'  Regiments 172 

CHAPTER  VII. 

State  Affairs  After  the  Rebellion 189 

Agriculture 209 

Coal 207 

Divorce  Laws 193 

Finances 194 

Geology 205 

Internal  Improvements 199 

Indiana  Horticultural  Society 212 

Indiana  Promological  Society 213 

Special  Laws 190 

State  Rank „ 196 

State  Board  of  Agrieulture 209 

State  Expositions 210 

Wealth  and  Progress 197 

CHAPTER  Vin. 

Education  and  Benevolence 215 

Blind  Institute,  The ; 232 

City  School  System 218 

Compensation  of  Teachers 220 

Denominational  and  Private  Institutions....  2.30 

Deaf  and  Dumb  Institute 236 

Education 265 

Enumeration  of  Scholars 219 

Family  Worship 252 

Free  School  Sysiem,  The 215 

Funds,  Management  of  the 217 

Female  Prison  and  Reformatory 241 

HouBOof  Refuge,  The ...243 

Insane  Hospital,  The 238 

Northern  Indiana  Normal  School 229 

Origin  of  School  Funds 221 

Purdue  University 224 

School  Statistics 218 

State  Universilv,  The 222 

State  Normal  School 228 

State  Prison,  South' 239 

State  I'rison,  North' 240 

Total  School  Funds 220 


VI 


CONTENTS. 


PART  11.— HISTORY    OF  BARTHOLOMEW    COUNTY. 


4  CHAFl'ER  I. 

Geoi-ooy  —  TopoLTajiIiy  —  Drniimge  —  Drift 
Period—  Cailjoniforous  A^e  —  Niagura 
Group  —  Local  Details  —  Fossils  —  Auti- 
quites,   Etc 277 

CHAETER  II. 

County  Organization  — Legislaf ire  Enact- 
uieut—  First  Board  and  Its  Doings— Lo- 
catiug  the  Connty  Feat  —  Sale  of  Lots— 
Changes  in  the  Board  —  Rnances — 
County  Poor  — Public  Buildings,  Court 
Houses  aud  Jails  —  Avenues  of  Travel- 
Ferries  and  Bridges  — Public  Officers  — 
,  Elections— Oi'gauization  of  Townships- 
Agricultural  Societies— Medical  Society.  313 

CHAPTER  HI. 

Early  Settlement  — Character  of  the  Pio- 
neers —  William  Connor  —  First  Settlers 
aud  "VVheie  They  Located  —  Early  J^uul 
Sales  —  Hunters  and  Their  Game  —  Pio- 
neer Dress  —  Amusements  —  Earlv  Mar- 
riages—Trade and  Commerce  — Politi- 
cal Campaigns,  Etc 3C6 

C&APTER  ly. 

Indian  History  —  Situation  Unfavorable  for 
the  Red  Man  —  Indian  Land  Tides  —  The 
Delaware  Nation  — A  Doomed  Race  — 
Pigeon  Roost  Massacre  — Battle  at  Tip- 
ton's Island  —  Tieaty  at  St.  Marys 405 

CHAPTER  V. 

Bekchand  Bar— First  Courts  — Adoption 
of  Seal  — p:arly  Cases  — Miscellaneous 
Items  —  Judges  of  Circuit  and  Common 
Pleas  Courts— Associate  Judges— Prose- 
cuting Attorneys  — Clerks— Sheriffs  — 
Roll  of  Attorneys 413 

CHAPTER  VI. 

Military  History  — Early  Militia— Mexi- 
can War  Companies  —  Conditon  Prior 
to  the  Civil  War  — Beginning  of  HostiU- 
ties  — First  Company  for  the  War  — 
Other  Troc^s  —  Later  Public  Sentiment 


—Morgan  Raid  —  Drafts  —  Men  Furnish- 
ed by  tlie  Counly  — Bounty  and  R.'lief 
—Roll  of  Honor 431 

CHAPTER  VII. 
Religious  History- The  Methodisl  Epis- 
copal Church  —  Its  Classes  at  St.  Louis, 
Hope,  Newbern,  Hai-tsville,  Carter's 
Chapel,  Bethel  Chuich,  St.  Louis  Cross- 
ing, Clifford,  Pelersville,  Burnsville, 
Trmity,  Azalia,  Walesbnro,  Eli/abetli- 
town.  New  Zion,  South  Bethany,  Mount 
Healthy,  Mount  Olive,  Nineveh  and 
Mount  Pleasant  — The  African  Jletho- 
dist  Episcopal  Church  — Baptist  Clnircli 
—  Its  Cla.sses  at  Sharon,  Haw  Creek, 
Little  Sand  Creek,  Columbus,  South 
Bethany  —  Second  Baptist  (Colored; 
C;hurch  —  The  Catholic  Church  —  United 
Brethren  —  Society  of  Friends  —  New 
Light  Christians  — Si')>arafe  r.aiitists  in 
Christ  — St.  Paul  E)iist'opal  Mission  — 
German  Evangelical  Liithcian  t'lunvh  — 
English  Evangelical  Lutheran  Clnnvh  — 
Christian  Union  Clnn-L-h— The  .Methodist 
Epi.scojial  Church,  Snuth- Jewish  Svn- 
agogue  —  Christ ian  Church— The  Morav- 
ian Chm'ch  of  Hope 4?o 

CHAPTER  VIII. 

Schools  —  Northwest  Territory  —  Early 
School  Legislation  —  Changes  in  the 
Laws  —  Early  School  Days  —  Qualifica- 
tion of  Teachers  —  Examinations  — 
The  Pioneer  Teacher  —  Rules  and  Cus- 
toms —  Other  Customs  —  Branches 
Taught— City  of  Columbus  — Its  Pub- 
lic Schools  —  Township  Schools— Harts- 
ville  University  —  Pi-ogress  Under  the 
New  Constitution 635 

CHAPTER  IX. 
Towns  —  City  of  Columbus  —  ANHien  and 
How  J'ouuded  —  Pri\ations  of  the  Early 
Settlers  —  Early  Taverns  —  Pioneer  Doc- 
tors —  First  Merchants  —  Railroads  — 
Waterworks,  Gas  and  Electric  Light  — 
Public  Buildings  —  Additions—  News- 
papers— Fraternities— Banking —  Manu- 
factories —  Hope  —  Elizabethtown  — 
HartsviUe  —  Jonesville,    Etc 573 


PART  III.— BIOGRAPHICAL   SKETCHES. 


In  order  to  find  any  particular  biographical 
sketch,  refer  to  the  township  in  which  the  per- 
son liyes,  where  they  will  be  found  in  alphabeti- 
ci!l  order.  The  sketches  for  each  township  be- 
gin as  follows: 

Clay  Township 039 

Clifty  Township 649 

Columbus  City 601 

Columbus  Township 700 

German  Township .".  793 

Haw  Creek  Township '.'.'..'.  804 

Jackson  Township 802 

Nineveh  Township 865 

Ohio  Township ['/'  871 

Rock  Creek  Township 879 

Sand  Creek  Township ' ' '  ]  881 

AVayneTownsliip g}j5 

Sutherland,  Blutord 890 


PORTRAITS. 

Banker,  A.  J 579 

Brown,  James  S 647 

Cooper,  Geo.  W 477 

Crumji,  Francis  J  341 

Crump,  John  S 081 

Hord,  Francis  T 375 

Irwin  Jeseph  1 409 

Lambert,  II.  W 749 

McCormack,  P.  H 511 

Norton,  Wm.   F 013 

Reeves,  A.  B 715 

Reeves,  M.  T 783 

Stansifer,   Simeon 443 

Swengel,  W.  S 545 

Terrell,  W.  H.  II 307 


HISTORY  OF  INDIANA: 


FORMER  OCCUPANTS. 


PREHISTOEIC    KACES. 

Scientists  have  ascribed  to  the  Mound  Builders  varied  origins^ 
and  though  their  divergence  of  opinion  may  for  a  time  seem  incom- 
patible with  a  thorough  investigation  of  the  subject,  and  tend  to 
a  confusion  of  ideas,  no  doubt  whatever  can  exist  as  to  the  compar- 
ative accuracy  of  conclusions  arrived  at  by  some  of  them.  Like 
the  vexed  question  of  the  Pillar  Towers  of  Ireland,  it  has  caused 
much  speculation,  and  elicited  the  opinions  of  so  many  learned 
antiquarians,  ethnologists  and  travelers,  that  it  will  not  be  found 
beyond  the  range  of  possibility  to  make  deductions  that  may 
suffice  to  solve  the  problem  who  were  the  prehistoric  settlers  of 
America.  To  achieve  this  it  will  not  be  necessary  to  go  beyond  the 
period  over  which  Scripture  history  extends,  or  to  indulge  in  those 
airy  flights  of  imagination  so  eadly  identified  with  occasional 
writers  of  even  the  Christian  school,  and  all  the  accepted  literary 
exponents  of  modern  paganism. 

That  this  continent  is  co-existent  with  the  world  of  the  ancients 
cannot  be  questioned.  Every  investigation,  instituted  under  the 
auspices  of  modern  civilization,  confirms  the  fact  and  leaves  no 
channel  open  through  which  the  skeptic  can  escape  the  thorough 
refutation  of  his  opinions.  China,  with  its  numerous  living  testi- 
monials of  antiquity,  with  its  ancient,  though  limited  literature 
and  its  Babelish  superstitions,  claims  a  continuous  history  from 
antediluvian  times;  but  although  its  continuity  may  be  denied 
with  every  just  reason,  there  is  nothing  to  prevent  the  transmission 
of  a  hieroglyphic  record  of  its  history  prior  to  1656  anno  mimdi, 
since  many  traces  of  its  early  settlement  survived  the  Deluge,  and 
became  sacred  objects  of  the  first  historical  epoch.  This  very  sur- 
vival of  a  record,  such  as  that  of  which  the  Chinese  boast,  is  not 
at  variance  with  the  designs  of  a  God  who  made  and  ruled  the 
universe;  but  that  an  antediluvian  people  inhabited  this  continent, 


•IS  msTour  OF  Indiana. 

will  not  l)c  claimed;  because  it  is  not  probable,  iLougli  it  may 'be 
possible,  that  a  settlement  in  a  land  v/hich  may  be  considered  a 
portion  of  the  Asiatic  continent,  was  effected  by  the  immediate 
Ibllowcrs  of  the  first  progenitors  of  the  human  race.  Therefore,  on 
entering  the  study  of  the  ancient  people  who  raised  these  tumu- 
lus monuments  over  large  tracts  of  the  country,  it  will  be  just 
sufficient  to  wander  back  to  that  time  when  the  flood-gates  of 
lieaven  were  swung  open  to  hurl  destruction  on  a  wiclced  world; 
and  in  doing  so  the  inquiry  must  be  based  on  legendary,  or  rather 
upon  many  circumstantial  evidences;  for,  so  .far  as  written  narra- 
tive extends,  there  is  nothing  to  show  that  a  movement  of  people 
too  far  east  resulted  in  a  "Western  settlement. 

THE    FIRST   IMMIGRATION. 

The  first  and  most  probable  sources  in  which  the  origin  of  the 
Builders  must  be  sought,  are  those  countries  lying  along  the  east- 
ern coast  of  Asia,  which  d..  btless  at  that  time  stretched  far  beyond 
its  present  limits,  and  pre  nted  a  continuous  shore  from  Lojnitka 
to  Point  Cambodia,  holding  a  population  comparatively  civilized, 
and  all  professing  some  elementary  form  of  the  Boodhism  of  later 
days.  Those  peoples,  like  the  Chinese  of  the  present,  were  bound 
to  live  at  home,  and  probably  observed  that  law  until  after  the  con- 
fusion of  languages  and  the  dispersion  of  the  builders  of  Babel  in 
1757,  A.M. ;  but  subsequently,  within  the  following  century,  the 
old  Mongolians,  like  the  new,  crossed  the  great  ocean  in  the  very 
paths  taken  by  the  present  representatives  of  the  race,  arrived  on 
the  same  shores,  which  now  extend  a  very  questionable  hospitality 
tc  them,  and  entered  at  once  upon  the  colonization  of  the  country 
south  and  east,  while  the  Caucasian  race  engaged  in  a  similar  move- 
ment of  exploration  and  colonization  over  what  may  be  justly 
termed  the  western  extension  of  Asia,  and  both  peoples  growing 
stalwart  under  the  change,  attained  a  moral  and  physical  eminence 
to  which  they  never  could  lay  claim  under  the  tropical  sun  which 
shed  its  beams  upon  the  cradle  of  the  human  race. 

That  mysterious  people  who,  like  the  Brahmins  of  to-day,  wor- 
shiped some  transitory  deity,  and  in  after  years,  evidently  embraced 
the  idealization  of  Boodhism,  as  preached  in  Mongolia  early  in  the 
35th  century  of  the  world,  together  with  acquiring  the  learning  of 
tlie  Confucian  and  Pythagorean  schools  of  the  same  period,  spread 
all  over  the  land,  and  in  their  numerous  settlements  erected  these 
ratlis,  or  mounds,  and  sacrificial  altars  whereon  they  received  their 


HISTOliV   OF   INDIANA.  19 

periodical  visitinrr  gods,  surrendered  tbcir  Ltidies  to  natural  absorp- 
tion or  annihilation,  and  watched  lor  the  rclurn  of  some  transmi- 
grated ^oul,  the  while  adoring  the  universe,  which  with  all  beings 
thej  believed  would  be  eternally  existent.  They  possessed  religious 
orders  corresponding  in  external  show  at  least  with  the  Essencs  or 
Theraputa3  of  the  pre-Christian  and  Christian  epochs,  and  to  the 
reformed  Thcraputre  or  monks  of  the  present.  Every  memento 
of  their  coming  and  their  stay  which  has  descended  to  us  is  an  evi- 
dence of  their  civilized  condition.  The  free  copj^or  foinid  within 
the  tumuli;  the  open  veins  of  the  Superior  and  Iron  Mountain 
copper-mines,  with  all  the  modus  ope?'andi  of  ancient  mining,  such 
as  ladders,  levers,  chisels,  and  hammer-heads,  discovered  by  the 
French  explorers  of  the  Northwest  and  the  Mississippi,  are  conclu- 
sive 2:)roofs  that  those  prehistoric  people  were  highly  civilized,  and 
that  many  flourishing  colonies  were  spread  throughout  the  Missis- 
sippi vallej',  while  yet  the  mammoth,  the  mastodon,  and  a  hundred 
other  animals,  now  only  known  b}^  their  gigantic  fossil  remains, 
guarded  the  eastern  shore  of  the  continent  as  it  were  against  sup- 
posed invasions  of  the  Tower  Builders  who  went  wdst  fi-om  Babel; 
while  yet  the  beautiful  isles  of  the  Antilles  formed  an  integral 
portion  of  this  continent,  long  years  before  the  European  ^Northman 
dreamed  of  setting  forth  to  the  discovery  of  Greenland  and  the 
northern  isles,  and  certainly  at  a  time  when  all  that  portion  of 
America  north  of  latitude  45"  was  an  ice-incumbcrcd  waste. 

Within  the  last  few  years  great  advances  have  been  made  toward 
the  discovery  of  antiquities  whether  pertaining  to  remains  of  organic 
or  inorganic  nature.  Together  with  many  small,  but  telling 
relics  of  the  early  inhabitants  of  the  country,  the  fossils  of  pre- 
historic animals  have  been  unearthed  from  end  to  end  of  the  land, 
and  in  districts,  too,  long  pronounced  by  geologists  of  some  repute 
to  be  without  even  a  vestige  of  vertebrate  fossils.  Among  the 
collected  souvenirs  of  an  age  about  which  so  very  little  is  known, 
are  twenty-five  vertebrre  averaging  thirteen  inches  in  diameter, 
and  three  vertebrtB  ossified  together  measure  nine  cubical  feet;  a 
thigh-bone  five  feet  long  by  tveenty-eight,  by  twelve  inches  in 
diameter,  and  the  shaft  fourteen  by  eight  inches  thick,  the  entire 
lot  weighing  600  lbs.  These  fossils  are  presumed  to  belong  to  the 
cretaceous  period,  when  the  Dinosaur  roamed  over  the  country  from 
East  to  West,  desolating  the  villages  of  the  people.  This  animal 
is  said  to  have  been  6i::ty  feet  long,  and  when  feeding  in  cypress 
and  palm  forests,  to  extend  himself  eighty-five  feet,  so  that  he  may 


20  HISTORY    OF    INDIANA. 

devour  the  budding  tops  of  those  great  trees.  Otlier  efforts  in  this 
direction  may  lead  to  great  results,  and  culminate  probably  in  the 
discovery  of  a  tablet  engraven  by  some  learned  Mound  Builder, 
describing  in  the  ancient  hieroglyphics  of  China  all  these  men  and 
beasts  whose  history  excites  so  much  speculation.  The  identity  of 
the  Mound  Builders  with  the  Mongolians  might  lead  us  to  hope 
for  such  a  consummation;  nor  is  it  beyond  the  range  of  probability, 
particularly  in  this  practical  age,  to  find  the  future  labors  of  some 
industrious  antiquarian  requited  by  the  upheaval  of  a  tablet,  written 
in  the  Tartar  characters  of  1700  years  ago,  bearing  on  a  subject 
which  can  now  be  treated  only  on  a  purely  circumstantial  basis. 

THE   SECOND    IMMIGRATION 

may  have  begun  a  few  centuries  prior  to  the  Christian  era,  and 
unlike  the  former  expedition  or  expeditions,  to  have  traversed  north- 
eastern  Asia  to  its  Arctic  confines,  and  then  east  to  the  narrow 
channel  now  known  as  Behring's  Straits,  which  they  crossed,  and 
sailing  up  tlie  unchanging  Yukon,  settled  under  the  shadow  of 
Mount  St.  Elias  for  many  years,  and  pushing  South  commingled 
with  their  countrymen,  soon  acquiring  the  characteristics  of  the 
descendants  of  the  first  colonists.  Chinese  chronicles  tell  of  such 
a  people,  who  went  North  and  were  never  heard  of  more.  Circum- 
stances conspire  to  render  that  particular  colony  the  carriers  of  a 
new  religious  faith  and  of  an  alphabetic  system  of  a  representative 
character  to  the  old  colonists,  and  they,  doubtless,  exercised  a  most 
beneficial  influence  in  other  respects  ;  because  the  influx  of  immi- 
grants of  such  culture  as  were  the  Chinese,  even  of  that  remote 
period,  must  necessarily  bear  very  favorable  results,  not  only  in 
brino'ing  in  reports  of  their  travels,  but  also  accounts  from  the 
fatherland  bearing  on  the  latest  events. 

AVith  the  idea  of  a  second  and  important  exodus  there  are  many 
theorists  united,  one  of  whom  says:  "It  is  now  the  generally 
received  opinion  that  the  first  inhabitants  of  America  passed  over 
from  Asia  through  these  straits.  Tlie  number  of  small  islands 
lying  between  both  continents  renders  this  opinion  still  more 
probable;  and  it  is  yet  farther  confirmed  by  some  remarkable  traces 
of  similarity  in  the  physical  conformation  of  the  northern  natives 
of  both  continents.  The  Esquimaux  of  North  America,  the 
Samoieds  of  Asia,  and  the  Laplanders  of  Europe,  arc  supposed  to 
be  of  the  same  family;  and  this  supposition  is  strengthened  by  the 
affinity  which  exists  in  their  languages.    The  researches  of  Hum- 


HISTORY    OF   INDIANA.  21 

boldt  have  traced  the  Mexicans  to  the  vicinity  of  Bchrincr's  Straits; 
whence  it  is  conjectured  that  thej^  as  well  as  the  Peruvians  and 
other  tribes,  came  originally  from  Asia,  and  were  the  Ilionrrnoos, 
who  are,  iu  the  Chinese  annals,  said  to  liave  emigrated  under  Puno, 
and  to  have  been  lost  in  the  North  of  Siberia." 

Since  this  theory  is  accepted  by  most  antiquaries,  there  is  every 
reason  to  believe  that  from  the  discovery  of  what  may  be  called  an 
overland  route  to  what  was  then  considered  an  eastern  extension  of 
that  country  which  is  now  known  as  the  "  Celestial  Empire,"  many 
caravans  of  emigrants  passed  to  their  new  homes  in  the  land  of 
illimitable  possibilities  until  the  way  became  a  well-marked  trail 
over  which  the  Asiatic  might  travel  forward,  and  having  once 
entered  the  Elj'sian  fields  never  entertained  an  idea  of  returning. 
Thus  from  generation  to  generation  the  tide  of  immigration  poured 
in  until  the  slopes  of  the  Pacific  and  the  banks  of  the  great  inland 
rivers  became  hives  of  busy  industry.  Magnificent  cities  and 
monuments  were  raised  at  the  bidding  of  the  tribal  leaders  and 
populous  settlements  centered  with  happy  villages  sprung  up 
everywhere  in  manifestation  of  the  power  and  wealth  and  knowl- 
edge of  the  people.  The  colonizing  Caucasian  of  the  historic 
period  walked  over  this  great  country  on  the  very  ruins  of  a  civil- 
ization which  a  thousand  years  before  eclipsed  all  that  of  which  be 
could  boast.  He  walked  through  the  wilderness  of  the  West  over 
buried  treasures  hidden  under  the  accumulated  growth  of  nature, 
nor  rested  until  he  saw,  with  great  surprise,  the  remains  of  ancient 
pyramids  and  temples  and  cities,  larger  and  evidently  more  beauti- 
ful than  ancient  Egypt  could  bring  forth  after  its  long  years  of 
uninterrupted  history.  The  pyramids  resemble  those  of  Egypt  in 
exterior  form,  and  in  some  instances  are  of  larger  dimensions.  The 
pyramid  of  Cholula  is  square,  having  each  side  of  its  base  1,335 
feet  in  length,  and  its  height  about  172  feet.  Another  pyramid? 
situated  in  the  north  of  Vera  Cruz,  is  formed  of  large  blocks 
of  highly-polished  porphyry,  and  bears  upon  its  front  hiero- 
glyphic inscriptions  and  curious  sculpture.  Each  side  of  its 
square  base  is  82  feet  in  length,  and  a  flight  of  57  steps  conducts  to 
its  summit,  which  is  65  feet  in  height.  The  ruins  of  Palenque  are 
said  to  extend  20  miles  along  the  ridge  of  a  mountain,  and  the 
remains  of  an  Aztec  city,  near  the  banks  of  the  river  Gila,  are 
spread  over  more  than  a  square  league.  Their  literature  consisted 
of  hieroglyphics;  but  their  arithmetical  knowledge  did  not  extend 
farther  than  their  calculations  by  the  aid  of  grains  of  corn.     Yet, 


22  HISTORY    OF    INDIANA. 

notwitlistanding  all  their  varied  nccoiuplisluncnts,  and  they  were 
evidently  many,  their  notions  of  religious  dut}'  led  to  a  most  demo- 
niac zeal  at  once  barbarously  sava:;-e  and  ferociously  cruel.  Each 
visiting,  god  instead  of  bringing  new  life  to  the  people,  brought 
death  to  thousands;  and  their  grotesque  idols,  exposed  to  drown. 
the  senses  of  the  beholders  in  fear,  wrought  wretchedness  rather 
than  spiritual  happiness,  until,  as  some  learned  and  humane  Monte- 
zumian  said,  the  people  never  approached  these  idols  without  fear, 
and  this  fear  was  the  great  animating  principle,  the  great  religious 
motive  power  which  sustained  the  terrible  religion.  Their  altars 
were  sprinkled  with  blood  drawn  from  their  own  bodies  in  large 
quantities,  and  on  them  thousands  of  human  victims  were  sacri- 
ficed in  honor  of  the  demons  whom  they  worshiped.  The  head 
and  heart  of  every  captive  taken  in  war  were  offered  up  as  a  bloody 
sacrifice  to  the  god  of  battles,  while  the  victorious  legions  feasted 
on  the  remaining  portions  of  the  dead  bodies.  It  has  been  ascer- 
tained that  during  the  ceremonies  attendant  on  the  consecration  of 
two  of  their  temples,  the  number  of  prisoners  offered  up  in  sacri- 
fice was  12,210;  while  their  own  legions  contributed  voluntary 
victims  to  the  terrible  belief  in  large  numbers.  Nor  did  this 
horrible  custom  cease  immediately  after  1521,  when  Cortez  entered 
the  imperial  city  of  the  Montezumas;  for,  on  being  driven  from 
it,  all  his  troops  who  fell  into  the  hands  of  the  native  soldiers  were 
subjected  to  the  most  terrible  and  prolonged  suffering  that  could  be 
experienced  in  this  world,  and  wheu  about  to  yield  up  that  spirit 
which  is  indestructible,  were  offered  in  sacrifice,  their  hearts  and 
heads  consecrated,  and  the  victors  allowed  to  feast  on  the  yet  warm 
flesh. 

A  reference  is  made  here  to  the  period  when  the  Montezumas 
ruled  over  Mexico,  simply  to  gain  a  better  idea  of  the  hideous 
idolatry  which  took  the  place  of  the  old  Boodhism  of  the  Mound 
Builders,  and  doubtless  helped  in  a  great  measure  to  give  victory 
to  the  new  comers,  even  as  the  tenets  of  Mahometanism  urged  the 
ignorant  followers  of  the  prophet  to  the  conquest  of  great  nations. 
It  was  not  the  faith  of  the  people  who  built  the  mounds  and  the 
pyramids  and  the  temples,  and  who,  200  years  before  the  Christian 
era,  built  the  great  wall  of  jealous  China.  No:  rather  was  it  that 
terrible  faith  born  of  the  Tartar  victory,  which  carried  the  great 
defenses  of  China  at  the  point  of  the  javelin  and  hatchet,  who 
afterward  marched  to  the  very  walls  of  Rome,  under  Alaric,  and 


niSTOUY    OF   INDIANA.  23 

spread  over  the  islands  of  Polynesia  to  the  Pacific  slopes  of  South 
America. 

THE    TAllTARS 

« 

came  there,  and,  like  the  pure  Mongols  of  Mexico  and  the  Missis- 
sippi valley,  rose  to  a  state  of  civilization  bordering  on  that  attained 
by  them.  Here  for  centuries  the  sons  of  the  fierce  Tartar  race  con- 
tinued to  dwell  in  com])arative  peace  until  the  all-ruling  ambition 
of  empire  took  in  the  whole  country  from  the  Pacific  to  tiie  Atlan- 
tic, and  peopled  the  vast  territory  watered  by  the  Amazon  with  a 
race  that  was  destined  to  conquer  all  the  peoples  of  the  Orient, 
and  only  to  fall  before  the  march  of  the  arch-civilizing  Caucasian. 
In  course  of  time  those  fierce  Tartars  pushed  their  settlements 
northward,  and  ultimately  entered  the  territories  of  the  Mound 
Builders,  putting  to  death  all  who  fell  within  their  reach,  and 
causing  the  survivors  of  the  death-dealing  invasion  to  seek  a  refuge 
from  the  hordes  of  this  semi-barbarous  people  in  the  wilds  and  fast- 
nesses of  the  North  and  Northwest.  The  beautiful  country  of  the 
Mound  Builders  was  now  in  the  hands  of  savage  invaders,  the  quiet, 
industrious  people  who  raised  the  temples  and  pyramids  were  gone; 
and  the  wealth  of  intelligence  and  industry,  accumulating  forages, 
passed  into  the  possession  of  a  rapacious  horde,  who  could  admire 
it  only  so  far  as  it  offered  objects  for  plunder.  Even  in  this  the 
invaders  were  satisfied,  and  then  having  arrived  at  the  height  of 
their  ambition,  rested  on  their  swords  and  entered  upon  the  luxury 
and  ease  in  the  enjoyment  of  which  they  were  found  when  the  van- 
guard of  European  civilization  appeared  upon  the  scene.  Mean- 
time the  southern  countries  which  those  adventurers  abandoned 
after  having  completed  their  conquests  in  the  North,  were  soon 
peopled  by  hundreds  of  people,  always  moving  from  island  to 
island  and  ultimately  halting  amid  the  ruins  of  villages  deserted 
by  those  who,  as  legends  tell,  had  passed  eastward  but  never  returned; 
and  it  would  scarcely  be  a  matter  for  surprise  if  those  emigrants 
were  found  to  be  the  progenitors  of  that  race  found  by  the  Spaniards 
in  1532,  and  identical  with  the  Araucanians,  Cuenches  and  HuiL 
tiches  of  to-day. 

RELICS   OF   THE   MOUND    BUILDERS. 

One  of  the  most  brilliant  and  impartial  historians  of  the  Republic 
stated  that  the  valley  of  the  Mississippi  contained  no  monuments. 
So  far  as  the  word  is  entertained  now,  he  was  literally  correct,  but 


2i  IlISTOKY    OF    INDIANA. 

in  some  hasty  effort  neglected  to  qualify  his  sentence  by  a  refer- 
ence to  the  numerous  relics  of  antiquity  to  be  found  throughout 
its  length  and  breadth,  and  so  exposed  his  chapters  to  criticism. 
The  valley  of  the  Father  of  "Waters,  and  indeed  tlie  country  from 
the  trap  roclcs  of  the  Great  Lakes  southeast  to  the  Gulf  and  south- 
west to  Mexico,  abound  in  tell-tale  monuments  of  a  race  of  people 
much  farther  advanced  in  civilization  than  the  Montezumas  of  the 
sixteenth  century.  The  remains  of  walls  and  fortifications  found 
in  Kentucky  and  Indiana,  the  earthworks  of  Yincennes  and 
throughout  the  valley  of  the  Wabash,  the  mounds  scattered  over 
Alabama,  Florida,  Georgia  and  Virginia,  and  those  found  in  Illi- 
nois, "Wisconsin  and  Minnesota,  are  all  evidences  of  the  univer- 
sality of  the  Chinese  Mongols  and  of  their  advance  toward  a  com- 
parative knowledge  of  man  and  cosmology.  At  the  mouth  of 
Fourteen-Mile  creek,  in  Clark  county,  Indiana,  there  stands  one  of 
these  old  monuments  known  as  the  ''  Stone  Fort."  It  is  an 
unmistakable  heirloom  of  a  great  and  ancient  people,  and  must 
have  formed  one  of  their  most  important  posts.  The  State  Geolo- 
gist's report,  filed  among  the  records  of  the  State  and  furnished 
by  Prof.  Cox,  says:  "At  the  mouth  of  Fourteen-Mile  creek,  and 
about  three  miles  from  Charleston,  the  county-seat  of  Clark  county, 
there  is  one  of  the  most  remarkable  stone  fortifications  which  has 
ever  come  xinder  my  notice.  Accompanied  by  my  assistant,  Mr. 
Borden,  and  a  number  of  citizens  of  Charleston,  I  visited  the  'Stone 
Fort'  for  the  purpose  of  making  an  examination  of  it.  The  locality 
selected  for  this  fort  presents  many  natural  advantages  for  making 
it  impregnable  to  the  opposing  forces  of  prehistoric  times.  It 
occupies  the  point  of  an  elevated  narrow  ridge  which  faces  the 
Ohio  river  on  the  east  and  is  bordered  by  Fourteen-Mile  creek  on 
the  west  side.  This  creek  empties  into  the  Ohio  a  short  distance  • 
below  the  fort.  The  top  of  the  ridge  is  pear-shaped,  with  the 
part  answering  to  the  neck  at  the  north  end.  This  part  is  not 
over  twenty  feet  wide,  and  is  protected  by  precipitous  natural  walls 
of  stone.  It  is  280  feet  above  the  level  of  the  Ohio  river,  and  the 
slope  is  very  gradual  to  the  south.  At  the  upper  field  it  is  240  feet 
high  and  one  hundred  steps  wide.  At  the  lower  timber  it  is  120 
feet  high.  The  bottom  land  at  the  foot  of  the  south  end  is  sixty 
feet  above  the  river.  Along  the  greater  part  of  the  Ohio  river 
front  there  is  an  abrupt  escarpment  rock,  entirely  too  steep  to  be 
scaled,  and  a  similar  natural  barrier  exists  along  a  portion  of  the 
northwest  side  of  the  ridije,  faciuii:  the  creek.     This  natural  wall 


HISTORY    OF    INDIANA.  27 

is  joined  to  the  neck  of  an  artificial  wall,  made  by  piling  up,  mason 
fashion  but  without  mortar,  loose  stone,  which  had  evidently  been 
pried  up  from  the  car])oniferous  layers  of  rock.  This  made  wall,  at 
this  point,  is  about  150  feet  long.  It  is  built  along  the  slope  of  the 
hill  and  had  an  elevation  of  about  75  feet  above  its  base,  the  ujiper 
ten  feet  being  vertical,  ■  The  inside  of  the  wall  is  protected  by  a 
ditch.  The  remainder  of  the  hill  is  protected  by  an  artificial  stone 
wall,  built  in  the  same  manner,  but  not  more  than  ten  feet  high. 
The  elevation  of  the  side  wall  above  the  creek  bottom  is  80  feet. 
"Within  the  artificial  walls  is  a  string  of  mounds  which  rise  to  the 
height  of  the  wall,  and  are  protected  from  the  washing  of  the  hill- 
sides by  a  ditch  20  feet  wide  and  four  feet  deep.  The  position  of 
the  artificial  walls,  natural  cliffs  of  bedded  stone,  as  well  as  that  of 
the  ditch  and  mounds,  are  well  illustrated.  The  top  of  the  enclosed 
ridge  embraces  ten  or  twelve  acres,  and  there  are  as  many  as  five 
mounds  that  can  be  recognized  on  the  flat  surface,  while  no  doubt 
many  others  existed  which  have  been  obliterated  by  time,  and 
though  the  agency  of  man  in  his  efforts  to  cultivate  a  portion  of 
the  ground,  A  trench  was  cut  into  one  of  these  mounds  in  search 
of  relics,  A  few  fragments  of  charcoal  and  decomposed  bones,  and 
a  large  irregular,  diamond-shaped  boulder,  with  a  small  circular 
indentation  near  the  middle  of  the  upper  part,  that  was  worn  quite 
smooth  by  the  use  to  which  it  had  been  put,  and  the  small  pieces 
of  fossil  coral,  comprised  all  the  articles  of  note  which  were  revealed 
by  the  excavation.  The  earth  of  which  the  mound  is  made  resem- 
bles that  seen  on  the  hillsidcj  and  was  probably  in  most  part  taken 
from  the  ditch.  The  margin  next  to  the  ditch  was  protected  by 
slabs  of  stone  set  on  edge,  and  leaning  at  an  angle  corresponding  to 
the  slope  of  the  mound.  This  stone  shield  was  two  and  one-half 
feet  wide  and  one  foot  high.  At  intervals  along  the  great  ditch 
there  are  channels  formed  between  the  mounds  that  probably  served 
to  carry  off  the  surplus  water  through  openings  in  the  outer  wall. 
On  the  top  of  the  enclosed  ridge,  and  near  its  narrowest  part,  there 
is  one  mound  much  larger  than  any  of  the  otliers,  and  so  situated 
as  to  command  an  extensive  view  up  and  down  the  Ohio  river,  as  well 
as  affording  an  unobstructed  view  east  and  west.  This  is  designated 
as  '  Look-out  Mound,'  There  is  near  it  a  slight  break  in  the  cliff 
of  rock,  which  furnished  a  narrow  passage  way  to  the  Ohio  river. 
Though  the  locality  afforded  many  natural  advantages  for  a  fort  oi* 
stronghold,  one  is  compelled  to  admit  that  much  skill  was  displayed 
and  labor  expended  in  making  its  defense  as  perfect  as  possible  at 


O 
O 


28  UISTOUY    OF    INDIANA. 

all  points.  Stono  axes,  pestles,  arrow-heads,  spcar-points,  totums, 
charms  and  flint  flakes  have  been  found  in  great  abundance  in 
plowing  the  field  at  tjie  foot  of  the  old  fort." 

From  the  "  Stone  Fort "  tlie  Professor  turns  his  steps  to  Posey 
county,  at  a  point  on  the  Wabash,  ten  miles  above  the  mouth, 
called  "Bone  Bank,"  on  account  of  the  number  of  human  bones 
continually  washed  out  from  the  river  bank.  *'  It  is,"  ho  states 
*' situated  in  a  bend  on  the  left  bank  of  the  river;  and  the  ground 
is  about  ten  feet  above  high-water  mark,  being  the  only  land  along 
this  portion  of  the  river  that  is  not  submerged  in  seasons  of  high 
water.  The  bank  slopes  gradually  back  from  the  river  to  a  slough. 
This  slough  now  seldom  contains  water,  but  no  doubt  at  one  time 
it  was  an  arm  of  the  Wabash  river,  which  flowed  around  the  Bone 
Bank  and  afforded  protection  to  the  island  home  of  the  Mound 
Builders.  The  Wabash  has  been  changing  its  bed  for  many  years, 
leaving  a  broad  extent  of  newly  made  land  on  the  right  shore,  and 
gradually  making  inroads  on  the  left  shore  by  cutting  away  the 
Bone  Bank.  The  stages  of  growth  of  land  on  the  right  bank  of  the 
river  are  well  defined  by  the  cottonwood  trees,  which  increase  in  size 
as  you  go  back  from  the  river.  Unless  there  is  a  change  in  the  cur- 
rent of  the  river,  all  trace  of  the  Bone  Bank  will  be  obliterated. 
Already  within  the  memory  of  the  white  inhabitants,  the  bank  has 
been  removed  to  the  width  of  several  hundred  yards.  As  the  bank 
is  cut  by  the  current  of  the  river  it  loses  its  support,  and  when  the 
water  sinks  it  tumbles  over,  carrying  with  it  the  bones  of  the 
Mound  Builders  and  the  cherished  articles  buried  with  them.  No 
locality  in  the  country  furnishes  a  greater  number  and  variety  of 
relics  than  this.  It  has  proved  especially  rich  in  pottery  of 
quaint  design  and  skillful  workmanship.  I  have  a  number  of  jugs 
and  pots  and  a  cup  found  at  the  Bone  Bank.  This  kind  of  -work 
has  been  very  abundant,  and  is  still  found  in  such  quantities  that 
we  are  led  to  conclude  that  its  manufacture  formed  a  leading  indus- 
try of  the  inhabitants  of  the  Bone  Bank.  It  is  not  in  Europe 
alone  that  we  find  a  well-founded  claim  of  high  antiquity  for  the 
art  of  making  hard  and  durable  stone  by  a  mixture  of  clay,  lime, 
sand  and  stone;  for  I  am  convinced  that  this  art  was  possessed  by 
a  race  of  people  who  inhabited  this  continent  at  a  period  so  remote 
that  neither  tradition  nor  history  can  furnish  any  account  of  them. 
They  belonged  to  the  Neolithic,  or  polished-stone,  age.  They  lived 
in  towns  and  built  mounds  for  sepulture  and  worship  and  pro- 
tected their  homes  by  surrounding  them  with  walls   of  earth  and 


niSTOKY    OF   INDIANA. 


2D 


stone.  In  same  of  these  mounds  specimens  of  various  kinds  of 
pottery,  in  a  perfect  state  of  ])reservation,  liavc  from  time  to  time 
been  foitnd,  and  fragments  are  so  cojumon  that  every  student  of 
archa3ologj  can  liave  a  bountiful  supply.  Some  of  these  fragments 
indicate  vessels  of  very  great  size.  At  the  Saline  springs  of  Gal- 
latin I  picked  up  fragments  that  indicated,  by  their  curvature,  ves- 
sels five  to  six  feet  in  diameter,  and  it  is  probable  they  are  frag- 
ments of  artificial  stone  pans  used  to  hold  brine  that  was  manufac- 
tured into  salt  by  solar  evaporation. 

"  Now,  all  the  pottery  belonging  to  the  Mound  Builders'  age, 
which  I  have  seen,  is  composed  of  alluvial  clay  and  sand,  or  a  mix- 
ture of  the  former  with  pulverized  fresh-water  shells.  A  paste 
made  of  such  a  mixture  possesses,  in  high  degree,  the  properties  of 
hydraulic  Puzzuoland  and  Portland  cement,  so  that  vessels  formed 
of  it  hardened  without  being  burned,  as  is  customary  with  modern 
pottery." 

The  Professor  deals  very  aptly  with  this  industry  of  the  aborig- 
ines, and  concludes  a  very  able  disquisition  on  the  Bone  Bank  in 
its  relation  to  the  prehistoric  builders. 


niKROGLYPniCS  OF  THE  MOUND-BUILDERS. 

The  "-reat  circular  redoubt  or  earth-work  found  two  miles  west  of 
the  village  of  New  Washington,  and  the  "  Stone  Fort,"  on  a  ridge 
one  mile  west  of  the  village  of  Deputy,  ofier  a  subject  for  the  anti- 
quarian as  deeply  interesting  as  any  of  *  the  monuments  of  a 
decayed  empire  so  far  discovered. 


30  HISTORY    OF   IKDIANA. 

From  end  to  end  of  Indiana  there  are  to  be  found  many  other  rel- 
ics of  the  obscure  past.  Sotne  of  them  have  been  unearthed  and  now 
appear  among  the  collected  antiquities  at  Indianapolis.  The  highly 
finished  sandstone  pipe,  the  copper  ax,  sto)ie  axes,  flint  arrow-heads 
and  magnetic  plummets  found  a  few  years  ago  beneath  the  soil  of 
Cut-Oil' Island  near  New  Harmony,  together  with  the  pipes  of  rare 
workmanship  and  undoubted  age,  xmearthed  near  Covington,  all 
live  as  it  were  in  testimony  of  their  owner's  and  maker's  excel- 
lence, and  hold  a  share  in  the  evidence  of  the  partial  annihilation 
of  a  race,  with  the  complete  disruption  of  its  manners,  customs 
and  industries;  and  it  is  possible  that  when  numbers  of  these  relics 
are  placed  together,  a  key  to  the  phonetic  or  rather  hieroglyphic 
system  of  that  remote  period  might  be  evolved. 

It  may  be  asked  what  these  hieroglyphical  characters  really  are^ 
"Well,  they  are  varied  in  form,  so  much  so  that  the  pipes  found  in 
the  mounds  of  Indians,  each  bearing  a  distinct  representation  of 
some  animal,  may  be  taken  for  one  species,  used  to  represent  the 
abstract  ideas  of  the  Mound  Builders.  The  second  form  consists 
of  pure  hieroglyphics  or  phonetic  characters,  in  which  the  sound  is 
represented  instead  of  the  object;  and  the  third,  or  painted  form  of 
the  first,  conveys  to  the  mind  that  which  is  desired  to  be  repre- 
sented. This  form  exists  among  the  Cree  Indians  .of  the  far  North- 
west, at  present.  They,  when  departing  from  their  permanent  vil- 
lages for  the  distant  hunting  grounds,  paint  on  the  barked  trees  in 
the  neighborhood  the  figure  of  a  snake  or  eagle,  or  perhaps  huskey 
doir;  and  this  animal  is  supposed  to  guard  the  position  until  the 
warrior's  return,  or  welcome  any  friendly  tribes  that  may  arrive 
there  in  the  interim.  In  the  case  of  the  Mound  Builders,  it  is  un- 
likely that  this  latter  extreme  v/as  resorted  to,  for  the  simple  reason 
that  the  relics  of  their  occupation  are  too  high  in  the  ways  of  art  to 
tolerate  such  a  barbarous  science  of  language;  but  the  sculptured 
pipes:  and  javelins  and  spear-heads  of  the  Mound  Builders  may  be 
taken  as  a  collection  of  graven  images,  each  conveying  a  set  of 
ideas  easily  understood,  and  perhaps  sometimes  or  more  generally 
used  to  designate  the  vocation,  name  or  character  of  the  owner. 
That  the  builders  possessed  au  alphabet  of  a  phonetic  form,  and 
purely  hieroglyphic,  can  scarcely  be  questioned;  but  until  one  or 
more  of  the  unearthed  tablets,  which  bore  all  or  even  a  portion  of 
such  characters,  are  raised  from  their  centuried  graves,  the  mystery 
which  surrounds  this  people  must  remain,  while  we  must  dv/ell  in 
a  world  of  mere  speculation.    , 


UISTOET    OF   INDIANA.  31 

Yigo,  Jasper,  Sullivan,  Switzerland  and  Ohio  counties  can  boast 
of  a  most  liberal  endowment  in  this  relation;  and  when  in  other 
days  the  people  will  direct  a  minute  inquiry,  and  penetrate  to  the 
very  heart  of  the  thousand  cones  which  are  scattered  throughout 
the  laud,  they  may  possibly  extract  the  blood  in  the  shape  of  metal- 
lic and  porcelain  works,  with  liicroglyphic  tablets,  while  leaving 
tlie  form  of  heart  and  body  complete  to  entertain  and  delight  un- 
born generations,  who  in  their  time  will  wonder  much  when  they 
learn  that  an  American  ])eoplc,  living  toward  the  close  of  the  59th 
century,  could  possiblj'  indulge  in  such  an  anachronism  as  is  im- 
plied in  the  term  "Kew  World." 

THE  INDIANS. 

The  origin  of  the  Red  Men,  or  American  Indians,  is  a  subject 
which  interests  as  well  as  instructs.  It  is  a  favorite  with  the  eth- 
nologist, even  as  it  is  one  of  deep  concern  to  the  ordinary  reader. 
A  review  of  two  works  lately  published  on  the  origin  of  the  Indians 
treats  the  matter  in  a  peculiarly  reasonable  light.     It  says : 

"  Kecently  a  German  writer  has  put  forward  one  theorj'  on  the 
subject,  and  an  English  writei'  has  put  forward  another  and  directly 
opposite  theory.  The  difference  of  opinion  concerning  our  aborig- 
inals among  authors  who  have  made  a  profound  study  of  races  is  at 
once  curious  and  interesting.  Blumenbach  treats  them  in  his 
classifications  as  a  distinct  variety  of  the  human  family;  but,  in  the 
threefold  division  of  Dr.  Latham,  they  are  ranked  among  the  Mon- 
golidae.  Other  writers  on  race  regard  them  as  a  branch  of  the  great 
Mongolian  famil}',  which  at  a  distant  period  found  its  way  from 
Asia  to  this  continent,  and  remained  here  for  centuries  separate 
from  the  rest  of  mankind,  passing,  meanwhile,  through  divers 
phases  of  barbarism  and  civilization.  Morton,  our  eminent  eth- 
nologist, and  his  followers,  Nott  and  Gliddon,  claim  for  our  i)  ive 
Red  Men  an  origin  as  distinct  as  the  flora  and  fauna  of  this  conti- 
nent. Frichard,  whose  views  are  apt  to  differ  from  Morton's,  finds 
reason  to  believe,  on  comparing  the  American  tribes  together,  that 
they  must  have  formed  a  separate  department  of  nations  from  the 
earliest  period  of  the  world.  The  era  of  their  existence  as  a  distinct 
and  insulated  people  must  probably  bo  dated  back  to  the  time 
which  separated  into  nations  the  inhabitants  of  thei  Old  TVorld,  and 
gave  to  each  its  individuality  and  primitive  language.  Dr.  Robert 
Brown,  the  latest  authority,  attributes,  in  his  "  Races  of  Mankind," 
an  Asiatic  origin  to  our  aboriginals.  He  saj^s  that  the  Western  In- 
dians not  only  personally  resemble  their  nearest  neighbors — the 
Northeastern  Asiatics — but  they  resemble  them  in  language  and 
traditions.  The  Esquimaux  on  tlie  American  and  the  Tchuktchis 
on  the  Asiatic  side  understand  one  another  perfectly.     Modern  an- 


82  HISTORY    OF    INDIANA. 

thropologists,  indeed,  are  disposed  to  think  that  Jay)an,  the  Ivuviles, 
and  neighboring  regions,  msiy  be  regarded  as  tlie  original  home  of 
the  greater  part  of  the  native  American  race.  It  is  also  admitted 
«by  them  that  between  the  tribes  scattered  from  the  Arctic  sea  to 
Cape  Horn  there  is  more  uniformity  of  physical  features  tlian  is 
seen  iu  any  other  quarter  of  the  globe.  The  weight  of  evidence 
and  authoi'ity  is  altogether  in  favor  of  the  0])inion  that  our  so- 
called  Indians  are  a  brancluof  the  Mongolian  family,  and  all  addi- 
tional researches  strengthen  tlie  opinion.  The  tribes  of  both  North 
and  South  America  are  unquestionably  homogeneous,  and,  in  all 
likelihood,  had  their  origin  in  Asia,  though  they  have  been  altered 
and  modified  by  thousands  of  years  of  total  separation  from  the 
parent  stock." 

The  conclusions  arrived  at  by  the  reviewer  at  that  time,  though 
safe,  are  too  general  to  lead  the  reader  to  form  any  definite  idea  on 
the  snbject.  JSTo  doubt  whatever  can  exist,  when  the  American  In- 
dian is  regarded  as  of  an  zVsiatic  origin;  but  there  is  nothing  in  the 
works  or  even  in  the  review,  to  which  these  works  were  subjected, 
which  might  account  for  the  vast  difference  in  manner  and  form 
between  (he  Red  Man,  as  he  is  now  known,  or  even  as  he  appeared 
to  Columbus  and  his  successors  in  the  field  of  discovery,  and  the 
comparatively  civilized  inhabitants  of  Mexico,  as  seen  in  1521  by 
Cortez,  and  of  Peru,  as  witnessed  by  Pizarro  in  1532.  The  fact  is 
that  the  pure  bred  Indian  of  the  present  is  descended  directly 
from  the  earliest  inhabitants,  or  in  c  ther  words  from  the  survivors 
of  that  people  who,  on  being  driven  from  their  fair  possessions,  re- 
tired to  the  wilderness  in  sorrow  and  reared  up  their  children  under 
the  saddening  influences  of  their  unquenchable  griefs,  bequeathing 
them  only  the  habits  of  the  wild,  cloud-roofed  home  of  their  de- 
clining years,  a  sullen  silence,  and  a  rude  moral  code.  In  after 
years  these  wild  sons  of  the  forest  and  prairie  grew  in  numbers  and 
in  strength.  Some  legend  told  them  of  their  present  sufferings,  of 
the  station  which  their  fathers  once  had  known,  and  of  the  riotous 
race  which  now  reveled  in  wealth  which  should  bo  theirs.  The 
fierce  passions  of  the  savage  were  aroused,  and  uniting  their  scat- 
tered bands  marched  in  silence  upon  the  villages  of  the  Tartars, 
driving  them  onward  to  the  capital  of  their  Incas,  and  consigning 
their  homes  to  the  flames.  Once  in  view  of  the  great  city,  the 
hurrying  bands  halted  in  surprise;  but  Tartar  cunning  took  in  the 
situation  and  offered  pledges  of  amity,  which  were  sacredly  ob- 
served. Henceforth  Mexico  was  open  to  the  Indians,  bearing  pre- 
cisely the  same  relation  to  them  that  the  Hudson's  Bay  Company's 


inSTOKY    or    INDIANA.  33 

villages  do  to  the  Nortlnvesterii  Indians  of  the  prcocnt;  obtaining 
all,  and  bestowing  vciy  little.  The  subjection  of  the  Mongolian 
race  represented  in  North  America  by  that  branch  of  it  to  ■which 
the  Tartars  belonged,  represented  in  the  Southern  portion  of  the  con- 
tinent, seems  to  have  taken  place  some  five  centuries  before  the 
advent  of  the  European,  while  it  may  be  concluded  that  the  war  of 
the  races  which  resulted  in  reducing  the  villages  erected  by  the 
Tartar  hordes  to  ruin  took  place  between  one  and  two  hundred 
years  later.  Those  statements,  though  actually  referring  to  events 
which  in  point  of  time  are  comparatively  modern,  can  only  be  siib- 
stantiated  by  the  facts  that,  about  the  periods  mentioned  the  dead 
bodies  of  an  unknown  race  of  men  were  washed  ashore  on  the  Eu- 
ropean coasts,  while  previous  to  that  time  there  is  no  account 
whatever  in  European  annals  of  even  a  vestige  of  trans-Atlantic  hu- 
manity being  transferred  by  ocean  currents  to  the  gaze  of  a  won- 
dering people.  Towards  the  latter  half  ot  the  15th  century  two 
dead  bodies  entirely  free  from  decomposition,  and  corresponding 
with  the  Red  Men  as  they  afterward  appeared  to  Columbus,  were 
cast  on  the  shores  of  the  Azores,  and  confirmed  Columbus  in  his  be- 
lief in  the  existence  of  a  western  world  and  western  people. 

Storm  and  flood  and  disease  have  created  sad  havoc  in  the  ranks 
of  the  Indian  since  the  occupation  of  the  country  by  the  white  man. 
These  natural  causes  have  conspired  to  decimate  the  race  even  more 
than  the  advance  of  civilization,  which  seems  not  to  affect  it  to  any 
material  extent.  In  its  maintenance  of  the  same  number  of  rep- 
resentatives during  three  centuries,  and  its  existence  in  the  very 
face  of  a  most  unceremonious,  and,  whenever  necessaiy,  cruel  con- 
quest, the  grand  dispensations  of  the  unseen  Ruler  of  the  universe 
is  demonstrated;  for,  without  the  aborigines,  savage  and  treach- 
erous as  they  were,  it  is  possible  that  the  explorers  of  former  times 
would  have  so  many  natural  difficulties  to  contend  with,  that  their 
work  would  be  surrendered  in  despair,  and  the  most  fertile  regions 
of  the  continent  saved  for  the  plowshares  of  generations  yet  un- 
born. It  is  questionable  whether  we  owe  the  discovery  of  this  con- 
tinent to  the  unaided  scientific  knowledge  of  Columbus,  or  to  the 
dead  bodies  of  the  two  Indians  referred  to  above;  nor  can  their  ser- 
vices to  the  explorers  of  ancient  and  modern  times  be  over-esti- 
mated. Their  existence  is  embraced  in  the  plan  of  the  Divinity 
for  the  government  of  the  world,  and  it  will  not  form  subject  for 
surprise  to  learn  that  the  same  intelligence  which  sent  a  thrill  of 
liberty  into  every  corner  of  the  republic,  will,  in  the  near  future, 


3i  UISTORT    OF    INDIANA. 

devise  some  mctlioJ  under  wliicli  tlie  remnant  of  a  great  and  an- 
cient race  may  taste  the  sweets  of  public  kindness,  and  feel  that, 
after  centuries  of  turmoil  aud  tyranny,  they  have  at  last  found  a 
shelter  amid  a  sympathizing  people.  Many  have  looked  at  the  In- 
dian as  the  pessimist  does  at  all  things;  they  sa}'-  that  he  was  iiever 
formidable  until  the  vrhite  man  supplied  him  with  the  M-eapons  of 
modern  warfore;  but  there  is  no  mention  made  of  his  eviction  from 
Lis  retired  Ixome,  and  the  little  plot  of  cultivated  garden  which 
formed  the  nucleus  of  a  village  that,  if  fostered  instead  of  being 
destroyed,  might  possibly  hold  an  Indian  population  of  some  im- 
portance in  the  economy  of  the  nation.  There  is  no  intention  what- 
ever to  maintain  that  the  occupation  of  this  country  by  the  favored 
races  is  wrong  even  in  principle;  for  where  any  obstacle  to  advanc- 
ing civilization  exists,  it  has  to  fall  to  the  ground;  but  it  may  be 
said,  with  some  truth,  that  the  white  man,  instead  of  a  policy  of 
conciliation  formed  upon  the  power  of  kindness,  indulged  in  bel- 
ligerency as  impolitic  as  it  was  unjust,  A.  modern  writer  says, 
when  speaking  of  the  Indian's  character:  "He  did  not  exhibit  that 
steady  valor  and  efficient  discipline  of  the  American  soldier;  and 
to-day  on  the  plains  Sheridan's  troopers  would  not  hesitate  to 
attack  the  bravest  band,  though  outnumbered  three  to  one."  This 
piece  of  information  applies  to  the  European  and  African,  as  well 
as  to  the  Indian.  The  American  soldier,  and  particularly  the 
troopers  referred  to,  would  not  fear  or  shrink  from  a  very  legion  ot 
demons,  even  with  odds  against  them.  This  mode  of  warfare  seems 
strangely  peculiar  when  compared  with  the  military  systems  of 
civilized  countries;  yet,  since  the  main  object  of  armed  men  is  to 
defend  a  country  or  a  principle,  and  to  destroy  any  thing  which  may 
oppose  itself  to  them,  the  mode  of  warfare  pursued  bj'  the  savage 
will  be  found  admirably  adapted  to  their  requirements  in  this  con- 
nection, and  will  doubtless  compare  favorably  with  the  systems  of 
the"  Afghans  and  Persians  of  the  present,  and  the  Caucasian  people 
i©f  the  first  historic  period. 

MANNERS  AND    CUSTOMS. 

The  art  of  hunting  not  only  supplied  the  Indian  with  food,  but, 
like  that  of  war,  was  a  means  of  gratifying  his  love  of  distinction. 
The  male  children,  as  soon  as  they  acquired  sufficient  age  and 
strength,  were  furnished  with  a  bow  and  arrow  and  taught  to  shoot 
birds  and  other  small  game.  Success  in  killing  a  large  quadruped 
required  years  of  careful   study  and  practice,  and  the  art  was  as 


HISTOKY    OF    INDIANA.  '  35 

Bedulouslv  inculcated  in  the  minds  of  tlie  rI,?ino-  rrencration  as  are 
tlie  elements  of  reading,  -writing  and  arithmetic  in  the  common 
schools  of  civilized  communities.  The  mazes  of  the  forest  and  the 
dense,  tall  grass  of  the  prairies  v.'cre  the  best  fields  for  the  exercise 
of  the  hunter's  skill.  No  feet  could  be  impressed  in  the  yielding 
soil  but  that  the  tracks  were  the  objects  of  the  most  searching 
scrutiny,  and  revealed  at  a  glance  the  animal  that  made  them,  the 
direction  it  was  pursuing,  and  the  time  that  had  elapsed  since  it 
lutd  passed.  In  a  forest  country  ho  selected  the  valleys,  because 
they  were  most  frequently  the  resort  of  game.  The  most  easily 
taken,  perhaps,  of  all  the  animals  of  the  chase  was  the  deer.  It  is 
endowed  with  a  curiosity  which  prompts  it  to  stop  in  its  flight  and 
look  back  at  the  approaching  hunter,  who  always  avails  himselr  of 
this  opportunity  to  let  fly  the  fatal  arrow.         '1490209 

Their  general  councils  were  composed  of  the  chiefs  and  old  men. 
When  in  council,  they  usually  sat  in  concentric  circles  around  the 
speaker,  and  each  individual,  notwithstanding  the  fierj'  j^assions 
that  rankled  within,  preserved  an  exterior  as  immovable  as  if  cast 
in  bronze.  Before  commencing  business  a  person  appeared  with 
tbe  sacred  pipe,  and  another  with  fire  to  kindle  it.  After  being 
lighted  it  was  first  presented  to  heaven,  secondly  to  the  earth, 
thirdly  to  the  presiding  spirit,  and  lastly  the  several  councilors, 
each  of  whom  took  a  whiff".  These  formalities  were  observed  with 
as  close  exactness  as  state  etiquette  in  civilized  courts. 

The  dwellings  of  the  Indians  were  of  the  simplest  and  rudest 
character.  On  some  pleasant  spot  by  the  bank  of  a  river,  or  near 
an  ever-running  spring,  they  raised  their  groups  of  wigwams,  con- 
structed of  the  bark  of  trees,  and  easily  taken  down  and  removed 
to  another  spot.  The  dwelling-places  of  the  chiefs  were  sometimes 
more  spacious,  and  constructed  with  greater  care,  but  of  the  same 
materials.  Skins  taken  in  the  chase  served  them  for  repose. 
Though  principally  dependent  upon  hunting  and  fishing,  the 
uncertain  supply  from  those  sources  led  them  to  cultivate  small 
patches  of  corn.  Every  family  did  everything  necessary  within 
itself,  commerce,  or  an  interchange  of  articles,  being  almost  unknown 
to  them.  In  cases  of  dispute  and  dissension,  each  Indian  relied 
upon  himself  for  retaliation.  Blood  for  blood  was  the  rule,  and 
the  relatives  of  the  slain  man  were  bound  to  obtain  bloody  revenge 
for  his  death.  This  principle  gave  rise,  as  a  matter  of  course,  to 
innumerable  and  bitter  feuds,  and  wars  of  extermination  where  such 
were  possible,     "War,  indeed,  rather  than  peace,  was  the  Indian's 


36 


IIISTORV    OF    INDIANA. 


glory  and  delight, — war,  not  conducted  as  civilization,  but  war 
where  individual  skill,  endurance,  gallantry  and  cruelty  were  prime 
Vequisitcs.  For  such  a  purjDose  as  revenge  the  Indian  would  make 
great  sacrifices,  and  display  a  patience  and  perseverance  truly  heroic; 
but  when  the  excitement  was  over,  he  sank  back  into  a  listless,  un- 
occupied, well-nigh  useless  savage.  During  the  intervals  of  hi 
more  exciting  pursuits,  the  Indian  employed  his  time  in  decorating 
his  person  with  all  the  refinement  of  paint  and  feathers,  and  in  the 
manufacture  of  his  arms  and  of  canoes.  These  were  constructed  of 
bark,  and  so  light  that  they  could  easily  be  carried  on  the  shoulder 
from  stream  to  stream.  His  amusements  were  the  war-dance,  ath- 
letic games,  the  narration  of  his  exploits,  and  listening  to  the  ora- 
tory of  the  chiefs;  but  during  long  periods  of  such  existence  he 
remained  in  a  state  of  torpor,  gazing  listlessly  upon  the  trees  of 
the  forests  and  the  clouds  that  sailed  above  them ;  and  this  vacancy 
imprinted  an  habitual  gravity,  and  even  melancholy,  upon  his  gen- 
eral deportment. 

The  main  labor  and  drudgery  of  Indian  communities  fell  upon 
the  women.  The  planting,  tending  and  gathering  of  the  crops, 
making  mats  and  baskets,  carrying  burdens, — in  fact,  all  things  of 
the  kind  were  performed  by  them,  thus  making  their  condition  but 
little  better  than  that  of  slaves.  Marriage  was  merely  a  matter  of 
bargain  and  sale,  the  husband  giving  presents  to  the  father  of  the 
bride.  In  general  they  had  but  few  children.  They  were  sub- 
jected to  many  and  severe  attacks  of  sickness,  and  at  times  famine 
and  pestilence  swept  away  whole  tribes. 


EXPLORATIONS  BY  THE  WHITES. 

EAUrjKST    EXI'LOKEKS. 

The  State  of  Indiana  is  bounded  on  the  east  bj^thc  mcn(5ianline 
which  forms  also  the  western  boundary  of  Ohio,  extending^  due 
north  from  the  mouth  of  tlie  Great  Miami  river;  on  the  south  by 
the  Oliio  river  from  the  nioutli  of  the  Great  Miami  to  the  mouth 
of  the  Wabash;  on  tlic  west  hyaline  drawn  along  the  middle  of 
the  Wabash  river  from  its  mouth  to  a  point  where  a  due  north 
line  from  the  town  of  Vincennes  would  last  touch  the  shore  of  said 
river,  and  thence  directly  north  to  Lake  Michigan;  and  on  the  north 
by  said  lake  and  an  east  and  west  line  ten  miles  north  of  the  ex- 
treme south  end  of  the  lake,  and  extending  to  its  intersection  with 
the  aforesaid  meridian,  the  west  boundary  of  Ohio.  These  bound- 
aries include  an  area  of  33,809  scj^uare  miles,  lying  between  37° 
47'  and  41°  50'  north  latitude,  and  between  7°  45'  and  11°  1'  west 
longitude  from  Washington. 

After  the  discovery  of  America  by  Columbus  in  1492,  more  than 
150  years  passed  away  before  any  portion  of  the  territory  now  com- 
prised within  the  above  limits  was  explored  by  Europeans.  Colo- 
nies were  established  in  Florida,  Virginia  and  Nova  Scotia  by  the 
principal  rival  governments  of  Europe,  but  not  until  about  1670-'2 
did  the  first  white  travelers  venture  as  far  into  the  Northwest  as 
Indiana  or  Lake  Michigan.  These  explorers  were  Frenchmen  by 
the  names  of  Claude  Allouez  and  Claude  Dablon,  who  then  visited 
what  is  now  the  eastern  part  of  Wisconsin,  the  northeastern  portion 
of  Illinois  and  probably  that  portion  of  this  State  north  of  the  Kan- 
kakee river.  In  the  following  year  M.  Joliet,  an  agent  of  the 
French  Colonial  government,  and  James  Marquette,  a  good  and 
simple-hearted  missionary  who  had  his  station  at  Mackinaw,  ex- 
plored the  country  about  Green  Bay,  and  along  Fox  and  Wiscon- 
sin rivers  as  far  westward  as  the  Mississippi,  the  banks  of  which 
they  reached  June  17,  1673.  They  descended  this  river  to  about 
33°  40',  but  returned  by  way  of  the  Illinois  river  and  the  route 
they  came  in  the  Lake  Kegion.  At  a  village  among  the  Illinois  In- 
dians, Marquette  and  his  small  band  of  adventurers  were  recoiled 

C37J 


ss 


IIlSTOia'    OF   INDIANA. 


in  a  friendly  manner  and  treated  Lospitiil)]y.     Tliev  were  made  the 
honored  guest:  at  a  great  feast,  where  honiinj,  fUh,  dog  meat  and 
roast  buffalo  meat  were  spread  before  them  in  great  abuildauec.    In 
♦16S-3  LaSivIie  explored  the  West,  but  it  is  not  known  that  he  entered 
the  regicm  now  embraced   within   tjjc  State  of  Indiana.     IIi^  took 
formal  possession,  however,  of  all  the  Mississippi  region  in  the 
name  of  the  King  of  France,  in  whoso  honor  he  gave  all  this  Mis- 
sissippi region,  including  what  is  now  Indiana,  the  name  "Louisi- 
ana."    Spain  at  the  same  time  laid  claim  to  all   the  region  about 
the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  and  thus  these  two  great  nations  were  brought 
into  collision.     But  the  country  was  actually  held  and  occupied^'by 
the  great  Miami  confederacy  of  Indians,  the  Miamis  proper  (an- 
ciently the  Twightwees)  being  the  eastern  and  most  powerful  tribe. 
Their  territory  extended  strictly  from  the  Scioto  river  west  to  the 
Illinois  river.     Their  villages  were  few  and  scattering,  and  their 
occupation  was  scarcely  dense  enough  to  maintain  itself  against  in- 
vasion.    Their  settlements  were  occasionally  visited  by  Christian 
missionaries,  fur  traders  and  adventurers,  but  no  body  of  white  men 
made  any  settlement  sufficiently  permanent  for  a  title  to  national 
possession.     Christian  zeal  animated  France  and  England  in  mis- 
sionary enterprise,  the  former  in  the   interests  of  Catholicism  and 
the  latter  in  the  interests  of  Protestantism.     Plence  their  haste  to 
preoccupy  the  land  and  proselyte  the  aborigines.     No  doubt  this 
ugly  rivalry  was  often  seen  by  Indians,  and  they  refused   to  be 
proselyted  to  either  branch  of  Christianity. 

The  "Five  Nations,"  farther  east,  comprised  the  Mohawks, 
Oneidas,  Cayugas,  Onondaguas  and  Senecas.  In  1677  the  number 
of  warriors  in  this  confederacy  was  2,150.  About  1711  the  Tusca- 
roras  retired  from  Carolina  and  joined  the  Iroquois,  or  Five  Na- 
tions, which,  after  that  event,  became  known  as  the  "  Six  Nations." 
In  1689  hostilities  broke  out  between  the  Five  Nations  and  the 
colonists  of  Canada,  and  the  almost  constant  wars  in  which  France 
was  engaged  until  the  treaty  of  Eyswick  in  1697  combined  to 
check  the  grasping  policy  of  Louis  XIY.,  and  to  retard  the  plant- 
ing of  French  colonies  in  the  Mississippi  valley.  Missionary  efforts, 
however,  continued  with  more  failure  than  success,  the  Jesuits 
allying  themselves  with  the  Indians  in  habits  and  customs,  even 
encouraging  inter-marriage  between  them  and  their  white  fol- 
lowers. 


nrsTouY  OF  ixniANA.  39 


OUAKAOIllC. 


The  Wabasli  was  first  named  hy  the  Froneli,and  p  pel  led  by  them 
Ouabacihe.  This  river  was  known  even  before  the  Ohio,  and  wa.^ 
navigated  as  the  Onabacheall  the  waj  to  the  Mississippi  a  long  time 
before  it  was  discovered  that  it  was  a  tributary  of  the  Ohio  (Belle 
Riviere).  In  navigating  the  Mississippi  they  thouglit  they  passed 
the  month  of  the  Ouabachc  instead  of  the  Ohio.  In  traveling  from 
the  Great  Lakes  to  the  south,  the  French  always  went  by  the  way  of 
the  Ouabachc  or  Illinois. 

VINCENNES. 

Francois  Morgan  de  Yinsenne  served  in  Canada  as  early  as  1720 
in  the  regiment  of  "  De  Carrignan  "  of  the  French  service,  and 
again  on  the  lakes  'n  the  vicinity  of  Sault  Ste.  Marie  in  the  same 
service  under  M.  de  Vaudriel,  in  1725.  It  is  possible  that  his  ad- 
vent to  Vinccnnes  may  have  taken  place  in  1732;  and  in  proof  of 
this  the  only  record  is  an  act  of  sale  under  the  joint  names  of  him- 
self and  Madame  Vinsenne,  the  daughter  of  M.  Philip  Longprie, 
and  dated  Jan.  5,  1735.  This  document  gives  his  military  position 
as  commandant  of  the  post  of  Ouabachc  in  the  service  of  the  French 
King.  The  will  of  Longprie,  dated  March  10,  same  year,  bequeaths 
him,  among  other  things,  408  pounds  of  pork,  which  he  ordered  to 
be  kept  safe  until  Yinsenne,  who  was  then  at  Ouabache,  returned 
to  Kaskaskia. 

There  are  many  other  documents  connected  with  its  ear]y  settle- 
ment by  Yinsenne,  among  which  is  a  receipt  for  the  100  pistoles 
granted  him  as  his  wife's  marriage  dowry.  In  1736  this  officer  was 
ordered  to  Charlevoix  by  D'Artagette,  viceroy  of  the  King  at  JSTew 
Orleans,  and  commandant  of  Illinois.  Here  M.  St.  Yinsenne  re- 
ceived his  mortal  wounds.  The  event  is  chronicled  as  follows,  in. 
the  words  of  D'Artagette:  "  We  have  just  received  very  bad  news 
from  Louisiana,  and  our  war  with  the  Chickasaws.  The  French 
have  been  defeated.  Among  the  slain  is  M.  de  Yinsenne,  who 
ceased  not  until  his  last  breath  to  exhort  his  men  to  behave  worthy 
of  their  faith  and  fatherland." 

Thus  closed  the  career  of  this  gallant  officer,  leaving  a  name 
■which  holds  as  a  remembrancer  the  present  beautiful  town  of  Yin- 
cennes,  changed  from  Yinsenne  to  its  present  orthograph^'in  1719. 

Post  Yincennes  was  settled  as  early  as  1710  or  1711.  In  a  letter 
from  Father  Marest  to  Father  Germon,  dated  at  Kaskaskia,  Nov.  9, 
1712,  occurs  this  passage:    '^Zes  FraiiGoinitoienbitalli  vnfort  sur 


40  niSTOllY    OF    IXniANA. 

leflcMveOuahncliC  f  ih  demandercnt  un.  mission  aire  ^  ct  le  Pcre 
Mcvmct  Icur fat  envoys.  Ce  Pere  end  devoir  travaillcr  a  la 
conversion  des  Mascoutens  qui  avoienl  fait  an.  village  sar  les 
*hords  dxuiicme  Jleuve.  C'est  nne  nation  I ndians  qai  eutend  la 
langue  Illinoise.^^  Tj-aii slated:  " Tlio  Freneli  have  cstablislied  a 
fort  upon  the  river  Wabash,  and  want  a  missionary;  and  Father 
Mermet  has  been  sent  to  them.  That  Father  believes  he  should 
labor  for  the  conversion  of  the  Mascoutens,  who  have  built  a  vil- 
lage on  the  banks  of  the  same  river.  Thej  are  a  nation  of  Indians 
who  understand  the  lani^-nage  of  the  Illinois," 

Mermet  was  tlierefore  the  first  preacher  of  Christianitj'-  in  this 
part  of  the  world,  and  his  mission  was  to  convert  the  Mascoutens, 
a  branch  of  the  Miamis.  "The  wa^'  I  took,"  sajs  he,  "  was  to  co)i- 
found,  in  the  presence  of  the  whole  tribe,  one  of  these  charlatans 
[medicine  men],  whose  Manitou,  or  great  spirit  which  he  wor- 
shiped, was  the  buffalo.  After  leading  him  on  insensibly  to  the 
avowal  that  it  was  not  the  bufitxlo  that  he  worshiped,  but  the  Man- 
itou, "or  spirit,  of  the  buffalo,  which  was  under  the  earth  and  ani- 
mated all  buffaloes,  which  heals  the  sick  and  has  all  power,  I  asked 
him  whether  other  beasts,  the  bear  for  instance,  and  which  one  of 
his  nation  worshiped,  was  not  equally  inhabited  by  a  Manitou, 
which  was  under  the  earth.  'Without doubt,'  said  the  grand  medi- 
cine man.  '  If  this  is  so,'  said  I, '  men  ought  to  have  a  Manitou 
who  inhabits  them.'  '  Nothing  more  certain,'  said  he.  '  Ought 
not  that  to  convince  you,'  continued  I,  '  that  you  are  not  very 
reasonable?  For  if  man  upon  the  earth  is  the  master  of  all  animals, 
if  he  kills  them,  if  he  eats  them,  docs  it  not  foUo.w  that  the  Mani- 
tou which  inha*bits  him  must  have  a  mastery  over  all  other  Mani- 
tous?  Why  then  do  you  not  invoke  him  instead  of  the  Manitou 
of  the  bear  and  the  buffalo,  when  you  are  sick?'  This  reasoning 
disconcerted  the  charlatan.  But  this  was  all  the  effect  it 
produced." 

The  result  of  convincing  these  heathen  by  logic,  as  is  generally 
the  case  the  world  over,  was  only  a  temporary'  logical  victory,  and 
no  change  whatever  was  produced  in  the  professions  and  practices 
of  the  Indians. 

But  the  first  Christian  (Catholic)  missionary  at  this  place  whose 
name  avc  find  recorded  in  the  Church  annals,  was  Meurin,  in  ISiQ. 

The  church  building  used  by  these  early  missionaries  at  Vin- 
cennes  is  thus  described  by  the  "  oldest  inhabitants:"  Fronting  on 
Water  street  and  runniiig  back  on  Church    street,  it  was  a  plain 


IIISTOIJV    OF    INDIANA.  41 

building  with  a  rough  exterior,  of  upriglit  po=ts,  chinked  and 
daubed,  with  a  rough  coat  of  cement  on  the  outside;  about  20  feet 
wide  and  CO  long;  one  story  high,  with  a  small  belfry  and  an  equally 
small  befl.  It  was  dedicated  to  St.  Francis  Xavier.  This  spot  is 
now  occupied  by  a  s])lendid  cathedral. 

Vincennes  has  ever  been  a  stronghold  of  Catholicism.  The 
Church  there  has  educated  and  sent  out  many  clergymen  of  her 
faith,  some  of  whom  have  become  bishops,  or  attained  other  high 
positions  in  ecclesiastical  authority. 

Almost  contemporaneous  with  the  progress  of  the  Church  at 
Vincennes  was  a  missionary  work  near  the  mouth  of  the  "Wea  river, 
among  the  Ouiateuons,  but  the  settlement  there  was  broken  up  in 
early  day. 

NATIONAL  POLICIES. 

THE   GKEAT    FliENOU    SCHEIE. 

Soon  after  the  discovery  of  the  mouth  of  the  Mississippi  by  La- 
Salle  in  1GS2,  the  government  of  France  began  to  encourage  ths 
polic}''  of  establishing  a  line  of  trading  posts  and  missionary 
stations  extending  through  the  West  from  Canada  to  Louisiana, 
and  this  policy  was  maintained,  with  partial  success,  for  about  T5 
years.  The  traders  persisted  in  importing  whisky,  which  cancelled 
nearly  every  civilizing  influence  that  could  be  brought  to  bear  upon 
the  Indian,  and  the  vast  distances  between  posts  prevented  that 
strength  which  can  be  enjoyed  only  by  close  and  convenient  inter- 
communication. Another  characteristic  of  Indian  nature  was  to 
listen  attentively  to  all  the  missionary  said,  pretending  to  believe 
all  he  preached,  and  then  offer  in  turn  his  theory  of  the  world,  of 
religion,  etc.,  and  because  he  was  not  listened  to  with  the  same 
degree  of  attention  and  pretense  of  belief,  would  go  off  disgusted. 
This  was  his  idea  of  the  golden  rule. 

The  river  St.  Joseph  of  Lake  Michigan  was  called  "  the  river 
Miamis"  in  1679,  in  which  year  LaSalle  built  a  small  fort  on  its 
bank,  near  the  lake  shore.  The  principal  station  of  the  mission 
for  the  instruction  of  the  Miamis  was  established  on  the  borders  of 
this  river.  The  first  French  post  within  the  territory  of  the 
Miamis  was  at  the  mouth  of  tlie  river  Miamis,  on  an  eminence 
naturally  fortified  on  two  sides  by  the  river,  and  on  one  side  by  a 


42  IIISTOKY    OV   INDIANA. 

deep  ditch  made  by  a  lull  of  water.  It  was  of  trian^^alar  form. 
The  missionary  Ileunepiu  gives  a  good  description  of  it,  as  ho  was 
Olio  of  the  company  who  built  it,  in  IGT'J.  Says  he:  "  ^Vo  fell  the 
tx-ees  that  were  on  the  top  of  the  hill;  and  liaving  cleared  the  same 
from  I'ushes  for  about  two  )nnsket  shot,  wc  began  to  build  a 
redoubt  of  80  feet  long  and  10  feet  broad,  with  great  square  pieces 
of  timber  laid  one  upon  another,  and  prepared  a  great  number  of 
stakes  of  about  25  feet  long  to  drive  into  the  ground,  to  make  our 
fort  more  inaccessible  on  the  riverside.  We  employed  the  whole 
month  of  November  about  that  work,  which  was  very  hard,  though 
we  had  no  other  food  but  the  bear's  flesh  our  savage  killed.  These 
beasts  are  very  common  in  that  place  because  of  the  great  quantity 
of  grapes  they  find  there;  but  their  ileshljeing  too  fat  and  luscious, 
our  men  began  to  be  Aveary  of  it  and  desired  leave  to  go  a  hunting 
to  kill  some  wild  goats.  M.  LaSalle  denied  them  that  liberty, 
which  caused  some  murmurs  among  them;  and  it  was  but  unwill- 
ingly that  they  coutinned  their  work.  This,  together  with  the 
approach  of  winter  and  the  apprehension  that  M.  LaSalle  had  that 
hio  vessel  (the  Griffin)  was  lost,  made  him  very  melancholy,  though 
hs  concealed  it  as  much  as  lie  could.  We  made  a  cabin  wherein 
we  performed  divine  service  every  Sunday,  and  Father  Gabriel  and 
I,  who  preached  alternately,  took  care  to  take  such  texts  as  were 
suitable  to  our  pre?eut  circumstances  and  fit  to  inspire  us  with 
courage,  concord  and  brotlierly  love.  '"  '^^  '^"  The  fort  was  at 
last  perfected,  and  called  Fort  Miamis." 

In  the  year  1711  the  missionary  Chardon,  who  was  said  to  be 
very  zealous  and  apt  in  the  acquisition  of  languages,  had  a  station 
on  the  St.  Joseph  about  60  miles  above  the  mouth.  Charlevoix, 
another  distinguished  missionary  from  France,  visited  a  post  on 
this  river  in  1721.  In  a  letter  dated  at  the  place,  Aug.  16,  he  says: 
"  There  is  a  commandant  here,  with  a  small  garrison.  His  house, 
which  is  but  a  very  sorry  one,  is  called  the  fort,  from  its  being  sur- 
rounded with  an  indifferent  palisado,  which  is  pretty  near  the  case 
in  all  the  rest.  We  have  here  tvfo  villages  of  Indians,  one  of  the 
Miamis  and  the  other  of  the  Pottawatomies,  both  of  them  mostly 
Christians;  but  as  they  have  been  for  along  time  without  any  pas- 
tors, the  missionary  who  has  been  latelj'-  sent  to  them  will  have  no 
small  difficulty  in  bringing  them  back  to  the  exercise  of  their  re^ 
ligion."  He  speaks  also  of  the  main  commodity  for  which  the  In^ 
dians  would  part  with  their  goods,  namely,  spirituoiis  liquors, 
which  they  drink  and  keep  drunk  upon  as  long  as  a  supply  lasted. 


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HISTOKY    OF    INDIANA.  45 

More  than  a  century  find  a  lialf  has  iiuv/  passed  since  Charlevoix 
penned  tlio  above,  witliout  any  change  whatever  in  this  ti-ait  of  In- 
dian character. 

In  1705  the  Miami  nation,  or  conl'cdcracj,  5vas  composed  of  four 
tribes,  whoso  total  number  of  warriors  was  estimated  at  onl3''  1,050 
men.  Of  these  about  250  were  Twightwees,  or  Miamis  ])roper, 
300  Wcas,  or  Ouiatenons,  300  Piaukcshawsand  200  Shockeys;  and 
at  this  time  the  principal  villages  of  the  Twightwees  were  situated 
about  the  head  of  the  Maumee  river  at  and  near  tjie  place  where 
Fort  "Wayne  now  is.  The  larger  "Wea  villages  were  near  the  banks 
of  the  TVabash  river,  in  the  vicinity  of  the  Post  Ouiatcnon;  and 
the  Shockeys  and  Piankeshaws  dwelt  on  the  banks  of  the  Vermil- 
lion and  on  the  borders  of  the  Wabash  between  Yincennes  and 
Ouiatenon.  Branches  of  the  Pottawatomie,  Shawnee,  Delaware  and 
Kickapoo  tribes  were  permitted  at  different  times  to  enter  within 
the  boundaries  of  the  Miamis  and  reside  for  a  while. 

The  wars  in  which  France  and  England  were  engaged,  from  16S8 
to  1697,  retarded  the  growth  of  the  colonies  of  those  nations  in 
North  America,  and  the  efforts  made  by  France  to  connect  Canada 
and  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  by  a  chain  of  trading  posts  and  colonies 
naturally  excited  the  jealousy  of  England  and  gradually  laid  the 
foundation  for  a  struggle  at  arms.  After  several  stations  were  estab- 
lished elsewhere  in  the  "West,  trading  posts  were  started  at  the 
Miami  villages,  which  stood  at  the  head  of  the  Maumee,  at  the  "Wea 
villages  about  Ouiatenon  on  the  "Wabash,  and  at  the  Piankeshaw  vil- 
lages about  the  present  sight  of  Vincennes.  It  is  probable  that  before 
the  close  of  the  year  1719,  temporary  trading  posts  were  erected  at  the 
sites  of  Fort  "Wayne,  Ouiatcnon  and  Vincennes.  ■  These  points  were 
probably  often  visited  by  French  fur  traders  prior  to  1700.  In  the 
meanwhile  the  English  people  in  this  country  commenced  also  to 
establish  military  posts  west  of  the  Alleghanies,  and  thus  matters 
went  on  until  they  naturally  culminated  in  a  general  war,  which, 
being  waged  by  the  French  and  Indians  combined  on  one  side,  was 
called  "  the  French  and  Indian  war."  This  war  was  terminated  in 
1763  by  a  treaty  at  Paris,  by  whicli  France  ceded  to  Great  Britain 
all  of  North  America  east  of  the  Mississippi  except  New  Orleans 
and  the  island  on  which  it  is  situated;  and  indeed,  France  had  the 
preceding  autumn,  by  a  secret  convention,  ceded  to  Spain  all  the 
country  west  of  that  river.  _ 


4G  HISTOIIY    OF    INDIANA. 


POXTIAC  S  ^\■AK. 

In  17G2,  after  Canada  and  its  dependencies  liad  been  surrendered 
to  tlie  English,  Pontiuc  and  liis  partisans  Pecretlj'- organized  a  pow- 
erful confederacy  in  order  to  crush  at  one  h\o\v  all  English  power 
in  the  West.  This  great  scheme  was  skillfully  projected  and  cau- 
tiously matured. 

The  principid  act  in  the  programme  was  to  gain  admittance  into 
the  fort  at  Detroit,  on  pretense  of  a  friendly  visit,  with  short- 
ened muskets  concealed  nnder  their  blankets,  and  on  agi\-en  signal 
suddenly  break  forth  upon  the  garrison;  but  an  inadvertent  remark 
of  an  Indian  woman  led  to  a  discovery  of  the  plot,  which  was  con- 
sequently averted.  Pontiac and  his  warriors  afterward  made  many 
attacks  upon  the  English,  some  of  which  were  successful,  but  the 
Indians  were  finally  defeated  in  the  general  war. 

BRITISH    POLICY. 

In  1765  the  total  number  of  French  families  within  the  limits  of 
the  Northwestern  Territory  did  not  probably  exceed  600.  These 
were  in  settlements  about  Detroit,  along  the  river  Wabash  and  the 
neighborhood  of  Fort  Chartres  on  the  Mississippi.  Of  these  fami- 
lies, about  80  or  90  resided  at  Post  Vincennes,  14  at  Fort  Ouiate- 
non,  on  the  Wabash,  and  nine  or  ten  at  the  confluence  of  the  St. 
Mary  and  St.  Joseph  rivers. 

The  colonial  policy  of  the  British  government  opposed  any  meas- 
ures which  might  strengthen  settleuients  in  the  interior  of  this 
country,  lest  they  become  self-supporting  and  independent  of  the 
mother  country;  hence  the  early  and  raj)id  settlement  of  the  North- 
western territory  was  still  further  retarded  by  the  short-sighted 
selfishness  of  England.  That  fatal  policy  consisted  mainly  in  hold- 
ing the  land  in  the  hands  of  the  government  and  not  allowing  it  to 
be  subdivided  and  sold  to  settlers.  But  in  spite  of  all  her  efibrts 
in  this  direction,  she  constantly  made  just  such  efix)rts  as  provoked 
the  American  people  to  rebel,  and  to  rebel  successfully,  which  was 
within  15  j^ears  after  the  perfect  close  of  the  French  and  Indian 
war. 

AMEUICAN  POLICY. 

Thomas  Jefferson,  the  shrewd  statesman  and  wise  Governor  of 
Virginia,  saw  from  the  first  that  actual  oecujiation  of  Western  lands 
was  the  only  way  to  keejj  them  out  of  the  hands  of  foreigners  and 


inSTOIIY   OF   INDIANA.  47 

Indians.  Therefore,  dircetlj  after  tlie  conquest  of  Yiucenncs  by 
Clarlc,  lie  cn:rfigcd  a  scientific  corps  to  proceed  under  an  escort  to 
the  Mis.sii^-^jppi,  and  ascertain  by  celestial  observations  llio  point 
on  tbat  jher  intersected  by  latitude  30"  30',  the  .southern  limit  of 
the  State,  and  to  measure  its  distance  to  the  Ohio.  To  Gen.  Clark 
was  entrusted  the  conduct  of  the  military  operations  in  that  quar- 
ter, lie  was  instructed  to  select  a  strong  position  near  that  point 
and  establ  ish there  a  fort  and  garrison ;  thence  to  extend  his  conquests 
northward  to  the  lakes,  erecting  forts  at  different  points,  which 
might  serve  as  monuments  of  actual  possession,  besides  affording 
protection  to  that  portion  of  the  country.  Fort  "  Jefferson  "  was 
erected  and  garrisoned  on  the  Mississippi  a  few  miles  above  the 
southern  limit. 

The  result  of  these  operations  was  the  addition,  to  the  chartered 
limits  of  Virginia,  of  that  immense  region  known  as  the  "  K"orth- 
westera  Territory."  The  simple  fact  that  such  and  such  forts  were 
established  by  the  Americans  in  this  vast  region  convinced  the  Brit- 
ish Commissioners  that  we  had  entitled  ourselves  to  the  land.  But 
where  are  those  ''  monuments  "  of  our  power  now? 

INDIAN     SAVAGEKY. 

As  a  striking  example  of  the  inhuman  treatment  which  the  early 
Indians  were  capable  of  giving  white  people,  we  quote  the  follow 
ing  blood-cujrdling  story  from  Mr.  Cox'  "  KecoUcctions  of  the 
Wabash  Valley": 

On  the  11th  of  February,  1781,  a  wagoner  named  Irvin  Ilinton 
was  sent  from  the  block-house  at  Louisville,  Ky.,  to  Ilarrodsburg 
for  a  load  of  provisions  for  the  fort.  Two  young  men,  Richard. 
Hue  and  George  Holman,  aged  respectively  19  and  16  years,  were 
sent  as  guards  to  protect  the  wagon  from  the  depredations  of  any 
hostile  Indians  who  might  be  lurking  in  the  cane-brakes  or  ravines 
through  which  they  must  pass.  Soon  after  their  start  a  severe 
snow-storm  set  in  which  lasted  until  afternoon.  Lest  the  melting 
snow  might  dampen  the  powder  in  their  rifles,  tlie  guards  fired 
them  off,  intending  to  reload  them  as  soon  as  the  storm  ceased. 
Hinton  drove  the  horses  while  Hue  '.-alked  a  few  rods  ahead  and 
Holman  about  the  same  distance  behind.  As  they  ascended  a  hill 
about  eight  miles  from  Louisville  Ilinton  heard  some  one  say  Whoa 
to  the  horses.  Supposing  that  something  was  wrong  about  the 
wagon,  he  stopped  and  asked  Ilolnian  why  he  had  called  him  to 
halt.     Holman  said  that  he  had  not  spoken;    Kue  also  denied  it, 


48  KiST<:)]:v  of  ii-!uiana. 

but  said  that,  lie  had  heard  the  vuJco  distinctly.  At  this  time  a  voice 
cried  out,  "  I  will  solve  the  mystery  for  you ;  it  was  Simon  Girty  that 
cried  "Whoa,  and  he  meant  what  he  said," — at  the  same  time  cmcrg- 
« ing  from  a  sink-hole  a  few  rods  from  the  roadside,  followed  hy  13 
Indians,  who  immediately  surrounded  the  three  Kcntuckiaua  and 
demanded  them  to  surrender  or  die  instantly.  The  little  party, 
niakinty  a  virtue  of  necessity,  surrendered  to  this  renegade  white 
man  and  his  Indian  allies. 

Being  so  near  two  forts,  Girty  made  all  possible  speed  in  making 
fast  his  prisoners,  selecting  the  lines  and  other  parts  of  the  harness, 
he  prepared  for  an  immediate  fli^dit  across  the  Ohio.  The  panta- 
loons of  the  prisoners  were  cut  off  about  four  inches  above  the 
knees,  and  thus  they  started  througb  the  deep  snow  as  fast  as  the 
horses  could  trot,  leaving  the  wagon,  containing  a  few  empty  bar- 
rels, standing  in  the  road.  They  continued  their  march  for  sev- 
eral cold  days,  without  fire  at  niglit,  until  they  reached  Wa-pnc-ca- 
nat-ta,  where  they  compelled  their  prisoners  to  run  the  gauntlet  as 
they  entered  the  village.  Hinton  first  ran  the  gauntlet  and  reached 
the  council-house  afterreceiving  several  severe  'lows  upon  the  head 
and  shoulders.  Rue  next  ran  between  the  lines,  pursued  by  an 
Indian  with  an  uplifted  tomahawk.  He  far  outstripped  his  pursuer 
and  dodged  most  of  the  blows  aimed  at  him.  Holman  complaining 
that  it  was  too  severe  a  test  for  a  worn-out  stripling  like  himself, 
was  allowed  to  run  between  two  lines  of  squaws  and  boys,  and  was 
followed  by  an  Indian  with  a  long  switch. 

The  first  council  of  the  Indians  did  not  dispose  of  these  young 
men;  they  were  waiting  for  the  presence  of  other  chiefs  and  war- 
riors. Hinton  escaped,  but  on  the  afternoon  of  the  second  day  he 
was  re-captured.  Now  the  Indians  were  glad  that  they  had  an 
occasion  to  indulge  in  the  infernal  joy  of  burning  him  at  once. 
Soon  after  their  supper,  which  they  shared  with  their  victim,  they 
drove  the  stake  into  the  ground,  piled  np  the  fagots  in  a  circle 
around  it,  stripped  and  blackened  the  prisoner,  tied  him  to  the 
stake,  and  applied  the  torch.  It  was  a  slow  fire.  The  war-whoop 
then  thrilled  through  the  dark  surrounding  forest  like  the  chorus 
of  a  band  of  infernal  spirits  escaped  from  pandemonium,  and  the 
scalp  dance  was  struck  up  by  those  demons  in  human  shape,  who 
for  hours  encircled  their  victim,  brandishing  their  tomahawks  and 
war  clubs,  and  venting  their  execrations  upon  the  helpless  sufferer, 
who  died  about  midnight  from  the  effects  of  the  slow  heat.  As 
8oon  as  he  fell  upon  the  ground,  the  Indian  who  first  discovered 


inSTOHY    OF    INDIANA.  49 

Ilim  in  the  woods  that  evening  sprang  in,  sunk  Lis  tomahawk  into 
his  skull  abo\  ft  the  car,  and  witli  his  knii'o  strijned  off  the  scalp, 
which  he  bore  back  with  liini  to  the  town  ne,  a  trophy,  and  which 
was  tauntingly  thrust  info  the  faces  of  Rue  and  Ilohnan,  with  the 
question,  "  Can  you  smell  the  fire  on  the  scalp  of  your  red-headed 
friend?  We  cooked  him  aud  left  liini  for  the  wolves  to  make  a 
breakfast  upon;  that  is  the  way  we  serve  runaway  prisoners." 

After  a  Inarch  of  three  daj's  more,  the  ]n-isoners,  Rue  and  IIoI- 
man,  had  to  run  the  gauntlets  again,  aud  barely  got  through  with 
their  lives.  It  was  decided  that  they  should  l)oth  be  burned  at  the 
stake  thtit  night,  though  this  decision  was  far  from  being  i;nani- 
mous.  The  necessary  preparations  were  made,  dry  sticks  and 
brush  were  gathered  and  piled  around  two  stakes,  the  ftices 
and  hands  of  the  doomed  men  were  blackened  in  the  customary 
manner,  and  as  the  evening  approached  the  poor  wretches  sat  look- 
ing upon  the  setting  sun  for  the  last  time.  An  unusual  excitement 
was  manifest  in  a  number  of  chiefs  who  still  lingered  about  the 
council-house.  At  a  pause  in  the  contention,  a  noble-looking  In- 
dian approached  the  prisoners,  and  after  speaking  a  few  words  to 
the  guards,  tookllolman  by  the  hand,  lifted  him  to  his  feet,  cut  the 
cords  that  bound  him  to  his  fellov/  prisoners,  removed  the  black  from 
his  face  and  hands,  put  his  hand  kindly  upon  his  head  and  said :  "  I 
adopt  you  as  my  son,  to  fill  the  place  of  the  one  I  have  lately  buried; 
you  are  now  a  kinsman  of  Logan,  the  white  man's  friend,  as  he  has 
been  called,  but  who  has  lately  proven  himself  to  be  a  terrible 
avenger  of  the  wrongs  inflicted  upon  him  by  the  bloody  Cresap  and 
his  men."  "With  evident  reluctance,  Girty  interpreted  this  to  llol- 
man,  who  was  thus  unexpectedly  freed,  ' 

But  the  preparations  for  the  burning  of  Rue  went  on.  Holman 
and  Rue  embraced  each  other  most  affectionately,  with  a  sorrow  too 
deep  for  description.  Rue  was  then  tied  to  one  of  the  stakes;  but- 
the  general  contention  among  the  Indians  had  not  ceased.  Just  as 
the  lighted  fagots  were  about  to  be  applied  to  the  dry  brush  piled 
around  the  devoted  youth,  a  tall,  active  young  Shawnee,  a  son  of 
the  A'ictim's  captor,  sprang  into  the  ring,  and  cutting  the  cords 
which  bound  him  to  the  stake,  led  him  out  amidst  the  deafening 
plaudits  of  a  part  of  the  crowd  aud  the  execrations  of  the  rest.  Re- 
gardless of  threats,  he  caused  water  to  be  brought  and  the  black  to 
be  washed  from  the  face  and  hands  of  the  prisoner,  whose  clothes 
were  then  returned  to  him,  when  the  young  brave  said:  "  I  take 
this  young  man  to  be  my  brother,  in  the  place  of  one  I  lately  lost; 


60  HISTORY   OF    l^'DIAXA. 

I  loved  that  brother  well;  I  will  lovctliis  one,  too;  my  old  mother 
■will  he  glad  when  I  tell  her  (hat  1  have  l}rought  her  a  son,  in  place 
^f  the  dear  departed  one.  We  want  no  more  victims.  The  burning" 
of  Red-head  [Hinton]  ought  to  satisfy  ns.  These  innocent  young 
rnen  do  not  merit  &\u'.h  cruel  fate;  I  would  rather  die  myself  than 
see  this  adopted  brother  burned  at  the  stake." 

A-  loud  shout  of  approbation  showed  that  the  young  Shawnee  had 
triumphed,  though  dissension  was  manifest  among  the  various 
tribes  afterward.  Some  of  them  abandoned  their  trip  to  Detroit, 
others  returded  to  Wa-puc-ca-nat-ta,  a  few  turned  tov>'ard  the  Mis- 
sissinewa  and  the  'Wabasli  towns,  while,  a  portion  continued  to  De- 
troit. Ilolman  was  taken  back  to  Wa-puc-ca-nat  ta,  where  he  re- 
mained most  of  tbe  time  of  his  captivity.  Rue  was  taken  first  to 
the  Mississinewa,  then  to  the  Wabash  towns.  Two  years  of  bis 
eventful  captivity  were  spent  in  the  region  of  the  Wabash  and  Illi- 
nois rivers,  but  the  last  few  months  at  Detroit;  was  in  captivity 
altogether  about  three  years  and  a  half. 

Rue  eifected  his  escape  in  the  following  manner:  Daring  one  of 
the  drunken  revels  of  the  Indians  near  Detroit  one  of  them  lost  a 
purse  of  S90;  various  tribes  were  suspected  of  feloniously  keeping 
the  treasure,  and  much  ugly  speculation  was  indulged  in  as  to  who 
"was  the  thief.  Ai  length  a  prophet  of  a  tribe  that  was  not  suspected 
was  called  to  divine  the  mystery.  He  spread  sand  over  a  green 
deer-skin,  watched  it  awhile  and  performed  various  manipulations, 
and  professed  to  see  that  the  money  had  been  stolen  and  carried 
away  by  a  tribe  entirely  different  from  any  that  had  been 
Euspicioued;  but  he  was  shrewd  enough  not  to  announce  who  the 
thief  was  or  the  tribe  he  belonged  to,  lest  a  war  m.ight  arise.  His 
decision  quieted  the  belligerent  uprisings  threatened  by  the  excited 
Indians. 

Rue  and  two  other  prisoners  saw  this  display  of  the  prophet's 
skill  and  concluded  to  interrogate  hira  soon  concerning  their  fami- 
lies at  home.  The  opportunity  occurred  in  a  few  days,  and  the  In- 
dian seer  actually  astonished  Rue  with  the  accuracy  with  which  he 
described  his  family,  and  added,  "You  all  intend  to  make  your 
escape,  and  you  will  effect  it  soon.  You  v/ill  meet  with  many  trials 
and  hardships  in  passiiig  over  so  wild  a  district  of  country,  inhabited 
by  so  many  hostile  nations  of  Indians.  You  will  almost  starve  to 
death;  but  about  the  time  you  have  given  up  all  hope  of  finding 
game  to  sustain  you  in  your  famished  condition,  succor  will  come 
■when  you  least  expect  it.  The  first  game  you  will  succeed  in  taking 


HISTORY   OF    INDIANA.  51 

will  be  a  male  of  some  kind;  after  that  you  will  li."  3  plenty  of 
game  and  return  home  in  safety." 

The  prophet  kept  this  matter  a  secret  for  the  prisoners,  and  the 
latter  in  a  few  days  set  off  upon  their  terrible  journey,  and  had 
just  such  experience  as  the  Indian  prophet  had  foretold;  they 
arrived  home  with  their  lives,  but  were  pretty  well  worn  out  with  tbe 
exposures  and  privations  of  a  three  weeks' journey. 

On  the  return  of  Ilolman's  party  of  Indians  to  "Wa-puc-ca-nat-ta, 
much  dissatisfaction  existed  in  regard  to  the  manner  of  hi?  release 
from  the  sentence  of  condemnation  pronounced  against  him  by  the 
council.  Many  were  in  fiivor  :f  recalling  the  council  and  trying 
bim  again,  and  this  was  iinally  agreed  to.  The  young  man  was 
again  put  upon  trial  for  his  life,  with  a  strong  probability  of  his 
being  condemned  to  the  stake.  Both  parties  worked  hard  for  vic- 
tory in  the  final  vote,  which  eventually  proved  to  give  a  majority  of 
one  for  the  prisoner's  acquittal. 

"While  with  tlie  Indians,  Ilolman  saw  them  burn  at  the  stake  a 
Kentuckiau  named  Kicliard  Hogeland,  who  had  been  taken  prisoner 
at  the  defeat  of  Col.  Crawford.  They  commenced  burning  him  at 
nine  o'clock  at  night,  and  continued  roasting  him  until  ten  o'clock 
the  next  day,  before  he  expired.  During  his  excruciating  tortures  he 
begged  for  some  of  them  to  end  his  life  and  sufferings  With  a  gun 
or  tomahawk.  Finally  his  cruel  tormentors  promised  they  would, 
and  cut  several  deep  gashes  in  his  flesh  with  their  tomaliawks,  and 
shoveled  up  hot  ashes  and  embers  and  threw  them  into  the  gaping 
WOT  ids.  W]  en  he  was  dead  they  stripped  off  his  scalp,  cut  him 
to  pieces  and  'urnt  liim  to  ashes,  which  they  scattered  thz'ough  the 
town  to  expel  the  evil  spirits  from  it. 

After  a  ca])tivity  of  about  three  years  and  a  half,  Ilolman  saw  an 
o:  portunity  of  going  on  amission  for  the  destitute  Indians,  namely, 
of  going  to  Ilarrodsburg,  Ky.,  where  he  had  a  rich  uncle,  from 
whom  they  could  get  what  supplies  they  wanted.  They  let  him  go 
with  a  guard,  but  on  ai'riving  at  Louisville,  where  Gen.  Clark  was 
in  command,  he  was  ransomed,  and  he  reached  home  only  three 
days  after  the  arrival  of  Eue.  Both  these  men  lived  to  a  good  old 
age,  terminating  their  lives  at  their  home  about  two  miles  south  of 
Kichmond,  Ind. 


EXPEDITIONS  OF  COL.  GEOKGE  EOGEPvS  CLAPK. 

In  tlic  summer  of  1778,  Col.  George  Kogers  Clark,  a  native  of 
Albemarle  countj',  Ya.,  led  a  memorable  expedition  against  the 
ancient  Frencli  settlements  about  Kaskaskia  and  Post  Viucenncs, 
With  respect  to  the  maguitncle  of  its  design,  the  valor  and  perse- 
verance with  which  it  was  carried  on,  and  the  memorable  results 
which  were  produced  by  it,  this  expedition  stands  without  a  parallel 
in  the  early  annals  of  the  valley  of  the  Mississippi.  That  portion 
ol  the  "West  called  Kentucky  was  occupied  by  Henderson  &  Co., 
who  pretended  to  own  the  land  and  who  held  it  at  a  high  price. 
Col.  Clark  wished  to  tost  the  validity  of  their  claim  and  adjust  the 
government  of  the  country  so  as  to  encourage  immigration.  He 
accordingly  called  a  meeting  of  the  citizens  at  Ilarrodstown,  to 
assemble  June  G,  1776,  and  consider  the  claims  of  the  company  and 
consult  with  reference  to  the  interest  of  the  country.  He  did  not 
at  first  publish  the  exact  aim  of  this  movement,  lest  parties  would 
be  formed  in  advance  and  block  the  enterprise;  also,  if  the  object 
of  the  meeting  were  not  announced  beforehand,  the  curiosity  of  the 
people  to  know  Avhat  was  to  be  proposed  would  bring  out  a  much 
greater  attendance. 

The  meeting  was  lield  on  the  day  appointed,  and  delegates  were 
elected  to  treat  v;ith  the  government  of  Virginia,  to  see  whether 
it  would  be  best  to  become  a  county  in  that  State  and  be  protected 
by  it,  etc.  Various  delays  on  account  of  the  remoteness  of  the 
white  settlers  from  the  older  communities  of  Virginia  and  the  hos- 
tility of  Indians  in  every  direction,  prevented  a  consummation  of 
this  object  until  some  time  in  1778.  The  government  of  Virginia 
was  friendly  to  Clark's  enterprise  to  a  certain  extent,  but  claimed 
that  tliey  had  not  authority  to  do  much  more  than  to  lend  a  little 
assistance  for  which  paj-ment  should  be  made  at  some  future  time, 
as  it  was  not  certain  whether  Kentucky  would  become  a  part  of  Vir- 
ginia or  not,  Gov.  Henry  and  a  few  gentlemen  were  individually 
so  hearty  in  favor  of  Clai'k's  benevolent  undertaking  that  they 
assisted  him  all  they  could.  Accordingly  Mr.  Clark  organized  his 
expedition,  keeping  every  particular  secret  lest  powerful  parties 
would  form  in  the  West  against  him.     He  took  in  stores  at  Pitts- 

(.53) 


„-w<^ 


GEN.  GEORGE  ROGERS  CLAEK 


IIISTOKY    OF   INDIANA. 


bur^  and  "Wliceling,  pi'occcdcd  down  the  Ohio  to  tlic  "Falls," 
wliere  ho  took  possession  of  nn  island  of  a  about  seven  acres,  and 
divided  it  among  a  small  number  of  families,  for  whose  protection 
he  constructed  some  light  fortifications.  At  this  time  Post  Vin- 
cennes  comprised  about  -100  militia,  and  it  was  a  daring  nndortalc- 
ing  for  Col.  Clark,  with  his  small  force,  to  go  up  against  it  and  Kas- 
kaskia,  as  he  had  planned.  Indeed,  some  of  his  men,  on  hearing  of 
his  plan,  deserted  him.  lie  conducted  himself  so  as  to  gain  the 
sympathy  of  the  French,  and  through  them  also  that  of  the 
Indians  to  some  extent,  as  both  these  people  were  very  bitter 
against  the  British,  who  liad  possession  of  the  Lake  liegion. 

From  the  nature  of  the  situation  Clark  concluded  it  was  best  to 
take  Kaskaskia  first.  The  tact  that  the  people  ^regarded  him  as  a 
savage  rebel,  he  regarded  as  really  a  good  thing  in  his  favor;  for 
after  the  first  victory  he  would  show  them  so  much  unexpected 
lenity  that  they  would  rally  to  his  standard.  In  this  policy  he  was 
indeed  successful.  He  arrested  a  few  men  and  put  them  in  irons. 
The  priest  of  the  village,  accompanied  by  five  or  six  aged  citizens, 
waited  on  Clark  and  said  that  the  inhabitants  expected  to  be  separ- 
ated, perhaps  never  to  meet  again,  and  they  begged  to  be  permitted 
to  assemble  in  their  church  to  take  leave  of  each  other.  Clark 
mildl}'  replied  that  he  had  nothing  against  their  religion,  that  they 
might  continue  to  assemble  in  their  church,  but  iiot  venture  out  of 
towm,  etc.  Tins,  by  what  has  since  been  termed  the  "Rarey" 
method  of  taming  horses,  Clark  showed  them  he  had  power  over 
them  but  designed  them  no  harm,  and  they  readily  took  the  oath 
of  allegiance  to  Virginia. 

After  Clark's  arrival  at  Kaskaskia  it  was  difficult  to  induce  the 
Frencli  settlers  to  accept  the  "Continental  paper"  introduced  by 
him  and  his  troops.  Nor  until  Col.  Yigo  arrived  there  and  guar- 
anteed its  redemption  w'ould  they  receive  it.  Peltries  and  piastres 
formed  the  only  currenc}'',  and  Vigo  found  great  difficulty  in  ex- 
plaining Clark's  financial  arrangements.  "Their  commandants 
never  made  money,"  was  the  reply  to  Vigo's  explanation  of  the 
policy  of  the  old  Dominion.  But  notwithstanding  the  guarantees, 
the  Continental  paper  fell  very  low  in  the  market.  Vigo  had  a 
trading  establishment  at  Kaskaskia,  where  he  sold  cofl'ee  at  one 
dollar  a  pound,  and  all  the  other  necessaries  of  life  at  an  equally 
reasonable  price.  The  unsophisticated  Frenchmen  were  generally 
asked  in  what  kind  of   money  they  would  {lay  tlieir  little  bills. 


5G  HISTORY    OK    IXJ)I\NA. 

"Doulcur,"  was  tlic  gcucial  rcplj;  and  as  an  autliority  on  the  sub- 
ject pays,  "It  took  about  twenty  Continental  dollars  to  ]iurchasc  a 
silver  dollar's  worth  of  coflee;  and  as  the  P'reneh  word  "douleur"  aU--- 
^lifies  grief  or  pain,  perhaps  no  word  either  in  the  Frencli  or  Eii"-- 
lisli  languages  expressed  the  idea  more  correctly  than  the  doak//r 
for  a  Continental  dollar.  At  any  rate  it  was  truly  douleur  to  tin- 
Colonel,  for  he  never  received  a  single  dollar  in  exchange  for  the 
large  amount  taken  from  him  in  order  to  sustain  Clark's  credit. 

Kovv',  the  post  at  Vincenncs,  defended  by  Fort  Sackvllle,  came 
next.  The  priest  just  mentioned,  Mr.  Gibault,  was  really  friendly 
to  "the  American  interest;"  he  had  spiritual  charge  of  the  church 
at  Yincennes,  and  he  with  several  others  were  deputed  to  assemble 
the  people  there  and  authorize  them  to  garrison  their  own  ibrt  like 
a  free  and  independent  people,  etc.  This  plan  had  its  desired  effect, 
and  the  people  took  the  oath  of  allegiance  to  the  State  of  Yirf^inia 
and  became  citizens  of  the  United  States.  Their  stvle  of  lan'nia<i-e 
and  conduct  chaiiged  to  a  better  hue,  and  they  surprised  the  numer- 
ous Indians  in  the  vicinity  by  displaying  anew  flag  and  informino- 
them  that  their  old  lather,  the  King  of  France,  was  come  to  life 
again,  and  was  mad  at  them  for  fighting  the  English;  and  they  ad- 
vised them  to  make  peace  with  the  Americans  as  soon  as  they 
could,  otherv.'ise  they  might  expect  to  make  the  land  very  bloody, 
etc.  The  Indians  concluded  they  would  have  to  fall  in  line,  and 
they  offered  no  resistance.  Capt.  Leonard  Helm,  an  American, 
was  left  in  charge  of  this  post,  and  Clark  began  to  turn  his  atten- 
tion to  other  points.  But  before  leaving  this  section  of  the  coun- 
try he  made  treaties  of  peace  with  the  Indians;  this  he  did,  how- 
ever, by  a  different  method  from  what  had  always  before  been 
followed.  By  indirect  methods  he  caused  them  to  come  to  him, 
instead  of  going  to  them.  lie  was  convinced  that  inviting  them  to 
treaties  was  considered  by  them  in  a  different  manner  from  what 
the  whites  expected,  and  imputed  them  to  fear,  and  that  giving 
them  great  presents  confii-med  it.  He  accordingly  established 
treaties  with  the  Piankeshaws,  Ouiatenons,  Ivickapoos,  Illinois, 
Kaskaskias,  Peoriasand  branches  of  some  other  tribes  that  inhab- 
ited the  country  between  Lake  Michigan  and  the  Mississippi. 
Upon  this  the  General  Assembly  of  the  State  of  Virginia  declared 
all  the  citizens  settled  west  of  the  Ohio  organized  into  a  county  of 
that  State,  to  be  known  as  "Illinois"  county;  but  before  the  pro- 
visions of  the  law  could  be  carried  into  effect,  Henry  Hamilton,  the 
British  Lieutenant-Governor  of  Detroit,  collected  an  army  of  about 


JIISTOnV    OF   INDIANA.  i>  i 

30  rc/^ulars,  60  French  volunteer.-^  and  400  Indians,  went  down  a!i;I 
re-touk  the  post  Yincenncs  iu  December,  177S.  Ko  attempt  v.a? 
made  hy  tlie  ])opulation  to  defend  the  town.  Capt.  Ilchii  and  a 
man  named  Henry  were  the  only  Americans  at  the  fort,  the  only 
members  of  the  garrison.  Capt.  Helm  was  talcen  prisoner  and  a 
number  of  the  French  inhabitants  disarmed. 

Col.  Clark,  hearinc^  of  the  situation,  determined  to  re-capture  the 
place.  He  accordingly  gathered  together  what  force  he  could  in 
this  distant  land,  170  men,  and  oni:,the  5th  of  February,  btai'ted  from 
Kaskaskia  and  crossed  the  river  of  that  name.  The  weather  was 
very  wet,  and  the  low  lands  were  pretty  well  covered  with  ■water. 
The  march  was  difficult,  and  the  Colonel  had  to  work' hard  to  keep 
his  men  in  spirits.  He  suiFered  them  to  shoot  game  whenever  they 
wished  and  eat  it  like  Indian  war-dancers,  each  company  by  turns 
inviting  the  others  to  their  feasts,  which  was  the  case  every  night. 
Clark  waded  through  water  as  much  as  an 3^  of  them,  and  thus  stimu- 
lated the  men  by  his  example.  They  reached  the  Little  "Wabash 
on  the  13th,  after  suffering  many  and  great  hardships.  Here  a  camp 
was  formed,  and  without  waiting  to  discuss  plans  for  crossing  the 
river,  Clark  ordered  the  men  to  construct  a  vessel,  and  pretended 
that  crossing  the  stream  would  be  only  a  piece  of  amusement,  al- 
though inwardly  he  held  a  different  opinion. 

The  second  day  afterv/ard  a  reconnoitering  ])arty  was  sent  across 
the  river,  who  returned  and  made  an  encouraging  report.  A  scaf- 
folding was  built  on  the  opposite  shore,  upon  which  the  baggage 
was  placed  as  it  was  tediously  ferried  over,  and  the  new  camping 
ground  was  a  nice  half  acre  of  dry  land.  There  were  many  amuse- 
ments, indeed,  in  getting  across  the  river,  which  put  all  the  men  in 
high  spirits.  The  succeeding  two  or  three  days  they  had  to  march 
through  a  great  deal  of  water,  having  on  the  night  of  the  17th  to 
encamp  in  the  water,  near  the  Big  Wabash. 

At  daybreak  on  the  ISth  they  heard  the  signal  gun  atYincennes, 
and  at  once  commenced  their  march.  Reaching  the  Wabash  about 
two  o'clock,  they  constructed  rafts  to  cross  the  river  on  a  boat-steal- 
ing expedition,  but  labored  all  day  and  night  to  no  purpose.  On 
the  19th  they  began  to  make  a  canoe,  in  which  a  second  attempt  to 
steal  boats  was  made,  but  this  expedition  returned,  reporting  that 
there  were  two  "large  lil-cs"  within  a  mile  of  them.  Clark  sent  a 
canoe  down  the  river  to  meet  the  vessel  that  was  sup])osed  to  be  on 
her  w'ay  up  with  the  supplies,  with  orders  to  hasten  forward  day  and 
night.     This  was  their  last  hope,  as  their  provisions  were  entirely 


^>S  IlISTOKY    OF    IXniAXA. 

gone,  and  stfirvr.tioii  seemed  to  be  liovoriiii^^  ;il)out  tliciii.  Tlie  next 
diiy  tliey  coiniaencod  to  make  more  canoes,  when  about  no<in  the 
sentinel  on  the  river  brought  a  boat  with  five  Fienclmien  Irom  the 
fort.  From  this  party  they  learned  that  they  M'ore  not  as  yet  dis- 
covered. All  the  army  crossed  the  ri\-cr  in  two  canoes  the  next 
day,  and  as  Clark  had  determined  to  reach  the  town  tliat  night,  he 
ordered  his  men  to  move  forward.  Tliey  plunged  into  the  water 
sometimes  to  the  neck,  for  over  tliree  miles. 

"Without  food,  benambed  with  cold,  up  to  their  waists  in  water, 
covered  with  broken  ice,  the  men  at  onetime  mutinied  aiid  refused 
to  march.  All  the  persuasions  of  Clai'k  had  no  effect  upon  the 
half-starved  and  half-frozen  soldiers.  In  one  company  was  a  small 
drumnaer  boy,  and  also  a  sergeant  who  stood  six  feet  two  inches  in 
socks,  and  stout  and  athletic.  He  was  devoted  to  Clark.  The  Gen- 
eral mounted  the  little  drummer  on  the  shoulders  of  the  stalwart 
sergeant  and  ordered  him  to  plunge  into  the  water,  half-frozen  as  it 
was.  He  did  so,  the  little  boy  beating  the  charge  from  his  lofty 
perch,  while  Clark,  sword  in  hand,  followed  them,  giving  the  com- 
mand as  he  threw  aside  the  floating  ice,  "Forward."  Elated  and 
amused  with  the  scene,  the  men  promptly  obeyed,  holding  their 
rifles  above  their  heads,  and  in  spite  of  all  the  obstacles  they  readied 
the  liigh  land  in  perlect  safety. .  But  for  this  and  the  ensuing  days 
of  this  campaig!!  we  quote  from  Clark's  account: 

"  This  last  day's  march  through  the  water  was  far  superior  to  any- 
thing the  Frenchmen  had  any  idea  of.  They  were  backward  in 
speaking;  said  that  the  nearest  land  to  us  was  a  small  league,  a 
sugar  camp  on  the  bank' of  the  river.  A  canoe  was  sent  off  and  re- 
turned without  finding  that  we  could  pass.  I  went  in  her  myself 
and  sounded  the  water  and  found  it  as  deep  as  to  my  neck.  I  returned 
with  a  design  to  have  the  men'  transported  on  board  the  canoes  to 
the  sugar  camp,  which  I  knew  would  expend  the  whole  day  and  en- 
suing night,  as  the  vessels  would  pass  slowly  through  the  bushes. 
The  loss  of  so  much  time  to  men  half  starved  was  a  matter  of  con- 
sequence. I  would  have  given  now  a  great  deal  for  a  day's  provis- 
ion, or  for  one  of  our  horses.  I  returned  but  slowly  to  the  troops, 
giving  myself  time  to  think.  On  our  arrival  all  ran  to  hear  what 
was  the  report;  every  eye  was  fixed  on  me;  I  unfortunately  spoke 
in  a  serious  manner  to  one  of  the  ofiicers.  The  whole  were  alarmed 
without  knowing  what  I  said.  I  viewed  their  confusion  for  about 
one  minute;  I  whispered  to  those  near  me  to  do  as  I  did,  immedi- 
ately put  some  water  in  my  hand,  poured  on  powder,  blackened  mr 


UISl'dKY    Ul-'    INDIANA.  59 

face,  gave  tlic  war-wlioop,  ami  inarcluHl  into  the  water  without  say- 
in*^  a  woi'd.  The  party  <^azeil  and  loll  in,  one  after  anotlicrwitliout 
saj'ing  a  word,  like  a  flock  of  sheep.  I  ordcretl  those  near  me  to 
begin  a  f?ivoritc  soug  of  theirs;  it  soon  passed  lhrou<^di  theline,ai!d 
the  whole  went  on  cheerfully. 

"  I  now  intended  to  have  them  transported  across  the  deepest 
part  of  the  water;  but  when  about  vraist-decp,  one  of  the  men  in- 
formed me  that  he  thought  he  felt  a  path;  we  examined  and  found 
it  so,  and  concluded  that  it  kept  on  the  highest  ground,  which  it  did, 
and  by  taking  pains  to  follow  it,  we  got  to  the  sugar  camp  with  no 
difficulty,  where  there  was  about  half  an  acre  of  dry  ground, — at 

least  ground  not   under  water,  and   there  we  took  up  our  lodging, 
*  *  *  -x-  *  * 

"  The  night  had  been  colder  than  any  we  had  had,  and  the  ice  in 
the  morning  was  one-half  or  three-quarters  of  an  inch  thick  in  still 
water;  the  morning  was  the  finest.  A  little  after  sunrise  I  lectured 
the  whole;  what  I  said  to  them  I  forget,  but  I  concluded  by  in- 
forming them  that  passing  the  plain  then  in  full  view,  and 
reaching  the  opposite  woods  would  put  an  end  to  their  fatigue; 
that  in  a  few  hours  they  would  have  a  sight  of  their  long  wished-for 
object;  and  immediately  stepped  into  the  water  without  waiting 
for  any  reply.  A  huzza  took  place.  As  we  generally  marched 
ilhrough  the  water  in  a  line,  before  the  third  man  entered,  I  called  to 
Major  Bowman,  ordering  him  to  fall  in  the  rear  of  the  25  men,  and 
put  to  death  any  man  who  refused  to  march.  This  met  with  a  cry 
of  approbation,  and  on  we  went.  Getting  about  the  middle  of  the 
plain,  the  water  about  mid-deep,  I  found  myself  sensibly  failing; 
and  as  there  were  no  trees  nor  bushes  for  the  men  to  support  them- 
selves by,  I  feared  that  many  of  the  weak  would  be  drowned.  I  or- 
dered the  canoes  to  make  the  land,  discharge  their  loading,  and  play 
backward  and  forv/ard  with  all  diligence  and  pick  up  the  men;  and 
to  encourage  the  party,  sent  some  of  the  strongest  men  forward, 
with  orders  when  they  got  to  a  certain  distance,  to  pass  the  word 
back  that  the  water  was  getting  shallow,  and  when  getting  near  the 
woods,  to  cry  out  land.  This  stratagem  had  its  desired  effect;  the 
men  exerted  themselves  almost  beyond  their  abilities,  the  Aveak 
holding  by  the  stronger.  The  water,  however,  did  not  become 
shallower,  but  continued  deepening.  Getting  to  the  woods  where 
the  men  expected  land,  the  water  was  up  to  my  shoulders;  but 
gaining  the  woods  was  of  great  consequence;  all  the  low  men  and 
weakly  hung  to  the  trees  and  iloated  on  the  old  logs  until  they  were 


GO  III^TOKY    OF    INPIAXA. 

taken  ofTby  tlic  cuiuics;  tlio  strong  and  tall  got  ashore  and  built 
fires.  Many  ^vould  reach  the  shore  and  tall  with  their  bodies  lialf 
,  in  the  water,  not  being  able  to  support  themselves  without  it. 

"Thirf  was  a  dry  and  delightful  spot  of  ground  of  about  ten  acres. 
Fortunately,  as  if  designed  by  Providence,  a  canoe  of  Indian  squaws 
and  children  was  coming  up  to  town,  and  took  througli'this  part  of 
the  plain  as  a  nigh  way;  it  was  discovered  by  our  canoe-men  as  they 
were  out  after  the  other  men.  They  gave  chase  and  took  tlie  Indian 
canoe,  on  board  of  which  was  nearly  half  a  quarter  of  buffalo,  some 
corn,  tallow,  kettles,  etc.  This  was  an  invaluable  prize.  Broth  was 
immediately  made  and  served  out,  especially  to  the  weakly;-  nearly 
all  of  us  got  a  little;  but  a  great  Jiuxny  gave  their  part  to  the 
weakly,  saying  something  cheering  to  their  comrades.  By  the 
afternoon,  this  refreshment  and  fine  weather  had  greatlj'  invigor- 
ated the  whole  p;u-ty. 

"  Crossing  a  narrow  and  deep  lake  in  the  canoes,  and  marching 
some  distance,  we  came  to  a  copse  of  timber  called  '  Warrior's 
Island.'  We  were  now  in  full  view  of  the  fort  and  town;  it  was 
about  two  miles  distant,  with  not  a  shrub  intervening.  Everyman 
now  feasted  his  eyes  and  forgot  that  he  had  suffered  anything,  sa}'-- 
ing  that  all  which  had  passed  was  owing  to  good  policy,  and  noth- 
ing but  what  a  man  could  bear,  and  that  a  soldier  had  no  right  to 
think,  passing  from  one  extreme  to  the  other, — which  is  common  in 
such  cases.  And  now  stratagem  was  necessarj'.  The  plain  between 
us  and  the  town  was  not  a  perfect  level;  the  sunken  grounds  were 
covered  with  water  full  of  ducks.  We  observed  several  men  within 
ahalf  a  mile  of  us  shooting  ducks,  and  sent  out  some  of  our  active 
young  Frenchmen  to  take  one  of  these  men  prisoners  without 
alarming  the  rest,  which  they  did.  The  information  we  got  from 
this  person  was  similar  to  that  which  we  got  from  those  taken  on  the 
river,  except  that  of  the  British  having  that  evening  completed  the 
wall  of  the  fort,  and  that  there  were  a  great  many  Indians  in  town. 

"  Our  situation  was  now  critical.  No  possibility  of  retreat  in 
case  of  defeat,  and  in  full  view  of  a  town  containing  at  this  time 
more  than  COO  men,  troops,  inhabitants  and  Indians.  The  crew  of  the 
galley,  though  not  50  men,  would  have  been  now  a  re-enforcement 
of  immense  magnitude  to  our  little  arm}',  if  I  may  so  call  it,  but 
we  would  not  think  of  them.  AVe  were  now  in  the  situation  that  I 
had  labored  to  get  ourselves  in.  The  idea  of  being  made  prisoner 
was  foreign  to  almost  every  man,  as  the}' expected  nothing  but  tor- 
ture from  the  savages  if  they  fell  into  their  hands.     Our  fate  was 


HISTUKV    UF   IxmANA,  61 

now  to  bo  determined,  probably  in  a  few  hours;  we  knew  tliat 
notliiiiii;  but  the  most  dnrinij;  conduct  would  insure  success;  I  knew 
also  tliiit  a  number  of  the  inhabitants  wished  us  well.  This  was  a 
favorable  eircumstanoe;  and  as  there  was  but  little  prooability  of  our 
rcmainin>^  until  dark  undiscovered,  1  di'.lerniincd  to  begin  opera- 
tions immediately,  and  therefore  wrote  the  following  placard  to  the 
inhabitants: 

To  th<i  InlMh'itants  of  Po.'<i  Yincemies: 

Gentlemen: — Being  now  within  two  miles  of  your  village  with 
•  my  array,  determined  to  take  your  fort  this  night,  and  not  being 
willing  to  surprise  you,  I  take  this  method  to  request  such  of  you 
as  are  true  citizens  and  willing  to  enjoy  the  liberty  I  bring  you,  to 
remain  still  in  your  houses;  and  those,  if  any  there  be,  that  arc 
friends  to  the  king,  will  instantly  repair  to  the  fort  and  join  the 
hair-buyer  general  and  fight  like  men;  and  if  any  such  as  do  not  go 
to  the  fort  shall  be  di-scovered  afterv,'ard,  they  may  depend  on 
severe  punishment.  On  the  contrary,  those  who  are  true  friends 
to  liberty  may  de])end  on  being  well  treated;  and  I  once  more 
request  them  to  keep  out  of  the  streets;  for  every  one  I  find  in 
arms  on  iny  arrival  1  shall  treat  as  an  enemy. 

[Signed]  G.  R.  Cla.uk. 

"  I  had  various  ideas  on  the  i-esults  of  this  letter.  I  knew  it 
could  do  us  no  damage,  but  that  it  would  cause  tlie  lukewarm  to 
be  decided,  and  encourage  our  friends  and  astonish  our  enemies. 
We  anxiously  viewed  this  messenger  until  he  entered  the  town,  and 
in  a  few  minutes  we  discovered  hy  our  glasses  some  stir  in  every 
street  we  could  penetrate,  and  great  numbers  running  or  riding  out 
into  the  commons,  we  supjDosed  to  view  us,  which  was  the  case. 
But  what  surprised  us  was  that  nothing  had  yet  happened  that  had 
the  appearance  of  the  garrison  being  alarmed, — neither  gun  nor 
drum.  We  began  to  suppose  that  the  information  we  got  from  our 
prisoners  was  false,  and  that  the  enemy  had  already  knew  of  us  and 
were  prepared.  A  little  before  sunset  we  displayed  oui'selvcs  in 
full  view  of  the  town, — crowds  gazins:  at  us.  We  were  plun'T^inf 
ourselves  into  certain  destruction  or  success;  there  was  no  midway 
thought  of.  We  had  but  little  to  say  to  our  men,  except  inculcat- 
ing an  idea  of  the  necessity  of  obedience,  etc.  We  moved  on 
slowly  in  full  view  of  the  tov/n ;  but  as  it  was  a  point  of  some  con- 
sequence to  us  to  make  ourselves  appear  formidable,  Vv'e,  in  leaving 
the  covert  we  v/ere  in,  marched  and  counter-marched  in  such  a 
manner  that  we  appeared  numerous.  Our  colors  were  displayed  to 
the  beet  advantage;  and  as  the  low  plain  we  marched  through  was 


03  }1IST01!Y    nV    INDIANA. 

not  a  ])orfcc't  level,  but  liml  frequent  risings  in  it,  of  7  <n'  8 
higher  than  the  eonmion  level,  Nvhieb  \v;\s  covered  with  water;  and 
as  these  risiiiii;t:  "xener.-illy  run  in  an  oMique  <lircctii)n  to  the  town, 
we  took  the  advantage  of  one  of  them,  niarehing  through  llie  water 
h}'  it,  which  coni])letely  ])reventcd  our  hi'ing  niiinhered.  We  gained 
the  heiglits  liack  of  tlie  town.  As  there  were  as  yet  no  hostile 
appearance,  we  were  impatient  to  have  the  cause  unriddled.  Litait. 
Bay'ley  was  ordered  witli  l-i  men  to  march  and  fire  on  the  f^a-t; 
the  main  body  moved  in  a  dili'erejit  direction  and  took  possession 
of  the  strongest  part  of  the  town." 

Clark  then  sent  a  writrei:  order  to  Hamilton  commanding 
liim  to  surrender  immediately  or  he  would  be  treated  as  a 
murdei-er;  Hamilton  replied  that  he  and  his  garrison  were  not 
disposed  to  be  awed  into  any  action  unworthy  of  British  sub- 
jects. After  one  hour  more  of  fighting,  Hamilton  proposed  a 
truce  of  three  days  for  conference,  on  condition  that  each  side 
cease  all  defensive  work;  Clark  rejoined  that  he  would  "not 
agree  to  any  terms  other  than  Mr.  Hamilton  surrendering  himself 
and  garrison  prisoners  at  discretion,"  and  added  that  if  he,  Hamil- 
ton, wished  to  talk  with  him  he  could  meet  him  immediately  at  the 
church  with  Capt.  Helm.  In  less  than  an  hour  Clark  dictated  the 
termsof  surrender,  Feb.  24,  1779.  Hamilton  agreed  to  the  total 
surrender  because,  as  he  there  claimed  in  writijig,  ho  was  too  far 
from  aid  from  his  own  government,  and  l)ecause  of  the  "  unanimity" 
of  his  officers  in  the  surren-:  •,  and  his  "confidence  in  a  generous 
enemy." 

"Of  this  expedition,  of  its  results,  of  its  importance,  of  the  merits  of 
those  engaged  in  it,  of  their  bravery,  their  skill,  of  their  prudence,  of 
their  success,  a  volume  would  not  more  than  suffice  for  the  details. 
Suffice  it  to  say  that  in  my  opinion,  and  I  have  accurately  and  criti- 
cally weighed  and  examined  all  the  results  produced  by  the  con- 
tests in  vv'hich  we  were  engaged  during  the  Revolutionary  war, 
that  for  bravery,  for  hardships  endured,  for  skill  and  consummate 
tact  and  prudence  on  the  part  of  the  commander,  obedience,  dis- 
cipline and  love  of  country  on  the  part  of  his  followers,  for  the 
immense  benefits  acquired,  and  signal  advantages  obtained  by  it 
for  the  whole  union,  it  was  second  to  no  enterprise  undertaken  dur- 
ing that  struggle.  I  might  add,  second  to  no  uudertaking  in  an- 
cient or  modern  warfare.  The  whole  credit  of  this  conquest  be- 
longs  to  tv,^o  men;  Gen.  George  Rogers  Clark  and  Col.  Francis 
Vigo.     And  when  we  consider  that  by  it  the  whole   territory   now 


HIM<>i;V    l)V    J.\])IA\A.  63 

covered  bj  the  threo  great  states  of  Indiana,  Illinois  and  J\^c]li^^^,n 
Avaa  added  to  the  union,  and  so  admitted  to  lie  by  the  British  commis- 
sioners at  the  preliminaries  to  the  treaty  of  peace  in  1TS3;  (and  but 
for  this  ver}^  conqncstj  the  boundaries  of  our  territories  west  would 
have  been  the  Ohio  instead  of  theMississijipi,and  so  achnowlcdged 
by  both  our  commissioners  and  the  British  at  that  conference;)  a 
territory  embracing  upward  of  2,Cl'0,000  people,  the  humau  mind 
is  lost  in  the  contemplation  of  its  effects;  and  we  can  but  wonder 
tliat  a  force  of  170  men,  the  whole  number  of  Clark's  troops, 
should  by  this  single  action  have  produced  such  important  results.''* 
[John  Law. 

The  next  day  Clark  sent  a  detachment  of  00  men  up  the  river 
Wabasli  to  intercept  some  boats  which  were  laden  with  provision?, 
and  goods  from  Detroit.  This  force  was  placed  under  cominand  of 
Capt.  Helm,  Major  Bosseron  and  Major  Lcgras,  and  they  jjrocecded 
np  the  river,  in  three  armed  boats,  about  120  miles,  when  the 
British  boats,  about  seven  in  number,  were  surprised  and  captured 
without  firing  a  gun.  These  boats,  which  had  on  board  about 
$50,000  worth  of  goods  and  provisions,  were  manned  by  abont 
40  men,  amOng  whom  was  Philip  Dejean,  a  magistrate  of  Detroit 
The  provisions  were  taken  for  the  ])ublic,  and  distribu!  '  among 
the  soldiery. 

Having  organized  a  military  government  at  Yincennes  and 
appointed  Capt.  Helm  commandant  of  the  town,  Col.  Clark  return- 
ed in  the  vessel  to  Kaskaskia,  where  he  was  joined  by  reinforce- 
ments from  Kentucky  under  Capt.  George.  Meanwhile,  a  party  of 
traders  who  were  going  to  the  falls,  were  killed  and  plundered  by 
the  Delawares  of  White  River;  the  news  of  this  disaster  having 
reached  Clark,  he  sent  a  dispatch  to  Capt.  Helm  ordering  him  to 
make  war  on  the  Delawares  and  use  everj'  means  in  his  power  to 
destroy  them;  to  show  no  mercy  to  the  men,  but  to  save  the 
women  and  children.  This  order  was  executed  without  delay. 
Their  camps  were  attacked  in  every  quarter  where  they  could  be 
found.  Many  fell,  and  others  were  carried  to  Post  Vinccnnes  and 
put  to  death.  The  surviving  Delawares  at  once  pleaded  for  mercy 
and  appeared  anxious  to  make  some  atonement  for  their  bad  con- 
duct. To  these  overtures  Capt.  Helm  replied  that  Col.  Clark,  the 
"  Big  Knife,"  had  ordered  the  war,  and  that  he  had  no  power  to  lay 
down  the  hatchet,  but  that  he  would  suspend  hostilities  until  a 
messenger  could  be  sent  to  Kaskaskia.  This  was  done,  and  the 
crafty  Colonel,  well  understanding  the  Indian  character,  sent  a 


6i  iiisTuuv  OF  i.xnrAXA. 

message  io.tlie  Dclawaros,  telling  tliein  tliat  lie  would  not  accept 
their  friendship  or  treat  with  tlieiu  for  i)c;icc;  but  that  if  they 
could  get  some  of  the  iieighboriug  tribes  to  become  resj)ousiblo  for 
their  future  conduct,  lie  would  discontinue  the  war  and  spare  their 
lives;  otherwise  they  must  all  perish. 

Accordingly  a  council  was  called  of  all  the  Indians  in  the  neigh- 
borhood, and  Clark's  answer  was  read  to  the  assembly.  After  duo 
deliberation  the  Piankcshaws  took  on  themselves  to  answer  for  the 
future  good  conduct  of  the  Delawares,  and  the  ''  Grand  Door"  in  a 
long  speech  denounced  their  base  conduct.  This  ended  the  war 
with  the  Delawares  and  secured  the  respect  of  the  neighboring 
tribes. 

Clark's  attention  was  next  turned  to  the  British  post  at  Detroit, 
but  being  unable  to  obtain  sufficient  troops  he  abandoned  the  en- 
terprise. 

Clark's  ingenious  euse  aoaixst  the  Indians, 

Tradition  says  that  when  Clark  captured  Hamilton  and  his  gar- 
rison at  Fort  Sackville,  he  took  possession  of  the  fort  and  kept  the 
British  flag  flying,  dressed  his  sentinels  with  the  uniform  of  the 
Britisli  soldiery,  and  let  everything  about  the  premises  remain  as 
they  were,  so  that  when  the  Indians  sympathizing  with  the  British 
arrived  they  would  walk  right  into  the  citadel,  into  the  jaws  of 
death.  His  success  was  perfect.  Sullen  and  silent,  with  the  scalp- 
lock  of  his  victims  hanging  at  his  girdle,  and  in  full  expectation  of 
his  reward  from  Hamilton,  the  unwary  savage,  unconscious  of 
danger  and  wholly  ignorant  of  the  change  that  had  just  beeneifectcd 
in  his  absence,  passed  the  supposed  British  sentry  at  the  gate  of  the 
fort  unmolested  and  unchallenged;  but  as  soon  as  in,  a  volley  from 
the  rifles  of  a  platoon  of  Clark's  men,  drawn  up  and  awaiting  his 
coming,  piercrd  their  hearts  and  sent  the  unconscious  savage,  reek- 
ing with  murder,  to  that  tribunal  to  which  he  had  so  frequently, 
by  order  of  the  hair-buyer  general,  sent  his  American  captives, 
from  the  infant  in  the  cradle  to  the  grandfather  of  the  family,  tot- 
tering with  age  and  infirmity.  It  was  a  just  retribution,  and  few 
men  but  Clark  would  have  planned  such  a  ruse  or  carried  it  out 
successfully.  It  is  reported  that  fifty  Indians  met  this  fate  within 
the  fort;  and  probably  Hamilton,  a  prisoner  there,  witnessed  it  all 

SUBSEQUENT   CAKEElt    OF    HAMILTON. 

Henry  Hamilton,  who  had  acted  as  Lieutenant  and  Governor  of 
the  British  possessions  under   Sir  George  Carleton,  was  sent  for- 


IJTSTOKT    VV    INDIANA.  05 

ward,  wi til  two  other  prisoners  of  war,  Dojean  and  LaMotlic,  to 
WillianisLuri:;,  Y;i.,  carlj  in  June  following-,  1779.  Proclamations, 
iu  his  o\Vii  handwriting,  were  found,  in  which  lie  had  oHercd  a 
specific  sum  for  every  Ainericaii  scalp  broui^ht  into  the  camp,  either 
by  his  own  troops  or  his  allies,  the  Indians;  and  from  this  lie  was 
denominated  the  "hair-bnyer  General."  This  and  much  other  tes- 
timony of  liviufj^  witnesses  at  the  time,  all  showed  what  a  savage  he 
was.  Thomas  JcfForson,  then  Governor  of  Virginia,  being  made 
aware  of  the  inhumanity  of  this  wretch,  concluded  to  resort  to  a 
little  retaliation  by  way  of  closer  couGueuient.  Accordingly  he 
ordered  that  these  three  prisoners  be  put  in  irons,  conlincd  in  a 
dungeon,  deprived  of  the  use  of  pen,  ink  and  pa])er,  and  be  ex- 
cluded from  all  conversation  except  with  their  keeper.  Major 
General  rhillips,  a  British  officer  out  on  parole  in  the  vicinity  of 
Charlottesville,  where  the  prisoners  now  were,  in  closer  confine- 
ment, remonstrated,  and  President  Washington,  while  approving 
of  Jefferson's  course,  requested  a  mitigation  of  the  severe  order, 
lest  the  British  be  goaded  to  desperate  measures. 

Soon  afterward  Hamilton  was  released  on  parole,  and  he  subse- 
quently appeared  in  Canada,  still  acting  as  if  lie  had  jurisdiction 
in  the  United  States. 


The  faithful,  self-sacrificing  and  patriotic  services  of  Father 
Pierre  Gibault  iu  behalf  of  the  Americans  require  a  special  notice 
of  him  in  this  connection.  He  was  the  parish  priest  at  Yincennes, 
as  well  a?  at  Kaskaskia.  He  was,  at  an  early  period,  a  Jesuit  mis- 
sionary'^ to  the  Illinois.  Had  it  not  been  for  the  iufiucnce  of  this  man, 
Clark  could  not  have  obtained  the  influence  of  the  citizens  at  either 
place.  He  gave  all  his  property,  to  the  value  of  1,500  Sjianish 
milled  dollars,  to  the  supjwrt  of  Col.  Clark's  troops,  and  never  re- 
ceived a  single  dollar  in  return.  So  far  as  the  records  inform  us, 
he  was  given  1,500  Continental  paper  dollars,  which  proved  in  the 
end  entirely  valueless.  He  modestly  petitioned  from  the  Govern- 
ment a  small  allowance  of  land  at  Cahokia,  but  we  find  no  account 
of  his  ever  receiving  it.  He  was  dependent  upon  the  public  in  his 
older  days,  and  in  1790  Wintlirop  Sargent  "conceded"  to  him  a  lot 
of  about  "1-i  toises,  one  side  to  Mr.  Millet,  anoUior  to  Mr.  Yauurey, 
and  to  two  streets," — a  vague  description  ol  laud. 


66  lIISTOliY    OK    IXniWA. 


Col.  Francis  A^igo  was  born  in  Moudovi,  in  tlic  kingdom  of  Sar- 
dinia, in  17i7.  He  loft  his  parents  and  guardians  at.  a  very  early 
age,  aTid  enlisted  in  a  Spanish  rc^iuient  as  a  soldier.  The  regiment 
was  ordered  to  Havana,  and  a  detachment  of  it  sul)5e<|ncntly  to 
New  Orleans,  then  a  Spanish  post;  Col.  Vigo  acconipaiued  this  de- 
tachment. Blithe  left  the  army  and  engaged  in  trading  v.-ith  the 
Indians  on  the  Arkansas  and  its  tributaries.  Next  he  settU;d  at  St. 
Louis,  also  a  Spanish  post,  where  lie  became  closely  connected,  both 
in  friendship  and  business,  with  the  Governor  of  Upper  Louisiana, 
then  residing  at  the  same  place.  This  friendship  he  enjoyed,  though 
he  could  only  write  his  name;  and  we  have  many  circumstantial 
evidences  that  lie  was  a  man  of  high  intelligence,  honor,  purity  of 
heart,  and  ability.  Here  he  was  living  when  Clark  captured  Ivas- 
kaskia,  and  was  extensively  engaged  in  trading  up  the  Missouri. 

A  Spaniard  by  birth  and  allegiance,  he  was  under  no  obligation 
to  assist  the  Americans.  Spain  was  at  peace  with  Great  Jh-itain, 
and  any  interference  by  her  citizens  was  a  breach  of  neutrality,  and 
subjected  an  individual,  especially  one  of  the  lugh  character  and 
standing  of  Col,  Vigo,  to  all  the  contumely,  loss  and  A'engeance 
which  British  power  could  inflict.  But  Col.  Vigo  did  not  falter. 
"With  an  innate  love  of  liberty,  an  attachment  to  Republican  prin- 
ciples, and  an  ardent  sympathy  for  an  oppressed  people  struggling 
for  their  rights,  he  overlooked  all  personal  consequences,  and  as 
soon  as  he  learned  of  Clark's  arrival  at  Xaskaskia,  he  crossed  the 
line  and  went  to  Clark  and  tendered  him  his  means  and  influence, 
both  of  which  were  joyfully  accepted. 

Kn-wing  Col.  Vigo's  influence  with  the  ancient  inhabitants  of 
the  country,  and  desirous  of  obtaining  some  information  from 
Vincennes,  from  which  he  had  not  heard  for  several  months,  Col. 
Clark  proposed  to  him  that  he  might  go  to  that  place  and  learn  the 
actual  state  of  affairs.  Vigo  went  without  hesitation,  but  on  the 
Embarrass  river  he  was  seized  by  a  party  of  Indians,  plundered  of 
all  he  possessed,  and  brought  a  prisoner  before  Hamilton,  then  in  pos- 
session of  the  post,  which  he  had  a  short  time  previousl}"- captured, 
~ holding  Capt.  Helm  a  prisoner  of  war.  Being  a  Spanish  subject, 
and  consequently  a  non-combatant.  Gov.  Hamilton,  although  he 
strongly  suspected  the  motives  of  the  visit,  dared  not  confine  him, 
but  admitted  him  to  parole,  on  the  single  condition  that  he 
should  daily  report  himself  at  the  fort.     But  Hamilton  was  embar- 


lIISTOliV    OF    INDIAXA.  GT 

rassed  by  liis  detontioi),  beii\:^  1>cslo^cd  by  the  iiili:ibitants  of  the 
town,  who  loved  Vigo  and  threatened  to  witlidraw  their  supjiurt 
from  tlife  gaiTJson  if  he  would  not  rclen  o  him.  Father  Gibault  was 
the  chief  ])leader  for  Yigo's  release,  llaiuilton  finally  yielded,  on  con- 
dition that  he,  Yigo,  would  do  no  injury  to  the  British  intercsta  on 
his  way  to  St.  Loui.^.  Tie  went  to  St.  Louis,  sure  enough,  doing  no 
injury  to  British  interests,  but  immediately  returned  •  >  Kaslcaskia 
and  reported  to  Clark  in  detail  all  he  had  learned  at  Yinccnnes, 
Avithout  which  knowledge  Clark  would  have  been  unable  to  ac- 
complish his  lauions  expedition  to  that  post  with  final  triumph. 
The  redemption  of  this  country  from  the  Britiiih  is  due  as  much, 
probably,  to  Col.  Yigo  as  Col.  Clark. 

GOYEll^MENT  OF  THE  NORTHWEST. 

Col.  John  Todd,  Lieutenant  for  the  county  of  Illinois,  in  the 
spring  of  17T0  visited  the  old  settlements  at  Yincennes  and  Kas- 
kaskia,  and  organized  temporary  civil  governments  in  nearly  all  the 
settlements  west  of  the  Ohio,  Previous  to  this,  however,  Clark 
had  established  a  military  government  atKaskaskia  and  Yincennes, 
appointed  commandants  in  both  places  and  taken  up  his  headq^uar- 
ters  at  the  falls  of  the  Ohio,  Avhcre  he  could  watch  the  operations 
of  the  enemy  and  save  the  frontier  settlements  from  the  depreda- 
tions of  Indian  v/arfare.  On  reaching  the  settlements,  Col.  Todd 
issued  a  proclamation  regulating  the  settlement  of  unoccupied 
lands  and  reipiiring  the  presentation  of  all  claims  to  the  lands  set- 
tled, as  the  number  oi'  adventurers  who  would  shortly  overrun  the 
country  would  be  serious.  lie  also  organized  a  Court  of  civil  and 
criminal  jurisdiction  at  Yincennes,  in  the  month  of  June,  1779, 
This  Court  was  composed  of  several  magistrates  and  presided  over 
by  Col.  J.  M.  P.  Legnis,  who  had  been  appointed  commandant  at 
Yincennes.  Acting  from  the  precedents  established  by  the  early 
French  commandants  in  the  AYest,  this  Court  began  to  grant  tracts 
of  land  to  the  French  and  American  inhabitants;  and  to  the  year 
17S3,  it  had  granted  to  different  ])ai'ties  about  2G,000  acres  of  laud; 
22,000  more  was  granted  in  this  manner  by  1787,  when  the  practice 
was  jirohibited  by  Gen.  Harmer.  These  tracts  varied  in  size  from 
a  house  lot  to  500  acres.  Besides  this  loose  business,  the  Court 
entered  into  a  stu])cndous  speculation,  one  not  altogethci' creditable 
to  its  honor  and  dignity.  The  com;nandant  and  the  magistrates 
under  him  suddenly  adopted  the  opinion  that  they    were   iuvestca 


G8  IlISTOKV    OK    INPIANA. 

witli  the  autliority  to  dispose  of  tlie  wliolo  of  tluit  i;u'i;e  reirion 
wliicli  ill  18-12  Jifvd  heoii  ^-ranted  by  tho  Piankcsliaws  to  the  FivhcIi 
inliabitants  of  Yincenncs,  Accord iiiijlj'  a  vory  convenient  arrange- 
ment was  entered  into  Ijy  which  the  whole  tract  of  couniry  men- 
tioiied  was  to  bo  divided  between  the  members  of  the  honorable 
Court.  A  record  was  made  to  tliat  elTect,  and  in  order  to  gloss  over 
the  steal,  each  mtynber  look  pains  to  be  absent  from  Court  on  the 
day  that  the  order  was  made  in  his  f;ivor. 

In  the  fall  of  1780  La  Balme,  a  Frenchman,  made  an  attempt  to 
capture  tiie  British  garrison  of  Detroit  by  leading  an  expedition 
against  it  from  Kaskaskia.  At  tlie  head  of  30  men  he  marched  to 
Vinccnnes,  where  Jiis  force  was  slightly  increasetl.  From  this 
place  he  proceeded  to  tlie  Jjritish  trading  post  at  the  head  of  the 
Mauuiee,  where  Fort  A\''ayne  now  stands,  plundered  the  British 
traders  and  Indians  and  then  retired.  While  encamped  on  the 
bank  of  a  small  stream  on  his  retreat,  he  was  attacked  by  a  band 
of  Miamis,  a  number  of  his  men  v/ere  killed,  and  his  expedition 
against  Detroit  was  ruined. 

In  this  manner  border  war  continued  between  Americans  and 
their  enemies,  with  varying  victory,  until  1783,  when  tho  treaty  of 
Paris  was  concluded,  resulting  in  tho  establishment  of  tlie  inde- 
pendence of  the  United  States.  U])  to  this  time  the  territory  now 
included  in  Indiana  belonged  by  conquest  to  the  State  of  Virginia; 
but  in  January,  1783,  the  General  Assembly  of  that  State  resolved 
to  cede  to  the  Congress  of  the  United  States  all  the  territory  north- 
west of  the  Ohio.  The  conditions  offered  by  Virginia  were 
accepted  by  Congress  Dec.  20,  that  year,  and  early  in  1781  the 
transfer  was  completed.  In  1783  Virginia  had  platted  the  town  of 
Clarksville,  at  tlie  falls  of  the  Ohio.  The  deed  of  cession  provided 
that  the  territory  should  be  laid  out  into  States,  containing  a  suita- 
ble extent  of  territory  not  less  than  100  nor  more  than  150  miles 
square,  or  as  near  thereto  as  circumstances  would  permit;  and  that 
the  States  so  formed  shall  be  distinct  Eepublican  States  and 
admitted  members  of  the  Federal  Union,  having  the  same  rights  of 
sovereignty,  freedom  and  ind.  pendence  as  the  other  States.  The 
other  conditions  of  the  deed  were  as  follows:  That  the  necessary 
and  reasonable  expenses  incurred  by  Virginia  in  subduing  any 
British  posts,  or  in  maintaining  forts  and  garrisons  within  and  for 
the  defense,  or  in  acquiring  any  j)art  of  the  territory  so  ceded  or 
relinquished,  shall  be  fully  reimbursed  by  the  United  States;  that 
the  French  and  Canadian  inhabitants  and  other  settlers  of  theKas- 


HISTOUV    OF    INDFAXA.  GO 

kaskia,  Post  Yincennes  and  tlie  neigliboritii^  villai^GS  wliohave  pro- 
fessed tlieinselvcs  citizens  of  Virginia,  sliall  liavc  tlieir  titles  and 
possessions  confirnaed  to  tliem,  and  bo  protected  in  tlie  enjoyment 
of  their  rif^liis  and  privileges;  that  a  qnantitj  not  exceeding  150,- 
000  acres  of  land,  promised  by  Virginia,  shall  be  allowed  and 
granted  to  the  then  Colonel,  now  General,  George  Rogers  Clark, 
and  to  the  ollicers  and  soldiers  of  his  regiment,  who  marched  with 
him  wlien  the  posts  and  of  Ivaskaskiaand  Vincennes  were  reduced, 
and  to  the  ollicers  and  soldiers  that  have  been  since  incorporated 
into  the  said  regiment,  to  be  laid  ofl'  in  one  tract,  the  length  oC 
which  not  to  exceed  double  the  breadth,  in  such  a  place  on  the 
northwest  side  of  the  Ohio  as  a  majority  of  the  officers  shall 
choose,  and  to  be  afterward  divided  among  the  officers  and  soldiers 
in  due  proportion  according  to  the  laws  of  Virginia;  that  in  case 
the  quantity'  of  good  lands  on  the  southeast  side  of  the  Ohio,  upon 
the  waters  of  Cumberland  river,  and  between  Green  river  and  Ten. 
nessec  river,  which  have  been  reserved  by  law  for  the  Virginia 
troops  upon  Continental  establishment,  should,  from  the  North 
Carolina  line,  bearing  in  further  upon  the  Cumberland  lands  than 
was  expected,  prove  insufficient  for  their  legal  bounties,  the  defi- 
ciency shall  be  made  up  to  the  said  troops  in  good  lands  to  be  laid 
off  between  the  rivers  Scioto  and  Little  Miami,  on  the  northwest 
side  of  the  river  Ohio,  in  such  proportions  as  have  been  engaged 
to  them  by  the  laws  of  Virginia;  that  all  the  lands  within  the  ter- 
ritory so  ceded  to  the  United  States,  and  iiot  reserved  for  or  appro- 
priated to  any  of  the  before-mentioned  purposes,  or  disposed  of  in 
bounties  to  the  officers  and  soldiers  of  the  American  army,  shall  be 
considered  as  a  common  fund  for  the  use  and  benefit  of  such  of  the 
United  States  as  have  become,  or  shall  become,  members  of  the 
confederation  or  federal  alliance  of  thesaid  States,  Virginia  included, 
according  to  their  usual  respective  proportions  in  the  general 
charge  and  expenditure,  and  shall  be  faithfully  and  honafidd  dis- 
posed of  for  that  purpose  and  for  no  other  use  or  purpose  whatever. 
After  the  above  deed  of  cession  had  been  accepted  by  Congress, 
in  the  spring  of  1784:,  the  matter  of  the  future  government  of  the 
territory  was  referred  to  a  committee  consisting  of  luessrs.  Jeffer- 
son of  Virginia,  Chase  of  ISIaryland  and  Howell  of  Rhode  Island, 
which  committee  reported  an  ordinance  for  its  government,  provid- 
ing, among  other  things,  that  slavery  should  not  exist  in  said  terri- 
tory after  ISOO.  except  as  punishment  of  criminals;  but  this  article 
of  the  ordinance  was  i-ejected.  and  an  ordinance  for  the  temporary 


70  JIISTOKY    OK    INDIAN'A. 

governmeni;  of  the  county  was  afloj^ted.  In  ITSo  laws  -svcrc  jkisscJ 
by  Congi'v  ,  for  the  dis])osllIon  of  lauds  in  the  territory  and  ])ru- 
hibiting  the  scttlciDcnt  of  iinappropriated  lands  by  reokless  speeu- 
*  lators.  But  human  passion  is  ever  strong  enough  to  evade  the  hiw 
to  some  extent,  and  large  associations,  representing  consideral)le 
means,  were  formed  for  the  purj^ose  of  monopolizing  the  land  busi- 
ness. Millions  of  acres  were  sold  at  one  time  by  Congress  to  asso- 
ciations on  the  installment  plan,  and  so  far  as  tiie  Lidian  titles 
could  be  extinguished,  the  v/ork  of  settling  and  improving  the 
lands  was  ])ushed  rapidly  furwiird. 

OKDIXANCE    OF    17S7. 

This  ordinance  has  a  marvelous  and  interesting  history.  Con- 
siderable controversy  has  been  indulged  in  as  to  who  is  entitled  to 
the  credit  for  framing  it.  This  belongs,  undoubtedly,  to  Kathaa 
Dane;  and  to  Kufus  King  and  Timothy  Pickering  belong  tlie 
credit  for  suggesting  the  proviso  contained  iu  it  against  slavery, 
and  also  for  aids  to  religion  and  knowledge,  and  for  assuring  for- 
ever the  common  use,  without  charge,  of  the  great  national  high- 
way's of  the  Mississippi,  the  St.  Lawrence  and  their  tributaries  to 
all  the  citizens  of  the  United  States,  To  Thomas  Jefferson  is  also 
due  much  credit,  as  some  features  of  this  ordinance  were  embraced 
iu  his  ordinance  of  1781,  I'  t  tb.e  part  taken  by  each  in  the  long, 
laborious  and  eventful  struggle  which  liad  so  glorious  a  consum- 
mation in  the  ordinance,  conriec-"ting  forever,  by  one  imprescript- 
ible and  unchangeabh  monumc  the  very  heart  of  our  country  to 
Freedom,  Knov/ledge,  and  Unioi-,  will  forever  honor  the  names  of 
those  illustrious  statesmen. 

Mr,  Jefferson  liad  vainly  tried  to  secure  a  sj'stem  of  government 
for  the  Northwestern  territory.  He  was  an  emancipationist  and 
favored  the  exclusion  of  slavery  from  the  territory,  but  the  South 
voted  him  down  every  time  he  proposed  a  measure  of  this  nature. 
In  17S7,  as  late  as  July  10,  an  organizing  act  without  the  anti- 
slavery  clause  was  pending.  This  concession  to  the  South  was 
expected  to  carry  it.  Congress  was  in  session  in  New  York.  On 
July  5,  Rev.  Manasseh  Cutler,  of  Massachusetts,  came  into  New 
York  to  lobby  on  the  Northwestern  territory.  Everything  seemed 
to  fall  into  his  hands.  Events  were  ripe.  The  state  of  the  public 
credit,  the  growing  of  Southern  prejudice,  the  basis  of  his  mission, 
his  personal  character,  all  combined  to  complete  one  of  those  sudden 


IIISTOKY    OF    IXniAXA.  71 

and  inarvelinis  revolutions  or])ulilic  soiitiiuciit  iliat  once  in  fiveor 
ten  centii.  ies  arc  seen  to  Rwec])  over  ii  country  like  the  breath  of  the 
Almighty. 

Cutlet' was  a  gi'iidnatc  of  Yale.  IJo  h;ul  ?!  iidied  and  taken  de- 
grees in  the  three  learned  professions,  medicine,  law,  and  divinity. 
He  had  published  a  scientific  examination  of  the  plants  of  New 
England.  As  a  scientist  in  America  liis  name  stood  second  only  to 
that  of  Franklin.  He  was  a  oourtlj'-  gentleman  of  the  old  style,  a 
man  ofcoirunanding  presence  and  of  inviting  face.  The  Southern 
members  said  they  had  never  seen  such  a  gentleman  in  the  Xorth. 
He  ca,me  representing  a  Massachusetts  company  that  desired  to 
purchase  a  tract  of  land,  now  included  in  Ohio,  for  the  purpose  of 
planting  a  colony.  It  was  a  speculation.  Government  money  was 
worth  eighteen  cents  on  the  dollar.  This  company  had  collected 
enough  to  purchase  1,500,000  acres  of  land.  Other  speculators  in 
New  York  made  Dr.  Cutler  their  agent,  which  enabled  him  to 
represent  a  demand  for  5,500,000  acres.  As  this  would  reduce  the 
national  debt,  and  Jefferson's  policy  was  to  provide  for  the  public- 
credit,  it  presented  a  good  opportunity  to  do  something. 

Massachusetts  then  owned  the  territory  of  Maine,  which  she  was 
crowding  on  the  market.  She  was  opposed  to  opening  the  JSTortli- 
western  region.  This  fired  the  zeal  of  Virginia,  The  South  caught 
the  inspiration,  and  all  exalted  Dr.  Cutler.  The  entire  South  ral. 
lied  around  him.  Massachusetts  could  not  vote  against  him,  be- 
cause many  of  the  constuitents  of  lier  )nembers  were  interested 
personally  in  the  Western  speculation.  Thus  Cutler,  making 
friends  in  the  South,  and  doubtless  using  all  the  arts  of  the  lobby, 
was  enabled  to  command  the  situation.  True  to  deeper  convic- 
tions, he  dictated  one  of  the  most  compact  and  finished  documents 
of  wise  statesmanship  that  has  ever  adorned  any  human  law  book. 
He  borrowed  from  Jefferson  the  term  "Articles  of  Compact,"  which, 
preceding  the  federal  constitution,  rose  into  the  most  sacred  char- 
acter. He  then  followed  very  closely  the  constitution  of  Massa- 
cliusetts,  adopted  three  years  before.  Its  most  prominent  points 
were: 

1,  The  exclusion  of  slavery  from  the  territory  forever, 
-  2,  Provision  for  public  schools,  giving  one  townsliip  for  a  semi- 
nary and  every  section  numbered  16  in  each  t(   .'nship;  that  is,  one 
thirty-sixth  of  all  the  land  for  ptublic  schools. 

3.  A  j^rovision  prohibiting  the  adoption  of  any  constitution  or 
the  enactment  of  any  law  that  should  nullify  pre-existing  contracts. 


72  irisToiiV  oy  inhiana. 

Be  it  forever  r'.nicnibcrcil  tluit  tin's  coin])act  declftved  tliut  '•  re- 
ligioT),  morality-,  unci  knowledge  being  necessary  to  good  govern- 
ment and  the  hai)pines3  of  mankind,  schools  and  the  means  of  edu- 
^  cation  shall  always  be  cncouragcil."  JDr.  Cutler  jdantod  himself 
on  thi.s  platform  and  would  not  yield.  Giving  his  iintjuaHlIcd  dec- 
laration that  it  was  that  or  nothing, — that  unless  they  could  make 
the  land  desirable  they  did  not  want  it, — ho  took  his  horse  and  buggy 
and  started  for  the  constitutional  conventiun  at  Philadelphia.  On 
Jiily  13,  17S7,  the  bill  was  put  upon  its  passage,  and  was  unani- 
mously ado^'ted.  Thus  the  great  States  of  Ohio,  Indiana,  Illinois, 
Michigan  and  Wisconsin,  a  vast  empire,  were  consecrated  to  free 
dom,  intelligence,  and  morality.  Thus  the  great  heart  of  the  nation 
was  prepared  to  save  the  union  of  States,  for  it  was  this  act  that  was 
the  salvation  of  the  republic  and  the  destruction  of  sla\'cry.  Soon 
the  South  saw  their  great  blujider  and  tried  to  have  the  com})act 
repealed.  In  1S03  Congress  referred  it  to  a  conimittoe,  of  which 
John  Randolph  v.'as  chairman.  He  reported  that  this  ordinance 
was  a  compact  and  opposed  repeal.  Thus  it  stood,  a  rock  in  the 
waj"  of  the  on-rushing  sea  of  slavery. 

The  "  North  western  Territory  "  included  of  course  what  is  now 
the  State  of  Indiana;  and  Oct  5,  1787,  Maj.  Gen.  Arthur  St.  Clair 
was  elected  by  Congress  Governor  of  this  territory.  Upon 
commencing  the  duties  of  his  office  he  was  instructed  to  ascertain 
the  real  temper  of  the  Indians  and  do  all  in  his  power  to  remove 
the  causes  for  controversy  between  them  and  the  United  States, 
and  to  effect  the  extinguishment  of  Indian  titles  to  all  the  land 
possible.  The  Governor  took  up  quarters  in  the  new  settlement  of 
Marietta,  Ohio,  where  he  iram.ediately  began  the  organization  of 
the  government  of  the  territory.  The  first  session  of  the  General 
Court  of  the  new  territory  was  held  at  that  place  in  17^8,  the 
Judges  being  Samuel  II.  Parsons,  James  M.  Yarnumand  John  C. 
Syniraes,  but  under  the  ordinance  Gov.  St.  Clair  was  President  of 
the  Court.  After  the  first  session,  and  after  the  necessary  laws  for 
government  were  adopted.  Gov.  St.  Clair,  accompanied  by  the 
Judges,  visited  Kaskaskia  for  the  purpose  of  organizing  a  civil  gov- 
ernment there.  Full  instructions  had  been  sent  to  Maj.  Hamtramck, 
commandant  at  Vincennes,  to  ascertain  the  exact  feeling  and  temper 
of  the  Indian  tribes  of  the  Wabash.  These  instructions  u'cre  ac- 
companied by  speeches  to  each  of  the  tribes.  A  Frenchman  named 
Antoine  Gamelin  was  dispatched  with  these  messages  April  5,  1790, 
who  visited  nearly  all  the  tribes  on  the  Wabash,  St.  Joseph  and  St. 


insTOiiy  OK  ixniAXA.  73 

Mary's  rivers,  but  was  coldly  received;  most  of  tlio  chiefs  IjcIdc^ 
dissatisfied  wiili  the  policy  of  the  Americans  toward  them,  and 
prejudiced  through  English  misrepresentation.  Full  accounts  of 
his  adventures  among  the  tribes  reached  Gov.  St.  Clair  at  1va?l<as- 
kia  in  June,  1700.  Being  satisfied  that  there  v/as  no  pros])ect  of 
eflfecting  a  general  peace  with  the  Indijins  of  Indiana,  ho  resolved 
to  visit  Gen.  llarmar  at  liis  headquarters  at  Fort  Washington  and 
consult  with  him  on  the  means  of  carrj'ing  an  expedition  against 
the  hostile  Indians;  but  before  leaving  he  intrusted  Winthroj) 
Sargent,  the  Secretary  of  the  Territory,  vrith  the  execution  of  the 
resolutions  of  Congress  regarding  the  lands  and  settlers  on  the 
Wabash.  lie  directed  that  officer  to  proceed  to  Vincennes,  lay 
out  a  county  there,  establish  the  militia  and  appoint  the  necessary 
civil  and  military'  ofiicers.  Accordingly  Mr.  Sargent  went  to  Vin- 
cennes and  organized  Camp  Knox,  aj)pointed  the  officers,  and  noti- 
fied tliLj  inhabitants  to  present  their  claims  to  lands.  In  establish- 
ing these  claims  the  settlers  found  great  difficult}'-,  and  concerning 
this  matter  the  Secretary  in  liis  report  to  the  President  MTote  as 
follows : 

"Although  the  lands  and  lots  which  were  awarded  to  the  inhabi- 
tants appeared  from  very  good  oial  testimony  to  belong  to  those 
persons  to  whom  they  were  awarded,  either  by  original  grants,  pur- 
chase or  inheritance,  yet  there  was  scarcely  one  case  in  twenty 
where  the  title  was  complete,  owing  to  the  desultory  manner  in 
which  public  business  had  been  transacted  and  some  other  unfor- 
tunate causes.  The  original  concessions  by  the  French  and  British 
commandants  were  generally  made  upon  a  small  scrap  of  paper, 
which  it  has  been  customary  to  lodge  in  the  notary's  office,  who 
Las  seldom  kept  any  book  of  record,  but  committed  the  most  im- 
portant land  concerns  to  loose  sheets,  which  in  process  of  time 
have  come  into  possession  of  persons  that  have  fraudulently  de- 
stroyed them;  or,  unacquainted  with  their  consequence,  innocently 
lost  or  trifled  them  away.  By  French  usage  they  are  considered 
family  inheritances,  and  often  descend  to  women  and  children.  In 
one  instance,  and  during  tl;e  government  of  St,  Angc  here,  a  ro^-al 
notary  ran  off  with  all  the  public  papers  in  his  possession,  as  by  a 
certificate  produced  to  me.  And  I  am  very  sorry  further  to  observe 
that  in  the  office  of  Mr.  Le  Grand,  which  continued  from  1777  to 
1787,  and  where  should  have  been  the  vouchers  for  important  land 
transactions,  the  records  have  been  so  falsified,  and  there  is  such 
gross  fraud  and  forgery,  as  to  invalidate  all  evidence  and  informa- 
tion which  I  might  have  otherwise  acquired  from  his  papers." 


74:  HISTORY    (M'    IXHIANA. 

JMr.  Sari:;;ent  says  tliero  were  alxmt  150  Frcncli  families  at  Yin- 
ceiiiK'S  in  17LU).  The  Jiead.-?  of  all  these  fauiilics  had  been  at  .some 
time,  vebtod  with  certain  titles  to  a  poi'tion  of  the  soil;  and  while 
the  Secretary  was  busy  in  straii^htening  out  these  claims,  he  re- 
ceived a  petition  signed  by  SO  Americans,  askinj^  for  the  confirma- 
tion of  grants  o"  land  ceded  by  the  Court  organized  by  Col.  John 
Todd  under  the  authority  of  Virginia.  AVith  reference  to  this 
cause,  Congress,  March  3, 1791,  empowered  the  Territorial  Governor, 
in  case?  where  land  liad  been  actually  improved  aiKl  cultivat'xl 
under  a  supposed  grant  for  the  same,  to  confirm  to  the  persons  who 
made  such  improvements  the  lands  supposed  to  have  Ijoeii  granted, 
not,  however,  exceeding  the  quantify  of  iOO  acres  to  any  one  per- 
son. 

LIQUOR    AND    GAMING    LAWS. 

The  General  Court  in  the  summer  of  1790,  Acting  Governor 
Sargent  presiding,  passed  the  following  laws  with  reference  to 
vending  li(pior  among  the  Indians  and  others,  ai  d  with  reference 
to  games  of  chance: 

1.  An  act  to  prohibit  the  giving  or  selling  intoxicating  liquors 
to  Indians  residing  in  or  coming  into  the  Territory  of  the  United 
States  northwest  of  the  river  Ohio,  and  for  preventing  foreigners 
from  trading  with  Indians  therein. 

2.  An  act  prohibiting  the  sale  of  spirituous  or  other  intoxicat- 
ing liquors  to  soldiers  in  the  service  of  the  United  States,  being 
within  ten  miles  of  any  militarj^  post  in  the  territory;  and  to  pre- 
vent the  selling  or  pawning  of  arms,  ammunition,  clothing  or 
accoutrements. 

3.  An  act  prohibiting  every  species  of  gaming  for  money  or 
property,  and  for  making  void  contracts  and  payments  made  in 
consequence  thereof,  and  for  restjraining  the  disorderly  practice 
of  discharging  arms  at  certain  hours  and  places. 

V»^inthrop  Sai'gent's  administration  was  highly  eulogized  by  the 
citizens  at  Yincennes,  in  a  testimonial  drawn  up  and  signed  by  a 
committee  of  officers.  lie  had  conducted  the  investigation  and 
settlement  of  land  claims  to  the  entire  satisfaction  of  the  residents, 
had  upheld  the  principles  of  free  government  in  keeping  with  the 
animus  of  the  American  Kevolution,  and  had  established  in  good 
order  the  machinery  of  a  good  and  wise  government.  In  the  same 
address  Major  Hamtramck  also  received  a  fair  share  of  praise  for 
Lis  judicious  management  of  .afiairs. 


MILITARY  IIISTOP.Y  17 90-1  SCO. 

KXPHDITIONS  OF  II.VKMAIi,  SCOTT  AND  ^VILKIXSO^r. 

Gov,  St,  Clair,  on  his  arrival  at  Fort  Washington  from  Kas- 
kaskia,  liacl  a  long  conversation  witli  Gen,  llarinar,  an<I  concluded 
to  send  a  powerful  force  to  chastise  tiic  ravages  about  tlic  head- 
waters of  tlie  Wabash.  He  had  been  empowered  by  the  President 
to  call  on  Virginia  for  1,000  troops  and  on  Pennsjdvania  for  500, 
and  he  immediately  availed  himself  of  this  resource,  ordering  300 
of  the  Virginia  militia  to  muster  at  Fort  Steuben  and  inarch  with 
the  garrison  of  tliat  fort  to  Viucennes,  and  join  Maj.  llamtramck, 
who  had  orders  to  call  for  aid  from  the  militia  of  Viucennes,  march 
up  the  Wabash,  and  attack  any  of  the  Indian  villages  which  ho 
might  think  he  could  overcome.  The  remaining  1,200  of  the  mi- 
litia were  ordered  to  rendezvous  at  Fort  Washington,  and  to  join 
the  regular  troops  at  that  post  under  command  of  Gen.  tlarmar. 
At  this  ti  le  the  United  States  troops  in  the  West  were  estimated 
by  Gen.  Harniar  at  400  effective  men.  Tliese,  with  tiie  militia, 
gave  him  a  force  of  1,450  men.  With  this  army  Gen.  Ilarmar 
marclied  from  Fort  Washington  Sept,  30,  and  arrived  at  the  Mau- 
mee  Oct.  17.  They  commenced  the  work  of  punishing  the  Indians, 
but  were  not  very  successful.  The  savages,  it  is  true,  received  a 
severe  scourging,  but  the  militia  behaved  so  badly  as  to  be  of  little 
or  no  service.  A  detachment  of  340  militia  and  GO  regulars,  under 
the  command  of  Col.  Hardin,  were  sorely  defeated  on  the  Maumee 
Oct.  22.  The  next  day  the  army  took  up  the  line  of  march  for 
Fort  Washington,  which  place  tliey  reached  Nov.  4,  having  lost  in 
the  expedition  183  killed  and  31  wounded;  the  Indians  lost  about 
as  many.  During  the  progress  of  this  expedition  ilaj.  Hamtramck 
marched  up  th  -  Wabash  from  Viucennes,  as  far  as  the  Vermillion 
river,  and  destroyed  several  deserted  villages,  but  without  finding 
an  enemy  to  oppose  him. 

Although  the  savages  seem  to  have  been  severely  punished  by 
these  expeditions,  yet  they  refused  to  sue  for  peace,  and  continued 
their  hostilities.  Thereupon  the  inhabitants  of  the  frontier  settle- 
ments of  Virginia  took  alarm,  and  the  delegates  of  Ohio,  Monon- 

(70) 


76  HISTORY    OV   IX!'I.\.\A. 

f^lifla,  ILuTison,  Jlandolpli,  OrooiihritM-,  KaDawlia  niid  ^[unt- 
gomeiy  counties  sent  a  joint  nioniorial  to  the  Governor  ot'  Wr- 
ginia,  snyini^  tliat  the  dcfcnselc.-^s  condition  of  the  countios,  fonn- 
,ing  a  line  of  nearly  400  niiics  alon^-  tlie  Ohio  river,  exposed  to  the 
hostile  invasion  of  their  Indian  enemies,  dcstitnteof  every  kind  of 
siipport,  was  truly  alarming;  for,  notwithstanding  all  the  regula- 
tions of  the  General  Government  in  tiiat  country,  they  Imvc  reason 
to  lament  that  they  have  been  up  to  that  time  ineffectual  for  their 
protection;  nor  indeed  could  it  be  otherwise,  for  the  garrisons  kept 
by  the  Continental  troops  on  the  Ohio  river,  if  of  any  use  at  all, 
must  protect  only  the  Kentucky  settlements,  as  they  immediately 
covered  that  country.  TJiey  further  stated  in  their  memorial:  "Wo 
besr  leave  to  observe  that  wc  have  reason  to  fear  that  the  conse- 
quences  of  the  defeat  of  our  army  by  the  Indians  in  the  late  expe- 
dition will  be  severely  felt  on  our  frontiers,  as  there  is  no  doubt 
that  tlie  Indians  will,  in  their  turn,  being  iluslied  witli  victory,  in- 
vade our  settlements  and  exercise  all  their  borrid  murder  upon  the 
inhabitants  thereof  whenever  the  weather  will  permit  tliem  to 
travel.  Tlien  is  it  not  better  to  support  us  where  we  are,  be  the  ex- 
pense what  it  may,  than  to  oblige  such  a  number  of  your  brave 
citizens,  who  have  so  long  supported,  and  still  continue  to  support, 
a  dangerous  frontier  (altliough  thousands  of  their  relatives  in  the 
flesh  have  in  the  prosecution  thereof  fallen  a  sacrifice  to  savage  in- 
ventions) to  quit  the  country,  after  all  tliey  have  done  and  suffered, 
when  you  know  that  a  frontier  must  be  supported  somewhere?" 

Tliis  memorial  caused  tlie  Legislature  of  Virginia  to  authorize 
the  Governor  of  that  State  to  make  any  defensive  operations  neces- 
sary for  the  temporary  defense  of  the  frontiers,  until  the  general 
Government  could  adopt  and  carry  out  measures  to  suppress  the 
hostile  Indians.  The  Governor  at  once  called  upon  the  military 
commanding  officers  in  the  western  counties  of  Virginia  to  raise  by 
the  lirst  of  March,  1791,  several  small  companies  of  rangers  for  this 
purpose.  At  the  sanie  time  Charles  Scott  was  appointed  Brigadier- 
General  of  the  Kentucky  militia,  with  authority  to  raise  226  vol- 
unteers, to  protect  the  most  exposed  portions  of  that  district.  A 
full  report  of  the  proceedings  of  tlie  Virginia  Legislature  being 
transmitted  to  Congress,  that  body  constituted  a  local  Board  of 
War  for  the  district  of  Kentucky,  consisting  of  five  men.  March  9, 
1791,  Gen.  Henry  Knox,  Secretary  of  War,  sent  a  letter  of  instruc- 
tions to*Gen.  Scott,  recommending  an  expedition  of  mounted  men 
not  exceeding  750,  against  the  Wea  towns  on  the  Wabash.     With 


mSTOKV    OK    JNliIAXA. 


this  foi'cc  Gen.  Scutt  accoi\linicly  crossed  the  Ohio,  'May  2o_  iTOl, 
and  reached  the  Wabasii  in  al)out  ten  days.  !Many  of  the  Indians, 
having  discovered  his  upproacli,  Hod,  but  he  succeeded  in  destroy- 
inir  all  the  villaires  around  Ouiatenon,  tOircther  with  several  Kick- 
apoo  towns,  killing  32  w  rriors  and  taking  53  prisoners.  IIo 
released  a  few  of  the  most  infirm  prisoners,  giving  them  a  "talk," 
which  they  carried  to  the  towjis  farther  up  the  Waba^li,  and  v,  IdcU 
the  wretched  condition  of  his  horses  prevented  him  from  reaching. 
March  3,  1701,  Congress  provided  for  raising  and  equijiping  a 
regimejit  for  the  protection  of  the  frontiers,  and  Gov.  St.  Clair  was 
invested  with  the  chief  comniand  of  about  3,0'*0  trooi)S,  to  be  raised 
and  employed  against  the  hostile  Indians  in  the  territory  over 
which  his  jurisdiction  extended.  He  was  instructed  by  the  Secre- 
tary of  "War  to  raarcli  to  the  JFiami  village  and  establish  a  strong 
and  permanent  military  post  there;  also  such  posts  elsewhere  along 
the  Ohio  a'9  would  be  in  communication  with  Fort  Washington. 
The  j)Ost  at  Miami  village  was  intended  to  keep  the  savages  in  that 
vicinity  in  check,  and  was  ordered  to  be  strong  enough  in  its  gai'- 
rison  to  afford  a  detachment  of  500  or  (iOO  men  in  case  of  emer- 
gency, eitlier  to  chastise  any  of  the  Wabash  or  other  hostile  Indians 
or  capture  convoys  of  the  enemy's  provisions.  The  Secretary  of 
War  also  urged  Gov.  St.  Clair  to  establish  that  post  as  the  first  and 
most  important  part  of  the  campaign.  In  case  of  a  previous 
treaty  the  Indians  were  to  be  conciliated  upon  this  point  if  possible; 
and  he  presumed  good  arguments  might  be  offered  to  induce  their 
acquiescence.  Said  he:  "Having  commenced  your  march  upon  the 
main  expedition,  and  the  Indians  continuing  hostile,  you  will  use 
every  possible  exertion  to  make  tliern  feel  the  effects  of  your  superi- 
ority; and,  after  having  arrived  at  the  Miami  village  and  put  your 
works  in  a  defensible  state,  }-ou  will  seek  the  enemy  with  the  wliole 
of  your  remaining  force,  and  endeavor  by  all  possible  means  to 
strike  them  witli  great  severity.  *  '''^'  *  * 

In  order  to  avoid  future  wars,  it  might  be  proper  to  make  the  Wa- 
bash and  thence  over  to  the  ]\raumee,  and  down  the  same  to  its 
mouth,  at  Lake  Erie,  the  boundary  between  the  people  of  the 
United  States  and  the  Indians  (exce  ing  so  far  as  the  same  should 
relate  to  the  Wyandots  and  Delawares),  on  the  supposition  of  their 
continuing  faithful  to  the  treaties;  but  if  they  should  join  in  the 
war  against  the  United  State?,  and  your  army  be  victorious,  the 
said  tribes  ought  to  be  removed  without  the  boundary  mentioned.'* 
Previous  to  marching  a  strong  force  to  the  Miami  town,  Gov.  St. 


7S  lirSTOUV    OK    INDIANA. 

Clair,  June  25,  1701,  authorized  Geii  Wilkinson  to  conduct  apccond 
expedition,  not  exceeding  500  niounted  men,  aj^ainst  tlie  Incuan 
»vil]af;ea  on  the  Wahrush.  Accordingly  Gen.  Wilkinson  mustcicd 
his  Ibrces  and  wa.s  ready  July  20,  to  inarch  witli  o25  mounted  vol- 
unteers, well  armed,  and  provided  with  30  days'  jirovisions,  and 
M'ith  this  force  he  reached  the  Ke-na-])a-com-a-(.]ua  village  on  the 
north  hank  of"  Eel  river  about  six  miles  above  its  mouth,  Av^.  7, 
where  lie  killed  six  warriors  and  took  31  prisoners.  Tiiis  tov.'u, 
which  was  scattered  along  the  river  for  three  miles,  was  totally  de- 
stroyed. lA'ilkinsou  encamj^ed  on  the  ruins  of  the  town  thatnight, 
and  the  next  day  he  commenced  Iiis  march  for  the  Ivickapoo  town 
on  the  prairie,  M'hich  lie  was  unable  to  reach  owing  to  the  impassa- 
ble condition  of  the  route  which  he  adopted  and  the  failing  condi- 
tion of  his  horses.  lie  reported  the  estimated  results  of  the  expe- 
dition as  follov/s:  "I  have  destroyed  the  chief  town  of  the  Ouiate- 
non  nation,  and  have  made  prisoners  of  the  sons  and  sisters  of  the 
king.  I  have  burned  a  respectable  Ivickapoo  village,  and  c;.tdown 
at  least  400  acres  of  corn,  chieily  iu  the  milk." 

EXPEDITIONS   OB'    ST.    CLAIR    AND    WAYNE. 

Tl'.e  Indians  v;ere  greatly  damaged  Ijn'  the  expeditions  of  Ilarmar, 
Scott  and  Wilkinson,  but  were  far  from  being  subdued.  Thc}' 
regarded  the  pclic}^  of  the  United  States  as  calculated  to  extermi- 
nate them  from  the  land;  and,  goaded  on  by  the  English  of  Detroit, 
enemies  of  the  Americans,  they  were  excited  to  desperation.  At 
this  time  the  British  Government  still  supported  garrisons  at 
Niagara,  Detroit  and  Michilimackinac,  although  it  was  declared  by 
the  second  article  of  the  definitive  treaty  of  peace  of  17S3,  that 
the  king  of  Great  Britain  would,  "  with  all  convenient  speed,  and 
without  causing  any  destruction  or  cariying  away  any  negroes  or 
property  of  the  American  inhabitants,  withdj-aw  all  his  forces, 
garrisons  and  fleets  from  tlu;  United  States,  and  from  every  ])ost, 
place  and  harbor  within  the  same."  That  treaty  also  provided  that 
the  creditors  on  either  side  should  meet  with  no  lav.-ful  impedi- 
ments to  the  recovery  of  the  full  value,  in  st<.  Iiig  money,  of  all 
houa  ^de  debts  previously  contracted.  The  liritish  Government 
claimed  that  the  United  States  had  broken  faith  in  this  particular 
understanding  of  the  treatj^  and  in  consequence  refused  to  with- 
draw its  forces  from  the  territory.  The  British  garrisons  in  the 
Lake  liegion  wero  a  source  of  much  annoyance  to  the  Americans, 
as  they  afforded  onctor  \o  i;osti!c  Indians,  encouraging  them  to 


HISTORY    or    INPIANA.  79 

make  raids  among  tlio  Aniericiins.  Tlii.^  st;itc  of  affairs  in  the 
Territory  Nortlnvest  of  tlic  Ohio  continr.cJ  froiri  tlie  coinmence- 
luont  of  the  Revolutionary  war  to  179(5,  wlien  under  a  second 
treaty  all  British  soldiers  wore  withdrawn  from  tlie  country. 

In  Scpteaiber,  1791,  St.  Clair  moved  fmm  Fort  "Washington 
Avitli  about  2,000  men,  and  Xovemhcr  3,  t.lic  main  army,  consisting 
of  about  1,400  effective  troops,  moved  forward  to  the  head-waters 
of  the  Wabash,  where  Fort  Recovery  was  afterward  erected,  and 
here  the  army  encamped.  About  1,200  Indians  were  secreted  a  few 
miles  distant,  awaiting  a  favorable  opportunity  to  begin  an  attack, 
whicli  they  improved  on  the  morning  of  Kov.-l,  about  half  an  hour 
bef  A-e  suririse.  The  attack  was  first  mode  upon  the  militia,  which 
immediately  gave  way.  St.  Clair  was  defeated  and  he  returned  to 
Fort  Washington  with  a  broken  and  dispirited  ar»ny,  having  lost 
39  officers  killed,  and  539  men  killed  and  missing;  22  officers  and 
232  men  were  wounded.  Several  pieces  of  artillery,  and  all  the 
baggage,  ammunition  and  provisions  were  left  on  the  field  of  bat- 
tle and  fell  into  the  hands  of  the  victorious  Indians.  The  stores 
and  other  public  property  lost  in  the  action  were  valued  at  $32,S00. 
There  were  also  100  or  more  x^merican  women  with  the  army  of 
the  Avliites,  very  few  of  whom  escaped  the  cruel  carnage  of  the  sav- 
age Indians.  The  latter,  characteristic  of  their  brutal  nature, 
proceeded  in  the  flush  of  victor^''  to  perpetrate  the  most  horrible 
acts  of  cruelty  and  brutality  upon  the  bodies  of  the  living  and  the 
dead  Americans  who  fell  into  their  hands.  Believing  that  the 
whiles  had  made  war  for  many  years  merely  to  acquire  land,  the 
Indians  crammed  clay  and  sand  into  the  eyes  and  down  the  throats 
of  the  dying  and  the  dead ! 

OEN.  Wayne's  great  victory. 

Although  no  particular  blame  was  attached  to  Gov.  St.  Clair  for 
the  loss  in  this  expedition,  yet  he  resigned  the  office  of  Major-Gen- 
eral, and  was  succeeded  by  Anthony  "Wayne,  a  distinguished 
officer  of  the  Revolutionary  war.  Early  in  1792  provisions  were 
made  by  the  general  Government  for  ro-organizing  the  army,  so 
that  it  should  consist  of  an  efficient  degree  of  strength.  Wayne 
arrived  at  Pittsburg  in  June,  where  the  army  was  to  rendezvous. 
Here  he  continued  actively  engaged  in  organizing  and  training  his 
forces  until  October,  1793,  when  with  an  army  of  about  3,600  ;  ^en 
lie  moved  westward  to  Fort  Washington. 

While  Waj'ne  vras  ])reparing  for  an  offensive  campaij^nj  every 


so  1UST(>);V    OF    INinANA. 

possible  incaiis  was  employed  to  imliice  tlie  hostile  tribes  of  tbc 
Northwest  to  enter  into  a  general  treaty  of  peace  with  ilu;  Aiuei-i- 

«caii  GovenimciiJ ;  ppeeches  wore  sent  !iino!i.i;-  tlii m,  and  a^-culs  to 
make  treiilies  were  alsot^ent,  but  little  was  acconii)iislie..l.  M;tjor 
llanitramck,  who  still  remained  at  V'^inceiines,  succeeded  in  con- 
cUidinn-  a  geaei-al  peace  with  the  Wabai^li  and  EUinois  Indian^;  but 
the  tribes  more  immediately  under  the  iuflucjicc  of  the  Jh-itish 

'  refused  to  hear  the  sentiments  of  friendslii])  that  were  sent  among 
them,  and  tomahawked  several  of  the  messengers.  Their  counuge 
had  been  aroused  by  St.  Clrir's  defeat,  as  well  as  by  the  unsuccess- 
ful expeditions  which  liad  preceded  it,  and  they  now  felt  quite  pre- 
pared to  meet  a  superior  force  under  Gen.  Wayne.  The  Indians 
insisted  on  the  Ohio  river  as  the  boundary  line  between  their  lands 
and  the  lands  of  the  United  States,  and  felt  certain  that  they  could 
riiaintain  tliat  boundary.     ' 

Maj.  Gen.  Scott,  with  about  1,C00  mounted  volunteers  from 
Kentucky,  joined  the  regular  troops  under  Gen.  \Yayne  July  2G, 
1794,  and  on  ilic  2Sth  the  united  forces  began  their  march  for  the 
Indian  towns  on  the  Maumeo  river.  Arriving  at  the  n)uuth  of 
the  x\uglaize,  they  erected  Fort  Defiance,  and  Aug.  15  the  army 
advanced  toward  the  British  fort  at  the  foot  of  the  rapids  of  the 
Maumeo,  where,  on  the  20th,  almost  within  reach  of  the  Eritish, 
the  American  army  gained  a  decisive  victory  over  the  combined 
forces  of  the  hostile  Indians  and  a  considerable  number  of  the 
Detroit  militia^  The  number  of  the  enemy  was  estimated  at  2,000, 
against  about  900  xlmerican  troops  actually  engaged.  This  horde 
of  savages,  as  soon  as  the  action  began,  abandoned  themselves  to 
flight  and  dispersed  with  terror  and  dismay,  leaving  Wayne's  vic- 
torious army  in  full  and  quiet  possession  of  the  field.  The  Ameri- 
cans lost  33  killed  and  100  wounded;  loss  of  the  enemy  more  than 
double  this  number. 

The  army  remained  three  days  and  nights  on  the  banks  of  the 
Maumee,  in  front  of  the  field  of  battle,  during  which  time  all  the 
houses  and  cornfields  w.-^re  consumed  and  destroyed  for  a  considera- 
ble distance  both  above  and  below  Fort  Miami,  as  well  as  within 
pistol  sliot  of  the  British  garrison,  who  were  compelled  to  remain 
idle  spectators  to  this  general  devastation  and  conflagration,  among 
which  were  the  houses,  stores  and  property  of  Col.  McKee,"the 
British  Indian  agent  and  "principal  stitnulator  of  the  war  then 
existing  between  the  United  States  and  savages."  On  the  return 
march  to  Fort  Defiance  the  villages  and  cornfields  for  about  £0 


HlSTOIiV    OF    INHIANA.  81 

Tuilos  on  cacli  .■^ide  of  the  ^[tiumce  wcio  destroyed,  as  well  as  those 
for  a  considcrali:!';  distance  around  that  post. 

Sept.  Ji,  1 791,  the  army  under  Cren.  W  yne  conimcnced  its 
march  toward  the  deserted  ]\liami  villages  at  the  conlliieuce  of  St. 
Joseph's  and  St.  Mary's  rivers,  arrivin;^'  Get.  17,  and  on  the  fuHow- 
:n^  day  the  .'-ite  of  Fort  Wayne  was  selected.  The  fort  was  com- 
pleted Xov.  22,  and  garrisoned  hy  a  strong  detachment  of  infantry 
and  artillery,  under  the  command  of  Col.  John  F.  Kamtramck,  who 
gave  lo  the  new  fort  the  name  of  Fort  "Wayne.  In  ISl-la  new  fort 
was  built  on  the  site  of  this  structure.  The  Kentucky  volunteers 
returned  to  Fort  Wasliington  and  were  mustered  out  of  service. 
Gen.  Wayne,  %Yith  tlie  Federal  troops,  marched  to  Greenville  and 
took  up  his  headquarters  during  the  winter.  Ilerc,  in  August, 
1795,  after  several  months  of  active  negotiation,  this  gallant  officer 
succeeded  in  concluding  a  general  tre  fcy  of  peace  with  all  the  hos- 
tile tribes  of  the  jSTorth western  Territory.  This  treaty  opened  the 
way  for  the  flood  of  immigration  for  many  years,  and  ultimately 
made  the  States  and  territories  now  constituting  the  mighty  North- 
west. 

Up  to  the  organization  of  the  Indiana  Territory  there  is  but  little 
history  to  record  aside  from  those  events  connected  with  military 
affairs.  In  July,  1796,  as  before  stated,  after  a  treaty  was  con- 
cluded between  the  United  States  and  Spain,  the  British  garrisons, 
with  tlieir  arms,  artillery  and  stores,  were  withdrawn  from  the 
posts  v.'ithin  the  boundaries  of  the  United  States  northwest  of  the 
Ohio  river,  and  a  detachment  of  American  troops,  consisting  of  65 
uicu,  under  the  command  of  Capt.  Moses  Porter,  took  possession 
of  the  evacuated  post  of  Detroit  in  the  same  month. 

In  the  latter  part  of  1796  Winthrop  Sargent  went  to  Detroit  and 
organized  the  county  of  Wayne,  forming  a  part  of  the  Indiana 
Territory  until  its  division  iu  1805,  when  the  Territory  of  Michigan 
was  onranized. 


TERPtlTOmAL  IIISTOEr. 

OKGANIZATION    OF    IN  HI  ANA    TKIUUTORT. 

Ou  the  liiial  success  of  Aincric;iii  arms  and  diplomacy  in  179G, 
the  prin(;ipal  town  within  the  Territory,  now  the  State,  of  Indiana 
was  Yiucennes,  whicli  at  this  time  comprised  abont  50  house?,  all 
presenting  a  thrifty  and  tidy  appearance.  Each  house  was  sur- 
rounded by  a  garden  fenced  with  poles,  and  peach  and  apple-trees 
grew  in  most  of  the  enclosures.  Garden  vegetables  of  all  kinds 
were  cultivated  with  success,  and  corn,  tobacco,  wheat,  barley  and 
cotton  grew  in  the  fields  around  the  village  in  abundance.  During 
the  last  few  years  of  the  ISth  century  the  condition  of  society  at 
Yincennes  imj)roved  wonderfully. 

Besides  Yiucennes  there  was  a  small  settlement  near  where  the 
town  of  Lawrenceburg  no'.v  stands,  in  Dearborn  county,  and  in  the 
course  of  that  year  a  small  settlement  was  formed  at  "Armstrong's 
Station,"  on  the  Ohio,  within  the  present  limits  of  Clark  county. 
There  were  of  course  several  other  smaller  settlements  and  trading 
posts  in  the  present  limits  of  Indiana,  and  the  number  of  civilized 
inhabitants  comprised  within  the  territory  was  estimated  at  4,875, 

The  Territory  of  Indiana  was  organized  by  Act  of  Congress  May 
7,  1800,  the  material  parts  of  the  ordinance  of  1787  remaining  in 
force;  and  the  inhabitants  were  invested  with  all  the  rights,  privi- 
leges and  advantages  granted  and  secured  to  the  people  by  that 
ordinance.  The  seat  of  government  was  fixed  at  Yincennes.  May 
13,  ISOO,  Win.  Henry  Harrison,  a  native  ol  Yirginia,  was  appoint- 
ed Governor  of  this  new  territory,  and  on  the  next  day  John  Gib- 
son, a  native  of  Pennsylvania  and  a  distinguished  Western  pioneer, 
^to  whom  the  Indian  chief  Logan  delivered  his  celebrated  speech  in 
1774),  was  appointed  Secretary  of  the  Territory.  Soon  afterward 
Wm.  Clark,  Henry  Yanderburgh  and  John  Griffin  were  appointed 
territorial  Judges. 

Secretary  Gibson  arrived  at  Yincennes  in  July,  and  commenced, 
in  the  absence  of  Gov,  Harrison,  the  administration  of  government. 
Gov.  Harrison  did  not  arrive  until  Jan.  10,  1801,  when  he  imme- 
diately called  together  the  Judges  of  the  Territory,  who  proceeded 

(82) 


l!l.^'l\l];V    Ol--    IMIiI  \.\A.  S3 

to  pas?  such  liiws  as  thvy  dcumoA  nccossury  for  the.  present  govern- 
ment  ol'  tho  Territory.     This  session  beg-m  ]\[arcli  3,  ISOJ. 

From  this  time  to  1810  tlio  priiicipiil  sulijeclswliich  attracted  the 
attention  oI'  tiic  people  of  Indiana  were  land  spccuhitions,  the 
adjustineut  of  land  titles,  the  question  of  negro  slaver}-,  the  purchase 
of  Indian  lauds  hy  treaties,  the  organization  of  Territorial  legis- 
latures, the  extension  of  tlie  right  of  .-ulTrage,  tho  division  of 
Indiana  Territory,  the  movements  of  Aaron  Burr,  and  the  hostile 
viev^'s  and  proceedings  of  the  Shawauee  chief,  Tecumseh,  and  his 
brother,  the  Proplict. 

Up  to  this  time  the  sixth  article  of  the  celebrated  ordinance  of 
1787,  prohibiting  slavery  in  the  Northwestern  Territorj',  had  been 
somewhat  neglected  in  the  execution  of  the  law,  and  many  French 
settlers  still  held  slaves  in  a  manner.  In  some  instances,  according 
to  rules  prescribed  by  Territorial  legislation,  slaves  agreed  by 
indentures  to  remain  in  servitude  under  their  masters  for  a  certain 
number  of  years;  but  many  slaves,  with  whom  no  such  contracts 
were  made,  were  removed  from  the  Indiana  Territory  either  to  the 
west  of  the  Mississippi  or  to  some  of  the  slaveholding  States. 
Gov.  Harrison  convoked  a  session  of  delegates  of  the  'iorritory, 
elected  by  a  popular  vote,  who  petitioned  Congress  to  declare  the 
sixth  article  of  the  ordinance  of  1787,  prohibiting  slavery,  suspend- 
ed; but  Congress  never  consented  to  grant  that  petition,  and  many 
other  petitions  of  a  similar  import.  Soon  afr;:rward  some  of  the 
citizens  began  to  take  colored  persons  out  of  the  Territory  for  the 
purpose  of  selling  tliem,  and  Gov.  Harrison,  by  a  proclamatio7i 
April  G,  1801,  forbade  it,  and  called  upon  the  authorities  of  the 
Territory  to  assist  him  in  preventing  such  removal  of  persons 
of  color. 

During  the  year  ISOi  all  the  country  west  of  the  Mississippi  and 
north  of  33^  was  attached  to  Indiana  Territory  by  Congress,  but  in 
a  few  months  was  again  detached  and  organized  into  a  separate  ter- 
ritory, 

AVhen  it  appeared  from  the  result  of  a  popular  vote  in  the  Terri- 
tory that  a  majority  of  138  freeholders  were  in  favor  of  organizing 
a  General  As?enibly,  Gov.  Harrison,  Sept.  11,  1804,  issued  a  procla- 
mation declaring  that  the  Territory  had  passed  into  the  second  grade 
of  government,  as  contemplated  by  the  ordinance  of  1787,  and 
fixed  Thursday,  Jan.  3,  1805,  as  the  time  for  holding  an  election  in 
the  several  counties  of  the  Territory, to  choose  members  of  a  House 
of   Ilepresentatives,  who  should  meet  at  Vincennes  Feb.   1  and 


Si 


msTORr  OF  iNnr.\NA. 


adopt  measures  for  tlio  orgoaiization  of'aTerrilorial  Council.  Those 
delegates  were  elected,  and  met  accordin<^  to  the  proclamation,  and 
selected  ten  men  from  whom  the  rresident  of  the  United  States, 
*Mr.  Jefilrrson,  should  appoint  five  to  be  and  constitute  the  Le<;-isla- 
tive  Conneil  of  the  Tcrritorj-,  but  he  decJinini,^  requested  Mr.  Har- 
rison to  make  the  selection,  which  was  accordingly  done.  Before 
the  first  scsslou  of  this  Council,  however,  was  held,  Michigan  Ter- 
ritory was  set  oiT,  its  south  line  being  one  drawn  from  thesouLherii 
end  of  Lake  j\[ichigan  directly  east  to  Lake  Erie. 

FIBST  TEKRITOJilAL  Ll^GISI-ATUliJ:. 

The  first  General  Assembly,  or  Legislature,  of  Indiana  Territory 
met  at  Viucennes  July  29,  1805,  in  pursuance  of  a  gubernatorial 
proclamation.  The  members  of  the  House  of  Representatives  were 
Jesse  B.  Thomas,  of  Dearborn  county;  Davis  Floyd,  of  Clark  county; 
J3eujamiu  Tarke  and  John  Johnson,  of  Knox  county;  Shadrach 
Bond  and  William  Bigos,  of  St.  Clair  county,  and  George  Fisher, 
of  Randolph  county.  July  30  the  Governor  delivered  his  first  mes- 
sage to  "the  Legislative  Council  and  House  of  Representatives  of 
the  Indiana  Territory."  Benjamin  Farke  was  the  first  delegate 
elected  to  Congress.  He  had  emigrated  from  Isew  Jersey  to  In- 
diana in  180L 

TUK     "WESl'EJiN    sun" 

was  the  first  newspaper  published  in  the  Indiana  Tcrrit(>ry,  now 
comprising  the  four  great  States  of  Indiana,  Illinois,  Michigan  and 
Wisconsin,  and  the  second  in  all  that  country  once  known  as  the 
"Northwestern  Territory."  It  was  commenced  at  Viucennes  in 
1803,  by  Elihu  Stout,  of  Xentucky,  and  first  called  the  Indiana 
Gazette,  and  July,  4,  1804,  was  changed  to  the  Western  Sun.  Mr. 
Stout  continued  the  paper  until  1845,  amid  many  discouragements, 
when  he  was  appointed  postmaster  at  the  place,  and  he  sold  out 
the  office. 

INDIANA  IN  1810. 

The  events  which  we  have  just  been  describing  really  constitute 
the  initiatory  steps  to  the  great  military  campaign  of  Gc  ..  Harrison 
which  ended  in  the  "battle  of  Tippecanoe;"  but  before  proceeding 
to  an  account  of  that  brilliant  afiair,  let  us  take  a  glance  at  the  re- 
sourses  and  strength  of  Indiana  Territory  at  this  time,  1810: 

Total  population,  24,520;  33  grist  mills;  14  saw  mills;  3  horse 
mills;  IS  tanneries;  28  distilleries;  3  powder  mills;   1,250  looms; 


IIISTOIIY    OF    liNIiIANA. 


1,350  spinning  wheels;  value  of  lu.innf^acturcs — wtiolcn,  cotton 
hcini)Cn  and  fiaxon  cloths,  Sl.o!),0o2;  of  cotton  and  Vv'ool  spun  iu 
mills,  ^150,000;  of  nails,  30,000  pounds,  $i,000;  of  leatlier  tanned, 
$9,300;  of  (lii^tilleiy  products,  35,950  gallons,  $10,230;  pf  gun- 
powder, 3,G0i)  pounds,  $1,800;  of  wine  from  grapes,  90  barrelia, 
$0,000,  and  5  0,000  pounds  of  maple  sugar. 

.  During  tlio  yeai'  1810  a  Board  of  Commissioners  was  established 
to  straighten  out  the  confused  condition  into  which  the  land-title 
controversy  liad  been  carried  by  the  various  and  conflicting  admin- 
istrations that  had  previously  exercised  jurisdiction  in  this  regard. 
This  work  was  attended  with  much  labor  on  the  part  of  the  Commis- 
sioners and  great  dissatisfaction  on  the  part  of  a  fc\v  designing  specu- 
lators, who  thought  no  extreme  of  perjury  too  hazardous  in  their 
mad  attempts  to  obtain  lands  fraudulently.  In  closiTig  their  report 
the  Commissioners  used  the  following  expressive  language:  '"We 
close  this  melancholy  picture  of  human  depravity  by  rendering  our 
devout  aclinowledgment  that,  in  the  awful  alternative  in  which  we 
have  been  placed,  of  either  admitting  perjured  testimonj''  in  sup- 
pjort  of  the  claims  before  us,  or  having  it  turned  against  our  char- 
acters and  lives,  it  has  as  yet  pleased  that  divine  providence  whicli 
rules  over  the  affairs  of  men,  to  preserve  us,  both  from  legal  mur- 
der and  private  assassination." 

The  question  of  dividing  the  Territory  of  Indiana  was  agitated 
from  1800  to  1809,  when  Congress  erected  the  Territory  of  Illinois, 
to  comprise  all  that  part  of  Indiana  Territory  lying  west  of  the 
Wabash  river  and  a  direct  line  drawn  from  tliat  river  and  Post 
Vincennes  due  north  to  the  territorial  line  between  the  United 
States  and  Canada.  This  occasioned  some  confusion  in  the  govern- 
ment of  Indiana,  but  indue  time  the  new  elections  were  confirmed, 
and  the  new  territory  started  off  on  a  journey  of  prosperity  which 
this  section  of  the  United  States  has  ever  since  enjoyed. 

From  the  first  settlement  of  Vincennes  for  nearly  half  a  century 
there  occurred  nothing  of  importance  to  relate,  at  least  so  far  as 
the  records  inform  us.  The  place  was  too  isolated  to  grow  very 
fast,  and  we  suppose  there  was  a  succession  of  priests  and  com- 
mandants, who  governed  the  little  world  around  them  with  almost 
infinite  power  and  authority,  from  whose  decisions  there  was  no 
appeal,  if  indeed  any  was  ever  desired.  The  character  of  society 
in  such  a  place  would  of  course  grow  gradually  different  from  the 
parent  society,  assimilating  more  or  less  with  that  of  neighboring 
tribes.     The  whites  lived  in  peace  with  the  Indians,  each  under- 


8G  JIISTORV    OF    INDIANA. 

Standing  the  other's  peculiarities,  which  rcinaincii  iixc<l  long 
enough  for  l)oth  parties  to  study  out  and  understand  them.  The 
government  ^va3  a  mixture  of  the  niilitary  and  thecivii.  There 
M'as  iittlo  to  incite  to  enterprise.  Speculations  in  money  and  prop- 
erty, and  their  counterpart,  beggary,  were  both  imknown:  the  nec- 
essaries of  life  were  easily  procured,  and  beyond  these  there  were 
but  few  wants  to  be  supplied;  hospitality  was  exercised  by  all,  as 
lliere  were  no  taverns;  tJiers  seemed  to  be  -no  use  for  law,  judges 
or  prisons;  each  district  had  its  commandant,  and  the  proceedings 
of  a  trial  were  singular.  The  comj)laining  party  obtained  a  notifi- 
cation from  the  commandant  to  his  adversary,  accompanied 'by  a 
command  to  render  justice.  If  this  Lad  no  effect  he  was  notified 
to  appear  before  the  commandant  on  a  j)articaiar  day  and  answer; 
and  if  the  last  notice  was  neglected,  a  sergeant  and  file  of  mca 
were  sent  to  bring  Irlm, — no  sheriff  and  no  costs.  The  convicted 
party  would  be  fined  and  kepL  in  prison  until  he  rendered  justice 
according  to  the  d  ee;  when  extremely  refractory  the  cat-o'-nine- 
tails brought  him  ;..  a  sense  of  justice.  In  sucli  a  state  of  society 
there  was  no  demand  for  learning  and  science.  Few  could  read, 
and' still  fewer  write.  Their  disposition  wa^  ..  ., ..i..  always  to  deal' 
honestly,  at  least  simply.     Peltries  were   t;  ard  of  value. 

A  brotherly  love  generally  prevailed.      But  ihey  were  devoid  of 
public  spirit,  enterprise  or  ingenuity. 


GOV.  nAIUilSON  AND  THE  INDIANS. 

Iiniiiediately  after  the  or" anizatiou  of  Iiuliaua  Territory  Governor 
Harrison's  attention  was  directed,  1)3'  necessity  as  well  as  by  in- 
structions from  Congress,  to  settling  affairs  with  those  Indians  wlio 
still  held  claitns  to  lands.  He  entered  into  several  treaties,  by 
which  at  the  close  of  ISOo  the  United  State?  Government  had  ob- 
tained about  40,000  sfjuare  miles  of  territory,  includino-  all  the 
lands  lyini;-  on  the  borders  of  the  Ohio  river  between  the  mouth  of 
the  TV;  ')ash  river  and  the  State  of  Ohio. 

Tiie  levying  of  a  tax,  especially  a  poll  tax,  by  the  General  Assem- 
bly, created  considerable  dissatisfaction  among  man}'  of  the  inhabit- 
ants. At  a  meeting  held  Sundaj',  August  16,  1807,  a  number  of 
Frenchmen  resolved  to  "  v»'ithdra\v  their  confidence  and  support 
forever  from  those  men  who  advocated  or  in  any  manner  promoted 
the  second  grade  of  government." 

In  1807  the  territorial  statutes  were  revised  and  under  the  new 
code,  treason,  murder,  arson  and  liorse-stcaling  were  each  punish- 
able b}'  death.  The  crime  of  manslaughter  was  punishable  hy  the 
common  law.  Burglary  and  robbery  were  punishable  hy  whip- 
ping, fine  and  in  some  cases  by  imprisonment  not  exceeding  forty 
years.  Hog  stealing  was  punishable  by  fine  and  whipping.  Bigamy 
was  punishable  by  fine,  whipping  and  disfranchisement,  etc. 

In  1801  Congress  established  three  land  offices  for  the  sale  of 
lands  in  Indiana  territory;  one  was  located  at  Detroit,  one  at  Vin- 
cennes  a'.id  one  at  Kaskaskia.  In  1807  a  fourth  one  was  opened  at 
Jeffersouville,  Clark  county;  this  town  was  first  laid  out  in  1802, 
agreeably  to  plaris  suggested  by  Mr.  Jelferson  then  President  of 
the  United  States. 

Governor  Harrison,  according  to  his  message  to  the  Legislature 
in  1806, "seemed  to  think  that  the  peace  then  existing  between  the 
whites  and  the  Indians  was  permanent;  but  in  the  same  document 
he  referred  to  a  matter  that  might  be  a  source  of  trouble,  which  in- 
deed it  proved  to  be,  namel^',  the  execution  of  white  laws  among 
the  Indians — laws  to  which  the  latter  had  not  been  a  party  in  their 
enactment.  The  trouble  was  aggravated  by  the  partiality  with 
which  the  laws  seem  always    to  have  been  executed;  the   Indian 

(sr) 


bN  IIISTOKY    OF   INOIAN^xV.. 

was  nearly  alwiiys  tlie  siifForcr.  All  along  iVom  ISOo  to  ISIO  the 
Indians  complained  bitterly  against  the  tMicroachments  of  the  white 
people  upon  the  lands  that  helonged  to  t.hein.  The  invasion  oftlu-ir 
li-nting  gronnds  and  the  unjnstitlal)lc  killing  of  many  of  their  peo- 
ple were  the  sources  of  their  discontent.  i\n  old  chief,  in  laying 
the  trouble  of  his  ])co})le  before  Governor  TIarrisou,  said:  "You 
callus  children;  why  do  you  not  make  us  as  happy  as  our  father.---^ 
the  French,  did?  They  never  took  from  us  onr  lands;  indeed,  they 
were  common  bctv\-ccn  tis.  They  planted  where  they  pleased,  and 
they  cut  wood  where  they  jilcased;  and  so  did  we;  but  now  if  a 
poor  Indian  attempts  to  take  a  little  bark  from  a  tree  to  cover  him 
from  the  rain,  up  comes  a  white  man  and  threatens  to  shoot  him, 
claiming  the  tree  as  liis  own." 

The  Indian  truly  had  grounds  for  his  oomidaint,  and  the  state  of 
feeling  existing  among  tlie  tril>es  at  this  time  was  well  calculated 
to  develop  a  patriotic  leader  who  should  carry  them  all  forward  to 
victory  at  arms,  if  certain  concessions  were  not  made  to  them  hy  the 
whites.  But  this  golden  opportunity  was  seized  by  an  unworthy 
warrior.  A  brother  of  Tecumsch,  a  "prophet"  named  Law-le-was-i- 
kaw',  but  who  assumed  the  name  of  Pems-quat-a-\vah  (Open  Door), 
was  the  crafty  Shawanee  warrior  who  was  enabled  to  work  upon 
both  the  superstitions  and  the  rational  judgment  of  his  fellow  In- 
dian.--, ne  was  a  good  orator,  somewhat  pecidiar  in  his  appearance 
and  well  calculated  to  win  the  attention  and  respect  of  the  savages. 
He  began  by  denouncing  witchcraft,  the  use  of  intoxicating  lirpiors, 
the  custom  of  Indian  women  marrying  white  men,  the  dress  of  the 
whites  and  the  practice  of  selling  Indian  lands  to  the  United  States. 
He  also  told  the  Indians  that  the  commands  of  the  Great  Spirit  re- 
quired them  to  punish  with  death  those  who  practiced  the  arts  of 
witchcraft  and  magic;  that  the  Great  Spirit  had  given  him  power 
to  find  out  and  expose  such  persons;  that  he  had  power  to  cure  all 
disc:  'js,  to  confound  his  enemies  and  to  stay  the  arm  of  death  in 
sickness  and  on  the  battle-field.  His  liarangues  aroused  among 
some  bands  of  Indians  a  high  degree  of  superstitious  excitement. 
An  old  Delaware  chief  named  Ta-te-bock-o-she,  through  whose  in- 
fluence a  treatj'  had  been  made  with  the  Delawares  in  1804,  was 
accused  of  witchcraft,  tried,  condemned  and  tomahawked,  and 
his  bodj^  consumed  by  fire.  The  old  chief's  wife,  nephew 
("Billy  Patterson  ")  and  an  aged  Indian  named  Joshua  were  next 
accused  of  witchcraft  and  condemned  to  death.  The  two  men  were 
burned  at  the  stake,  but  the  wife  of  Ta-te-bock-o-she  was  saved  from 


^,.1 


^ 


fef 


->^- 


#■ 


THE    SIIAWKF.K  rUOPilET. 


IIIST.>l;r    (IF    IN1)1.\NV.  J)l 

death  by  her  brother,  whit  suddeu]}'^  iipj-.roiu-liod  lier,  took  her  by  the 
hand,  and,  without  mcetin<jj  any  op))OS)tion  from  tlie  Indians  present, 
led  lier  (.nitof  the  council-house,  llctlien  inunediiitel}-  returned  and 
checked  tlie  ••^rowing  inflncnco  of  tlie  Propliet  by  cxchuming  in  a 
strong,  carne.-;t  voice,  "  Tlie  Evil  S]>irit  ha.-^  come  among  us  and  we 
are  killing  eacli  other." — [DiIlon''s  Ilhforn  of  [ndlana. 

"When  Gov.  IIarri.-Jon  was  made  acquainted  with  the.-e  events  he 
sent  a  sjiecial  messenger  to  the  Indians,  strongly  entreating  them  to 
i-enonnce  the  Pi'ophet  and  liis  works.  This  really  destroyed  to  some 
extent  tlio  Projihet's  iniluence;  but  in  the  spring  of  1808,  having 
aroused  nearly  all  the  tribes  of  the  Lake  Region,  the  Prophet  with 
a  large  number  of  followers  settled  near  the  mouth  of  tlie  Tippe- 
canoe river,  at  a  place  which  afterward  had  the  name  of  "Prophet's- 
Town."  Taking  advantage  of  his  brother's  influence,  Tecumsch 
actively  engaged  himself  in  forming  the  varic.is  tribes  into  a  con- 
federacy. He  announced  publicly  to  all  the  Indians  that  the 
treaties  by  which  the  United  States  had  acquired  lands  northwest 
of  the  Ohio  were  not  made  in  fairness,  and  should  be  considered 
void,  lie  also  said  that  no  single  tribe  was  invested  with  power  to 
sell  lands  without  the  consent  of  all  the  other  tribes,  and  that  he 
and  his  brother,  the  Propliet,  would  oppose  and  resist  all  future 
attempts  %vhich  the  white  people  might  make  to  extend  their  set- 
tlements in  the  lauds  that  belonged  to  the  Indians. 

Eai'ly  in  1808,  Gov.  Harrison  sent  a  speech  to  the  Shavian ees, 
in  which  was  this  sentence:  "  My  children,  this  business  must  be 
stopped;  I  will  no  longer  suiler  it.  You  have  called  a  number  of 
men  from  the  most  distant  ti-ibcs  to  listen  to  a  fool,  who  sjjeaks 
not  the  words  of  the  Great  Spirit  but  those  of  the  devil  and  the 
British  agents.  My  children,  your  conduct  has  much  alarmed  the 
white  settlers  near  you.  They  desire  that  you  will  send  away  those 
people;  and  if  they  wish  to  have  tlie  impostor  Avith  them  they  can 
carry  him  along  with  them.  Let  him  go  to  the  lakes;  he  can  hear 
the  British  more  distinctly."  This  message  wounded  the  pride  of 
the  Prophet,  and  he  prevailed  on  the  messenger  to  inform  Gov. 
Harrison  that  he  was  not  in  league  with  the  British,  but  was  sjieak- 
ing  truly  the  words  of  the  Great  Spirit. 

In  the  latter  part  of  the  summer  of  1808,  the  Proj)hct  sj^ent  sev- 
eral weeks  at  Yincennes,  for  the  jiurpose  of  holding  interviews 
with  Gov.  Harrison.  At  one  time  lie  told  the  Governor  that  he 
was  a  Christian  and  endeavored  to  persuade  his  people  also  to 
become  Christians,  abandon  the  use  of  liquor,  be   united   in  broth- 


02  ItrSTOUV    (iK    J.NDIANA. 

crly  love,  etc.,  Tiiak ill :i;  Mr.  TlanMt.on  believe  at  least,  that  lie  was 
hoiiCGt;  but  bel'urc  Ion;;  it  was  demonstrated  that  tiic  ''Proplict'' 
^  was  designin,^-,  cunning  and  unreliable;  that  both  heand  Tecunisch 
were  enemies  of  the  rinited  States,  and  tViendg  of  tlie  Englisli;  and 
that  in  case  of  a  war  between  the  Americans  and  Eiigli,<h,  they 
would  join  the  latter.  The  next  year  the  Prophet  again  visited 
Yincennes,  with  assurances  that  he  was  not  in  syinpatliy  with  the 
English,  but  tlie  Governor  was  not  disposed  to  believe  liiin;  and  in 
a  letter  to  the  Scc^retary  of  War,  in  July,  1S09,  lie  said  that  '  e 
regarded  the  bands  of  Indians  at  Prophet's  Town  as  a  combinatioa 
which  had  been  produced  by  Pritich  intrigue  and  inllucnce,  in  antic- 
ipation of  a  war  between  thein  and  the  United  States. 

In  direct  opposition  to  Tecuuisch  and  the  prophet  and  in  spite 
of  all  these  dillicalties,  Gov.  Harrison  continued  the  work  of  extin- 
guishing  Indian  titles  to  lands,  with  very  good  success.  Ey  the 
close  of  1809,  the  total  amount  of  land  ceded  to  the  United  States, 
under  treaties  v/hich  had  been  effected  by  Mr.  Ilarrison,  exceeded 
30,000,000  a  res. 

From  1S05  to  1807,  the  movements  of  Aaron  Burr  in  the  OJiio 
valley  created  considerable  excitement  in  Indiana.  It  seemed  that 
he  intended  to  collect  a  force  of  men,  invade  Mexico  and  found  a 
republic  there,  comprising  all  the  country  west  of  the  Alleghany 
mountains.  He  gathered,  however,  but  a  few  men,  started  south, 
and  was  soon  arrested  by  the  Federal  authorities.  But  before  his 
arrest  he  had  abandoned  liis  expedition  and  his  followers  had 
dispersed. 

iiaekison's  campaign. 

While  the  Indians  were  combining  to  prevent  any  further  trans- 
fer of  land  to  the  wliites,  the  British  were  using  the  advantage  as  a 
groundwork  for  a  successful  war  upon  the  Americans.  In  the 
S]unng  of  1810  the  followers  of  the  Prophet  refused  to  receive  their 
annuity  of  salt,  and  the  officials  who  oifered  it  were  denounced  as 
"American  dogs,"  and  otherwise  treated  in  a  disrespectful  manner. 
Gov.  Harrison,  in  July,  attempted  to  gain  the  friendship  of  the 
Prophet  by  sending  him  a  letter,offering  to  treat  with  him  ]ierson- 
ally  in  the  matter  of  his  grievances,  or  to  furnish  means  to  send 
him,  with  three  of  liis  principal  chiefs,  to  tlie  President  at  Wash- 
ington ;  but  the  messenger  was  coldly  received,  and  they  returned 
M'Ord  that  they  would  visit  Vincennee  in  a  few  days  and  interview 
the  Governor.  Accordingly,  Aug.  12,  ISIO,  the  Shawanec  cliief 
with  70  of  his  princii;al  warriors,  marched  up  to  the  door  of  the 


mSTdllV    (II.-    IN  DIANA.  \Jo 

Governor's  liousc,  nvA  from  that  day  until  tlic  22J  hold  daily  inter- 
vicwis  with  llis  Excellency,  In  all  of  liis  sj>eeclies  Tocuiiiseh  v>-a3 
liaiiglity',  and  sometiiU'.;3  arrogant.  On  tlio  L'Otli  he  delivered  lluit 
celebrated  speecli  in  whieli  he  i^-ave  the  (lovernor  the  alleniative  of 
rctnrnini;-  their  lands  or  nicetini^  them  in  battle. 

While  the  Governor  was  replying  to  this  speech  Tecnmseh  inter- 
rupted hiiu  vrith  an  <ingry  exclamation,  declaring  that  the  United 
States,  through  Gov.  Ilarri.son,  Iiad  "clieated  and  imposed  on  the 
Indians."  "When  Tecumseii  first  I'ose,  a  number  of  his  ])arty  also 
sprung'  to  their  feet,  armed  with  clubs,  tomahawks  and  spears,  and 
made  sonio  threatening  demonstrations.  The  Governor's  guards, 
who  stood  a  little  way  off,  were  marched  up  in  haste,  and  the  In- 
dia) is,  awed  by  tlie  presence  of  this  small  armed  force,  abandoned 
what  seemed  to  be  an  intention  to  make  an  open  attack  on  the  Gov- 
ernor and  his  attendants.  As  soon  as  Tecumseh's  remarks  were 
interpreted,  the  Governor  reproached  him  for  his  conduct,  and  com- 
manded him  to  depart  instantly  to  his  camp. 

On  the  folknving  day  Tecumseh  repentctd  of  his  rash  act  and  re- 
quested the  Governor  to  grant  him  another  interview,  and  pro- 
tested against  any  intention  of  oiTensc.  The  Governor  consented, 
an-  the  council  was  re-opened  on  the  21st,  when  the  Shawanee 
chi'jf  addressed  him  in  a  respectful  and  dignified  manner,  but  re- 
mained immovable  in  his  policy.  The  Governor  then  requested 
Tecumseh  to  state  plainly  whether  or  not  the  surveyors  wlio  might 
sent  to  survey  the  lands  purchased  at  the  treaty  of  Fort  Wayne 
1809,  would  be  molested  by  Indians.  Tecumseh  replied: 
rother,  when  you  s]:)eak  of  annuities  to  me,  I  look  at  the  land 
and  pity  the  women  and  children,  I  am  authorized  to  say  that  they 
will  not  receive  them.  Brother,  wevv'ant  to  save  that  piece  of  land. 
"We  do  not  wish  you  to  take  it.  It  is  small  enough  for  our  purpose. 
If  you  do  take  it,  you  lausfc  blame  yourself  as  the  cause  of  the 
trouble  between  us  and  the  tribes  who  sold  it  to  you.  I  want  tlie 
present  boundary  line  to  continue.  Should  you  cross  it,  I  assure 
you  it  will  be  productive  of  bad  consequences." 
■  The  next  day  the  Governor,  attended  only  by  his  interpreter, 
visited  the  camp  ,,'f  the  great  Shawanee,  and  in  the  course  of  along 
interview  told  him  that  the  President  of  the  United  States  would 
not  acknowledge  his  claims.  "Well,"  replied  the  brave  warrior, 
"as  the  great  chief  is  to  determine  the  matter,  I  hope  the  Great 
Spirit  will  put  sense  enough  into  his  head  to  induce  him  to  direct 
you  to  give  up  this  land.     It  is  true,  he  is  so  far  off  he  will  not  be 


tM  hi    IOUV    OI-    I.\)i1ANA. 

injured  by  tLe  war.  JIo  may  sit  pI ill  in  his  town  aTid  drink  his 
wine,  while  you  and  I  will  liave  to  li-ht  it  out." 
^  In  his  message  to  t!io  new  territorial  Legislature  in  IS  10  (\ov. 
ILirrisuii  called  attention  to  the  dangerous  views  held  by  Tccuniseh 
and  the  Propliet,  to  the  iiernicious  inilucnce  of  alien  enemies 
aniung  the  Indians,  to  the  unsettled  (X-ndition  of  the  Indian  trad.e 
and  to  the  policy  of  extinguishing  Indian  titles  to  lands.  The 
eastern  settlements  were  separated  from  the  western  by  a  consider- 
able extent  of  Indian  lands,  and  the  most  fertile  tracts  within  the 
territory  were  still  iii  the  hands  of  tlic  Indians.  Almost  entirely 
divested  of  the  game  from  which  they  had  drawn  their  subsistence, 
it  had  become  of  little  use  to  them;  and  it  was  the  intention  of 
the  Government  to  substitute  for  the  precarious  and  scanty  siip- 
plies  of  the  chase  tlie  more  certain  and  plentiful  sn])port  of  agri- 
culture and  stock-raising.  The  old  habit  of  the  Indians  to  hunt 
so  long  as  a  deer  could  be  found  was  so  inveterate  that  they  would 
not  break  it  and  resort  to  intelligent  agriculture  unless  they  were 
compelled  to,  and  to  this  they  would  not  be  compelled  unless  they 
were  confined  to  a  limited  extent  of  territory.  The  earnest  lan- 
guage of  the  Governor's  appeal  was  like  this:  "Are  then  those 
extinguishments  of  native  title  which  are  at  once  so  beneficial  to 
tlie  Indiau  and  the  territory  of  the  United  States,  to  be  suspended  on 
account  of  the  intrigues  of  a  few  individuals?  Is  one  of  the  fair- 
est portions  of  the  globe  to  remain  in  a  state  of  nature,  .the  haunt 
of  a  few  wretched  savages,  when  it  seems  destined  by  the  Creator 
to  give  support  to  a  large  population,  and  to  be  the  scat  of  civili- 
zation, of  science  and  true  religion?"' 

In  the  same  message  the  Governor  also  urged  the  establishment 
of  a  system  of  popular  education. 

Among  the  acts  passed  by  this  session  of  the  Legislature,  one 
authorized  the  President  and  Directors  of  the  Vincennes  Public 
Library  to  raise  $1,000  by  lottery.  Also,  a  petition  was  sent  to 
Congress  for  a  permanent  seat  of  go vernmc.it  for  the  Territory,  and 
commissioners  were  appointed  to  select  the  site. 

With  the  beginning  of  the  year  ISll  the  British  agent  for 
Indian  affairs  adopted  measures  calculated  to  secure  the  support  of 
the  savages  in  the  war  which  at  this  time  seemed  almost  inevitable. 
Meanwhile  Gov.  Harrison  did  all  in  his  power  to  destroy  the  influ- 
ence of  Tecumseh  and  his  brother  and  break  up  the  Indian  confed- 
eracy which  was  being  organized  in  the  interests  of  Great  Britain. 
Pioneer  settlei's  and  the  Indians  naturally  grew  moj-e  and  more 


niSTOKV    01'"   INDIANA.  95 

?  i^ressivc  and  intolerant,  couimittiuij  deproilalions  and  murders, 
until  tbe  Governor  felt  cojupellcd  to  send  the  followiii;^  Bpecch, 
substa»itially,  to  the  two  leaders  of  the  Indian  tribes:  "This  is  the 
third  year  that  all  the  white  people  in  this  country  have  l>een 
alarmed  at  your  proceedings;  you  threaten  us  with  war;  you  invite 
all  the  triljes  north  and  west  of  j-ou  to  join  against  us,  while  your 
warriors  wlio  have  lately  been  here  deny  this.  Tlie  tribes  on  the 
Mississippi  liave  sent  uie  word  that  j'ou  intended  to  murder  me 
and  then  commence  a  war  upon  my  people,  and  your  seizing  the  salt 
I  recently  sent  up  the  Wabash  is  also  sufficient  evidence  of  such 
intentions  on  your  part.  "My  warriors  are  preparing  themselves, 
not  to  strike  yon,  but  to  defeml  themselves  and  their  women  and 
children.  You  shall  not  surprise  lis,  as  you  expect  to  do.  Your 
intended  act  is  a  rash  one:  consider  well  of  it.  "Wiiat  can  induce 
you  to  undertake  sucli  a  thing  vrhen  tliere  is  so  little  prospect  of 
success?  Do  you  really  think  that  the  handful 'of  men  you  have 
about  j'ou  are  able  to  contend  with  the  seventeen  'Srcs?'  or  even 
that  the  whole  of  the  tribes  united  could  contend  against  the  Ken- 
tucky 'fire'  filonc?  I  am  myself  of  the  Long  'Knife  lire.'  As  soon 
as  they  hear  my  voice  you  will  see  them  pouring  forth  their  swarms 
of  hunting-shirt  men  as  ^iimerous  as  the  niusquitoes  on  the  shores 
of  the  ATabash.  Take  care  of  their  stings.  It  is  not  our  wish  to 
hurt  you:  if  we  did,  wo  certainly  have  pov/er  to  do  it. 

"  You  have  also  insulted  the  Government  of  the  United  States, 
h}'  seizing  the  salt  that  ./as  intended  for  other  tribes."  Satisfaction 
must  be  given  for  tliat  also.  You  talk  of  coming  to  sec  me,  attend- 
ed by  all  of  your  young  men;  but  this  must  not  be.  If}  ar inten- 
tions are  good,  you  have  no  need  to  bring  but  a  few  of  your  young 
men  with  you.  I  must  be  plain  with  you.  I  will  not  suffer  you 
to  come  into  our  settlements  with  such  a  force.  My  advice  is  that 
you  visit  the  Pre.-ident  of  the  United  States  and  lay  your  griev- 
ances before  him. 

"  With  respect  to  the  lands  that  were  purchased  last  fall  I  can 
enter  into  no  negotiations  with  you ;  the  affair  is  with  the  Presi- 
dent. If  you  wish  to  go  and  sec  him,  I  will  supply  you  with  the 
means. 

"  The  person  who  del  ?.rs  this  is  one  of  raj-  war  oflicers,  and  is  a 
man  in  whom  I  have  entire  confidence;  whatever  he  says  to  you^ 
although  it  may  not  be  contained  in  this  paper,  you  may  believe 
comes  from  me.  My  friend  Tecumseh,  the  bearer  is  a  good  man 
and  a  brave  warrior;    I  hope  you  will  treat  him  well.     You  are 


9'>  Hisroi;  '  of  imuian'a. 

yoi;i'.>olf  ii  WiUTJor,  aiul  all  sii'       hiMild  liavo  o^'oein  lor  cadi  otlicr." 

The  bearer  oi"  this  epoocli  .vas  ])oiii.oly  i\  :eivod  l>y  Tecuruaeli, 
who  replied  t(»  tlic  Goveriiur  hrjeilj  tliat  lie  should  visit  Viuconnes 
♦  in  a  few  days.  Accordiiii^ly  ho  ari-ivod  July  27,  ISII,  bringing 
■with  him  a  considerable  force  of  Indians,  Vv'hich  created  much 
alai'ui  auumi}:  the  iiihal>itanl:5.  In  view  of  an  enieri^encv  Gov. 
narrison  reviewed  hiSi'uilitia — about  T.")!')  armed  men — and  station- 
ed two  companies  and  a  detaciunent  of  draL;"Oou3  on  the  borders  of 
the  town.  At  thi?  interview  Tecuiuseh  held  forth  that  lie  intended 
no  war  again^M.  the  Unitetl  States;  that  he  would  send  messengers 
among  the  Indians  to  prevent  murdci's  and  depredations  ou  the 
white  settlements;  that  the  Indians,  as  well  as  the  whites,  who  had 
committed  murders,  ought  to  be  forgiven;  that  he  had  set  the  white 
people  an  example  of  forgiveness,  which  they  ought  to  follow; 
that  it  was  his  wish  to  establish  a  union  among  all  the  Indian 
tribes;  that  the  uortherri  tribes  v.^ere  united;  that  he  was  going  to 
visit  tlie  southern  Indians,  and  then  return  to  the  Prophet's  town. 
He  said  also  that  he  would  visit  the  President  the  next  spring  and 
settle  all  ditilculties  with  him,  and  that  ho  hoped  no  attempts  would 
be. made  to  make  settlements  on  the  lauds  which  had  been  sold  to 
the  Uuited  States,  at  the  treaty  of  Fort  "Wayne,  because  the  Indians 
wanted  to  keep  those  grounds  for  hunting. 

Tecumseh  then,  with  about  20  of  his  followers,  loft  for  the  South, 
to  induce  the  tribes  in  that  direction  to  join  his  confederac3^ 

By  tiie  vvray,  a  lawsuit  was  instituted  by  Grov.  Harrison  against  a 
certain  Wm.  Mcintosh,  for  asserting  that  the  plaintiff  had  cheated 
the  Indians  out  of  their  lands,  and  that  by  so  doing  he  had  made 
them  enemies  to  the  United  States.  The  defendant  was  a  wealthy 
Scotch  resident  of  Yiucenues,  well  educated,  and  a  man  of  influence 
among  the  people  o])posed  to  Gov.  Harrison's  land  policy.  The 
jury  rendered  a  verdict  in  favor  of  Harrison,  assessing  the  damages 
at  $-i,000.  In  execution  of  the  decree  of  Court  a  large  quantity  of 
the  defendant's  land  was  sold  in  the  absence  of  Gov.  Harrison; 
but  some  time  afierwa.d  Harrison  caused  about  two-thirds  of  the 
land  to  be  restored  to  Mr.  Mcintosh,  and  the  remainder  was  given 
to  some  orphan  children. 

Harrison's  first  movement  was  to  erect  a  new  fortou  the  Wabash 
river  and  to  break  up  the  assemblage  of  hostile  Indians  at  the 
Prophet's  town.  For  this  purpose  he  irdered  Col.  Boyd's  regiment 
of  infantry  to  move  from  the  falls  of  Ohio  to  Vincennes.  When 
the  military  expedition  organii;cd  by  Gov,  Hai'rison  was  nearly 


lllSiiUtV    OK    INDIANA.  'JT 

rep.dy  to  march  to  the  Proj>]ict'S  town, several  Indian  cliiefs  arrived 
at  Vincenncs  Sept.  25,  IS  11,  and  declared  that  the  Indians 
would  oom])ly  witli  the  demands  of  the  Governor  and  disperse;  but 
this  did  not  clicck  the  niilit;iry  proccedinr>.  Tiie  army  undor  con:i- 
mand  of  Harrison  moved  fi-oixi  Vineennes  Sept.  20,  and  Oct.  3,  ou- 
counterinr^j  no  opposition  from  the  cncni}'-,  encauijjcd  at  the  place 
wliere  Fort  Tltirrison  was  afterward  built,  and  near  where  the  city 
of  Tcrre  Haute  now  stamls.  On  the  night  of  the  11th  a  few  hos- 
tile Indians  ajtproached  tlie  encampment  and  wounded  one  of  the 
sentinels,  which  caused  considerable  excitement.  The  army  was 
immediately  drawn  up  in  line  of  battle,  and  small  detachments 
Averc  sent  in  all  directions;  but  the  enemy  could  not  be  found. 
Then  the  Governor  sent  a  message  to  Pi'ojjhct's  Town,  requiring 
the  Shawanees,  "Winnebagocs,  Pottawatomies  and  Kickapoos  at 
that  place  to  return  to  their  respective  tribes;  he  also  required  tlie 
Prophet  to  restore  all  the  stolen  horses  in  his  possession,  or  to  give 
satisfactory  proof  that  such  persons  were  not  tliero,  nor  had  lately 
been,  under  his  eontroL  To  this  message  the  Governor  received 
no  answer,  .unless  that  answer  was  delivered  iu  the  battle  of  Tip- 
pecanoe. 

The  new  fort  on  the  '^Vabash  was  finished  Oct.  2S,  and  at  the  re- 
quest of  all  the  subordinate  ofEcers  it  was  called  "Fort  Harrison," 
near  what  is  now  Terre  Haute.  This  fort  was  garrisoned  v/ith  a 
small  number  of  men  under  Lieutenant-Colonel  Miller.  On  the 
29th  the  rem.ainder  of  the  army,  consisting  of  010  men,  moved 
toward  the  Pro])het's  town;  about  270  of  the  troops  were  mounted. 
The  regular  troops,  250  in  number,  were  under  the  command  of 
Col.  Boyd.  With  this  army  the  Governor  marched  to  within  a 
half  mile  of  the  Prophet's  town,  when  a  conference  was  opened 
with  a  distinguished  chief,  in  high  esteem  with  the  Prophet,  and 
he  informed  Harrison  tl'  it  the  Indians  were  much  surprised  at  the 
approach  of  the  army,  and  had  already  dispatched  a  message  to 
him  by  another  route.  Harrison  replied  that  he  would  not  attack 
them  until  he  had  satisfied  himself  that  they  would  not  complj'- 
with  his  demands;  that  he  would  continue  his  encampment  on  the 
"Wabash,  and  on  the  following  morning  would  have  an  interview 
with  the  pn. [»het.  Harrison  tl}en  resumed  his  march,  and,  after 
some  difficulty,  selected  a  place  to  encamp — a  spot  not  vety  desir- 
able. It  was  a  piece  of  dry  oak  land  rising  about  ton  feet  above 
the  marshy  prairie  in  front  toward  the  Indian  town,  and  nearly 
twice  that  height  above  a  similar  prairie  in  thereai',  through  which 


98  iiiSTouy  (iF  ixniAKA. 

und  near  tlii,-?  h\])k  ran  a  small  stream  cloilicd  witli  willov;  and 
*  brush  wood.  Toward  the  left  ihmk  this  higliiaud  widened  consid- 
erably, but  became  gradually  narrower  in  the  opposite  direction, 
and  at  the  distance  of  loO  yards  terminated  in  an  al)rn])t  point. 
The  two  columns  of  iiifiintry  occui)ied  the  front  and  rear  of  this 
ground,  about  iriO  yards  from  each  other  on  the  left,  and  a  little 
more  than  half  that  distauce  on  the  right,  flank.  One  flank  was 
filled  by  two  companies  of  mounted  riflemen,  120  men,  under  com- 
mand of  Major-General  Wells,  of  the  Kentucky  militia,  and  one 
by  Spencer's  company  of  mounted  riflemen,  numbering  80  men. 
The  front  line  was  composed  of  one  battalion  of  United  States  in- 
fantry, under  command  of  Major  Floyd,  flanked  on  the  right  by 
two  companies  of  militia,  and  on  the  left  by  no  comp.'my.  The 
rear  line  was  co7npose.d  of  a  battalion  of  Uiiited  States  troops, 
under  command  of  Capt.Eean,  acting  as  Major,  and  four  companies 
of  militia  infantry  under  Lieutenant-Colonel  Decker.  The  regular 
troops  of  this  line  joined  the  mounted  riflemen  under  Gen.  "VYclls, 
oil  the  left  flank,  and  Col.  Deckers -battalion  formed  an  angle  with 
Spenoer's  company  on  the  left.  Two  troops  of  dragoons,  about  60 
men  in  all,  Y.'cre  encamped  in  the  rear  of  the  left  flank,  and  Capt. 
Parke's  trooji,  which  was  larger  than  the  other  two,  in  rear  of 
the  right  line.  For  a  night  attack  the  order  of  encampment  Nvas 
the  order  of  battle,  and  each  man  slept  opposite  his  post  in  the 
line.  L  the  formation  of  the  troops  single  file  was  adopted,  in 
order  to  get  as  great  an  extension  of  the  lines  as  possible. 

BxVrXLE   OF   TIPrECANOE. 

No  attack  was  made  by  the  enemy  until  about  4  o'clock  on  the 
morning  of  Nov.  7,  jnst  after  the  Governor  had  arisen.  The 
attack  was  made  on  the  left  flank.  Only  a  single  gun  was  fired  by  the 
sentinels  or  b}^  the  guard  in  that  direction,  vvhich  made  no  resist- 
ance, abandoning  their  posts  and  fleeing  into  camp;  and  the^rst 
notice  which  the  troops  of  that  line  had  of  the  danger  was  the  yell 
of  the  savatrcs  within  a  short  distance  of  them.  But  the  men 
were  courageous  and  preserved  good  discipline.  Such  of  them  as 
were  awak  or  easily  awakened,  seized  arms  and  took  their  stations; 
others,  who  were  more  tardy,  had  to  contend  with  the  enemy  in 
the  doors  of  their  tents.  The  storm  first  fell  upon  Capt.  Barton's 
company  of  the  Fourth  United  States  Regiment,  and  Capt.  Geiger's 
company  of  mounted  riflemen,  which  formed  the  left  angle  of  the 
rear  line.     The  fire  from  the  Indians  was  exceedingly  severe,  and 


IJISnuiV    OF    INDIANA.  99 

men  in  tiiu^e  companies  suilered  consideniblj  before  relief  could  be 
brought  to  tlieni.  Some  few  Indians  i-a-s^Gd  into  the  encainpniout 
near  tne  ungle,  and  <.>nec>r  two  penetrated  to  some  distance  before 
they  were  killed.  All  the  companies  formed  for  action  before  they 
were  fired  on.  The  morninj^  Avasdark  and  cloudy,  and  the  fires  of 
the  Amej'icans  afforded  onh'  a  partial  li2;lit,  which  gave  greater 
advantage  to  the  enciny  than  to  the  troops,  and  they  were  there- 
fore extingni-hed. 

As  soon  ari  the  Governor  could  nionut  his  horse  he  roue  to  the 
angle  which  was  attacked,  wherehe  found  that  Barton's  conipany  liad 
suflbred  severely,  and  the  left  of  Geigei^'s  entirelj^  broken.  lie 
immediately  ordered  Cook's  and  Wentworth's  companies  to  march 
up  to  the  center  of  the  re  line,  where  were  stationed  a  small  com- 
pany of  IT.  S.  riilemcn  and  the  companies  of  Bean,  Snelling  and 
Prescott.  As  the  General  rode  up  he  found  Maj.  Daviess  forming 
the  dragoons  in  the  rear  of  these  companies,  and  having  n;"eertaiucd 
that  the  heaviest  lire  ])roceeded  from  some  trees  15  or  20  paces  in 
front  of  these  companies,  he  directed  the  Major  to  dislodge  them 
with  a  part  of  the  dragoons ;  but  unfortunately  the  Major's  gal- 
lantry caused  him  to  undertake  the  execution  of  the  order  with  a 
smaller  force  tlian  was  required,  which  enabled  the  enemy  to  avoid 
him  in  front  and  attack  his  iianks.  lie  was  mortals  wounded  and 
his  men  driven  back.  Capt.  Snelling,  however,  with  his  company 
immediately  dislodged  those  Indians.  Capt.  Spencer  and  his  let 
and  2nd  Lieutenants  were  killed,  and  Capt.  Warwick  mortally 
wounde<:.  Tiie  soldiery  remained  brave.  Spencer  had  too  much 
ground  originally,  and  Harrison  re-enforced  him  with  a  company 
of  riflemen  which  had  becu  driven  from  their  position  on  the  left 
flank. 

Gen.  llitnison's  aim  was  to  keep  the  lines  entire,  to  prevent  the 
eneui}'  from  breaking  into  the  camp  until  daylight,  which  would 
enable  him  to  make  a  general  and  effectual  charge.  With  this  view 
he  had  re-enforced  every  part  of  the  line  that  liad  suffered  much, 
and  with  the  approach  of  morning  he  withdrew  several  com]>anlc3 
from  the  front  and  rear  lines  and  re-cuforced  the  right  and  left 
flanks,  foreseeing  that  at  these  points  the  enemy  would  make  their 
last  effort.  Maj.  Wells,  who  had  connnanded  the  left  flank,  charged 
upon  the  enemy  and  drove  them  at  the  point  of  the  bayonet  into 
tlie  marsh,  where  they  coild  not  be  followed,  ileanwhile  Ca2">t. 
Cook  and  Lieut.  Larrabee  marched  their  companies  to  the  right 
flank  and  formed  uiider  fire  of  the  enemy,  and  being  there  joined 


100  insroKV  or  is\u\\.k. 

by  tlic  riflemen  of  that  flank,  diar-vd  u].on   tlio  enemy,  killii;g  a 
number  and  puttin;^'  ib^^  r(>^r  to  a.  ju-t'cipitate  liight. 
♦     Tims  ended  the  !  rUo  of  Tippeeanoe,  victoriously  to  the 

Tv'hites  and  bonor;d)!y  to  Lion.  Jlni'rii^o)!. 

In  tliiii  battle  ^Iv.  ITarrisou  bad  about  700  efficient  men,  wliile 
tlie  Indian?  liad  probably  more  than  that.  The  loss  of  the  Ameri- 
cans was  37  hilled  and  25  mortally  wouiuled,  and  120  wounded;  the 
Indians  lost  38  killed  on  the  field  of  battle,  and  the  number  of  the 
wounded  was  never  known.  Anioni,'  the  whites  killed  were  Paviess, 
Spencer,  Owen,  Warwick,  Eandolph,  Bean  and  White.  Standing  on 
an  eminence  lu  ;  r  by,  the  Prophet  cncourac^ed  his  v/arriors  to  battle 
by  singing  a  favorite  war-song.  He  told  them  that  they  would  gain 
an  easy  victory,  and  that  the  bullets  of  their  enemies  would  be  made 
harmless  by  tlie  G  reat  Spirit.  Being  informed  duringthe  engagement 
that  some  of  the  Indians  were  killed,  he  said  that  his  warriors  must 
fight  on  and  they  would  soon  be  victorious.  Immediately  after 
their  defeat  the  surviving  Indians  lost  faith  in  their  great  (?)  Proph- 
et, retnnicd  to  their  respective  tribes,  and  thus  the  confederacy 
was  destroyed.  The  Prophet,  with  a  very  few  followers,  then  took 
up  his  residence  among  a  sm;dl  band  of  Wyandots  encamped  on 
WiM-Cat  creek.  His  famous  town,  with  all  its  possessions,  was 
destroyed  the  next  day,'  Kov.  8. 

On  the  18th  the  American  arm.y  returned  to  Yincenne;,  where 
most  of  the  troops  were  discharged.  The  Territorial  Legislature, 
being  in  session,  adopted  resolutions  complimentary  to  Gov.  Harri- 
son and  tlie  officers  and  men  under  him,  and  made  preparations  for 
a  reception  and  celebration. 

Capt.  Kbgan,  the  eloquent  Shawanee  chief  who  assisted  our 
forces  so  materiall.y,  died  in  the  latter  part  of  November,  lol2, 
from  the  effects  of  a  wound  received  in  a  skirmish  vv'ith  a  recon- 
noitering  party  of  hostile  Indians  accompanied  by  a  white  man  in 
the  British  service,  Nov.  22.  In  1:hat  skirmish  the  white  man  was 
killed,  and  Winamac,  a  Pottawatomie  chief  of  some  distinction, 
fell  by  the  riile  of  Logan.  The  latter  was  mortally  wounded,  when 
he  retreated  with  two  warriors  of  his  tribe,  Capt.  Johnny  and 
Bright-Horn,  to  the  camp  of  Gen.  Winchester,  where  he  soon  after- 
ward died.     He  was  buried  with  the  honors  of  war. 


WAR  OF  LS12  WITir  GREAT  BKITAIX. 

The*victory  roccntlj  gained  by  the  Amoricnns  at  the  battle  of 
Tippccaiioo  insnrcd  perfect  peace  for  a  time,  but  only  a  short  tiiu,. 
as  tlie  more  extensive  schetnes  of  the  British  liad  so  far  ripciiod  as 
to  compel  the  United  States  attain  to  declare  war  against  them. 
Tecumscli  had  lied  to  Halden,  Canada,  v.'jice,  counseled  b}-  tlie 
English,  he  continued  to  excite  the  tribes  against  the  Americans. 
As  soon  as  tliis  war  with  Groat  Britain  was  declared  (June  IS, 
1812),  the  Indians,  as  was  o\'])ected,  commenced  again  to  commit 
depredations.  During  the  summer  of  1813  several  points  along 
the  Lake  E.egioa  succumbed  to  tlieBritish,  as  Detroit,  under  Gen. 
Hull,  Fort  Dearborn  (now  Chicago),  commanded  by  Capt.  Heald 
under  Gen.  Hull,  the  post  at  Mackinac,  etc. 

In  the  early  part  of  September,  1812,  parties  of  hostile  Indians 
began  to  assemble  in  considerable  numbers  in  the  vicinity  of  Forts 
Wayne  and  Harrison,  with  a  view  to  i-educing  them.  Capt.  Rhea, 
at  this  time,  had  command  of  Fort  Wayne,  but  his  drinking  pro- 
pensities i'ather  disij^ualified  him  for  emergencies.  For  two  weeks 
the  fort  was  in  great  jeopardy.  An  expi-ess  had  been  sent  to  Gen. 
Harrison  for  reinforcements,  but  many  days  passed  without  any 
tidings  of  expected  assistance.  At  length,  one  day,  Maj.  Wm. 
Oliver  and  four  friendly  Itidians  arrived  at  the  fort  on  horseback. 
One  of  the  Indians  was  the  celebrated  Logan.  They  had  come  in 
defiance  of  " 500  Indians,"  had  "broken  their  ranks"  and  reached 
the  fort  in  safety.  Oliver  reported  that  Harrison  was  aware  of  the 
situation  and  was  raising'meu  for  a  re-enforcement.  Ohio  was  also 
raising  volur-ieers;  800  were  then  assembled  at  St.  Mary's,  Ohio, 
GO  miles  south  of  Fort  Wayne,  and  would  march  to  the  relief  of 
the  fort  in  three  or  four  days,  or  as  soon  as  they  were  joined  by  re- 
enforcements  from  Kentucky. 

Oliver  prepared  a  letter,  announcing  to  Gen.  Harrison  liis  safe  ar- 
:  ival  at  the  besieged  fort,  and  giving  an  account  of  its  beleaguered 
situation,  which  he  dispatched  by  his  friendly  Shawanees,  while  he 
concluded  to  take  his  chances  at  the  fort.  Brave  Logan  and  his 
companions  started  with  the  message,  but  had  scarcely  left  the  fort 
when  they  were  discovered  and  pursued  by  the  hostile  Indians,  yet 
passing  tl  ■  Indian  lines  in  safety,  they  were  soon  out  of  reach. 
The  Indians  now  began  a  furious  attack  upon  the  fort;  but  the  little 
garrison,  witli  Oliver  to  cheer  them  on,  bravely  met  tlie  assault,  re- 
pelling the  attack  day  after  day,  until  the  army  approached  to  their 
relief.     During  tliis  siege  the  cotnmuuding  olhcer,  wliose  habits  of 


102  UliSTOliY    VV    IXIMANA. 

iulcuipcrance  vfiulcvcd  liini  unfa,  lor  tlu;  coniiiuuKl,  was  couliuc.l  in 
tlio  '•  bliick  hole,"  while  tluj  jiiiiiur  olllcor  assumed  charo'c.  This 
course  \.  3  ajiproved  bv  tlio  General,  ou  his  arrival,  hut  C!i])t.  Jlhea 
Received  very  little  eciisurc,  probably  on  account  of  his  valuable  ser- 
vices in  the  Hevolutionary  war. 

Se|.it.  0, 1SI2,  Harrison  moved  for^'ard  v\'ii.h  his  army  to  tlic  re- 
lief of  Fort  Wayne;  the  next  day  he  reached  a  point  within  three 
inilesof  St.  Mary's  river;  the  next  day  he  reached  the  river  and 
was  joined  at  evening  by  200  mounted  volunteers,  under  Col.  Rich- 
avd  M.  Johnson;  tlio  next  day  at  "  Shane's  Crossing"  on  the  St. 
Mary's  they  were  joined  bySOO  men  from  Ohio,  under  Cols.  Adams 
and  Hawkins.  At  this  place  Chief  Logan  and  four  other  Indians 
offered  their  services  as  spies  to  Gon.  Harrison,  and  were  accepted. 
Logan  was  immediately  disguised  and  sent  forward.  Passing 
through  the  lines  of  the  hostile  Indians,]ie  ascertained  their  number 
to  be  about  1,500,  and  entering  tlia  fort,  he  encouraged  the  soldiers 
to  hold  out,  as  relief  was  at  hand.  Gen.  Harrison's  force  at  this 
time  was  about  3,500. 

After  an  early  breakfast  Friday  morning  they  w^erc  under  march- 
ing orders;  it  had  rained  and  the  guns  were  damp;  theyweredis- 
cliarged  and  reloaded ;  but  that  day  only  one  Indian  was  encount- 
ered; preparations  were  made  at  night  for  an  expected  attack  by 
the  Indiaiis,  but  no  attack  came;  the  next  day,  Sept.  10,  they  ex- 
pected to  fight  their  way  to  Fort  Wa^yne,  but  in  that  they  were  hap- 
pily disappointed ;  and  "At  the  first  grey  of  the  morning,"  as  Bryce 
eloquently  observes,  "the  distant  halloos  of  the  disappointed  sav- 
ages revealed  to  the  anxious  inmates  of  the  fort  the  glorious  news 
c  f  the  approach  of  the  army.  Groat  clouds  of  dust  could  be  seen 
from  the  fort,  rolling  up  in  the  distance,  as  the  valiant  soldiery 
under  Gen.  Harrison  moved  forward  to  the  rescue  of  the  garrison 
and  the  brave  boys  of  Keiitucky  and  Ohio." 

This  siege  of  Fort  "Wayne  of  course  occasioned  great  loss  to  the 
few  settlers  who  had  gathered  around  the  fort.  At  the  time  of  its 
commencement  quite  a  little  village  had  clustered  around  the  mili- 
tary works,  but  during  the  siege  most  of  their  improvements  and 
crops  were  destroyed  by  the  savages.  Every  building  out  of  the  reach 
of  the  guns  of  the  fort  was  leveled  to  the  ground,  and  thus  the  in- 
fant settlement  was  destroyed. 

During  this  siege  the  garrison  lost  but  three  men,  while  the 
Indians  lost  25.  Gen.  Harrison  had  all  the  Indian  villages  for  25 
miles  around  destroyed.  Fort  "Wayne  was  nothing  but  a  military 
post  until  about  1S19. 


UI.STOUY    (IK    IN'KhV.N.V.  103 

Simultancour-ly  \vi:.li  tlio  attack  on  Fort  Wayne  the  Indians  aU-o 
bosicgcfd  Fort  llarribon,  wliich  was  coinmandeJ  by  Zachaiy  Taylor. 
The  Indians  cotninenccd  iiring  upon  tlio  fort  abuut  11  o'clock  one 
niglit,  \?lien  the  ^^arrioon  was  in  a  ratlicr  poor  plight  for  receiving 
them.  The  enemy  eucceeded  in  firing  one  ot"  tlic  hloek-houscs, 
whicli  Cuntained  whisky,  aiid  the  whites  had  great  diilicnlty  in  pre- 
venting the  l>nrning  of  ad  tlio  barracks.  The  word  "  lire  "  seemed 
to  have  thrown  all  the  men  into  confusion;  soldicvo' and  citizens' 
wives,  who  had  taken  shelter  within  the  fort,  were  crying;  Indians 
were  yelling;  many  of  the  garrison  were  sick  and  unable  to  bo  on 
duty;  the  Uion  despaired  and  gave  themselves  up  as  lost;  two  of 
the  strongest  and  apparently  most  reliable  men  jumped  tlic  pickets 
in  the  ^  y  nudt^t  of  the  emergency,  etc.,  so  that  Capt.  Taylor  was 
at  his  Wit's  end  what  to  do;  but  he  gave  directions  as  to  the  manj^ 
details,  rallied  tiie  men  by  a  new  scheme,  and  after  about  seven 
hours  succeeded  in  saving,  themselves.  The  Indians  drove  up  the 
horses  belonging  to  the  citizens,  and  as  they  could  not  catch  th'^ni 
very  readily,  shot  the  whole  of  them  in  the  sight  of  their  owners, 
and  also  killed  a  number  of  the  hogs  belonging  to  the  whites. 
They  drove  oiFall  of  the  cattle,  65  in  number,  as  well  as  the  public 
oxen. 

Among  many  other  depredations  committed  by  the  savages  dar- 
ing this  period,  was  the  massacre  of  tlie  Pigeon  Roo-it  settlement, 
consisting  of  one  man,  live  women  and  16  children;  a  fcv/  escaped. 
An  unsuccessful  effort  was  made  to  capture  these  Indians,  but 
when  the  news  of  this  massacre  and  the  attack  on  Fort  Harrison 
:"eached  Yincenues,  about  1,200  men,  under  the  command  of  Col. 
vVm.  Eussell,  of  the  7th  U.  S.  Infantry,  marclied  forth  for  the  re- 
lief of  the  fort  and  to  punish  the  Indians.  On  reaching  the  fort 
the  Indians  had  retired  from  the  vicinity;  but  on  the  15th  of  Sep- 
tember a  small  detachment  composed  of  11  men,  under  Lieut.  Eich- 
ardsoD,  and  acting  as  escort  of  provisions  sent  from  Vincennes  to 
Fort  Harrison,  was  attacked  by  a  party  of  Indians  within  the  pres- 
ent limits  of  Sullivan  county.  It  was  reported  that  seven  of  these 
men  were  killed  and  one  wounded.  The  provisions  of  course  fell 
into  the  hands  of  the  Indians. 

EXPEDITIONS   AGAIKST    TOE   INDIANS. 

By  the  middle  of  August,  through  the  disgraceful  surrender  of 
Gem  Hull,  at  Detroit,  and  the  evacuation  of  Fort  Dearborn  and 
massacre  of  its  garrison,  the  British  and  Indians  were  in  possession 
of  the  whole  Northwest.    The  savages,  emboldened  by  their  sue- 


cesses,  ])en(.'n.ii'.|  'iroper  into  tlio  scttleiuents,  coiiiiiiittin^'  great 
dc'prcdiitioiis.  The  activity  and  success  of  tlic  encitjy  uiou^cd  the 
people  to  Ji  realization  of  tlie  f^rcat  danger  tlicir  lioiues  and  families 
were  in.  Gov.  Kdv.-ards  collected  a  force  of  350  men  at  Canij) 
Ilusscll,  and  Capt.  Russell  came  from  Vincenncs  witli  aliont  50  more. 
Being  (iflicered  and  equipped,  tliej  ])roceeded  ahout  the  middle  of 
October  on  horseback,  curryini^  ',vitli  tlieni  20  day's  rations,  to 
Peoria.  Capt.  Crai<;'  was  sent  with  two  boats  np  tlie  Illinois,  with 
provisions  and  tools  to  Vmild  a  fort.  The  little  army  proceed.ed  to 
Peoria  Lake,  wliere  was  located  a  Pottawatomie  village.  The}' 
arrived  late  at  night,  within  a  few  miles  of  the  village,  without 
their  ]jrescncc  being  known  to  the  Indians.  Four  men  were  soit 
out  th.it  niglit  to  rcconnoitcr  the  position  of  the  village.  The  four 
brave  men  who  volunteered  for  this  perilous  service  v\-ere  Thomas 
Carlin  (afterward  Governor),  and  Robert,  Stephen  and  Davis  "White- 
side. They  proceeded  to  the  village,  and  explored  it  and  the  ap- 
proaches to  it  tlioroughly,  without  starting  an  Indian  or  provoking 
the  bark  of  a  dog.  The  low  lands  between  tlie  Indian  village  and 
the  troops  were  covered  with  a  rank  growth  of  tall  grass,  so  high 
and  dense  as  to  readily  conceal  an  Indian  on  horseback,  until  within 
a  few  feet  of  him.  The  ground  had  become  still  more  yielding  by 
recent  rains,  rendering  it  almost  impassable  by  mounted  men.  To 
prevent  detection  the  soldiers  had  camped  without  lighting  the 
usual  camp-fires.  The  men  lay  dov,-n  in  their  cold  and  cheerless 
camp,  with  many  misgivings.  They  well  remembered  how  the 
skidking  savages  fell  upon  Harrison's  men  at  Tippecanoe  during 
the  night.  To  add  to  their  fears,  a  gun  in  the  hands  of  a  soldier 
was  carelessly  discharged,  raising  great  consternation  in  the  camp. 
Through  a  dense  fog  which  prevailed  the  following  morning,  the 
army  took  up  its  line  of  march  for  the  Indian  tovrn,  Capt.  Judy 
with  his  corps  of  spies  in  advance.  In  the  tall  grass  they  came  up 
with  an  Indian  and  his  squaw,  both  mounted.  The  Indian  wanted 
to  surrender,  but  Judy  observed  that  he  "  did  not  leave  home  to  take 
prisoners,"  and  instantly  shot  one  of  them.  "With  the  blood 
streaming  from  his  mouth  and  nose,  and  in  his  agony  "  singing  the 
death  song,"  the  dying  Indian  raised  his  gun,  shot  and  mortally 
wounded  a  Mr.  Wright,  and  in  a  few  minutes  expired!  Hany  guns 
were  immediately  discharged  at  the  other  Indian,  not  then  known 
to  be  a  squaw,  all  of  which  missed  her.  Badly  scared,  and  her  hus- 
band killed  b^''  her  side,  the  agonizing  wails  of  the  squaw  were 
heart-rending.  She  was  taken  prisoner,  and  afterward  restored 
to  her  nation. 


IHSTOUV    or   INDIAN' A.  lOj 

On  neaviiig  t1ie  town  a  ^cno.ral  cliarg'C  was  made,  tlic  Iiidiaiu- 
lleeing  to  tho  iuterior  wikhirnoss.  SoDie  of  tlu:ir  warriors  made  a 
stand,  w!ioii  a  sharp  enga_:;em(.!nt  occ.nrrr-d,  1;;'.t  the  Indians  hxtc 
routed.     In  tlicir  Jlight  thej  left  behi  ir  winter's  store  of 

])rovi&ion5,  wliicli  ^va^s  taken,  and  their  h.mv  u  cimcd.  Some  Indian 
children  were  fouTid  who  liad  been  left  in  tlic  hnrried  tiiglit,  also 
some  disaljled  adults,  one  of  who'n  was  in  a  starving  condition,  and 
witli  a  voracious  appetite  |>urtook  of  the  bread  given  him.  He  is 
said  to  have  been  killed  by  a  cowardly  troojjer  straggling  behind, 
after  the  main  army  had  resumed  its  I'etrograde  march,  who  wanted 
to  be  able  to  boast  tiiat  he  hail  killed  an  Indian. 

Septembei*  19, 1812,  Gen.  Harrison  was  put  in  command  of  the 
Northwestern  army,  then  estimated  at  10,000  men,  with  these 
orders:  "Having  provided  for  the  protection  of  the  western  front- 
ier, 3^ou  will  retake  Detroit;  and,  with  a  view  to  tho  conquest  of 
upper  Canada,  you  will  penetrate  that  couiiti-y  as  far  as  the  force 
under  your  command  will  in  your  judgment  justify." 

Although  surrounded  hy  many  diSculties,  the  General  began 
immediately  to  execute  I:hese  instructions.  In  calling  for  volun- 
teers from  Kentucky,  however,  moro  men  offered  than  could  l>e 
received.  At  this  time  there  were  about  2,000  mounted  volunteers 
at  Vincennes,  under  the  command  of  Gen.  Samuel  Hopkins,  of  the 
Hevolutionary  war,  who  was  nudor  instructions  to  operate  against 
the  enemy  along  the  Wabash  and  Illinois  rivers.  Accordingly, 
early  in  October,  Gen.  Hopkins  moved  from  Vincennes  towards  the 
Kickapoo  villages  in  the  Illinois  territory,  withabont  2,000  troops; 
but  after  four  or  five  days'  march  the  men  and  oOicors  raised  a 
miitiny  v.'hich  gradually  succeeded  ia  carrying  all  back  to  Vin- 
cennes.    The  cause  of  their  discontent  is  not  apparent. 

About  the  Siune  time  Col.  ilussell,  with  two  small  companies  of 
U.  S.  rangers,  commanded  by  C.ipts.  Perry  and  Modrcll,  marched 
from  the  neighborhood  of  Vincennes  to  unite  with  a  small  force  of 
mounted  militia  under  the  command  of  Gov.  Edwards,  of  Illinois, 
and  iifterward  to  inarch  with  the  united  troops  from  Cahokia 
toward  Lake  Peoria,  for  the  purpose  of  co-operating  w-ith  Gen. 
Hopkins  against  the  Indian  towns  in  that  vicinity;  but  not  find- 
ing the  latter  on  the  ground,  was  com])elled  to  retire. 

Immediately  after  the  discharge  of  the  mutinous  volunteers, 
Gen.  Hopkins  began  to  organize  another  force,  mainly  of  infantry, 
to  reduce  t!ie  Indians  up  the  Wabash  as  far  as  the  Prophet's  town. 
These  troops  consisted  of  three  regiments  of   Kcntucl:y  mililia, 


lUG  HISTORY    OK   INDIANA. 

coiuuwiiulcd  by  Cuts.  Durhour,  .^[illor  iui<l  Wilcox;  a  small  coinpaiiy 
of  rt-giilars  couif  lulcd  by  Capt.  Zachary  Taylor;  a  conii)any  of 
raDgcrs  coraiuaii  !  by  Capt.  Bcekes;  aucl  a  coin])aiiy  of  Sfouts  or 
'spies  under  the  e-'Uiiuaiidof  Capt.  Washbiiru.  The  main  bi.ly  of 
thin  army  arrived  at  Fort  Ilarrisou  JN''os\  5;  on  the  lltli  it  pro- 
ceeded up  the  east  sido  of  the  "Wabash  into  the  heart  of  the  Indian 
country,  but  found  the  villag'es  generally  deserted.  Winter  set- 
ting in  severely,  and  tlic  troops  poorly  clad,  they  liad  to  return  to 
Yincenues  as  rapidly  as  possible.  AVitli  one  exception  the  men 
behaved  nt)bly,  and  did  niucli  damage  to  the  enemy.  That 
exception  was  the  ])recipitato  chase  after  an  Indian  l)y  a  detach- 
ment of  men  somewhat  in  liquor,  until  they  found  themselves  sur- 
rounded by  an  overwhelming  force  of  the  enemy,  and  they  had  to 
retreat  in  disorder. 

At  the  close  of  this  carumuiin  Gen.  Hopkins  resigned  his 
command. 

in  the  fall  of  lSi3  Gen.  i!ai'ri.-;on  assigned  to  Lieut.  Col.  John 
B.  Campbell,  of  the  lt)th  U.  S.  Inf.,  the  dnty  of  destroying  the 
Hiarai  villages  on  the  Mississinewa  river,  with  a  detachment  of 
about  COO  men,  jS'ov.  25,  Lieut.  Col.  Campbell  marched  from 
Franklinton,  according  to  orders,  toward  the  scene  of  action,  cau- 
tiously avoiding  falling  in  with  the  Delawares,  who  had  been  ordered 
by  Gen.  Harrison  to  rctii'e  to  the  Shawanee  establishment  on  the 
Auglaize  river,  and  arriving  on  the  Mississinewa  Dec.  17,  when 
they  discovered  an  Indian  town  inhabited  by  Delawares  and 
Miamis.  This  nnd  three  other  villages  were  destroyed.  Soon 
after  this,  the  sup])l!C3  growing  shct  and  the  troops  in  a  suffering 
condition,  Campbell  began  to  consider  the  propriety  of  returning 
to  Ohio;  but  just  as  he  was  calling  together  his  officoi's  early  one 
morning  to  deliberate  on  the  proposition,  an  army  of  Indians 
rushed  upon  thou  with  fury.  The  engagement  lasted  an  hour, 
with  a  loss  of  eight  killed  and  42  wounded,  besides  about  150  horses 
killed.  The  whites,  however,  succeeded  in  defending  themselves 
•and  taking  a  number  of  Indians  prisoners,  who  proved  to  be  Mun- 
sies,  of  Silver  Heel's  baud.  Campbell,  hearing  that  a  large  force 
of  Indians  were  assembled  at  Mississinewa  village,  under  Tecum- 
seh,  determined  to  return  to  Greenville.  The  privations  of  his 
troops  and  the  severity  of  the  cold  compelled  him  to  send  to  that 
place  for  rc-enforcements  and  supplies.  Seventeen  of  the  men  had 
to  be  carried  on  litters.  They  were  met  by  the  re-en foreemcut 
about  40  miles  from  Greenville. 


Jllr-rO!;-,-    OF  JNDIA.VA.  107 

Lieut.  C'cl.  Campbell  sent  two  mossagos  to  Die  Dulawares,  who 
lived  on  Wliilc  river  und  who  had  been  prcviunsly  directed  and 
n'(,juestcd*to  abandon  tlioir  towns  on  that  river  {ind  reniovo  into 
Ohio.  In  thoKc  messages  lie  ex]>resscd  his  regret  at  uidbrtunately 
killing  some  of  their  men,  and  urged  them  to  move  to  the  Shaw- 
anec  scttlenioiit  on  the  Anglai/.e  river.  Tie  assured  them  that  the^'  r 
people,  in  hi--,  power,  would  be  compeusuted  by  the  Governm  t 
for  their  losses,  if  not  found  to  be  hostile;  and  the  friends  of  those 
killed  satisfied  by  presents,  If  such  satisfaction  would  be  received. 
Tliis  advice  was  heeded  by  the  main  body  of  the  Dclawares  and  a 
few' JUliamis.  The  Shawance  Prophet,  and  some  of  the  principal 
chiefs  of  the  Miamis,  retij-ed  from  the  country  of  the  Wabash,  and, 
with  their  destitute  and  suffering  bands,  moved  to  Detroit,  where 
they  w'ere  received  as  the  friends  and  allies  of  Great  Britain. 

On  the  a])prouch  of  Gen.  Harrison  with  Ids  army  in  Sc])tcmber, 
1813,  the  British  evacuated  Detroit,  and  the  OttawMS,  Chippewas, 
Pottawatomics,  Miamis  and  Ivickapoos  sued  for  peace  with  the 
United  States,  which  w-as  granted  temporarily  by  Brig.  Gen.  Mc- 
Arthur,  on  condition  of  their  becoming:  nllie?  of  the  Unite. "^  States 
in  case  of  W"ar. 

In  June,  1813,  a,n  expeu...  v.,i  ..0,1^:^:^'.^.  -i.  -...r  i.ivi.,  u..ucr  com- 
mand of  Col.  Joseph  Bartholomew,  moved  from  Valonia  toward 
the  Delaware  towns  on  the  west  fork  of  "White  river,  to  surprise 
and  punish  some  hostile  Indians  who  were  supposed  to  be  lurking 
about  those  villages.  Most  of  these  places  they  found  deserted; 
some  of  them  burnt.  They  had  been  but  temporarily  occupied  for 
the  purpose  of  collecting  and  carrying  away  corn.  Col.  Bartholo- 
mew's forces  sttcceeded  in  killing  one  or  two  Indians  and  destroy- 
ing consider''''^/"  pom  -  ,.''  '  .rfumi.;-  1,-1  Yi^lonia  on  the  21bt  of 
this  month. 

July  1,  1S13,  Cul.  VVilhaui  iCiio.  ;i,  ol  tlie  7th.  U.  S.,  organized 
a  force  of  573  effective  men  at  Valonia  and  marched  to  the  Indian 
villages  about  the  mouth  of  the  Mississinewa.  His  experience  was 
much  like  that  of  Col.  Bartholomew,  who  had  just  preceded  him. 
He  had  rainy  weather,  suifered  many  losses,  found  the  villages  de- 
serted, destroyed  stores  of  corn,  etc.  The  Colonel  rcj^-urted  that  he 
went  to  everj'  place  where  he  expected  to  find  the  enemy,  but  they 
nearly  always  seemed  to  have  fled  the  country.  The  march  from 
Valonia  to  the  mouth  of  the  Mississinewa  and  return  was  about 
250  miles. 

Several  smaller  expeditions  helped  to  "checker"  the  surrounding 


108  JlIST(li;V     Ul-     iM>iANA. 

countiy,  and  find  that  tlio  Iiidiiuis  Avcro  very  carofid  to  l<cep  tbem- 
selves  out  of  sigh      uid  thus  closed  tliis  series  of  campaigns. 


<^U)SE   OF   TUIC   WAR. 


The  war  with  England  closed  on  the  Sltli  of  December,  ISU, 
when  a  treaty  of  peace  was  signed  at  Ghent.  The  9th  article  of 
the  treaty  required  the  United  Si.  tes  to  put  an  end  to  hostilities 
with  all  tribes  or  nations  of  Indians  with  whom  they  had  been  at 
war;  to  restore  to  such  tribes  or  nations  respectively  all  the  rights 
and  ])OSSCS5ion3  to  which  they  were  entitled  in  1811,  before  the 
war,  on  condition  that  such  Indians  should  agree  to  desist  from  all 
hostilities  against  the  United  States.  But  in  February,  just  before 
the  treaty  was  sanctioned  by  our  Government,  there  were  signs  of 
Indians  accumulating  arms  and  ammunition,  and  a  cautionary 
order  was  therefore  issued  to  have  all  the  white  forces  in  readiness 
for  an  attack  by  the  Indians;  but  the  attack  was  not  made.  During 
the  ensuing  summer  and  fall  the  United  States  Government  ac- 
quainted the  Indians  with  the  provisions  of  the  treaty,  and  entered 
into  subordinate  treaties  of  peace  with  the  principal  tribes. 

Just  before  the  treaty  of  Spring  Wells  (near  Detroit)  was  signed, 
the  Shawauee  Prophet  retired  to  Canada,  but  declaring  his  resolu- 
tion to  abide  by  any  treaty  which  the  chiefs  might  sign.  Some 
time  afterward  he  returned  to  the  Shawanee  settlement  in  Ohio,  and 
lastly  to  the  west  of  the  Mississippi,  where  he  died,  in  1834.  The 
British  Government  allowed  him  a  pension  from  1813  until  his 
death.  His  brother  Tecumseh  v.-as  killed  at  the  battle  of  the 
Thames,  Oct.  5, 1813,  by  a  Mr.  Wheatty,  as  we  are  positively  in- 
formed by  Mr.  A.  J.  James,  now  a  resident  of  La  Ilarpe  township, 
Ilancock'county,  111,  whose  father-in-law,  John  Pigman,  of  Co- 
shocton county,  Ohio,  was  an  eye  witness.  Gen.  Johnson  has  gener- 
ally had  the  credit  of  killing  Tecumseh. 


A 


If r  ill 

fv^M     111! 


rif.^B>  //?   _-=a 


i¥  Ji 


W' 


'Jt 


-^^^M 


TECL'MSEH. 


TECUMSEII. 

If  one  gliould  inquiro  who  li;is  been  the  greatest  Indian,  tliernopt 
noted,  tlie  "jn-incipal  Indian.''  in  North  America  since  its  disccv- 
erj  by  Columbus,  we  would  be  obliged  to  answer,  Tecumsch.  For 
all  those  qualities  which  elevate  a  man  far  above  his  race;  for  talent, 
tact,  skill  and  bravery  as  a  warrior;  for  high-minded,  honorable  and 
chivalrous  bearing  as  a  man;  in  a  word,  for  all  those  elements  of 
greatness  which  place  him  a  long  way  above  his  fellows  in  savage 
life,  the  name  and  fame  of  Tccnmseh  will  go  down  to  posterity  in 
the  West  as  one  of  the  most  celebrated  of  the  aborigines  of  this 
continent, — as  one  who  had  no  eqnal  among  the  tribes  that  dwelt 
in  the  country  drained  by  the  Mississippi.  Born  to  command  him- 
self, he  used  all  the  appliances  that  would  stimulate  the  courage 
and  nerve  the  valor  of  his  followers.  Always  in  the  front  rank  of 
battle,  liis  followers  blindly  followed  his  lead,  and  as  his  war-cry 
rang  clear  above  the  din  and  noise  of  the  battle-field,  the  Shawnee 
warriors,  as  they  ruslied  on  to  victor}'-  or  the  grave,  rallied  around 
him,  foemen  worthy  of  the  steel  of  the  most  gallant  commander 
that  ever  entered  the  lists  in  defense  of  his  altar  or  his  home. 

The  tribe  to  which  Tccumseh,  or  Teeumtha,  as  some  write  it,  be- 
longed, was  the  Shawnee,  or  Shawanee.  The  tradition  of  the  nation 
held  that  they  originally  came  from  the  Gulf  of  Mexico;  that  they 
wended  tlioirway  up  the  Mississippi  and  the  Ohio,  and  settled  at 
or  near  the  present  sit  of  Shawneetown,  III.,  whence  they  reuioved 
to  the  np];)er  Wabash.  In  the  latter  place,  at  any  rate,  they  were 
found  early  in  the  18th  century,  and  v.'cre  known  as  the  "bravest 
of  the  brave."  This  tribe  has  nniformly  been  the  bitter  eneni}-  of 
the  white  man,  and  in  every  contest  with  our  people  has  exhibited 
a  degree  of  skill  and  strategy  that  should  characterize  the  most 
dangerous  foe. 

Tecumseh's  notoriety  and  that  of  his  brother,  the  Prophet,  mutu- 
ally served  to  establish  and  strengthen  each  other.  "While  the 
Prophet  had  unlimited  power,  spiritual  and  temporal,  he  distributed 
his  greatness  in  all  the  departments  of  Indian  life  with  a  kind  of 
fanaticism  that  magnetically  aroused  the  religious  and  superstitious 

passions,  not  only  of  his  own  followers,  but  also  of  all  the  tribes  in 

(111) 


1J2  lUSToKY    Ol'    INDIANA. 

this  part  of  tlic  conntry;  but.  T-'cmn-cli  conccntrutod  hi.-;  i^^-oatness 
upon  the  more  ])r;'.ctic.il  and  business  aff:i.irs  of  military  coiujuest. 
it  is  doubted  \vhoih(;r  lie  was  really  a  .sincere  bch'evcr  in  tliejirctei:- 
sions  uf  liis  fanati'-.  lirothcr;  if  ho  <rid  not  believe  in  the  pretentious 
feature  of  them  liclnid  the  slircwdncps  t;>  keep  liis  uiibelief  t>>  liira- 
self,  knowino;  tliat  religious  fanaticisiu  was  one  of  tlie  stron<^c>t  im- 
pulses to  reckless  bravery. 

Diiiini^  his  sojourn  in  the  Northwestern  Territory,  it  way  'iV-cum- 
seh's  npperniost  desire  of  life  to  confederate  all  the  Indi.'in  tribes  of 
the  country  tof^ether  against  the  whites,  to  maintain  their  choice 
hunting-grounds.  All  his  public  policy  converged  toward  this  sin- 
gle end.  In  his  vast  scheme  he  com})rised  even  all  the  Indians  in 
the  Gulf  country, — all  in  America  west  of  the  Alleghany  moun- 
tains. He  held,  as  a  subordinate  principle,  that  the  Great  Spirit 
had  given  the  Indian  race  all  tjiesc  hunting-grounds  to  keep  in 
common,  and  that  no  Indian  or  tribe  could  cede  any  portion  of  the 
land  to  the  whites  without  the  consent  of  all  the  tribes.  Hence,  in 
all  his  councils  with  the  whites  he  ever  maintained  that  the  ti'caties 
■were  null  and  void. 

When  he  met  Harrison 'at  Vincennes  in  council  the  last  time, 
and,  as  he  Tvas  invited  by  that  General  to  take  a  scat  with  him  on 
the  platform,  he  hesitated;  Harrison  insisted,  saying  that  it  was  the 
"wish  of  their  Great  Father,  the  President  of  the  United  States, 
that  he  should  do  so."  The  chief  paused  a  moment,  raised  his  tall 
and  commanding  form  to  its  greatest  height,  surveyed  the  troops 
and  crowd  around  him,  fixed  his  keen  eyes  upon  Gov.  Harrison, 
a7id  then  turning  them  to  the  sky  above,  and  pointing  toward 
heaven  with  his  sinew}'  arm  in  a  manner  indicative  of  supreme 
contempt  for  the  paternity  assigned  him,  said  in  clarion  tones:  "  My 
ftithcr?  The  sun  is  my  father,  the  earth  is  my  mother,  and  on  her 
bosom  I  will  recline."  He  then  stretched  himself,  with  his  war- 
riors, on  the  green  sward.  The  eSect  was  electrical,  and  for  some 
mo)nents  there  was  ])erfect  silence. 

The  Governor,  then,  through  an  interpreter,  told  him  that  he  un- 
derstood he  had"  some  complaints  to  make  and  redress  to  ask,  etc., 
and  that  he  wished  to  investigate  the  matter  and  nnike  restitution 
wherever  it  mi irht  be  decided  it  should  bo  done.  As  soon  as  the 
Governor  was  through  with  this  introductory  speech,  the  statel}' 
warrior  arose,  tall,  athletic,  manly,  dignified  and  graceful,  and  with 
a  voice  at  first  low,  but  distinct  and  musical,  commenced  a  reply. 
As  he  warm;:d  up  with  his  subject  his  clear  tones  might  be  heard, 


JIlSTOliY    OK    INDIANA.  113 

as  if  "  truinpet-tongiied,"  to  tlie  ntmosl.  limits  of  the  asscvnl)Iy. 
The  most  perlect  silence  prevailed,  except  wheu  his  warriors  jjiivc 
their  gtittural  assent  to  some  eloquent  recital  of  the  red  man's 
wronn;  and  the  white  man's  injustice.  Tccumseh  recited  the  wrongs 
wliich  his  race  had  snUered  from  the  ti.iie  it'  the  nuussacre  of  the 
Moravian  IndiaTis  to  the  present;  said  he  did  not  know  how  he 
could  ever  again  be  the  friend  of  the  white  man;  that  tlic  Great 
Sjurit  had  given  to  the  Indian  all  the  land  from  the  Miami  to  the 
Mississippi,  and  from  the  lakes  to  the  Oluo,  as  a  common  property 
to  all  tlie  tribes -in  these  borders,  and  tliat  the  land  could  not  and 
should  iotbe  sold  without  the  conscsit  of  all;  that  all  the  tribes  on 
the  continent  formed  but  one  nation;  that  if  the  United  States 
would  not  give  up  the  lands  tliey  had  bought  of  the  Miarais  and 
the  other  tribes,  those  united  Vvitli  him  were  determined  to  annihi- 
late those  tribes;  thai;  they  were  determined  to  have  no  more  chiefs, 
but  in  future  to  be  governed  by  their  warriors;  that  unless  the 
wliites  ceased  their  encroachments  i7pon  Indian  lands,  the  fate  of 
tbe  Indians  was  sealed;  they  had  been  driven  from  the  banks  of 
the  Delaware  across  the  Alleghanies,  and  their  possessions  on  the 
"Wabash  and  the  Illinois  were  now  to  be  taken  from  them;  that  in 
a  few  years  they  would  not  have  ground  enougb  to  bury  their  war- 
riors on  this  side,  of  the  "Father  of  T/aters;"  that  all  would  perish, 
all  their  poss  _-  ':en  from  them  by  fraud  or  force,  unless  they 

stopped  the  pi'j^iwhb  ua'  the  white  man  westward;  that  it  must  be 
a  war  of  races  in  wliicli  one  or  the  other  must  perish;  that  their 
rrlbes  bad  been  driven  towai'd  tiie  setting  sun  like  a  galloping 
borse  (ne-kat  a-kush-e  ka-top-o-lin-to). 

The  Shawnee  language,  in  which  this  most  eminent  Indian  states- 
man spoke,  excelled  all  other  aboriginal  tongues  in  its  musical  ar- 
ticulation; and  the  eifect  of  Tecumseh's  oratory  on  this  occasion 
can  be  more  easily  imagi.;.ed  than  described.  Gov.  Harrison, 
although  as  brave  a  soldier  and  General  as  any  American,  was  over- 
come by  this  speech.  He  well  knew  Tecumseh's  power  and  influ- 
ence among  all  the  tribes,  knew  his  bravery,  courage  and  determi- 
nation, and  knew  that  he  meant  what  he  said.  When  Tecumseh 
was  done  speaking  there  was  a  stillness  throughout  the  assembly 
which  was  really  painful;  not  a  whisper  was  heard,  and  all  eyes  were 
turned  from  the  speaker  toward  Gov.  Harrison,  who  after  a  few 
moments  came  to  himself,  and  recollecting  many  of  the  absurd 
statements  of  the  great  Indian  orator,  began  a  reply  which  was 
moi'e  logical,  if  not  so  eloquent.     The  Shawnees  were  attentive  un- 


Hi  illSTOKY    Ol'    INDIANA. 

til  Harrison's  iutcr])rc'tcr  l)c;;an  to  translate  liis  speech  to  the  Mia- 
^  mis  and  Pottawatoniies,  when  Teciuuseh  and  his  warriors  sin-aii^ 
to  tlicir  feet,  brand ir-hing  their  war-clubs  and  toinaliawks.  "Tell 
him,"  said  Tecuinrch,  addressing  the  interpreter  in  Shawnee,  "  ho 
lies."  The  interpreter  undertook  to  convey  this  message  to  the 
Governor  in  snioothtir  language,  but  Tecuniseh  noticed  the  effort 
and  remonstrated,  "  No,  no;  tell  him  holies."  The  warriors  began 
to  grow  more  excitcLi,  when  Secretary  Gib.->m  ordered  the  Ameri- 
can troops  in  arms  to  advance.  This  allayed  the  j-ising  storm,  and 
as  soon  as  Tecumseh's  "  He  lies  "  was  literally  interpreted  to  the 
Governor,  the  latter  told  Tecumseli  through  the  interpreter  to  tell 
Tecumseh  he  would  hold  no  fnrther  council  with  him. 

Thus  the  assembly  was  broken  up,  and  one  can  hardly  imagine  a 
more  exciting  scene.  It  would  constitute  the  finest  subject  for  a 
historical  painting  to  adorn  the  rotunda  of  the  capitol.  Tlie  next 
day  Tecumseli  requested  another  interview  with  the  Governor, 
which  was  granted  on  condition  tliat  he  should  make  an  apology  to 
the  Governor  for  his  language  the  day  before.  This  he  made 
through  the  interpreter.  Measures  for  defense  and  protection  were 
taken,  however,  lest  there  should  be  another  outbreak.  Two  com- 
panies of  militia  were  ordered  from  the  country,  and  the  one  in 
town  added  to  them,  while  the  Governor  and  his  friends  went  into 
council  fully  armed  and  prepared  for  any  contingeucy.  On  this  oc- . 
casiou  the  conduct  of  Tecumseh  was  entirely  different  from  that  of 
thedaj'  before.  Firm  and  intrepid,  showing  not  the  slightest  fear 
or  alarm,  surrounded  with  a  military  force  four  times  his  own,  he 
preserved  the  utmost  composure  and  equanimity.  'No  one  would 
have  supposed  that  he  could  have  been  the  principal  actor  in  the 
thrilliiig  scene  of  the  previous  day.  He  claimed  tliat  half  the 
Americans  were  in  sympathy  with  him.  He  also  said  that  v/hites 
had  informed  him  that  Gov.  Harrison  had  purchased  land  from  the 
Indians  without  any  authority  from  the  Government;  that  he, 
Harrison,  liad  but  two  years  more  to  remain  in  office,  and  that  if 
he,  Tecumseh,  could  prevail  upon  the  Indians  who  sold  the  lands 
not  to  receive  their  annuities  for  that  time,  and  the  present  Gover- 
nor displaced  by  a  good  man  as  his  successor,  tlie  latter  would  re- 
store to  the  Indians  all  the  lands  purchased  from  them. 

The  Wyaudots,  Kickapoos,  Pottawatomies,  Ottawasand  the  Win- 
nebagoes,  through  tlieir  respective  spokesmen,  declared  their 
adherence  to  the  great  Shawnee  warrior  and  statesman.  Gov.  Harri- 
son then  told  them  that  he  would  send  Tecumseh's  speech  to  thePresi- 


niSTOKYOK    INDIANA.  115 

dent  of  tlie  United  States  and  rctiini  the  answer  to  the  Indians  as  soon 
as  it  wffe  received.  Tecnraseh  then  declared  that  he  and  his  allies  were 
determined  that  the  old  boundary  line  should  continue;  and  that 
if  the  whites  crossed  it,  it  would  be  at  their  peril.  Gov.  Harrison  re- 
plied that  he  would  be  equally  plain  with  him  and  state  that  the 
President  would  never  allow  that  the  lands  on  the  AVabash  were  the 
property  of  any  other  tribes  than  those  who  Iiad  occupied  theni 
since  the  w])ite  people  first  came  to  America;  and  as  the  title  to 
the  lands  lately  purchased  was  derived  from  those  tribes  by  a  fair 
purchase,  he  might  rest  assured  that  the  right  of  the  United  States 
would  be  supported  by  the  sword.  "  So  be  it,"  was  the  stern  and 
haughty  reply  of  the  Shawnee  chieftan,  as  he  and  his  braves  took 
leave  of  the  Governor  and  wended  their  way  in  Indian  file  to  their 
camping  ground. 

Thus  ended  the  last  conference  on  earth  between  the  chivalrous 
Tecumseh  and  the  hero  of  the  battle  of  Tippecanoe.  The  bones  of 
the  first  lie  bleaching  on  the  battle-field  of  the  Thames,  and  those 
of  the  last  in  a  mausoleum  on  the  baulcs  of  the  Ohio;  each  strug- 
gled for  the  mastery  of  his  race,  ap"^  each  no  doubt  was  equally 
honest  and  patriotic  in  his  purposes.  The  weak  yielded  to  the 
strong,  the  defenseless  to  the  powei'ful,  and  the  hunting-ground  of 
the  Shawnee  is  all  occupied  by  his  enemy. 

.  Tecumseh,  with  four  of  his  braves,  immediately  embarked  in  a 
birch  canoe,  descended  the  AVabash,  and  went  on  to  the  South  to 
unite  the  tribes  of  that  country  in  a  general  Bystem  of  self-defense 
against  the  encroachment  of  the  whites.  His  emblem  was  a  dis- 
jointed snake,  with  the  motto,  "Join  or  die!"  Ih  union  alone  was 
strength. 

Before  Tecumseh  left  the  Prophet's  town  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Tippecanoe  river,  on  his  excursion  to  the  South,  he  had  a  definite 
understanding  with  his  brother  and  the  chieftains  of  the  other  tribes 
in  the  "Wabash  country,  tliat  they  should  preserve  perfect  peace 
with  the  wliites  until  his  arrangements  were  completed  for  a  con- 
federacy of  the  tribes  on  both  sides  of  the  Ohio  and  on  the  Missis- 
sippi river;  but  it  seems  that  while  he  was  in  the  South  engaged 
in  his  work  of  uniting  the  tribes  of  that  country  some  of  the  North- 
ern tribes  showed  signs  of  fight  and  precipitated  Harrison  into  that 
campaign  which  ended  in  the  battle  of  Tippecanoe  and  the  total 
route  of  the  Indians.  Tecumseh,  on  his  return  from  the  South, 
learning  what  had  happened,  was  overcome  with  chagrin,  disappoint- 
ment and  anger,  and  accused  his  brother  of  duplicity  and  coward- 


116  nrsTORY  ok  indian-V. 

ice;  indeed,  it  is  said  tliat  he  never  forgave  liiin  to  the  day  of  his 
death.     A  short  time  afterward,  on  the  bi-caking  out  of  the  v.'ar  of 
«Great  Britain,  he  joined  Proctor,  at  Maiden,  with  a  ])Hrt7  of  his 
warriors,  and  finally  Buffered  the  fate  mentioned  on  page  108. 

CIVIL  MATTERS   lS12-'5. 

Owing  to  the  absence  of  G  v.  Harrison  on  military  dnty,  John 
Gi5-con,  the  Secretary  of  the  Territory,  acted  in  the  adnjinistration 
of  civil  affairs.  In  his  message  to  the  Legislature  convening  on  the 
1st  of  February'-,  1813,  he  said,  substantially: 

''.Did  I  possess  the  abilities  of  Cicero  or  Demosthenes,  I  could 
not  portray  in  more  glowing  colors  our  foreign  and  domestic  politi- 
cal situation  than  it  is  already''  experienced  within  our  own  breasts. 
The  United  States  have  been  compelled,  by  frequent  acts  of  injus- 
tice, to  declare  war  against  England.  For  a  detail  of  the  causes  of 
this  war  I  would  refer  to  the  message  of  President  Madison;  it 
does  honor  to  his  head  and  heart.  Although  not  au  admirer  of 
war,  I  am  glad  to  see  our  little  hat  inimitable  navy  riding  triumph- 
ant on  the  seas,  but  chagrined  to  find  that  our  armies  by  land  are 
so  little  successfiil.  The  spirit  of  '76  appears  to  have  lied  from  our 
continent,  or,  if  not  fled,  is  at  least  asleep,  for  it  appears  not  to 
pervade  our  armies  generally.  At  your  last  assemblage  our  politi- 
cal hori;iou  sccine'l  clear,  and  our  infant  Territory  bid  fair  for  rapid 
and  rising  grandeur;  but,  alas,  the  scene  has  changed;  and  whether 
this  change,  as  respects  our  Territory,  has  been  ov/ing  to  an  over 
anxiety  in  us  to  extend  our  dominions,  or  to  a  wish  for  retaliation 
hy  our  foes,  or  to  a  foreign  influence,  I  shall  not  say.  The  Indians 
our  former  neighbors  and  friends,  have  become  our  most  inveterate 
foes.  Our  former  frontiers  are  now  our  wilds,  and  our  inner  settle- 
ments have  become  frontiers.  Some  of  our  best  citizens,  and  old 
men  worn  down  with  age,  and  helpless  women  and  innocent 
babes,  have  fallen  victims  to  savage  cruelty.  I  have  done  ray  duty 
as  well  as  I  can,  and  hope  that  the  interposition  of  Providence  will 
protect  us." 

The  many  complaints  made  about  the  Territorial  Government 
Mr.  Gibson  said,  were  caused  more  by  default  of  officers  than  of  the 
law.  Said  he:  "It  is  an  old  and,  I  believe,  correct  adage,  that 
*  good  officers  make  good  soldiers.'  This  evil  having  taken  root,  I  do 
not  know  how  it  can  be  eradicated;  but  it  may  be  remedied.  In 
place  of  men  searching  after  and  accepting  commissions  before  they 


UISTOUY    OF   INDIANA.  117 

are  even  tolerably  qiialiOed,  thereby  snbjceting  Iheinselvcs  to  ridi- 
cule aild  their  country  to  ruin,  barely  for  the  name  of  the  thin^^,  I 
think  may  be  remedied  by  a  previous  examination." 

Diirini^  this  session  of  the  Legislature  the  scat  of  the  Territorial 
Government  was  declared  to  be  atCorydon,  and  immediately  acting 
Governor  Gibson  proror^ned  the  Legislature  to  meet  at  that  place, 
the  first  Mondny  of  December,  1813.  During  this  year  th.e  Terri- 
tory was  almost  defenseless;  Indian  outrages  were  of  common 
occurrence,  but  no  general  outbreak  %vas  made.  The  militia-men 
were  armed  with  rifles  and  long  knives,  and  many  of  the  rangers 
carried  tomahawks. 

In  1813  Thomas  Posey,  who  was  at  that  time  a  Senator  in  Con- 
gress from  Tennessee,  and  who  had  been  officer  of  the  army  of  the 
lievolution,  was  appointed  Governor  of  Indiana  Territory,  to  suc- 
ceed Gen.  Harrison.  He  arrived  in  Vincennes  and  entered  npou 
the  discharge  of  his  duties  May  25, 1S13.  During  this  year  several 
expeditions  against  the  Indian  settlements  were  set  on  foot. 

In  his  first  message  to  the  Legislature  the  following  December, 
at  Corydon,  Gov.  Posey  said:  "  The  present  crisis  is  awful,  and  big 
with  great  events.  Our  land  and  nation  is  involved  in  the  common 
calamity  of  war;  but  we  are  under  the  protecting  care  of  the  benefi- 
cent Being, who  has  on  a  former  occasion  brought  us  safely  through 
an  arduous  struggle  and  placed  us  on  a  foundation  of  independence, 
freedom  and  happiness.  He  will  not  suffer  to  be  taken  from  us 
what  He,  in  His  great  wisdom  has  thought  proper  to  confer  and 
bless  us  with,  if  we  make  a  wise  and  virtuous  use  of  His  good 
gifts.  '-^  *  *  Although  our  afiairs,  at  the  commencement  of 
the  war,  wore  a  gloomy  aspect,  they  have  brightened,  and  promise 
a  certainty  of  success,  if  properly  directed  and  conducted,  of  which. 
I  have  no  doubt,  as  the  President  and  heads  of  departments  of  the 
general  Government  are  men  of  undoubted  patriotism,  talents  and 
experience,  and  who  have  grown  old  in  the  service  of  their  country. 
*  *  *  It  must  be  obvious  to  eve-  y-  thinking  man  that  v,-e  were 
forced  into  the  war.  Every  measure  consistent  with  honor,  both, 
before  and  since  the  declaration  of  war,  has  tried  to  be  on  amicable 
terms  with  our  enemy,  *  *  *  You  who  reside  in  various  parts 
of  the  Territory  have  it  in  your  power  to  understand  what  will  tend 
to  its  local  and  general  advantage.  The  judiciary  system  would 
require  a  revisal  and  amendment.  The  militia  law  is  very  defective 
and  requires  your  immediate  attention.      It  is  necessary  to  have 


lis  JtlSTOliV    OF    IXniANA. 

gooil  roads  and  ]iii>-]i\vay.s  in  as  munj  directions  througli  the  Terri- 
tory .-IS  the  circunistiinces  and  situation  of  the  inliabitiints  will 
admit;  it  would  contribute  very  much  to  promote  the  settlement 
^  and  improvement  of  the  Territory.  Attention  to  education  is  iiii^hly 
neec??ar^^  There  is  an  appro])vi:i.tion  made  by  Congress,  in  lands, 
for  the  purpose  of  establishing'  j>ublic  Schools.  It  comes  now  witli- 
in  your  province  to  carry  into  operation  the  design  of  tlie  appro- 
priation." 

This  Legislature  ])assed  several  very  necessary  laws  for  the  wel- 
fare of  the  settlements,  and  the  following  year,  as  Gen.  Harrison 
was  generally  successful  in  his  military  campaigns  in  the  North- 
west, the  settlements  in  Indiana  began  to  increase  and  improve. 
The  fear  of  danger  from  Indians  had  in  a  great  measure  subsided, 
and  the  tide  of  immigration  began,  again  to  flow.  In  January, 
1814,  about  a  thousand  Miamis  assembled  at  Fort  AVayne  for  the 
purpose  of  obtaining  food  to  prevent  starvation.  Tiicy  met  with 
ample  hospitality,  and  their  example  was  speedily  followed  by 
others.  These,  with  other  acts  of  kindness,  won  the  lasting  friend- 
ship of  the  Indians,  many  of  whom  had  fought  in  the  interests  of 
Great  Britain.  General  treaties  between  the  United  States  and  the 
Northwestern  tribes  were  subsequently  concluded,  and  the  way 
was  fully  opened  for  the  improvement  and  settlement  of  the  lands. 

POPULATION'   IN   1815. 

The  population  of  the  Territory  of  Indiana,  as  given  in  the 
official  returns  to  the  Legislature  of  1815,  was  as  follows,  by 
counties: 

COUNTIES.  While  maloBofSl  and  over.  TOTAL. 

Wayne 1,225 6,407 

Frank! in , 1 ,430 7,370 

Dearborn 1)02  4,42i 

Swilzurland 377 1,832 

Jetlerson-  •  •  874 4,270 

Clark 1,387 7,150 

Washington 1,420 7,317 

Harrison  1,05G •0,!)75 

Knox 1,3!)1 «.  8,0GS 

Gil)son 1,100 n,3oO 

Posey 320 1,619 

Warrick 280 l,41.-5 

Perry 350 1,720 

Grand  Totals 12,112 03,897 

GENEKAL    VIEW. 

The  well-known  ordinance  of  1TS7  conferred  many  "rights  and 
privileges  "  upon  the  inhabitants  of  the  Northwestern  Territory,  and 


HISTORY    OF    INDIANA.  119 

consequently  npnn  the.  people  of  Indiana  Torritorj,  but  after  all  it 
came  far  short  of  conferring  as  man}'  privileges  as  are  enjoj'ed  at 
the  prc^^ent  day  b}'  our  Territories.  Tlicy  did  not  have  a  full  form 
of  Republican  goveriiinent.  A  freehold  estate  in  500  acres  of  land 
Vi'as  one  of  the  necessary  qualiiications  of  each  member  of  tlic  legis- 
lative council  of  the  Territory ;  every  member  of  the  Territorial  House 
of  Keprescntatives  was  required  to  hold,  in  his  own  right,  200  acres 
of  land ;  and  the  privilege  of  voting  for  members  of  the  House 
of  Representatives  was  restricted  to  those  inhabitants  who,  in  addi- 
tion to  other  qualiiications,  owned  severally  at  least  50  acres  of 
land.  The  Governor  of  the  the  Territory  was  invested  with  the 
power  of  appointing  officers  of  the  Territorial  militia.  Judges  of  the 
inferior  Courts,  Clerks  of  the  Courts,  Justices  of  the  i-'eace,  SlierilFs, 
Coroners,  County  Treasurers  and  Countj' Surveyors.  He  was  also 
authorized  to  divide  the  Territory  into  districts;  to  apportion 
among  the  several  counties  the  members  of  the  House  of  Represent- 
atives; to  prevent  the  passage  of  any  Territorial  law;  and  to  con- 
vene and  dissolve  the  General  Assembly  whenever  he  thought  best. 
None  of  the  Governors,  howevei',  ever  exercised  these  extraordinary 
powers  arbitrarily.  Nevertheless,  the  people  M^ere  constantly  agi- 
tating the  question  of  extending  the  right  of  suffrage.  Five  3'-ears 
after  the  organization  of  the  Territory,  the  Legislativ^e  Council,  in 
repl}'^  to  the  Governor's  Message,  said:  "Although  we  are  not  as 
completely  independent  in  our  legislative  capacity  as  we  would 
wish  to  be,  yet  we  arc  sensible  that  we  must  wait  with  patience  for 
that  period  of  time  when  our  population  will  burst  the  trammels 
of  a  Territorial  government,  and  we  shall  assume  the  character  more 
consonant  to  Republicanism.  *  *  *  The  confidence  which  our 
fellow  citizens  have  uniformly  had  in  your  administration  has  been 
Buch  that  they  have  hitherto  had  no  reason  to  be  jealous  of  the  un- 
limited power  which  you  possess  over  our  legislative  proceedings. 
We,  however,  cannot  help  regretting  that  such  powers  have 
been  lodged  in  the  hands  of  any  one,  especiallj'^  when  it  is  recol- 
lected to  what  dangerous  lengths  the  exercise  of  those  powers  may 
be  extended." 

After  repeated  petitions  the  people  of  Indiana  were  empowered 
by  Congress  to  elect  the  members  of  the  Legislative  Council  by  popu- 
lar vote.  This  act  was  passed  in  1809,  and  defined  what  was  known 
as  the  property  qualification  of  voters.  These  qualifications  were 
abolished  by  Congress  in  1811,  which  extended  the  right  of  voting 
for  members  of  the  General  Assembly  and  for  a  Territorial  delegate 


120 


inSTORV    OV    IN'UIANA. 


toConrrress  to  every  free  wliito  mulo  person  wlio  had  attained  the 
a^c  of  twenty -one  years,  and  who,  Jiaving  paid  a  county  or  Terri- 
^  torial  tax,  was  a  resident  of  the  Territory  and  had  resided  in  it  for 
a  year.  In  1SJ4  the  voting  qualilicatiun  in  Indiana  v/as  delined  by 
Ci)ngress,  "to  every  free  white  male  person  having  a  freehold  in 
the  Territory,  and  being  a  resident  uf  the  same."  The  House  of 
Eepresentatives  was  autliorized  by  Congress  to  lay  off  the  Territory 
into  five  districts,  iu  each  of  wliich  the  qualified  voters  were  cm. 
powered  to  electa  member  of  the  Legislative  Council.  The  division 
w^as  made,  one  to  two  counties  in  each  district. 

At  the  session  in  August,  ISli,  the  Territory  was  also  divided 
into  three  judicial  circuits,  and  provisions  were  made  for  holding 
courts  in  the  same.  The  Governor  was  empowered  to  appoint  a 
presiding  Judge  in  each  circuit,  and  two  Associate  Judges  of  the 
circuit  court  in  each  county.  Their  compensation  was  fixed  at 
$700  per  annum. 

The  same  year  the  General  Assembly  granted  charters  to  two 
banking  institutions,  the  Farmers'  and  Mechanics'  Bank  of  Madi- 
son and  the  Baak  of  Yincennes.  The  first  was  authorized  to  raise 
a  capital  of  $750,000,  and  the  other  $500,000.  On  the  organization 
of  the  State  these  banks  were  merged  into  the  State  Bank  and  its 
branches. 

Here  we  close  the  history  of  the  Territory  of  Indiana. 


0RGAN1ZAT10.\  OF  THE  STATE. 

The  last  regular  session  of  the  Territorial  Legislature  was  held  at 
Corjdou,  convening  in  Decembei-,  1815.  Tlic  tncssage  of  Governor 
Posey  congratulated  the  people  of  the  Territoi-y  upon  the  general 
success  of  the  settlements  and  the  great  increase  of  immigration, 
recommended  light  taxes  and  a  careful  attention  to  the  promotion 
of  education  and  the  itnprovemcut  of  the  State  roads  and  highways. 
He  also  recommended  a  revision  of  the  territorial  laws  and  an 
amendment  of  the  militia  system.  Several  laws  were  passed  pre- 
parator}''  to  a  State  Government,  and  Deceuiber  14,  1815,  a  me- 
morial to  Congress  was  adopted  praying  for  the  authority  to  adopt 
a  constitution  and  State  Government.  Mr,  Jennings,the  Territorial 
delegate,  laid  this  memorial  before  Congress  on  the  2Sth,  and  April 
19, 1816,  the  President  approved  the  bill  creating  the  State  of  In- 
diana. Accordingly,  May  30  following,  a  general  election  was  held 
for  a  constitutional  convention,  which  met  at  Corydon  June  10  to 
29,  Johathan  Jennings  presiding  and  Wm.  Hendricks  acting  as 
Secretary. 

"The  convention  that  formed  the  first  constitution  of  the  State 
of  Indiana  was  composed  mainly  of  clear-minded,  unpretending 
men  of  common  sense,  whose  patriotism  was  unquestionable  and 
whose  morals  were  fair.  Their  familiarity  with  the  theories  of  the 
Declaration  of  American  Independence,  their  Territorial  experience 
under  the  provisions  of  the  ordinance  of  1787,  and  their  knowledge  of 
the  principles  of  the  constitution  of  the  United  States  were  sufficient, 
when  combined,  to  lighten  materially  their  labors  in  the  great  work 
of  forming  a  constitution  for  a  new  State.  With  such  landmarks 
in  view,  the  labors  of  similar  conventions  in  other  States  and  Ter- 
ritories have  been  rendered  comparatively  light.  In  the  clearness 
and  conciseness  of  its  stjde,  in  the  comprehensive  and  just  pro- 
visions which  it  made  for  the  maintainance  of  civil  and  religious 
liberty,  in  its  mandates,  which  were  designed  to  protect  the  rights 
of  the  people  collectively  and  individually,  and  to  provide  for  the 
public  welfare,  the  constitution  that  was  formed  for  Indiana  in  181G 
was  not  inferior  to  any  of  the  State  constitutions  which  were  in  ex- 
istence at  that  time." — Dillon'' s  History  of  Indiana. 

(121) 


123  inSTOKV    OK    INDIANA. 

The  first  State  election  touk  place  on  the  first  ]\Ionday  of  Anfjust, 
3 '-1G,  and  Joiiatliau  Jennings  was  elected  Governor,  and  C'hristo- 
plier  Harrison,  Lieut.  Governor.  Wui.  Hendricks  was  elected  to 
reprc:-ent  the  new  State  in  the  House  of  Ivepresentativcs  of  the 
United  States. 

The  first  General  Assembly  elected  under  the  new  constitution 
began  its  session  at  Corydon,  Nov.  4,  181G.  John  Paul  was  called 
to  the  chair  of  tlic  Senate  proteni.,  and  Isaac  Blackford  was  elected 
Speaker  of  the  House  of  Representatives. 

Among  other  things  in  the  new  Governor's  message  were  the 
following  remarks:  "The  result  •  ''  your  deliberation  will  be  con- 
sidered as  indicative  of  its  futur.  jaracter  as  well  as  of  the  future 
happiness  and  prosperity  of  its  ciiizens.  In  tlie  commencement 
of  the  State  government  the  shackles  of  the  colonial  should  be  for- 
gotten in  our  exertions  to  prove,  by  happy  experience,  that  a  uni- 
form adherence  to  the  first  principles  of  our  Govci-nraent  and  a 
virtuous  exercise  of  its  powers  will  best  secure  efficiency  to  its 
measures  and  stabilit}'  to  its  character.  Without  a  frec]uent  recur- 
rence to  those  principles,  the  administration  of  the  Government 
will  imperceptibly  become  more  and  more  arduous,  until  the  sim- 
plicity of  our  Republican  institutions  may  eventually  be  lost  in 
dangerous  expedients  and  political  design.  Under  every  free  gov- 
ernment the  happiness  of  the  citizens  must  be  identified  with  their 
morals;  and  while  a  constitutional  exercise  of  their  rights  shall 
continue  to  have  its  due  weight  in  discharge  of  the  duties  required 
of  the  constituted  authorities  of  the  State,  too  much  attention  can- 
not be  bestowed  to  the  encouragement  and  promotion  of  every 
moral  virtue,  and  to  the  enactment  of  laws  calculated  to  restrain 
the  vicious,  and  prescribe  punishment  for  every  crime  commensu- 
rate with  its  enormity.  In  measuring,  however,  to  each  crime  its 
adequate  punishment,  it  will  be  well  to  recollect  that  the  certainty 
of  punishment  has  generally  the  surest  effect  to  prevent  crime; 
while  punishments  unnecessarilj''  severe  too  often  produce  the  ac- 
quittal of  the  guilty  and  disappoint  one  of  the  greatest  objects  of 
legislation  and  good  government.  ^  *  '"  The  dissemination  of 
useful  knowledge  will  be  indispensably  necessary  as  a  sujiport  to 
morals  and  as  a  restraint  to  vice;  and  on  this  subject  it  will  only 
be  necessary  to  direct  your  attention  to  the  plan  of  education  as 
prescribed  by  the  constitution.  *  *  -k-  j  recommend  to  your 
consideration  tho  propriety  of  providing  by  law,  to  prevent  more 
efiectually  any  unlawful  attempts  to  seize  and  carry  into  bondage 


^^^^iPa^s7S«^«^/5-s 


OPENi:SG   AX  INDIANA.  FOllBST. 


HISTORY    OF    INDIANA.  125 

persons  of  color  Ici^ally  entitled  to  their  freedom;  and  at  tlie  same 
time,  as  far  as  practicable,  to  prevent  those  wlio  rightfully  owe  ser- 
vice to  tke  citizens  of  any  otlicr  State  or  Territory  from  seeking 
■within  the  limits  of  this  State  a  refuge  from  the  possession  of  their 
lawful  owners.  Such  a  measure  will  tend  to  secure  those  who  are 
free  from  any  unlawful  attempts  (to  enslave  them)  and  secures  the 
rights  of  the  citizens  of  tlie  other  States  and  Territories  as  far  as 
ought  reasonably  to  be  expected." 

This  session  of  the  Legislature  elected  James  Noble  and  Waller 
Taylor  to  the  Senate  of  the  United  States;  Eobert  A.  New  was 
elected  Secretary  of  State;  W.  II.  Lilley,  Auditor  of  State;  and 
Daniel  C.  Lane,  Treasurer  of  State.  The  session  adjourned  Janu- 
ary 3,  1817. 

As  the  history  of  the  State  of  Indiana  from  this  time  forward  is 
best  given  by  topics,  we  will  proceed  to  give  them  in  the  chronolog- 
ical order  of  their  origin. 

The  happy  close  of  the  war  with  Great  Britain  in  1814  was  fol- 
lowed by  a  great  rnsli  of  immigrants  to  the  great  Territory  of  the 
Northwest,  including  the  new  States,  all  now  recently  cleared  of 
the  enemy;  and  by  1820  the  State  of  Indiana  had  more  than 
doubled  her  population,  having  at  this  time  147,178,  and  bj'  1825 
nearly  doubled  this  again,  that  is  to  say,  a  round  quarter  of  a  mil- 
lion,— a  growth  more  rapid  probably  than  that  of  any  other  section 
in  this  country  since  the  days  of  Columbus. 

The  period  lS25-'30  was  a  prosperous'  time  for  the  young  State. 
Immigration  continued  to  be  rapid,  the  crops  were  generally  good 
and  the  hopes  of  the  people  raised  higher  than  they  had  ever  been 
before.  Accompanying  this  immigration,  however,  were  paupers 
and  indolent  people,  who  threatened  to  be  so  numerous  as  to 
become  a  serious  burden.  On  this  subject  Governor  Ray  called  for 
legislative  action,  but  the  Legislature  scarcely  knew  v/bat  to  do 
and  they  deferred  actioa. 


BLACK  lIAYrK  WAR. 

In  1830  tliere  still  lingered  witliin  the  bounds  c=f  the  State  two 
tribes  of  Indians,  whose  gro^s•illg  indolence,  intemperate  habits, 
dependence  U])on  their  neighbors  lor  the  bread  of  life,  diminished 
prospects  of  living  by  the  chase,  continued  perpetration  of  murders 
and  other  outrages  of  dangerous  precedent,  primitive  igno- 
rance and  unrestrained  exhibitions  of  savage  customs  before  the 
children  of  the  settlors,  combined  to  make  them  subjects  for  a  more 
rigid  government.  The  removal  of  the  Indians  west  of  the  Missis- 
sippi was  a  melancholy  but  necessary  duty.  The  time  having 
arrived  for  the  emigration  of  the  Pottav/atomies,  according  to  the 
stipulations  contained  in  their  treat}'  with  the  United  States,  they 
evinced  that  reluctance  common  among  aboriginal  tribes  on  leav- 
ing the  homes  of  their  childhood  and  the  graves  of  their  ancestors. 
Love  of  country  is  a  principle  planted  in  the  bosoms  of  all  man- 
kind. The  Laplander  and  the  Esquimaux  of  the  frozen  north, 
who  feed  on  seals,  moose  and  the  meat  of  the  polar  bear,  would  not 
exchange  their  country  for  the  sunny  clime  of  "Arab}'  the  blest." 
Color  and  shades  of  complexion  have  nothing  to  do  with  the 
heart's  best,  warmest  emotions.  Then  we  should  not  wonder  that  the 
Pottawatomie,  on  leaving  his  home  on  the  "Wabash,  felt  as  sad  as 
-^schines  did  when  ostracised  from  his  native  land,  laved  by  the 
waters  of  the  classic  Scamander;  and  the  noble  and  eloquent  Nas- 
waw-kay,  on  leaving  the  encampment  on  Crooked  creek,  felt  his 
banishment  as  keenly  as  Cicero  when  thrust  from  the  bosom  of  his 
beloved  Rome,  for  which  he  had  spent  the  best  efforts  of  his  life, 
and  for  which  he  died. 

On  Sunday  morning.  May  IS,  1832,  the  people  on  the  west  side 

of  the  Wabash  were  thrown  into  a  state  of  great  consternation,  on 

account  of  a  report    that  a   large   body   of  hostile   Indians   had 

approached  within  15  miles  of  Lafayette  and  killed  two  men.     The 

alarm  soon  spread  throughout  Tippecanoe,  Warren,  Vermillion, 

Fountain,   Montgomery,  and  adjoining   counties.     Several   brave 

commandants  of  companies  on  the  west   side  of  the  Wabash  in 

Tippecanoe   county,  raised  troops  to  go  and  meet  the  enemy,  and 

dispatched  an  express  to  Gen.  Walker  with  a  request  that  he  should 

(126) 


niETOKT  OF  INT>IANA.  127 

make  a  call  upon  tlic  militia  of  the  county  to  equip  themselves 
instantly,  and  march  to  the  aid  of  tlieir  hlecding  countrymen. 
Thereujjon  Gen.  Walker,  Col.  Davis,  Lieut-Col.  Jcnners,  Capt. 
Brown,  of  the  .•ii'tillcry,  and  various  other  gallant  spirits  mounted 
their  war  steeds  and  proceeded  to  the  arni}',  and  thence  n])on  a 
scout  to  the  Grand  Prairie  to  discover,  if  possible,  the  nuinber, 
intention  and  situation  of  the  Indians.  Over  300  old  men,  women 
and  children  flocked  preci])itately  to  Lafayette  and  the  surroundinc^ 
country  east  of  the  Wahash.  A  remarkable  event  occurred  in  this 
stampede,  as  follows: 

A  man,  wife  and  seven  children  resided  on  the  edge  of  the 
Grand  Prairie,  west  of  Lafayette,  in  a  locality  considered  particu- 
larly dangerous.  On  hearing  of  this  alarm  he  made  hurried 
preparations  to  fl.y  with  his  family  to  Lafayette  for  salety.  Lnag- 
ine  his  surprise  and  chagrin  when  his  wife  told  him  she  would  not 
go  one  step;  that  she  did  not  believe  in  being  scared  at  trifles,  and 
in  her  opinion  there  was  not  an  Indian  within  100  miles  of  them. 
Importunity  proved  unavailing,  and  the  disconsolate  and  frightened 
husband  and  father  took  all  the  children  except  the  youngest,  bade 
his  wife  and  babe  a  long  and  solemn  farewell,  never  expecting  tq 
see  them  again,  unless  perhaps  )ie  might  find  their  mangled  re- 
mains, minus  their  scalps.  On  arriving  at  Lafayette,  his  acquaint- 
ances rallied  and  berated  him  for  abandoning  his  wife  and  child  in 
that  way,  but  he  met  their  jibes  with  a  stoical  indifference,  avowing 
that  he  should  not  be  held  responsible  for  their  obstinac3\ 

As  the  shades  of  the  first  evening  drew  on,  the  wife  felt  lonel}'^; 
and  the  chirping  of  the  frogs  and  the  notes  of  the  whippoorwill  only 
intensified  her  loneliness,  until  she  half  wished  she  had  accom- 
panied the  rest  of  the  family  in  their  flight.  She  remained  in  the 
house  a  .ew  hours  without  striking  a  light,  and  then  concluded 
that  "  discretion  was  the  better  part  of  valor,"  took  her  babe  and 
some  bed-clothes,  fastened  the  cabin  door,  and  hastened  to  a  sink- 
hole in  the  woods,  in  which  she  afterward  said  that  she  and  her 
babe  slept  soundly  until  sunrise  next  morning. 

Lafayette  literally  boiled  over  with  people  and  patriotism.  A 
meeting  was  held  at  the  court-house,  speeches  were  made  by 
patriotic  individuals,  and  to  allay  the  fears  of  the  women  an  armed 
police  was  immediately  ordered,  to  be  called  the  "  Lafayette  Guards." 
Thos.  T.  Benbridge  was  elected  Captain,  and  John  Cox,  Lieutenant. 
Capt.  Benbridge  yielded  the  active  drill  of  his  guards  to  the 
Lieutenant,  who  had  served  two  years  in  the  war  of  1812.     After 


128 


IirSTOJiY   OF    INDIANA. 


tlic  meeting  udjonrnea,  the  gw.inU  were  paraded  on  the  green 
wlierc  Purdue's  block  now  stands,  and  put  through  sundry  e^olu- 
tions  by  Lieut.  Cox,  who  proved  to  l)e  an  expert  drill  ofUcer,  and 
Avhose  clear,  shrill  voice  rung  out  on  the  night  air  as  he  marched 
and  counter-marched  the  troops  from  where  the  im])er.mill  stands 
to  Main  street  fcYry,  and  over  the  suburbs,  generally.  Every  old 
gun  and  sword  that  could  be  found  was  brought  ii.to  requisition, 
with  a  new  shine  on  them. 

Gen.  Walker,  Colonels  Davis  and  Jenners,  and  other  officers 
joined  in  a  call  of  the  people  of  Tippecanoe  county  for  volunteers  to 
march  to  the  frontier  settlements.  A  large  meeting  of  the  citizens 
assembled  in  the  public  square  in  the  town,  and  over  300  volunteers 
mostly  mounted  men,  left  for  the  scene  of  action,  with  an  alacrity 
that  would  have  done  credit  to  veterans. 

The  first  night  they  camped  3)inc  miles  west  of  Lafayette,  near 
Grand  Prairie.  They  placed  sentinels  for  the  night  and  retired  to 
rest.  A  few  of  the  subaltern  officers  very  injudiciously  concluded 
to  try  what  effect  a  false  alarm  would  have  upon  the  sleeping  sol- 
diers, and  a  few  of  them  withdrew  to  a  neighboring  thicket^  and 
thence  made  a  charge  upon  the  picket  guards,  who,  after  hailing 
them  and  receiving  no  countersign,  fired  off  their  guns  and  ran  for 
the  Colonel's  marquee  in  the  center  of  the  encampment.  The  aroused 
Colonels  and  staff  sprang  to  their  feet,  shouting  "To  arms!  to  arms!" 
and  the  obedient,  though  panic-stricken  soldiers  seized  their  guns 
and  demanded  to  be  led  against  the  invading  foe.  A  wild  scene  of 
disorder  ensued,  and  amid  the  din  of  arms  and  loud  commands  of 
the  officers  the  raw  militia  felt  that  they  had  already  got  into  the 
red  jaws  of  battle.  One  of  the  alarm. sentinels,  in  running  to  the 
centerof  the  encampment,  leaped  over  a  blazing  camp  fire,  and 
alighted  full  upon  the  breast  and  stomach  of  a  sleeping  lawyer,  who 
was,  no  doubt,  at  that  moment  dreaming  of  vested  and  contingent 
remainders,  rich  clients  and  good  fees,  which  in  legal  parlance^was 
suddenly  estopped  by  the  hob-nails  in  the  stogas  of  the  scared 
sentinel.  As  soon  as  the  counselor's  vitality  and  consciousness 
sufficiently  returned,  he  put  in  some  strong  demurrers  to  the  con- 
duct of  the  affrighted  picket  men,  averring  that  he  would  greatly 
prefer  being  wounded  by  the  enemy  to  being  run  over  by  a  cowardly 
booby.  Next  morning  the  organizers  of  the  ruse  were  severely 
reprimanded. 

May  28,  1833,  Governor  Noble  ordered  General  AValkor  to   call 
out  his  whole  command,  if  necessary,  and  supply  arms,  horses   and 


HISTORY    OF    INDIANA.  129 

provisions,  even  tliongli  it  Le  necessary  to  seize  them.  The  next 
day  four  baggage  wagons,  loaded  with  camp  efpiipments,  stores, 
provisions  and  other  articles,  were  sent  to  the  little  army,  who  were 
thus  provided  for  a  campaign  of  five  or  six  weeks.  The  following 
Tlinrsday  a  squad  of  cavalry,  under  Colonel  Sigler,  passed  through 
Lafayette  on  the  way  to  the  hostile  region;  and  on  tlie  13th  of  June 
Colonel  llussell,  commandant  of  the  iOth  Regiment,  Indiana  Militia, 
passed  through  Lafayette  with  340  mounted  volunteers  from  the 
counties  of  Marion,  Hendricks  and  Johnson,  Also,  several  com- 
panies of  volunteers  from  Montgomery,  Fountain  and  Warren 
counties,  hastened  to  the  relief  of  the  frontier  settlers.  The  troops 
from  Lafayette  marched  to  Sugar  creek,  and  after  a  short  time, 
there  being  no  probability  of  finding  any  of  the  enemy,  were 
ordered  to  return,  They  all  did  so  except  about  45  horsemen,  who 
volunteered  to  cross  LLickory  creek,  where  the  Indians  had  com- 
mitted their  depredations.  They  organized  a  company  by  electing 
Samuel  McGeorge,  a  soldier  of  the  war  of  1812,  Captain,  and  Amos 
Allen  and  Andrew  W.  Ingraham,  Lieutenants. 

Crossing  Hickory  creek,  they  marched  as  far  as  O'Plein  river 
without  meeting  with  opposition.  Finding  no  enemy  here  they 
concluded  to  return.  On  the  first  night  of  their  march  home  they 
encamped  on  the  open  prairie,  posting  sentinels,  as  usual.  About 
ten  o'clock  it  began  to  rain,  and  it  was  with  difficulty  that  the  sen- 
tinels kept  their  guns  dry.  Capt.  I.  H.  Cox  and  a  man  named  Fox 
had  been  posted  as  sentinels  within  1-5  or  20  paces  of  each  other. 
Cox  drew  the  skirt  of  his  overcoat  over  his  gun-lock  to  keep  it  dry; 
Fox,  perceiving  this  motion,  and  in  the  darkness  taking  him  for  an 
Indian,  fired  upon  him  and  fractured  his  thigh-bone.  Several  sol- 
diers immediately  ran  toward  the  place  where  the  flash  of  the  gun 
had  been  seen;  but  when  they  cocked  and  leveled  their  guns  on  the 
figure  which  had  fired  at  Cox,  the  wounded  man  caused  them  to 
desist  by  crying,  "  Don't  shoot  him,  it  was  a  sentinel  who  shot  me." 
The  next  day  the  wounded  man  was  left  behind  the  company  in 
care  of  four  men,  who,"  as  s6on  as  possible,  removed  him  on  a  litter 
to  Col.  Moore's  company  of  Illinois  militia,  then  encamped  on  the 
O'Plein,  where  Joliet  now  stands. 

Although  the  main  body  returned  to  Lafayette  in  eight  or  nine 
days,  yet  the  alarm  among  the  people  was  so  great  that  the}'  could 
not  be  induced  to  return  to  their  farms  for  some'  time.  The  pres- 
ence of  the  hostiles  was  hourly  expected  by  the  frontier  settlements 
of  Indiana,  from  Yincennes  to  La  Porte.     In  Clinton  county  the 


130  HISTORY    OF    INDIANA. 

inhabitants  gathered  within  the  furts  and  prepared  for  a  regular 
siege,  while  our  neighbors  at  Crawfbrdsville  were  Buddenly 
astounded  by  the  arrival  of  a  courier  at  full  i-])ecd  with  the  annouuce- 
meut  that  the  Indians,  nuiro  than  a  thousand  in  number,  were  then 
crossing  the  Nine-Mile  prairie  about  twelve  miles  north  of  town, 
killing  and  scalping  all.  The  strongest  houses  were  immediately 
put  in  a  condition  of  defense,  and  sentinels  were  placed  at  thei)rin- 
cipal  points  in  tlie  directio?i  of  the  enemy.  Scouts  were  sent  out  to 
reconnoitre,  and  messengers  were  dis])atched  in  dificrent  directions 
to  announce  the  danger  to  the  farmers,  and  to  urge  them  to  hasten 
with  their  families  into  town,  and  to  assist  in  fighting  the  nioment- 
aril}''  expected  savages.  At  night-fall  the  scouts  brought  in  the 
news  that  the  Indians  had  not  crossed  the  Wabash,  but  were  hourly 
expected  at  Lafayette.  The  citizens  of  Warren,  Fountain  and  Yer- 
miliion  counties  were  alike  terrified  by  exaggerated  stories  of  Indian 
massacres,  and  immediately  prepared  for  defense.  It  turned  out 
that  the  Indians  were  not  witliin  100  miles  of  these  temporary 
forts;  but  this  by  no  means  proved  a  want  of  courage  in  the  citizens. 

After  some  time  had  elapsed,  a  portion  of  the  troops  were 
marched  back  into  Tippecanoe  county  and  honorably  discharged; 
but  the  settlers  were  still  loth  for  a  long  time  to  return  to  their 
farms.  Assured  by  published  reports  that  the  Miamis  and  Potta- 
watomies  did  not  intend  to  join  the  hostiles,  the  people  by  degrees 
recovered  from  the  panic  and  began  to  attend  to  their  neglected 
crops. 

During  this  time  there  was  actual  war  in  Illinois.  Black  Hawk 
and  his  warriors,  well  nigli  surrounded  by  a  well- disciplined  foe, 
attempted  to  cross  to  the  west  bank  of  the  Mississippi,  but  after 
baing  ehased  up  into  Wisconsin  and  to  the  Mississippi  again,  he 
was  in  a  final  battle  taken  captive.  A  few  years  after  his  liberation, 
about  1837  or  1838,  he  died,  on  the  banks  of  the  Des  Moines  river, 
in  Iowa,  in  what  is  now  the  county  of  Davis,  where  his  remains 
were  deposited  above  ground,  in  the  usual  Indian  style.  His  re- 
mains were  afterward  stolen  and  carried  away,  but  they  were  re- 
covered by  the  Governor  of  Iowa  and  placed  in  the  museum  of  the 
Historical  Society  at  Burlington,  where  they  were  finally  destroyed 
by  fire. 


LAST  EXODUS  OF  THE  INDIANS. 

In  Jnly,  1S37,  Col.  Abel  C.  Pepper  convened  the  Pottawatoinie 
nation  of  Indians  at  Lake  Ke-waw-nay  for  the  purpose  of  remov- 
ing theiii  west  of  the  Mississippi.  That  fall  a  small  party  of  some 
80  or  90  Pottawatomies  was  conducted  west  of  the  Mississippi 
river  by  George  Proffit,  Esq.  Among  the  number  were  Ke-waw- 
nay,  Nebash,  Nas-waw-kay,  Pash-po-ho  and  many  other  leading 
men  of  the  nation.  The  regular  emigration  of  these  poor  Indians, 
about  1,000  in  number,  took  place  under  Col.  Pepper  and  Gen.  Tip- 
ton in  the  summer  of  1838. 

It  was  a  sad  and  mournful  spectacle  to  witness  these  children  of 
the  forest  slowly  retiring  from  the  home  of  their  childhood,  that 
contained  not  only  the  graves  of  their  revered  ancestors,  but  also 
many  endearing  scenes  to  which  their  memories  would  ever  recur 
as  sunny  spots  along  their  pathway  through  the  wilderness.  They 
felt  that  they  were  bidding  farewell  to  the  hills,  valleys  and  streams 
of  their  infancy;  the  more  exciting  hunting-grounds  of  their  ad- 
vanced youth,  as  well  as  the  stern  and  bloody  battle-fields  where 
they  had  contended  in  riper  manhood,  on  which  they  had  received 
wounds,  and  where  many  of  their  friends  and  loved  relatives  had 
fallen  covered  with  gore  and  with  glory.  All  these  they  were  leav- 
ing behind  them,  to  be  desecrated  by  the  plowshare  of  the  white 
man.  As  they  cast  mournful  glances  back  toward  these  loved 
scenes  that  were  rapidly  fading  in  the  distance,  tears  fell  from  the 
cheek  of  the  downcast  warrior,  old  men  trembled,  matrons  wept, 
the  swarthy  maiden's  cheek  turned  pale,  and  sighs  and  half-sup- 
pressed sobs  escaped  from  the  motley  groups  as  they  passed  along, 
some  on  foot,  some  on  horseback,  and  others  in  wagons, — sad  as  a 
funeral  procession.  Several  of  the  aged  warriors  were  seen  to  cast 
glances  toward  the  sky,  as  if  they  were  imploring  aid  from  the 
spirits  of  their  departed  heroes,  who  were  looking  down  upon  them 
from  the  clouds,  or  from  the  Great  Spirit,  who  would  nltimately 
redress  the  wrongs  of  the  red  man,  whose  broken  bow  had  fallen 
from  his  hand,  and  whose  sad  heart  was  bleeding  within  him. 
Ever  and  anon  one  of  the  party  would  start  out  into  tlie  brush  and 
break  back  to  their  old  encampments  on  Eel  river  and  on  the  Tippc- 

(131) 


132  IIISTOKY    OF    INDIANA. 

canoe,  declaring  that  tlicy  would  rather  die  than  he  hanishcd  from 
their  country.  Thus,  scores  of  discontented  emigrants  returned 
ffom  ditrerent  jioints  on  their  journey;  and  it  was  several  years 
before  they  could  he  induced  to  join  their  countrymen  west  of  the 
Missist^ijipi. 

Several  3'cars  after  the  removal  of  the  Pottawatomies  the  Miami 
nation  was  removed  to  tljoir  "Western  home,  hy  coercive  means,  un- 
der an  escort  of  United  States  troops.  They  were  a  ])roud  and 
once  powerful  nation,  but  at  the  time  of  their  removal  were  far 
inferior,  in  point  of  n\nnbcrs,  to  the  Pottawatomie  guests  whom 
they  had  permitted  to  settle  and  hunt  upon  their  lands,  and  fish  in 
their  lakes  and  rivers  after  the}'-  had  been  driven  southward  l)y 
powerful  and  w^arlike  tribes  who  inhabited  the  shores  of  the  North- 
ern lakes. 

INDIAN  TITLES. 

In  1831  a  joint  resolution  of  the  Legislature  of  Indiana,  request- 
ing an  appropriation  by  Congress  for  the  extinguishment  of  the 
Indian  title  to  lands  within  the  State,  was  forwarded  to  that  body? 
which  grauted  the  request.  The  Secretary  of  "War,  by  authority, 
appointed  a  committee  of  three  citizens  to  carry  into  effect  the  pro- 
visions of  the  recent  law.  The  Miamis  were  surrounded  on  all 
sides  by  American  settlers,  and  were  situated  almost  in  the  heart 
of  the  State  on  the  line  of  the  canal  then  being  made.  The  chiefs 
were  called  to  a  council  for  the  purpose  of  making  a  treaty;  they 
promptly  came,  but  peremptorily  refused  to  go  westward  or  sell 
the  remainder  of  their  land.  The  Pottawatomies  sold  about 
6,000,000  acres  in  Indiana,  Illinois  and  Michigan,  including  all 
their  claim  in  this  State. 

In  1838  a  treaty  was  concluded  with  the  Miami  Indians  through 
the  good  offices  of  Col.  A.  C.  Pepper,  the  Indian  agent,  by  which 
a  considerable  of  the  most  desirable  portion  of  their  reserve  was 
<jeded  to  the  United  States. 


LAND  SALES. 


As  an  example  of  the  manner  in  which  land  speculators  were 
treated  hy  the  early  ludianinns,  we  cite  the  following  instances 
from  Cox's  ''  llecollections  of  the  Wabash  Valley." 

At  Crawfordsville,  Dec.  2i,  182i,  many  parties  were  present 
from  the  eastern  and  southern  portions  of  the  State,  as  well  as  from 
Ohio,  Kentucky,  Tennessee  and  even  Pennsylvania,  to  attend  a 
land  sale.  There  was  but  little  bidding  against  each  other.  The 
settlers,  or  "  squatters,"  as  tjicy  were  called  by  the  speculators,  had 
arranged  matters  among  themselves  to  their  general  satisfaction. 
If,  upon  comparing  numbers,  it  appeared  that  two  were  after  the 
same  tract  of  land,  one  would  ask  the  other  what  he  would  take 
not  to  bid  against  him ;  if  neither  would  consent  to  be  bought  off 
they  would  retire  and  cast  lots,  and  the  lucky  one  would  enter  the 
tract  at  Congress  price,  $1.25  an  acre,  and  the  other  would  enter  the 
second  choice  on  his  list.  If  a  speculator  made  a  bid,  or  showed  a 
disposition  to  take  a  settler's  claim  from  him,  he  soon  saw  the 
white  of  a  score  of  eyes  glaring  at  him,  and  he  would  "  crawfish" 
out  of  the  crowd  at  the  first  opportunity. 

The  settlers  made  it  definitely  known  to  foreign  capitalists  that 
they  would  enter  the  tracts  of  land  they  had  settled  upon  before 
allowing  the  latter  to  come  in  with  their  speculations.  The  land 
was  sold  in  tiers  of  townships,  beginning  at  the  southern  part  of 
the  district  and  continuing  north  until  all  had  been  offered  at 
public  sale.  This  plan  was  persisted  in,  although  it  kept  many  on 
the  ground  for  several  days  vraiting,  who  desired  to  purchase  land 
in  the  northern  part  of  the  district. 

In  1827  a  regular  Indian  scare  was  gotten  up  to  keep  specu- 
lators away  for  a  short  time.  A  man  who  owned  a  claim  on  Tip2:)e- 
canoe  river,  near  Pretty  prairie,  fearing  that  some  one  of  the 
numerous  land  hunters  constantly  scouring  the  country  might 
enter  the  land  he  had  settled  upon  before  he  could  raise  the  money 
to  buy  it,  and  seeing  one  day  a  cavalcade  of  land  hunters  riding 
toward  where  his  land  lay,  mounted  his  horse  and  darted  off  at 
full  speed  to  meet  them,  swinging  his  hat  and  shouting  at  the  top 

of  his  voice,   "Indians!  Indians!  the  woods  are  full  of    Indians, 

(133) 


13i  HISTORY    OF    INDIANA. 

murdoring  and  scalping  all  before  tliciu!"  Tliey  paused  a  moment, 
but  as  tlie  terrified  horseman  still  urged  his  jaded  animal  and  cried, 
VllelpI  Longlois, Cicots,  help!"  tliey  turned  and  fled  like  a  troop  of 
retreatin":  cavalrv,  hasteninf?  to  the  thickest  settlements  and  "/ivins: 
the  alarm,  which  s])read  like  fire  among  stubble  until  the  whole 
frontier  region  was  shocked  with  the  startling  cry.  The  squatter 
who  fabricated  the  story  and  started  this  false  alarm  took  a  cir- 
cuitous route  home  that  evening,  and  while  others  were  busy 
building  temporary  block-houses  and  rubbing  up  tlieir  guns  to 
meet  the  Indians,  he  w'as  quietly  gathering  up  money  and  slipped 
down  to  Crawfordsville  and  entered  his  land,  chuckling  to  himself, 
"There's  a  Yankee  trick  for  3'ou,  done  up  by  a  Iloosier." 

HAEMONT  CO]\rMUNITY. 

In  1814  a  society  of  Germans  under  Frederick  Rappe,  who  had 
originally  come  from  Wirtemberg,  Germany,  and  more  recently 
from  Pennsylvania,  founded  a  settlement  on  the  "Wabash  about  60 
miles  above  its  mouth.  They  were  industrious,  frugal  and  honest 
Lutherans.  They  purchased  a  large  quantity  of  land  and  laid  ofif 
a  town,  to  which  they  gave  the  name  of  "Harmony,"  afterward 
called  "New  Harmony."  They  erected  a  church  and  a  public 
school-house,  opened  farms,  planted  orchards  and  vineyards,  built 
flouring  mills,  established  a  house  of  public  entertainment,  a  public 
store,  and  carried  on  all  the  arts  of  peace  with  skill  and  regularity. 
Their  property  was  "in  common,"  according  to  the  custom  of  an- 
cient Christians  at  Jerusalem,  but  the  governing  power,  both  tem- 
poral and  spiritual,  was  vested  in  Frederick  Kappe,  the  elder,  who 
was  regarded  as  the  founder  of  the  society.  By  the  year  1821  the 
society  numbered  about  900.  Every  individual  of  proper  age  con- 
tributed his  proper  share  of  labor.  There  w^ere  neither  spendthrifts, 
idlers  nor  drunkards,  and  during  the  whole  17  years  of  their  sojourn 
in  America  there  was  not  a  single  lawsuit  among  them.  Every 
controversy  arising  among  them  was  settled  by  arbitration,  expla- 
nation and  compromise  before  sunset  of  the  daj- ,  literally  according 
to  the  injunction  of  the  apostle  of  the  New  Testament. 

About  1825  the  town  of  Harmony  and  a  considerable  quantity 
of  land  adjoining  was  sold  to  Robert  Owen,  father  of  David  Dale 
Owen,  the  State  Geologist,  and  of  Robert  Dale  Owen,  of  later 
notoriety.  He  was  a  radical  philosopher  from  Scotland,  who  had 
become  distinguished   for   his   philanthropy    and    opposition    to 


niSTOKV    OK    INDIANA.  135 

Christianity.  lie  charged  tlio  hitter  with  teaching  fiilso  notions 
regardiiiij  Imman  responsibility — notions  v^diich  have  since  been 
clothed  in  the  language  of  ]>hysi(>logy,  mental  philosophy,  etc. 
Said  he^; 

"That  which  has  hitherto  been  called  wichedness  in  our  fellow 
men  has  proceeded  from  one  of  two  distinct  causes,  or  from  some 
combination  of  those  causes.  They  are  what  are  termed  bad  or 
wicked, 

"1.  Jlecause  the3'^  are  born  with  fsicultie?  or  propensities  which 
render  them  more  liable,  under  tlio  same  circumstances,  than  other 
men,  to  commit  such  actions  as  are  usually  denominated  wicked; 
or, 

"  2.  Because  they  have  been  placed  by  birth  or  other  events  in 
particular  countries, — have  been  influenced  from  infancy  by  par- 
ents, playmates  and  others,  and  have  been  surrounded  by  those 
circumstances  which  gradually  and  necessarily  trained  them  in  the 
habits  and  sentiments  called  wicked;  or, 

"3.  They  have  become  wicked  iu  consequence  of  some  particu- 
lar combination  of  these  causes. 

"  If  it  should  be  asked.  Whence  then  has  wickedness  pro- 
ceeded?    I  Teply,  Solely  from  the  ignorance  of  our  forefathers. 

"Every  society  which  exists  at  present,  as  well  as  every  society 
which  history  records,  has  been  formed  and  governed  on  a  belief 
in  the  following  notions,  assumed  as  first  principles: 

"  1.  That  it  is  in  the  power  of  every  individual  to  form  his  own 
character.  Hence  the  various  systems  called  by  the  name  of  religion, 
codes  of  law,  and  punishments;  hence,  also,  the  angry  passions 
entertained  by  individuals  and  nations  toward  each  other. 

"  2.  That  the  affections  are  at  the  command  of  the  individual. 
Hence  insincerity  and  degradation  of  character;  hence  the  miseries 
of  domestic  life,  and  more  than  one-half  of  all  the  crimes  of  man- 
kind. 

"  3.  That  it  is  necessary  a  large  portion  of  mankind  should  ex- 
ist in  ignorance  and  poverty  in  order  to  secure  to  the  remaining  part 
such  a  degree  of  happiness  as  they  now  enjoy.  Hence  a  system  of 
counteraction  in  the  pursuits  of  men,  a  general  opposition  among 
individuals  to  the  interests  of  each  other,  and  the  necessary  effects 
of  such  a  system, — ignorance,  poverty  and  vice. 


THE  MEXIOA^^  WAR 

During  the  administration  of  Gov.  "Whitcomb  the  war  with 
Mexico  occurred,  wliich  resulted  in  annexing  to  the  United  States 
vast  tracts  of  land  in  the  south  and  west.  Indiana  contributed  her 
full  ratio  to  the  troops  in  that  war,  and  with  a  remarkable  spirit  of 
promptness  and  patriotism  adopted  all  measures  to  sustain  the  gen- 
eral Government.  These  new  acquisitions  of  territory  rc-opened 
the  discussion  of  the  slavery  question,  and  Governor  "Whitcomb 
expressed  his  opposition  to  a  further  extension  of  the  "  national 
sin." 

The  causes  which  led  to  a  declaration  of  war  against  Mexico  in 
184G,  must  be  sought  for  as  far  back  as  the  year  1830,  when  the 
present  State  of  Texas  formed  a  province  of  New  and  Independent 
Mexico.  During  the  years  immediately  preceding  1830,  Moses 
Austin,  of  Connecticut,  obtained  a  liberal  grant  of  lauds  from  the 
established  Government,  and  on  his  death  his  son  was  treated  in  an 
equally  liberal  manner.  The  glowing  accounts  rendered  by  Aus- 
tin, and  the  vivid  picture  of  Elysian  tields  drawn  by  visiting  jour- 
nalists, soon  resulted  in  the  influx  of  a  large  tide  of  immigrants, 
nor  did  the  movement  to  the  Southwest  cease  until  1830,  The 
Mexican  province  held  a  prosperous  population,  comprising  10,000 
American  citizens.  The  rapacious  Government  of  the  Mexicans 
looked  with  greed  and  jealousy  upon  their  eastern  province,  and, 
under  the  presidency  of  Gen.  Santa  Anna,  enacted  such  measures, 
both  unjust  and  oppressive,  as  would  meet  their  design  of  goading 
the  people  of  Texas  on  to  revolution,  and  thus  afford  an  opportu- 
nity for  the  infliction  of  punishment  upon  subjects  whose  only 
crime  Avas  industry  and  its  accompaniment,  prosperity.  Precisely 
in  keeping  with  the  course  pursued  by  the  British  toward  the  col- 
onists of  the  Eastern  States  in  the  last  century,  Santa  Anna's 
Government  met  the  remonstrances  of  the  colonists  of  Texas  with 
threats;  and  they,  secure  in  their  consciousness  of  right  quietly 
issued  their  declaration  of  independence,  and  proved  its  literal 
meaning  on  the  field  of  Gonzales  in  1835,  having  with  a  force  ot 

(136) 


UISTOKY    OF    INDIANA.  137 

500  men  forced  llic  Mexican  army  of  1,000  to  11  j  for  refnf,^e  to  their 
strongholds.  Battle  after  battle  followed,  bringing  victory  always 
to  the  Cfolonists,  and  ultimately  resulting  in  the  total  rout  of  the 
Mexican  ariny  and  the  evacuation  of  Texas.  The  routed  army 
after  a  short  term  of  rest  reorganized,  and  reapjiearcd  in  the  Terri- 
tory, 8,000  strong.  On  April  21,  a  division  of  this  large  force 
under  Santa  Anna  encountered  the  Texans  under  General  Samuel 
Houston  on  the  banks  of  the  San  Jacinto,  and  though  Houston 
could  only  oppose  800  men  to  the  Mexican  legions,  the  latter  were 
driven  from  the  field,nor  could  they  reform  their  scattered  ranks  until 
their  General  was  captured  next  day  and  forced  to  sign  the  declaration 
of  1835.  The  signature  of  Santa  Anna,  though  ignored  by  the 
Congress  of  the  Mexican  Kepublic,  and  consequently  left  iinratified 
on  the  part  of  Mexico,  was  effected  in  so'  much,  that  after  the  sec- 
ond defeat  of  the  army  of  that  Republic  all  the  hostilities  of  an 
important  nature  ceased,  the  Republic  of  Texas  was  recognized  by 
the  powers,  and  subsequently  became  an  integral  part  of  the  United 
States,  July  4,  1846.  At  this  period  General  Herrera  was  pres- 
ident of  Mexico.  He  was  a  man  of  peace,  of  common  sense,  and 
very  patriotic;  and  he  thus  entertained,  or  pretended  to  enter- 
tain, the  great  neighboring  Republic  in  high  esteem.  For  this 
reason  he  gi-ew  unpopular  with  his  people,  and  General  Paredes 
was  called  to  the  presidential  chair,  which  he  continued  to  occupy 
until  the  breaking  out  of  actual  hostilities  with  the  United  States, 
when  Gen.  Santa  Anna  was  elected  thereto. 

President  Polk,  aware  of  the  state  of  feeling  in  Mexico,  ordered 
Gen.  Zachary  Taylor,  in  command  of  the  troops  in  the  Southwest,  to 
proceed  to  Texas,  and  post  himself  as  near  to  the  Mexican  border 
as  he  deemed  prudent.  At  the  same  time  an  American  squadron  was 
dispatched  to  the  vicinity,  in  the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  In  November, 
General  Taylor  had  taken  his  position  at  Corpus  Christi,  a  Texan 
settlement  on  a  bay  of  the  same  name,  with  about  4,000  men.  On 
the  13th  of  January,  1846,  the  President  ordered  him  to  advance 
with  his  forces  to  the  Rio  Grande;  accordingly  he  proceeded,  and 
in  March  stationed  himself  on  the  north  bank  of  that  river,  with- 
in cannon-shot  of  the  Mexican  town  of  Matamoras.  Here  he 
hastily  erected  a  fortress,  called  Fort  Brown.  The  territory  ly- 
ing between  the  river  Nueces  and  the  Rio  Grande  river,  about 
120  miles  in  width,  was  claimed  both  by  Texas  and  Mexico;  ac- 
cording to  the  latter,  therefore.  General  Taylor  had  actually 
invaded    her    Territory,    and    had     thus    committed     an    open 


138  IIISTOKY    OF   i:^'DIANA. 

act  of  war.  On  tlic  9,CA]i  of  April,  the  Mexican  General,  Ampudia, 
gave  notice  to  this  I'll'tjct  to  General  Taylor,  and  on  the  same  day  a 
party  of  American  drai^oons,  sixty-three  in  number,  being  on  tlic 
nortli  side  of  the  luo  Grande,  were  attacked,  and,  after  the  loss  of 
sixteen  men  killed  and  Vv'oundcd,  were  forced  to  surrender.  Their 
commandcj-,  Cajitain  Thornton,  only  escaped.  The  Mexican  forces 
liad  now  crossed  the  river  above  ]\[atamoras  and  were  supposed  to 
meditate  an  attack  on  Point  Isabel,  where  Taylor  had  established  a 
depot  of  sup])lies  for  his  army.  On  the  1st  of  May,  this  officer  left 
a  small  number  of  troops  at  Fort  Brown,  and  marched  with  liis 
chief  forces,  twenty-three  hundred  men,  to  the  defense  of  Point 
Isabel.  Having  garrisoned  this  place,  he  set  out  on  his  return. 
On  the  8th  of  May,  about  noon,  he  met  the  Mexican  army,  six 
thousand  strong,  drawn  up  in  battle  arraj',  on  the  prairie  near  Palo 
Alto.  The  Americans  at  once  advanced  to  the  attack,  and,  after  an 
action  of  five  hours,  in  which  their  ai'tillery  was  very  effective, 
drove  the  enemy  before  them,  and  encam])ed  upon  the  field.  The 
Mexican  loss  was  about  one  hundred  killed;  that  ot  the  Americans, 
four  killed  and  forty  wounded.  Major  Ringgold,  of  the  artillery, 
an  officer  of  great  merit,  was  mortally  wounded.  The  next  day,  as 
the  Americans  advanced,  they  again  met  the  enemy  in  a  strong 
position  near  Resaca  de  la  Palma,  three  miles  from  Fort  Brown. 
An  action  commenced,  and  was  fiercely  contested,  the  artillery  ou 
both  sides  being  served  with  great  vigor.  At  last  the  Mexicans 
gave  way,  and  fled  in  confusion.  General  de  la  Vega  having  fiillen 
into  the  hands  of  the  Americans.  They  also  abandoned  their  guns 
and  a  large  quantity  of  ammunition  to  the  victors.  The  remain- 
ing ]\Iexican  soldiers  speedily  crossed  the  Rio  Grande,  and  the  next 
day  the  Americans  took  up  their  position  at  Fort  Brown.  This 
little  fort,  in  the  absence  of  General  Taylor,  had  gallantly  sustained 
an  almost  uninterrupted  attack  of  several  days  from  the  Mexican 
batteries  of  Matamoras. 

When  the  news  of  the  capture  of  Captain  Thornton's  party  was 
spread  over  the  United  States,  it  produced  great  excitement.  The 
President  addressed  a  message  to  Congress,  then  in  session,  declar- 
ing "  that  war  with  Mexico  existed  by  her  own  act;"  and  that  body, 
May,  184G,  placed  ten  millions  of  dollars  at  the  President's  dispo- 
sal, and  authorized  him  to  accept  the  services  of  fifty  thousand 
volunteers.  A  great  part  of  the  summer  of  lSi6  was  spent  in  prep- 
aration for  the  war,  it  being  resolved  to  invade  Mexico  at  several 
points.     In  pursuance  of  this  plan.  General  Taylor,  who  had  taken 


inSTOKY    OF   INDIAXA.  1.19 

possession  of  Matamoras,  abandoned  bj  tbc  enemy  in  May,  niarcbcd 
northward  in  llie  enemy's  country  in  August,  and  on  the  10th  of 
Septcmner  he  appeared  before  Monterey,  capital  of  the  ^Mexican 
State  of  i^ew  Leon.  His  army,  after  havin/^  garrisoned  several 
places  along  his  route,  amounted  to  six  thousand  men.  The  attack 
began  on  the  21st,  and  after  a  succes.siun  of  assaults,  during  the 
period  of  four  days,  the  Mexicans  cajjitulated,  leaving  the  town 
in  possession  of  the  Americans.  In  October,  General  Taylor 
terminated  an  armistice  into  which  lie  had  entered  with  the 
Mexican  General,  and  again  commenced  offensive  operations. 
Various  tov/ns  and  fortresses  of  the  enemy  now  rapidly  fell  into 
our  possession.  In  ISTovember,  Saltillo,  the  capital  of  the  State 
of  Coahuila  was  occupied  by  the  division  of  General  "Worth; 
in  December,  General  Patterson  took  possession  of  Victoria, 
the  capital  of  Tamauiipas,  and  neai'ly  at  the  same  period, 
Commodore  Perry  captured  the  fort  of  Tampico.  Santa  Fe, 
the  capital  of  New  Mexico,  with  the  whole  territory  of  the  State 
had  been  subjugated  by  General  Harney,  after  a  march  of  one 
thousand  miles  through  the  wilderness.  Events  of  a  startling'  char- 
acter  had  taken  place  at  still  earlier  dates  along  the  Pacific  coast.  On 
the  4th  of  July,  Captain  Fremort,  having  repeatedly  defeated  su- 
perior Mexican  forces  with  the  small  band  under  his  command,  de- 
clared CaUfornia  independent  of  Mexico.  Other  important  places 
in  this  region  had  yielded  to  the  American  naval  force,  and  in  Au- 
gust, lSi6,  the  whole  of  California  was  in  the  undisputed  occupa- 
tion of  the  Americans. 

The  year  1847  opened  with  still  more  brilliant  victories  on  the 
part  of  our  armies.  By  the  drawing  off  of  a  large  part  of 
General  Taylor's  troops  for  a  meditated  attack  on  Vera  Cruz,  he 
was  left  with  a  comparatively  small  force  to  meet  the  great  body  of 
Mexican  troops,  now  marching  upon  him,  under  command,  of  the 
celebrated  Santa  Anna,  who  had  again  become  President  of  Mexico. 

Ascertaining  the  advance  of  this  powerful  army,  twenty  thou- 
sand, strong,  and  consisting  of  the  best  of  the  Mexican  soldiers, 
General  Taylor  took  up  his  position  at  Buena  Vista,  a  valley  a  few 
miles  from  Saltillo.  His  whole  troops  numbered  only  four  thousand 
seven  hundred  and  fifty-nine,  and  here,  on  the  23d  of  February,  he 
was  vigorously  attacked  by  the  Mexicans.  The  battle  was  very 
severe,  and  continued  nearly  the  whole  daj',  when  the  Mexicans  fled 
from  the  field  in  disorder,  with  a  loss  of  nearly  two  thousand  men. 
Santa  Anna  .speedily  withdrew,  and  thus  abandoned  the  region   of 


140  niSTOKY    OF   INDIANA. 

the  E.io  Graiulo  to  tlic  coiiiplctc  occu])ation  of  onr  troo]->s.  This  loft 
onr  forces  at  liberty  to  prosecute  the  grand  cnteriiririC  uf  the  caiu- 
pai^ni,  the  capture  of  the  strong  town  of  Vera  Uruz,  with  its  re- 
nowned castle  of  San  Juan  d'Ulloa.  On  the  9th  of  March,  18-17, 
General  Scott  landed  near  the  city  with  an  armv  of  twelve  thousand 
men,  and  on  the  ISth  commenced  an  attack.  For  four  days  and 
nights  an  ahnost  incessant  shower  of  shot  and  shells  was  pouretl 
upon  the  devoted  town,  while  the  batteries  of  the  castle  and  the  city 
replied  with  terrible  energy.  At  last,  as  the  Americans  were  pre- 
paring for  an  assault,  the  Governor  of  the  city  offered  to  surrender, 
and  on  the  26th  the  American  flag  floated  triumphantly  from  the 
walls  of  the  castle  and  tlie  city.  General  Scott  now  prepared  to 
march  upon  the  city  of  Mexico,  the  capital  of  the  country,  situated 
two  hundred  miles  in  the  interior,  and  approached  only  through  a 
series  of  rugged  passes  and  mountain  fastnesses,  rendered  still  more 
formidable  by  several  strong  fortresses.  On  the  8th  of  April  the 
army  commenced  their  march.  At  Oerro  Gordo,  Santa  Anna  had 
posted  himself  with  fifteen  thousand  men.  On  the  18th  the  Amer- 
icans began  the  daring  attack,  and  by  midday  every  intrenchment 
of  the  enemy  had  been  carried.  The  loss  of  the  Mexicans  in  this 
remarkable  battle,  besides  one  thousand  killed  and  wounded,  was 
three  thousand  prisoners,  forty-three  pieces  of  cannon,  five 
thousand  stand  of  arms,  and  all  their  amunitions  and  mate- 
rials of  war.  The  loss  of  the  Americans,  was  four  hundred 
and  thirty-one  in  killed  and  wounded.  The  next  day  our  forces 
advanced,  and,  capturing  fortress  after  fortress,  came  on  the 
18th  of  August  within  ten  miles  of  Mexico,  a  city  of  two  hun- 
dred thousand  inhabitants,  and  situated  in  one  of  the  most 
beautiful  valleys  in  the  world.  On  the  20th  they  attacked  and 
carried  the  strong  batteries  of  Contreras,  garrisoned  by  7,000  men, 
in  an  impetuous  assault,  which  lasted  but  seventeen  minutes.  On 
the  same  day  an  attack  was  made  by  the  Americans  on  the  fortified 
post  of  Churubusco,  four  miles  northeast  of  Contreras,  Here 
nearly  the  entire  Mexican  army — more  than  20,000  in  number — 
were  posted;  but  they  were  defeated  at  every  point,  and  obliged  to 
seek  a  retreat  in  the  city,  or  the  still  remaining  fortress  of  Chapul- 
tepec.  While  preparations  were  being  made  on  the  21st  by  Gen- 
eral Scott,  to  level  his  batteries  against  the  city,  prior  to  summon- 
ing it  to  surrender,  he  received  propositions  from  the  enemy,  which 
terminated  in  an  armistice.  This  ceased  on  the  7th  of  September. 
On  the  8th   the  outer   defense  of  Chap ul tepee   was   successfully 


inSTOUY    OK    IXIHANA.  14:1 

stormed  l)j  General  ^Vortli,  tliough  he  lost  one-fourtli  of  his  men 
in  the  (lcs[)crate  strug'i^le.  Tlic  castle  of  ChapuUc|icc,  situated  on 
an  abiii])t  and  rocky  eiuiiirnce,  150  feet  above  the  f^urroundini^ 
conntr}',  presented  a  most  formidable  object  of  attack.  On  the 
12tli,  however,  the  batteries  were  opened  against  it,  and  on  the 
next  day  the  citadel  was  carried  by  storm.  The  Mexicans  still  strug- 
gled along  the  great  causeway  leading  to  the  city,  as  the  Americans 
advanced,  but  before  nightfal  a  part  of  our  army  was  Vvithin  the 
gates  of  the  city.  Santa  Anna  and  the  olHcers  of  the  Government 
fled,  and  the  next  morning,  at  seven  o'clock,  the  flag  cf  the  Ameri- 
cans floated  from  the  national  palace  of  ]\rexico.  Tliis  conf[uest  of 
the  capital  was  the  great  and  final  achievement  of  the  war.  The 
Mexican  republic  was  in  fact  prostrate,  her  sea;Coast  and  chief 
cities  being  in  the  occupation  of  our  troops.  On  the  2d  of  Feb- 
ruary, ISIS,  terms  of  peace  were  agreed  upon  by  the  American 
commissioner  and  the  Mexican  Government,  this  treaty  being  rati- 
fied by  the  Mexican  Congress  on  the  30th  of  May  following,  and 
by  the  United  States  soon  after.  President  Polk  proclaiiacd  peace 
on  the  4th  of  July,  184S.  In  the  preceding  sketch  we  have  given 
only  a  mere  outline  of  the  war  with  Mexico.  "We  have  necessarily 
passed  over  many  interesting  events,  and  have  not  even  named 
many  of  our  soldiers  who  performed  gallant  and  important  ser- 
vices. General  Taylor's  successful  operations  in  the  region  of  the 
Hio  Grande  were  duly  honored  bj^  the  people  of  the  United  States, 
by  bestowing  upon  him  the  Presidency.  General  Scott's  campaign, 
from  the  attack  on  Vera  Cruz,  to  the  surrender  of  the  city  of 
Mexico,  was  far  more  remarkable,  and,  in  a  military  point  of  view, 
miist  be  considered  as  one  of  the  most  brilliant  of.  modern  times.  It 
is  true  the  Mexicans  are  not  to  be  ranked  with  the  great  nations  of 
the  earth;  with  a  population  of  seven  or  eight  millions,  they  have 
little  more  than  a  million  of  the  white  race,  the  rest  being  half-civ- 
ilized Indians  and  mestizos,  that  is,  those  of  mixed  blood.  Their 
government  is  inefficient,  and  the  people  divided  among  them- 
selves. Their  soldiers  often  fought  bravely,  but  they  were  badly 
officered.  While,  therefore,  we  may  consider  the  conquest  of  so 
extensive  and  populous  a  country,  in  so  short  a  time,  and  attended 
with  such  constant  superiority  even  to  the  greater  numbers  of  the 
enemy,  as  highly  gratifying  evidence  of  the  courage  and  capacity 
of  our  army,  still  we  must  not,  in  judging  of  our  achievements,  fail 
to  consider  the  real  weakness  of  the  nation  whom  we  vanquished. 


142  lllsrolJV    OF    INDIANA. 

One  tiling  we  may  certainly  dwell  upon  with  satisfaction — the  ad- 
mirable example,  notonl^'asa  soldier,  bntas  a  man,  set  by  our  com- 
mander, Gen.  Scott,  who  seems,  in  the  midst  of  war  and  the  ordinary 
license  of  the  canij),  always  to  have  preserved  the  virtue,  kindness, 
and  humanity  belongino-  to  a  state  of  peace.  These  qualities 
secured  to  him  the  respect,  confidence  and  good-will  even  of  the 
enemy  he  had  conquered.  Among  the  Generals  who  effectually 
aided  General  Scott  in  this  remarkable  campaign,  we  must  not 
omit  to  mention  the  names  of  Generals  Wool,  Twiggs,  Shields, 
Worth,  Smith,  and  Quitman,  who  generally  added  to  the  high 
qualities  of  soldiers  the  still  more  estimable  characteristics  of 
good  men.  The  treaty  of  Guadalupe-IIidalgo  stipulated  that  the 
disputed  territory  between  the  Nueces  and  the  Rio  Grande  should 
belong  to  the  United  States,  and  it  now  forms  a  part  of  Texas,  as 
has  been  already  stated;  that  the  United  States  should  assume  and 
pay  the  debts  due  from  Mexico  to  American  citizens,  to  the  amount 
of  $3,500,000;  and  that,  in  consideration  of  the  sum  of  $15,000,000 
to  be  paid  by  the  United  States  to  Mexico,  the  latter  should 
relinquish  to  the  former  the  whole  of  New  Mexico  and  Upper 
California. 

The  soldiers  of  Indiana  who  served  in  this  war  were  formed  into 
five  regiments  of  volunteers,  numbered  respectively,  1st,  2d,  3rd, 
4:th  and  5th.  The  fact  that  companies  of  the  three  first-named  reg- 
iments served  at  times  with  the  men  of  Illinois,  the  Nevv^  York 
volunteers,  the  Palmettos  of  South  Carolina,  and  United  States 
marines,  under  Gen.  James  Shields,  makes  for  them  a  history;  be- 
cause the  campaigns  of  the  Hio  Grande  and  Chihuahua,  the  siege 
of  Vera  Cruz,  the  desperate  encounter  at  Cerro  Gordo,  the  tragic 
contests  in  the  valley,  at  Contrcras  and  Churubusco,  the  storming 
of  Chapultepec,  and  the  planting  of  the  stars  and  stripes  upon 
every  turret  and  spire  within  the  conquered  city  of  Mexico,  were 
all  carried  out  by  the  gallant  troops  under  the  favorite  old  General, 
and  consequently  each  of  them  shared  with  him  in  the  glories  at- 
tached to  such  exploits.  The  other  regiments  under  Cols.  Gorman 
and  Lane  participated  in  the  contests  of  the  period  under  other  com- 
manders. The  4th  Regiment  of  Indiana  Volunteers,  comprising 
ten  companies,  was  formally  organized  at  Jeffersonville,  Indiana, 
by  Capt.  R.  C.  Gatlin,  June  lo,  1S47,  and  on  the  16th  elected 
Major  Willis  A.  Gorman,  of  the  3rd  Regiment,  to  the  Colonelcy; 
Ebenezer  Dumont,  Lieutenant-Colonel,  and  W.  McCoy,  Major.  On 
the  27th  of  June  the  regiment  left  Jeffersonville  for  the  front,  and 


niSTOliY    OF   INDIANA.  143 

subsequently  was  assigned  to  Brigadier-General  Lane's  command, 
wliicli  then  comprised  a  battery  of  five  pieces  from  the  3rd  Regi- 
ment JJtS.  Artillery;  a  battery  of  two  pieces  from  the  2nd  Regiment 
U.  S.  Rrtillery,  the  ith  Regiment  of  Indiana  Vohmteers  and  the  4th 
Regiment  of  Ohio,  with  a  squadron  of  mounted  Louisianians  and 
detachments  of  recruits  for  tJio  U.  S.  army.  The  troops  of  this 
brigade  won  signal  honors  at  Passo  do  Ovegas,  August  10,  1S47; 
ISational  Bridge,  on  the  12tlr,  Cerro  Gordo,  on  the  15th;  Las  Ani- 
mas, on  the  19th,  under  Maj.  F.  T.  Lally,  of  General  Lane's  staff, 
and  afterward  under  Lane,  directly,  took  a  very  prominent  part  in. 
the  siege  of  Pucbla,  which  began  on  the  loth  of  September  and 
terminated  on  tlie  12th  of  October.  At  Atlixco,  October  i9th; 
Tlascala,  ISTovember  10th;  Matamoras  and  Pass  Galajara,  Novem- 
ber 23rd  and  24th;  Guerrilla  Ranche,  December  5th;  JSTapaloncan, 
December  10th,  the  Indiana  volunteers  of  the  4th  Regiment  per- 
formed gallant  service,  and  carried  the  campaign  into  the  following 
year,  representing  their  State  at  St.  Martin's,  February  27,  1848; 
Cholula,  March  26th;  Matacordera,  February  i9th;  Sequalteplan, 
February  25th;  and  on  the  cessation  of  hostilities  reported  at 
Madison,  Indiana,  for  discharge,  July  11,  1848;  while  the  5th  In- 
diana Regiment,  under  Col.  J.  H.  Lane,  underwent  a  similar  round 
of  duty  during  its  service  with  other  brigades,  and  gained  some 
celebrity  at  Yera  Cruz,  Churubusco  and  with  the  troops  of  Illinois 
under  Gen.  Shields  at  Chapultepec. 

This  war  cost  the  people  of  the  United  States  sixty-six  millions 
of  dollars.  This  very  large  amount  was  not  paid  away  for  the  at- 
tainment of  mere  glory;  there  was  something  else  at  stake,  and 
this  something  proved  to  be  a  country  larger  and  more  fertile  than 
the  France  of  the  Napoleons,  and  more  steady  and  sensible  than 
the  France  of  the  Republic.  It  was  the  defense  of  the  great  Lone 
Star  State,  the  humiliation  and  chastisement  of  a  quarrelsome 
neio-hbor. 


SLAVERY. 

We  havG  already  referred  to  tlie  proliibition  of  slavery  in  tlic 
!Nortlnvestern  Territoiy,  and  Indiana  Territory  by  tlie  ordinance  of 
17S7;  to  tlie  imperfection  in  the  execntion  of  tiiis  ordinance  and  tiie 
troubles  wliicL  the  autliorities  encountered;  and  tlie  complete  estab- 
lishment of  the  principles  of  freedom  on  the  oro-anization  of  the  State. 
The  next  item  of  significsmce  in  this  connection  is  the  following  lan- 
guage in  the  message  of  Gov.  B.dj  to  the  Legislature  of  ISl'S:  "  Since 
our  last  separation,  while  wc  have  witnessed  with  anxious  solicitude 
the  belligerent  operations  of  another  hemisphere,  the  cross  contend- 
ing against  the  crescent,  and  the  prospect  of  a  general  rupture  among 
the  legitimates  of  other  quarters  of  the  globe,  our  attention  has 
been  arrested  by  proceedings  in  our  own  country  truly  dangerous 
to  liberty,  seriously  premeditated,  and  disgraceful  to  its  authors 
if  agitated  only  to  tamper  with  the  American  people.  If  such  ex- 
periments as  we  see  attempted  in  certain  deluded  quarters  do  not 
fall  with  a  burst  of  thunder  upon  the  heads  of  their  seditious  pro- 
jectors, then  indeed  the  Kepublic  has  begun  to  experience  the  days 
of  its  degeneracy.  The  union  of  these  States  is  the  peojjle's  oni}'' 
sure  charter  for  their  liberties  and  independence.  Dissolve  it  and 
each  State  will  soon  be  in  a  condition  as  deplorable  as  Alexander's 
conquered  countries  after  they  were  divided  amongst  his  victorious 
military  captains." 

In  pursuance  of  a  joint  resolution  of  the  Legislature  of  1850,  a 
block  of  native  marble  was  procured  and  forwarded  to  "Washington, 
to  be  placed  in  the  monument  then  in  the  course  of  erection  at  the 
JTational  Capital  in  memory  of  George  "Washington,  In  the 
absence  of  any  legislative  instruction  concerning  the  inscripLi.-jn 
upon  this  emblem  of  Indiana's  loyalty.  Gov.  Wright  ordered  the 
following  words  to  be  inscribed  upon  it:  Indiana  Knows  No 
North,  'No  South,  Nothing  but  the  Union.  "Within  a  dozen 
years  thereafter  this  noble  State  demonstrated  to  the  world  her  loj^- 
alty  to  the  Union  and  the  principles  of  freedom  by  the  sacrifice  of 
blood  and  treasure  which  she  made.  In  keeping  with  this  senti- 
ment Gov.  "Wright  indorsed  the  compromise  measures  of  Congress 
on  the  slavery  question,  remarking  in  his  message  that  "Indiana 
takes  her  stand  in  the  ranks,   not  of  Southern  destiny,  nor  yet  of 

(144) 


'i 


7^ 


SCENE  ON  THE  WABASH  KIVER. 


HISTOKY   Oli'    INDIANA.  I.J.7 

^Northern  destiny:  slic  phuits  herself  on  tlie  biisis  of  tlic  Consti- 
tution and  takes  lier  stand  in  tlie  ranks  of  American  destiny." 

FIFTKKNTH    AMENDMENT. 

At  tlie  session  of  tlic  Legislature  in  January,  1809,  tlie  subject 
of  ratifying  the  fifteenth  cimendnient  to  the  Federal  Constitution, 
allowing  negro  suffrage,  came  up  with  such  persistency  tliat  neither 
party  dared  to  undertake  any  other  business  lest  it  be  checkmated 
in  some  way,  and  being  at  a  dead  lock  on  this  matter,  they  adjourn- 
ed in  March  without  having  done  much  important  business.  The 
Democrats,  as  well  as  a  portion  of  the  conservative  Republicans, 
opposed  its  consideration  strongly  on  the  ground  that  it  would  be 
unfair  to  vote  on  the  question  until  the  people  of  the  State  had  had 
an  opportunity  of  expressing  their  views  at  the  polls;  but  most  of 
the  Republicans  resolved  to  push  the  measure  through,  while  the 
Democrats  resolved  to  resign  in  a  body  and  leave  tlie  Legislature 
witliout  a  quorum.  Accordingly,  on  March  4,  17  Senators  and  36 
Representatives  resigned,  leaving  both  houses  without  a  quorum. 

As  the  early  adjournment  of  the  Legislature  left  the  benevolent 
institutions  of  tlie  State  unprovided  for,  the  Governor  convened 
that  body  in  extr.  session  as  soon  as  possible,  and  after  the  neces- 
sary appropriations  were  made,  on  the  19th  of  May  the  fifteenth 
amendment  came  up;  but  in  anticipation  of  this  the  Democratic 
members  had  all  resigned  and  claimed  that  there  was  no  quorum 
present.  There  was  a  quorum,  however,  of  Senators  in  office, 
though  some  of  them  refused  to  vote,  declaring  that  they  were  no 
longer  Senators;  but  the  president  of  that  body  decided  that  as  he 
had  not  been  informed  of  their  resignation  by  the  Governor,  they 
were  still  members.  A  vote  ■was  taken  and  the  ratifying  resolution 
was  adopted.  When  the  resolution  came  up  in  the  House,  the 
chair  decided  that,  although  the  Democratic  members  had  resigned 
there  was  a  quorum  of  the  de-facto  members  present,  and  the 
House  proceeded  to  pass  the  resolution.  This  decision  of  the  chair 
was  afterward  sustained  by  the  Supreme  Court. 

At  the  next  regular  session  of  the  Legislature,  in  1871,  the 
Democrats  undertook  to  repeal  the  ratification,  and  the  Republican 
members  resigned  to  prevent  it.  The  Democrats,  as  the  Republi- 
cans did  on  the  previous  occasion,  proceeded  to  pass  their  resolu- 
tion of  repeal;  but  while  the  process  was  under  way,  before  the 
House  Committee  had  time  to  report  on  the  matter,  31:  Republican 
members  resigned,  thereby  preventing  its  passage  and  putting  a 
stop  to  further  legislation. 


INDIANA  IX  THE  WAR. 

The  events  of  the  earlier  ycnrs  of  tliirs  State  have  l)eon  reviewed 
down  to  that  period  in  the  nation's  Jii.stor}'  when  the  Republic  de- 
manded a  first  eacri (ice  from  the  newly  erected  States;  to  the  time 
\vheTi  tlie  very  safety  of  the  glorious  heritage,  bequeathed  by  the 
fathers  as  a  rich  legacy,  was  threatened  with  a  fate  worse  tlian  death 
— a  life  under  laws  that  liarbored  the  slave — a  civil  defiance  of  the 
first  principles  of  the  Constitution. 

Indiana  was  among  the  first  to  respond  to  the  summons  of  patri- 
otism, and  register  itself  on  the  national  roll  of  honor,  even  as  she 
was  among  the  first  to  join  in  that  song  of  joy  which  greeted  a  Re- 
jjublic  made  doubly  glorious  within  a  century  by  the  dual  victory 
which  won  liberty  for  itself,  and  next  bestowed  the  precious  boon 
upon  the  colored  slave. 

The  fall  of  Fort  Sumter  was  a  signal  fur  the  uprising  of  the  State. 
The  news  of  the  calamity  was  flashed  to  Indianapolis  on  the  lithof 
April,  18G1,  and  early  the  next  morning  the  electric  wire  brought 
the  welcome  message  to  Washington: — 

EXECDTIVE  DKrARTMENT  OF  INDIANA,  ) 

lNDiAN.\rons,  April  15,  18U1.     ) 
To  AcRAnAM  Lincoln,  President  of  the  United  States: — On  behalf  of  the  State 
of  Indiana,  1  tender  to  you  for  the  defense  of  the  Kation,  and  to  uphold  the  au- 
thority of  the  Govermnent,  ten  thousand  men. 

OLIVER  P.  IIORTON, 
Governor  of  Indiana. 

This  may  be  considered  the  first  official  act  of  Governor  Morton, 
who  had  just  entered  on  the  duties  of  his  exalted  position.  The 
State  was  in  an  almost  helpless  condition,  and  yet  the  faith  of  the 
"War  Governor  "  was  prophetic,  when,  after  a  short  consultation 
with  the  members  of  the  Executive  Council,  he  relied  on  the  fidelity 
of  ten  thousand  men  and  promised  their  services  to  the  Protectorate 
at  Washington,  This  will  be  more  apparent  when  the  military 
condition  of  the  State  at  the  beginning  of  1861  is  considered.  At 
that  time  the  armories  contained  less  than  five  hundred  stand  of 
serviceable  small  arras,  eight  pieces  of  cannon  which  might  be  use- 
ful in  a  museum  of  antiquities,  with  sundry  weapons  which  would 
merel}'- do  credit  to  tlie  aborigines  of  one  hundred  years  ago.  The 
financial  condition  of  the  State  was  even  worse  than  the  military. 

(148) 


HISTORY    OF   INDIANA. 


U9 


The  sum  of  SIO.oGS/.jS  in  trust  fniKls  was  the  amount  of  cash  in  the 
hands  of  tlic  Treasurer,  and  this  was,  to  all  intents  and  ])urposcs 
unavaifalile  to  meet  tlie  emcr<>'ency,  since  it  could  not  bo  devoted 
to  the  military  recjuircments  of  the  day.  This  state  of  aflairs  was 
dispiriting  in  the  extreme,  and  would  doubtless  have  militated 
against  tl  10  ultimate  success  of  any  other  man  than  Morton;  yet 
he  overleaped  every  difliculty,  nor  did  the  fearful  realization  of 
Floyd's  treason,  discovered  during  his  visit  to  "Washington,  damp 
his  indomitable  courage  and  energy,  but  with  rare  persistence  he 
urged  the  claims  of  his  State,  and  for  his  exertions  was  requited 
with  an  order  for  five  thousand  muskets.  The  order  was  not  exe- 
cuted until  hostilities  were  actually  entered  upon,  and  consequently 
for  some  days  succeeding  the  publication  of  the  President's  procla- 
mation the  people  labored  under  a  feeling  of  terrible  anxiety  min- 
gled with  uncertainty,  amid  the  confusion  which  followed  the  crim- 
inal negligence  that  permitted  the  disbandment  of  the  magnificent 
corps  d'  armee  (51,000  men)  of  1832  two  years  later  in  183-1,  Great 
numbers  of  the  people  maintained  their  equanaraity  with  the  result 
of  beholding  within  a  brief  space  of  time  every  square  mile  of  their 
State  represented  by  soldiers  prepared  to  figlit  to  the  bitter  end  iw. 
defense  of  cherished  institutions,  and  for  the  extension  of  the  prin- 
ciple  of  human  liberty  to  all  States  and  classes  within  the  limits  of 
the  threatened  Union.  This,  tiicirzeal,  was  not  animated  by  hos- 
tility to  the  slave  holders  of  the  Southern  States,  but  rather  by  a 
fraternal  spirit,  akin  to  that  which  urges  the  eldest  brother  to  cor- 
rect the  persistent  follies  of  his  juniors,  and  thus  lead  them  from 
crime  to  the  maintenance  of  family  honor;  in  this  correction,  to 
draw  them  away  from  all  that  was  cruel,  diabolical  and  inhuman  in 
the  Republic,  to  all  that  is  gentle,  holy  and  sublime  therein.  Many 
of  the  raw  troops  were  not  only  unimated  by  a  patriotic  feeling, 
but  also  by  that  beautiful  idealization  of  the  poet,  who  in  his  un- 
conscious Republicanism,  said: 

"  I  would  not  have  a  slave  to  till  my  ground, 

To  carry  me,  to  fan  me  while  I  sleep, 

And  tremble  when  I  wake,  for  all  the  wealth 

That  sinews  bought  and  sold  have  ever  earned 

No :  dear  as  freedom  is — and,  in  my  heart's 

Just  estimation,  prized  above  all  price — 

I  had  much  rather  be  myself  the  slave, 

And  wear  the  bonds,  than  fasten  them  on  him." 

Thus  animated,  it  is  not  a  matter  for  surprise  to  find  the  first 
call  to  arms  issued  by  the  President,  and  calling  for  75,000  men, 


150  JIlJ^TOUr   OF   INDIAXA. 

answered  nobly  by  tlic  jicoplc  of  Indiana.  Tlic  quota  of  troops  to 
be  furnished  by  tlie  State  on  the  first  call  was  4,083  men  fur  three 
years' service  from  April  15,1800.  On  the  IGth  of  April,  (4ov- 
ernor  Morton  issued  his  proelamation  calling  on  all  citizens  of  the 
State;  M'ho  had  the  welfare  of  the  Republic  at  heart,  to  organize 
themselves  into  six  regiments  in  defense  of  their  rights,  and  in 
opposition  to  the  varied  acts  of  rebellion,  charged  by  him  against 
the  Southern  Confederates.  To  this  end,  the  lion.  Lewis  "Wallace, 
a  soldier  of  the  j\[exican  campaign  was  aj^pointed  Adjutant-Genenxl, 
Col.  Thomas  A.  Morris  of  the  United  States  Military  Academy, 
Quartermaster-General,  and  Isaiah  Mansur,  a  merchant  of  Indian- 
apolis, Commissary-General.  These  general  officers  converted  the 
grounds  and  buildings  of  the  State  Board  of  Agriculture  into  a 
military  lieadquarters,  and  designated  the  position  Camp  Morton, 
as  the  beginning  of  the  many  honors  which  were  to  follow  the  pop- 
ular Governor  throughout  his  future  career.  Now  the  people,  im- 
bued with  confidence  in  their  Government  and  leaders,  rose  to  the 
grandeur  of  American  freemen,  and  with  an  enthusiasm  never 
equaled  hitherto,  flocked  to  the  standard  of  the  nation;  so  that 
within  a  few  days  (19tli  April)  2,400  men  wbyg  ranked  beneath 
their  regimental  banners,  until  as  the  official  report  testifies,  the 
anxious  question,  passing  from  mouth  to  mouth,  was,  "  Which  of 
us  will  be  allowed  to  go?  "  It  seerned  as  if  Indiana  was  about  to 
monopolize  the  honors  of  the  period,  and  place  the  75,000  men 
demanded  of  the  Union  by  the  President,  at  his  disposition.  Even 
now  under  the  genial  sway  of  guaranteed  peace,  the  features  of 
Indiana's  veterans  flush  with  righteous  pride  when  these  days — re- 
membrances of  heroic  sacrifice — are  named,  and  freemen,  still  un- 
born, will  read  their  history  only  to  be  blessed  and  glorified  in  the 
possession  of  such  trul}^,  noble  progenitors.  Nor  were  the  ladies 
of  the  State  unmindful  of  their  duties.  Everywhere  thej^  partook 
of  the  general  enthusiasm,  and  made  it  practical  so  far  as  in  their 
power,  by  embroidering  and  presenting  standards  and  regimental 
colors,  organizing  aid  and  relief  societies,  and  by  many  other  acts 
of  patriotism  and  humanity  inherent  in  the  high  nature  of  woman. 
During  the  days  set  apart  by  the  military  authorities  for  the  or- 
ganization of  the  regiments,  the  financiers  of  the  State  were  en- 
gaged in  the  reception  of  munificent  grants  of  money  fi'om  pri- 
vate citizens,  while  the  money  merchants  within  and  without  the 
State  oflxjred  large  loans  to  the  recognized  Legislature  without  even 
imposing  a  condition  of  payment.     This  most  practical  generosity 


niSTOKY    OF   IXniANA.  151 

strengthened  tin;  hands  of  tlie  Executive,  and  witliln  a  very  few  days 
Indlana^liad  jiassed  tlio  crucia]  test,  recovered  some  of  her  military 
prestige  lost  in  lS3Jt,  and  so  was  prepared  to  vie  with  the  other 
and  wealthier  States  in  making  sacrifices  for  the  public  welfare. 

On  the  20th  of  April,  Messrs,  I.  S.  Dobbs  and  Alvis  D.  Gall  re- 
ceived their  appointments  as  illedical  Inspectors  of  the  Division, 
while  Major  T.  J.  Wood  arrived  at  headquarters  frona  "Washington 
to  receive  the  newly  organized  regiments  into  the  service  of  the 
Union.  At  the  moment  this  formal  proceeding  took  place,  Morton, 
unable  to  restrain  the  patriotic  ardor  of  the  people,  telegraphed  to 
the  capitol  that  he  could  place  six  regiments  of  infantry  at  the  dis- 
posal of  the  General  Government  within  six  days,  if  such  a  pro- 
ceeding were  acceptable;  but  in  consequence  of  the  wires  being  cut 
between  the  State  and  Federal  capitols,  no  answer  came.  Taking 
advantage  of  the  little  doubt  v.duch  may  have  had  existence  in  re- 
gard to  future  action  in  the  matter  and  in  the  absence  of  general 
orders,  he  gave  expression  to  an  intention  of  placing  the  volunteers 
in  camp,  and  in  his  message  to  the  Legislature,  who  assembled  three 
da^^s  later,  he  clearl}!^  laid  down  the  principle  of  immediate  action 
and  sti'oug  measures,  recommending  a  note  of  $1,000,000  for  there- 
organization  of  the  volunteers,  for  the  purchase  of  arms  and  supplies, 
and  for  the  punishment  of  treason.  The  message  was  received  most 
•enthusiastically.  The  assembly  recognized  the  great  points  made 
by  the  Governor,  and  not  only  yielded  to  them  in  toto^  but  also  made 
the  following  grand  appropriations: 

General  military  purposes $1,000,000 

Purchase  of  arms 500,000 

Contingent  military  expenses 100,000 

Organization  and  support  of  militia  for  two  years 140,000 

These  appropriations,  together  with  the  laws  enacted  during  the 
session  of  the  Assembly,  speak  for  the  men  of  Indiana.  The  celerity 
with  which  these  laws  were  put  in  force,  thediligince  and  economy 
exercised  by  the  officers,  entrusted  with  their  administration,  and 
that  s^'^steraatic  genius,  under  which  all  the  machinery  of  Govern- 
ment seemed  to  work  in  harmony, — all,  all,  tended  to  make  for  the 
State  a  spring-time  of  noble  deeds,  when  seeds  might  be  cast  along 
her  fertile  fields  and  in  the  streets  of  her  villages  of  industry  to 
grow  up  at  once  and  blossom  in  the  ray  of  fame,  and  after  to  bloom 
throughout  the  ages.  Within  three  days  after  the  opening  of  the 
extra  session  of  the  Legislature  (27th  April)  six  new  regiments  were 
organized,  and  commissioned  for  three  months'  service.    These  reg- 


15-: 


HISTOKY    OF    IXniAXA. 


iments,  notwitlistandiiig  tlio  fact,  that  llic  first  six  regiments  wero 
already  mustered  into  tiio  general  service,  wore  known  as  ''Tlie 
First  Erigiidc,  Indiana  ^''oluntee^s,"  anil  witli  tlie  sinijile  ubjoet  of 
making  the  way  of  the  future  student  of  a  brilliant  liistory  clear, 
were  numbered  respectivch' 

Sixth  llegiment,  commanded  by  Col.  T.  T.   (^riUenden. 

Seventh     "  "  "     "     Ebcnczcr  Duniont. 

Eighth      "  "  "     '•     W.  P.  Benton. 

Ninth        "  "  "     "     Tt.  II.  Milroy. 

Tenth        "  "  "     «     T.  T.  Reynolds. 

Eleventh  "  "  "     "     Lewis  Wallace. 

The  idea  of  these  numbers  was  suggested  by  the  fact  that  the 
military  representation  of  Indiana  in  the  Mexican  Camjiaigu  was 
one  brigade  of  five  regiments,  and  to  observe  consecutiveness  the 
regiments  comprised  in  the  first  division  of  volunteers  were  thus 
uumbered,  and  the  entire  force  placed  under  Brigadier  General  T. 
A.  Morris,  with  the  following  staff:  John  Love,  Major;  Cyrus  C* 
Hines,  Aid-de-camp;  and  J.  A.  Stein,  Assistant  Adjutant  General. 
To  follow  the  fortunes  of  these  volunteers  through  all  the  vicissi- 
tudes of  war  would  prove  a  special  work;  yet  their  valor  and  endur- 
ance during  their  first  term  of  service  deserved  a  notice  of  even  more 
value  than  that  of  the  historian,  since  a  commander's  opiniou  has 
to  be  taken  as  the  basis  upon  which  the  chronicler  may  expatiate. 
Therefore  the  following  dispatch,  dated  from  the  headquarters  of  the 
Army  of  Occupation,  Beverly  Camp,  W.  Virginia,  July  21,  1861^ 
must  be  taken  as  one  of  the  first  evidences  of  their  utility  and 
valor: — 

"GoYERXOR  O.  P.  Morton,  ImlinnapoUs,  Indiana 

Governor: — I  have  directed  the  three  montlis'  regiments  from  Indiana  to 
move  to  Indianapolis,  there  to  be  mustered  out  and  reorganized  for  three  years' 
service. 

I  cannot  permit  them  to  return  to  you  without  again  expressing  my  high 
appreciation  of  the  distinguished  valor  and  endurance  of  the  Indiana  troops,  and 
my  hope  that  but  a  short  time  A\ill  elapse  before  I  have  the  pleasure  of  knowing 
that  they  are  again  ready  for  the  field.        ******* 
I  am,  very  respectfully,  your  obedient  servant, 
George  B.  ."McClellan, 
Mcijor-Qenend,  U.  8.  A, 

On  the  return  of  the  troops  to  Indianapolis,  July  29,  Brigadier 
Morris  issued  a  length^',  logical  and  well-deserved  congratulatory 
address,  from  which  one  paragraph  may  be  extracted  to  characterize 


TIISTOKY    OF   INDIANA.  153 

the  "U-holo.  After  ])assiiig  a  glowing  cviloginni  on  tlicir  military 
qualities  aiul  on  tliai  unexcelled  gallantry  (Jibplayod  at  Laurel  Ilill, 
Pbillipi  and  Carrick'e  P^ord,  Le  says: — 

''Soldiers!  You  have  now  ii'turncd  1o  llic  friends  whose  j)raj-cr.s  went  with  you 
to  the  lield  of  strife.  They  welcome  you  with  pride  and  exultation.  Your  State 
and  coimtry  acknowledge  tht!  v.aluc  of  your  lahors.  IMay  j'our  future  career  he  as 
your  past  has  been, — honorahle  to  jxnuvclves  and  servii;(;able  to  yonr  country." 

The  six  regiments  forming  Morris'  brigade,  together  with  one 
composed  of  the  surplus  volunteers,  for  whom  there  was  no  regi- 
ment in  April,  now  formed  a  di\'ision  of  seven  regiments,  all  reor- 
ganized fur  three  years'  service,  l)etween  the  20th  August  and  20th 
September,  with  the  exception  of  the  new  or  12th,  which  was  ac- 
cepted for  one  year's  service  from  May  11th,  imder  command  of 
Colonel  John  M.  "Wallace,  and  reorganized  ifay  17,  1863,  for  three 
years'  service  under  Col.  W.  II.  Link,  who,  with  172  oflicers  and 
men,  received  their  mortal  M'ounds  during  the  Richmond  (Ken- 
tucky) engagement,  tliree  months  after  its  reorganization. 

The  13tu  Kegimknt,  under  Col.  Jeremiah  Sullivan,  was  mus- 
tered into  the  United  States  in  18G1  and  joined  Gen.  McClellan's 
command  at  Ricb  Mountain  on  the  lOtbJulj'.  The  day  following  it 
was  present  under  Gen.  Rosencrans  and  lost  eight  men  killed;  three 
successive  days  it  was  engaged  under  Gen.  I.  I.  Reynolds,  and  won 
its  laurels  at  Cheat  Mountain  summit,  where  it  participated  in  the 
decisive  victory  over  Gen.  Lee. 

The  lixH  Regiment,  organized  in  1861  for  one  year's  service,  and 
reorganized  on  the  7th  of  June  at  Terre  Haute  for  three  years'  ser. 
vice.  Commanded  by  Col.  Kimball  and  showing  a  muster  roll  of 
1,134  men,  it  was  one  of  the  finest,  as  it  was  the  first,  three  years' 
regiment  organized  in  the  State,  with  varying  fortunes  attached  to 
its  never  ending  round  of  duty  from  Cheat  Mountain,  September, 
1861,  to  Morton's  Ford  in  186J.,  and  during  the  movement  South  in 
May  of  that  year  to  the  last  of  its  labors,  the  battle  of  Cold  Har- 
bor. 

The  ISxn  Regiment,  reorganized  at  La  Fayette  14tli  June,  1861, 
under  Col.  G.  D.  Wagner,  moved  on  Rich  Mountain  on  the  llth 
of  July  in  time  to  participate  in  the  complete  rout  of  the  enemy. 
On  the  promotion  of  Col.  "Wagner,  Lieutenant-Col.  G.  A.  "Wood 
became  Colonel  of  the  regiment,  November,  1863,  and  during  the 
first  days  of  Januaiy,  1863,  took  a  distinguished  part  in  the  severe 
action  of  Stone  Rivei'.  From  this  period  down  to  the  battle  of  Mis- 
sion Ridge  it  was  in  a  series  of  destructive  engagements,  and  was, 


lo-t  lIISTOliY    OF    INDIANA. 

after  enduring  terrible  li;ircUliij)s,  ordered  to  01iattanoup;a,  and 
tliencc  to  Indiaiiaj)olis,  -.vhere  it  was  niustcred  out  the  ISlli  June, 
'tSQIr, — four  da^'s  after  tlie  exjnration  of  its  term  of  service. 

The  ICrn  Regimknt,  orf^anized  under  Col.  P.  A.  llackhnnan  at 
Richniond  for  one  year's  service,  after  participating  in  many  minor 
militar}'  events,  was  mustered  out  at  Washington,  D.C,  on  the  Hth 
of  May,  ]S62.  Coh  TIacldeman  was  killed  at  the  battle  of  luka, 
and  Lieutenant-Col.  Tljomas  I.  Lucas  succeeded  to  tlie  command. 
It  was  reorganized  at  Indianapolis  for  three  years'  service,  JMay  27, 
1862,  and  took  a  conspicuous  part  in  all  the  brilliant  eugagoments 
of  the  war  down  to  June,  18G5,  when  it  was  mustered  out  at  New 
Orleans.  The  survivors,  numbering  365  rank  and  file,  returned  to 
Indianapolis  the  10th  of  July  amid  the  rejoicing  of  the  populace. 

The  17x11  Regimknt  was  mustered  into  service  at  Indianapolis 
the  12th  of  June,  ISGl,  for  three  years,  under  Col.  Hascall,  who 
on  being  promoted  Brigadier  General  in  March,  1862,  left  the 
Colonelcy  to  devolve  on  Lieutenant  Colonel  John  T.  Wilder.  Tliis 
regiment  participated  in  the  many  exploits  of  Gen.  Reynold's  army 
from  Green  Brier  in  1862,  to  Macon  in  1865,  under  Gen.  Wilson. 
Returning  to.  Indianapolis  the  16th  of  August,  in  possession  of  a 
brilliant  record,  the  regiment  was  disbanded. 

The  18Tn  Regiment,  under  Colonel  Thomas  Pattison,  was  organ- 
ized at  Indianapolis,  and  mustered  into  service  on  the  16th  of 
August,  1861.  Under  Gen.  Pope  it  gained  some  distinction  at 
Blackwater,  and  succeeded  in  retaining  a  reputation  made  there, 
by  its  gallantry  at  Pea  Ridge,  February,  1862,  down  to  the  moment 
when  it  planted  the  regimental  flag  on  the  arsenal  of  Augusta, 
Georgia,  where  it  was  disbanded  August  28,  1865. 

The  19th  Regiment,  mustered  into  three  years'  service  at  the 
State  capital  July  29,  1861,  v;as  ordered  to  join  the  army  of  the 
Potomac,  and  reported  its  arrival  at  Washington,  August  9.  Two 
days  later  it  took  jDart  in  the  battle  of  Lewinsville,  under  Colonel 
Solomon  Meredith.  Occupying  Falls  Church  in  September,  1861, 
it  continued  to  maintain  a  most  enviable  place  of  honor  on  the 
military  roll  until  its  consolidation  with  the  20th  Regiment,  October, 
1864,  under  Colonel  William  Orr,  formerly  its  Lieutenant  Colonel. 

The  20th  Regiment  of  La  Fayette  was  organized  in  July,  1861, 
mustered  into  three  years'  service  at  Indianapolis  on  the  22d  of  the 
Bame  month,  and  reached  the  front  at  Cockeysville,  Mainland, 
twelve  days  later.  Throughout  aii  its  iirilliant  actions  from  Ilat- 
tcras  Bank,  on  the  4th  of  October,  to  Clover  Hill,  9th  of  April,  1865, 


I 


IIlf^TOKV    OK    INDIANA.  Jo5 

incliuliiii;  tlie  paving  of  the  United  States  Piiip  Con (/resft,  U-fNcw- 
port  JVcws,  it  added  daily  sonic  new  name  to  its  ose.ntclieon.  Tliis 
r02;iniont  was  nin?tcred  ont  at  Lonisville  in  July,  1805,  and  return- 
inji;  to  rndiana])olis  was  welcomed  l)y  tlic  great  war  Governor  of 
their  State. 

Tlie  21sT  Regiment  was  mustered  into  service  under  Colonel  I. 
"W.  MrJtillan,  July  24-,  ISGl,  and  reported  at  tlie  front  tlie  third 
day  of  August.  iLwas  tlie  first  regiment  to  enter  New  Orleans. 
The  fortr.nes  of  this  regiment  were  as  varied  as  its  services,  so  that 
its  name  and  fame,  grown  from  the  blood  shed  hy  its  inenibcrs,  arc 
destined  to  live  and  flourish.  In  December,  1803,  the'  regiment 
was  reorganized,  and  on  the  19th  February,  1804,  many  of  its 
veterans  returned  to  their  State,  where  Morton  received  them  with 
that  spirit  of  proud  gratitude  which  he  was  capable  of  showing  to 
those  who  deserve  honor  for  honors  won. 

The  22d  Regiment,  under  Colonel  Jeff.  C.  Davis,  left  Indian- 
apolis the  loth  of  August,  and  was  attached  to  Fremont's  Corps  at 
St.  Louis  on  the  17th.  From  the  day  it  moved  to  the  support  of 
Colonel  Mulligan  at  Lexington,  to  tlie  last  victoiy,  won  under 
General  Sherman  at  Bentonville,  on  the  19th  of  March,  1865,  it 
gained  a  high  military  reputation.  After  the  fall  of  Johnston's 
southern  army,  this  regiment  was  mustered  out,  and  arrived  at 
Indianapolis  on  the  IGth  June, 

The  23d  Battalion,  commanded  by  Colonel  W.  L.  Sanderson, 
was  mustered  in  at  New  Albany,  the  29th  July,  ISGl,  and  moved 
to  the  front  early  in  August.  From  its  unfortunate  marine  ex- 
periences before  Fort  Henry  to  Bentonville  it  won  unusual  honors, 
and  after  its  disbandment  at  Louisville,  returned  to  Indianapolis 
July  24,  18G5,  where  Governor  Morton  and  General  Sherman 
reviewed  and  complimented  the  gallant  survivors. 

The  24:TH  Battalion,  under  Colonel  Alvin  P.  Hovey,  was 
mustered  at  Vincennes  the  31st  of  July,  1861.  Proceeding  imme- 
diately to  the  front  it  joined  Fremont's  command,  and  participated 
under  many  Generals  in  important  affairs  during  the  war.  Three 
hundred  and  ten  men  and  officers  returned  to  their  State  in  August, 
1865,  and  were  received  with  marked  honors  by  the  people  and 
Executive. 

The  25Tn  Regiment,  of  Evansville  mustered  into  service  there 
for  three  years  under  Col.  J.  C.  Veatch,  arrived  at  St.  Louis  on  the 
26th  of  August,  1861.  During  the  w^ar  this  regiment  was  present 
at  18  battles  and  skirmishes,  sustaining  therein  a  loss,  of  352  men 


15G  IIISTOKY    OV   INDIANA. 

and  ofliccrs.  [Mastered  out  at  Louisville,  Julj-  17,  ISCj,  it  returned 
to  Indianapolis  ou  the  21st  amid  universal  rejoicing. 
«  Tlic2Grii  JJattalion,  under  AV.  J\I.  AVhealley,  left  Indianajiolis 
for  the  front  the  Tth  of  September,  18G1,  and  after  a  brilliant  cam- 
paign under  Fremont,  Grant,  lloron  and  Smith,  may  be  taid  to 
disband  the  ISth  of  September,  18G5,  when  the  non-veterans  and 
recruits  were  reviewed  by  ^Morton  at  the  State  capital. 

The  27th  Rkgimknt,  under  Col.  Silas  Colgrove,  moved  irom 
Indianapolis  to  AVashingtou  City,  September  loth,  ISGI,  and  ia 
October  was  allied  to  Gen.  Banks'  army.  From  Winchester 
Heights,  the  9th  of  March  1SC2,  through  all  the  allairs  of  General 
Sherman's  campaign,  it  acted  a  gallant  and  faithful  part,  and  was 
disbanded  immediately  after  returning  to  their  State. 

The  28Tn  or  1st  Gavalky  was  mustered  into  service  at  Evans- 
ville  on  the  20th  of  August,  ISGl,  xmder  Col.  Conrad  Baker.  From 
the  skirmish  at  Ironton,  on  the  12th  of  September,  wherein  three 
companies  under  Col.  Gavin  captured  a  position  held  by  a 
few  rebels,  to  the  battle  of  the  AVilderness,  the  First  Cavalry  per- 
formed prodigies  of  valor.  In  June  and  July,  18G5,  the  troops 
were  mustered  out  at  Indianapolis. 

The  29Tn  Battalion  of  La  Porte,  under  Col.  J.  F.  Miller,  left 
on  the  otli  of  October,  1861,  and  reaching  Camp  Nevin,  Kentucky, 
on  the  9th,  was  allied  to  liosseau's  Brigade,  serving  with  McCook's 
division  at  Shiloh,  with  Buell's  army  in  Alabama,  Tennessee  and 
Kentucky,  with  Ilosencrans  at  Murfreesboro,  at  Decatur,  Alabama, 
and  at  Dalton,  Georgia.  The  Twenty-ninth  won  many  laurels, 
and  had  its  Colonel  promoted  to  the  rank  of  Brigadier  General. 
This  officer  was  succeeded  in  the  command  by  Lieutenant-Col. 
D.M.Dunn. 

The  30xH  Eegiment  of  Fort  "Wayne,  under  Col.  Sion  S.  Bass, 
proceeded  to  the  front  via  Indianapolis,  and  joined  General  Rosseau 
at  Camp  Nevin  ou  the  9th  of  October,  ISGl.  At  Shiloh,  Col. 
Bass  received  a  mortal  wound,  and  died  a  few  days  later  at 
Paducah,  leaving  the  Colonelcy  to  devolve  upon  Lieutenant-Col.  J. 
B.  Dodge.  In  October  18G5,  it  formed  a  battalion  of  General  Sheri- 
dan's army  of  observation  in  Texas. 

The  31st  R-EGiMENT,  organized  at  Terre  Haute,  under  Col.  Charles 
Cruft,  in  Sejitember  1861,  was  mustered  in,  and  left  in  a  few  days 
for  Kentucky.  Present  at  the  redaction  of  Fort  Donelson  on  the 
13th,  lith,  and  loth  of  February,  1862,  its  list  of  killed  and 
"wounded  proves  its  desperate  fighting  qualities.     The  organization 


niSTOl'.V   or    INDIANA.  157 

was  snbjcetcJ  to  many  c]iaiii;C'.-,  hut  in  all  lis  plia^^os  mnintalned  a 
fair  fame  won  on  niaii}' battli."  lioKls.  f.ilco  tliu  former  regiment, 
it  passcf^l  into  Gen:  Slicridan's  Army  of  Ol);erv;if  ion,  and  held  tlic 
district  of  Grroeii  Lake,  Texas. 

The  32d  UiciirMicNX  of  <ri:!or\N  IxPAvrRV,  under  Coh  August 
"\\"illich,  organized  at  Indiaua])olis,  mustered  on  tlie  2-i-th  of  August, 
isGl,  served  witli  distinction  througliout  the  cain])aign.  Col. 
Willicli  was  promoted  to  the  I'auk  of  Brigadier-General,  andLieut.- 
Col.  Henry  Yon  Trebra  commissioned  to  act,  under  wliose  com- 
mand the  regiment  passed  into  General  Sheridan's  Army,  hold- 
ing the  post  of  Salado  Creek,  until  the  withdrawal  of  the  corps  of 
observation  in  Texas. 

The  33d  ItEoiMENT  of  Indianapolis  possesses  a  military  history 
of  no  small  proportions.  The  mere  facts  that  it  was  mustered  in 
under  Col.  John  Coburn,  the  Ifith  of  September,  won  a  series  of 
distinctions  throughout  the  war  district  and  was  mustered  out  at 
Louisville,  July  21,  1SG5,  taken  with  its  name  as  one  of  the  most 
powerful  regiments  engaged  in  the  war,  are  suflicient  here. 

The  34th  Battalion,  organized  at  Anderson  on  the  16th  Sep- 
tember, ISGl,  under  Col.  Ashbury  Steele,  appeared  among  the  in- 
vesting battalions  before  New  Madrid  on  the  30th  of  March,  1862. 
From  the  distinguished  part  it  took  in  that  siege,  down  to  the 
13th  of  May,  1S65,  when  at  Palmetto  Eanche,  near  Palo  Alto,  it 
fought  for  hours  against  fearful  odds  the  last  battle  of  the  war  for 
the  Union.  Afterwards  it  marched  250  miles  up  the  Pio  Grande, 
and  was  the  first  regiment  to  reoccup^'  the  position,  so  long  in 
Southern  hands,  of  Pingold  barracks.  In  1865  it  garrisoned  Bea- 
consville  as  part  of  the  Army  of  Observation. 

The  35th  or  First  Irish  Regiment,  was  organized  at  Indian- 
apolis, and  mustered  into  service  on  the  11th  of  December,  1861, 
under  Col.  John  C.  AYalker.  At  IS'ashville,  on  the  22d  of  May, 
1862,  it  was  joined  by  the  organized  portion  of  the  Sixty-first  or 
Second  Irish  Pegiment,  and  unassigned  recruits.  Col.  Mullen  now 
became  Lieut.-Colonel  of  the  35th,  and  shortly  after,  its  Colonel. 
From  the  pursuit  of  Gen.  Bragg  through  Kentucky  and  the  affair 
at  Perryville  on  the  8th  of  October,  1S62,  to  the  terrible  hand  to 
hand  combat  at  Ivenesaw  mountain,  on  the  night  of  the  20th  of 
June,  186-i,  and  again  from  the  conclusion  of  the  Atlanta  campaign 
to  September,  1865,  with  Gen.  Sheridan's  army,  when  it  was  mus- 
tered out,  it  Avon  for  itself  a  name  of  reckless  daring  and  unsur- 
passed gallantry. 


158  lllsroUV    OK    INDIAXA. 

Thii  oGtii  IkicdiME.NT,  of  lliclinumd,  Iiul.,  luulor  Cul.  William 
Groso,  inustei'cJ  into  service  tor  tlireo  years  ou  the  IGtli  ol'  Sc])- 
tembcr,  ISGl,  went  immediate]}'  to  the  front,  and  shared  the  for- 
4  tunes  of  the  Army  of  the  Oliio  unlil  the  27tli  vi'  February,  1SG2, 
wJicn  a  forward  movement  led  to  its  j>rescncc  on  the  battle- field  of 
Shiloli.  Following  xip  the  lioi^ors  won  at  Shiloh,  it  ])artici];ated  ill 
some  of  the  mu.st  imjiortant  actions  of  the  war,  and  was,  in  October, 
1SC5,  transferred  to  Cicu.  Sheridan''s  army.  Col.  Groso  was  pro- 
moted in  ISO-I-  to  the  position  of  Erigadicr-General,  and  the 
Colonelcy  devolved  on  Oliver  11.  P.  Carey,  formerly  Lieut. -Colonel 
of  the  regiment. 

The  37tu  Battaliox,  of  Lawrcnceburg,  commanded  by  Col. 
Geo.  W.  Ilazzard,  organized  the  IStli  of  September,  1S61,  left  for 
the  seat  of  war  early  in  October.  From  the  eventful  battle  of 
Stone  river,  in  December,  1SG2,  to  its  participation  in  Sherman's 
march  through  Georgia,  it  gained  for  itself  a  splendid  reputation. 
This  regiment  returned  to,  and  was  present  at,  Indianapolis,  on  the 
30th  of  July,  18G5,  where  a  public  reception  was  tendered  to  men 
and  officers  on  the  grounds  of  the  Capitol. 

The  38th  Kegiment,  under  Col.  Benjamin  F.  Scribner,  was  mus- 
tered in  at  ISTew  Albany,  on  the  18th  of  September,  18G1,  and 
in  a  few  days  were  e?i  route  for  the  front.  To  follow  its  continual 
round  of  duty,  is  without  the  limits  of  this  sketch;  therefore,  it 
will  suffice  to  say,  that  on  every  well-fought  field,  at  least  from 
February,  1SG2,  until  its  dissolution,  on  the  15th  of  July,  18G5,  it 
earned  an  enviable  renown,  and  drew  from  Gov.  Morton,  on  return- 
ing to  Indianapolis  the  ISth  of  the  same  month,  a  congratulatory 
address  couched  in  the  highest  terms  of  praise. 

The  39rH  Kegiment,  oit  Eigutm  Cavalry,  was  mustered  in  as 
an  infantry  regiment,  under  Col.  T.  J.  Harrison,  on  the  2Sth  of 
August,  1861,  at  the  State  capital.  Leaving  immediately  for  the 
front  it  tookaconsjjicuous  partin  all  the  engagements  up  to  April, 
1863,  when  it  was  reorganized  as  a  cavalry  regiment.  The  record  of 
this  organization  sparkles  with  great  deeds  v.'hich  men  will  extol 
while  language  lives;  its  services  to  the  Union  cannot  be  over  esti- 
mated, or  the  memoiy  of  its  daring  deeds  be  forgotten  by  the  un- 
happy people  who  raised  the  tumult,  which  culminated  in  their 
second  shame. 

The  40x11  Eegijient,  of  Lafayette,  under  Col.  W.  C.  Wilson, 
subsequently  commanded  by  Col.  J.  W.  Blake,  and.  again  by  Col. 
Henry  Learning,  was  organized  on  the  30th  of  December,  1861,  and 


niSTOKV    OF    IXDIANA.  75;) 

at  once  proceeded  to  the  front, wlierc  some  time  was  necessarily  spent 
in  tlie  Camp  of  Instruction  tit  Bardstown,  Kentucky.  In  Februar}-, 
18G2,  it  joined  in.Buell's  forward  movement.  Duriu'^  the  war  thu 
re_i;imcnt  sliared  in  all  its  liardsliips,  participated  in  all  its  honors, 
and  like  many  other  bravo  commands  took  service  iinder  Gen. 
Sheridan  in  his  Army  of  Occupation,  holdint;  the  post  of  Port 
Lavaca, Texas,  until  peace  brooded  over  the  land. 

The  41st  IIkgimekt  ok  Skooxd  Cavalky,  the  first  complete  regi- 
ment of  horse  ever  raised  iu  the  State,  was  organized  on  the  3d  of 
September,  ISGl,  at  Indianapolis,  under  Oul.  John  A.  Bridglaud, 
and  December  IG  moved  to  the  front.  Its  first  war  experience  was 
gained  en  roxde  to  Corinth  on  the  9th  of  April,  1SG2,  and  at  Pea 
Ridge  on  the  15th.  Gallatin,  Vinegar  Hill,  and  Perryville,  and 
Talbot  Station  followed  in  succession,  each  battle  bringing  to  the 
cavalry  untold  honors.  In  May,  lS64r, it  entered  upon  a  glorious 
career  under  Gen.  Sherma;n  in  his  Atlanta  campaign,  and  again 
under  Gen.  "Wilson  in  the  raid  through  Alabama  during  April, 
1865.  On  the  23d  of  July,  after  a  brilliant  career,  the  regiment  Avas 
mustered  out  at  Nashville,  and  returned  at  once  to  Indianapolis  for 
discharge. 

TuE  42d,  under  Col  J.  G.  Jones,  mustered  into  service  at  Evans- 
ville,  October  9,  1861,  and  having  participated  in  the  principal 
military'-  affairs  of  the  period,  Warlrace,  Mission  Tiidge,  Altoona, 
Kencsaw,  Savannah,  Charlestowu  and  Bentonville,  was  discharged 
at  Indianapolis  on  the  25th  of  July,  18G5. 

The  43d  Battalion  was  mustered  in  on  the  27th  of  September, 
1861,  under  Col.  George  K.  Steele,  and  loft  Terre  Kaute  enrouie  to 
the  front  within  a  few  days.  Later  it  was  aPied  to  Gen.  Pope's 
corps,  and  afterwards  served  with  Commodore  Foote's  marines  in 
the  reduction  of  Fort  Pillow.  It  was  the  first  Union  regiment  to 
enter  Memphis.  From  that  period  until  the  close  of  the  war  it  was 
distinguished  for  its  unexcelled  qualifications  as  a  military  body, 
and  fully  deserved  the  encomiums  passed  upon  it  on  its  return  to 
Indianapolis  in  March,  1865. 

The  44th  ok  the  Hegimrnt  of  the  10th  Congressional  District 
was  organized  at  Fort  AVayne  on  the  24th  of  October,  18G1,  under 
Col.  Hugh  B.  Keed.  Two  months  later  it  was  ordered  to  the  front, 
and  rrriving  in  Kentucky,  was  attached  to  Gen.  Cruft's  Brigade, 
then  quartered  at  Calhoun.  After  years  of  faithful  service  it  was 
mustered  out  at  Cliattanooga,  the  14th  of  September,  1865. 

The    45™,    ok    Third     Cavalry,    comprised    ten    companies 


100  TIl^'i'OKV    OK    IXiylANA. 

orgaiiizod  at  (lin'orcnt.  ])criods  iuul  for  varied  servicoo  in  1>T)1- 
'62,  iiiMler  Colonel  Scolt  Carter  and  (]eorp;e  TI.  ClK'-pnian.  The 
distiugui&licd  name  won  by  the  Third  Cavaliy  is  cstahlished  in 
every  villa_i;e  within  tlic  State.  Let  it  ButHcc  to  add  tliat  al'tor  its 
brilliant  participation  in  Gen.  Sheridan's  I'uid  down  tlie  James' 
river  catial,  it  was  mustered  out  at  Tndianajicilis  on  the  7lli  of  Au- 
gust, 1805. 

TuK  4GTn  Hkgiment,  organized  at  Logansport  under  Colonel 
Graham  N.  Fitch,  arrived  in  Kentucky  thclGth  of  February,  1S02, 
and  a  little  later  became  attached  to  Gen.  Pope's  army,  then  qu.ar- 
tercd  at  Commerce.  The  capture  of  Fort  Pillow,  and  its  career 
under  Generals  Curtis,  Palmer,  Jlovey,  Gorman,  Grant,  Sherman, 
.Banks  and  Bnrbridge  are  as  truly  worthy  of  applause  as  ever  fell  to 
the  lot  of  a  regiment.  The  command  v.'as  mustered  out  at  Louis- 
ville on  tlie  tttli  of  Se])tember,  1SG5. 

The  47'rH  was  organized  at  Anderson,  under  Col.  I.  li.  Slack,  early 
in  October,  1862.  Arriving  at  Bardstown,  Kentucky,  on  the  21st 
of  December,  it  was  att  ched  to  Gen,  Buell's  army;  but  within  two 
months  was  assigned  to  Gen.  Pope,  under  v/hom  it  proved  the  first 
regiment  to  enter  Fort  Thompson  near  New  Madrid.  In  18G4  the 
command  visited  Indianapolis  on  veteran  furlough  and  was  enthu- 
siastically received  by  Governor  Morton  and  the  people.  Return- 
ing to  the  front  it  engaged  heartily  in  Gen.  Banks'  company.  In 
December, Col.  Slack,  received  his  commission  as  Brigadier-General, 
and  was  succeeded  on  the  regimental  command  by  Col.  J.  A.  Mc- 
Laughton ;  at  Shreveport  under  General  Heron  it  received  the  sub- 
mission of  General  Price  and  liis  arm}^  and  there  also  was  it  mus- 
tered out  of  service  on  the  23d  of  October,  18G5. 

The  48th  REomENT,  organized  at  Goshen  the  6th  of  December, 
1861,  under  Col.  Norman  Eddy,  entered  on  its  duties  during  the 
siege  of  Corinth  in  May,  and  again  in  October,  1862.  The  record 
of  this  battalion  may  be  said  to  be  unsurpassed  in  its  every  feature, 
so  that  the  grand  ovation  extended  to  the  returned  soldiers  ia 
1865  at  Indiana]wlis,  is  not  a  matter  for  surprise. 

The  49th  Regiment,  organized  at  Jeffcrsonville,  under  Col.  J.  TV, 
Ray,  and  mustered  in  on  the  21st  of  November,  ISGl,  for  service, 
left  en  route  for  the  camp  at  Bardstown.  A  month  later  it  arrived 
at  the  unfortunate  camp-ground  of  Cumberland  Ford,  where  dis- 
ease carried  off  a  number  of  gallant  soldiers.  The  regiment,  how- 
ever, survived  the  dreadful  scourge  aud  won  its  laurels   on  many 


IirSTOliY    OF   INDIANA.  161 

a  well-fonghtfidil  until  Sc])tcinljcr,  18G5,  when  it  was  niiistercd  out 
at  Louisville. 

The  50tu  Kkoimi^nt,  under  Col.  Cvnis  L.  Dunliam,  organized 
duriiii--  the  month  of  September,  ISGl,  Jit  Seymour,  lel't  en  route  to 
Bardstuwn  for  a  coarse  of  military  instruction.  On  the  20th  of 
August,  1802,  a  detachment  of  tlie  50th,  under  Capt.  Atkinson,  was 
attacked  hy  Morgan's  Cavalry  near  Edgeilcld  Junction;  but  the 
gallant  few  repul^^ed  their  oft-iopeated  on5(!ts  and  iinally  drove 
them  from  the  field.  The  regiment  underwent  many  changes  in 
organization,  and  may  bo  said  to  muster  out  on  the  10th  of  Septem- 
ber,  iSGo. 

TheSlsT  ■Regiment,  under  Col.  Abel.  D.  Strcight,  left  Indianap- 
olis on  the  1-lth  of  December,  1861,  for  the  South.  After  a  short 
course  of  instruction  at  Bardstown,  the  regiment  joined  General 
Buell's  and  acted  with  great  effect  during  the  campaign  in  Ken- 
tucky and  Tennessee.  Ultimately  it  became  a  participator  in  the 
work  of  the  Fourth  Corps,  or  Army  of  Occupation,  and  held  the  post 
of  San  Antonio  until  peace  was  doubly  assured. 

The  52d  Regimrnt  was  partially  I'aised  at  Rushville,  and  the 
•  organization  completed  at  Indianapolis,  where  it  was  consolidated 
with  the  l^ailway  Brigade,  or  56t]i  Regiment,  on  the  .2d  of  Feb- 
ruary, 18G2.  Going  to  the  front  immediately  after,  it  served  with 
marked  distinction  throughout  the  war,  and  was  mustered  out  at 
Montgomery  on  the  10th  of  September,  1865.  Returning  to  Indian- 
apolis six  days  later,  it  was  welcomed  by  Gov.  Morton  and  a  most 
enthusiastic  reception  accorded  to  it. 

The  5Erd  Battalion  was  raised  at  New  Albany,  and  with  the 
addition  of  recruits  raised  at  Rockport  formed  a  standard  regi- 
ment, under  command  of  Col.  W.  Q.  Gresham.  Its  first  duty  was 
that  of  guarding  the  rebels  confined  on  Camp  Morton,  but  on 
going  to  the  front  it  made  for  itself  an  eudur  :ble  name.  It  was  mus- 
tered out  in  July,  18G5,  and  returned  to  Ii:  uananoplis  on  the  25th 
of  the  same  month. 

The  54:Tn  Regiment  was  raised  at  Indianapolis  on  the  10th  of 
June,  1862,  for  three  months' service  under  Col.  D.  G.Rose.  The 
succeeding  two  months  saw  it  in  charge  of  the  prisoners  at  Camp 
Morton,  and  in  August  it  was  ]>ushed  forward  to  aid  in  the  defense 
of  Kentucky  against  the  Confederate  General,  Kirby  Smith.  The 
remainder  of  its  short  term  of  service  was  given  to  the  cause.  On  the 
muster  out  of  the  three  months'  service  rccfiment  it  was  reoriran- 


102  IIISTOllY    OF   INDIANA. 

ized  for  one  year's  service  and  yalnod  sonic  distinction,  after  which 
it  was  mustered  out  in  1SG3  at  New  Orleans. 

Tlie  55Tir  Hkgimknt,  organized  for  three  niontlis'  service,  retains 
the  brief  history  apph'cable  to  tho  first  ori^-auization  of  the  Sith, 
It  was  inustered  in  on  tlie  IGth  of  June,  lSfJ3,  under  Coh  J.  R. 
]\IahoTi,  disbanded  on  tlie  expiration  of  its  term  and  was  not  reor- 
ganized. 

^-'he  5Gtii  ItECTMENT,  referred  to  in  the  sketch  of  the  52nd,  was 
designed  to  be  composed  of  railroad  men,  niarshalled  under  J.  M. 
Smith  asColo;icl,  but  owing  to  the  i'act  that  many  railroaders  had 
ab.'eady  volunteered  into  other  regiments,  Coh  Sniitli's  vohmteers 
vrere  incorporated  with  the  62nd,  and  this  number  left  bhink  in.  the 
army  list. 

The  57tii  Battalion,  actually  organized  by  two  ministers  of  the 
gospel, — the  Rev.  I.  W.  T.  Mcilullen  and  Kev.  F.  A.  Hardin,  of 
Richmond,  Ind.,  mustered  into  service  on  the  ISth  of  Novem- 
ber, 1S61,  under  the  former  named  reverend  gentleman  as  Colonel, 
who  was,  however,  succeeded  by  Col.  Cyrus  C  llaynes,  and  he  in 
turn  by  G.  W.  Leonard,  Willis  Blanch  and  John  S.  McGrath,  the 
latter  holding  command  until  the  conclusion  of  the  war.  The 
history  of  this  battalion  is  extensive,  and  if  participation  in  a  num- 
ber of  battles  with  the  display  of  rare  gallantly  wins  fame,  the  57th 
may  rest  assured  of  its  possession  of  this  fragile  yet  coveted  prize. 
Like  many  other  regiments  It  concluded  its  military  labors  in  the 
service  of  General  Sheridan,  and  held  the  post  of  Port  Lavaca  in 
conjunction  with  another  regiment  until  peace  dwelt  in  the  land. 

The  5Sth  Regi:uent,  of  Princeton,  was  organized  there  early  in 
October,  1S61,  and  was  mustered  into  service  under  the  Colonelcy 
of  Henry  M.  Carr.  In  December  it  was  ordered  to  join  Gen- 
eral Buell's  army,  after  which  it  took  a  share  in  the  various 
actions  of  the  war,  and  was  mustered  out  on  the  25th  of  July,  1865, 
at  Louisville,  having  gained  a  place  on  the  roll  of  honor. 

The  59Tn  Battalion  was  raised  under  a  commission  issued  by 
Gov.  Morton  to  Jesse  I.  Alexander,  creating  him  Colonel.  Owing 
to  the  peculiarities  hampering  its  organization.  Col.  Alexander  could 
not  succeed  in  having  his  regiment  prepared  to  muster  in  before 
the  17th  of  February,  1862.  However,  on  that  day  the  equipment 
was  complete,  and  on  the  ISth  it  left  en  ronie  to  Commerce,  ^vhere 
on  its  arrival,  it  was  incorporated  under  General  Pope's  command. 
The  list  of  its  casualties  speaks  a  history, — no  less  than  793  men 
wei'O  lost  during  the  campaign.     The  regiment^  after  a  term  char- 


njSTOIlY    OF   INDIAXA.  163 

acterizcd  "Uy  distinguished  service,  was  mustered  out  at  Louisville 
on  tlio  17th  of  Jul}',  1865. 

Tlic  (*Oth  Kkc;imknt  war-  partiaily  organized  under  Lieut, -Cul, 
E.icl)ard  Owen  at  Evansviilo  during  November  1861,  and  perfected 
at  Camp  ^Murtou  during  !L' arch,  1862.  Its  first  experience  was  its 
gallant  resistance  to  Traj^^g's  army  investing  Munfordsville,  which 
culminated  in  the  unconditional  surrender  of  its  first  seven  com- 
panies on  the  1  Ith  of  September.  An  exchange  of  prisoners  took 
place  in  November,  wliich  enabled  it  to  joim;  the  remaining  com- 
panies in  the  field.  The  subsequent  record  is  excellent,  and  forins,. 
as  it  were,  a  monument  to  tiieir  fidelity  and  heroism.  The  main, 
portion  of  this  battalion  was  mustered  out  at  Indianapolis,  on  the 
21st  of  March,  1S65, 

The  61sT  was  partially  organized  in  Deeeinbcr,  1861,  under  Col. 
B.  F.  Mullen.  The  failure  of  thorough  organization  on  the  22d  of 
May,  1862,  led  the  men  and  oflicers  to  agree  to  incorporation  with 
the  35th  Regiment  of  Yoluuteers. 

The  62d  Battaijon,  raised  under  a  commission  issued  to  Wil- 
liam Jones,  of  Bockport,  authorizing  him  to  organize  this  regiment 
in  the  First  Congressional  District  was  so  unsuccessful  that  consoli- 
dation with  the  53d  Bcgiment  was  resolved  upon. 

The  63d  Begimknt,  of  Covington,  under  James  McManomy, 
Commandant  ot  Camp,  and  J.  S.  Williams,  Adjutant,  was  partially 
organized  on  the  31st  of  December,  1861,  and  may  be  considered 
on  duty  from  its  ver}''  forraation.  After  guarding  prisoners  at 
Camp  Morton  and  Lafayette,  and  engaging  in  battle  on  Manassas 
Plains  on  the  30tli  of  August  following,  the  few  companies  sent 
out  in  February,  1862,  returned  to  Indianapolis  to  find  six  new 
companies  raised  under  the  call  of  July,  1862,  ready  to  embrace 
the  fortunes  of  the  63d.  So  strengthened,  the  regiment  went  forth 
to  battle,  and  continued  to  lead  in  the  paths  of  honor  and  fidelity 
until  mustered  out  in  May  and  June,  1865. 

The  61x11  iliiciMKNT  failed  in  organization  as  an  artillerj'- corps; 
but  orders  received  from  the  AVar  Department  prohibiting  the  con- 
solidation of  independent  batteries,  put  a  stop  to  any  further  move 
in  the  matter.  However,  an  infantry  regiment  bearing  the  same 
number  was  afterward  organized. 

The  65tii  was  mustered  in  at  Princeton  and  Evansville,  in  July 
and  August,  1862,  under  Col.  J.  W.  Foster,  and  left  at  once  cvs 
7'oute  for  the  front.  The  record  of  this  battalion  is  creditable,  not 
only  to  its  members,  but  also  to  the  State  which  claimed  it.     Its 


1G4  mSTOllY    OF    INDIANA. 

last  action  dnnni;  the  war  was  on  the  18th  and  20th  of  February, 
1SG5,  at  Fort  Anilcrson  and  Town  creek,  after  whicl»,  on  tlie  22d 
,  June,  it  was  disbanded  at  Greensboro. 

The  G6tii  HicorMENT  partially  ora;auized  at  New  Albany,  under 
Commandant  Jloger  Martin,  was  ordered  to  leave  for  Kentw(;!<y  on 
the  lOth  of  Aiii;'ust,  1S03,  for  the  defense  of  that  State  against  the 
incursions  of  Kirby  Smith.  After  a  brilliant  career  it  wa.<!  mus- 
tered out  at  Washington  on  the  3d  of  June,  1S65,  after  which  it 
returned  to  Indianapolis  to  receive  the  thanks  of  a  grateful  people. 

The  GTtii  REoniENX  was  organized  within  the  Third  Congressional 
District  under  Col.  Frank  Emerson,  and  was  ordered  to  Louisville 
ou  the  20th  of  August,  1SG2,  whence  it  marched  to  Munfordville, 
only  to  share  the  same  fate  with  the  otlier  gallant  regiments  en- 
gaged against  Gen.  Bragg's  advance.  Its  roll  of  lionor  extends 
down  the  years  of  civil  disturbance, —  always  adding  garlands,  un- 
til Peace  called  a  truce  in  the  fascinating  race  after  fame,  and  insured 
a  term  of  rest,  wherein  its  members  could  think  on  comrades  forever 
vanished,  and  temper  the  sad  thought  with  the  sublime  mem- 
ories born  of  that  cliivalrous  fight  for  the  maintenance  and  integri- 
ty of  a  great  Republic.  At, Galveston  on  the  19th  of  July,  1865,  the 
gallant  67th  Regiment  was  mustered  out,  and  returning  within  a 
iew  days  to  its  State  received  the  enthusiastic  ovations  of  her  citi- 
zens. 

The  oSth  Regiment,  organized  at  Greensbarg  under  Major  Ben- 
jamin C.  Shaw,  was  accepted  for  general  service  the  19th  of  August, 
1862,  under  Col.  Edward  A.  King,  with  Major  Shaw  as  Lieutenant 
Colonel;  ou  the  25th  its  arrival  at  Lebanon  was  reported  and  with- 
in a  few  daj^s  it  appeared  at  the  defense  of  Munfordville;  but  shar- 
ing in  the  fate  of  all  the  defenders,  it  surrendered  unconditionally  to 
Gen.  Bragg  and  did  not  participate  fui'ther  in  the  actions  of  that 
year,  nor  until  after  the  exchange  of  prisoners  in  1S63,  From  this 
period  it  may  lay  claim  to  an  enviable  history  extending  to  the  end 
of  the  war,  when  it  was  disembodied. 

The  69tu  Regiment,  of  Richmond,  lud.,  under  Col.  A.  Bickle, 
left  for  the  front  on  the  20th  ot  August,  1862,  and  ten  days  later 
made  a  very  brilliant  stand  at  Richmond,  Kentucky,  against 
the  advance  of  Gen.  Kirby  Smith,  losing  in  the  engagement  two 
hundred  and  eighteen  men  and  officers  together  with  its  liberty. 
After  an  exchange  of  prisoners  the  regiment  was  I'eorganized  under 
Col.  T.  W.  Bennett  and  took  the  field  in  December,  1862,  under 


IIISTOKY    OF    INDIANA.  l^J,', 

Generals  Sheldon,  Morgan  and  Sliornian  (jf  Grant's  army,  Chick- 
asaw, Vicksbnrg-,  Blakely  and  many  other  names  testify  to  the  valor 
of  the  6!)th.  The  remnant  of  the  regiment  was  in  January,  18(15, 
formed  iiato  a  battalion  under  Oran  Perry,  and  was  mustered  out  in 
July  following. 

The  TOtu  ItKaniENT  was  organized  at  Indianapolis  on  the  12tli  of 
August,  1SG2,  under  Col,  13.  Harrison,  and  leaving  fur  Louisville  on 
the  13th,  shared  in  the  honors  cf  Bruce's  division  at  Franklin 
and  Russellville.  The  record  of  tlic  regiment  is  brimful  of  honor. 
It  was  mustered  out  at  Washington,  June  8,  1SG5,  and  received  at 
Indianapolis  with  public  honors. 

The  71sT  on  SixTU  Cavalky  was  organized  as  an  infantry  regi- 
ment, at  Terre  Haute,  and  mustered  into  general  serviv;eat  Indian- 
apolis on  the  ISth  of  August,  1862,  under  Lieut. -Col.  Melville  D. 
Topping.  Twelve  days  later  it  was  engaged  outside  Richmond, 
Kentucky,  losing  two  hundred  and  fifteen  officers  and  men,  includ- 
ing Col.  Topping  and  Major  Conklin,  together  with  three  hundred 
and  forty-seven  prisoners,  only  225  escaping  death  and  capture. 
After  an  exchange  of  prisoners  the  regiment  was  re-formed  under 
CoL  I.  Bittle,  but  on  the  28th  of  December  it  surrendered  to  Gen. 
J.  H.  Morgan,  who  attacked  its  position  at  Muldraugh's  Hill  with  a 
force  of  1,000  Confederates.  During  September  and  October,  1863, 
it  was  organized  as  a  cavalry  regiment,  won  distinction  thx'oughout 
its  career,  and  was  mustered  out  the  15th  of  September,  1865,  at 
Muifreesboro. 

The  TTth  Reorient  was  organised  at  Lafayette,  &ud]ei'te/i-roiite 
to  Lebanon,  Kentucky,  on  the  17th  of  August,  1862.  Under  Col. 
Miller  it  won  a  scries  of  honors,  and  mustered  out  at  Nashville  on 
the  26th  of  June,  1865. 

The  73kd  Rt:Gi3iENx,  under  Col.  Gilbert  Hathaway,  was  mustered 
in  at  South  Bend  on  the  16th  of  Augast,  1862,  and  proceeded  iin- 
mediately  to  the  front.  Day's  Gap,  Crooked  Creek,  and  the  high 
eulogies  of  Generals  Rosencrans  and  Granger  speak  its  long  and 
brilliant  history,  nor  were  the  welcoming  shouts  of  a  great  people 
and  the  congratulations  of  Gov.  Alorton,  tendered  to  the  regiment 
on  its  return  home,  in  July,  1865,  necessary  to  sustain  its  well  won 
reputation. 

The  74th  Regiment,  partially  organized  at  Fort  "Wayne  and  made 
almost  complete  at  Indianapolis,  left  for  the  seat  of  war  on  the  22d 
of  Aiigust,  1862,  under  Col.  Charles  AV.  Chapman.  The  desperate 
opposition   to  Gen.  Bragg,  and  the  magnificent  defeat  of  Morgan, 


IGO  inSTOKY    OF    INDIANA. 

together  with  the  battles  of  Dallas,  Cliattahoocliio  river,  Tvcnc?a\v 
and  Athmta,  \vhcre  Lieut.  Col.  Mjrou  Balcer  was  killed,  allhcarcvi- 
<3enco  uf  its  never  surpassed  gallantry.  It  was  mustered  out  of  ser- 
vice on  the  9th  of  June,  1865,  at  "Wasliington.  On  the  return  of  the 
regiment  to  Indian;; polis,  tlio  war  Governor  and  people  tendered  it 
special  honors,  and  gave  expression  to  the  admiration  and  regard 
in  which  it  was  held. 

The  75th  REQiMEXTwas  organized  v.'ithinthe  Eleventh  Congress- 
ional District,  and  left  "Wabash,  on  the  21st  of  August,  1S62,  for  the 
front,  nnder  Col.  1.  W.  Petit.  It  was  the  first  regiment  to  cuter 
Tullahoma,  and  one  of  the  last  engaged  in  the  battles  of  the  Repub- 
lic. After  the  submission  of  Gen.  Johnson's  army,  it  was  mustered 
out  at  Washington,  on  the  8tli  of  June  1865. 

The  76th  B.^ttalion  was  solelj'  organized  for  thirty  days'  service 
under  Colonel  James  Gavin.,  for  the  purpose  of  pursuing  the  rebel 
guerrilas,  who  plundered  Newbnrg  on  the  13th  July,  1862.  It  was 
organized  and  equipped  within  foi'ty-eight  hours,  and  during  its 
term  of  service  gained  the  name,  '•'  The  Avengers  of  Newburg." 

The  77th,  ok  Fourth  Cavalry,  was  organized  at  the  State  capi- 
tal in  August,  1862,  under  Colonel  Isaac  P.  Gray.  It  carved  its 
way  to  fanae  over  twenty  battlefields,  and  retired  from  service  at 
Edgefield,  on  the  29t.h  June,  1865. 

The  T9tu  Regiment  was  mustered  in  at  Indianapolis  on  the  2nd 
September,  1862,  under  Colonel  Fred  Kncfler.  Its  history  may  be 
termed  a  record  of  battles,  as  the  great  numbers  of  battles,  from 
1862  to  tiie  conclusion  of  hostilities,  were  participated  in  by  it. 
The  regiment  received  its  discharge  on  the  11th  June,  1865,  at 
Indianapolis.  During  its  continiied  round  of  field  duty  it  captured 
eighteen  guns  and  over  one  thousand  prisoners. 

The  SOth  Regiment  was  oricanizcd  within  the  First  Congress- 
ional  District  under  Col.  C.  Denby,  and  equipped  at  Indianapolis, 
when,  on  the  8th  of  September,  1862,  it  left  for  the  front.  During 
its  term  it  lost  only  two  prisoners;  but  its  list  of  casualties  sums 
up  325  men  and  officers  killed  and  wounded.  The  regiment  may 
be  said  to  muster  out  on  the  22nd  of  June,  1865,  at  Saulsbury. 

The  81sT  Regiment,  of  New  Albany,  under  Colonel  W.  W. 
Oaldwell,  was  organized  on  the  29th  August,  1862^  and  proceeded 
at  once  to  join  Buell's  headquarters,  and  join  in  the  pursuit  of 
General  Bragg.  Throughout  the  terrific  actions  of  the  war  its 
influence  was  felt,  nor  did  its  labors  cease  until  it  aided  in  driviug 
the  rebels  across  the  Tennessee.     It  was  disembodied  at  Nashville 


niSTORV    OF    INDIANA.  lO^ 

on  tlie  lolli  JiiHO,  IRGa,  uiid  roturncd  to  Tmliaiifipolis  on  tlie  inth, 
to  receive  tlie  well-niorited  (.•oiigratuliitiuns  of  Governor  J-forton 
and  tlie  ]kx)j)1c. 

The  S^ND  Rkoimext,  under  Colonel  ]\rorton  C.  Hunter,  Avas 
mustered  in  at  Madison,  lud.,  on  the  30th  August,  1SG2,  and 
leaving  immediately  for  the  scat  of  war,  parti eiuatcd  iu  many  of 
the  great  battles  down  to  the  rntiirn  of  peace.  It  was  mustered  out 
at  Wasliington  on  the  9th  June,  1SG5,  and  soon  returned  to  its 
State  to  receive  a  grand  recor;nition  of  its  faithful  service. 

The  83kd  Regiment,  of  Lawrenceburg,  under  Colonel  Ben.  J. 
Spooner,  was  organized  in  September,  1SG2,  and  soon  left  en  route 
to  the  Mississippi.  Its  subsequent  history,  the  fact  of  its  bcino" 
under  fire  for  a  total  term  of  4,800  hours,  and  its  wanderings  over 
0,285  miles,  leave  nothing  to  be  said  iu  its  defense.  Master  of  a 
thousand  honors,  it  was  mustered  oat  at  Louisville,  on  the  15th 
July,  1SG5,  au'l  I'cturned  home  to  enjoy  a  well-merited  repose. 

The  84x11  Rkgiment  was  mustered  in  at  Richmond,  Ind.,  on  the 
8th  September,  1862,  under  Colonel  Xelson  Trusler.  Its  first 
military  duty  was  on  thedefenses  of  Covington,  in  Kentucky,  and 
Cincinnati;  but  after  a  short  time  it.3  labors  became  more  con- 
genial, and  tended  to  the  great  disadvantage  of  the  slaveholding 
enemy  on  many  well-contested  fields.  This,  like  the  other  State 
regiments,  won  many  distinctions,  and  retired  from  the  service  on 
the  litli  of  June,  1S65,  at  iSTashville. 

The  85Tn  Rkgiment  was  mustered  at  Terre  Haute,  under  Colonel 
John  P.  Bayard,  on  the  2d  September,  18G2.  On  the  4th  March, 
1863,  it  sliared  in  the  unfortunate  affair  at  Thompson's  Station, 
when  in  common  with  the  other  regiments  forming  Coburn's  Bri- 
gade, it  surrendered  to  the  overpowering  forces  of  the  rebel 
General,  Forrest.  In  June,  1863,  after  an  exchange,  it  again  took 
the  field,  and  won  a  large  portion  of  that  renown  accorded  to 
Indiana.     It  was  mustered  out  on  the  12th  of  June,  1865. 

The  86th  Regtmekt,  of  La  Fayette,  left  for  Kentucky  on  the  26th 
August,  1S62,  under  Colonel  OrvilleS.  Hamilton,  and  shared  in  the 
duties  assigned  to  the  S4th.  Its  record  is  very  creditable,  particu- 
larly that  portion  dealing  with  the  battles  of  I^ashville  on  the  loth 
and  16th  December,  1S64.  It  was  mustered  out  ou  the  6th  of  June, 
1865,  and  reported  within  a  few  days  at  Indianapolis  for  discharge. 

The  87th  Regiment,  organized  at  South  '  ud,  under  Colonels 
Kline  G.  Sherlock  and  N".  Gleason,  was  accepted  at  Indianapolis 
ou  the  31st  of  August,  1862,  and  left  on  the  same  day  e?i  route  to 


16S  JIISTORV    OK    INDIANA. 

the  front.  Fi'Oiti  Springfield  .-uwl  Pen-yville  on  tlic  GtU  and  Stli  of 
October,  1802,  to  Mission  lIi(l^o,  on  the  25tli  of  November,  1S(J3, 
^thence  tlirongh  the  Atlanla  campaign  to  tlie  surrender  of  the  Sonsh- 
ern  armies,  it  niilieUl  a  ^i;-aUant  name,  and  met  with  a  true  and  en- 
thusiastic wolco'.ne-liome  on  the  21  st  of  June,  1805,  with  a  list  of 
absent  con))'ades  aggregating  451. 

The  88th  Regimicnt,  organized  witliin  the  Fourth  Congressional 
District,  under  Col.  Geo.  11  u)nj)lirey,  entered  the  service  on  the 
29th  of  August,  1802,  and  presently  was  found  among  the  front 
ranks  in  war.  It  passed  through  the  camjiaign  in  brilliant  Ibrm 
down  to  the  time  of  Gen.  Johnson's  surrender  to  Gen.  Grant,  after 
which,  on  the  7th  of  June,  1SG5,  it  was  mustered  out  at  Washing- 
ton. 

The  89th  Ekguient,  formed  from  the  material  of  the 
Eleventh  Congressional  District,  was  mustered  in  at  Indianapolis, 
on  the  28th  of  August,  18G2,  under  Col.  Chas.  D.  Murray,  and 
after  an  exceedingly  brilliant  campaign  was  discharged  by  Gov. 
Morton  on  the  4th  of  August,  1805. 

The  90Tn  Regiment,  ok  Fifth  Cavalry,  was  organized  at 
Indianapolis  under  the  Colonelcy  of  Felix  W.  Graham,  between 
August  and  November,  1862.  The  different  companies,  joining 
headquarters  at  Louisville  on  the  11th  of  ]\[arch,  1863,  engaged  in 
observing  the  movements  of  the  enemy  in  the  vicinity  of  Cumber- 
land river  until  the  19th  of  April,  when  a  first  and  successful 
brush  was  had  with  the  rebels.  The  regiment  had  been  in  22  en- 
gagements during  the  term  of  service,  captured  640  prisoners,  and 
claimed  a  list  of  casualties  mounting  up  to  the  number  of  829. 
It  was  mustered  out  on  the  16th  of  June,  1865,  at  Pulaski. 

The  91sT  Battalion,  of  seven  companies,  was  mustered  into 
service  at  Evansville,  the  1st  of  October,  1863,  under  Lieut.-Colonel 
John  Mehringer,  and  in  ten  days  latei-  left  for  the  front.  In 
1863  the  regiment  was  completed,  and  thenceforth  took  a  very 
prominent  position  in  the  j)rosecution  of  the  war.  During  its  ser- 
vice it  lost  81  men,  and  retired  from  the  lield  on  the  26th  of  June, 
1865. 

The  92d  Hegiment  failed  in  organizing. 

The  93i)  Regiment  was  mustered  in  at  Madison,  Ind.,  on  the 
20th  of  October,  1862,  under  Col.  Do  Witt  C.  Thomas  and  Lieut.- 
Col.  Geo.  ~W.  Cam  On  the  9th  of  November  it  began  a  move- 
ment south,  and  ultimately  allied  itself  to  Euckland's  Brigade  of 


JUSTUKV    (IK    IXniAXA.  J  (]<) 

Geii.  Shei'inan's.  On  tlio  14tli  of  ]\r;iy  it  wns  aiiioni,'  tlic  first  vo>/\. 
mcnts  to  enter  Jackson,  tlie  capital  of  JSIissisi^ij)])!;  was  next  ]ire3- 
ent  at  tlic  a^sault  "on  Vicksl)ur<i;,  and  made  a  stirriiiii^  campaign 
down  to  tlic^  titorniini;  of  Fort  IJlakcly  on  flu;  Dili  of  April,  1S65- 
It  was  disfhai'irf-'d  on  the  lltli  of  Aui^-ust,  that  ycai-,  at  '  diana[)o- 
lis,  aftei'  receiving  a  public  ovation. 

The  O-liu  AND  95tii  Ekgi.mknts,  axUliorized  to  be  formed  within 
the  Fourth  and  Fifth  Congressional  Districts,  rcs])ectively,  were 
only  partially  organized,  and  so  the  few  companies  that  could  be 
mustered  were  incorporated  with  other  regiments. 

The  96th  REoniKXT  could  only  bring  together  three  companies, 
in  the  Sixth  Congressional  District,  and  these  becoming  incorpo- 
rated with  the  99Lh  then  in  jn'ocess  of  formation  at  South  Bend,  the 
number  was  left  l)lank. 

The  97x11  TviXrijUEKx,  raised  in  the  SeA'enth  Congressional  Dis- 
trict, was  mustered  into  service  at  Terro  Haute,  on  the  20th  of 
September,  1861,  under  Col.  liobert  F.  Catterson.  Reaching  the 
front  within  a  few  days,  it  was  assigned  a  position  near  Memjrhis, 
and  subsequently  joined  in  Gen.  Grant's  movement  on  Vicksburg, 
by  overland  route.  After  a  succession  of  great  exploits  with  the 
several  armies  to  which  it  was  attached,  it  completed  its  list  of 
battles  at  Bentouville,  on  the  21st  of  March,  1865,  and  was  dis- 
embodied at  Washington  on  the  9th  of  June  following.  During  its 
term  of  service  the  regiment  lost  3-H  men,  including  the  three 
Ensigns  killed  during  the  assaults  on  rebel  positions  along  the 
Angusta  Railwaj^,  from  the  15th  to  the  27th  of  June,  186-1. 

The  9STn  EKoniKXT,  authorized  to  be  I'aised  within  the  Eighth 
Congressional  District,  failed  in  its  organization,  and  the  number 
was  left  blank  in  the  army  list.  The  two  companies  answering  to 
the  call  of  July,  1862,  were  consolidated  M'ith  the  100th  Regiment 
then  being  organized  at  Fort  Wayne. 

The  99th  Battalion,  recruited  within  the  Ninth  Congressional 
District,  completed  its  muster  on  the  21st  of  October,  1862,  under 
Col.  Ak-x.  Fawler,  and  rejxirted  for  service  a  few  days  later  at 
Memphis,  where  it  was  assigned  to  the  16th  Army  Corps.  The  va- 
ried vicissitudes  through  which  this  regiment  passed  and  its  remark- 
able gallantry  upon  all  occasions,  have  gained  for  it  a  fair  fame. 
It  was  disembodied  on  the  5th  of  June,  1865,  at  Washington,  and 
returned  to  Indianapolis  on  the  11th  of  the  saujc  month. 

The  100th  RiiGi.MEXT,  recruited  iVoin  the  Eighth  and  Tenth 
Cougi'essional  Districts,  under  Col.  Sandford  J.  Stoughton,  mustered 


170 


IIISTOKV    OK    INIHAX.V. 


^ 


into  tlic  scrvict'on  (he  liUli  of  Si'phMnltor,  left  for  tin;  fi-ont  on  the 
lltb  of  November,  and  became  uttivc.bcd  to  the  Army  ol"  'iV'Tuirfsee 
on  (lie  2r)th  .of  tl):it  montli,  1802.  Tlic  reiijiment  parti-jipatc.'-l  in 
t\Vciit_)-  live  battles,  to:;et}ier  witli  Bkiriiiltfliiiii;-  during  fully  one-third 
of  its  term  of  service,  and  claimed  :;  li.st  of  casualties  monntin^  up 
tofouj'  hundred  and  sixty-four,  ft  was  mustered  out  of  the  ser- 
vice at  AVashington  on  the  9th  of  June,  and  reported  at  Indianapolis 
for  discharge  on  the  1-ith  of  June,  1SG5. 

Tlie  lOlsT  Eegj.mi;>;t  was  inu.^tered  into  service  at  AVabash  on 
the  7th  of  September,  1802,  under  Col.  "William  Garver,  and  pro- 
ceeded immediately  to  Covington,  ICentucky,  Its  early  experiences 
were  gained  in  the  pursuit  ofJ^ragg's  army  and  John  Morgan's 
cavalry,  and  these  experiences  tendered  to  render  the  regiment  one 
of  the  most  valuable  in  the  war  for  the  Republic.  From  the  defeat 
of  John  Morgan  at  ]\[iltou  on  the  18th  of  March,  1803,  to  the  fall 
of  Savannah  on  the  23rd  of  September,  18G3,  the  regiment  won 
many  honors,  and  retired  from  the  service  on  the  25th  of  June, 
1865,  at  Indianapolis. 

THE    MORGAN    RAID  EEGIMEXT5 — :M1XUTE  ME:N. 

The  102i)  liEGiMENT,  organized  under  Col.  Benjamin  M.  Gregory 
from  companies  of  the  Indiana  Legion,  and  numbering  six  hun- 
dred and  twenty-three  men  and  officers,  left  Indianapolis  for  the 
front  early  in  Jul}',  and  reported  at  North  Yernon  on  the  12th  of 
July,  1803,  and  having  completed  a  round  of  duty,  returned  to  In- 
dianapoli.s  on  the  17th  to  be  discharged. 

The  103ij,  comprising  seven  companies  from  Hendricks  county, 
two  from  Marion  and  one  from  Wayne  counties,  numbering  681 
men  and  officers,  under  Col.  Lawrence  S.  Shuler,  was  contemporary 
with  the  102d  liegiment,  var3'ing  only  in  its  service  by  being  mus- 
tered ont  one  day  before,  or  on  the  16th  of  July,  1863. 

The  10-±Tu  ItEGiMEXT  OF  MiNUTE  Men  was  rccruited  from  mem- 
bers of  the  Legion  of  Decatur,  La  Fayette,  Madison,  Marion  and  Rush 
counties.  It  comprised  714  men  and  officers  under  the  command 
of  Col.  James  Gavin,  and  v-'as  organized  within  forty  hours  after  the 
issue  of  Governor  Morton's  call  for  minute  men  to  protect  Indiana 
and  Kentuck}' against  the  raids  of  Gen.  John  II.  Morgan's  rebel 
forces.  After  Morgan's  escape  into  Ohio  the  command  returned 
and  was  mustered  out  on  the  18th  of  July,  1863. 

The  105th  RkgijulN't  consisted  of  seven  companies  of  the  Legion 
and  three  of  Minute  Men,  furnished  l)y  Hancock,  Union,  Randolph, 


JI18T()i:V   OF    INlilAKA.  171 

Putnam, Wayne,  Clinton  juid  Madison  connlics.  Tho  command 
numbered  seven  hundred  and  thirteen  men  and  oliicers,  under  Col. 
Sherlock,  and  took  a  leadin;^  ]);irt  in  the  pursuit  of  Morgan.  Re- 
turning oji  the  ISLh  of  July  to  Indianapoh's  it  wa?  mustered  out. 

The  IOGtu  Regiment,  under  Col.  Isaac  P.  Gray,  consisted  of 
one  company  of  the  Legion  and  nine  com])anics  of  Minute  Men, 
aggregating  t-even  hundred  and  ninety-two  men  and  officers.  The 
counties  of  Wayne,  Randolph,  Hancock,  Howard,  and  ]\[arion  were 
represented  in  its  rank  and  file.  Like  the  other  regiments  organized 
to  repel  Morgan,  it  was  disembodied  in  July,  1863. 

The  lOTxu  Regiment,  undi;r  Col.  De  Witt  C.  Rngg,  was  organ- 
ized in  the  city  of  Lidianapolis  from  the  companies'  Legion,  or 
Ward  Guards.  The  successes  of  this  promptly  organized  regiment 
were  unquestioned. 

The  IOStk  Regiment  comprised  five  companies  of  Minute  Men, 
from  Tippecanoe  county,  two  from  Ilaticock,  and  one  from  each  of 
the  counties  known  as  Carroll,  Montgomery  and  Wayne,  aggregat- 
ing 710  men  and  officers,  and  all  under  the  command  of  Col.  W.  C. 
Wilson.  After  performing  the  only  duties  ])resented,  it  returned 
from  Cincinnati  on  the  18th  of  July,  and  was  mustered  out. 

The  IOOtji  Regiment,  composed  of  Minute  Men  from  Coles 
county,  111.,  La  Porte,  Hamilton,  Miami  and  Randolph  counties, 
Ind.,  shov/ed  a  roster  of  709  officers  and  men,  under  Col.  J.  R, 
Mahon.  Morgan  having  escaped  from  Ohio,  its  duties  were  at  an 
end,  and  returning  to  Indianapolis  was  mustered  out  on  the  17th 
of  July,  1863,  after  seven  days'  service. 

The  llOxH  Regiment  of  Minute  Men  comprised  volunteers  from 
Henry,  Madison,  Delaware,  Cass,  and  Monroe  counties.  The  men 
•were  ready  and  willing,  if  not  really  anxious  to  go  to  the  front.  But 
happily  the  swift-winged  Morgan  was  driven  away,  and  conse- 
quently the  regiment  was  not  called  to  the  field. 

The  lllxir  Regiment,  furnished  hy  Montgomery,  Lafayette, 
Rush,  Miami,  Monroe,  Delaware  and  Hamilton  counties,  number- 
ing 733  men  and  <  fficers,  rinder  Col.  Robert  Cauover,  was  not 
requisitioned. 

The  112th  Regiment  was  formed  from  nine  companies  of  Min- 
ute Men,  and  the  Mitchell  Light  Iiifantry  Company  of  the  Legion. 
Its  strength  was  703  men  and  officers,  under  Col.  Hiram  F.  Brax- 
ton. Lawrence,  Washington,  Monroe  and  Orange  counties  were 
represented  on  its  roster,  and  the  historic  names  of  North  Vernon 
and  Sunman's  Station  on  its  banner.     Returning  from  the  South 


172  in.STOUY    OF    INDIANA. 

after   seven    days'  service,    it    was    inuslcrcd    out   on  the  17tli   of 
July,  JSG3. 

,  The  ll^TH  Rkchmknt,  lurni^heu  l>y  Daviess.  Martin, "Was!) in^lon, 
and  j\Ionroe  counties,  coni(>rised  OliG  rank  and  lilu  under  Coh  Cieo. 
W.  Jjurge.  Like  tlie  112th,  it  was  assi(,nied  to  Gen.  llu^lios' 
Brigade,  and  defended  North  Vurnun  against  the  rej^eatcd  attacks 
of  John  II.  Morgan's  forces. 

Tlie  IMth  Rkgimknt  was  wholly  organized  in  Johnson  coiintj', 
under  Col.  Lanihertson,  and  participated  in  tlie  aiiair  of  Korth 
Vernon.  Returning  on  the  21st  of  July,  1863,  with  its  brief  but 
faithful  record,  it  was  disembodied  at  Indianapolis,  11  days  after 
its  organization. 

All  these  regiments  were  brought  into  existence  to  meet  an 
emergency,  and  it  must  be  confessed,  that  had  not  a  sense  of 
duty,  military  instinct  and  love  of  country  animated  these  regi- 
ments, the  rebel  General,  John  H.  Morton,  and  liis  G,000  cavalry 
would  doubtless  have  carried  destruction  as  far  as  the  very  capital 
of  their  State. 

SIX  months'  keg iments. 

The  115th  REontENX,  organized  at  Indianapolis  in  answer  to  the 
call  of  the  President  in  June,  1SG3,  was  mustered  into  service  on 
the  IVth  of  August,  under  Col.  J.  R.  Mahon.  Its  service  was  short 
but  brilliant,  and  received  its  discharge  at  Indianapolis  the  10th 
of  Feljruary,  1SG4. 

The  IIGth  Regiment,  mustered  in  on  the  iTth  of  August,  1SG3, 
moved  to  Detroit,  Michigan,  on  the  oOtli,  under  Col.  Charles  Wise. 
During  October  it  was  ordered  to  Kicholasville,  Kentucky,  where  it 
was  assigned  to  Col.  Mahon's  Brigade,  and  with  Gen.  "Willcox's 
entire  command,  joined  in  the  forward  movement  to  Cumberland 
Gap.  »  After  a  term  on  severe  duty  it  returned  to  Lafayette  and 
there  was  disembodied  on  the  24th  of  February,  1SG4,  whither  Gov. 
Morton  hastened,  to  share  in  the  ceremonies  of  welcome. 

The  IITtii  Regiment  of  Indianapolis  was  mustered  into  service 
on  the  17th  of  September,  18G3,  under  Col.  Thomas  J.  Brady. 
After  surmounting  every  obstacle  opposed  to  it,  it  returned  on  the 
6th  of  February,  1SG4,  and  was  treated  to  a  public  reception  on 
the  9  th. 

The  IISth  Regiment,  whose  organization  was  completed  on  the 
3d  of  September,  1863,  under  Cui.  Geo.  W.  Jackson,  joined  the 
116th  at  Nicholasville,  and  sharing  in  its  fortunes,  returned  to  the 


IlISTOUY    OF   IMjrANA.  J  7;] 

Stale  c;v]Mtal  on  tlic  Mlli  of  Fcliniiiry,  ISO  I.  Tt:^  cfisuaUics  were 
comprised  in  a  list  of  15  killed  and  wounded. 

The  HUtii,  or  Skvknth  Cavai-uy,  was  recruited  under  Col.  John 
P.  0.  Shanks,  and  its  origan izat.i on  conipleled  on  the  If-t  of  Octo- 
ber, I8G;>.  Tlic  rank  and  file  numbered  l,iM8,  dividcnl  into  twelve 
companies.  On  the  7th  of  December  its  arrival  at  Louisville  was 
rc])orted,  and  on  the  14tli  it  entered  on  active  nervice.  After  the 
well-fon^ht  battle  of  Guntown,  Mississippi,  on  the  lOtli  of  June, 
1SG4-,  although  it  onl}'  brought  defeat  to  our  arms,  (icneral  Grier- 
son  addressed  the  Seventh  Cavalry,  saying:  "  Yoar  General  con- 
gratulates a'ou  upon  your  noble  conduct  during  the  late  expedition. 
Fighting  agaiiist  overwhelming  numbers,  under  adverse  circum- 
stances, your  prompt  obedience  to  orders  and  unHinching  courage 
commanding  the  admiration  of  all,  made  even  defeat  almost  a  vic- 
tory. Fr.]-  hours  on  foot  you  repulsed  the  cliarges  of  the  enemies'  in- 
fantry, .-:id  again  in  the  saddle  j'ou  met  his  cavalry  and  turned  his 
assaults  into  confusion.  Your  heroic  perseverance  saved  hundreds 
of  your  fellow-soldier:'  from  capture.  You  have  been  faithful  to 
your  honorable  reputation,  and  have  fully  justified  the  confidence, 
and  merited  the  high  esteem  of  your  commander." 

Early  in  1SG5,  a  number  of  these  troops,  returning  from  impris- 
onment in  Southern  bastiles,  were  lost  on  the  steamer  "Sultana." 
The  survivors  of  the  campaign  continued  in  the  service  for  a  long 
period  after  the  restoration  of  peace,  and  finally  mustered  out. 

The  120x11  Regiment.  In  September,  1S63,  Gov.  Morton  re- 
ceived authority  from  the  War  Department  to  organize  eleven  regi- 
jnents  within  the  State  for  three  j'ears'  service.  By  April,  ISGl, 
this  organization  was  complete,  and  being  transferred  to  the  com- 
mand of  Brigadier  General  Alvin  P.  Ilovey,  w^ere  formed  by  him 
into  a  division  for  service  with  the  Army  of  Teimessce.  Of  those 
regiments,  the  120th  occupied  a  very  prominent  place,  both  on  ac- 
count of  its  numbers,  its  perfect  discipline  and  high  reputation. 
It  was  mustered  in  at  Columbus,  and  was  in  all  the  great  battles 
of  the  latter  years  of  the  war.  It  won  high  praise  from  friend 
and  foe,  and  retired  with  its  bright  roll  of  honor,  after  the  success 
of  Right  and  Justice  w'as  accomplished. 

The  121sT,  on  Nikth  Cavalky,  was  mustered  in  March  1,  18G4, 
under  Col.  George  W.  Jackson,  at  Indianapolis,  and  though  not 
numerically  strong,  was  so  well  equipped  and  possessed  such  excel- 
lent material  that  on  the  3rd  of  May  it  was  ordered  to  the  front. 
The  record  of  the   121st,  though  extending  over  a  bx*ief  period,  is 


171  HISTORY    OF    INniANA. 

pre^^uant  witli  deeds  of  war  of  a  lii^^li  cliariicter.  On  tlic  20111  of 
^Vpril,  1805,  tlie.>c  ti(.)oji!>,  while,  rctui-niiig  from  their  labors  in  the 
,Soutli,  lost  55  men,  owin^  to  the  ex]>losiun  of  the  engines  of  the 
steamer  "  Sultana."  The  return  of  the  3SG  survivors,  on  the  5th  of 
September,  1SG5,  wi'^  hailed  with  joy,  and  proved  how  v/ell  and 
dearly  the  citizens  of  Indiana  loved  their  soldiers. 

The  122d  ItKuiMKXT  ordered  to  be  raised  in  the  Third  Con<^rts- 
sional  District,  owing  to  very  few  men  bein^  then  at  home,  failed 
in  or^^anization,  and  the  regimental  number  became  a  blank. 

The  123d  IIkgi.mext  was  furnished  by  the  Fourth  aiid  Seventh 
Congressional  Disti-icts  during  the  winter  of  lsG3-'04,  and  mus- 
tered, jMarch  9,  ISGl,  at  Grccnsburg,  under  Col.  John  C.  AIcQuis- 
ton.  The  command  left  for  the  front  the  same  day,  and  after  win- 
ning rare  distinction  during  the  last  years  of  the  campaign,  i)ar- 
ticularly  in  its  gallantry  at  Atlanta,  and  its  daring  movement  to 
escape  Forrest's  15,000  rebel  horsemen  near  Franklin,  this  regi- 
ment was  discharged  on  the  30th  of  August,  18G5,  at  Indianapolis, 
being  mustered  out  on  the  25th,  at  Haleigh,  JNTortli  Carolina. 

The  124tii  Kegimekt  completed  its  organization  by  assuming- 
three  companies  raised  for  the  125 Lh  Ilegiment  (which  was  intended 
to  be  cavalry),  and  was  mustered  in  at  Ilichmond,  on  the  lOth  of 
March,  ISGl,  under  Colonel  James  Burgess,  and  re])ortcd  at  Louis- 
ville within  nine  days.  From  Buzzard's  Boost,  on  the  8th  of  May, 
1864,  under  General  Schoiield,  Lost  Mountain  in  June,  and  the 
cajDture  of  Decatur,  on  the  15th  July,  to  the  21st  March,  1SG5,  in 
its  grand  advance  under  General  Sherman  from  Atlanta  to  the 
coast,  the  regiment  won  many  laurel  wreaths,  and  after  a  brilliant 
campaign,  was  mustered  out  at  Greensboro  on  the  31st  August, 
1865. 

The  125th,  or  Tenth  Cavalry,  was  partially  organized  during 
November  and  December,  1862,  at  Vincennes,  and  in  February, 
1863,  completed  its  numbers  and  equi{)raent  at  Columbus,  under 
Colonel  T.  M.  Pace.  Early  in  May  its  arrival  in  I^ashville  was 
repoi'ted,  and  presently  assigned  active  service.  During  September 
and  October  it  engaged  rebel  contingents  under  Forrest  and  Hood, 
and  later  iu  the  battles  of  Nashville,  Reynold's  Bill  and  Sugar 
Creek,  and  in  1SG5  Flint  River,  Courtland  and  Mount  Hope.  The 
explosion  of  the  Stdtana  occasioned  the  loss  of  thirty-five  men  with 
Captain  GalTuey  and  Lieutenants  Twigg  and  Reeves,  and  in  a 
collision  on  the  Nashville  &  Louisville  railroad,  ]\[ay,  1804,  lost 
live  men  killed  and  several  \voundcd.     After  a  term  of  service  un- 


iiistoi:y  of  imiiaxa.  175 

surpassed  for  its  utility  and  characlcr  it  was  disciubudicd  at  ^'^icks- 
burg,  Missi.'^sijipi,  on  the  31st  August,  1SG5,  and  retuiiiing  to 
Indianapolis  early  in  Septeuibcr,  was  welcomed  by  the  Executive 
and  ])Joi)le. 

Tiio  12(1th,  nii  EijcvKXTn  Cavalky,  was  organized  at  Indian- 
apolis  under  Colonel  Ivobert  II,  Stewart,  on  the  1st  ot"  March,  1861, 
and  left  in  May  for  Tennessee.  It  took  a  verj-  consjucuous  ])art  in 
the  defeat  of  Hood  near  Kashville,  joining  in  the  p.ursuit  as  far  as 
Gravelly'  Springs,  Alabama,  where  it  was  dismounted  and  assigned 
infantry  duty.  In  June,  1805,  it  was  remounted  at  St.  Louis,  and 
moved  to  Fort  Iviley,  Kansas,  and  tlience  to  Leavenworth,  where  it 
was  mustered  o\it  on  the  19th  September,  1803. 

The  127Tn,  ok  Twklftu  Cavalrv,  w-as  partially  organized  at 
Kendallville,  in  December,  18G3,  and  perfected  at  the  same  place, 
under  Colonel  Edv/ard  Anderson,  in  April,  ISG-i.  lleaching  the 
front  in  May,  it  went  into  active  service,  took  a  prominent  part  in 
the  march  througli  Alabama  and  Georgia,  and  after  a  service  bril- 
liant in  all  its  parts,  retired  from  the  field,  after  discharge,  on  the 
22d  of  November,  1865. 

The  128th  Kegiment  was  raised  in  the  Tenth  Congressional  Dis- 
trict of  the  period,  and  mustered  at  Michigan  City,  under  Colonel 
R.  P.  De  Hart,  on  the  18th  I^Larch,  18GJ-.  On  the  25th  it  was 
reported  at  the  front,  and  assigned  at  once  to  Schofield's  Division. 
The  battles  of  Resaca,  Dallas,  New  Hope  Church,  Lost  Mountain, 
Kenesaw,  Atlanta,  Jonesboro,  Dalton,  Brentwood  Hills,  Nashville, 
and  the  six  days'  skirmish  of  Columbia,  were  all  participated  in  by 
the  128th,  and  it  continued  in  service  long  after  tlie  termination 
of  hostilities,  holding  the  post  of  Raleigh,  North  Carolina. 

The  129Tn  Regiment  was,  like  the  former,  mustered  in  at 
Michigan  City  about  the  same  time,  under  Colonel  Charles  Case, 
and  moving  to  the  front  on  the  7th  April,  1.861,  shared  in  the  for- 
tunes of  the  12Stli  until  August  29, 1865,  when  it  w\as  disembodied 
at  Charlotte,  Notrh  Carolina. 

The  ISOxa  Regiment,  mustered  at  Kokomo  on  the  12th  March, 
1864,  under  Colonel  C.  S.  Parrish,  left  en  route  to  the  seat  of  war 
on  the  IGth,  and  was  assigned  to  the  Second  Brigade,  First  Division, 
Twenty-third  Army  Corps,  at  Nashville,  on  the  19th.  During  the 
war  it  made  for  itself  a  brilliant  history,  and  returned  to  Indian- 
apolis with  its  well-won  honors  on  the  13th  DeceniDer,  1865. 

The  131sT,  OR  Thirteenth  Cavalry,  under  Colonel  G.  At  L. 
Johnson,  was  the  last  mounted  regiment  recruited  within  the  State. 


170  IlISTdKV    OK    JXDIANA. 

It  left  Iii(liaiuij)olis  on  tlie  oOili  of  A])ril,  ISOi,  in  infantry  trim, 
und  y;ained  its  lir.~t  lionors  on  the  1st  of  (>o.tot)cr  in  its  tna<^iiificent 
dofcn?o  of  Kunt^ville,  Alabama,  against  the  rebel  division  of 
'General  Jliifurd,  followini;-  a  line  of  first-rate  military  conduct  to 
the  end.  In  January,  1865,  tlio  roijimeiit  was  remounted,  won 
some  distinction  in  its  modern  foian,  and  was  nmstered  out  at 
Vieksburg  on  the  ISth  of  JS'ovembur,  1805.  The  morale  and 
services  of  the  rei>;iinent  were  such  that  its  Colonel  was  promoted 
Brevet  P>rigadier-(Jencral  in  consideration  of  its  merited  honors. 

T}1K   ONE  lIUX]:)lii:r)-L)ATS  VOLUXTKKRS. 

Governor  Morton, in  obedience  to  tlie  ofler  made  under  his  auspices 
to  the  general  Government  to  raise  volunteer  regiments  for  onehun- 
dred  days'  service,  issued  his  call  on  the  23rd  of  April,  1864.  This 
movement  suggested  itself  to  the  inventive  genius  of  the  war  Gov- 
ernor as  a  most  important  step  toward  the  subjection  or  annihila- 
tion of  the  military  supporters  of  slavery  within  a  year,  and  thus 
conclude  a  war,  which,  notwithstanding  its  holy  claims  to  the  name 
of  Battles  for  Freedom,  was  becoming  too  protracted,  and  proving 
too  detrimental  to  the  best  interests  of  the  Union.  In  answer  to 
the  esteemed  Governor's  call  eight  regiments  came  forward,  and 
formed  The  Grand  Division  of  tlie  Yolunteers. 

The  132d  Regiment,  under  Col.  S.  C.  Vance,  was  furnished  by 
Indianapolis,  Shelliyville,  Franlclin  and  Danville,  and  leaving  on 
the  18th  of  May,  1864,  reached  the  front  where  it  joined  the  forces 
acting  in  Tennessee. 

The  133d  IIegiiient,  raised  at  Richmond  on  the  17th  of  May, 
186  i,  under  Col.  R.N.  Hudson,  comj)rised  nine  companies,  and 
folloM-ed  the  132d. 

The  134tii  REGurENT,  comprising  seven  companies,  was  organ- 
ized at  Indianapolis  on  the  25th  of  May,  1864,  under  Col.  James 
Gavin,  a)id  proceeded  immediatel}'  to  the  front. 

The  ISoxn  Regiment  was  raised  from  the  volunteers  of  Bedford, 
Noblesville  and  Goshen,  with  seven  companies  from  the  First  Con- 
gressional District,  under  Col.  "W".  C.  "Wilson,  on  the  25tli  of  May, 
1864,  and  left  at  once  en  route  to  the  South. 

The  1  36th  Regiment  comprised  ten  companies,  raised  in  the 
same  districts  as  those  contributing  to  the  135th,  under  Col.  J.  W. 
Foster,  and  left  for  Tennessee  on  the  24th  of  May,  1864. 

The  137tii  Regiment,  under  Col.  E.  J.  Robinson,  corajn-ising 
volunteers  from  Kokomo,  Zancsviile,  Medora,  Sullivan,  Rockville, 


IIISTOKY    OF   I.NDIAJS'A.  177 

and  Owoii  and  Lawrcuce  counties,  left ci>  route  t.o  Tennessee  on  tlie 
28tliof  Ma}',  ISGi,  having  cunipleted  organizutiou  the  day  previous. 

Tlio  l<3STn  Regiment  wai  lornicd  of  fccvcu  companies  from  the 
Ninth,  with  three  from  the  Eleventh  Congre^rsional  District  (un- 
reformed),  and  mustered  in  at  Indianapolis  on  the  27tli  of  May, 
ISGl,  under  Col.  J.  II.  Shannon.  Tliis  fnio  regiment  was  re- 
ported at  the  front  within  a  fuw  days. 

The  ISOtji  TIkgiment,  under  Col.  Geo.  Humplirey,  was  raised  from 
volunteers  furni;-;hcd  by  Iveuualiville,  Lawj-enceburg,  Elizaville, 
Kniglitstown,  Comiersville,  Newcastle,  Portland,  Vevay,  New 
Albany,  Metaniora,  Columbia  City,  New  Haven  and  New  Phila- 
delphia. It  was  constituted  a  regiment  on  the  8th  of  June,  1864:, 
and  appeared  among  the  defenders  in  Tennessee  during  that  month. 

All  these  regiments  gained  distinction,  and  won  an  enviable  po- 
sition in  the  glorious  history  of  the  war  and  the  no  less  glorious 
one  of  their  own  State  in  its  relation  thereto. 

THK   PKESIDENt's    CALL   OF  JULY,  18G4. 

Tlie  14:0th  ItEGjMENT  was  organized  with  many  others,  in  response 
to  the  call  of  the  nation.  Under  its  Colonel,  Thomas  J.  Brady,  it  pro- 
ceeded to  the  South  on  the  15th  of  November,  ISGi.  Having  taken 
a  most  prominent  part  in  all  the  desperate  struggles,  round  Nash- 
ville and  Mnrfreesboro  in  ISGl-,  to  Town  Creek  Bridge  on  the  20th 
of  February,  1SG5,  and  completed  a  continuous  round  of  severe  duty 
to  the  end,  arrived  at  Indianapolis  for  discharge  on  the  21st  of  July, 
where  Governor  Morton  received  it  with  marked  honors. 

The  14  1st  Regiment  was  only  partially  raised,  and  its  few  com- 
panies were  incorporated  with  Col.  Brady's  command. 

The  142d  Regiment  was  recruited  at  Fort  Wayne,  under  Col.  I. 
M.  Comparet,  and  was  mustered  into  service  at  Indianajjolis  on  the 
d  of  November,  1864.  After  a  steady  and  exceedingly  eflective 
service,  it  returned  to  Indianapolis  on  the  16th  of  July,  18G5. 

THE  PKESIDENt's  C'.'.L  OF  DECEJUlEi:,  1864, 

Was  answered  by  Indiana  in  tho  most  material  terms.  No  less 
than  fourteen  serviceable  regiments  Vtrere  placed  at  the  disposal  of 
the  General  Government. 

The  143d  Regiment  was  mustered  in,  under  Col  J.  T.  Grill,  on 
the  21st  February,  18G5,  reported  at  Nashville  on  the  24th,  and  af- 
ter a  brief  but  brilliant  service  returned  to  the  State  on  the  21st 
October,  1865. 


ITS  lIISTOJiY    or    INDIANA. 

The  14l'rii  Rkcimknt,  under  Col.  (J.  A\^  liiilillc,  was  ninsterod  in 
on  tlie  OtlrHarcli,  1805,  left  on  tlio  9tU  for  Harper's  Ferry,  took  an 
effective  part  in  the  close  of  the  campai^^n  and  reported  at  Indian- 
apolis for  discharge  on  the  9th  August,  1S65. 

The  145th  Rkcumknt,  under  Col.  "W".  A.  AilamSjleft  IndianajiMlis 
on  the  ISth  of  Febrnar}',  18G5,  and  joining  Gen.  Steadman's  divi:^iuu 
at  Chattanooga  on  the  23d  was  sent  on  active  service.  Its  dnties 
Avcre  discharged  with  rare  fidelity  until  mustered  out  in  January, 
ISGO. 

The  lin-rn  Reoimei^t,  under  Col.  M.  C.  Welsh,  left  Indianapolis 
on  the  11th  of  March  en  route  to  Harper's  Ferry,  where  it  was  as- 
signed to  tlie  army  of  the  Shenandoah.  The  duties  ot  this  regiment 
were  severe  and  continuous,  to  the  period  of  its  muster  out  at  Bal- 
timore on  the  31st  of  August,  1865. 

The  I^Ttu  Regijient,  comprised  among  other  volunteers  from 
Benton,  Lafayette  and  Henry  counties,  organized  under  Col.  Milton 
Peden  on  the  13th  of  March,  1SG5,  at  Indianapolis.  It  shared  a 
fortune  similar  to  that  of  the  140th,  and  returned  for  discharge  on 
the  9th  of  August,  18G5. 

The  14STn  Regimext,  under  Col.  N.  R.  Ruckle,  left  the  State 
cajiital  on  the  28th  of  February,  1865,  and  reporting  at  Nashville, 
was  sent  on  guard  and  garrison  duty  into  tlie  heart  of  Tennessee. 
Returning  to  Indianapolis  on  the  8th  of  September,  it  received  a 
final  discharge. 

The  llOrn  Regiment  was  organized  at  Indianapolis  by  Col.  TV. 
H.  Fairbanks,  and  left  on  the  3d  of  March,  18G5,  for  Tennessee, 
where  it  had  the  honor  of  receiving  the  surrender  of  the  rebel 
forces,  and  military  stores  of  Generals  Roddj'  and  Polk.  The  reg- 
iment was  welcomed  home  by  Morton  on  the  29th  of  September. 

The  150th  Regiment,  under  Col.  M.  B.  Taylor,  mustered  in  on  the 
9tli  of  March,  1865,  left  for  the  South  on  the  13th  and  reported  at 
Harper's  Fen-y  on  the  ITtli.  This  regiment  did  guard  duty  at 
Charleston,  Winchester,  Stevenson  Station,  Gordon's  Springs,  and 
after  a  service  characterized  by  utility'-,  returned  on  the  9th  of' 
August  to  Indianapolis  for  discharge. 

The  151sT  Regiment,  under  Col.  J.  Ilealy,  arrived  at  Xashvillcon 
the  9th  of  March,  18G5.  On  the  14th  a  movement  on  Tullahoma 
was  undertaken,  and  three  months  later  returned  to  Nashville  for 
garrison  duty  to  the  close  of  the  war.  It  was  mustered  out  on  the 
22d  of  September,  1SG5. 

The  152d  RiIgimknt  was  organized  at  Indianapolis,  under  Col. 


,,;/Ml^'i 


ft;' 


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il'lllill. 
j!i!ilK 


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I 

I: 


niSTOtY    OF   INDIANA.  ISi 

'W.  W  Griowold,  and  left  for  Harper's  Ferry  on  the  18tliof  March, 
18G5.  It  was  attached  to  the  provisional  divisions  of  Slicnaiiduah 
Army,  and  engaged  until  the  1st  of  September,  when  it  was  dis- 
charged at  Indianapolis. 

The  153i)  I'^KontEXT  was  organized  at  Indianapolis  on  the  1st  of 
March,  1S65,  under  Col.  O.  II.  P.  Carey.  It  reported  at  Louis- 
ville, and  by  order  of  Gen.  Palmer,  was  held  on  service  iu  Ken- 
tucky, Avliere  it  was  occupied  in  the  exciting  but  very  dangerous 
pastime  of  lighting  Southern  guerrillas.  Later  it  was  posted  at 
Louisville,  until  mustered  out  on  the  4th  of  September,  1S65. 

The  151th  Regiment,  organized  under  Col.  Frank  "Wilcox,  left 
Indianapolis  under  Major  Simpson,  for  Parkcrsburg,  W.  Virginia, 
on  the  28th  of  April,  1SG5.  It  was  assigned  to  guard  and  garrison 
duty  until  its  discharge  on  the  4th  of  August,  1865. 

The  155Tn  Regiment,  recruited  throughout  the  State,  left  on  the 
26th  of  April  for  Washington,  and  was  afterward  assigned  to  a 
provisional  Brigade  of  the  Ninth  Army  Corps  at  Alexandria.  The 
companies  of  this  regiment  were  scattered  over  the  country, — at 
Dover,  Centre\  illc,  Wilmington,  and  Salisbury,  but  becoming  re- 
united on  the  4tli  of  August,  1805,  it  was  mustered  out  at  Dovei', 
Delaware. 

The  IoGtii  Battalion,  under  Lieut.-Colonel  Charles  M.  Smith, 
left  en  route  to  the  Shenandoah  Valley  on  the  27th  of  April,  18G5, 
where  it  continued  doing  guard  duty  to  the  period  of  its  muster 
out  the  4th  of  August,  1365,  at  Winchester,,  Virginia. 

On  the  return  of  these  regiments  to  Indianapolis,  Gov.  Morton 
and  the  people  received,  them  with  all  that  characteristic  cordiality 
and  enthusiasm  peculiarly  tljeir  own. 

independent  cavalry  company  of  india'na  volunteers. 

The  people  of  Crawford  county,  animated  with  that  inspiriting 
patriotism  which  the  war  drew  forth,  organized  this  mounted  com- 
pany on  the  25th  of  July,  1863,  and  placed  it  at  the  disposal  of 
the  Government,  and  it  was  mustered  into  service  by  order  of  the 
War  Secretary, on  the  13th  of  August,  1863,  under  Captain  L. 
Lamb.  To  the  close  of  the  year  it  engaged  in  the  laudable  pursuit 
of  arresting  deserters  and  enforcing  the  draft;  however,  on  the 
18th  of  January,  1804,  it  was  reconstituted  and  incorjjorated  with 
the  Thirteenth  Cavalry,  with  which  it  continued  to  serve  until  thcj 
treason  of  Americans  against  America  was  conquered. 


182  lUt^TOia*    OK   1M)1\NA. 

(iru  cdi.ouKn  'iKonrs. 

4  The  2Stii  RKGn:K.N'r  ok  CdLdUii) 'I'kooi's  M-as  rccruilcd  tliroi!L;']i. 
'>iit  the  State  of  Imliima,  and  uikUt  Licut.-Coluuel  Chai'le;?  .S. 
Kussoll,  left  IndiaiKipolIs  for  tlio  fronton  tlie  2ith  of  April,  ISOi. 
The  regiment  acted  very  well  in  its  first  engagement  Avith  the 
rebels  Jit  White  House,  Virginia,  and  again  with  G(!n.  Sheridan's 
Cavalry,  in  the  swamps  of  tlie  Chiekahominj'.  In  the  battle  of 
the  "  Crater,"  it  lost  half  its  roster;  but  their  place  was  soon  iillcd 
by  other  colored  recruits  from  the  State,  and  Hussell  promoted  to 
the  Colonelcy,  and  afterward  to  Brevet  Brigralier-CJeneral,  when  ho 
was  succeeded  in  the  command  by  ]\lajor  Thomas  JI.  Logan. 
.During  the  few  months  of  its  active  service  it  accumulated  quite  a 
history,  and  was  ultimately  di:^charged,  on  the  Sth  of  Januaiy, 
18G6,  at  Indianapolis. 

BATTK.UIKS    OF    IJGUT    AKTILLEKY. 

First  Battkrv,  oi-gjinizcd  at  Evansville,  under  Captain  Martin 
Klauss,  and  mustered  in  on  the  16th  of  August,  18G1,  joined  Gen. 
Fremont's  army  immediately,  and  entering  I'eadily  upon  its  salu- 
tary course,  aided  in  the  capture  of  930  rebels  and  their  position 
at  Blackwater  creek.  On  March  the  6th,  LsG'3  at  Elkhorn  Tavern, 
and  on  the  8th  at  Pea  Ridge,  the  battery  performed  good  service. 
Port  Gibson,  Champion  Hill,  Jackson,  the  Tcclic  country,  Sabine 
Cross  Roads,  Grand  Encore,  all  tell  of  its  efiicacy.  In  1S64  it  was 
subjected  to  reorganization,  when  Lawrence  Jucoby  v.'^as  raised  to 
the  Captiancy,  vice  Klauss  resigned.  After  a  long  term  of  useful 
service,  it  was  mustered  out  at  Indianapolis  on  the  ISth  of  August, 
1865. 

Second  Battekv  was  organized,  under  Captain  D.  G.  Rabb,  at 
Indianapolis  on  the  9th  of  August,  1861,  and  one  month  later  pro- 
ceeded to  the  front.  It  participated  in  the  campaign  against  Col. 
Coffee's  irregular  troops  and  the  rebellious  Indians  of  the  Cherokee 
nation.  From  Lone  Jack,  Missouri,  to  Jenkin's  Ferry  and  Fort 
Smith  it  won  signal  honors  until  its  reorganization  in  1864,  and 
even  after,  to  June,  1865,  it  maintained  a  very  fair  reputation. 

The  TniRD  Batteuy,  under  Capt.  AV.  W.  Frybarger,  was  organ- 
ized and  mustered  in  at  Connersville  on  the  24th  of  August,  1861, 
and  proceeded  immediate!}'  to  join  Fremont's  Army  of  the  Mis- 
Eouri.  Moon's  Mill,  Kirksville,  Meridian,  Fort  de  Russy,  Alex- 
andria, Round  Lake,  Tupelo,  Clinton  and  Tallahatchie  are  names 


IIISTOKV    OK    INDIANA,  1S3 

■which  may  !)(>  engraven  on  its  c^uns.  It  purticipated  in  the  allairs 
before  Narilivillcon  the  15th  and  10th  of  December,  18G-i,  when 
Gcuersri  Ilnud's  Army  was  put  to  route,  and  at  Fort  IJlakcly,  out- 
side Mobile,  after  which  it  returned  liome  to  report  for  discharge, 
Au,:^ust  21,  1865. 

The  Fourth  IJatteky,  recruited  in  La  Porte,  Porter  and  Lake 
counties,  r<^ported  at  the  front  early  in  October,  ISDl,  and  at  once 
assumed  a  prominent  place  in  the  army  of  Gen.  Buell.  Again 
imder  Iloseucrans  and  McCook  and  under  General  Slieridan  at 
Stone  River,  the  services  of  this  battery  were  much  praised,  i'.nd  it 
retained  its  well-earned  rej)utation  to  the  very  dsiy  of  its  muster  out 
— the  1st  of  August,  1865.  Its  first  organization  was  completed 
under  Oapt.  A.  K.  Bush,  and  reorganized  in  Oct.,  1864,  under  Capt 
B.  F.  Johnson. 

The  Fifth  Batteky  was  furnished  by  La  Porte,  Allen,  Whitley 
and  Noble  counties,  organized  under  Capt,  Peter  Simonson,  and  mus- 
tered into  service  on  the  22d  of  November,  1861.  It  comprised 
four  six  pounders,  two  being  rifled  cannon,  and  two  twelve-jjounder 
Howitzers  with  a  force  of  158  men.  Reporting  at  Camp  Gib 
bert,  Louisville,  on  the  29th,  it  was  siiortlj'  after  assigned  to  the 
division  of  Gen,  Mitchell,  at  Bacon  Creek.  During  its  term,  it 
served  in  twenty  battles  and  numerous  petty  actions,  losing  its  Cap- 
tain at  Pine  Mountain.  The  total  loss  accruing  to  the  battery  was 
84  men  and  oftlccrs  and  four  guns.  It  was  mustered  out  on  the 
20th  of  July,  1864. 

The  Six'rn  Battery  was  recruited  at  Evansville,  under  Captain 
Frederick  Behr,  and  left,  on  the  2d  of  Oct.,  1861,  tor  the  front, 
reporting  at  ITenderson,  Kentucky,  a  few  days  after.  Early  in 
1862  it  joined  Gen.  Sherman's  army  at  Paducah,  and  participated 
in  the  battle  of  Shiloh,  on  the  6th  of  April.  Its  history  grew  in 
brilliancy  until  the  era  of  peace  insured  a  cessation  of  il^^  great 
labors. 

The  Seventu  Batteky  comprised  volunteers  from  Terre  Haute, 
Arcadia,  Evansville,  Salem,  Lawreuceburg,  Columbus,  Vin- 
cennes  and  Indianapolis,  under  Samuel  J,  Harris  as  its  first 
Captain,  who  was  succeeded  by  G.  R.  Shallow  and  O.  H.  Mor- 
gan after  its  reorganization.  From  the  siege  of  Corinth  to  the 
capture  of  Atlanta  it  performed  vast  services,  and  returned  to 
Indianapolis  on  the  IJth  of  July,  1865,  to  be  received  by  the  peo- 
ple and  hear  its  history  from  the  lips  of  the  veteran  patriot  and 
Governor  of  the  State. 


ISi  IliSTORy    OF    INDIANA. 

The  Er  .irrri  Battuiiv,  under  Captain  G.  T.  Cochran,  arrivc<'  at 
the  front  on  tlie  20tli  of  February,  1S02-,  and.  subsequently  entered 
upon  its  real  duties  at  the  siege  of  Corinth.  It  served  with  dis- 
tinction tliroughout,  and  concluded  a  well-made  campaign  under 
Will  Stokes,  who  was  appointed  Captain  of  the  companies  with 
which  it  was  consolidated  in  Marcli,  1805. 

The  XiNTH  Bat'o:hy.  Tlie  orgaiiiaation  of  tliis  battery  vras 
perfected  at  Indianapolis,  on  the  1st  of  January,  1SG2,  under  Capt. 
I^.  S.  Thompson.  Moving  to  the  front  it  ])articipated  in  the  aflairs 
of  Shiioli,  Corinth,  Queen's  Ilill,  Meridian,  Fort  Dick  Taylor,  Fort 
dc  Huss}'-,  Henderson's  Hill,  Pleasant  Hill,  Cotile  Landing,  Bayou 
Rapids,  Mansura,  Chicot,  and  many  others,  winning  a  name  in 
eacli  engagement.  The  explosion  of  the  steamer  Eclipse  at  Johuson- 
ville,  above  Paducah,  on  Jan.  27,  18G5,  resulted  in  the  destruction  of 
58  men,  leaving  only  ten  to  represent  the  bal  tery.  The  survivors 
reached  Indianapolis  on  the  6  th  of  Mai-eh,  and  were  mustered  out. 

The  Tknth  Battery  was  recruited  at  Lafayette,  and  mustered  in 
under  Capt.  Jeroine  B.  Cox,  in  January,  18G1.  Having  passed 
throiigh  the  Kentucky  campaign  against  Gen.  Bragg,  it  partici- 
pated in  ■many  of  the  great  engagements,  and  finally  returned  to 
report  for  discharge  on  the  6th  of  July,  1864,  having,  in  the  mean- 
time, won  a  very  fair  fame. 

The  Eleventh  Battery  was  organized  at  Lafayette,  and  mus- 
tered in  at  Indianapolis  under  Capt.  Arnold  Sutermeister,  on  the 
l7th  of  December,  1861.  On  most  of  the  principal  battle-fields, 
from  Shiloh,  in  1862,  to  the  ca])tnre  of  Atlanta,  it  maintained  a  high 
reputation  for  military  excellence,  and  after  consolidation  with  the 
Eighteenth,  mustered  out  on  the  7th  of  June,  1865. 

Tlie  Twelfth  Batteky  was  recruited  at  Jeffersonville  and  sub- 
sequently mustered  in  at  Lidianapolis.  On  the  6th  of  March,  1SG2, 
it  reached  Kashvillc,  having  been  previously  assigned  to  Bueli's 
Army.  In  April  its  Captain,  G.  W.  Sterling,  rcfigned,  and  tlie 
position  devolved  on  Capt.  James  E.  White,  who,  in  turn,  was  suc- 
ceeded by  James  A.  Dunwoody.  The  record  of  the  battery  holds 
a  first  place  in  the  history  of  the  period,  and  enabled  both  men  and 
ofiicers  to  look  back  with  pride  npon  the  battle-fields  of  the  land. 
It  was  ordered  home  in  June,  1865,  and  on  reaching  Indiana])olis, 
on  the  1st  of  July,  was  mustered  out  on  the  7th  of  that  month. 

The  Thtrteektii  Battery  was  organized  under  Captain  Sewell 
Coulson,  during  the  winter  of  ISGl,  at  Indianapolis,  and  proceeded 
to  the  front  in  February,  3  862.     During  the  subsequent  months  it 


IJISTOKY    OI-    IN'DIANA. 


185 


•was  occujiiod  iu  the  pursuit  ()f  Joliii  H.  Morgan'ti  raiders,  and 
aided  effecth'clv  in" driving  tliem  from  Iventucky.  This  artillery 
company  returned  from  the  South  on  the  4th  of  July,  1805,  and 
were  discliarged  the  day  following. 

The  Foi-nTEENTU  Battkky,  recruited  in  "Waljash,  iVrianii,  Lafay- 
ette, and  Huntington  counties,  under  Captain  M.  II.  Kidd,  and 
Lieutenant  J.  W.  IL  McGuire,  left  Indianapolis  on  the  11th  of 
April,  1802,  and  within  a  few  moutlis  one  portion  of  it  was  cap- 
tured at  Jjcxington  hy  Geu.  Forrest's  great  cavalry  command.  The 
main  batteiy  lost  tv,'o  guns  and  two  men  at  Guntown,  on  the  Mis- 
sissippi, but  proved  more  successful  at  Xashville  and  Mobile.  It 
arrived  home  on  the  29th  of  August,  1S65,  received  a  public  wel- 
come, and  its  final  discharge. 

The  FiFTKENTH  Battery,  under  Captain  I.  C.  II.  Yon  Selilin, 
was  retained  on  duty  frour  the  date  of  its  organization,  at  ladiau- 
.apolis,  until  the  5th  of  July,  1862,  when  it  was  moved  to  Harper's 
Ferry.  Two  months  later  the  gallant  defense  of  Maryland  Heights 
was  set  at  naught  by  the  rebel  Stunevvall  Jackson,  and  the  entire 
garrison  snrj'cndered.  Being  paroled,  it  was  reorganized  at  Indian- 
apolis, and  appeared  again  iu  the  field  in  March,  1863,  where  it 
won  a  sjilendid  renown  ou  every  well-fought  field  to  the  close  of 
the  war.     It  was  mustered  out  on  the  24:th  of  June,  1865. 

The  Sixteenth  Batiery  was  organized  at  Lafayette,  under 
Capt.  Charles  A.  Nay  lor,  and  on  the  1st  of  June,  1862,  left  for 
"Washington.  Moving  to  the  front  with  Gen.  Pope's  command,  it 
participated  in  the  battle  of  Slaughter  Mountain,  on  the  9th  of 
August,  and  South  Mountain,  and  Antietam,  under  Gen.  McClel- 
lan.  This  battery  was  engaged  in  a  large  number  of  general  en- 
gagements and  flying  column  affairs,  won  a  very  favorable  record, 
and  returned  on  the  5tli  of  July,  1S65. 

The  SEVENTEENTn  Batteky,  under  Capt.  Milton  L.  I\riuer,  was 
mustered  in  at  Indianapolis,  on  the  20th  of  Maj',  ISGii,  left  for  the 
front  on  the  5tli  of  July,  and  subsequently  engaged  in  the  Gettys- 
burg expedition,  was  present  at  Harper's  Ferry,  July  6, 1863,  and 
at  Opcquan  on  the  19th  of  September.  Fisher's  Hill,  New  Mar- 
ket, and  Cedar  Creek  brought  it  additional  honors,  and  won  from 
Gen.  Sheridan  a  tribute  of  praise  for  its  service  on  tliese  battle 
grounds.  Ordered  from  Winclicster  to  Indianapolis  it  was  mus- 
tered out  there  on  the  3d  of  July,  1865. 

The  EiGnTEE2JTH  Battery,  under  Capt.  Eli  Lilly,  left  for  the 


ISn  inSTOKY    Ul'    INDIANA. 

froiil;  in  August,  1803,  but  did  not  take  a  leading  part  in  tlu)  eam- 
]);iig)i  until  1803,  when,  under  Gen.  Ilosencrans,  it  ai)[)eared  prom- 
inent at  Hoover's  Gap.  From  tltis  period  to  the  ali'airs  o!'  ^Vest 
Point  and  Macon,  it  }>erforiued  first-elass  service,  and  returned  to 
its  State  on  the  S.V.li  of  .Tune,  1SG5. 

Tlie  XiNKTEi;.\Tn  Battkhy  was  luustcred  into  service  at  Tn'lian- 
apolis,  on  the  Stli  of  August,  1802,  under  Cai)t.  S.  J.  Harris,  and 
proceeded  immediately  afterward  to  the  front,  where  it  participated 
iu  the  campaign  against  Gen.  Bragg.  It  was  present  at  every  pott 
of  danger  to  the  end  of  the  war,  when,  after  the  surrender  of  John- 
son's army,  it  returned  to  Indianapolis.  Reaching  that  city  ou 
the  Gth  of  June,  1805,  it  was  treated  to  a  public  reception  and 
received  the  congratulations  of  Gov.  Morton.  Four  days  later  it 
was  discharged. 

The  Twentieth  Battekt,  organ i;jed  under  Oapt.  Frank  A.  Rose, 
left  tlie  State  capital  on  the  17th  of  December,  1802,  for  the  front, 
and  reported  immediately  at  Henderson,  Kentucky.  Subsequently 
Captain  Rose  resigned,  and,  in  1803,  under  Capt.  Osborn,  turned 
over  its  guns  to  the  11th  Indiana  Battery,  and  was  assigned  to  the 
charge  of  siege  guns  at  Nashville.  Gov.  Morton  had  the  battery 
supplied  with  new  field  pieces,  and  by  the  5th  of  October,  1SG3,  it 
was  again  in  the  field,  where  it  won  many  honors  under  Slierman, 
and  continued  to  exercise  a  great  influence  until  its  return  ou  the 
23dof  June,  1805. 

The  TwENTY-FiiiST  BATTERr  recruited  at  Indianapolis,  under  the 
direction  of  Captain  W.  W.  Andrew,  left  on  tlie  Gth  of  September, 
1802,  for  Covington,  Kentucky,  to  aid  in  its  defense  against  the 
advancing  forces  of  Gen.  Kirby  Smith.  It  was  engaged  iu  numerous 
military  affairs  and  may  be  said  to  acquire  many  honors,  although 
its  record  is  stained  with  the  names  of  seven  deserters.  The  battery 
was  discharged  ou  the. 21st  of  June,  1805. 

The  Twenty-second  Battery  was  mustered  in  at  Indianapolis 
on  the  15th  of  December,  1802,  under  Capt.  B.  F.  Denning,  and 
moved  at  once  to  the  front.  It  took  a  very  conspicuous  part  in  the 
pursuit  of  Morgan's  Cavali'y,  and  iu  many  other  affairs.  It  threw 
the  first  shot  into  Atlanta,  and  lost  its  Captain,  who  was  killed  in 
the  skirmish  line,  on  the  1st  of  July.  While  the  list  of  casualties 
numbers  only  33,  that  of  desertions  numbers  o7.  This  battery  was 
received  with  public  honors  on  its  return,  the  25th  of  June,  1865, 
and  mustered  out  on  the  7th  of  the  same  month. 


r 


III.STOUY    OK   INDIANA.  187 

Tlie  TwKXTV-TniiiD  1jAttki:\,  rccniitcd  in  ()(;tol)ei'  1SG2,  and 
mustered  in  on  the'Sth  ot'Xuveinber,  under  C;ipt.  I.  IL  Myers,  pro- 
ceeded South,  after  havini>;  rendered  \'erj  eilieieut  services  at  lionic 
in  guarding  the  camps  of  rebel  [)risoner3.  In  July,  1805,  the  battery 
took  an  active  part,  under  General  Boyle's  command,  in  routing 
and  capturing  the  raiders  at  Braiidenburgh,  and  subsequently'^  to 
the  close  of  the  war  performed  very  brilliant  exploits,  i-eaching 
Indianapolis  iii  June,  1SG5.  It  was  discharged  on  the  27th  of  that 
month. 

The  Twenty-fourth  Battery,  under  Capt.  I.  A.  Simms,  was 
enrolled  for  service  on  the  29th  of  November,  1S02;  remained 
at  Indianapolis  on  duty  until  the  13thof  March,  1SG3,  when 
it  left  for  the  field.  From  its  participation  in  the  Cumberland 
River  campaign,  to  its  last  engagement  at  Columbia,  Tennessee,  it 
aided  materially  in  bringing  victory  to  the  Union  ranks  and  made 
for  itself  a  widespread  fame.  Arriving  at  Indianapolis  on  the  2Sth 
of  July,  it  was  publicly  received,  and  in  five  days  later  disembodied. 

The  Twenty-fifth  Battery  was  recruited  in  September  and  Oc- 
tober, 1864,  and  mustered  into  service  for  one  year,  under  Capt. 
Frederick  C.  Sturm.  December  13th,  it  reported  at  Nashville,  and 
took  a  prominent  part  in  the  defeat  of  Gen.  Hood's  array.  Its 
duties  until  July,  1865,  were  continuous,  when  it  I'cturned  to 
report  for  final  discharge. 

The  T-\VENTY-siXTH  Battery',  or  "Wildek's  Battery,"  was  re- 
cruited under  Capt.  I.  T.  Wilder,  of  Greensburg,  in  May,  1S61;  but 
was  not  mustered  in  as  an  artillery  company.  Incorporating  itself 
with  a  regiment  then  forming  at  Indianapolis  it  was  mustered  as 
company  "A,"  of  the  17th  Infantrj-,  with  "Wilder  as  Lieutenant- 
Colonel  of  the  regiment.  Subsequently,  at  Elk  Water,  Virginia, 
it  was  converted  into  the  "First  Independent  Battery,"  and  became 
known  as  "  liigby's  Battery."  The  record  of  this  battery  is  as 
brilliant  as  any  won  during  the  war.  On  every  field  it  has  won  a 
distinct  reputation;  it  was  well  worthy  the  enthusiastic  reception 
given  to  it  on  its  return  to  Indianapolis  on  the  11th  and  12th  of 
July,  1865.  During  its  term  of  service  it  was  subject  to  many 
transmutations;  but  in  every  phase  of  its  brief  history,  areputation 
for  gallantry  and  patriotism  was  maintained  which  now  forms  a 
living  testimonial  to  its  services  to  the  public. 

The  total  number  of  battles  in  the  "  War  of  the  Rebellion  "  in 
which  the  patriotic  citizens  of  the  great  and  noble  State  of  Indiana 
were  more  or  less  engaged,  was  as  follows: 


188 


IITSTOKY    OF    INDIANA. 


I>Ocnlity.  All.  oflJattl.?.  LoCfiUty.  Ko.  of  IVittlo;). 

Virginia DO  Maryland 7 

Tcurx-Sseo 51  Texas o 

Georuia  . . : 41  iSoutli  Carolina 3 

I  Mississippi yt  Iiidinn  Territory 2 

Arkansas 10  rennsvlvania 1 

Kentucky IC,  Ohio.". 1 

L'Hiiaana la  Indiana 1 

Jlissoiiri <)                                                                     

North  Carolina 8  Total IJOS 

The  regiments  sent  iortli  to  tlie  defense  of  the  Tiepublic  in  tlio 
liour  of  its  greatest  peri],  when  a  liost  of  ]ier  own  sons,  blinded  by 
some  unholy  infatuation,  lea])ed  to  arms  that  they  might  trample 
upon  the  liberty-giving  ]jrinciples  of  the  nation,  have  been  passed 
in  very  brief  review.  The  authorities  chosen  for  the  dates,  names, 
and  figures  are  the  records  of  the  State,  and  the  main  subject  is 
based  upon  the  actions  of  those  267,000  gallant  men  of  Indiana 
who  rushed  to  arms  in  defense  of  all  for  which  their  lathers  bled, 
leaving  their  wives  and  children  and  homes  in  the  guardianship  of 
a  truly  paternal  Government. 

The  relation  of  Indiana  to  tlie  Republic  was  then  established; 
for  wlien  the  population  of  the  State,  at  the  time  her  sons  went 
forth  to  particijxite  in  war  for  tlie  maintenance  of  the  Union,  is 
Itrought  into  comparison  with  all  other  States  and  countries,  it  will 
be  apparent  that  the  sacrifices  made  by  Indiana  from  lSGl-'65 
equal,  if  not  actually  exceed,  the  noblest  of  those  recorded  in  the 
history  of  ancient  or  modern  times. 

Unprepared  for  the  terrible  inundation  of  modern  ■wickedness, 
which  threatened  to  deluge  the  country  in  a  sea  of  blood  and  rob,' 
a  people  of  their  richest,  their  most  prized  inheritance,  the  State 
rose  above  all  precedent,  and  under  the  benign  influence  of  ])atriot- 
ism,  guided  b}'  the  well-directed  zeal  of  a  wise  Governor  and 
Government,  sent  into  the  field  an  army  that  in  numbers  was 
gigantic,  and   in   moral    and   physical   excellence  never   equaled 

It  is  laid  down  in  the  ofhcial  reports,  furnished  to  the  Y7ar  De- 
partment, that  over  200,000  troops  were  specially  organized  to  aid 
in  crushing  the  legions  of  the  slave-holder;  that  no  less  than  50,000 
militia  were  armed  to  defend  the  State,  and  that  the  large,  but  abso- 
lutely necessary  number  of  commissions  issued  was  17,114.  All 
this  proves  the  scientific  skill  and  military  economy  exercised  by 
the  Governor,  and  brought  to  the  aid  of  the  people  in  a  most  terri- 
ble emergency;  for  he,  with  soine  prophetic  sense  of  the  gravity  of 
the  situation,  saw  that  unless  the  gt-eatest  powers  of  the  Union 
were  put  forth  to  crush  the  least  justifiable  and   most  pernicious 


HISTOKY    OF    IXni.VNA.  18:i 

of  all  rebclliuu.s  }ioldi))g:i  ])l:icc  in  tlie  rccurd  of  nations,  tJic  l)cst 
blood  of  the  Country  \vould  flow  iu  a  vain  attcin[)t  to  avert  a  catas- 
troplio  \^)ic]i,  if  prolonged  for  many  years,  would  n  uilt  in  at  least 
the  moral  and  commercial  ruin  of  the  conntiy. 

The  part  which  Indiana  took  m  the  war  agaiii::;l  the  Rebellion  is 
one  of  wliich  the  citizens  of  the  State  maj^  well  bo  proud.  In  the 
number  of  troops  furnished,  and  iu  the  amount  of  voluntary  con- 
tributions 1  hindered,  Indiana,  in  proportion  and  wealth,  stands 
equal  to  any  of  her  sister  States.  "  It  is  also  a  subject  of  p^ratitudo 
and  thankfulness,"  said  Gov.  Morton,  in  his  message  to  the  Legis- 
lature, "  that,  while  the  number  of  troops  furnished  by  Indiana 
alone  in  this  great  contest  would  have  done  credit  to  a  first-class 
nation,  measured  by  the  standard  of  previous  wars,  not  a  single 
battery  or  battalion  from  this  State  has  brought  reproach  upon  the 
national  flag,  and  no  disaster  of  the  war  can  bo  traced  to  any  want 
.of  fidelity,  courage  or  efficiency  on  the  part  of  any  Indiana  officer. 
The  endurance,  heroism,  intelligence  and  skill  of  the  officers  and 
soldiers  sent  forth  by  Indiana  to  do  battle  for  the  Union,  have  shed 
a  luster  on  our  beloved  State,  of  which  any  people  might  justly  be 
proud.  Without  claiming  superiority  over  our  loyal  sister  States, 
it  is  but  justice  to  the  brave  men  who  liavc  represented  us  db 
almost  every  battle-field  of  the  war,  to  sa}"-  that  their  deeds  have 
placed  Indiana  in  the  front  rank  of  those  heroic  States  which 
rushed  to  the  rescue  of  the  imperiled  Government  of  the  nation. 
The  total  number  of  troops  furnished  b}'  the  State  for  all  terms  of 
service  exceeds  200,000  men,  much  the  greater  portion  of  them 
being  for  three  years;  and  in  addition  thereto  not  less  than  50,000 
State  militia  have  from  time  to  time  been  called  into  active  service 
to  repel  rebel  raids  and  defend  our  southern  border  from  inva- 
sion." 

AFTER    THE   AVAR. 

In  1867  the  Legislature  comprised  91  Republicans  and  59  Dem- 
ocrats. Soon  after  the  commencement  of  the  session.  Gov.  Morton 
resic'ned  his  office  in  consequence  of  having  been  elected  to  the  U. 
S.  Senate,  and  Lieut.-Gov.  Conrad  Baker  assumed  the  Executive 
chair  during  the  remainder  of  Morton's  term.  This  Legislature, 
by  a  very  decisive  vote,  ratified  the  14th  amendment  to  the  Federal 
Constitution,  constituting  all  persons  born  in  the  country  or  sub- 
ject to  its  jurisdiction,  citijcens  of  the  United  States  and  of  tlie 
State  wherein  tliey  reside,  without  regard  to  race  or  color;  rcduc- 


300  JIISIOKV   OK    INDIANA. 

iii^^  tlio  Congressionni  rejircsciitailoii  in  any  State  in  which  thora 
should  bo  a  restriction  of  tlie  exercise  of  the  elective  franchise  on 
account  of  race  or  color;  disfranchising  persons  therein  named 
*  who  sliall  liave  cn^-aired  in  insurrection  or  rebellion  airainst  the 
United  States;  and  declaring  that  the  validity  of  the  public  debt 
of  the  United  States  authorized  by  law,  shall  not  be  (questioned. 

This  Legislature  also  passed  an  act  providing  for  the  registry  of 
votes,  the  punishment  of  fraudulent  practices  at  elections,  and  for 
thea])]-!ortionnient  and  compensation  of  a  Board  of  Registration; 
this  Board  to  consist,  in  each  townsliip,  of  two  freeholders  ap])ointed 
by  the  County  Commissioners,  together  with  the  trustee  of  such 
township;  in  cities  the  freeholders  are  to  be  appointed  in  each 
ward  by  the  city  council.  The  measures  of  this  law  are  very  strict, 
and  are  faithfully  executed.  No  cries  of  fraud  in  elections  are 
heard  in  connection  with  Indiana. 

This  Legislature  also  divided  the  State  into  eleven  Congressional 
Districts  and  apportioned  their  representation;  enacted  a  law  for 
the  protection  and  indemnity  of  all  olHcers  and  soldiers  of  the 
United  States  and  soldiers  of  the  Indiana  Legion,  for  acts  done  in 
the  military  service  of  the  United  States,  and  in  the  military  ser- 
vice of  the  State,  and  in  enforcing  the  laws  and  preserving  the 
peace  of  the  country;  made  definite  appropriations  to  the  several 
benevolent  institutions  of  the  State,  and  adopted  several  measures 
for  the  encouragement  of  education,  etc. 

In  1868,  Indiana  was  the  first  in  the  field  of  national  politics, 
both  the  principal  parties  holding  State  conventions  early  in  the 
year.  The  Democrats  nominated  T.  A.  Hendricks  for  Governor, 
and  denounced  in  their  platform  the  reconstruction  policy  of  the 
Eepublicans;  recommended  that  United  States  treasury  notes  be 
substituted  for  national  bank  curreucj-;  denied  that  the  General 
Government  had  a  right  to  interfere  with  the  question  of  suffrage 
in  any  of  the  States,  and  opposed  negro  suffrage,  etc.;  while  the 
Kejiublicans  nominated  Conrad  Baker  for  Governor,  defended  its 
reconstruction  policy,  opposed  a  further  contraction  of  tlio  currency, 
etc.  The  camjjaign  was  an  exciting  one,  and  Mr.  Baker  was 
elected  Governor  by  a  majority  of  only  961.  In  the  Presidential 
election  that  soon  followed  the  State  gave  Grant  9,572  more  than 
Sej'mour. 

During  1S6S  Indiana  presented  claims  to  the  Government  for 
about  three  and  a  half  millions  dollars  for  expenses  incurred  in  the 
war,  and  $1,958,917.94:  was  allowed.     Also,  this  year,  a  legislative 


f'-ii- ' 


Pi 


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mf,  i^ 


"^i^'^?':/:'r. 


IIP 


V»;  '' 


HISTORY    OF    INDIANA.  I93 

commission  reported  that  .$113,590.48  were  nllowed  to  parties  suf- 
fering loss  ])y  tlie  Mor::,^iu  raid. 

Tliis  year  (Tovoi-iutr  Baker  obtained  a  site  for  the  Iloiise  of 
Kefiige.'  (See  a  subsequent  paife.)  The  Soldiers'  and  Seamen's 
Home,  near  Kniglitstown,  originally  established  by  private  enter- 
prise and  benevolence,  and  ado])tcd  by  the  Legislature  of  the 
previous  3'^ear,  was  in  a  good  condition.  Up  to  that  date  ;he  insti- 
tution had  afforded  relief  and  temporar}^  subsistence  to  400  men 
who  had  been  disabled  in  tlie  war.  A  substantial  brick  building 
had  been  built  for  the  home,  while  the  old  buildings  were  used  for 
an  orphans'  department,  in  which  were  gathered.  86  children  of 
deceased  soldiers. 

DIVORCE  LAAVS. 

By  some  mistake  or  liberal  design,  the  early  statute  laws  of 
Indiana  on  the  subject  of  divorce  were  rather  more  loose  than  those 
of  most  other  States  in  this  Union;  and  this  subject  had  been  a 
matter  of  so  much  jest  among  the  public,  that  in  1870  the  Governor 
recommended  to  the  Legislature  a  reform  in  this  direction,  which 
was  pretty  effectually  carried  out.  Since  that  time  divorces  can 
be  granted  only  for  the  following  causes:  1.  Adultery.  2.  Impo- 
iency  existing  at  the  time  of  marriage.  3.  Abandonment  for  two 
years.  4.  Cruel  and  inhuman  treatment  of  one  party  by  the  other. 
5.  Habitual  drunkenness  of  either  party,  or  the  failure  of  the  hus- 
band to  make  reasonable  provision  for  the  family.  6  The  failure 
of  the  husband  to  make  reasonable  provision  for  the  family  for  a 
period  of  two  years.  7.  The  conviction  of  either  party  of  an  infamous 
crime. 


k 


FINANCIAL. 

Were  it  not  for  political  government  tlie  ])!oncers  would  have  <^ot 
aloiii;-  without  iiioicj  mncli  longer  tlian  tliev  did.  The  pressure  uf 
governmental  needs  was  somewhat  in  advance  of  the  monetary 
income  of  the  first  settlers,  and  the  little  taxation  required  to  carry 
on  the  government  seemed  great  and  even  oppressive,  especially  at 
certain  periods. 

In  November,  1821,  Gov.  Jennings  convened  the  Legislature  in 
extra  session  to  ])rovide  for  the  payment  of  interest  on  the  State 
debt  and  a  part  of  the  principal,  amounting  to  $20,000.  It  was 
thought  that  a  sufficient  amount  would  be  realized  in  the  notes  of 
the  State  bank  and  its  branches,  although  they  were  considerably 
depreciated,  Said  the  Governor:  "It  will  be  oppressive  if  the 
State^  after  the  paper  of  this  institution  (State  bank)  was  author- 
ized to  be  circulated  in  revenue,  should  be  prevented  by  any  assign. 
naent  of  the  evidences  of  existing  debt,  from  discharging  at  least 
so  much  of  that  debt  with  the  paper  of  the  bank  as  will  absorb  the 
collections  of  the  present  year;  especially  whea  their  notes,  after 
being  made  receivable  by  the  agents  of  the  State,  became  greatly 
depreciated  by  great  mismanagement  on  the  part  of  the  bank 
itself.  It  ought  not  to  be  expected  that  a  public. loss  to  the  State 
should  be  avoided  by  resorting  to  any  measures  which  would  not 
comport  with  correct  views  of  public  justice;  nor  should  it  be 
anticipated  that  the  treasury  of  the  United  States  would  ultimately 
adopt  measures  to  secure  an  uncertain  debt  v;hich  would  inter- 
fere  with  arrangements  calculated  to  adjust  the  demand  against  the 
State  without  producing  any  additional  embarrassment." 

The  state  of  the  2:)^iblic  debt  was  indeed  embarrassing,  as  the 
bonds  which  had  been  executed  in  its  behalf  had  been  assigned. 
The  exciting  cause  of  this  proceeding  consisted  in  the  machinations 
of  unprincipled  speculators.  Whatever  disposition  the  principal 
bank  may  have  made  of  the  funds  deposited  by  the  United  States. 
the  connection  of  interest  between  the  steam-mill  company  and  the 
bank,  and  the  extraordinary  accommodations,  as  well  as  their  amount, 
effected  by  arrangements  of  the  steam-mill  agency  and  some  of 
the  olllcers  of  the  bank,  were  among  the   principal   causes  which 

(U»l)' 


HI5T0KY    OF    IXin.VNA. 


I9i 


had  prostrated  ihc  paper  circulating  mcdimn  of  the  State,  so  far  as  it 
was  dependent  on  the  State  bank  and  its  branches.  An  abnormal 
state  of  affairs  like  this  verj^  naturally  produced  a  blind  disburse- 
ment of  the  fund  to  some  extent,  and  this  disbursement  would  be 
called  by  almost  every  one  an  "  unwise  administration." 

Duriniij  the  first  16  years  of  this  century,  the  belli<i,-erent  condi- 
tion of  Europe  called  for  agricultural  sujiplics  from  America,  and 
the  consequent  high  price  of  grain  justified  even  the  remote  pio- 
neers of  Indiana  in  nndertak'ing  tlic  tedious  transportation  of  the 
products  of  the  soil  which  the  thmi'i  forced  upon  tliem.  The  large 
disbursements  made  by  the  gener;.'  Government  among  the  peo- 
ple naturally  engendered  a  rage  fur  speculation;  numerous  banks 
with  fictitious  capital  were  established;  immense  issues  of  paper 
were  made;  and  the  circulating  medium  of  the  country  was  in- 
creased fourfold  in  the  course  of  two  or  three  yearSo  This  infla- 
tion produced  the  consequences  which  always  follow  such  a  scheme, 
namely,  unfounded  visions  of  wealth  and  splendor  and  the  wild 
investments  which  result  in  ruin  to  the  many  and  wealth  to  the 
few.  The  year  1821  was  consequently  one  of  great  financial  panic, 
and  was  the  first  experienced  by  the  early  settlers  of  the  West. 

In  1822  the  new  Governor,  "William  Hendricks,  took  a  hopeful 
view  of  the  situation,  referring  j^articularly  to  the  "agricultural 
and  social  happiness  of  the  State."  The  crops  were  abundant  this 
year,  immigration  was  setting  in  heavilj'  and  everything  seemed  to 
have  an  upward  look.  But  the  customs  of  the  white  race  still  com- 
pelling them  to  patronize  European  industries,  combined  with  the 
remoteness  of  the  surplus  i  roduce  of  Indiana  from  European  mar- 
kets, constituted  a  seriwis  dra'ivback  to  the  accumulation  of  wealth. 
Such  a  state  of  things  naturally  changed  the  habits  of  the  people 
to  some  extent,  at  least  for  a  short  time,  assimilating  them  to  those 
of  more  primitive  tribes.  This  change  of  custom,  however,  was 
not  severe  and  protracted  enough  to  change  the  intelligent  and 
social  nature  of  the  people,  and  they  arose  to  their  normal  height 
on  the  very  first  opportunit}'. 

In  1822-'3,  before  speculation  started  up  again,  the  surplus 
money  was  invested  mainly  in  domestic  manufactories  instead  of 
other  and  wilder  commercial  enterprises.  Home  manufactories 
were  what  the  people  needed  to  make  them  more  independent. 
They  not  only  gave  employment  to  thousands  whose  services  were 
before  that  valueless,  but  also  created  a  market  for  a  great  portion 


100  HISTORY    OF    INDIANA. 

of  tlie  surplus  produce  of  the  farmers,  A  part  of  the  surphis  cap- 
ital, lio\vever,  was  also  sunk  in  internal  improvements,  some  of 
which  were  uusucccssful  for  a  time,  1)ut  eventually  proved  remu- 
nerjitivc. 

Kuali  Noble  occupied  the  Executive  chair  of  the  State  from  1831 
to  1837,  commencing'  his  duties  amid  jieculiar  embarrassments. 
The  crops  of  1833  were  short,  Asiatic  cholera  came  sweeping  along 
the  Ohio  and  into  the  interior  of  the  State,  and  the  Black  Hawk  war 
raged  in  the  Northwest, — all  these  at  once,  and  yet  the  work  of 
internal  improvements  was  actually  begun. 

STATE    BANK. 

The  State  bank  of  Indiana  was  established  by  law  January  2S, 
iS3i.  The  act  of  the  Legislature,  by  its  ov/n  terms,  ceased  to  be  a 
law,  January  1, 1857.  At  the  time  of  its  organization  in  183-i,  its 
outstanding  circulation  was  $1:,208,725,  with  a  debt  due  to  the  insti- 
tution, principally  from  citizens  of  the  State,  of  $6,095,368.  During 
the  years  1857-'58  the  bank  redeemed  nearly  its  entire  circulation, 
providing  for  the  redenaption  of  all  outstanding  obligations;  at  this 
time  it  had  collected  from  most  of  its  debtors  the  money  which  they 
owed.  The  amounts  of  the  State's  interest  in  the  stock  of  the  bank 
was  $1,390,000,  and  the  money  thus  invested  was  procured  b}"-  the 
issue  of  five  per  cent  bonds,  the  last  of  which  was  pa^-able  July  1, 1866. 
The  nominal  profits  of  the  bank  were  $2,780,604.36.  By  the  law 
creating  the  sinking  fund,  that  fund  was  appropriated,  first,  to  pay 
the  principal  and  interest  on  the  bonds;  secondly,  the  expenses  of 
the  Commissioners;  and  lastly  the  cause  of  common-school  educa- 
tion. 

The  stock  in  all  the  branches  authorized  was  subscribed  b}^  indi- 
viduals, and  tlie  installment  paid  as  required  by  the  charter.  The 
loan  authorized  for  the  payment  on  the  stock  allotted  to  the  State, 
amounting  to  $500,000,  was  obtained  at  a  premium  of  1.05  per 
per  cent,  on  five  per  cent,  stock,  making  the  sum  of  over  $5,000  on 
the  amount  borrowed.  In  1836  we  find  that  the  State  bank  was 
doing  good  service;  agricultural  products  were  abundant,  and  the 
market  was  good;  consequently  the  people  were  in  the  full  enjoy- 
ment of  all  the  blessings  of  a  free  government. 

By  the  year  1843  the  State  was  experiencing  the  disasters  and 
embarassment  consequent  upon  a  system  of  over-banking,  and  its 
natural  progeny,  over-trading  and  deceptive  speculation.  Such  a 
State  of  things  tends  to  relax  the  hand  of  industry  by  creating  false 


UISTOUr   OF   INDIANA.  107 

notions  of  wealth,  and  tempt  to  sudden  acquisitions  by  means  as  di-lu- 
sive  in  their  results  as  tli-.'y  are  contrary  to  a  jirimary  law  of  nature. 
The  people  began  more  than  ever  to  see  the  necessity  of  falling 
back  upon  that  branch  of  industry  for  which  Indiana,  especially 
at  that  time,  was  particularly  fitted,  namely,  agriculture,  as  the 
true  and  lasting  source  of  substantial  wealth. 

Gov.  Wliitcoinb,  lS43-'49,  succeeded  well  in  maintaining  the 
credit  of  the  State.  Measures  of  compromise  between  the  State 
and  its  creditors  were  adopted  by  which,  ultimatelj^  the  public 
works,  although  incomplete,  were  given  in  payment  for  the  claim^s 
against  the  Government. 

At  the  close  of  his  term,  Gov.  "Whiteomb  was  elected  to  the 
Senate  of  the  United  States,  and  from  December,  1848,  to  Decem- 
ber, 1849,  Lieut-Gov.  Paris  C.  Dunning  was  acting  Governor. 

In  1851  a  general  banking  law  was  adopted  which  gave  a  new 
impetus  to  the  commerce  of  the  State,  and  opened  the  way  for  a 
broader  volume  of  general  trade;  but  this  law  was  the  source  of 
many  abuses;  currency  was  expanded,  a  delusive  idea  of  wealth 
again  prevailed,  and  as  a  consequence,  a  great  deal  of  damaging 
speculation  was  indulged  in. 

In  1857  the  charter  of  the  State  bank  expired,  and  the  large 
gains  to  the  State  in  that  institution  were  directed  to  the  promotion 
of  common-school  education. 

'.-44J#>'r..  •  WEALTH  AND  TKOGKESS. 

During  the  war  of  the  Eebellion  the  financial  condition  of  the 
people  was  of  course  like  that  of  the  other  Northern  States  generally. 
1870  found  the  State  in  a  very  prosperous  condition,  October  31 
of  this  year,  the  date  of  the  fiscal  report,  there  was  a  surplus  of 
$373,249  in  the  treasury.  The  receipts  of  the  year  amounted  to 
$3,605,639,  and  tlie  disbursements  to  $2,943,600,  leaving  a  balance 
of  $1,035,288.  The  total  debt  of  the  State  in  November,  1871,  was 
$3,937,821. 

At  the  present  time  the  principal  articles  of  export  from  the  State 
are  flour  and  pork.  Nearly  all  the  wheat  raised  within  the  State 
is  manufactured  into  flour  within  its  limits,  especially  in  the  north- 
ern part.  The  pork  business  is  the  leading  one  in  the  southern 
part  of  the  State. 

When  we  take  into  consideration  the  vast  extent  of  railroad  lines 
in  this  State,  in  connection  with  the  agricultural  and  mineral 
resources,  both  developed  and  undeveloped,  as  already  noted,  we  can 


19S  niSTOllY    OF    INDIANA. 

see  wliat  a  substaniifil  foundation  exists  for  the  future  welfare  of 
this  great  .commonwealth.  Almost  every  portion  of  the  State  is 
,coming  up  equally.  The  disposition  to  monopolize  does  not  exist 
to  a  greater  degree  than  is  desirable  or  necessary  for  healthy  compe- 
titiou.  Speculators  in  flour,  pork  and  other  commodities  appeared 
during  the  war,  but  generally  came  to  ruin  at  their  own  game. 
The  agricultural  community  here  is  an  independent  one,  under- 
standing its  rights,  and  "  knowing  them  will  maintain  them." 

Indiana  is  moi-e  a  manufacturing  State,  also,  than  many  imagine. 
It  pi'obably  has  the  greatest  wagon  and  carriage  manufactory  in  the 
world.  In  1875  the  total  number  of  manufacturing  establishments 
in  this  State  was  16,812;  number  of  steam  engines,  3,GS4,  with  a 
total  hoi'se-power  of  114,961;  the  total  horse-power  of  water  wheels, 
38,014;  number  of  hands  employed  in  the  manufactories,  86,402; 
capital  employed,  is  §117,462,161;  wages  paid,  $35,461,987;  cost  of 
material,  $104,321,032;  value  of  products,  $301,304,271.  These 
figures  are  on  an  average  about  twice  what  they  were  only  five  years 
previously,  at  which  time  they  were  about  double  what  they  were 
ten  years  before  that.  In  manufacturing  enterprise,  it  is  said  that 
Indiana,  in  proportion  to  her  population,  is  considerably  in  advance 
of  Illinois  and  Michigan. 

In  1870  the  assessed  valuation  of  the  real  estate  in  Indiana  was 
$460,120,974;  of  personal  estate,  $2,03,334,070;  true  valuation  of 
both,  $1,268,180,543.  According  to  the  evidences  of  increase  at 
that  time,  the  value  of  taxable  property  in  this  State  must  be  double 
the  foregoing  figures.  Tiiis  is  utterly  astonishing,  especially  when 
we  consider  what  a  large  matter  it  is  to  double  the  elements  of  a 
large  and  wealthy  State,  compared  with  its  increase  in  infancy. 

The  taxation  for  State  purposes  in  1870  amounted  to  $2,943,078; 
for  county  purposes,  $4,654,476;  and  for  municipal  purposes, 
$3,193,577.  The  total  county  debt  of  Indiana  in  1870  was  $1,127,- 
269,  and  the  total  debt  of  towns,  cities,  etc.,  was  $2,523,934. 

In  the  compilation  of  this  statistical  matter  we  have  before  us  the 
statistics  of  every  element  of  progress  in  Indiana,  in  the  U.  S. 
Census  Reports;  but  as  it  would  be  really  improper  for  us  further 
to  burden  these  pages  with  tables  or  columns  of  large  numbers,  we 
will  conclude  by  remarking  that  if  any  one  wishes  further  details  in 
these  matters,  he  can  readily  find  them  in  the  Census  Reports  of 
the  Government  in  any  city  or  village  in  the  country.  Besides, 
almost  any  one  can  obtain,  free  of  charge,  from  his  representative  in 


UISTOllV   OF   INDIANA.  199 

Congress,  all  these  and  otlicr  public  documents  in  wliicli  he  may  be 
interested. 

INTEKNAL    IMPUOVEJIENTS. 

This  sidijcct  began  to  be  agitated  as  early  as  1S18,  during  tlie 
administration  of  Governor  Jennings,  who,  as  well  as  all  the 
Governors  succeeding  him  to  18-13,  made  it  a  special  point  in  their 
messages  to  the  Legislature  to  urge  the  adoption  of  measures  for 
the  construction  of  highways  and  canals  and  the  improvement  of 
fhe  navigation  of  rivers.  Gov.  Hendricks  in  1822  specified  as  the 
most  important  improvement  the  navigation  of  the  Falls  of  the 
Ohio,  the  Wabash  and  White  rivers,  and  other  streams,  and  the 
construction  of  the  National  and  other  roads  through  the  State. 

In  1826  Governor  Kay  considered  the  construction  of  roads  and 
canals  as  a  necessitj'  to  place  the  State  on  an  equal  financial  footing 
with  the  older  States  East,  and  in  1829  he  added:  "This  subject 
can  never  grow  irksome,  since  it  must  be  the  source  of  the  bless-,' 
ings  of  civilized  life.  To  secure  its  benefits  is  a  duty  enjoined  upon 
the  Legislature  by  the  obligations  of  the  social  compact." 

In  1830  the  people  became  much  excited  over  the  project  of  con- 
necting the  streams  of  the  country  by  "  The  National  New  York 
&  Mississippi  railroad."  The  National  road  and  the  Michigan 
and  Ohio  turnpike  were  enterprises  in  which  the  people  and  Legis- 
lature of  Indiana  were  interested.  The  latter  had  already  been  the 
cause  of  much  bitter  controversy,  and  its  location  was  then  the 
subject  of  contention. 

In  1832  the  ?vork  of  internal  improvements  fairly  commenced, 
despite  the  partial  failure  of  the  crops,  the  Black  Hawk  war  and 
the  Asiatic  cholera.  Several  war  parties  invaded  the  Western 
settlements,  exciting  great  alarm  and  some  suffering.  This  year 
the  canal  commissioners  completed  the  task  assigned  them  and  had 
negotiated  the  canal  bonds  in  New  York  city,  to  the  amount  of 
$100,000,  at  a  premium  of  13f  per  cent,  on  terms  honorable  to  the 
State  and  advantageous  to  the  work.  Before  the  close  of  tnis  year 
$51,000  were  spent  for  the  improvement  of  the  Michigan  road,  and 
S52,000  were  realized  from  the  sale  of  lands  appropriated  for  its 
construction.  In  1832,  32  miles  of  the  Wabash  and  Erie  canal  was 
placed  under  contract  and  work  commenced.  A  communication 
was  addressed  to  the  Governor  of  Ohio,  requesting  him  to  call  the 
attention  of  the  Legislature  of  that  State  to  the  subject  of  the 
extension  of  the  canal  from  the  Indiana  line  through  Ohio  to  tJ.'Q 


200 


inSTOXiY    OF    IxN'DIANA. 


Lalce.  In  comnli'anee  witli  this  request,  Governor  Lucas  promptly 
laid  the  subject  before  the  Le^^islaturc  of  the  State,  and,  in  a  s])irit 
,of  coiH'tesj,  resohitions  were  addjjte.l  by  that  bod)',  stij)ulatiii>i:  tliat 
if  Ohio  shouhl  uUiuiately  decline  to  nndertakc  the  conipkition  of 
that  portion  of  the  work  witliiii  lier  limits  before  tlie  time  fixed  by 
the  act  of  Congress  for  the  completion  of  the  canal,  she  would,  on 
jnst  and  equitable  terms,  enable  Indiana  to  avail  herself  of  the  bene- 
fit of  the  lands  granted,  by  authorizing  her  to  sell  them  and  invest 
the  pruceeds  in  the  stock  of  a  company  to  be  incorporated  by  Ohio; 
and  that  she  would  give  Indiana  notice  of  her  final  determination 
on  or  before  Jannarj'  1,  1838.  The  Legislature  of  Ohio  also 
authorized  and  invited  the  agent  of  the  State  of  Indiana  to  select, 
survey  and  set  apart  the  lands  lying  within  that  State.  In  keeping 
with  this  policy  Governor  l^oble,  in  1834,  said:  "With  a  view  of 
engaging  in  works  of  internal  improvement,  the  propriety  of 
adopting  a  general  plan  or  s^-stera,  having  reference  to  the  several 
portions  of  the  State,  and  the  connection  of  one  with  the  other, 
naturally  suggests  itself.  No  work  should  be  coinmenced  but  such 
as  would  be  of  acknowledged  public  utility,  and  when  completed 
would  form  a  branch  of  some  general  system.  In  view  of  this 
object,  the  policy  of  organizing  a  Board  of  Public  "Works  Is  again 
respectfully  suggested."  The  Governor  also  called  favorable  atten- 
tion to  the  Lawrencebnrg  &  Indianapolis  railway,  for  which  a 
charter  had  been  granted. 

In  1S35  the  "VVabasli  &  Erie  canal  was  pushed  rapidly  forward. 
The  middle  division,  extending  from  the  St.  Joseph  dam  to  the 
forks  of  the  Wabash,  about  32  miles,  was  completed,  for  about 
$232,000,  including  all  repairs.  Upon  this  portion  of  the  line  nav- 
igation was  opened  on  July  4,  which  day  the  citizens  assembled 
"  to  witness  the  mingling  of  the  waters  of  the  St.  Joseph  with 
those  of  the  "Wabash,  uniting  the  waters  of  the  northern  chain  of 
lakes  with  those  of  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  in  the  South."  On  other 
parts  of  the  line  the  work  progressed  with  speed,  and  the  sale  of 
canal  lands  was  unusually  active 

In  1836  the  first  meeting  of  the  State  Board  of  Internal  Im- 
proveinent  was  convened  and  entered  upon  the  discharge  of  its 
numerous  and  responsible  duties.  Having  assigned  to  each  mem- 
ber the  direction  and  superintendence  of  a  portion  of  the  work, 
the  next  duty  to  be  performed  preiniratorj'  to  the  various  spheres  of 
active  service,  was  that  of  procuring  the  requisite  number  of 
engineers.    A  delegation  was  sent  to  the  Eastern  cities,  but  returned 


IIISTOKY    OF   INDIANA.  2Ul 

•without  Giipigiiigaii  Enij;ineer-iii-Cliicf  for  tlic  roads  and  railways, 
and  witliout  the  dosiied  number  for  the  euhordinate  Btatiou;  but 
after  considerable  delay  the  Board  was  fully  organized  and  put  in 
operation.  Under  tlieir  management  work  on  public  improve- 
ments was  successful;  the  canal  ])rogressed  steadily;  the  naviga- 
tion of  the  middle  division,  from  Fort  Wayne  to  Huntington,  was 
uninterrupted;  IG  miles  of  the  line  between  Huntington  and  La 
Fontaine  creek  were  filled  with  water  this  year  and  made  ready  for 
navigation;  and  the  remaining  20  miles  were  completed,  except  a 
portion  of  the  locks;  from  La  Fontaine  creek  to  Logansport  prog- 
ress was  made;  the  line  from  Georgetown  to  Lafayette  was  placed 
under  contract;  about  30  miles  of  the  Whitewater  canal,  extending 
from  Lawrenceburg  through  the  beautiful  valley  of  the  White- 
water to  Brookville,  were  also  placed  under  contract,  as  also  23 
miles  of  the  Central  canal,  passing  through  Indianapolis,  on  which 
iwork  was  commenced;  also  about  20  miles  of  the  southern  dlvis- 
yion  of  this  work,  extending  from  Evansville  into  the  interior, 
,were  also  contracted  for;  and  on  the  line  of  the  Cross-Cut  canal, 
from  Terre  Haute  to  the  intersection  of  the  Central  canal,  near 
the  mouth  of  Eel  river,  a  commencement  was  also  made  on  all  the 
heavy  sections.     All  this  in  1836. 

Early  in  this  year  a  party  of  engineers  was  organized,  and 
directed  to  examine  into  the  practicability  of  the  Michigan  & 
Erie  canal  line,  then  proposed.  The  report  of  their  operations 
favored  its  expediency.  A  party  of  engineers  was  also  fitted  out, 
who  entered  upon  the  Sold  of  service  of  the  Madison  &  Lafayette 
railroad,  and  contracts  were  let  for  its  construction  from  Madison 
to  Yernon,  on  which  work  was  vigorously  commenced.  Also,  con- 
tracts were  let  for  grading  and  bridging  the  New  Albany  &  Vin- 
cennes  road  from  the  former  point  to  Paoli,  about  40  miles. 
Other  roads  were  also  undertaken  and  survej'ed,  so  that  indeed  a 
stupendous  system  of  internal  improvement  was  undertaken,  and 
as  Gov.  Noble  truly  remarked,  upon  the  issue  of  that  vast  enter- 
prise the  State  of  Indiana  staked  her  fortune.  She  had  gone  too 
far  to  retreat. 

In  1837,  when  Gov.  Wallace  took  the  Executive  chair,  the 
reaction  consequent  upon  "over  work"  by  the  State  in  the  internal 
improvement  scheme  began  to  be  felt  by  the  people.  They  feared 
a  State  debt  was  being  incurred  from  which  they  could  never  he 
extricated;  but  the  Governor  did  all  he  could  throughout  the  term 
of  his  administration  to  keep  up  the  courage  of  the  citizens.     He 


202  UrSTOKY    OF   INDIANA, 

told  tlieiu  that  the  astoiiisliiiig  success  so  far,  surpassed  even  the 
hopes  of  tlie  most  sanguine,  and  that  the  flattering  auspices  of  tlie 
future  were  sufficient  to  dispel  ever3''  doubt  and  quiet  every  fear. 
tNTotwithstanding  all  his  efforts,  however,  the  construction  of  pub- 
lic works  continued  to  decline,  and  in  his  last  message  he  exclaimed: 
*'  Never  before — I  speak  it  advisedly — never  before  have  you  wit- 
nessed a  period  in  our  local  history  that  more  urgently  called  for 
the  exercise  of  all  the  soundest  and  best  attributes  of  grave  and 
patriotic   legislators  than  the  ])resent.  *  -»         *        "pj^Q 

truth  is — and  it  would  be  folly  to  conceal  it — we  have  our  liands 
full — full  to  overflowing;  and  therefore,  to  sustain  ourselves,  to 
preserve  the  credit  and  character  of  the  State  unimpaired,  and  to 
continue  her  hitherto  unexampled  march  to  wealth  and  distinction, 
we  have  not  an  hour  of  time,  nor  a  dollar  of  money,  nor  a  hand 
employed  in  labor,  to  squander  and  dissipate  upon  mere  objects  of 
idleness,  or  taste,  or  amusement." 

The  State  had  borrowed  $3,827,000  for  internal  improvement  pur- 
poses, of  which  $1,327,000  was  for  the  Wabash  &  Erie  canal  and 
the  remainder  for  other  works.  The  five  per  cent,  interest  ou 
debts — about  $200,000 — which  the  State  had  to  pay,  had  become 
burdensome,  as  her  resources  fgr  this  purpose  were  only  two, 
besides  direct  taxation,  and  they  were  small,  namely,  the  interest 
on  the  balances  due  for  canal  lands,  and  the  proceeds  of  the  third 
installment  of  the  surplus  revenue,  both  amounting,  in  1838, 
to  about  $45,000. 

In  August,  1839,  all  work  ceased  on  these  improvements,  with 
one  or  two  exceptions,  and  most  of  the  contracts  were  surrendered 
to  the  State.  This  was  done  according  to  an  act  of  the  Leg-islature 
providing  for  the  compensation  of  contractors  by  the  issue  of 
treasury  notes.  In  addition  to  this  state  of  affairs,  the  Legisla- 
ture of  1839  had  made  no  provision  for  the  payment  of  interest  on 
the  State  debt  incurred  for  internal  improvements.  Concerning 
this  situation  Gov.  Bigger,  in  1840,  said  that  either  to  go  ahead 
with  the  works  or  to  abandon  them  altogether  would  be  equally 
rninous  to  the  State,  the  implication  being  that  the  people  should 
wait  a  little  while  for  a  breathing  spell  and  then  take  hold  again. 

Of  course  much  individual  indebtedness  was  created  during  the 
progress  of  the  work  on  internal  improvement.  When  operations 
ceased  in  1839,  and  prices  fell  at  the  same  time,  the  people  were 
left  in  a  great  measure  without  the  means  of  commanding  money 
to  pay  their  debts.     This  condition  of  private  enterprise  more  than 


msTOUV    OF    INDIANA.  203 

ever  rcndei-cJ  direct  taxation  inexpedient.  ITence  it  liccanie  tlie 
policy  of  Gov.  Bigger  to  provide  tlic  means  of  paying  the  interest 
on  the  State  debt  witliout  increasing  the  rate  of  taxation,  and  to 
continue  that  portion  of  the  public  works  that  could  be  immedi- 
ately completed,  and  from  which  the  earliest  returns  could  be 
expected. 

In  ISiO  the  system  embraced  ten  different  works,  the  most  im- 
portantof  which  was  llie  Wabash  &  Erie  canal.  The  aggregate 
length  of  the  lines  embraced  in  the  system  was  1,1G0  inilc.s,  and 
of  this  only  140  miles  had  been  completed.  The  amount  expended 
had  reached  the  sum  of  $5,000,000,  and  it  required  at  least  $l-l-,000,- 
000  to  complete  them.  Although  the  crops  of  1841  were  very 
remunerative,  this  perquisite  alone  was  not  sufficient  to  raise  the 
State  again  up  to  the  level  of  going  ahead  with  her  gigantic 
works. 

We  should  here  state  in  detail  the  amount  of  work  com]:)leted  and 
of  money  expended  on  the  various  works  up  to  this  time,  1841, 
which  were  as  follows: 

1.  The  Wabash  &  Erie  canal,  from  the  State  line  to  Ti])pe- 
canoe,  129  miles  in  length,  completed  and  navigable  for  the  whole 
length,  at  a  cost  of  $2,041,012.  This  sum  includes  the  cost  of  the 
steamboat  lock  afterward  completed  at  Delphi. 

2.  The  extension  of  the  Wabash  &  Erie  canal  from  the  mouth 
of  the  Tippecanoe  to  Terre  Haute,  over  104  miles.  The  estimated 
cost  of  this  work  was  $1,500,000;  and  the  amount  expended  for  the 
same  $408,855.  The  navigation  was  at  this  period  opened  as  far 
down  as  Lafayette,  and  a  part  of  the  work  done  in  the  neighbor- 
hood of  Covington. 

3.  The  cross-cut  canal  from  Terre  Haute  to  Central  canal, 
49  miles  in  length;  estimated  cost,  $718,672;  amount  expended, 
$420,679;  and  at  this  time  no  part  of  the  course  was  navigable. 

4.  The  White  Water  canal,  from  Lawrenceburg  to  the  moutli 
of  Nettle  creek,  76^  miles;  estimated  cost,  $1,675,738;  amount 
expended  to  that  date,  $1,099,867;  and  31  miles  of  the  work 
was  navigable,  extending  from  the  Ohio  river  to  Brookville. 

5.  The  Central  canal,  from  the  Wabash  &  Erie  canal,  to 
Indianapolis,  including  the  feeder  bend  at  Muncietown,  124  miles 
in  length;  total  estimated  cost,  $2,299,853;  amount  expended, 
$568,046 ;  eight  miles  completed  at  that  date,  and  other  portions 
nearly  done. 


204:  HISTORY    OF    INDIANA. 

6.  Central  canal,  from  Iiidianupoliri  to  Evansvillc  on  tlic  Oliio 
river,  lO-i  inilcsin  length;  total  estimated  cost,  $3,5;]2,39i;  amount 
expended,  $831,302,  19  miles  of  whieli  was  com])leted  at  that  date, 
at  the  southern  end,  and  IG  miles,  extending  south  from  IndJanau- 
olis,  were  nearly  completed. 

7.  Erie  &  Michigan  canal,  1S2  miles  in  length;  estimated  cost, 
$2,024,823;  amount  expended,  $15G,3t)-l:.  No  part  of  this  work 
finished. 

8.  The  Madison  &  Indianapolis  railroad,  over  85  miles  in 
length;  total  estimated  cost,  $2,046,600;  amount  expended,  $1,403,- 
013.  Iload  finished  and  in  operation  for  about  28  miles;  grad- 
ing nearly  finished  for  27  miles  in  addition,  extending  to  Eden- 
burg. 

9.  Indianapolis  &  Lafayette  turnpike  road,  73  miles  in  length; 
total  estimated  cost,  $503,  737;  amount  expended,  $72,118.  The 
bridging  and  most  of  the  grading  was  done  on  27  miles,  from 
Crawfordsville  to  Lafayette. 

10.  New  Albany  &  Vincennes  turnpike  road,  105  miles  in 
length;  estimated  cost,  $1,127,295;  amount  expended,  $654,411. 
Forty-one  miles  graded  and  macadamized,  extending  from  New 
Albany  to  Paoli,  and  27  miles  in  addition  partly  graded. 

IL  Jefferson ville  &  Crawfordsville  road,  over  104  miles  long; 
total  estimated  cost,  $1,651,800;  amount  expended,  $372,737. 
Forty-five  miles  were  jjartly  graded  and  bridged,  extending  from 
JefFersonville  to  Salem,  and  from  Greencastle  north. 

12.  Improvement  of  the  "Wabash  rapids,  undertaken  jointly  by  i 
Indiana  and  Illinois;  estimated  cost  to  Indiana,  $102,500;  amount 
expended  by  Indiana,  $9,539. 

Grand  totals:  Length  of  roads  and  canals,  1,289  miles,  only 
281  of  which  have  been  finished;  estimated  cost  of  all  the  works, 
$19,914,424;  amount  expended,  $8,164,528.  The  State  debt  at 
this  time  amounted  to  $18,469,146.  The  two  principal  causes 
which  aggravated  the  embarrassment  of  the  State  at  this  juncture 
were,  first,  pajnng  most  of  the  interest  out  of  the  money  borrowed, 
and,  secondlv,  selling  bonds  on  credit.  The  first  error  subjected 
the  State  to  the  payment  of  compound  interest,  and  the  people, 
not  feeling  the  pressure  of  taxes  to  discharge  the  interest,  natu- 
rally became  inattentive  to  the  public  policy  pursued.  Postpone- 
ment of  the  payment  of  interest  is  demoralizing  in  every  WRy. 
During  this  period  the  State  was  held  up  in  an  unpleasant  manner 
before  the  gaze  of  the  worlds  but  be  it  to  the  credit  of   this   great 


nrsTouY  OF  Indiana.  205 

aiul  glorious  State,  she  would  not  rcpiKliutc,  ns  many  otlior  States'. 
and  munici])alitios  iiavc  done. 

J*y  tli£  year  1850,  the  so-called  "internal  ini])rovement "  system 
having  been  abandoned,  private  capital  and  ambition  pushed  for- 
ward various  "]Miblic  works."  During  this  year  about  400  miles 
of  ])lank  road  were  completed,  at  a  cost  of  $1,200  tu  $1,500  per 
mile,  and  ab^ut  1.200  miles  more  were  surveyed  and  in  ])rogress. 
There  were  in  tbe  State  at  this  time  212  miles  of  railroad  in  suc- 
cessful oj)eration,  of  which  124  were  com])leted  this  year.  More 
than  1,000  miles  of  railroad  were  surveyed  and  in  progress. 

An  attempt  was  made  during  the  session  of  the  Legislature  in 
1869  to  re-bi:rden  the  State  with  the  old  canal  debt,  and  tbe  matter 
Avas  considerably  agitated  in  the  canvass  (:;'  iS70.  Tliesubject  of  the 
Wabash  &  Erie  canal  was  ligbtly  touched  in  the  Republican  plat- 
form, occasioning  considerable  discussion,  which  probablj'  had 
some  eft'ect  on  the  election  in  the  fsill.  That  election  resulted  in 
an  average  majority  in  the  State  of  about  2,864  for  the  Democracy. 
It  being  claimed  that  the  Legislature  had  no  authority  under  the 
constitution  to  tax  the  people  for  the  purpose  of  aiding  in  the  con- 
struction of  railroads,  the  Supreme  Court,  in  Auril,  1871,  decided 
adversely  to  such  a  claim. 

GEOLOGT. 

In  1869  the  development  of  mineral  resources  in  the  State 
attracted  considerable  attention.  Rich  mines  of  iron  and  coal  were 
discovered,  as  also  fine  quarries  of  buildmg  stone.  The  Vincennes 
railroad  passed  through  some  of  the  richest  portions  of  the  mineral 
region,  the  engineers  of  which  had  accurately  determined  the 
quality  of  richness  of  the  ores.  Near  Brooklyn,  about  20  miles 
from  Indianapolis,  is  a  fine  formation  of  sandstone,  yielding  good 
material  for  buildings  in  the  city;  indeed,  it  is  considered  the  best 
building  stone  in  the  State.  The  limestone  formation  at  Gosport, 
continuing  13  miles  from  that  point,  is  of  great  variety,  and 
includes  the  finest  and  most  durable  building  stone  in  the  world. 
Portions  of  it  are  susceptible  only  to  the  chisel;  other  portions  are 
soft  and  can  be  worked  with  the  ordinary  tools.  At  the  end  of  this 
limestone  formation  there  coramenoes  a  sandstone  series  of  strata 
which  extends  seven  miles  farther,  to  a  point  about  60  miles  from 
Indianapolis.  Here  an  extensive  coal  bed  is  reached  consisting  of 
seven  distinct  veins.  The  first  is  about  two  feet  thick,  the  next 
three  feet,  another  four  feet,  and  the  others  of  various  thicknesses. 


20G  lilSTOltT    OF    INDIANA. 

These  beds  are  all  easily  worked,  having  a  natural  drain,  and  they 
yield  heavy  ])rofits.  In  tlie  whole  of  the  southwestern  pai't  of  the 
State  and  for  300  miles  up  tdc  AVabash,  coal  exists  in  good  quality 
and  abundance. 

The  scholars,  statesmen  and  philanthropists  of  Indiana  work- 
ed hard  and  long  for  the  appointment  of  a  State  Geologist,  with 
sufRcient  su])port  to  enable  hini  to  make  a  thorough  geological 
survey  of  the  State.  A  partial  survey  was  made  as  early  as  1837-'S, 
by  David  Dale  Owen,  State  Geologist,  but  nothing  more  was  done 
until  1SG9,  when  Prof.  Edward  T.  Cox  was  appointed  State  Geolo- 
gist. For  20  years  previous  to  this  date  the  Governors  urged  and 
insisted  in  all  their  messages  that  a  thorough  survey  should  be 
made,  but  almost,  if  not  quite,  in  vain.  In  1S53,  Dr.  Ryland  T. 
Brown  delivered  an  able  address  on  this  subject  before  the  Legis- 
lature, showing  how  much  coal,  iron,  building  stone,  etc.,  there 
were  probably;  in  the  State,  but  the  exact  localities  and  qualities 
not  ascertained,  and  how  millions  of  money  could  be  saved  to  the 
State  by  the  expenditure  of  a  few  tho'usand  dollars;  but  "they 
answered  the  Doctor  iu  the  negative.  It  must  have  been  because 
they  hadn't  time  to  pass  the  bill.  They  were  very  busy.  They  had 
to  pass  all  sorts  of  regulations  concerning  the  negro.  They  had  to 
protect  a  good  many  white  people  from  marrying  negroes.  And  as 
they  didn't  need  any  labor  in  the  State,  if  it  was  '  colored,'  they 
had  to  make  regulations  to  shut  out  all  of  that  kind  of  labor,  and 
to  take  steps  to  put  out  all  that  unfortunately  got  in,  and  they  didn't 
have  time  to  consider  the  scheme  proposed  by  the  white  people." — 
W.  W.  Clayton. 

Iw  1853,  the  State  Board  of  Agriculture  employed  Dr.  Brown  to 
make  a  partial  examination  of  the  geology  of  the  State,  at  a  salary 
of  $500  a  year,  and  to  this  Board  the  credit  is  due  for  the  final 
success  of  the  philanthropists,  who  in  1869  had  the  pleasure  of 
■witnessing  the  passage  of  a  Legislative  act  "  to  provide  for  a  Depart- 
ment of  Geology  and  Natural  Science,  in  connection  with  the  State 
Board  of  Agriculture."  Under  this  act  Governor  Baker  immedi- 
ately appointed  Prof.  Edward  T.  Cox  the  State  Geologist,  who  has 
made  an  able  and  exhaustive  report  of  the  agricultural,  mineral 
and  manufacturing  resources  of  this  State,  world-wide  in  its  celeb- 
rity, and  a  work  of  which  the  people  of  Indiana  may  be  very 
proud.  We  can  scarcely  give  even  tlie  substance  of  his  ^-eport  in  a 
work  like  this,  because  it  is  of  necessity  deeply  scientific  and  made 
up  entirely  of  local  detail. 


HISTORY    OF    INDIANA.  207 


The  coal  measures,  says  Prof.  E.  T.  Cox,  cover  an  area  of  about 
0,500  s^juaro  miles,  in  tlie  soutliwestei'ii  part  of  the  State,  and 
extend  from  Warren  county  on  the  north  !o  the  Oliio  river  on  the 
south,  a  distance  of  about  150  miles.  This  area  comprises  the  fol- 
lowiui^  counties:Warren,  Fountain,  Parke,  Vermillion,  Vigo,  Clay, 
Sullivan,  Greene,  Knox,  Daviess,  Martin,  Gibson,  Pike,  Dubois, 
Vandcrburi^,  AVarrick,  Spencer,  Perry  and  a  small  part  of  Crawford, 
Monroe,  Putnam  and  Montgomery. 

This  coal  is  all  bituminous,  but  is  divisible  into  three  well-marked 
varieties:  caking-coal,  non-caking-coal  or  block  coal  and  canuel 
coal.  The  total  depth  of  the  seams  or  measures  is  from  GOO  to  SOO 
feet,  with  13  to  14  distinct  seams  of  coal ;  but  these  are  not  all  to 
be  found  throughout  the  area;  the  seams  range  from  one  foot  to 
eleven  feet  in  thickness.  The  caking  coal  prevails  in  the  western 
portion  of  the  area  described,  and  has  from  three  to  four  workable 
seams,  ranging  from  three  and  a  half  to  eleven  feet  in  thickness. 
At  most  of  the  places  where  these  are  worked  the  coal  is  mined  by 
adits  driven  in  on  the  face  of  the  ridges,  and  the  deepest  shafts  in 
the  State  are  less  than  300  feet,  the  average  depth  for  successful 
mining  not  being  over  75  feet.  This  is  a  bright,  black,  sometimes 
glossy,  coal,  makes  good  coke  and  contains  a  very  large  percentage 
of  pure  illuminating  gas.  One  pound  will  yield  about  ^Jr  cubic  feet 
of  gas,  with  a  power  equal' to  15  standard  sperm  candles.  The 
average  calculated  calorific  power  of  the  caking  coals  is  7,745  heat 
units,  pure  carbon  being  8,0S0.  Both  in  the  northern  and  southern 
portions  of  the  field,  the  caking  coals  present  similar  good  qualities, 
and  are  a  great  source  of  private  and  public  wealth. 

The  block  coal  prevails  in  the  eastern  part  of  the  field  and  has  an 
area  of  about  450  square  miles.  This  is  excellent,  in  its  raw  state, 
for  making  pig  iron.  It  is  indeed  peculiarly  fitted  for  metal- 
lurgical purposes.  It  has  a  laminated  structure  with  cai'bonaceous 
matter,  like  charcoal,  between  the  lamina,  with  slaty  cleavage,  and 
it  rinffs  under  the  stroke  of  the  hammer.  It  is  "  free-burnin<:r," 
makes  an  open  fire,  and  without  caking,  swelling,  scaffolding  in  the 
furnace  or  changing  form,  burns  like  hickory  wood  until  it  is  con- 
sumed to  a  white  ash  and  leaves  no  clinkers.  It  is  likewise  valuable 
for  generating  steam  and  for  household  uses.  Many  of  the  principal 
railway  lines  in  the  "State  are  using  it  in  preference  to  any  other 
coal,  as  it  does  not  burn  out  the  fire-boxes,  and  gives  as  little  trouble 
as  wood. 


208  niSTOKY    OF    INDIANA. 

There  arc  ei'i^lit  distinct  seams  of  Ijlock  coal  in  this  zone,  three  of 
■wliich  are  workaltle,  liaving  an  average  thickness  of  four  feet.  In 
♦  some  jilaccs  tliis  coal  is  mined  bj  adits,  but  generalh'  from  shafts, 
40  to  SO  feet  deep.  Tlie  seams  are  crossed  by  cleavage  linos,  and 
the  coal  is  usually  mined  without  ])ov\-der,  and  may  be  taken  out  in 
blocks  weighing  a  ton  or  more.  When  entries  or  rooms  are  driven 
angling  across  the  cleavage  lines,  the  walls  of  the  mine  ])rescnt  a 
zigzag,  notelied  appearance  resembling  a  Virginia  worm  fence. 

In  1S71  there  were  about  24.  block  coal  mines  in  operation,  and 
about  1,500  tons  were  mined  daily.  Since  that  time  tliis  industry 
lias  vastly  increased.  This  coal  consists  of  81^  to  83^  percent,  of 
carbon,  and  not  quite  three  fourtlis  of  one  per  cent,  of  sulphur. 
Calculated  calorific  power  equal  to  S,2S3  heat  units.  This  coal  also 
is  equally  good  both  in  the  northern  and  southern  parts  of  the  field. 

The  great  Indiana  coal  field  is  witliin  150  miles  of  Chicago  or 
Michigan  City,  by  railroad,  from  which  ports  the  Lake  Superior 
specular  and  red  hematite  ores  are  landed  from  vessels  that  are  able 
to  run  in  a  direct  course  from  the  ore  banks.  Considerina:  the 
proximity  of  the  vast  quantities  of  iron  in  Michigan  and  Missouri 
one  can  readily  see  what  a  glorious  future  awaits  Indiana  in  respect 
to  manufactories. 

Of  the  cannel  coal,  one  of  the  finest  seams  to  be  found  in  the 
country  is  in  Daviess  county,  this  State.  Here  it  is  three  and  a 
lialf  feet  thick,  underlaid  by  one  and  a  half  feet  of  a  beautiful,  jet- 
black  caking  coal.  There  is  no  clay,  shale  or  other  foreign  matter 
intervening,  and  fragments  of  the  caking  coal  are  often  found 
adhering  to  the  cannel.  There  is  no  gradual  change  from  one  to 
the  other,  and  the  character  of  each  is  homogeneous  tliroughout. 

The  cannel  coal  makes  a  delightful  fire  in  open  grates,  and  does 
not  pop  and  throw  off  scales  into  the  room,  as  is  usual  with  this 
kind  of  coal.  This  coal  is  well  adapted  to  the  manufacture  of 
illuminating  gas,  in  respect  to  both  quantity  and  high  illuminating 
power.  One  ton  of  2,000  pounds  of  this  coal  yields  10,400  feet  of 
gas,  while  the  best  Pennsylvania  coal  yields  but  8,680  cubic  feet. 
This  gas  has  an  illuminating  power  of  25  candles,  while  the  best 
Pennsylvania  coal  gas  has  that  of  only  17  candles. 

Cannel  coal  is  also  found  in  great  abundance  in  Perry,  Greene, 
Parkeaud  Fountain  counties,  where  its  commercial  value  has  ah'eady 
been  demonstrated. 

Numerous  deposits  of  bog  iron  ore  are  found  in  the  northern  part 
of  the  State,  and  clay  iron-stones  and  impure  carbonates  and  brown 


HI5T0KT    OF   INDIANA.  20^ 

oxides  are  found  scattered  in  tlic  vicinity  of  tlic  coal  field.  In  some 
places  the  beds  ai:c  quite  thick  and  of  considerable  commercial 
value.   < 

An  abundance  of  excellent  lime  is  also  found  in  Indiana,  espe- 
cially in  Huntington  county,  where  j)jany  large  kilns  are  kept  in 
profitable  operation. 

AGRICULTURAL. 

In  1852  the  Legislature  jmssed  an  act  authorizing  the  organization 
of  county  and  district  agricultural  societies,  and  also  establishing  a 
State  Board,  the  provisions  of  which  act  are  suljstantially  as  follows: 

1.  Thirty  or  more  j)ersons  in  any  one  or  two  counties  organizing 
into  a  society  for  the  improvement  ofagriculture,  adopting  a  consti- 
tution and  by-laws  agreeable  to  the  regulations  prescribed  by  the 
State  Board,  and  ajipointing  the  proper  officers  and  raising  a  sum 
of  $50  for  its  own  treasurj^,  shall  be  entitled  to  the  same  amount 
from  the  fund  arising  from  show  licenses  in  their  respective 
bounties. 

2.  These  societies  shall  offer  annual  premiums  for  improvement 
of  soils,  tillage,  crops,  manures,  productions,  stock,  articles  of 
•domestic  industry,  and  such  other  articles,  productions  and  improve- 
ments as  they  may  deem  proper;  they  shall  encourage,  l)y  grant 
of  rewards,  agricultural  and  household  manufacturing  interests,  and 
so  regulate  the  premiums  that  small  farmers  will  have  equal 
opportunity  with  the  large;  and  they  shall  pay  special  attention  to 
cost  and  profit  of  the  inventions  and  improvements,  requiring  an 
exact,  detailed  statement  of  the  processes  competing  for  rewards. 

3.  They  shall  publish  in  a  newspaper  annually  their  list  of 
awards  and  an  abstract  of  their  treasurers'  accounts,  and  they  .shall 
report  in  full  to  the  State  Board  their  proceedings.  Failing  to  do 
the  latter  they  shall  receive  no  payment  from  their  county  funds. 

STATE    BOARD    OF   AGKICULTURE. 

The  act  of  Feb.  17,  1852,  also  established  a  State  Board  of  Agri- 
culture, with  perpetual  succession;  its  annual  meetings  to  be  held 
at  Indianapolis  on  the  first  Thursday  after  the  first  Monday  in 
January,  when  the  reports  of  the  county  societies  are  to  be  received 
and  agricultural  interests  discussed  and  determined  upon;  it  shall 
make  an  annual  report  to  the  Legislature  of  receipts,  expenses, 
proceedings,  etc.,  of  its  own  meeting  as  well  as  of  those  of  the  local 


210  IIISTOUY    OF    INDIANA. 

societies;  it  shall  hold  State  fairs,  at  such  timt'S  and  places  as  they 
ina_y  dcein.jiroper;  may  hold  two  ineetini!;s  a  year,  certifyiiii;  to  the 
^tatc  Auditor  their  expenses,  who  shall  draw  his  warrant  u]iou  the 
Treasurer  ibr  the  same. 

In  1861  the  State  lioard  adopted  certain  rules,  embracing  teu 
sections,  for  the  government  of  local  societies,  hut  in  ISGS  they 
were  found  inexpedieiit  and  abandoned.  It  adoj^ted  a  resolution 
admitting  delegates  from  the  local  societies. 

THE    EXPOSITION. 

As  the  Eoard  found  great  difficulty  in  doing  justice  to  exhibitors 
without  an  adequate  building,  the  members  went  earnestl}'  to  work 
in  the  fall  of  1872  to  get  up  an  interest  in  the  matter.  They 
appointed  a  committee  of  five  to  confer  with  the  Councilor  citizens 
of  Indianapolis  as  to  the  best  mode  to  be  devised  for  a  more 
thorough  and  complete  exhibition  of  the  industries  of  the  State. 
The  result  of  the  conference  was  that  the  time  had  arrived  for  a 
regular  "  exposition,"  like  that  of  the  older  States.  At  the  Janu- 
ary meeting  in  1873,  Hon.  Thomas  Dowling,  of  Terre  Haute, 
reported  for  the  committee  that  they  found  a  general  interest  in 
this  enterprise,  not  only  at  the  capital,  but  also  throughout  the 
State.  A  sub-committee  was  appointed  who  devised  plans  and 
specifications  for  the  necessary  structure,  taking  lessons  mainly 
from  the  Kentucky  Exposition  building  at  Louisville.  All  the 
members  of  the  State  Board  were  in  favor  of  proceeding  with  the 
building  except  Mr.  Poole,  who  feared  that,  as  the  interest  of  the 
two  enterprises  were  somewhat  conflicting,  and  the  Exposition  being 
the  more  exciting  show,  it  would  swallow  up  the  State  and  county 
fairs. 

The  Exposition  was  opened  Sept.  10,  1873,  when  Hon.  John 
Sutherland,  President  of  the  Board,  the  Mayor  of  Indianapolis,. 
Senator  Morton  and  Gov.  Hendricks  delivered  addresses.  Senator 
Morton  took  the  high  ground  that  the  money  spent  for  an  exposi- 
tion is  spent  as  strictly  for  educational  purposes  as  that  which  goes 
directly  into  the  common  school.  The  exposition  is  not  a  mere 
show,  to  be  idly  gazed  upon,  but  an  industrial  school  where  one 
should  study  and  learn.  He  thought  that  Indiana  had  less  untill- 
able  land  than  any  other  State  in  the  Union;  'twas  as  rich  as  any 
and  yielded  a  greater  variet}'-  of  products;  and  that  Indiana  was 
the  most  prosperous  agricultural  community  in  the  United   States. 


HISTOKY    OF    INDIANA,  21  T 

The  State  liatl  nearly  3,700  miles  of  railroad,  not  counting-  sidc- 
traclv,  with  400  miles  more  under  contract  for  building.  In  15 
or  18  months  one  can  <^o  from  Indianapolis  to  every  county  in 
the  State  by  railroad.  Indiana  has  G,500  square  miles  of  coal  field? 
460  of  which  contain  block  coal,  the  best  iu  the  United  States  for 
manufacturini:;  })urposcs. 

On  the  sulijf.'ct  of  cheap  transportation,  he  said:  "  By  the  census 
of  1870,  Pennsylvania  liad,  of  domestic  animals  of  all  kinds,  4,00G,- 
589,  and  Indiana,  4,511,094.  Pennsylvania  had  grain  to  the  amount 
of  60,460,000  bushels,  while  Indiana  had  79,350,454.  The  value  of 
the  farm  products  of  Pennsylvania  was  estimated  to  be  $183,946,- 
000;  those  of  Indiana,  8122,914,000.  Thus  you  see  that  while 
Indiana  had  505,000  head  of  live  stock  more,  and  19,000,000 
bushels  of  grain  more  than  Pennsylvania,  yet  the  products  of  Penn- 
sylvania are  estimated  at  $183,940,000,  on  account  of  lier  greater 
proximity  to  market,  while  those  of  Indiana  are  estimated  at  only 
$122,914,000.  Thus  you  can  understand  the  importance  of  cheap 
transportation  to  Indiana. 

"Let  us  see  how  the  question  of  transportation  affects  us  on  tlie 
other  hand,  with  reference  to  the  manufacturer  of  Bessemer  steel. 
Of  the  174,000  tons  of  iron  ore  used  in  the  blast  furnaces  of  Pitts- 
burg last  year,  84,000  tons  came  from  Lake  Superior,  64,000  tons 
from  Iron  Mountain,  Missouri,  20,000  tons  from  Lake  Champlain, 
and  less  than  5,000  tons  from  the  home  mines  of  Pennsylvania. 
They  cannot  manufacture  their  iron  with  the  coal  they  have  in 
Pennsylvania  without  coking  it.  We  have  coal  in  Indiana  with 
which  we  can,  in  its  raw  state,  make  the  best  of  iron;  while  we  are 
250  miles  nearer  Lake  Superior  than  Pittsburg,  and  430  miles 
nearer  to  Iron  Mountain.  So  that  the  question  of  transportation 
determines  the  fact  that  Indiana  must  become  the  great  center  for 
the  manufacture  of  Bessemer  steel." 

"What  we  want  in  this  country'  is  diversified  labor.'' 

The  grand  hall  of  the  Exposition  buildings  is  on  elevated  ground 
at  the  head  of  Alabama  street,  and  commands  a  fine  view  of  the 
city.  The  structure  is  of  brick,  308  feet  long  by  150  in  width,  and 
two  stories  high.  Its  elevated  galleries  extend  quite  around  the 
building,  under  thereof,  thus  affording  visitors  an  opportunity  to 
secure  the  most  commanding  view  to  be  had  iu  the  city.  The 
lower  floor  of  the  grand  hall  is  occupied  by  the  mechanical,  geologi- 
cal and  miscellaneous  departments,  and  by  the  oflices  of  the  Board, 
which  extend  along  the  entire  front.      The  second  floor,  which   is 


I 


212  HISTORY    OF    INDIANA, 

approached  bj  tlirco  wide  stuirways,  accommodates  the  fine  art, 
musical  and  other  departnienis  of  liglit  mechanics,  and  is  brilliantly 
Righted  by  windows  and  skylights.  l)Ut  as  we  are  here  entering 
the  description  of  a  subject  magnificent  to  behold,  we  enter  a 
description  too  vast  to  complete,  and  we  may  as  well  stop  here  as 
anywhere. 

The  Presidents  of  the  State  Fairs  have  been:  Gov.  J.  A.  "Wright, 
1852-'tt;  Gen.  Jos.  Orr,  1855;  Dr.  A.  0.  Stevenson,  1S5G-'S;  G.  D. 
Wagner;  1S59-G0;  D.  V.  Ilolloway,  18G1;  Jas.  D.Williams,  1862, 
ISTO-'l;  A.  D.  llamrick,  1SC3,  18G7-'9;  Stearns  Fisher,  lS6i-'6; 
John  Sulherland,  lS72-'4;  Wm.  Grim,  1875.  Secretaries:  JohnB. 
Dillon,  lS52-'3, 1S55,  lS5S-'9;  Ignatius  Brown,  185G-'7;  W.T.  Den- 
nis, 1854,  18G0-'l;  W.  11.  Loomis,  18G2-'6;  A.  J.  Holmes,  18G7-'9; 
Joseph  Poole,  1870-'l ;  Alex.  Heron,  1872-'5.  Place  of  fair,  Indian- 
apolis eveiy  year  except:  Lafiiyette,  1853;  Madison,  185-1;  Kew 
Albany,  1859,-  Fort  Wayne,  1865;  and  Terre  Haute,  1867.  In 
1861  there  was  no  fair.  The  gate  and  entry  receipts  increased  from 
$4,651  in  1852  to  $45,330  in  1874. 

On  the  opening  of  the  Exposition,  Oct.  7,1874,  addresses  were 
delivered  b}'  the  President  of  the  Board,  Hon.  John  Sutherland, 
and  by  Govs.  Hendricks,  Bigler  and  Pollock.  Yvon's  celebrated 
painting,  the  "  Great  Republic,"  was  unveiled  with  great  ceremony, 
and  many  distinguished  guests  were  present  to  witness  it. 

The  exhibition  of  1875  showed  that  the  plate  glass  from  the 
southern  part  of  the  State  was  equal  to  the  finest  French  plate;  that 
the  force-blowers  made  in  the  eastern  part  of  the  State  was  of  a 
world-wide  reputation;  that  the  State  has  within  its  bounds  the 
largest  wagon  manufactory  in  the  world;  that  in  other  parts  of  the 
State  there  were  all  sorts  and  sizes  of  manufactories,  including  roll- 
ing mills  and  blast  furnaces,  and  in  the  western  part  coal  was' mined 
and  shipped  at  the  rate  of  2,500  tons  a  day  from  one  vicinity;  and 
many  other  facts,  which  "  would  astonish  the  citizens  of  Indiana 
themselves  even  more  than  the  rest  of  the  world." 

INDIANA   nORTICULTUKAL    SOCIETY. 

This  society  was  organized  in  1842,  thus  taking  the  lead  in  the 
West.  At  this  time  Henry  Ward  Beecher  was  a  resident  of  Indian- 
apolis, engaged  not  only  as  a  minister  but  also  as  editor  of  the 
Indiana  Farmer  and  Gardener^  and  his  influence  was  very  exten- 
sive in  the  interests  of  horticulture,  floriculture  and  farming. 
Prominent  among  his  pioneer  co-laborers  were  Judge   Coburn, 


IIISTOKY    OF    INDIANA.  213 

Aaron  Aldridgc,  Capt.  James  Sigarson,  I).  Y.  Cullcj',  Reuben 
Hagan,  Stephen  llauipton,  Cornelius  Ralliil',  Joshua  Lindlcj, 
Abner  f  ope  and  many  others.  In  the  autumn  uf  this  year  the 
society  hekl  nn  exhibition,  ]irobably  the  first  in  the  State,  if  not 
in  the  West,  in  the  hall  of  the  new  State  house.  The  only  pre- 
mium offered  was  a  set  of  silver  teaspoons  for  the  best  seedling 
apple,  which  was  won  b^'^  Reuben  Ragan,  of  Putnam  county,  for 
an  a])ple  christened  on  this  occasion  the  "  Osceola." 

The  society  gave  great  encouragement  to  the  introduction  of 
new  varieties  of  fruit,  especially  of  the  pear,  as  the  soil  and  cli- 
mate of  Indiana  were  well  adapted  to  this  fruit.  But  the  bright 
horizon  which  seemed  to  be  at  this  time  looming  up  all  around  the 
field  of  the  young  society's  operations  was  suddenly  and  thoroughly 
darkened  by  tlie  swarm  of  noxious  insects,  diseases,  blasts  of  win- 
ter and  the  great  distance  to  market.  The  prospects  of  the  cause 
scarcely  justified  a  continuation  of  the  expense  of  assembling  from 
remote  parts  of  the  State,  and  the  meetings  of  the  society  therefore 
soon  dwindled  aAvay  until  the  organization  itself  became  quite 
extinct. 

But  when,  in  1852  and  afterward,  railroads  began  to  traverse  the 
State  in  all  directions,  the  Legislature  provided  for  the  organization 
of  a  State  Board  of  Agriculture,  whose  scope  was  not  only  agri- 
culture but  also  horticulture  and  the  mechanic  and  household  arts. 
The  rapid  growth  of  the  State  soon  necessitated  a  differentiation  of 
this  body,  and  in  the  autumn  of  1860,  at  Indianapolis,  there  was 
organized  the 

INDIANA  POMOLOGICAL  SOCIETY. 

October  18,  Reuben  Ragan  was  elected  President  and  Wm  H. 
Loomis,  of  Marion  county,  Secretary.  The  constitution  adopted 
provided  for  biennial  meetings  in  January,  at  Indianapolis.  At 
the  first  regular  meeting,  Jan.  9,  1861,  a  committee-man  for  each 
congressional  district  was  appointed,  all  of  them  together  lo  be 
known  as  the  "State  Fruit  Committee,"  and  twenty-five  members 
were  enrolled  during  this  session.  At  the  i-egular  meeting  in  1863 
the  constitution  was  so  amended  as  to  provide  for  annual  sessions, 
and  the  address  of  the  newly  elected  President,  Hon.  I.  G.  D.  Nel- 
son, of  Allen  county,  urged  the  establishment  of  an  agricultural 
college.  He  continued  in  the  good  cause  until  his  work  was 
crowned  with  success. 


214  iriSTORV    OK    INDIANA. 

Ill  18G4  tlicro  was  but  little  done  on  account  of  the  cxliaust- 
ive  deiuiindri  of  the  great  war;  and  the  descent  of  mercury  GO"  in 
eighteen  lioursdid  soinnch  mischief  as  to  increase  the  discourage- 
ment to  the  verge  of  d(!Si)air.  The  title  of  the  society  was  at  tliis 
meeting,  Jan.,  ISOi  changed  to  that  of  the  Indiana  Horticultural 
S^)ciet_y. 

The  first  several  meetings  of  the  society  were  mostly  devoted  to 
revision  of  fruit  lists;  and  altliough  the  good  work,  from  its  vast- 
ness  and  complication,  became  somewhat  monotonous,  it  lias  been 
no  exception  in  this  respect  to  the  law  that  all  the  greatest  and 
most  prodiictive  labors  of  mankind  require  perseverance  and  toil. 

In  180G,  George  M.  Beeler,  Avho  had  so  indefatigably  served  as 
secretary  for  several  years,  saw  himself  hastening  to  his  grave,  and 
showed  his  love  for  the  cause  of  fruit  culture  by  bequeathing  to 
the  society  the  sum  of  $1,000.  This  year  also  the  State  Superin- 
tendent of  Public  Instruction  was  induced  to  take  a  copy  of  the 
Society's  transactions  for  each  of  the  township  libraries  in  the  State, 
and  this  enabled  the  Society  to  bind  its  vohime  of  proceedings  in 
a  substantial  manner. 

At  the  meeting  in  18G7  many  valuable  and  interesting  papers 
were  presented,  the  office  of  corresponding  secretary  was  created, 
and  the  subject  of  Legislative  aid  was  discussed.  The  State  Board 
of  Agriculture  placed  the  management  of  the  horticultural  depart- 
ment  of  the  State  fair  in  the  care  of  the  Society. 

The  report  for  1868  shows  for  the  first  time  a  balance  on  hand, 
after  paying  expenses,  the  balance  being  SG1.55.  Up  to  this  time 
the  Society  had  to  take  care  of  itself, — meeting  current  expenses,  do- 
ing its  own  printing  and  binding,  "boarding  and  clothing  itself," 
and  diffusing  annually  an  amount  of  knowledge  utterly  incalcu- 
lable.  During  the  year  called  meetings  were  held  at  Salem,  in  the 
peach  and  grape  season,  and  evenings  during  the  State  fair,  which 
was  held  inTerre  Haute  the  previous  fall.  The  State  now  assumed 
the  cost  of  printing  and  binding,  but  the  volume  of  transactions 
was  not  quite  so  valuable  as  that  of  the  former  year. 

In  1870  $160  was  given  to  this  Society  by  the  State  Board  of 
Agriculture,  to  be  distributed  as  prizes  for  essays,  which  object 
was  faithfully  carried  out.  The  practice  has  since  then  been  con- 
tinued. 

In  1871  the  Horticultural  Society  brought  out  the  best  voiumo 
of  papers  and  proceedings  it  ever  has  had  published. 


niSTOKY   OF   INDIANA.  215 

In  1872  tlie  office  of  corresponding  secretary  was  discoutinned; 
the  appropriation  by  the  State  Board  of  Agriculture  diverted  to 
the  payment  of  premiums  on  small  fruits  given  at  a  show  held  the 
previous  summer;  results  of  the  exhibition  not  entirely  satisfac- 
tory. 

In  1873  the  State  officials  refused  to  pul^lish  the  discussions  of 
the  members  of  the  Horticultural  Society,  and  the  Legislature 
appropriated  $500  for  the  purpose  for  each  of  the  ensuing  two 
years. 

In  1875  the  Legislature  enacted  a  law  requiring  that  one  of  the 
trustees  of  Purdue  University  shall  be  selected  by  the  Horticultu- 
ral Society. 

The  aggregate  annual  membership  of  this  society  from  its  organ- 
ization in  18G0  to  1875  was  1,225. 

EDUCATION. 

The  subject  of  education  has  been  referred  to  in  almost  every 
gubernatorial  message  from  the  organization  of  the  Territory  to 
the  present  time.  It  is  indeed  the  most  favorite  enterprise  of  the 
Hoosier  State.  In  the  first  survey  of  Western  lands,  Congress  set 
apart  a  section  of  land  in  every  township,  generally  the  16th,  for 
school  purposes,  the  disposition  of  the  land  to  be  in  hands  of  the 
residents  of  the  respective  townships.  Besides  this,  to  this  State 
were  given  two  entire  townships  for  the  use  of  a  State  Seminary, 
to  be  under  the  control  of  the  Legislature,  Also,  the  State  con- 
stitution provides  that  all  fines  for  the  breach  of  law  and  all  com- 
mutations for  militia  service  be  appropriated  to  the  use  of  county 
seminaries.  In  1825  the  common-school  lands  amounted  to 
680,207  acres,  estimated  at  $2  an  acre,  and  valued  therefore  at 
$1,216,044.  At  this  time  the  seminary  at  Bloomington,  supported 
in  part  by  one  of  these  township  grants,  was  very  flourishing.  The 
common  schools,  however,  were  in  rather  a  poor  condition. 

PUBLIC    SCHOOLS. 

In  1852  the  free-school  system  was  fully  established,  which  has 
resulted  in  placing  Indiana  in  the  lead  of  this  great  nation.  Al- 
though this  is  a  pleasant  subject,  it  is  a  very  large  one  to  treat  in 
a  condensed  notice,  as  this  has  to  be. 

The  free-scliool  system  of  Indiana  first  became  practically  oper- 
ative the  first  Monday  of  April,  1853,  when  the  township  trustees 


210  IIISTOKY    OF    INDIANA. 

for  sdiool  purposes  wore  elected  through  the  State.  Tlie  law  com- 
iriitted  to  tliein  the  charge  of  all  the  educational  affairs  in  their 
» respective  to\vnshi})S.  As  it  was  feared  by  the  o])ponents  of  the 
law  that  it  would  not  he  possible  to  select  men  in  all  the  town- 
ships capable  of  executing  the  school  laws  satisfactorily,  the 
people  were  tliereby  awakened  to  the  necessity  of  electing  their 
very  best  men;  and  although,  of  course,  many  blunders  have  been 
made  by  trustees,  the  operation  of  the  law  has  tended  to  elevate  the 
adult  population  as  well  as  the  3'outh;  and  Indiana  still  adheres  to 
the  policy  of  appointing  its  best  men  to  educational  ]iositions. 
The  result  is  a  grand  surprise  to  all  old  fogies,  who  indeed  scarcely 
dare  to  appear  such  any  longer. 

To  instruct  the  people  in  the  new  law  and  set  the  educational 
machinery  going,  a  pamphlet  of  over  60  pages,  embracing  the  law, 
with  notes  and  explanations,  was  issued  from  the  office  of  a  super- 
intendent of  public  instruction,  and  distributed  freely  throughout 
the  State.  The  first  duty  of  the  Board  of  Trustees  was  to  establish 
and  conveniently  locate  a  sufficient  number  of  schools  for  the  edu- 
cation of  all  the  children  of  their  township.  But  where  were  the 
school-houses,  and  what  were  they?  Previously  they  had  been 
erected  by  single  districts,  but  under  this  law  districts  were  abol- 
ished, their  lines  obliterated,  and  houses  previously  built  by  dis- 
tricts became  the  pi'operty  of  the  township,  and  all  the  houses  were 
to  be  built  at  the  expense  of  the  township  by  an  appropriation  of 
township  funds  by  the  trustees.  In  some  townships  there  was  not 
a  single  school-house  of  any  kind,  and  in  others  there  were  a  iew 
old,  leak}',  dilapidated  log  cabins,  wholly  unfit  for  use  even  in  sum- 
mer, and  in  "  winter  worse  than  nothing."  Before  the  people  could 
be  tolerably  accommodated  with  schools  at  least  3,500  school-houses 
had  to  be  erected  in  the  State. 

By  a  general  law,  enacted  in  conformity  to  the  constitution  of 
1852,  each  township  was  made  a  municipal  corporation,  and  every 
voter  in  the  township  a  member  of  the  corporation;  the  Board  of 
Trustees  constituted  the  township  legislature  as  well  as  the  execu- 
tive body,  the  whole  body  of  voters,  however,  exercising  direct  con- 
trol through  frequent  meetings  called  by  the  trustees.  Special 
taxes  and  every  other  matter  of  importance  were  directly  voted 
upon. 

Some  tax-payers,  who  were  opposed  to  special  townships'  taxes, 
retarded  the  progress  of  schools  by  refusing  to  pay  their  assess- 
ment.    Contracts  for  building  school-houses  were  given  up,  houses 


HI.STOi;y    OF   INDIANA.  217 

half  finished  were  abandoned,  and  in  man}'  townships  all  school 
operations  were  suspended.  In  some  of  them,  indeed,  a  rumor  was 
circulated  by  the  enemies  of  the  law  that  the  entire  school  law  from 
beginning  to  end  had  been  declared  by  the  Su[)reine  Court  uncon- 
stitutional and  void;  and  the  Trustees,  believing  this,  actually  dis- 
missed their  schools  and  considered  themselves  out  of  oftice.  Hon. 
W.  C.  Lavrabee,  the  (first)  Superintendent  of  Public  Instruction, 
corrected  this  error  as  soon  as  possil)le. 

But  while  the  voting  of  special  taxes  was  doubted  on  a  constitu- 
tional point,  it  became  evident  that  it  was  weak  in  a  practical  point; 
for  in  many  townships  the  opponents  of  the  system  voted  down  every 
proposition  for  the  erection  of  school-houses. 

Another  serious  obstacle  was  the  great  deficiency  in  the  number 
of  qualified  teachers.  To  meet  the  newly  created  want,  the  law 
authorized  the  appointment  of  deputies  in  each  county  to  examine 
and  license  persons  to  teach,  leaving  it  in  their  judgment  to  lower 
the  standard  of  qualification  sufliciently  to  enable  them  to  license 
as  many  as  were  needed  to  supply  all  the  schools.  It  was  therefore 
found  necessary  to  employ  many  "  unqualified  "  teachers,  esj^ecially 
in  the  remote  rural  districts.  But  the  progress  of  the  times 
enabled  the  Legislature  of  1853  to  erect  a  standard  of  qualifica- 
tion and  give  to  the  county  commissioners  the  authority  to  license 
teachers;  and  in  order  to  supply  every  school  with  a  teacher,  while 
there  might  not  be  a  sufiScient  number  of  properly  qualified  teach- 
ers, the  commissioners  were  authorized  to  grant  temporary  licenses 
to  take  charge  of  particular  schools  not  needing  a  high  grade  of 
teachers. 

In  1854  the  available  common-school  fund  consisted  of  the  con- 
gressional township  fund,  the  surplus  revenue  fund,  the  saline 
fund,  the  bank  tax  fund  and  miscellaneous  fund,  amounting  in  all 
to  $2,460,000.  This  amount,  from  many  sources,  was  subsequently 
increased  to  a  very  great  extent.  The  common-school  fund  was 
intrusted  to  the  several  counties  of  the  State,  which  were  held 
responsible  for  the  preservation  thereof  and  for  the  payment  of  the 
annual  interest  thereon.  The  fund  was  managed  by  the  auditors 
and  treasurers  of  the  several  counties,  for  which  these  oflScers  were 
allowed  one-tenth  of  the  income.  It  was  loaned  out  to  the  citizens 
of  the  county  in  sums  not  exceeding  $300,  on  real  estate  security. 
The  common-school  fund  was  thus  consolidated  and  the  proceeds 
equally  distributed  each  year  to  all  the  townships,  cities  and  towns 


21S  niSTOKV    OF   INDIANA. 

of  the  State,  in  ]-)ro])ortion  to  the  number  of  children.  Tliis  pliase 
of  tlie  law  met  with  considerable  opposition  in  185-1:. 

The  provisions  of  the  law  for  the  establishment  of  township 
libraries  was  promptly  carried  into  effect,  and  much  time,  labor 
and  thought  were  devoted  to  the  selection  of  books,  special  atten- 
tion being  paid  to  historical  works. 

The  greatest  need  in  1854  was  for  qnalified  teachers;  but  never- 
theless the  progress  of  public  education  during  this  and  following 
years  was  very  great.  School-houses  were  erected,  man}'  of  them 
being  fine  structures,  well  furnished,  and  the  libraries  were  consid- 
erably enlarged. 

The  city  school  system  of  Indiana  received  a  heavy  set-back  in 
186S,  by  a  decision  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  State,  that  the 
law  authorizing  cities  and  townships  to  levy  a  tax  additional  to  the 
State  tax  was  not  in  conformity  with  that  clause  in  the  Constitu- 
tion which  required  uniformity  in  taxation.  The  schools  were 
stopped  for  want  of  adequate  funds.  For  a  few  weeks  in  each  year 
thereafter  the  feeble  "  uniform  "  supply  from  the  State  fund  en- 
abled the  people  to  open  the  schools,  but  considering  the  returns 
the  public  realizes  for  so  small  an  outlay  in  educational  matters, 
this  proved  more  expensive  than  ever.  Private  schools  increased, 
but  the  attendance  was  small.  Thus  the  interests  of  popular  edu- 
cation languished  for  years.  But  since  the  revival  of  the  free 
schools,  the  State  fund  has  grown  to  vast  proportions,  and  the 
schools  of  this  intelligent  and  enterprising  commonwealth  compare 
favorably  with  those  of  any  other  portion  of  the  United  States. 

There  is  no  occasion  to  present  all  the  statistics  of  school  prog- 
ress in  this  State  from  the  first  to  the  present  time,  but  some 
interest  will  be  taken  in  the  latest  statistics,  which  we  take  from  the 
9th  Biennial  Report  (for  1877-'8)  by  the  State  Superintendent  of 
Public  Instruction,  Hon.  James  H.  Smart.  This  report,  by  the 
way,  is  a  volume  of  480  octavo  pages,  and  is  free  to  all  who  desire 
a  copy. 

The  rapid,  substantial  and  permanent  increase  which  Indiana 
enjoys  in  her  school  interests  is  thus  set  forth  in  the  above  report. 


Length 

Total 

of  School 

No  of 

■    Attendance 

School 

Am't  Paid 

Year. 

In  Days. 

Teachers. 

at  School. 

Ennmeration. 

Teachers. 

1855 

CI 

4,016 

206,994 

445,791 

$    239,924 

1860 

65 

7,649 

303,744 

495.019 

481,020 

1865 

60 

9,493 

402,812 

557,092 

1,020,440 

1870 

97 

11,836 

462,527 

619.027 

1,81(),8GG 

1875 

130 

13,133 

502,362 

067,730 

2,830,747 

1878 

129 

13,676 

512,535 

699,153 

3,065,968 

HISTOUV    OF    IXDIAXA.  OJ^f) 

The  increase  of  school  population  duriug  the  past  ten  years  has 
been  as  follows: 

Total  i«  1808,  r)93,8G5. 

Increase  for  year  endini^  Incrensc  for  year  ending 

Sept.  1, 1^01) ; 17,009  MaylJSrt IS.O^S 

"     1,  1S7U 9,00:3  "  1,1875 13,372 

"     1,1871 3,101  "  l,lS7f; 11,494 

"     1,1812 8,811  "  1,1877 : 15,470 

May  1,  1873  (8  months) 8,903  "  1,1878 4,447 


Total,  1878 099,153 

No.  of  wliile  m.ilcs 354,271 ;  females 333,033 087,304 

"     "colored"     ^    5,937;         "        5,912 11,849 


099,153 

Twentj'-nine  per  cent,  of  the  above  are  in  the  49  cities  and  212 
incorporated  towns,  and  71  per  cent,  in  the  1,011  townships. 

The  immber  of  white  males  enrolled  in  the  schools  in  1878  was 
267,315,  and  of  white  females,  237,739;  total,  505,054;  of  colored 
males,  3,794;  females,  3,687;  total,  7,481;  grand  total,  512,535. 

The  average  number  enrolled  in  each  district  varies  from  51  to  56, 
and  the  average  dailj  attendance  from  32  to  35;  but  many  children 
reported  as  absent  attend  parochial  or  private  schools.  Seventy- 
three  per  cent,  of  the  white  children  and  63  j^er  cent,  of  the  colored, 
in  the  State,  are  enrolled  in  the  schools. 

The  number  of  days  taught  vary  materially  in  the  different  town- 
ships, and  on  this  point  State  Superintendent  Smart  iterates:  "As 
long  as  the  schools  of  some  of  our  townships  are  kept  open  but  60 
days  and  others  220  days,  we  do  not  have  a  uniform  system, — such 
as  was  contemplated  by  the  constitution.  The  school  law  requires 
the  trustee  of  .a  township  to  maintain  each  of  the  schools  in  his 
corporation  an  equal  length  of  time.  This  provision  cannot  be  so 
easily  applied  to  the  various  counties  of  the  State,  for  the  reason 
that  there  is  a  variation  in  the  density  of  the  population,' in  the 
wealth  of  the  people,  and  the  amount  of  the  township  funds.  I 
think,  however,  there  is  scarcely  a  township  trustee  in  the  State 
who  cannot,  under  the  present  law,  if  he  chooses  to  do  so,  bring  his 
scho'ls  up  to  an  average  of  six  months.  I  think  it  would  be  wise 
to  require  each  township  trustee  to  levy  a  sufficient  local  tax  to 
maintain  the  schools  at  least  six  months  of  the  3'ear,  provided  this 
can  be  done  without  increasing  the  local  tax  beyond  the  amount 
now  permitted  b}^  law.  This  would  tend  to  bring  the  poorer  schools 
up  to  the  standard  of  the  best,  and  would  thus  unify  the  system, 
and  make  it  indeed  a  common-school  system." 


220  •     inSTOKY    OF   INDIANA. 

The  State,  however,  averages  six  ami  a  half  raontlis  scliool  per 
year  to  each  district. 

«  TIio  number  of  scliool  districts  in  the  State  in  1S7S  was  9,3'^0,  in 
all  but  3i'of  which  school  was  taught  during  that  year.  There  are 
396  district  and  151  township  graded  schools.  Number  of  white 
male  teachers,  7,977,  and  of  female,  5,699;  colored,  male,  02,  and 
female,  43;  grand  total,  13,7S1.  For  the  ten  years  ending  with 
1878  there  was  au  increase  of  409  male  teachers  and  811  female 
teachers.  All  these  teachers,  exce]>t  about  200,  attend  normal 
institutes, — a  showing  which  probably  surpasses  that  of  any  other 
State  in  this  respect. 

The  average  daily  compensation  of  teachers  throughout  the 
State  in  1878  was  as  follows:  In  tuwnships,  males,  $1.90;  females, 
$1.70;  in  towns,  males,  $3.09;  females,  $1.81;  in  citie.=,  males, 
$4.06;  females,  82.29. 

In  1878  there  were  89  stone  school-houses,  1,724  brick,  7,608 
frame,  and  124  log;  total,  9,545,  valued  at  $11,536,647.39. 

And  lastly,  and  best  of  all,  we  are  happy  to  state  that  Indiana  has 
a  larger  school  fund  than  any  other  State  in  the  Union.  In  1872, 
according  to  the  statistics  before  us,  it  was  larger  than  that  of  any 
other  State  by  $2,000,000!  the  figures  being  as  follows: 

Indiana $8,437,593.47  Michigan $2,500,214.91 

Ohio C,C14,81G.50  Missouri 2,525,252.52 

Illinois 0,348,538.33  Minnesota 2,471,199.31 

New  York 2,880,017.01  Wisconsin  2,237,414.37 

Connecticut 2,809,770.70  Massachusetts 2.210,864.09 

Iowa . . .  4,274,581.93  Arkansas 2,000,000.00 

Nearly  all  the  rest  of  the  States  have  less  than  a  million  dollars 
in  their  school  fund. 

In  1872  the  common-school  fund  of  Indiana  consisted  of  the 
following: 

Non-negotiaWe  bonds $3,591,316.15      Escheated  estates 17,866.55 

Common-school  fund,. .. .   1,666,824.50  Sinking  fund,  last  distrib- 

Sinking  fund,  at  8  per  cent     569,139.94          ution 67,068.73 

Congressional  township  Sinking  fund    undistrih- 

fund 3,281,076.69          uted 100,165.93 

Value  of  unsold   Congres-                           Swamp  land  fund 42,418.40 


sional  township  lands..        94,245.00 


Saline  fund 5,727.66  $8,437,593  47 

Bank  tax  fund 1,744.94 

In  1878  the  grand  total  was  $8,974,455.55. 

The  origin  of  the  respective  school  funds  of  Indiana  is  as  follows: 

1.     The  "  Congressional  township "  fund  is  derived   from   the 

proceeds  of  the  16th  sections  of  tlie  townships.    Almost  all  of  these 


HISTORY  OF   INDIANA.  221 

have  been  sold  and  the  money  put  out  at  interest.    The  amount  of 
this  fund  in  1S77  was  $2,452,936.82. 

2.  The  "saline"  fund  consists  of  the  proceeds  of  the  sale  of 
salt  springs,  and  the  land  adjoining  necessary  for  working  them  to 
the  amount  of  3G  entire  sections,  authorized  by  the  original  act  of 
Congress.  By  authority  of  the  sane  act  the  Legislature  has  made 
these  proceeds  a  part  of  the  permanent  school  fund. 

3.  The  "  surplus  revenue  "  fund.  Under  the  administration  of 
President  Jackson,  the  national  debt,  contracted  by  tlie  Revolutionary 
war  and  the  purchase  of  Louisiana,  was  entirely  discharged,  and  a 
large  surplus  remained  in  the  treasury.  In  June,  183G,  Congress 
distributed  this  money  amcng  the  States  in  the  ratio  of  their  repre- 
sentation in  Congress,  subject  to  recall,  and  Indiana's  sliare  was 
$860,254.  The  Legislature  subsequently  set  apart  $573,502.96  of 
this  amount  to  be  a  part  of  the  school  fund.  It  is  not  probable  that 
the  general  Government  will  ever  recall  this  money. 

4.  "Bank  tax  "  fund.  The  Legislature  of  1834  chartered  a  State 
Bank,  of  which  a  part  of  the  stock  was  owned  by  the  State  and  a 
part  by  individuals..  Section  15  of  the  charter  required  an  annual 
deduction  from  the  dividends,  equal  to  12^  cents  on  each  share  not 
held  by  the  State,  to  be  set  apart  for  common-school  education. 
This  tax  finally  amounted  to  $80,000,  which  now  bears  interest  in 
favor  of  education. 

5.  "  Sinking "  fund.  In  order  to  set  the  State  bank  under 
good  headv,  ay,  the  State  at  first  borrowed  $1,300,000,  and  out  of 
the  unapplied  balances  a  fund  was  created,  increased  by  unapplied 
balances  also  of  the  principal,  interest  and  dividends  of  the  amount 
lent  to  the  individual  holders  of  stock,  for  the  purpose  of  sinking 
the  debt  of  the  bank;  hence  the  name  sinking  fund.  The  114th 
section  of  the  charter  provided  that  after  the  full  payment  of  the 
bank's  indebtedness,  principal,  interest  and  incidental  expenses,  the 
residue  of  said  fund  should  be  a  permanent  fund,  appropriated  to 
the  cause  of  education.  As  the  charter  extended  through  a  period 
of  25  years,  tliis  fund  ultimately  reached  the  handsome  amount  of 

$5,000,000. 

The  foregoing  are  all  interest-bearing  funds;  the  following  are 
additional  school  funds,  but  not  productive: 

6.  "  Seminary  "  fund.  By  order  of  the  Legislature  in  1852,  all 
county  seminaries  were  sold,  and  the  net  proceeds  placed  in  the 
common-school  fund. 


HISTORY   OF   INDIANA. 


7.  All  fines  for  the  violation  of  the  penal  laws  of  the  State  are 
placed  to  the  credit  of  the  common-school  fund 

8.  All  recognizances  of  witnesses  and  parties  indicted  for  crime, 
■when  forfeited,  are  collectible  bj  law  and  made  a  part  of  the 
school  fund.  These  are  reported  to  tlie  ofBce  of  the  State  Superin- 
tendent of  Public  Instruction  annually.  For  the  five  years  endinf^- 
with  1S72,  they  averaged  about  $34,000  a  year. 

9.  Escheats.  These  amount  to  $17,805.55,  which  was  still  in 
the  State  treasury  in  1872  and  unapplied. 

10.  The  "swamp-land"  fund  arises  from  the  sale  of  certain 
Congressional  laud  grants,  not  devoted  to  any  particular  purpose 
by  the  terms  of  the  grant.  In  1872  there  was  $42,il8.-10  of  this 
money,  subject  to  call  by  the  school  interests. 

11.  Taxes  on  corporations  are  to  some  extent  devoted  by  the 
Constitution  to  school  purposes,  but  the  clause  on  this  subject  is 
somewhat  obscure,  and  no  funds  as'  yet  have  been  realized  from  this 
source.  It  is  supposed  that  several  large  sums  of  money  are  due 
the  common-school  fund  from  the  corporations. 

Constitutionally,  any  of  the  above  funds  may  be  increased,  but 
never  diminished. 

INDIANA   STATE    UNITERSITT. 

So  early  as  1802  the  U.  S.  Congress  granted  lands  and  a  charter 
to  the  people  of  that  portion  of  the  ^Northwestern  Territory  resid- 
ing at  Vincennes,  for  the  erection  and  maintenance  of  a  seminary 
of  learning  in  that  early  settled  district;  and  five  years  afterward 
an  act  incorporating  the  Vincennes  University  asked  the  Legisla- 
ture to  appoint  a  Board  of  Trustees  for  the  institution  and  order  the 
sale  of  a  single  township  in  Gibson  county,  granted  by  Congress  in 
1802,  so  that  the  proceeds  might  be  at  once  devoted  to  the  objects 
of  education.  On  this  Board  the  following  gentlemen  were  ap- 
pointed to  act  in  the  interests  of  the  institution:  William  H.  Har- 
rison, John  Gibson,  Thomas  H.  Davis,  Henry  Yanderburgh,  Wal- 
ler Taylor,  Benjamin  Parke,  Peter  Jones,  James  Johnson,  John 
Rice  Jones,  George  Wallace,  William  Bullitt,  Elias  McNamee, 
John  Badolett,  Henry  Hurst,  Gen.  W.  Johnston,  Francis  Vigo, 
Jacob  Kuykendall,  Samuel  McKee,  Nathaniel  Ewing,  George 
Leech,  Luke  Decker,  Samuel  Gwathmey  and  John  Johnson. 

The  sale  of  this  land  was  slow  and  the  proceeds  small.  The 
members  of  the  Board,  too,  were  apathetic,  and  failing  to  meet,  the 
institution  fell  out  of  existence  and  out  of  memory. 


HISTORY    OF    INDIANA.  223 

In  1816  Congress  granted  another  township  in  Monroe  county, 
located  witliin  its  present  limits,  and  the  foundation  of  a  university 
was  laid.  Four  years  later,  and  after  Indiana  was  erected  into  a 
State,  an  act  of  the  local  Legislature  appointing  another  Board  of 
Trustees  and  authorizing  them  to  select  a  location  for  a  university 
and  to  enter  into  contracts  for  its  construction,  was  passed.  The 
new  Board  met  at  Bloomington  and  selected  a  site  at  tliat  place  for 
the  location  of  the  present  building,  entered  into  a  contract  for  the 
erection  of  the  same  in  1822,  and  in  1S25  had  the  satisfaction  of  being 
present  at  the  inauguration  of  the  university.  The  first  session  was 
commenced  under  the  Eev.  Baynard  H.  Hall,  with  20  students,  and 
when  the  learned  professor  could  only  boast  of  a  salary  of  $150  a 
year;  yet,  on  this  very  limited  sum  the  gentleman  worked  with 
energy  and  soon  brought  the  enterprise  through  all  its  elementary 
stages  to  the  position  of  an  academic  institution.  Dividing  the 
year  into  two  sessions  of  five  months  each,  the  Board  acting  under 
his  advice,  changed  the  name  to  the  "  Indiana  Academy,"  under 
which  title  it  was  duly  chartered.  In  1827  Prof.  John  H.  Harney 
was  raised  to  the  chairs  of  mathematics,  natural  philosophy  and 
astronomy,  at  a  salary  of  $300  a  year;  and  the  salary  of  Mr.  Hall 
raised  to  $100  a  year.  In  1828  the  name  was  again  changed  by  the 
Legislature  to  the  "  Indiana  College,"  and  the  following  professors 
appointed  over  the  different  departments;  Eev.  Andrew  Wylie, 
D.  D.,  Prof,  of  mental  and  moral  philosophy  and  belles  lettres; 
John  H.  Harney,  Prof,  of  mathematics  and  natural  philosophy;  and 
Rev.  Bayard  E.  Hall,  Prof,  of  ancient  languages.  This  year,  also, 
dispositions  were  made  for  the  sale  of  Gibson  county  lands  and  for 
the  erection  of  a  new  college  building.  This  action  was  opposed 
by  some  legal  difiiculties,  which  after  a  time  were  overcome,  and 
the  new  college  building  was  put  under  construction,  and  continued 
to  prosper  until  1851,  when  it  was  destroyed  by  fire,  and  9,000 
volumes,  with  all  the  apparatus,  were  consumed.  The  curriculum 
was  then  carried  out  in  a  temporary  building,  while  a  new  struct- 
ure was  going  up. 

In  1873  the  new  college,  with  its  additions,  was  completed,  and 
tlie  routine  of  studies   continued.     A  museum  of  natural  history,  * 
a  laboratory  and  the  Owen  cabinet  added,  and  the  standard  of  the 
studies  and  morale   generally  increased  in  excellence  and  in  strict- 
ness. 

Bloomington  is  a  fine,  healthful  locality,  on  the  Louisville,  New 
Albany  &  Chicago  railway.      The  University  buildings  are  in  the 


224  IIISTOKV    OF    INDIANA. 

collegiate  Gotliic  style,  simply  and  truly  carried  out.  The  building, 
fronting  College  avenue  is  li5  feet  in  front.  It  consists  of  a 
central  building  60  feet  by  53,  with  wings  each  38  feet  by  26,  and 
'the  whole,  three  stories  high.  The  new  building,  fronting  the 
west,  is  130  feet  by  50.     Buildings  lighted  by  gas. 

The  faculty  nunibci's  thirteen.  Number  of  students  in  the  col- 
legiate department  in  1879-'80,  ]S3;  in  preparatory,  109;  total, 
349,  aUowing  for  three  counted  twice. 

The  university  may  now  be  considered  on  a  fixed  founaation,  car- 
rying out  the  intention  of  the  President,  who  aimed  at  scholarship 
rather  than  numbers,  and  demands  the  attention  of  eleven  pro- 
fessors, together  with  the  State  Geologist,  who  is  ex-ofScio  member 
of  the  faculty,  and  required  to  lecture  at  intervals  and  look  after 
the  geological  and  mineralogical  interests  of  the  institution.  The 
faculty  of  medicine  is  represented  by  eleven  leading  physicians 
of  the  neighborhood.  The  faculty  of  law  requires  two  resident 
jDrofessors,  and  the  other  chairs  remarkably  well  represented. 

The  university  received  from  the  State  annually  about  $15,000, 
and  promises  with  the  aid  of  other  public  grants  and  private  dona- 
tions to  vie  with  any  other  State  university  within  the  Republic. 

PURDUE   UNIVBBSITY. 

This  is  a  "  college  for  the  benefit  of  agricultural  and  the  mechanic 
arts,"  as  provided  for  by  act  of  Congress,  July  2,  1862,  donating 
lands  for  this  purpose  to  the  extent  of  30,000  acres  of  the  public 
domain  to  each  Senator  and  Representative  in  the  Federal  assem- 
bly. Indiana  having  in  Congress  at  that  time  thirteen  members, 
became  entitled  to  390,000  acres;  but  as  there  was  no  Congress 
land  in  the  State  at  this  time,  scrip  had  to  be  taken,  and  it  was 
upon  the  following  condition  (we  quote  the  act): 

"  Section  4.  That  all  moneys  derived  from  the  sale  of  land 
scrip  shall  be  invested  in  the  stocks  of  the  United  States,  or  of 
some  other  safe  stocks,  yielding  no  less  than  five  per  centum  upon 
the  par  value  of  said  stocks;  and  that  the  moneys  so  invested  shall 
constitute  a  perpetual  fund,  the  capital  of  which  shall  remain  undi- 
minished, except  so  far  as  may  be  provided  in  section  5  of  this  act, 
and  the  interest  of  which  shall  be  inviolably  appropriated  by  each 
State,  which  may  take  and  claim  the  benefit  of  this  act,  to  the 
endowment,  support  and  maintenance  of  at  least  one  college,  where 
the  leading-  object  shall  be,  without  excluding  other  scientific  and 


HISTOKY    OF   INDIANA.  225 

classical  studies,  and  including  military  tactics,  to  teacli  such 
bi'anclies  of  leariiins:  r.s  arc  related  to  acrricultnre  and  the  incclianic 
arts,  in  sucli  a  luaiiner  as  the  Legislatures  of  the  States  may  re- 
spectively ])resoribe,  in  order  to  promote  the  liberal  and  practical 
education  of  tlie  industrial  classes  in  the  several  jnirsuits  and  pro- 
fessions of  life. 

"  Skc.  5.  That  the  grant  of  land  and  land  scrij)  hereb}'  author- 
ized shall  be  made  on  the  following  conditions,  to  which,  as  well  as 
the  provision  hereinl)efore  contained,  the  previous  assent  of  the 
several  States  shall  be  signified  by  Legislative  act: 

*'  First.  If  any  portion  of  the  funds  invested  as  provided  by  the 
foregoing  section,  or  any  portion  of  the  interest  thereon,  shall  by 
any  action  or  contingency  be  diminished  or  lost,  it  shall  be  replaced 
by  the  State  to  "which  it  belongs,  so  that  the  capital  of  the  fund, 
shall  remain  forever  undiminished,  and  the  annual  interest  shall  be 
regularly  applied,  "without  diminution,  to  the  purposes  mentioned 
in  the  fourth  section  of  this  act,  except  that  a  sum  not  exceeding  ten 
per  centum  upon  the  amount  received  by  any  State  under  the  pro- 
visions of  this  act  may  be  expended  for  the  purchase  of  lands  for 
sites  or  experimental  farms,  whenever  authorized  by  the  respective 
Legislatures  of  said  States. 

"Second.  No  portion  of  said  fund,  nor  interest  thereon,  shall 
be  applied,  directly  or  indirectly,  under  any  pretence  whatever,  to 
the  purchase,  erection,  preservation  or  repair  of  any  building  or 
buildings. 

"  Third.  Any  State  which  may  take  and  claim  the  benefit  of 
the  provisions  of  this  act,  shall  provide,  within  five  years  at  least, 
not  less  than  one  college,  as  provided  in  the  fourth  section  of  this 
act,  or  the  grant  to  such  State  shall  cease  and  said  State  be  bound 
to  pay  the  United  States  the  amount  received  of  any  lands  pre- 
viously sold.,  and  that  the  title  to  purchase  under  the  States  shall 
be  valid. 

"  Fourth.  An  annual  report  shall  be  made  regarding  the  prog- 
ress of  each  college,  recording  any  improvements  and  experiments 
made,  with  their  cost  and  result,  and  such  other  matter,  mciading 
State  industrial  and  economical  statistics,  as  may  be  supposed  use- 
ful, one  copy  of  which  shall  be  transmitted  by  mail  free,  by  each, 
to  all  other  colleges  which  may  be  endowed  under  the  provisions 
of  this  act,  and  also  one  copy  to  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior. 

"Fifth.  When  lands  snail  be  selected  from  those  which  have 
been  raised  to  double  the  minimum  price  in  consequence  of  railroa''J 


220 


HISTOKY   OF   INDIANA. 


grants,  that  they  shall  be  computed  to  the  States  at  the  maximum 
price,  una.  the  number  of  acres  proportionately  diTiiinishcd. 
^       '-Sixth.     Ko  State,  while  in  a  condition  of  rebellion  or   insur- 
rection afjainst  the  Government  of  the  United  States,  sliall    be 
entitled  to  the  benefits  of  this  act. 

"Seventh.     Ko  State  shall  be  entitled  to  the  benefits  of  this  act 

unless   it   shall    ex])ress  its   acceptance   thereof  by  its  Legislature 

within  two  years  from  the  date  of  its  approval' by  "the  President." 

Tlie  foregoing  act  was  approved  by  the  President,  July  2,    1862. 

It  seemed  that  this  law,  amid  the  diu  of  arms  with  the  great  Pvebel- 

hou,  was  about  to  pass  altogether  unnoticed  by  the  next  General 

Assembly,  January,  1863,  had  not  Gov.  Morton's  attention  been 

called  to  it  by  a  delegation  of  citizens  from  Tippecanoe  countv,  who 

visited  him  in  the  interest  of  Battle  Ground.     He  thereuoon  sent 

a  special  message  to  the  Legislature,  upon  tlie  subject,  and  then 

public  attention  was  excited  to  it  everywhere,  and  several  localities 

competed  for  the  institution;  indeed,  the  rivalry  was  so  great  that 

this  session  failed  to  act  in  the  matter  at  all,  and  would  have  failed 

to  accept  of  the  grant  within  the  two  years  prescribed  in  the  last 

clause  quoted  above,  had  not  Congress,  by  a  supplementary  act, 

extended  the  time  two  years  longer. 

March  6,  1865,  the  Legislature  accepted  the  conditions  of  the 
national  gift,  and  organized  the  Board  of  "  Trustees  of  the  Indiana 
Agricultural  College."  This  Board,  by  authority,  sold  the  scrip 
April  9,  1867,  for  $212,238.50,  which  sum,  by  compounding,  has 
increased  to  nearly  $400,000,  and  is  invested  in  U.  S.  bonds.  Not 
until  the  special  session  of  May,  1869,  was  the  locality  for  this  col- 
lege selected,  when  John  Purdue,  of  Lafayette,  oflfered  $150,000 
and  Tippecanoe  county  $50,000  more,  and  the  title  of  the  institution 
changed  to  "Purdue  University."  Donations  were  also  made  by 
the  Battle  Ground  Institute  and  the  Battle  Ground  Institute  of  the 
Methodist  Episcopal  Church. 

The  building  was  located  on  a  lOO-acre  tract  near  Chauncej', 
which  Purdue  gave  in  addition  to  his  magnificent  donation,  and  to 
wdiich  86|  acres  more  have  since  been  added  on  the  north.  The 
boarding-house,  dormitory,  the  laboratory,  boiler  and  gas  house, 
a  frame  armory  and  gymnasium,  stable  with  shed  and  work-shop 
are  all  to  the  north  of  the  gravel  road,  and  form  a  group  of  build- 
ings within  a  circle  of  600  feet.  The  boiler  and  gas  house  occupy 
a  rather  central  position,  and  supply  steam  and  gas  to  the  boarding- 
bouse,  dormitory  and  laboratory.    A  description  of  these  buildings 


UlSTOKY   OF    INDIANA.  227 

may  be  apropos.  The  board ing-liouse  ia  a  brick  structure,  in  tlie 
iiaoderu  Italian  style,  ])lanked  by  a  turret,  at  each  of  the  I'rout  angles 
and  measuring  120  feet  front  b}'  GS  feet  deep.  The  dormitory  is  a 
quadrangular  edifice,  in  the  ])lain  Elizabethan  style,  four  stories 
high,  arranged  to  accommodate  125  students.  Like  the  other  build- 
ings, it  is  heated  by  steam  and  lighted  by  gas.  loathing  accommo- 
dations are  in  each  end  of  all  the  stories.  Tlie  laboratory  is  almost 
a  duplicate  of  a  similar  department  in  Brown  University,  Iv.  I.  It 
is  a  much  smaller  building  than  the  boarding-house,  l.)ut  yet  sufii- 
ciently  large  to  meet  the  requirements.  A  collection  of  minerals, 
fossils  and  antiquities,  purchased  from  Mr.  Richard  Owen,  Ibrmer 
President  of  the  institution,  occujnes  the  temporary  cabinet  or 
museum,  pending  the  construction  of  anew  building.  The  military 
hall  and  gjnnnasium  is  100  i'ect  frontage  by  50  feet  deep,  and  only 
one  story  high.  The  uses  to  wliicli  this  hall  is  devoted  are  exer- 
cises in  physical  and  military  drill.  The  boiler  and  gas  house  is  an 
establishment  replete  in  itself,  possessing  every  tacilit}'-  for  supply- 
ing the  buildings  of  the  university  with  adequate  lieat  and  light. 
It  is  further  provided  with  pumping  works.  Convenient  to  this 
department  is  the  retort  and  great  meters  of  the  gas  house,  cajjable 
of  holding  9,000  cubic  feet  of  gas,  and  arranged  upon  the  principles 
of  modern  science.  The  barn  and  shed  form  a  single  building, 
both  useful,  convenient  and  ornamental. 

In  connection  with  the  agricultural  department  of  the  university, 
a  brick  residence  and  barn  were  erected  and  placed  at  the  disposu' 
of  the  farm  superintendent,  Maj.  L.  A.  Burke. 

The  buildings  enumerated  above  have  been  erected  at  a  cost 
approximating  the  following:  boarding-house,  $37,807.07;  labora- 
tory, $15,000;  dormitory,  $33,000;  military  hall  and  gymnasium, 
$6,410.47;  boiler  and  gas  house,  $4,814;  barn  and  shed,  $1,500; 
work-shop,  $1,000;  dwelling  and  barn,  $2,500. 

Besides  the  original  donations.  Legislative  appropriations,  vary- 
ing in  amount,  have  been  made  from  time  to  time,  and  Mr.  Pierce, 
the  treasurer,  has  donated  his  official  salary,  $000  a  year,  for  the  time 
he  served,  for  decorating  the  grounds, — if  necessary. 

The  opening  of  the  university  was,  owing  to  varied  circumstan- 
ces, postponed  from  time  to  time,  and  not  until  March,  1874,  was  a 
class  formed,  and  this  only  to  comply  with  the  act  of  Congress  in 
that  connection  in  its  relation  to  the  university.  However,  in 
September  following  a  curriculum  was  adopted,  and  the  first  regu- 
lar term  of  the  Purdue  University  entered  upon.     This  curriculum 


228  iiisTora'  of  Indiana. 

comprises  tlic  varied  subjects  gciicrallj  ])crtaiiiin;:;  to  a  first-class 
university  course,  namely:  in  the  scliool  of  natural  science — 
physics  aiKl  industrial  mechanics,  chemistry  and  natural  history; 
in  the  school  of  engineering — civil  and  mining,  together  -with  the 
principles  of  architecture;  in  the  school  of  agriculture — thcoretr 
jcal  and  ]n"actical  agriculture,  horticulture  and  veterinary  science; 
in  the  military  school — the  matliematical  sciences,  German  and 
French  literature,  free-hand  and  mechanical  drawing,  with  all  the 
studies  pertaining  to  the  natural  and  military  sciences.  Modern 
languages  and  natural  history  embrace  their  respective  courses  to 
the  fullest  extent. 

There  are  this  year  (ISSO)  eleven  members  of  the  faculty'-,  SG 
students  in  the  regular  courses,  and  117  other  students.  In  respect 
to  attendance  there  has  been  a  constant  increase  from  the  first. 
The  first  year,  lS74-'5,  there  were  but  G4:  students. 

INDIANA    STAtE    NOKMAL    SCHOOL. 

This  institution  was  fodnded  at  Terre  Haute  iti  1S70,  in  accord- 
ance with  the  act  of  the  Legislature  of  that  year.  The  building  is 
a  large  brick  edifice  situated  upon  a  commanding  location  and 
possessing  some  architectural  beauties.  From  its  inauguration 
many  obstacles  opposed  its  advance  toward  efficiency  and  success; 
but  the  Board  of  Trustees,  composed  of  men  experienced  in  edu- 
cational matters,  exercised  their  strength  of  mind  and  body  to 
overcome  every  difficulty,  and  secure  for  the  State  Normal  School 
every  distinction  and  emolument  that  lay  within  their  power, 
their  efforts  to  this  end  being  very  successful;  and  it  is  a  fact  that 
the  institution  has  arrived  at,  if  not  eclipsed,  the  standard  of  their 
expectations.  Not  alone  does  the  course  of  study  embrace  the 
legal  subjects  known  as  reading,  writing,  spelling,  arithmetic, 
geographj-,  United  States  history,  English  grammar,  physiology, 
manners  and  ethics,  but  it  includes  also  universal  history,  the 
mathematical  sciences  and  many  other  subjects  foreign  to  older 
institutions.  The  first  studies  are  prescribed  by  law  and  must  be 
inculcated;  the  second  are  optional  with  the  professors,  and  in  the 
ease  of  Indiana  generally  hold  place  in  the  curriculum  of  the  nor- 
mal school. 

The  model,  or  training  school,  specially  designed  for  the  training 
of  teachers,  forms  a  most  important  factor  in  State  educational 
matters,  and  prepares  teachers  of  both  sexes  for  one  of  the  most 
important  positions  in  life;  viz.,  that  of  educating  the  youth  of  the 


IIISTOUY    OK    INDIANA.  220 

State.  The  advanced  course  of  studies,  togctlier  Avltli  the  lii;;licr 
studies  of  the  normal  school,  embraces  Latin  and  German,  anil  ])i'c- 
parcs  young  men  and  women  for  entrance  to  the  Stale  University. 

The  effifciency  of  tliis  schdol  may  be  elicited  from  the  following 
facts,  taken  from  tlio  official  re})orts:  out  of  41  persons  who  had 
graduated  from  the  elementary  course,  nine,  after  tcacliing  success- 
fully iu  the  public  schools  of  this  State  from  two  terms  to  two 
years,  returned  to  the  institution  and  sought  admission  to  the 
advanced  classes.  They  were  admitted;  three  of  them  were  goi tie- 
men  and  six  ladies.  After  spending  two  j'cars  and  two  terms  in  the 
elementary  course,  and  then  teaching  in  the  schools  during  the 
time  already  mentioned  they  returned  to  spend  two  and  a  half  or 
three  years  more,  and  for  the  avowed  purpose  of  qualifying  them- 
selves for  teaching  in  the  most  responsible  positions  of  the  public 
school  service.  In  fact,  no  student  is  admitted  to  the  school  who 
does  not  in  good  faith  declare  his  intention  to  qualify  himself  for 
teaching  in  the  schools  of  the  State.  This  the  law  requires,  and 
the  rule  is  adhered  to  literally. 

The  report  further  says,  in  speaking  of  the  government  of  the 
school,  that  the  fundamental  idea  is  rational  freedom,  or  that  f)-ee- 
dom  which  gives  exemption  from  the  power  of  control  of  one  over 
another,  or,  in  other  words,  the  self-limiting  of  themselves,  in  their 
acts,  by  a  recognition. of  the  rights  of  others  who  are  equally  free. 
The  idea  and  origin  of  the  school  being  laid  down,  and  also  the 
means  by  which  scholarship  can  be  realized  in  the  individual,  the 
student  is  left  to  form  his  own  conduct,  both  during  session  hours 
and  while  away  from  school.  The  teacher  merely  stands  between 
this  scholastic  idea  and  the  student's  own  partial  conception  of  it, 
as  expositor  or  interpreter.  The  teacher  is  not  legislator,  executor 
or  police  officer;  he  is  expounder  of  the  true  idea  of  school  law,  so 
that  the  only  test  of  the  student's  conduct  is  obedience  to,  or 
nonconformity  with,  that  law  as  interpreted  by  the  teacher.  This 
idea  once  inculcated  in  the  minds  of  the  students,  insures  industry, 
punctuality  and  order. 

NOKTHERN   INDIANA   NORMAL    SCHOOL   AND    BUSINESS    INSTITUTE, 
VALPARAISO. 

This  institution  was  organized  Sept.  16,  1S73,  with  35  students 
in  attendance.  The  school  occupied  the  building  known  as  the 
Talparaiso  Male  and  Female  College  building.      Four  teachers 


230  HISTORY   OF    IXDIAXA. 

were  employed.  The  attendance,  so  small  at  first,  increased  rap- 
idly and  steadilj',  \intil  at  the  present  writing,  the  seventh  year 
in  the  history  of  the  school,  the  yearly  enrollment  is  more  than 
three  thousand.     The  number  of  instructors  now  employed  is  23. 

From  time  to  time,  additions  have  been  made  to  the  school 
buildings,  and  numerous  boarding  halls  have  been  erected,  so  that 
now  the  value  of  the  buildings  and  grounds  owned  by  the  scliool 
is  one  hundred  thousand  dollars. 

A  large  library  has  been  collected,  and  a  complete  equi])ment  of 
philosophical  and  chemical  apparatus  has  been  purchased.  The 
department  of  physiology  is  supplied  with  skeletons,  manikins, 
and  everything  necessary  to  the  demonstration  of  each  branch  of 
the  subject.  A  large  cabinet  is  provided  for  the  study  of  geology. 
In  fact,  each  department  of  the  school  is  completely  furnished 
with  the  apparatus  needed  for  the  most  approved  presentation  of 
every  subject. 

There  are  15  chartered  departments  in  the  institution.  These 
are  in  charge  of  thoroui^h,  energetic,  and  scholarly  instructors,  and 
send  forth  each  year  as  graduates,  a  large  number  of  finely  cultured 
young  ladies  and  gentlemen,  living  testimonials  of  the  efliciencv 
of  the  course  of  study  and  the  methods  used. 

The  Commercial  College  in  connection  with  the  school  is  in  itself 
a  great  institution.  It  is  finely  fitted  up  and  furnished,  and  ranks 
foremost  among  the  business  colleges  of  the  United  States. 

The  expenses  for  tuition,  room  and  board,  have  been  made  so 
low  that  an  opportunity  for  obtaining  a  thorough  education  is 
presented  to  the  poor  and  the  rich  alike. 

All  of  this  work  has  been  accomplished  in  the  short  space  of 
seven  years.  The  school  now  holds  a  high  place  among  educational 
institutions,  and  is  the  largest  normal  school  in  the  United  States. 

This  wonderful  growth  and  devolopment  is  wholly  due  to  the 
energy  and  faithfulness  of  its  teachers,  and  the  unparalleled  exec- 
utive ability  of  its  proprietor  and  principal.  The  school  is  not 
endowed. 

DENOMINATIONAL  AND  PKIVATE  INSTITUTIONS. 

Nor  is  Indiana  behind  in  literary  institutions  under  denomina- 
tional auspices.  It  is  not  to  be  understood,  however,  at  the  present 
day,  that  sectarian  doctrines  are  insisted  upon  at  the  so-called 
"denominational"  colleges,  universities  and  seminaries;  the  youth  at 
these  places  are  influenced  only  by  Christian  example. 


IlISTOUV    OF    INDIANA.  231 

Noire  Dame  TJnivcr><Ui]^  near  South  I'eiid,  is  a  Catliolic  institu- 
tion, and  is  one  of  the  most  noted  in  tlie  United  States.  It  was 
founded  tin  1842  by  Father  Soriii.  Tlie  first  building  was  erected 
in  18i3,  and  the  university  has  cunlinued  to  <;i'o\v  and  ])rosper  until 
the  present  time,  now  having  35  profcssurSj  2(1  instructors,  9  tutors, 
213  students  and  12,000  volumes  in  library.  At  present  the  main 
building  has  a  frontage  of  224  feet  and  a  depth  of  155.  Thousands 
of  young  people  have  received  their  education  here,  and  a  large 
number  have  been  graduated  for  the  priesthood.  A  chapter  was 
held  here  in  1872,  attended  by  delegates  from  all  partsof  the  world. 
It  is  worthy  of  mention  that  this  institution  has  a  bell  weighing 
13,000  pounds,  the  largest  in  the  United  States  and  one  of  the  finest 
in  the  world. 

The  Indiana  Ashury  University,  at  Greencastle,  is  an  old  and 
well-established  institution  under  the  auspices  of  the  Methodist 
Episcopal  Church,  named  after  its  first  bishop,  Asbury,  It  was 
founded  in  1835,  and  in  1872  it  had  nine  professors  and  172 
students. 

Hoioard  College,  not  denominational,  is  located  at  Kokomo,  and 
was  founded  in  18G9.  In  1872  it  had  five  professors,  four  instructors, 
and  69  students. 

Union  Christian  College,  Christian,  at  Merom,was  organized  in 
1858,  and  in  1872  had  four  resident  professors,  seven  instructors 
and  156  students. 

Moore'' s  Hill  College,  Methodist  Episcopal,  is  situated  at  Moore's 
Hill,  was  founded  in  1S5'1,  and  in  1872  had  five  resident  professors, 
five  instructors,  and  142  students. 

Earlhani's  College,  at  Richmond,  is  under  the  management  of 
the  Orthodox  Friends,  and  was  founded  in  1859.  In  1872  they 
had  six  resident  professors  and  167  students,  and  3,300  volumes  in 
library. 

Wahash  College,  at  Crawfordsville,  was  organized  in  1834,  and 
had  in  1872,  eight  professors  and  teachers,  and  231  students,  with 
about  12,000  volumes  in  the  library.  It  is  under  Presbyterian 
management. 

Concordia  College,  Lutheran,  at  Fort  Wayne,  was  founded  in 
1850;  in  1872  it  had  four  professors  and  148  students:  3,000  volumes 
in  library. 

Hanover  College,  Presbyterian,  was  organized  in  1833,  at  Han- 
over, and  in  1872  had  seven  professors  and  118  students,  and  7,000 
volumes  in   library. 


232  IIISTOKY    OF    INDIANA. 

Ilartsv'dle  UnivcrsUy,  United  Eruthreii,  at  ITartsville,  was 
foniuJcd  ill  1S51,  and  in  lS;72liad  seven  ])rofbs5ors  and  117  student?. 

jS^rt/noe.sferii  Clirlslian  6^; /-/ytfr.svVy,  Disciples,  is  located  at 
Irvin<;ton,  near  Indianapolis.  It  was  founded  in  1S51,  and  by 
1S72  it  liad  15  resident  professors,  181  students,  and  5,000  volumes 
in   library. 

BENEVOLENT  AND  PENAL  INSTITUTIONS. 

By  the  year  1S30,  the  inllux  of  paupers  and  invalid  persons  was 
BO  great  that  the  Governor  called  upon  the  Legislature  to  take 
steps  toward  regulating  tlie  matter,  and  also  to  provide  an  asylum 
for  the  poor,  but  that  body  was  very  slow  to  act  on  tlie  matter. 
At  the  present  time,  however,  there  is  no  State  in  the  Union  which 
can  boast  a  better  system  of  benevolent  institutions.  Tlie  Benevo- 
lent Society  of  Indianapolis  was  organized  in  18-13.  It  was  a 
pioneer  institution;  its  Held  of  work  was  small  at  first,  but  it  has 
grown  into  great  usefulness. 

INSTITUTE   FOB    THE    EDUCATION    OF   THE    BLIND. 

In  behalf  of  the  blind,  the  first  effort  was  made  by  James  M.  Ray, 
about  1846.  Through  his  efi:brts  William  II.  Churchman  came 
from  Kentucky  with  blind  pupils  and  gave  exhibitions  in  Mr. 
Beecher's  church,  in  Indianapolis.  These  entertainments  were 
attended  by  members  of  the  Legislature,  for  whom  indeed  they 
were  especially  intended;  and  the  effect  upon  them  was  so  good, 
that  before  they  adjourned  the  session  they  adopted  measures  to  es- 
tablish an  asylum  for  the  blind.  The  commission  appointed  to  carry 
out  these  measures,  consisting  of  James  M.  Bay,  Geo.  W.  Mears, 
and  the  Secretary,  Treasurer  and  Auditor  of  State,  engaged  J\Ir. 
Churchman  to  make  a  lecturing  tour  through  the  State  and  collect 
statistics  of  the  blind  population. 

The  "  Institute  for  the  Education  of  the  Blind  "  was  founded  by 
the  Legislature  of  181:7,  and  first  opened  in  a  rented  building  Oct. 
1,  of  that  year.  The  permanent  buildings  were  opened  and  occu- 
pied in  February,  1853.  The  original  cost  of  the  buildings  and 
ground  was  $110,000,  and  the  present  valuation  of  buildings  and 
grounds  approximates  $300,000.  The  main  building  is  90  feet 
long  by  61  deep,  and  with  its  right  and  left  wings,  each  30  feet  in 
front  and  83  in  depth,  give  an  entire  frontage  of  150  feet.  The 
main  building  is  five  stories  in  height,  surmounted  by  a  cupola  of 


vk.v. 


niSTOUY   OF   INPIAXA.  Aj^&»  VA.JX^.ii»  235 

tlic  Coriufjiian  style,  wliilo  c;u;li  wing  is  siiuihirly  overcappcd 
The  porticoes,  cornices  and  verandahs  arc  gotten  up  with  exquisite 
taste,  and  tlie  former  are  molded  after  the  princi])lc  of  Ionic  archi- 
tecture. The  building  is  very  favorably  situated,  and  occupies  a 
space  of  eight  acres. 

The  nucleus  of  a  fund  for  supplying  indigent  graduates  of  the 
institution  with  an  outfit  suitable  to  their  trades,  or  with  money  in 
lieu  thereof  promises  to  meet  with  many  additions.  The  fund  is 
the  out-come  of  the  benevolence  of  Mrs.  Fitzpatrick,  a  resident  of 
Delaware,  in  this  State,  and  appears  to  l)e  suggested  by  the  fact 
that  her  daughter,  who  was  smitten  with  blindness,  studied  as  a 
pupil  in  the  institute,  and  became  singularly  attached  to  many  of 
its  inmates.  The  following  passage  from  the  lady's  will  bears 
testimony  not  only  to  her  own  sympathetic  nature  but  also  to  the 
eflficienc}'  of  the  establishment  which  so  won  her  esteem.  "  I  give 
to  each  of  the  following  persons,  friends  and  associates  of  my  blind 
daughter,  Margaret  Louisa,  the  sum  of  $100  to  each,  to  wit,  viz: 
Melissa  and  Phoabe  Garrettson,  Frances  Cundiff,  Dallas  jMewland, 
Naomi  Unthunlc,  and  a  girl  whose  name  before  marriage  was 
Kachel  Martin,  her  liusband's  name  not  recollected.  The  balance 
of  my  estate,  after  paying  the  expenses  of  administering,  I  give  to 
the  superintendent  of  the  blind  asylum  and  his  successor,  in  trust, 
for  the  use  and  benefit  of  the  indigent  blind  of  Indiana  who  may- 
attend  the  Indiana  blind  asylum,  to  be  given  to  them  on  leaving 
in  such  sums  as  the  superintendent  may  deem  proper,  but  not  more 
than  $50  to  any  one  person.  I  direct  that  the  amount  above  direct- 
ed be  loaned  at  interest,  and  the  interest  and  principal  be  distributed 
as  above,  agreeably  to  the  best  judgment  of  the  superintendent, 
so  as  to  do  the  greatest  good  to  the  greatest  number  of  blind 
persons." 

The  following  rules,  regulating  the  institution,  after  laying  down 
in  preamble  that  the  institute  is  strictly  an  educational  estab- 
lishment, having  its  main  object  the  moral,  intellectual  and  phys- 
ical training  of  the  young  blind  of  the  State,  and  is  not  an  asylum 
for  the  aged  and  helpless,  nor  an  hospital  wherein  the  diseases  of 
theej'e  may  be  treated,  proceed  as  follows: 

1.  The  school  year  commences  the  first  "Wednesday  after  the 
15th  day  of  September,  and  closes  on  the  last  Wednesday  in  June, 
showing  a  session  of  40   weeks,  and  a  vacation   term  of  84  days. 

2.  Applicants  for  admission  must  be  from  9  to  21  years  of  age; 
but  the  trustees  have  power  to  admit  blind   students  iinder   9  or 


23G  IlISTOIiT    OF    IXniANA. 

over  21  years  of  age;  but  tliis  power  is  extended  only  in  very 
cxtrenio  cases. 

*  3.  Imbecile  or  unsound  persons,  or  confirmed  immoralists, 
cannot  be  admitted  knowingly;  jieithcr  can  admitted  pupils  who 
prove  disobedient  or  incompetent  to  receive  instruction  be  retained 
on  the  roll. 

4.  No  charge  is  made  for  the  instruction  and  board  given  to 
pupils  from  the  Stato  of  Indiana;  nnd  even  those  without  the  State 
have  onl}'  to  pay  $200  for  board  and  education  during  the  40  weeks' 
session. 

5.  An  abundant  and  good  supply  of  comfortable  clothing  for 
both  summer  and  winter  wear,  is  an  indispensable  adjunct  of  the 
pu]iil. 

6-  The  owner's  name  must  be  distinctly  marked  on  each  article 
of  clothing. 

7.  In  cases  of  extreme  indigence  the  institution  may  provide 
clothing  and  defray  the  traveling  expenses  of  such  pupil  and  levy  the 
amount  so  expended  on  the  county  wherein  his  or  her  home  is 
situated. 

8.  The  pupil,  or  friends  of  the  pupil,  must  remove  him  or  her 
from  the  institute  during  the  annual  vacation,  and  in  case  of  their 
failure  to  do  so,  a  legal  provision  enables  the  superintendent  to 
forward  such  pupil  to  the  trustee  of  the  township  where  he  or  she 
resides,  and  the  expense  of  such  transit  and  board  to  be  charged  to 
the  county. 

9.  Friends  of  the  pupils  accompanying  them  to  the  institution, 
or  visiting  them  thereat,  cannot  enter  as  boarders  or  lodgers. 

10.  Letters  to  the  pupils  should  be  addressed  to  the  care  of  the 
Superintendent  of  the  Institute  for  the  Education  of  the  Blind,  so  as 
the  better  to  insure  delivery. 

11.  Persons  desirous  of  admission  of  pupils  should  apply  to  the 
superintendent  for  a  printed  copy  of  instructions,  and  no  pupil 
should  be  sent  thereto  until  the  instructions  have  been  complied 
with. 

INSTITUTE  FOK  THE  DEAF  AND  DUMB. 

In  1843  the  Governor  was  also  instructed  to  obtain  plans  and 
information  respecting  the  care  of  mutes,  and  the  Legislature  also 
levied  a  tax  to  provide  for  them.  The  first  one  to  agitate  the  subject 
was  William  "Willard,  himself  a  mute,  who  visited  Indiana  in  1843, 
and  opened  a  school  for  mutes  on  his  own  account,  with  16  pupils. 


niSTOltY    OF    INDIANA..  JoJ 

The  next  year  tlic  Loglslatuve  adoptcil  tin's  seliool  as  a  State  insti- 
tution. ap])i>ii»ting  a  ]5oav(l  uf  Trustees  for  its  niaiiageineut,  consist- 
JTigot'tlie  (-ruvcrnor  and  Secretar}-  of  State,  ex-oflici(i,;uid  llevs.  Iluniy 
Ward  Beccher,  Phineas  i).  Gurlej',  ]j.  II.  Jameson,  Ur.  Dunlap, 
Hon.  James  JMorrison  and  Rev.  Matthew  Siuijisoa.  They  rented  the 
large  building  on  the  southeast  corner  of  Illinois  and  Maryland 
streets,  and  o]iened  the  first  State  asylum  there  in  IS-i-i;  but  in  18^6, 
a  site  for  a  permanent  building  just  east  of  Indianapolis  was  selected, 
consisting  first  of  30  acres,  to  which  100  more  have  been  added. 
Oil  this  site  the  two  first  structures  were  commenced  in  184:9,  and 
completed  in  the  fall  of  1850,  at  a  cost  of  $30,000.  The  school 
was  immediately  transferred  to  the  new  building,  where  it  is  still 
flourishing,  with  enlarged  buildings  and  ample  facilities  for  instruc- 
tion in  agriculture.  In  1869-'70,  another  building  was  erected, 
and  the  three  together  now  constitute  one  of  the  most  benefi- 
cent and  beautiful  institutions  to  be  found  on  this  continent,  at 
an  aggregate  cost  of  $220,000.  The  main  building  has  a  facade  of 
260  feet.  Here  are  the  offices,  study  rooms,  the  quarters  of  officers 
and  teachers,  the  pupils'  dormitories  and  the  librar}'.  The  center 
of  this  building  has  a  frontage  of  eighty  feet,  and  is  five  stories  high, 
with  wings  on  either  side  60  feet  in  frontage.  In  this  Central 
structure  are  the  store  rooms,  dining-hall,  servants'  rooms,  hospital, 
laundry,  kitchen,  bakery  and  several  school-rooms.  Another  struct- 
ure known  as  the  "  rear  building  "  contains  the  chapel  and  another 
set  of  school-rooms.  It  is  two  stories  high,  the  center  beipg50feet 
square  and  the  wings  40  by  20  feet.  In  addition  to  these  there  are 
inany  detached  buildings,  containing  the  shops  of  the  industrial 
department,  the  engine-house  and  wash-house. 

The  grounds  comprise  105  acres,  which  in  the  immediate  vicinity 
of  the  buildings  partake  of  the  character  of  ornamental  or  pleasure 
gardens,  comprising  a  space  devoted  to  fruits,  flowers  and  veget- 
ables, while  the  greater  part  is  devoted  to  pasture  and  agriculture. 

The  first  instructor  in  the  institution  was  Wm.  Willard,  a  deaf 
mute,  who  had  up  to  1841:  conducted  a  small  school  for  the  instruc- 
tion of  the  deaf  at  Indianapolis,  and  now  is  employed  by  the  State, 
at  a  salar}''  of  $800  per  annum,  to  follow  a  similar  vocation  in  its 
service.  In  1853  he  was  succeeded  by  J.  S.  Erown,  and  subse- 
quently by  Thomas  Mclntire,  who  continues  principal  of  the 
institution. 


2?>S  HI8T0KY    OF   INDIANA. 


JlOSI'lTAL   FOR   THE   INSANE. 


The  Le<ifis]atare  of  lS32-'3  adopted  measures  providing  for  a 
State  hosp.ital  for  tlie  insane.  This  good  work  would  liave  been 
done  much  earlier  liad  it  not  hecn  for  the  hard  times  of  1S37, 
intensiiied  by  the  results  of  the  gigautie  scheme  of  internal  improve- 
ment. In  order  to  survey  the  situation  and  awaken  ]iublic  sympa- 
thy, the  county  assessors  were  ordered  to  make  a  return  of  the 
insane  in  their  res])cctivc  counties.  During  the  year  I8i3  tlie 
Governor,  acting  under  the  direction  of  the  Legislature,  procured 
considerable  information  in  regard  to  hospitals  for  the  insane  in 
other  States;  and  Dr.  John  Evans  lectured  before  the  Legislature 
on  the  subject  of  insanity  and  its  treatment.  As  a  result  of  these 
GiTorts  the  authorities  determined  to  take  active  steps  for  the  estab- 
lishment of  such  a  hospital.  Plans  and  suggestions  from  the 
superintendents  and  liospitals  of  other  States  were  submitted  to  the 
Legislature  iu  ISii,  which  body  ordered  the  levy  of  a  tax  of  one 
cent  on  the  $100  for  the  purpose  of  establishing  the  hospital.  In 
1845  a  commission  was  appointed  to  obtain  a  site  not  exceeding 
200  acres.  Mount  Jackson,  then  the  residence  of  Nathaniel  Bolton, 
was  selected,  and  the  Legislature  in  1S4G  ordered  the  commissioners 
to  proceed  with  the  erection  of  the  building.  Accordingly,  in 
ISiT,  the  central  building  was  completed,  at  a  cost  of  875,000.  It 
has  since  been  enlarged  by  the  addition  of  wings,  some  of  which 
are  larger  than  the  old  central  building,  until  it  has  become  an 
immense  structure,  having  cost  over  half  a  million  dollars. 

The  wings  of  the  main  building  are  four  stories  higli,  and  entirely 
devoted  to  wards  for  patients,  being  capable  of  accommodating 
500. 

The  grounds  of  the  institution  comprise  IGO  acres,  and,  like 
those  of  the  institute  for  the  deaf  and  dumb,  are  beautifully  laid 
out. 

This  hospital  was  opened  for  the  reception  of  patients  in  1848. 
The  principal  structure  comprises  what  is  known  as  the  central 
building  and  the  right  and  left  wings,  and  like  the  institute  for  the 
deaf  and  dumb,  erected  at  various  times  and  probably  under  various 
adverse  circumstances,  it  certainly  does  not  hold  the  appearance  of 
any  one  design,  but  seems  to  be  a  combination  of  many.  Not- 
withstanding these  little  defects  in  arrangement,  it  presents  a  very 
imposing  appearance,  and  shows  what  may  be  termed  a  frontage 


HISTORY    OF    IXniAAA.  2.19 

of  G21  foot.  Tl)e  central  building  is  fhc  stories  in  licight  and  con- 
tains tlio  store-rooms,  otiicc?,  rccc])tiun  p;iriors,  medical  dispent^in"- 
room.-^  mo.'^s-rooins  juid  tlie  apartments  of  the  superintendent  o.nd 
other  ollicers,  witli  those  of  the  female  employes.  Imniediatel) 
in  the  rear  of  the  central  building,  and  connected  with  it  by  a 
corridor,  is  tlie  chapel,  a  building  50  b}'  CO  feet.  Tliis  chapel 
occupies  the  third  floor,  while  the  undcn*  stories  hold  the  kitchen, 
baker)',  cuiployes'  dining-room,  steward's  oflicc,  employes'  apart- 
ments and  sewing  rooms.  In  rear  of  this  again  is  tlie  engine- 
house,  (iO  by  50  feet,  containing  all  the  paraj)hernaHa  for  such  an 
establishment,  such  as  builers,  puni]iing  wurks,  fire  plugs,  hose, 
and  above,  on  the  second  floor,  the  laundry  and  apartments  of  male 
employe.;.. 

THE    STAT3C    ntlSOK    SOUTH. 

The  first  penal  institution  of  importance  is  known  as  the  "State 
Prison  South,"  located  at  Jeft'ersonville,  and  was  the  only  prison 
until  1859.  It  was  established  in  1821,  Before  that  time  it  was 
customaiy  to  resort  to  the  old-time  punishment  of  the  whipping- 
post. Later  the  manual  labor  system  was  inaugurated,  and  the 
convicts  were  hired  out  to  employers,  among  \\-]ioin  were  Capt. 
Westover,  afterward  killed  at  Alamo,  Texas,  with  Crockett,  James 
Keigwin,  who  in  an  aff'ray  was  fired  at  and  severely  wounded  by  a 
convict  named  "Williams,  Messrs,  Patterson  Hensle_y,  and  Jos. 
P,  Pratt.  During  the  rule  of  the  latter  of  these  lessees,  the  atten- 
tion of  the  authorities  was  turned  to  a  more  practical  method  of 
utilizing  convict  labor;  and  instead  of  the  prisoners  being  per- 
mitted to  serve  private  entries,  their  work  was  turned  in  the  direc- 
tion of  their  own  prison,  where  for  the  next  few  j'eai's  they  were 
employed  in  erecting  the  new  buildings  now  known  as  the  "  State 
Prison  South."  This  structure,  the  result  of  prison  labor,  stands 
on  16  acres  of  ground,  and  comprises  the  cell  houses  and  work- 
shops, together  with  the  prisoners'  garden,  or  pleasure-ground. 

It  seems  that  in  the  erection  of  these  buildings  the  aim  of  the 
overseers  was  to  create  so  many  petty  dungeons  and  un ventilated 
laboratories,  into  which  disease  in  every  form  would  be  apt  to 
creep.  This  fact  was  evident  from  the  high  mortality  character- 
izing life  within  the  prison;  and  in  the  efforts  made  by  the 
Government  to  remedy  a  state  of  things  which  had  been  permitted 
to  exist  far  too  long,  the  advance  in  prison  reform  has  become  a 
reality.     From  1857  to  1871  the  labor  of  the  jDrisoners  was  devoted 


240  mSTOKY   OF    INDUNA. 

to  tlie  luannfactnrc  of  w;igonsand  farm  implements;  ami  again  the 
old  policy  of  hiring  the  convicts  was  resorted  to;  for  in  the  latter 
year,  1S71,  the  Southwestern  Car  Company  was  organized,  and 
cvftrj' pri.>oner  capable  of  taking  a  part  in  the  work  of  car-building 
was  leased  out.  This  did  very  well  nntil  the  pjinic  of  1873,  when 
the  company  suffered  irretrievable  looses;  and  previous  to  its  final 
down-fall  in  1876  the  warden  withdrew  convict  labor  a  second  time, 
leaving  the  prisoners  to  enjoy  a  luxurious  idleness  around  the 
prison  which  themselves  helped  to  raise. 

In  later  years  the  State  Prison  South  has  gained  some  notoriety 
from  the  desperate  character  of  some  of  its  inmates.  During  the 
civil  war  a  convict  named  Harding  mutilated  in  a  most  horrible 
manner  and  ultimately  killed  one  of  the  jailors  named  Tesley.  In 
1874,  two  prisoners  nam.ed  Kennedy  and  Applegatc,  possessing 
themselves  of  some  arms,  and  joined  bj'  two  other  convicts  named 
Port  and  Stanley,  made  a  break  for  freedom,  swept  past  the  guard, 
Chamberlain,  and  gained  the  fields.  Chamberlain  went  in  pursuit 
but  had  not  gone  very  far  when  Kennedy  turned  on  his  pursuer, 
fired  and  killed  him  instantly.  Subsequently  three  of  the  prisoners 
were  captured  alive  and  one  of  them  paid  the  penalty  of  death, 
while  Kennedy,  the  murderer  of  Chamberlain,  failing  committal  for 
murder,  was  sent  back  to  his  old  cell  to  spend  the  remainder  of  his 
life.  Bill  Itodifer,  better  known  as  "The  Iloosier  Jack  Sheppard," 
effected  his  escape  in  1875,  in  the  very  presence  of  a  large  guard, 
but  was  recaptured  and  has  since  been  kept  in  irons. 

This  establishment,  owing  to  former  mismanagement,  has  fallen 
very  much  behind,  financially,  aTid  has  asked  for  and  received  an 
appropriation  of  $20,000  to  meet  its  expenses,  while  the  contrary 
is  the  case  at  the  Michigan  City  prison. 

THE    STATE    PRISON   NORTH. 

In  1859  the  first  steps  toward  the  erection  of  a  prison  in  the 
northern  part  of  the  State  were  taken,  and  by  an  act  of  the  Legis- 
lature approved  March  5,  this  year,  authority  was  given  to  construct 
prison  buildings  at  some  point  north  of  the  National  road.  For  this 
purpose  $50,000  were  appropriated,  and  a  large  number  of  convicts 
from  the  JefFersonville  prison  were  transported  northward  to 
Michigan  City,  which  was  just  selected  as  the  location  for  the  new 
penitentiary.  The  work  was  soon  entered  upon,  and  continued  to 
meet  with  additions  and  improvements  down  to  a  very  recent 
period.      So  late  as  1875   the  Legislature   appropriated  $20,000 


mSTOKY  OF  ixniAXA.  oil 

toward  llic  C(;iisti'uctiou  of  new  colls,  and  iu  olhcr  directions  alto 
tlie  woik  ol"  ini])rovcment  lias  been  goini;  on.  The  system  of 
government  and  discipline  is  similar  to  that  enforced  at  the  Jefler- 
eonville  [irit^on;  and,  strange  to  saj,  by  its  economical  working  lias 
not  only  met  the  expenses  of  tli(;  administration,  but  very  recently 
liad  amassed  over  $1J,000  in  excess  of  current  expenses,  from  its, 
annual  savings.  This  is  due  almost  entirely  to  the  continual 
employment  of  the  convicts  in  the  manufacture  of  cigars  and 
chairs,  and  in  their  great  prison  industry,  cooperage.  It  differs 
widely  from  the  Southern,  insomuch  as  its  sanitary  condition  has 
been  above  the  average  of  similar  institutions.  The  strictness  of  its 
silent  system  is  better  enforced.  The  pett^-  revolutions  of  its 
inmates  have  been  very  few  and  insignificant,  and  the  number  of 
punishments  inflicted  comparatively  small.  From  whatever  point 
this  northern  prison  may  be  looked  at,  it  will  bear  a  very  favorable 
comparison  with  the  largest  and  best  administered  of  like  establish- 
ments throughout  the  world,  and  cannot  fiiil  to  bring  liigh  credit  to 
its  Board  of  Directors  and  its  able  warden. 

FEMALE    PKISON    AND    KEFOKMATOKY. 

The  prison  reform  agitation  which  in  this  State  attained  telling 
proportions  in  18G9,  caused  a  Legislative  measure  to  be  brought 
forward,  wliich  would  have  a  tendency  to  ameliorate  the  condition 
of  female  convicts.  Gov.  Baker  recommended  it  to  the  General 
Assembly,  and  the  members  of  that  body  showed  their  appreciation 
of  the  Governor's  philanthropic  desire  by  conferring  upon  the  bill 
the  authority  of  a  statute;  and  further,  appropriated  $50,000  to  aid 
in  carrying  out  the  objects  of  the  act.  The  main  provisions  con- 
tained in  the  bill  may  be  set  forth  in  the  following  extracts  from 
the  proclamation  of  the  Governor: 

"  Whenever  said  institution  shall  have  been  proclaimed  to  be 
open  for  the  reception  of  girls  in  the  reformatory  department 
thereof,  it  shall  be  lawful  for  said  Board  of  Managers  to  receive, 
them  into  their  care  and  management,  and  the  said  reformatory 
department,  girls  under  the  age  of  15  years  who  may  be  committed 
to  their  custody,  in  either  of  the  following  modes,  to-wit: 

"1.  When  committed  by  any  judge  of  a  Circuit  or  Commou 
Pleas  Court,  either  in  term  time  or  in  vacation,  on  complaint  and 
due  proof  by  the  parent  or  guardian  that  by  reason  of  her  incorrig- 
ible or  vicious  conduct  she  has  rendered  her  control  beyond  the 
power  of  such  parent  or  guardian,  and  made  it  manifestl}'  requisite 


Z4~  IIISTOKY    OF    J.N'DJAXA. 

tliat  from  regard  to  the  future  wcHaic  of  sncli  infant,  and  for  tlie 
protection  of  society,  pbesliould  he  jilaced  under  such  o-Dardianship. 
«  "2.  Wlieu  such  infant  has  hvcy.  coiuinittcd  by  such  judge,  as 
aforesaid, -upon  complaint  hy  any  citizen,  and  due  proof  of  such 
complaint  that  such  iniant  is  a  propt;r  Gul)ject  of  tlic  guardianship 
of  such  institution  in  consequence  of  Iier  vagrancy  or  incorrigihle 
or  vicious  cu-  duct,  and  that  from  the  moral  dei)ravity  or  other- 
avIkc  (>i  lier  parent  or  guardian  in  wliose  custod}-  she  may  be, 
such  parent  or  guardian  is  incapable  or  unwilling  to  exercise  the 
proper  care  or  discipline  over  such  incorrigible  or  vicious  infant. 

"3.  When  such  infant  has  been  committed  by  such  judge  as 
aforesaid,  on  complaint  and  due  proof  thereof  by  the  township 
trustee  of  the  township  where  such  infant  resides,  that  such  infant 
is  destitute  of  a  suitable  home  and  of  adequate  means  of  obtaining 
an  honest  living,  or  that  she  is  in  danger  of  being  brought  up  to 
lead  an  idle  and  immoral  life." 

In  addition  to  these  articles  of  the  bill,  a  formal  section  of 
instruction  to  the  wardens  of  State  prisons  was  embodied  in  the 
act,  causing  such  wardens  to  report  the  number  of  all  the  female 
convicts  under  their  charge  and  ]Drepare  to  have  them  transferred 
to  the  female  reformatory  immediately  after  it  was  declared  to  be 
ready  for  their  reception.  After  the  passage  of  the  act  the 
Governor  appointed  a  Board  of  Managers,  and  these  gentlemen, 
securing  the  services  of  Isaac  Hodgson,  caused  him  to  draft  a  plan 
of  the  proposed  institution,  and  further,  on  his  recommendation, 
ashed  the  people  for  an  a])propriation  of  another  $50,000,  which 
the  Legislature  granted  in  February,  1873.  The  work  of  construc- 
tion was  then  entered  upon  and  carried  out  so  steadily,  that  on  the 
6th  of  September,  1873,  the  building  was  declared  ready  for  the 
reception  of  its  future  inmates.  Gov.  Baker  lost  no  time  in 
proclaiming  this  fact,  and  October  4  he  caused  the  wardens  of  the 
State  prisons  to  be  instructed  to  transfer  all  the  female  convicts  in 
their  custody  to  the  new  institution  which  may  be  said  to  rest  on 
the  fvdvo.nced  intelligence  of  the  age.  It  is  now  called  the 
"  Indiana  Reformatory  Institution  for  Women  and  Girls." 

This  building  is  located  immediately  north  of  the  deaf  and 
dumb  asylum,  near  the  arsenal,  at  Indianapolis.  It  is  a  three- 
stoiy  brick  structure  in  the  French  style,  and  shows  a  frontage  of 
17i  feet,  comprising  a  main  building,  with  lateral  and  transverse 
wings.  In  front  of  the  central  portion  is  the  residence  of  the 
suiDcrintendent  and  his  associate  reformatory  officers,  while  in  the 


HISTORY    OF    INDIANA.  24-3 

rear  is  tlie  engine  hous(3,  with  all  the  ways  and  means  for  heating 
tho  builcling>.  Enlarii^eniciif,^,  additions  and  improvements  are 
still  in  proi^rcss.  There  is  also  a  school  aTid  library  in  the  main 
building,^ M'liifih  arc  sources  nt'  vast  good. 

October  3J,  1S79,  there  Wfvo  06  convicts  in  the  "  penal"  depart- 
ment and  lil  in  the  ''girls'  reforniatory  "  dej)artincnt.  The 
"  ticket-oi-leave  "  S3'stem  has  been  adopted,  with  entire  salisfiiction, 
and  the  conduct  of  the  institution  appears  to  be  up  with  the 
times. 

INDIANA    HOUSE   OF    KKFUOE. 

In  18G7  the  Legislature  appropriated  $50,000  to  aid  in  the 
formation  of  an  institution  to  be  entitled  a  house  for  the  correction 
and  reformation  of  juvenile  defenders,  and  vested  with  full  powers 
in  a  Board  of  Control,  the  luembers  of  which  were  to  be  ap])ointed 
by  tlie  Governor,  and  with  the  advice  and  consent  of  the  Senate. 
This  Board  assembled  at  the  CTOvernor's  house  at  Indianapolis, 
April  3,  18G7,  and  elected  Charles  F.  Coffin,  as  president,  and 
visited  Chicago,  so  that  a  visit  to  the  reform  school  there  might 
lead  to  a  fuller  know^ledge  and  guide  tlieir  future  proceedings. 
The  House  of  Refuge  at  Cincinnati,  and  the  Ohio  State  Reform 
school  were  .Jso  visited  with  this  design;  and  after  full  consider' 
ation  of  the  varied  governments  of  these  institutions,  the  Board 
resolved  to  adopt  the  method  known  as  the  "family"  system, 
which  divides  the  inmates  into  fraternal  bodies,  or  small  classes, 
each  class  having  a  separate  house,  house  ftither  and  family  offices, 
— all  under  the  control  of  a  general  superintendent.  Tho  sj'stem 
"being  adopted,  the  question  of  a  suitable  location  next  presented 
itself,  and  proximity  to  a  large  city  being  considered  rather 
detrimental  to  the  welfare  of  such  an  institution,  Gov.  Baker 
selected  the  site  three-fourths  of  a  mile  south  of  Plainfield,  and 
about  fourteen  miles  from  Indianapolis,  which,  in  view  of  its 
eligibility  and  convenience,  was  fully  concurred  in  by  the  Board 
of  Control.  Therefore,  a  farm  of  225  acres,  claiming  a  fertile  soil 
and  a  most  picturesque  situation,  and  possessing  streams  of  running 
water,  was  purchased,  and  on  a  plateau  in  its  center  a  site  for  the 
proposed  house  of  refuge  was  fixed. 

The  iiext  movement  w^as  to  decide  upon  a  plan,  which  ultimately 
met  the  approval  of  the  Governor.  It  favored  the  erection  of  one 
principal  building,  one  house  for  a  reading-room  and  hospital,  two 
large  mechanical  shops  and  eight  family  houses.     January  1,  1868- 


^44  IIISTOKY    OF    TXDIjVNA, 

three  family  houses  and  work- shop  were  completed;  in  18G9  tho 
main  building,  and  one  additional  family  house  were  added;  but 
previous  to  this,  in  August,  18G7,  a  Mr.  Frank  P.  Ainswurtli  and 
Jiis  wife  were  appointed  by  tlie  Board,  superintendent  and  matron 
respectively,  and  temporary  quarters  placed  at  tlieir  disposal.  In 
18Gi>  they  of  course  removed  to  the  new  building.  This  is  G4  by 
12s  feet,  and  three  stories  high.  In  its  basement  arc  kitcluni, 
laundry  and  vegetable  cellar.  The  first  floor  is  devoted  to  offices, 
visitors'  room,  house  father  and  fa)iiily  dining-room  and  store- 
rooms.  The  general  superir^.endcnt's  private  apartments,  private 
offices  and  five  dormitories  for  officers  occupy  the  second  floor; 
while  the  third  floor  is  given  up  to  the  assistant  superintendent's 
apartment,  library,  cliapcl  and  hospital. 

The  family  houses  arc  similar  in  style,  forming  rectangular  build- 
ings  36  by  58  feet.  The  basement  of  each  contains  a  furnace 
room,  a  store-room  and  a  large  wash-room,  which  is  converted  into 
a  play-room  during  inclement  weather.  On  the  first  floor  of  each 
of  these  buildings  are  two  rooms  for  the  house  father  and  his 
family,  and  a  school-room.,  which  is  also  convertible  into  a  sitting- 
room  for  the  boys.  On  the  third  floor  is  a  family  dormitory,  a 
clothes-room  and  a  room  for  the  "  elder  brother,"  who  ranks  next 
to  the  house  father.  And  since  the  reception  of  the  first  boy,  from 
Hendricks  county,  January  23,  1S68,  the  house  plan  has  proved 
equally  convenient,  even  as  the  management  has  proved  efficient. 

Other  buildings  have  since  been  erected. 


IIISTUUI'    OJ"   i:;]-ilAXA.  2i5 


THE  LOG  CA131K 


AfLor  arri\iiig  fiiul  selec(i)i<;-  a  suitable  location,  the  next  tldug 
to  do  Avas  to  build  a  log  cabin,  a  description  of  which  may  be  in- 
teresting to  man}-  of  our  younger  readers,  as  in  some  sections  these 
old-tinio  structures  are  no  more  to  be  seen.  Trees  of  unitorm  size 
were  chosen  and  cnt  into  logs  of  the  desired  length,  generally  12 
to  15  feet,  and  haul-.d  to  the  spot  selected  for  the  future  dwelling. 
On  an  appointed  day  the  few  neighbors  who  were  available  would 
assemble  and  have  a  "house-raising."  Each  end  of  every  log  was 
saddled  and  notched  so  that  the^'  would  lie  as  close  down  as  possi- 
ble; the  next  day  the  proprietor  would  proceed  to  "chink  and 
daub  "  the  cabin,  to  keep  out  the  rain,  wind  and  cold.  The  house 
liad  to  be  re-daubed  everj-  fall,  as  the  rains  of  the  intervening  time 
would  wash  out  a  great  part  of  the  mortar.  The  usual  height  of 
the  house  was  seven  or  eight  feet.  The  gables  were  formed  by 
shortening  the  logs  gradually  at  each  end  of  the  building  near  the 
top.  The  roof  was  made  by  laying  very  straight  small  logs  or  stout 
poles  suitable  distances  apart,  generally  about  two  and  a  half  feet 
from  gable  to  gable,  and  on  these  poles  Avere  laid  the  "clapboards" 
after  the  manner  of  shingling,  showing  about  two  and  a  half  feet 
to  the  weather.  These  clapboards  were  fastened  to  their  place  by 
"  weight-poles,"  corresponding  in  place  with  the  joists  just  described, 
and  these  again  were  held  in  their  place  by  "runs"  or  "knees," 
which  Avere  chunks  of  Avood  about  18  or  20  inches  long  fitted  be- 
tween them  near  the  ends.  Clapboards  Avere  made  from  the  nicest 
oaks  in  the  vicinitj',  by  chopping  or  saAving  them  into  four-foot 
blocks  and  riving  these  Avith  a  froAV,  which  was  a  simple  blade  fixed 
at  right  angles  to  its  handle.  This  was  driven  into  the  blocks  of 
wood  b}''  a  mallet.  As  the  frow  was  wrenched  down  through  the 
wood,  the  latter  was  turned  alternately  over  from  side  to  side,  one 
end  being  held  by  a  forked  piece  of  timber. 

The  chimney  of  the  Western  pioneer's  cabin  was  made  by  leaving 
in  tlie  original  building  a  large  open  place  in  one  Avail,  or  by  cut- 
ting one  after  the  structure  AA'as  up,  and  by  building  on  the  out- 
side, from  the  ground  up,  a  stone  column,  or  a  column  of  sticks  and 


2iG  TIlSTOIiY    OF    INDIANA. 

mini,  ilie  sticks  being  liiid  up  colj-liousc  fnshion.  The  firc-pl:ice 
tlui8  made  wa.s  oftoii  liirgt^  eiiougli  to  receive  ilre--\v()Oil  six  to  eight 
loet  long.  Sometimes  tins  wood,  especially  the  "back-log,"  would 
bo  lU'arlj'  as  large  as  a  saw-log.  Tlic  more  rapidly  ihe  ]iionccr 
could  burn  up  the  wood  in  his  vicinity  the  sooner  he  had  his  little 
farm  cleared  and  ready  for  cultivation.  For  a  avIikIow,  a  piece 
about  two  feet  long  was  cut  out  of  one  of  the  wall  logs,  and  the 
hole  closed  sometimes  by  glass,  but  generally  with  greased  jKipor. 
Even  greased  deer-hide  was  sometimes  used.  A  doorway  was  cut. 
through  one  of  the  walls,  if  a  saw  Avas  to  be  had;  otherwise  the 
door  would  be  left  by  shortened  logs  in  the  original  building.  The 
dour  was  made  by  pinning  clapboards  to  two  or  three  wood  bars, 
and  was  hung  upon  wooden  hinges.  A  wooden  latch,  with  catch, 
then  finished  the  door,  and  the  latch  was  raised  by  any  one  on  the 
outside  by  pulling  a  leather  string.  For  security  at  night  this 
latch-string  was  drawn  in;  but  for  friends  and  neighbors,  and  even 
strangers,  the  "latch-string  Avas  always  hanging  out,"  as  a  welcome. 
In  the  interior,  over  the  fire-place  would  be  a  shelf,  called  "  the 
mantel,"  on  which  stood  the  candlestick  or  lamp,  some  cooking  and 
table-ware,  possibly  an  old  clock,  and  other  articles;  in  the  fire- 
place would  be  the  crane,  sometimes  of  iron,  sometimes  of  wood  — 
on  it  the  pots  were  hung  for  cooking;  over  the  door,  in  forked  cleats, 
hung  the  ever  trustful  rifle  and  powder-horn;  in  one  corner  stood 
the  larger  bed  for  the  "  old  folks,"  and  luider  it  the  trundle-bed  for 
the  children;  in  another  stood  the  old-fashioned  spinning-wheel, 
with  a  smaller  one  by  its  side;  in  another  the  heavy  table,  the  only 
table,  of  course,  there  was  in  the  house;  in  the  remaining  corner 
was  a  rude  cupboard  holding  the  table-ware_,  which  consisted  of  a  few 
cups  and  saucers  and  blue-edged  plates,  standing  singly  on  their 
edges  against  the  back,  to  make  the  display  of  table  furniture  more 
conspicuous;  while  around  the  room  were  scattered  a  few  splint- 
bottomed  or  Windsor  chairs  and  two  or  three  stools. 

These  simple  cabins  were  inhabited  by  a  kind  and  true-hearted 
people.  They  were  strangers  to  mock  modesty,  and  the  traveler, 
seeking  lodgings  for  the  night,  or  desirous  of  spending  a  few  days  in 
the  community,  if  willing  to  accept  the  rude  oftering,  was  always 
-welcome,  although  how  they  were  disposed  of  at  night  the  reader 
iinight  not  easily  imagine;  for,  as  described,  a  single  room  was  made 


nisTouY  or  ikdiaxa.  217 

to  answer  for  kitcheUjilhiiiig-i-oom,  sittins-i'fom,  bed-room  and  parlor, 
aud  many  families  cou.si.sted  oC  .six  or  eight  i)it'mbcr.s. 

SLEEPING    ACCOMMODATIOXS. 

The  bed  was  very  often  made  by  fixing  a  post  in  the  floor  about 
six  feet  from  one  wall  and  four  feet  from  the  adjoining  wall,  and 
fastening  a  stick  to  this  post  about  two  feet  above  the  floor,  on 
each  of  two  sides,  so  that  the  other  end  of  each  of  tlie  two  sticks 
could  be  fastened  in  the  oppo.site  wall;  clapboai'ds  were  laid  across 
these,  and  thus  the  bed  v/as  made  complete.  Guests  were  given  this 
bed,  while  the  family  disposed  of  themselves  in  another  corner  of 
the  room,  or  in  the  "loft."  AVhen  several  guests  were  on  hand  at 
once,  they  were  sometimes  kept  over  night  in  the  following  man- 
ner: when  bed-time  came  the  men  M'ere  requested  to  step  out  of 
doors  while  the  women  spread  out  a  broad  bed  upon  the  mid-floor, 
and  put  themselves  to  bed  in  the  center;  the  signal  was  given  and 
the  men  came  in,  and  each  husband  took  his  place  in  bed  next  his 
own  wife,  and  the  single  men  outside  beyond  them  again.  They 
were  generally  so  croAvded  that  they  had  to  lie  "  spoon  "  fashion,  and 
when  any  one  wished  to  turn  over  he  would  say  "  Spoon,"  and  the 
Avhole  company  of  sleepers  would  turn  over  at  once.  This  was  the 
only  way  they  could  all  keep  in  bed. 

COOKING. 

To  witness  the  various  processes  of  cooking  in  those  days  would 
alike  surprise  and  amuse  those  who  have  grown  ujj  since  cooking 
stoves  and  ranges  came  into  use.  Kettles  were  hung  over  the  large 
fire,  suspended  with  pot-hooks,  iron  or  wooden,  on  the  crane,  or 
on  poles,  one  end  of  which  would  rest  upon  a  chair.  The  long- 
handled  frying-pan  was  used  for  cooking  meat.  It  was  either  held 
over  the  blaze  by  hand  or  set  down  upon  coals  drawn  out  upon  the 
hearth.  This  pan  was  also  used  for  baking  pan-cakes,  also  called 
"flap-jacks,"  "batter-cakes,"  etc.  A  better  article  for  this,  however, 
was  the  cast-iron  spider  or  Dutch  skillet.  The  best  thing  for  baking 
bread  those  days,  and  possibly  even  yet  in  these  latter  days,  was  the 
flat-bottomed  bake  kettle,  of  greater  depth,  with  closely  fitting  cast- 
iron  cover,  and  commonly  known  as  the  "  Dutch-oven."  With  coals 
over  and   under  it,   bread   and   biscuit   Virould   quickly  and   nicely 


2JS  ]11:^T0KY    OF   IN'DIAXA. 

biike.     Tiii'la'V  and  spar('-)-il)S  v.-ci-e  souicf inics  ro:i.sti.'(l  bcfuiv  tlic  fire, 
«susi)ciule(l  by  ii  .string,  ;i  disli  being  placed  uirderueutb  to  catcdi  tlie 
drip|iiiigf<. 

llomiuy  and  saiap  were  very  muck  used.  The  hominy,  liowever, 
Avas  generally  hulled  coni  —  boiled  cojji  from  wliicli  the  bull,  or 
bnin,  bad  been  taken  by  liot  lye;  bence  sometimes  called  "lye 
hominy."  True  boininy  and  samp  were  made  of  pounded  corn.  A 
popular  method  of  making  this,  as  well  as  real  meal  for  bread,  was 
to  cut  out  or  burn  a  largo  bole  in  the  top  of  a  huge  stump,  in  tbe 
shape  of  a  mortar,  and  pounding  the  corn  in  this  Ijya  maul  or  beetle 
suspended  on  tbe  end  of  a  swing  pole,  like  a  well-sweep.  This  and 
tbe  well-sweep  consisted  of  a  pole  20  to  30  feet  long,  fixed  in  an  up- 
right fork,  so  that  it  could  be  v/orked  "  teeter  "  fashion.  It  was  a 
rapid  and  simple  way  of  drawing  water.  When  tbe  samp  was  snfll- 
ciently  pounded  it  was  taken  out,  the  bran  floated  off,  and  tbe  deli- 
cious grain  boiled  like  rice. 

The  chief  articles  of  diet  in  early  days  were  corn  bread,  hominy 
or  samp,  venison,  pork,  honey,  beans,  pumpkin  (dried  pumpkin  for 
more  than  half  the  year),  turkey,  prairie  chicken,  squirrel  and  some 
other  game,  with  a  few  additional  vegetables  a  portion  of  the  3'ear. 
Wheat  bread,  tea,  coffee  and  fruit  were  luxuries  not  to  be  indulged 
in  except  on  special  occasions,  as  when  visitors  were  present. 

women's  work. 

Besides  cooking  in  the  manner  described,  the  women  had  many 
other  arduous  duties  to  perform,  one  of  the  chief  of  which  was 
spinning.  The  "big  wheel"  was  used  for  spinning  j'arn,  and  the 
"little  wheel"  for  spinning  flax.  These  stringed  instruments  fur- 
nished the  principal  music  of  the  family,  and  were  operated  by  our 
mothers  and  grandmothers  with  great  skill,  attained  without  pecu- 
uiary  expense  and  with  far  less  practice  than  is  necessary  for  the 
girls  of  our  period  to  acquire  a  skillful  use  of  their  costl}'  and  elegant 
instruments.  But  those  wheels,  indispensable  a  few  years  ago,  are 
all  now  superseded  by  the  miglity  factories  which  overspread  the 
country,  furnishing  cloth  of  all  kinds  at  an  expense  ten  times  less 
than  would  be  incurred  now  by  the  old  system. 

The  loom  was  not  less  necessary  than  the  wheel,  though  they 
were  not  needed  in  so  great  numbers.     Not  every  house  had  a  loom  — 


HISTORY   OF  INDIANA.  2-JO 

one  loom  hail  u  capacit}'  for  Mie  needs  of  several  families.  SeHlers 
Ijaviug  succeeded,  in-  spite  of  the  wolves,  in  raising  sheep,  com- 
menced li  e  manufacture  of  Avoolen  cloih;  wool  was  carded  and 
made  into  rolls  by  hand  cards,  and  tlu?  rolls  were  spun  on  the 
*'  big  wheel."  We  still  occasionally  find  in  the  houses  of  old  set- 
tlers a  wheel  of  this  kind,  sometimes  used  for  spinning  and  twisting 
stocking  yarn.  Thej'  are  turned  with  the  hand,  and  with  such 
velocity  that  it  will  run  itself  while  the  nimble  worker,  by  her  back- 
ward step,  draws  out  and  twists  her  thread  nearly  the  whole  length 
of  the  cabin.  A  common  article  woven  on  the  loom  was  linsej', 
or  linsey-woolsey,  the  chain  being  linen  and  the  filling  woolen.  The 
cloth  was  used  for  dresses  for  the  women  and  girls.  Nearly  all  the 
clothes  worn  by  the  men  were  also  home-made;  rarely  was  a  farmer 
or  his  son  seen  in  a  coat  made  of  an}^  other.  If,  occasionally,  a 
young  man  appeared  in  a  suit  of  "boughtou  "  clothes,  he  was  sus- 
pected of  having  gotten  it  for  a  particular  occasion,  which  occurs  in 
the  life  of  nearly  everj^  young  man. 

DRESS   AND  MANNERS. 

The  dress,  habits,  etc.,  of  a  people  throw  so  much  light  upon 
their  conditions  and  limitations  that,  in  order  better  to  show  the 
circumstances  surrounding  the  people  of  the  State,  we  will  give  a 
short  exposition  of  the  manner  of  life  of  our  Western  people  at  dif- 
ferent epochs.  The  Indians  themselves  are  credited  by  Charlevoix 
with  being  "  verj"  laborious," — raising  poultry,  spinning  the  wool  of 
the  buffalo,  and  manufacturing  garments  therefrom.  These  must 
have  been,  however,  more  than  usually  favorable  representatives  of 
their  race. 

"  The  working  and  voyaging  dress  of  the  French  masses,"  says 
Reynolds,  "  was  simple  and  primitive.  The  French  were  like  the  lilies 
of  the  valley  [the  Old  Ranger  was  not  always  exact  in  his  quota- 
tions],—  they  neither  spun  nor  wove  any  of  their  clothing,  but  pur- 
chased it  from  the  merchants.  The  white  blanket  coat,  known  as 
the  capot^  was  the  universal  and  eternal  coat  for  the  Avinter  with  the 
masses.  A  cape  was  made  of  it  that  could  be  raised  over  the  head 
in  cold  weather. 

"  In  the  house,  and  in  good  weather,  it  hung  behind,  a  cape  to  the 
blanket  coat.     The  reason  that  I  know  these  coats  so  Avell  is  that 


250 


in.STOKY   OF   IXIiJAXA. 


I  ]i;ivo  worn  many  in  my  youfli,  nml  a  worldii_^-  man  novcr  woro 
Ji  heHer  garment.  Drc^s.sed  deer-^kiiis  and  Iduc  elolli  wnv  worn 
commonly  in  the  winter  for  imiilaloons.  Tlie  blue  liandivcriliief 
and  ilio  deer-skin  moccasins  covei-fd  tlie  ]i(?ad  and  feet  generally  of 
the  French"  Creoles,  hi  1800  scancly  a  man  thought  himself 
clothed  unless  he  had  a  belt  tied  round  his  blanket  coat,  and  on  one 
side  was  hung  the  dressed  skin  of  a  pole-cat,  filled  with  tobacco, 
pipe,  flint  and  steel.  On  the  other  side  was  fastened,  under  the  licit, 
the  butcher  knife.  A  Creole  in  this  dress  felfc  like  Tarn  O'Shanter 
filled  with  usquebaugh  — he  could  face  the  devil.  Checked  calico 
shirts  were  then  common,  but  in  winter  flannel  was  frequently  worn. 
In  the  summer  the  laboring  men  and  the  voi/arjciirs  often  took  their 
shirts  off  in  hard  woik  and  hot  ^^,■ather,  and  turned  out  the  uaked 
back  to  the  air  and  sun." 

"  Among  the  Ameiicans,"  he  adds,  "  home-made  wool  hats  were 
the  common  wear.  Fur  hats  were  not  common,  and  scarcely  a 
boot  was  seen.  The  covering  of  the  feet  in  winter  was  chiefly 
moccasins  made  of  deer-skins  and  shoe-packs  of  tanned  leather. 
Some  wore  shoes,  but  not  common  in  very  early  times.  In  the 
summer  the  greater  portion  of  the  young  people,  male  and  female, 
and  many  .of  the  old,  went  barefoot.  The  substantial  and  universal 
outside  wear  was  the  blue  linsey  hunting  shirt.  This  is  an  excel- 
lent garment,  and  I  have  never  felt  so  happy  and  healthy  since  I 
laid  it  off.  It  is  made  of  wide  sleeves,  open  before,  with  ample  size 
so  as  the  envelop  the  body  almost  twice  around.  Sometimes  it  had 
a  large  cape,  which  answers  well  to  save  the  shoulders  from  the 
rain.  A  belt  is  mostly  used  to  keep  the  garment  close  around  the 
person,  and,  nevertheless,  there  is  nothing  tight  about  it  to  hamper 
the  body.  It  is  often  fringed,  and  at  times  the  fringe  is  composed 
of  red,  and  other  gay  colors.  The  belt,  frequently,  is  sewed  to  the 
hunting  shirt.  The  vest  was  mostly  made  of  striped  linsey.  The 
colors  were  made  often  with  alum,  copperas  and  madder,  boiled 
with  the  bark  of  trees,  in  such  a  manner  and  proportions  as  the  old 
ladies  prescribed.  The  pantaloons  of  the  masses  were  generallj'- 
made  of  deer-skin  and  linse}-.  Coarse  blue  cloth  was  sometimes 
made  into  pantaloons. 

"  Linsey,  neat  and  fine,  manufactured   at  home,  composed  gener- 
ally the   outside   garments   of  the   females   as   well   as   the    males. 


III.STOKY    OF    INDIAKA.  251 

The  ladies  had  liiisoy  coh)r(/il  ami  wnvou  io  suit  their  faiie^'.  A 
boniict,*compose{l  of  calico,  or  some  gay  .q,"<jO(1s,  was  worn  on  the  head 
when  tlie^"  were  in  the  open  air.  Jewelry  mi  the  pioneer  ladies  was 
uncommon;  a  gold  ring  wa<  an  ornament  not  often  seen." 

In  1820  a  change  of  dress  begun  to  take,  place,  ami  before  1S30, 
according  to  Ford,  most  of  the  pioneer  co.-tunie  had  disappeared. 
"The  blue  linsey  hunting-shirt,  with  red  or  white  fringe,  had  given 
place  to  the  cloth  coat.  [Jeans  would  be  mont  like  tne  fact.]  The 
raccoon  cap,  with  the  tail  of  tlie  animal  dangling  down  behind,  had 
been  thrown  aside  for  hats  of  wool  or  fur.  Boots  and  shoes  had  sui)- 
planted  the  deer-skin  moccasins;  and  leather  breeches,  strapped 
tight  around  the  ankle,  had  disappeared  before  unmentionables  of  a 
more  modern  material.  The  female  sex  bad  made  still  greater  prog- 
ress in  dress.  The  old  sort  of  cotton  or  w^oolen  frocks,  spun,  woven 
and  made  witb  their  own  fair  bands,  and  striped  and  cross-barred 
with  blue  dye  and  Tnrke}'^  red,  had  given  place  to  gowns  of  silk  and 
calico.  The  feet,  before  in  a  state  ot  nudit}^,  now  charmed  in  shoes 
of  calf-skin  or  slippers  of  kid;  and  the  head,  formerly  unbonneted, 
but  covered  with  a  cotton  handkerchief,  now  displaj-ed  the  charms  of 
the  female  face  under  many  forms  of  bonnets  of  straw,  silk  and  Leg- 
horn. The  young  ladies,  instead  of  wa^  .ig  a  mile  or  two  to  chnrcli 
on  Sunday,  carrying  their  shoes  and  st..ckings  in  their  hands  until 
within  a  hundred  yards  of  the  place  of  worship,  as  formerly,  now 
came  forth  arrayed  complete  in  all  the  pride  of  dress^  mounted  on 
fine  horses  and  attended  by  their  male  admirers." 

The  last  half  century  has  doubtless  witnessed  changes  quite  as 
great  as  those  set  forth  hy  our  Illinois  historian.  The  chronicler  of 
to-day,  looking  back  to  the  golden  days  of  ]830  to  1840,  and  com- 
paring them  with  the  present,  must  be  struck  with  the  tendency  of 
an  almost  monotonous  uniformity  in  dress  and  manners  that  comes 
from  the  easy  inter-communication  afforded  bj'  steamer,  railway, 
telegraph  and  newspaper.  Home  manufactures  have  been  driven 
from  the  houshold  by  the  lower-priced  fabrics  of  distant  mills.  The 
Kentucky  jeans,  and  the  copperas-colored  clothing  of  home  manu- 
facture, so  familiar  a  few  years  ago,  have  given  place  to  the  cassimeres 
and  cloths  of  noted  factories.  The  ready-made  clothing  stores, 
like  a  touch  ot  nature,  made  the  whole  world  kin,  and  may  drape  the 
charcoal  man  in  a  dress-coat  and  a  stove-pipe  hat.     The  prints  and 


252  nisToKV  OK  jnuiaxa. 

silks  of  Eugliuirl  and  Fraiuo  give  a  variety  of  choico  and  an  assort- 
ment of  colors  and  shades  sncdi  as  the  })ioiieer  women  could  hardly 
have  dreamed  of.  (uMhy  and  Demurest  and  Harper's  l^izar  are 
found  ill  our  modern  farm-houses,  and  the  latest  fasliioiis  of  Paris 
are  not  uncommon. 

FAMIIjY    AVOKSIHI'. 

The  Methodists  were  generally  first  on  the  ground  in  pioneer 
settlements,  and  at  that  early  day  tliey  seemed  more  demonstrative 
in  their  devotions  than  at  the  present  time.  In  those  days,  too, 
pulpit  oratory  was  generally  more  eloquent  and  effective,  while 
the  grammatical  dress  and  other  "  worldly  "  accomplishments  were 
not  so  assiduously  cultivated  as  at  pi-esent.  But  in  the  manner 
of  conducting  public  worship  there  has  probably  not  been  so  much 
change  as  in  that  of  family  worship,  or  "family  prayers"  as  it  was 
often  called.  We  had  then  most  emphatically  an  American  edition 
of  that  pious  old  Scotch  practice  so  eloquently  described  in  Burns' 
*' Cotter's  Saturday  Night:" 

The  checrfu'  supper  clone,  wi'  serious  face 

They  round  tlie  ingle  formed  a  circle  wide; 
The  sire  tiu-ns  o'er,  wi'  pvitriarchal  grace, 

The  big  ha'  Bible,  auce  liis  father's  jiridr; 
His  bonnet  rev'rently  is  laid  aside. 

His  lyart  haffets  wearing  thin  and  bare; 
Those  strains  that  once  did  in  sweet  Zion  glide; 

He  wales  a  portion  witli  judicious  care^ 

And  "let  us  worship  God,"  he  says  with  solemn  air. 

They  chant  their  artless  notes  iu  simple  guise; 

They  tune  their  hearts,—  by  far  the  noblest  aim; 
Perhaps  "  Dundee's  "  wild  warbling  measures  rise, 

Or  plaintive  "  Mart3'r's"  worthy  of  the  name; 
Or  noble  "  Elgin  "  beats  the  heavenward  flame, — 

The  sweetest  far  of  Scotia's  hallowed  laj'S. 
Compared  with  tliese,  Italian  trills  are  tame; 

The  tickled  ear  no  heart-felt  ra]3tures  raise: 

Nae  unison  hae  they  witli  oui-  Creator's  praise.  i 

The  priest-like  father  reads  the  sacred  page, —  ■' 

How  Abraham  was  the  friend  of  God  on  high,  etc. 

Then  kneeling  down,  to  heaven's  Eternal  King 

The  saint,  tlie  father  and  the  husband  praj^s; 
Hope  "  springs  exulting  on  triumphant  wing," 

That  thus  they  all  shall  meet  iu  future  days; 


IIIRTOIIY    OF   IMMAXA. 


253 


There  ever  basic  in  imcrpnted  rays, 

No  more  to  sigli  or  f^hed  the  biUor  tear, 
4        Together  Jjj-nmiiiK  tlieir  Creator's  praise, 
In  8U(;h  societ}',  yet  still  more  dear, 
Willie  cireliiig  time  moves  round  in  an  eternal  sphere. 

Once  or  twice  a  day,  in  ilie  morning  jusl;  Ijef'ore  breakfast-,  or  in 
the  evening  just  before  retiring  to  rest,  the  head  of  the  family  woukl 
call  those  around  him  to  order,  read  a  chapter  in  the  P)il)h%  announce 
the  hymn  and  tune  by  commencing  to  sing  it,  when  all  would  join; 
then  he  would  deliver  a  most  fervent  prayer.  If  a  ynons  guest  were 
present  he  would  be  called  on  to  take  the  lead  in  all  the  exercises  of 
the  evening;  and  if  in  those  days  a  person  who  prayed  in  the  family 
or  in  public  did  not  pray  as  if  it  were  his  verj'  last  on  earth,  his  piety 
was  thought  to  be  deiective. 

The  familiar  tunes  of  that  day  are  remembered  by  the  surviving  old 
settlers  as  being  more  spiritual  and  inspiring  than  those  of  the  pres- 
ent daj%  such  as  Bourbon,  Consolation,  China,  Canaan,  Conquering 
Soldier,  Condescension,  Devotion,  Davis,  Fiducia,  Funeral  Thought, 
Florida,  Golden  Hill,  Greenfields,  Ganges,  Idumea,  Imandra,  Ken- 
tucky, Lenox,  Leauder,  Mear,  New  Orleans,  Northfteld,  New  Salem, 
New  Durham,  Olaey,  Primrose,  Pisgah,  Ple.yel's  Hyinn,  Rockbridge, 
Rockingham,  Reflection,  Supplication,  Salvation,  St.  Thomas,  Salem, 
Tender  Thought,  Windham,  Greenville,  etc.,  as  they  are  named  in 
the  Missouri  Harmony. 

Members  of  other  orthodox  denominations  also  had  their  family 
prayers  in  which,  however,  the  phraseology  of  the  i)ra.yer  was  some- 
what different  and  the  voice  not  so  loud  as  characterized  the  real 
Methodists,  United  Brethren,  etc. 

HOSPITALITY. 

The  traveler  always  found  a  welcome  at  the  pioneer's  cabin. 
It  was  never  full.  Although  there  might  be  already-  a  guest  for 
every  puncheon,  there  was  still  "room  for  one  more,"  and  a  wider 
circle  would  be  made  for  the  new-comer  at  the  log  fire.  If  the 
stranger  was  in  search  of  land  he  was  doubly  welcome,  and  his  host 
would  volunteer  to  show  him  all  the  "  first-rate  claims  in  this  neck 
of  the  woods,"  going  with  hiin  for  days,  showing  the  corners  and 
advantages  of  every  "  Congress  tract  "  within  a  dozen  miles  of  his 
own  cabin. 


2.')t  lllSTilliY    UK   INDIANA. 

To  liis  iieig'liliors  (lie  pioiiorr  w;is  iMjually  lilieral-  \f  a  tlcor  wa>4 
killod,  the  cliuicost  bits  wvvo.  sent  to  his  nearest  neiglihor,  a  lialt- 
dwAcn  miles  away,  i-erhaps.  WJieii  a"t;hoat"  was  bulchcit-'d.  the 
same  custom  prevailed.  li"  a  iiow-coiiier  cjtme  in  too  late  for  '"  crop- 
ping," the  neighbors  would  sui)i)ly  his  table  with  just  the  same 
luxuries  the^-  themselves  enjoyed,  and  in  as  liberal  quantity,  until  a 
crap  could  be  raised.  When  a  new-comer  had  located  his  claim,  the 
neighbors  for  miles  around  \\onld  assemble  at  the  site  of  the  new- 
comer's proposed  cabin  and  aid  him  in  "  gittin' "  it  np.  One  party 
with  axes  would  cut  down  the  trees  and  hew  the  logs;  another  with 
teams  would  haul  tlie  logs  to  the  groujid;  another  party  would 
"raise''  the  cabin;  while  several  of  the  old  men  would  "  rive  the 
clapboards  "  for  the  roof.  By  night  the  little  forest  domicile  would 
be  u})  and  read}''  for  a  "house-warming,"  which  was  the  dedicatory 
occupation  of  the  house,  when  music  and  dancing  and  festivity  would 
be  enjoyed  at  full  height.  The  next  da}'  the  new-comer  ^^•ould  be  as 
well  situated  as  his  neighbors. 

An  instance  of  primitive  hospitable  manners  will  be  in  place 
here.  A  traveling  Methodir .  preacher  arrived  in  a  distant  neigh- 
borhood to  fill  an  appointment.  The  house  where  services  were 
to  be  held  did  not  belong  to  a  church  member,  but  no  matter  for 
that.  Boards  were  raked  up  from  all  quarters  with  which  to  make 
temporary  seats,  one  of  the  neighbors  volunteering  to  lead  off  in 
the  work,  while  the  man  of  the  house,  Avitli  the  faithful  rifle  on  his 
shoulder,  sallied  forth  in  quest  of  meat,  for  this  truly  was  a 
"ground-hog"  case,  the  preacher  coming  and  no  meat  in  the  house. 
The  host  ceased  not  the  chase  until  he  found  the  meat,  in  the  shape 
of  a  deer;  returning,  he  sent  a  boy  out  after  it,  with  directions  on 
■what  "  pint  "  to  find  it.  After  services,  which  had  been  listened  to 
Nvith  rapt  attention  by  all  the  audience,  mine  host  said  to  his  wife, 
"  Old  woman,  I  reckon  this  'ere  preacher  is  pretty  hungry  and  you 
must  git  him  a  bite  to  eat."  "What  shall  I  git  himP"  asked  the 
wife,  who  had  not  seen  the  deer;  "  thar's  nuthin'  in  the  house  to 
eat."  "Why,  look  thar,"  returned  he;  "thar's  deer,  and  thar's 
plenty  of  corn  in  the  field;  you  git  some  corn  and  grate  it  while  I 
skin  the  deer,  and  we'll  have  a  good  supper  for  him."  It  is  need- 
less to  add  that  venison  and  corn  bread  made  a  supper  fit  for  any 
pioneer  preacher,  and  was  thankfully  eaten. 


]1ist()i;y  of  iN'iriANA.  iJyo 

■ji;.\!n:. 
In  pioneei"  times  {]\p  tninsacfioiis  of  cuininrrce  were  geiior;illy 
carried  on  by  iieii>"liborhoo(l  exeli;iniro.s.  Now  ami  tlieii  ;i  fiiDuer 
would  load  a  flat-boafc  with  beeswax,  liODe}',  {allow  and  peltries, 
with  i)erhaps  a  few  bushels  of  wheat  or  com  or  a  few  hundred 
clapboards,  and  float  down  the  rivers  into  the  Ohio,  and  thence  to 
New  Orleans,  where  he  would  exchange  his  produce  for  substantials 
in  the  shape  of  groceries  and  a  little  ready  money,  with  which  he 
would  return  by  some  one  of  i  .(^  two  or  three  steamboats  then  ruu- 
iiiug.  Betimes  there  appeared  at  the  best  steamboat  landings  a 
number  of  "middle  men"  engaged  in  the  "commission  and  for- 
warding "  business^  buying  up  the  fai'uiers'  produce  and  the  tro- 
phies of  the  chase  and  the  trap,  and  sending  them  to  the  various 
distant  markets.  Their  winter's  accumulations  would  be  shipped 
in  the  spi'ing,  and  the  manufactured  goods  of  the  far  East  or  dis- 
tant South  would  come  back  in  return;  and  in  all  these  transactions 
scarcely  any  mone^'  was  seen  or  used.  Goods  were  sold  on  a  year's 
time  to  the  farmers,  and  payment  made  from  the  proceeds  of  the 
ensuing  crops.  When  the  crops  were  sold  and  the  merchant  satis- 
fied, the  surplus  was  paid  out  in  orders  on  the  store  to  laboring  men 
and  to  satisfy  other  creditors.  When  a  day's  work  was  done  by  a 
working  man,  his  employer  would  ask,  "  Well,  what  store  do  you 
want  your  order  on?"  The  answer  being  given,  the  order  was 
written  and  alwa3"s  cheerfully  accepted. 

MONEY. 

Money  was  an  article  little  known  and  seldom  seen  among  the 
earlier  settlers.  Indeed,  they  had  but  little  use  for  it,  as  they 
could  transact  all  their  business  about  as  well  without  it,  on  the 
"  barter  "  system,  wherein  great  iugenuitj^  was  sometimes  displayed. 
When  it  failed  in  anj^  instance,  long  credits  contributed  to  the 
convenience  of  the  citizens.  But  for  taxes  and  postage  neither  the 
barter  nor  the  credit  system  would  answer,  and  often  letters  were 
suffered  to  remain  a  long  lime  in  the  postoffice  for  the  want  of  the 
twentj'-five  cents  demanded  by  the  Government.  With  all  this 
high  pi'ice  on  postage,  by  the  way,  the  letter  had  not  been  brought 
500  miles  in  a  day  or  two,  as  the  case  is  nowadays,  but  had  prob- 
ably been  Aveeks  on  the  route,  and  the  mail  was  delivered  at  the 
pioneer's  postoffice,  several  miles  distant  from   his  residence,  only 


25G  iJISTORY    OF   iMKlAXA. 

oiico  ill  a  M'L'L'k  or  two.  All  the  nifiil  ^vouUl  bo  carried  by  a  louc 
liorsejiuui.  Instuijocs  aro  related  illustrating  liow  luisrepreseuta- 
tion  would  bo  resorted  to  in  order  to  elicit  the  sympathies  of  souio 
<5ne  who  was  known  to  liave  "  two  bits  "  ('-35  cents)  of  money  with 
liim^  and  procure  the  required  Govern  mental  fee  for  a  letter. 

Peltries  came  nearer  being  nione.y  than  anything  else,  as  it  came 
to  bo  custom  to  estimate  the  value  of  everything  in  peltries.  Such 
an  article  was  worth  so  manj^  pidtiies.  Even  some  tax  collectors 
and  postmasters  were  known  to  take  peltries  and  exchange  them  for 
the  money'  required  b}'  the  Government. 

When  the  first  settlers  came  into  the  wilderness  they  gener- 
ally supposed  that  their  hard  struggle  would  be  principally  over 
after  the  first  year;  but  alas!  they  often  looked  for  "easier  times 
next  year"  for  many  years  before  realizing  them,  and  then  they 
came  in  so  slily  as  to  be  almost  imt)erccpt.ible.  The  sturd}'-  pioneer 
thus  learned  to  bear  hardships,  piivation  and  hard  living,  as  good 
soldiers  do.  As  the  facilities  for  making  monej^  were  not  great, 
they  lived  pretty  well  satisfied  in  an  atmosphere  of  good,  social, 
friendly  feeling,  and  thought  themselves  as  good  as  .those  they  had 
left  behind  in  the  East.  But  among  the  early  settlers  who  came  to 
this  State  were  many  who,  accustomed  to  the  advantages  of  an  older 
civilization,  to  churches,  schools  and  society^  became  speedily  home- 
sick and  dissatisfied.  They  would  remain  perhaps  one  summer,  or 
at  most  two,  then,  selling  whatever  claim  with  its  improvements 
they  had  made,  would  return  to  the  older  States,  spreading  reports 
of  the  hardships  endured  by  the  settlers  here  and  the  disadvantages 
which  they  had  found,  or  imagined  they  had  found,  in  the  country. 
These  weaklings  were  not  an  nnmitigated  curse.  The  slight  im- 
provements they  had  made  were  sold  to  men  of  sterner  .stuif,  who 
were  the  sooner  able  to  surround  themselves  with  the  necessities 
of  life,  while  their  unfavorable  report  deterred  other  weaklings 
from  coming.  The  men  ^who  staj'od,  who  were  willing  to  endure 
privations,  belonged  to  a  different  guild;  they  were  heroes  every 
one, —  men  to  whom  hardships  were  things  to  be  overcome,  and  pres- 
ent privations  things  to  be  endured  for  the  sake  of  posterity,  and 
they  never  shrank  from  this  duty.  It  is  to  these  hardj'^  pioneers 
who  could  endure,  that  we  to-day  owe  the  wonderful  improvement 
we  have  made  and  the  development,  almost  miraculous,  that  has 


m^TOKY    OK   INDIAN'A.  257 

broii.^lit    our    Sialc   in  ilu.'    jiiisL  sixty  years,   from  ;i  wilderiu'ss,  to 
tlie  iroiit  rank  aiiiojiu  the  Stales  of  lliis  irreat  nation. 


Xofc  the  least  of  the  lianlsliips  of  the  pioneers  Avas  tlie  procnrin^ 
of  bread.  The  first  settlers  must  be  supplied  iit  least  oue  3'ear 
from  other  sources  than  their  own  lauds;  but  the  first  crops,  how- 
ever abundant,  gave  only  jjartial  relief,  there  being  no  mills  to 
grind  the  grain.  Hence  the  necessitj'  of  grinding  by  hand-power, 
and  many  families  were  poorl}'  provided  with  means  for  doing  this. 
Another  way  was  to  grate  the  corn.  A  grater  Avas  made  from  a 
piece  of  tin  sometimes  taken  from  an  old,  worn-out  tin  bucket  or 
other  vessel.  It  Avas  thickly  perforated,  bent  into  a  semicircular 
form,  and  nailed  rough  side  upward,  o]i  aboard.  The  corn  Avas taken 
in  the  ear,  and  grated  before  it  got  dr3'^  and  hard.  Corn,  however, 
Avas  eaten  in  various  Avays. 

Soon  after  the  country  became  more  generally  settled,  enterprising 
men  AA'ere  read}'  to  embark  in  the  milling  business.  Sites  along 
the  streams  Avere  selected  for  Avater-power.  A  person  looking  for 
a  mill  site  would  follow  up  and  down  the  stream  for  a  desired  loca- 
tion, and  Avhen  found  he  Avould  go  before  the  authorities  and  secure 
a  Avrit  of  ad  quod  damnum.  This  would  enable  the  miller  to  have 
the  adjoining  land  ofiiciallj'-  examined,  and  the  amount  of  damage  by 
making  a  dam  Avas  named.  Mills  being  so  great  a  public  necessity, 
they  Avere  permitted  to  be  located  upon  any  person's  land  where  the 
miller  thought  the  site  desirable. 

AGRICULTURAL  IMPLEMENTS. 

The  agricultural  implements  used  by  the  first  farmers  in  this 
State  would  in  this  age  of  improvement  be  great  curiosities.  The 
plow  used  was  called  the  "  bar-share  "  plow;  the  iron  point  con- 
sisted of  a  bar  of  iron  about  two  feet  long,  and  a  broad  share  of 
iron  welded  to  it.  At  the  extreme  point  Avas  a  coulter  that  passed 
through  a  beam  six  or  seven  feet  long,  to  Avhich  Avere  attached 
handles  of  corresponding  length.  The  mold-board  Avas  a  Avooden 
OEC  split  out  of  Avinding  timber,  or  hewed  into  aAviuding  shape,  in 
order  to  turn  the  soil  over.  Sown  seed  Avas  brushed  in  by  dragging 
over  the  ground  a  sapling   Avith   a   bushy  top.     In   harvesting    the 


I 


25S  IIISTOKY   OF    IN'DIAXA. 

change  is  most  striking;.  Instead  of  ilie  ii-upers  and  mowers  of  to- 
da3%  the  sickle  and  cradle  were  used.  The  grain  was  threshed  with  a 
l^ail,  or  trodden  out  by  horses  or  oxen. 

HOG   KILLING. 

Hogs  were  alwa.ys  dressed  before  they  Avere  taken  to  market.  The 
farmer,  if  forehanded,  would  call  in  his  neighbors  some  bright  fall 
or  winter  morning  to  help  "kill  hogs."  Immense  kettles  of  water 
were  heated;  a  sled  or  two,  covered  with  loose  boards  or  plank,  con- 
stituted the  platform  on  which  the  hog  was  cleaned,  and  was  placed 
near  an  inclined  hogshead  in  vhich  the  scalding  Avas  done;  a  quilt 
was  thrown  over  the  top  of  the  latter  to  retain  the  heat;  from  a 
crotch  of  some  convenient  tree  a  projecting  pole  was  rigged  to  hold 
the  animals  for  disemboweling  and  thorough  cleaning.  AVhen 
everything  was  arranged,  the  best  shot  of  the  neighborhood  loaded 
his  rifle,  and  the  work  of  killing  was  commenced.  It  was  consid- 
ered a  disgrace  to  make  a  hog  "squeal"  by  bad  shooting  or  by  a 
"shoulder  stick,"  that  is  rnnning  the  point  of  the  butcher-knife 
into  the  shoulder  instead  of  the  cavity  of  the  breast.  As  each  hog- 
fell,  the  "sticker"  mounted  hira  and  plunged  the  butcher-knife, 
long  and  well  sharpened,  into  his  throat;  two  persons  would  then 
catch  him  by  the  hind  legs,  draw  him  up  to  the  scaldi)ig  tub,  which 
had  just  been  filled  with  boiling-hot  water  with  a  shovelful  of  good 
green  wood  ashes  thrown  in;  in  this  the  carcass  was  plunged 
and  moved  around  a  minute  or  so,  that  is,  until  the  hair  would  slip 
off  easily,  theii  placed  on  the  platform  w-here  the  cleaners  w^ould 
pitch  into  him  with  all  their  might  and  clean  him  as  quicklj^  as 
possible,  with  knives  and  other  sharp-edged  implements;  then  two 
stout  fellows  would  take  him  up  between  them,  and  a  third  man  to 
manage  the  "gambrel "  (which  was  a  stout  stick  about  two  feet  long, 
Bharpened  at  both  ends,  to  be  inserted  between  the  muscles  of  the 
hind  legs  at  or  near  the  hock  joint),  the  animal  would  be  elevated  to 
the  pole,  where  the  work  of  cleaning  was  finished. 

After  the  slaughter  was  over  and  the  hogs  had  had  time  to  cool, 
such  as  were  intended  for  domestic  use  were  cut  up,  the  lard  "  tried  " 
out  by  the  women  of  the  household,  and  the  surplus  hogs  taken 
to  market,  while  the  weather  was  cold,  if  possible.  In  those 
days   almost  evciy   merchant   had,   at  the  rear  end  of  his  place  of 


HIS'J'OUY    OF    IN])IANA.  259 

business  or  at  some  convonlent  buildiii<^,  a  "  j)ork-liouse,"  and 
would  buy  tlio  pork  of  liis  customers  and  of  such  others  as  would 
sell  to  Viiiij  :>'id  cut  it  for  tlic  market.  Tlii^  ^-jive  etnploynunit  to  a 
large  number  of  hands  in  every  village,  who  would  cut  and  ]iack 
pork  all  winter.  The  hauling  of  all  this  to  the  river  would  also 
.give  employment  to  a  largo  number'of  teams,  and  the  manufacture 
of  pork  barrels  would  keep  many  coopers  employed. 

Allowing  for  the  difference  of  currency  and  manner  of  market- 
ing, the  price  of  pork  was  not  so  high  in  those  days  as  at  present. 
Now,  while  calico  and  muslin  are  eight  cents  a  yard  and  pork  is  live 
and  six  cents  a  pound,  then,wliile  calico  and  muslin  were  twenty-five 
cents  a  yard  pork  was  one  to  two  cents  a  pound.  When,  as  the 
country  grew  older  and  communications  easier  between  the  seaboard 
and  the  great  West,  prices  went  up  to  two  and  a  half  and  three 
cents  a  pound,  the  farmers  thought  they  would  always  be  content 
to  raise  pork  at  such  a  price;  but  times  have  changed,  even  con- 
trary to  the  current-cy. 

There  was  one  feature  in  this  method  of  marketing  pork  that 
made  the  country  a  paradise  for  the  poor  man  in  the  winter  time. 
Spare-ribs,  tenderloins,  pigs'  heads  and  pigs'  feet  ■^ere  not  con- 
sidered of  any  value,  and  were  freely  given  to  all  who  could  use 
them.  If  a  barrel  was  taken  to  any  pork-house  and  salt  furnished, 
the  barrel  would  be  filled  and  salted  down  with  tenderloins  and 
«pare-ribs  gratuitously.  So  great  in  many  cases  was  the  quantity 
of  spare-ribs,  etc.,  to  be  disposed  of,  that  they  would  be  hauled 
away  in  wagon-loads  and  dumped  in  the  woods  out  of  town. 

In  those  early  times  much  wheat  was  marketed  at  twenty-five  to 
fifty  cents  a  bushel,  oats  the  same  or  less,  and  corn  ten  cents  a 
bushel.  A  good  young  milch-cow  could  be  bought  for  $5  to  $10, 
and  that  payable  in  work. 

Those  might  truly  be  called  "close  times,"  yet  the  citizens  of 
the  country  were  accommodating,  and  but  verjvlittle  suffering  for 
the  actual  necessities  of  life  was  ever  known  to  exist. 

PRAIRIE   FIKES. 

Fires,  set  out  by  Indians  or  settlers,  sometimes  purposely  and 
sometimes  permitted  through  carelessness,  would  visit  the  prairies 
every  autumn,  and  sometimes  the  forests,  either  in  autumn  or 
spring,  and  settlers  could  not  always  succeed  in  defending  them- 
selves against  the  destroying  element.  Many  interesting  incidents 
are  related.     Often  a  fire  was  started  to  bewilder  game,  or  to  baro 


2G0  mSTOllY    OF    INDIANA. 

a  piece  of  ground  for  the  early  grazing  of  stoclc  the  ensuing  spring, 
and  it  would  get  away  under  a  wind,  and  soon  be  beyond  control. 
Violent  winds  would  often  aviso  and  drive  the  Jlanies  with  such 
rajiidity  that  riders  on  the  fleetest  steeds  could  scarcely  escape. 
On  the  approach  of  a  prairie  fire  the  farmer  would  imnicdiatcl}'' 
set  about  "cutting  off  supplies"  for  the  devouring  enemy  by  a, 
"  back  fire."  Thus,  by  starting  a  small  fire  near  the  bare  ground 
about  his  premises,  and  keeping  it  under  control  next  his  projiert}', 
he  would  burn  off  a  strip  around  him  and  prevent  the  attack  of  the 
on-coming  flames.  A  few  furrows  or  a  ditch  around  the  farm  con- 
stituted a  help  in  tlie  work  of  protection. 

An  original  prairie  of  tall  and  exuberant  grass  on  fire,  especially 
at  night,  v/as  a  magnificent  spectacle,  enjoyed  only  by  the  pioneer. 
Here  is  an  instance  where  the  frontiersman,  proverbially  deprived 
of  the  sights  and  pleasures  of  an  old  community,  is  privileged  far 
bej'ond  the  people  of  the  present  day  in  this  country.  One  could 
scarcely  tire  of  beholding  the  scene,  as  its  awe-inspiring  features 
seemed  constantly  to  increase,  and  the  whole  panorama  unceasingly 
changed  like  the  dissolving  views  of  a  magic  lantern,  or  like  the 
aurora  borealis.  Language  cannot  convey,  words  cannot  express, 
the  faintest  idea  of  the  splendor  and  grandeur  of  such  a  conflagra- 
tion at  night.  It  was  as  if  the  pale  queen  of  night,  disdaining  to 
take  her  accustomed  place  in  the  heavens,  had  dispatched  myriads 
upon  myriads  of  messengers  to  light  their  torches  at  the  altar  of 
the  setting  sun  until  all  had  flashed  into  one  long  and  continuous 
blaze. 

The  following  graphic  description  of  prairie  fires  was  written  by 
a  traveler  through  this  region  in  1849: 

"  Soon  the  fires  began  to  kindle  wider  and  rise  higher  from  the 
long  grass;  the  gentle  breeze  increased  to  stronger  currents,  and  soon 
fanned  the  small,  flickering  blaze  into  fierce  torrent  flames,  which 
curled  up  and  leaped  along  in  resistless  splendor;  and  like  quickly 
raising  the  dark  curtain  from  the  luminous  stage,  the  scenes  before 
me  were  suddenly  changed,  as  if  by  the  magician's  wand,  into  one 
boundless  amphitheatre,  blazing  from  earth  to  heaven  and  sweeping 
the  horizon  round, — columns  of  lurid  flames  sportively  mounting 
up  to  the  zenith,  and  dark  clouds  of  crimson  smoke  curling  away 
and  aloft  till  they  nearly  obscured  stars  and  moon,  while  the  rush- 
ing, crashing  sounds,  like  roaring  cataracts  mingled  with  distant 
thunders,  were  almost  deafening;  danger,  death,  glared  all  around; 
it  t'ereamed  for  victims;  yet,  notwithstanding  the  imminent  peril 


lIISTOr.Y    or    IXDLVlsA.  2()t 

of  prairie  firos,  one  is  lotli,  irresolute,  almost  unable   to  withdraw 
or  seek  lefiigc." 

WILD    nOGS. 

"VVlien  the  earliest  pioneer  reached  this  Western  wilderness,  £^aino 
was  Ills  i)rincipal  food  until  lie  had  cononered  a  farm  from  the 
forest  or  jtrairie, — rarely,  then,  from  the  latter.  As  the  country 
settled  game  i^-rew  scarce,  and  by  ISoO  he  who  would  live  In'  his 
rifle  would  have  liad  but  a  ]>rccarious  subsistence  had  it  not  been 
for  "wild  hogs."  These  animals,  left  by  home-sick  immigrants 
whom  the  chills  or  fever  and  ague  had  driven  out,  had  strayed  into 
the  woods,  and  began  to  multiply  in  a  wild  state.  The  woods  each 
fall  were  full  of  acorns,  walnuts,  hazelnuts,  and  these  hogs  would 
grow  lat  and  multiply  at  a  wonderful  rate  in  the  bottoms  and  along 
the  bluffs.  The  second  and  third  immigration  to  the  country  found 
these  wild  hogs  an  nnfliiling  source  of  meat  supply  up  to  that 
period  when  they  had  in  the  townships  contiguous  to  the  river  be- 
come so  numerous  as  to  be  an  evil,  breaking  in  herds  into  the 
farmer's  corn-fields  or  toling  their  domestic  swine  into  their 
retreats,  where  they  too  became  in  a  season  as  wild  as  those  in  the 
woods.  In  ISS'-;  or  '89,  in  a  certain  township,  a  meeting  was  called 
of  citizens  of  the  township  to  take  steps  to  get  rid  of  wild  hogs.  At 
this  meeting,  which  was  held  in  the  spring,  the  people  of  the  town- 
ship were  notified  to  turn  out  en  masse  on  a  certain  day  and  engage 
in  the  work  of  catching,  trimming  and  branding  wild  hogs,  which 
were  to  be  turned  loose,  and  the  next  winter  were  to  be  hunted  and 
killed  by  the  people  of  the  township,  the  meat  to  be  divided  j!?ro 
rata  among  the  citizens  of  the  township.  This  plan  was  fully 
carried  into  effect,  two  or  three  days  being  spent  in  the  exciting 
work  in  the  spring. 

In  the  early  part  of  the  ensuing  winter  the  settlers  again  turned 
out,  supplied  at  convenient  points  in  the  bottom  with  large  kettles 
and  barrels  for  scalding,  and  while  the  hunters  were  engaged  in 
killing,  others  with  horses  dragged  the  carcasses  to  the  scalding 
platforms  where  thcj'  were  di-essed;  and  when  all  that  could  be 
were  killed  and  dressed  a  division  was  made,  every  farmer  getting 
more  meat  than  enough,  for  his  winter's  supply.  Like  energetic 
measures  were  resorted  to  in  other  townshijjs,  so  that  in  two  or 
■  thrac  years  the  breed  of  wild  hogs  became  extinct. 


2l)2  nLSTORY    OF    IXDIAXA. 

NATIVK    ANIMALS. 

The  principal  wild  animals  fouiKi  in  tlie  State  by  tlic  early  fot- 
fler  were  the  deer,  wolf,  hear,  wild-cat,  fox,  otter,  raccoon,  o-enerallv 
called  "coon,"  woodchnck,  or  ground-hoc;,  pkuid-r,  nilrd:,  Avcapcl, 
innslrrat,  0])0SSuih,  rabbit  and  squirrel;  and  tlie  ])riiu',i])al  feathered 
game  were  the  riuail,  prairie  chicken  and  wild  turkey.  Hawks, 
turkey  buzzards,  crows,  blackbirds  were  also  very  abundant.  Sev- 
eral of  these  animals  furnislicd  meat  for  the  settlers;  but  their 
principal  meat  did  not  loui^  consist  of  game;  pork  and  poultry' 
were  raised  in  abundance.  The  wolf  was  the  most  troublesome 
animal,  it  being  the  common  enemy  of  the  sheep,  and  sometimes 
attacking  other  domestic  animals  and  even  human  beings.  But 
their  hideous  bowlings  at  night  were  so  constant  and  terrifying 
that  they  almost  seemed  to  do  more  mischief  by  that  annoyance 
than  by  dii-ect  attack.  They  ^vould  keep  everbody  and  every  ani- 
inal  about  the  farm-house  awake  and  frightened,  and  set  all  the  dogs 
in  the  neighborhood  to  barking.  As  one  man  described  it:  "Sup- 
pose six  boys,  having  six  dogs  tied,  whipped  them  all  at  the  same 
time,  and  you  would  hear  such  music  as  two  wolves  would  make." 

To  effect  the  destruction  of  these  animals  the  county  authorities 
offered  a  bounty  for  their  scalps;  and,  besides,  big  hunts  were 
connnon. 

WOLF    HUNTS. 

In  early  days  more  mischief  was  done  by  wolves  than  by  any 
other  wild  animal,  and  no  small  part  of  their  mischief  consisted  in 
their  almost  constant  barking  at  night,  which  always  seemed  so 
menacing  and  frightful  to  the  settlers.  Like  mosquitoes,  the 
noise  they  made  appeared  to  be  about  as  dreadful  as  the  real  depre- 
dations they  committed.  The  most  eflfectual,  as  well  as  the  most 
exciting,  method  of  ridding  the  countrj'-  of  these  hateful  pests,  was 
that  known  as  the  "circular  wolf  hunt,"  by  which  all  the  men  and 
■boys  would  turn  out  on  an  appointed  day,  in  a  kind  of  circle  com- 
prising many  square  miles  of  territory,  with  horses  and  dogs,  and 
then  close  up  toward  the  center  of  their  field  of  operation,  gather- 
ing not  only  wolves,  but  also  deer  and  many  smaller  "varmint." 
Five,  ten,  or  more  wolves  by  this  means  would  sometimes  be  killed 
in  a  single  day.  The  men  woL-ld  be  organized  with  as  much 
•system  as  a  little  army,  every  one  being  well  posted  in  the  meaning 
of  every  signal  and  the  application  of  evevy  rule.  Guns  were 
i-acarcely  ever  allowed  to  be  brought  on  such  occasions,  as  their  use 


niSTOlU-    OF   INDIANA.  ^GS 

■would  be  unavoidably  dangerous.  The  dogs  were  depended  upo}j 
for  tliCtfinal  elaugliter.  The  dogs,  by  the  way,  had  all  to  be  held 
in  check  by  a  cord  in  the  hands  of  their  keepers  until  the  finat 
signal  was  given  to  let  tlicm  loose,  when  away  they  would  all  go  ta 
the  center  of  battle,  and  a  more  exciting  scene  would  follow  thau 
can  be  easily  described. 

BEK- HUNTING. 

This  wild  recreation  was  a  peculiar  one,  and  many  sturdy  back- 
woodsmen gloried  in  excelling  in  this  art.  lie  would  carefully 
watch  a  bee  as  it  filled  itself  with  the  sweet  product  of  some  flower 
or  leaf-bud,  and  notice  particularly  the  .direction  taken  by  it  as  it 
struck  a  *' bee-line"  for  its  home,  which  when  found  would  be 
generally  high  up  in  the  hollow  of  a  tree.  The  tree  would  be 
marked,  and  in  September  a  party  would  go  and  cut  down  the  tree 
and  capture  the  honey  as  quickh^  as  they  could  before  it  Avasted 
away  through  the  broken  walls  in  which  it  had  been  so  carefully 
stowed  away  by  the  little  busy  bee.  Several  gallons  would  often,  be 
thus  taken  from  a  single  tree,  and  by  a  very  little  work,  and  pleas- 
ant at  that,  the  early  settlers  could  keep  themselves  in  honey  the 
year  round.  By  the  time  the  honey  was  a  year  old,  or  before, 
it  would  turn  white  and  granulate,  yet  be  as  good  and  healthful  as 
when  fresh.     This  was  by  some  called  "candid  "  honey. 

In  some  districts,  the  resorts  of  bees  would  be  so  plentiful  that 
all  the  available  hollow  trees  would  be  occupied  and  many  colonies 
of  bees  would  be  found  at  work  in  crevices  in  the  rock  and  hole?  in 
the  ground.  A  considerable  quantity  of  honey  has  even  been  taken 
from  such  places. 

SNAKES. 

In  pioneer  times  snakes  were  numerous,  such  as  the  rattlesnake^ 
viper,  adder,  blood  siiake  and  many  varieties  of  large  blue  and  green 
snakes,  milk  snake,  garter  and  water  snakes,  black  snakes,  etc.,  etc. 
If,  on  meeting  one  of  these,  you  would  retreat,  they  would  chase 
you  very  fiercely;  but  if  you  would  turn  and  give  them  battle,  they 
would  immediately  crawl  away  with  all  possible  speed,  hide  in  the 
grass  and  weeds,  and  wait  for  a  "greener  "  customer.  These  really 
harmless  snakes  served  to  put  people  on  their  guard  against  the 
more  dangerous  and  venomous  kinds. 

It  was  the  practice  in  some  sections  of  the  country  to  turn  out  ia 
companies,  Avith  spades,  mattocks  and  crow-bars,  attack  the  princi- 
pal snake  deus  and  slay  large  numbers  of  them.     In  early  spring 


2G4:  nisToiiY  oe  Indiana. 

the  sualces  were  pomcwliat  lorju'd  rnul  easily  captured.  Scores  of 
rattlesnakes  were  soinotimes  fn'ghtoiiod  out  of  a  single  den,  which, 
as  soon  as  they  showed  their  lieads  throu"h  the  crevices  of  tlic  I'ocks, 
•were  dispatched,  and  left  to  be  devoured  by  the  nunierourt  wild  hogs 
of  that  day.  Some  of  the  fattest  of  tliese  snakes  were  taken  to  the 
house  and  oil  extracted  iVoru  them,  and  their  glittering  skins  were 
saved  as  s[)ecilics  for  rheumatism. 

AnoUier  method  was  to  so  fix  a  heavy  stick  over  the  door  of  their 
dens,  with  a  long  grape-vine  attacbcil,  that  one  at  a  distance  could 
plug  the  entrance  to  tlie  den  when  the  snakes  were  all  out  sunning 
themselves.  Then  a  large  company  of  the  citizens,  on  hand  by  ap- 
pointment, could  kill  scores  of  the  reptiles  in  a  few  minutes. 

SHAKES. 

One  of  the  greatest  obstacles  to  the  early  settlement  and  pros- 
perity of  this  State  was  the  "  chills  and  fever,"  "  fever  and  ague," 
or  "  shakes,"  as  it  was  variously  called.  It  was  a  terror  to  new- 
comers; in  the  fall  of  the  year  almost  everybody  was  afflicted  with  it. 
It  was  no  respecter  of  persons;  everybody  looked  pale  and  sallow  as 
though  ho  were  frost-bitten.  It  was  not  contagious,  but  derived 
from  impure  water  and  air,  which  are  always  developed  in  the 
opening  up  of  a  new  country  of  rank  soil  like  that  of  the  Northwest. 
The  impurities  continue  to  be  absorbed  from  day  to  day,  and  from 
week  to  week,  until  the  whole  body  corporate  became  saturated  with 
it  as  with  electricity,  and  then  the  shock  came;  and  the  shock  was  a 
regular  shake,  with  a  fixed  beginning  and  ending,  coming  on  in 
some  cases  each  day  but  generally  on  alternate  days,  with  a  regu- 
larit}'^  that  was  surprising.  After  the  shake  came  the  fever,  and 
this  "  last  estate  was  worse  than  the  first."  It  was  a  burning;-hot 
fever,  and  lasted  for  hours.  When  you  had  the  chill  you  couldn't 
get  warm,  and  when  you  had  the  fever  you  couldn't  get  cool.  It 
•was  exceedingly  awkward  in  this  respect;  indeed  it  was.  Nor  would 
it  stop  for  any  sort  of  contingency ;  not  even  a  wedding  in  the  family 
would  stop  it.  It  was  imperative  and  tyrannical.  When  the  ap- 
pointed time  came  around,  everything  else  had  to  be  stopped  to  at- 
tend to  its  demands.  It  didn't  even  have  any  Sundays  or  holidays; 
after  the  fever  went  down  you  still  didn't  feel  much  better.  You 
felt  as  though  you  had  gone  through  some  sort  of  collision, 
thrashing-machine  or  jarring-machine,  and  came  out  not  killed,  but 
next  thing  to  it.  You  i'elt  weak,  as  though  you  had  run  too  far  after 
something,  and  then  didn't  catch  it.     You  felt  languid,  stu2:>id  aj*4 


UISTORY    OF    INPIANA.  205 

sore,  and  was  clown  in  the  mouth  and  licel  and  partially  raveled 
out.  Your  biuik  was  out  of  fix,  your  head  ached  and  jour  apptitito 
crazy.  Your  eyes  had  too  inudi  white  in  them,  your  ears,  especially 
after  taking  quinine,  had  too  much  roar  in  them,  and  your 
whole  body  and  soul  were  entirely  woe-beji;onc,  disconsolate,  sad, 
poor  and  good  for  nothing.  Yon  didn't  tliiiik  much  of  3'oursclf, 
and  didn't  believe  that  other  people  did,  either;  and  you  didn't 
care.  You  didn't  quite  make  up  your  mind  to  commit  snicide,  but 
sometimes  wished  some  accident  would  happen  to  knock  either  the 
malady  or  yourself  out  of  existence.  You  imagined  that  even  the 
dogs  looked  at  you  with  a  kind  of  self-complacency.  Y'^ou  thought 
the  sun  had  a  kind  of  sickly  shine  about  it. 

About  this  time  you  came  to  the  conclusion  that  you  would  not 
accept  the  whole  Western  country  as  a  gift;  and  if  you  had  the 
strength  and  means,  you  picked  up  Hannah  and  the  baby,  and  your 
traps,  and  went  back  "  yander  "  to  "  Old  Yirginuy,"  the '"  Jar- 
seys,"  Maryland  or  "  Penns^dvany." 

"  Aucl  to-day  tlie  swallows  flitting 
Roiiud  my  cabin  sec  me  sitting 
Moodily  within  the  sunshine. 

Just  inside  m}'  silent  door, 
Waiting  for  the  '  Ager,'  seeming 
Like  a  man  forever  dreaming ; 
And  the  sunlight  on  me  streaming 

Throws  no  shadow  on  the  floor ; 
For  I  am  too  thin  and  sallow 
To  make  shadows  on  the  floor — 

Nary  shadow  any  more ! " 

The  above  is  not  a  mere  picture  of  the  imagination.  It  is  sim- 
ply recoimting  in  quaint  phrase  what  actually  occurred  in  thousands 
of  cases.  Whole  families  would  sometimes  be  sick  at  one  time 
and  not  one  member  scarcely  able  to  wait  upon  another.  Labor  or 
exercise  always  aggravated  the  malady,  and  it  took  General  Lazi- 
ness a  long  time  to  thrash  the  enemy  out.  And  those  were  the 
days  for  swallowing  all  sorts  of  roots  and  "yarbs,"  and  whisky, 
etc.,  with  some  faint  hope  of  relief  And  finally,  when  the  case 
wore  out,  the  last  remedy  taken  got  the  credit  of  the  cure. 

EDUCATION. 

Though  struggling  through  the  pressure  of  povert}'  and  priva- 
tion, the  early  settlers  planted  among  them  the  school-house  at  the 
earliest  practical  period.     So  important  an  object  as  the  education 


2CG  niSTOlJY    OF   INDIANA. 

of  their  cliildrcn  they  did  not  defe;-  until  tliey  could  build  moro 
coiiielv  and  convenient  houses.  They  were  for  a  time  content  with 
such  as  corresponded  with  their  rude  dwelliui^s,  hut  ;X)on  hcttorhnild- 
^igs  and  accommodations  wcie  ])rovided.  As  may  I'eadily  be  tfup- 
posed,  the  accommodations  of  the  eai-liest  scliools  were  not  good. 
Sometimes  school  was  taught  in  a  room  ol"  a  large  or  a  double  log 
cabin,  but  oftencr  in  a  log  house  built  for  the  purpose.  Stoves 
and  such  heating  apparatus  as  are  now  in  use  were  then  xuihnown. 
A  mud-and-stick  chimney  in  one  end  of  the  building,  witli  earthen 
hearth  and  a  lire-place  wide  and  deep  eiiough  to  receive  a  four  to 
six-foot  back-log,  and  smaller  wood  to  match,  served  for  warming 
purposes  in  winter  and  a  kind  of  conservatory  in  summer.  For 
windows,  part  of  a  log  was  cut  out  in  two  side's  of  the  building, 
and  may  be  a  few  lights  of  eight  by  ten  glass  set  in,  or  the  aper- 
ture might  be  co\-ered  over  with  greased  paper.  Writing,  desks 
consisted  of  heavy  oak  plank  or  a  hewed  slab  laid  upon  wooden 
pins  driven  into  the  wall.  The  four-legged  slab  benches  were  in 
front  of  these,  and  the  pupils  when  .not  writing  would  sit  with 
their  backs  against  the  front,  sharp  edge  of  the  writing-desks. 
The  floor  was  also  made  out  of  these  slabs,  or  "puncheons,"  laid 
upon  log  sleepers.  Everything  was  rude  and  plain;  but  many  of 
America's  greatest  men  have  gone  out  from  just  such  school-houses 
to  grapple  with  the  world  and  make  names  for  themselves  and  re- 
flect honor  upon  their  country.  Among  these  we  can  name  xVbra- 
ham  Lincoln,  oxir  martyred  president,  one  of  the  noblest  men 
known  to  the  world's  history.  Stephen  A.  Douglas,  one  of  the 
greatest  statesmen  of  the  age,  began  his  career  in  Illinois  teaching 
in  one  of  these  primitive  school- houses.  Joseph  A.  Wright,  and 
several  otlier  statesmen  of  the  Northwest  have  also  graduated 
from  the  log  school-house  into  political  eminence.  So  with  many 
of  her  most  eloquent  and  efiicient  preachers. 


HISTOKY    01'^    INDIANA.  207 

SPKLLING- SCHOOLS, 

The  cjiicf  public  evening  cntcrtainmont  for  the  first  30  or  40 
years  of '^Vi'sicni  juoiiocriiii!:;  was  tlie  celebrated  "  Gpelliiii^-school." 
Both  young  ])Cople  and  old  looked  forward  to  the  next  spelling- 
school  with  as  much  anticipation  and  anxiety  as  we  nowadays  look 
forward  to  a  general  Fonrth-of-Jnly  celebration;  and  when  the  tinio 
arrived  the  whole  neighborhood,  yea,  and  sometimes  several  neigh- 
borhoods, w^ould  flock  together  to  the  scene  of  academical  combat, 
where  the  excitement  was  often  more  intense  than  had  been  expect- 
ed. It  was  far  better,  of  course,  when  there  was  good  sleighing; 
then  the  young  folks  would  turn  out  in  high  glee  and  be  fairly 
beside  themselves.  The  jollity  is  scarcely  equaled  at  the  present 
day  by  anything  in  vogue. 

When  the  appointed  hour  arrived,  the  i;sual  plan  of  commencing 
battle  was  for  two  of  the  young  people  who  might  agree  to  play 
against  each  other,  or  who  might  be  selected  to  do  so  by  the  school- 
teacher of  the  neighborhood,  to  "  choose  sides,"  that  is,  each  con- 
testant, or  "captain,"  as  he  was  generally  called,  would  choose  the 
best  speller  from  the  assembled  crowd.  Each  one  choosing  alter- 
nately, the  ultimate  strength  of  the  respective  parties  would  be 
about  equal.  When  all  were  chosen  who  could  be  made  to  serve, 
eacli  side  would  "number,"  so  as  to  ascertain  whether  amid  the 
confusion  one  captain  had  more  spellers  than  the  other.  In  case  he 
had,  some  compromise  would  be  made  by  the  aid  of  the  teacher,  the 
master  of  ceremonies,  and  then  the  plan  of  conducting  the  campaign, 
or  counting  the  misspelled  words,  would  be  canvassed  for  a  moment 
by  the  captains,  sometimes  by  the  aid  of  the  teacher  and  others. 
There  were  many  ways  of  conducting  the  contest  and  keeping  tall^^ 
Every  section  of  the  country  had  several  favorite  methods,  and  all 
or  most  of  these  were  different  from  what  other  commiinities  had. 
At  one  time  they  would  commence  spelling  at  the  head,  at  another 
time  at  the  foot;  at  one  time  they  would  "  spell  across,"  that  is,  the 
first  on  one  side  would  spell  the  first  word,  then  the  first  on  the 
other  side;  next  the  second  in  the  line  on  each  side,  alternately, 
down  to  the  other  end  of  each  line.  The  question  who  should  spell 
the  first  word  was  determined  by  the  captains  guessing  what  page 
the  teacher  would  have  before  him  in  a  partially  opened  book  at  a 
distance;  the  captain  guessing  the  nearest  would  spell  the  first  word 
pronounced.  When  a  word  was  missed,  it  would  be  re-pronounccd> 
or  passed  along  without  re-pronouncing  (as  some  teachers  strictly 


2G8  HISTORY  OF  Indiana. 

followed  tlie  rule  never  to  re-prononncc  a  word),  until  it  was  spelled 
correctly.  If  a  speller  on  the  opposite  side  finally  spelled  the  missed 
word  corrcctl}',  it  was  counted  a  gain  of  one  to  that  side;  if  the 
*word  was  finally  corrected  by  some  speller  on  the  same  side  on 
which  it  "was  oriirinated  as  a  missed  word,  it  was  "saved,"  and  no 
tally  mark  was  made. 

Another  pojiular  method  was  to  commence  at  one  end  of  the 
line  of  spellers  and  go  directl}'  around,  and  the  missed  words 
caught  up  qulckl}'^  and  corrected  by  "  word-catchers,"  api)ointed  by 
the  captains  from  among  their  best  spellers.  These  word-catchers 
would  attempt  to  correct  all  the  words  missed  on  his  opponent's 
side,  and  failing  to  do  this,  the  catcher  on  the  other  side  would 
catch  him  up  with  a  peculiar  zest,  and  then  there  was  fun. 

Still  another  very  interesting,  though  somewhat  disorderl}', 
method,  was  this:  Each  word-catcher  would  go  to  the  foot  of  the 
adversaria's  line,  and  every  time  he  "catched  "  a  word  he  would  go 
lip  one,  thus  "turning  them  down"  in  regular  spelling-class  style. 
"When  one  catcher  in  this  way  turned  all  down  on  the  opposing  side, 
his  own  party  was  victorious  by  as  many  as  the  opposing  catcher 
was  behind.  This  method  required  no  slate  or  blackboard  tally  to 
be  kept. 

One  turn,  by  cither  of  the  foregoing  or  other  methods,  would 
occupy  40  minutes  to  an  hour,  and  by  this  time  an  intermission  or 
recess  was  had,  when  the  buzzing,  cackling  and  hurrahing  that  en- 
sued for  10  or  15  minutes  were  beyond  description. 

Coming  to  order  again,  the  next  style  of  battle  to  be  illustrated 
was  to  "spell  down,"  by  which  process  it  was  ascertained  who  were 
the  best  spellers  and  could  continue  standing  as  a  soldier  the  loTigest 
But  very  often  good  spellers  would  inadvertently  miss  a  word  in 
an  early  stage  of  the  contest  and  would  have  to  sit  down  humilia- 
ted, while  a  comparatively  poor  speller  would  often  stand  till  nearly 
or  quite  the  last,  amid  the  cheers  of  the  assemblage.  Sometimes 
the  two  parties  first  "  chosen  up "  in  the  evening  would  re-take 
their  places  after  recess,  so  that  by  the  "  spelling-down  "  process 
there  would  virtually  be  another  race,  in  another  form;  sometimes 
tliere  would  be  a  new  "  choosing  up  "  for  the  "  spelling-down  "  con- 
test; and  sometimes  the  spelling  down  would  be  conducted  with- 
out any  party  lines  being  made.  It  would  occasionally  happen  that 
two  or  three  very  good  spellers  would  retain  the  floor  so  long  that 
the  exercise  would  become  monotonous,  when  a  few  outlandish 
words  like  "  chevaux-de-frise,"  "  Ompompauoosue"  or  "Baugh- 


HISTORY    OF   INDIANA.  2G9 

nangli-clnngli-ber,"  as  tho}'  used  to  spell  it  sometimes,  would  crente 
a  little  i*ipple  of  excitement  to  clope  with.  Sometimes  these  words 
would  decide  tlie  contest,  but  (generally  wheii  two  or  three  ;i;ood 
spellers  Icept  the  floor  until  the  exercise  hecaine  }n<.inotonous,  the 
teacher  would  declare  the  race  closed  and  the  fc-tanding  spellers  ac- 
quitted with  a  "  drawn  game." 

The  audience  dismissed,  the  next  thing  was  to  "  go  home,"  very 
often  by  a  round-about  way,  "  a-sleighing  with  tRe  girls,"  which, 
of  course,  was  with  many  the  most  interesting  part  of  the  even- 
ing's performances,  sometimes,  however,  too  rough  to  be  com- 
mended, as  the  boys  were  often  inclined  to  be  somewhat  rowdyish. 

SINGING-SCnOOL. 

Next  to  the  night  spelling-school  the  singing-school  was  an.  occa- 
sion of  much  jollity,  wherein  it  was  difficult  for  the  average  singing- 
master  to  preserve  order,  as  many  went  more  for  fun  than  for  music. 
This  species  ofeveningentertainment,in  its  introduction  to  the  West, 
was  later  than  the  spelling-school,  and  served,  as  it  were,  as  the  second 
step  toward  the  more  modern  civilization.  Good  sleighing  weather  was 
of  course  almost  a  necessity  for  the  success  of  these  schools,  but  how 
many  of  them  have  been  prevented  by  mud  and  rain!  Perhaps  a 
greater  part  of  the  time  from  November  to  April  the  roads  would  be 
muddy  and  often  half  frozen,  which  would  have  a  very  dampening 
and  freezing  effect  iipon  the  souls,  as  well  as  the  bodies,  of  the 
young  people  who  longed  for  a  good  time  on  such  occasions. 

The  old-time  method  of  conducting  singing-school  Avas  also  some- 
what  different  from  that  of  modern  times.  It  was  more  plodding 
and  heavy,  the  attention  being  kept  upon  the  simplest  rudiments, 
as  the  names  of  the  notes  on  the  staff,  and  their  pitch,  and  beating 
time,  while  comparatively  little  attention  was  given  to  expression 
and  light,  gleeful  music.  The  very  earliest  scale  inti'oduced  in  the 
West  was  from  the  South,  and  the  notes,  from  their  peculiar  shape, 
were  denominated  "  patent "  or  *' buckwheat "  notes.  They  were 
four,  of  which  the  round  one  was  always  called  sol,  the  square  one 
Za,  the  triangular  onafa,  and  the  "diamond-shaped"  one  m^,  pro- 
nounced m,e\  and  the  diatonic  scale,  or  "  gamut"  as  it  was  called 
then,  ran  thus:  fa,  sol,  la,  fa,  sol,  la,  mi,  fa.  The  part  of  a  tune 
nowadays  called  "  treble,"  or  "soprano,"  was  then  called  "  tenor;" 
the  part  now  called  "  tenor  "  was  called  "  treble,"  and  what  is  now 
"alto"  was  then  "counter,"  and  when  sung  according  to  the  oldest 
rule,  was  sung  by  a  female  an  octave  higher  than  marked,  and  still 


2'  O  HISTORY    OF    INDIANA, 

on  the  "  chest  register."  The  "  old  "  "Missouri  Harmon}""  and 
Mason's  "  Sacred  llai'j)  "  wore  the  pri!ici])al  books  used  with  this 
^stjle  of  musical  notation  . 

About  1850  the  "  round-note  "  sy.-leui  began  to  "  conic  around," 
being  introduced  by  the  Yankee  singing-master.  Tlie  scale  was 
doyre,7)ii,fa,sol,la^  si,  do\  and  for  many  years  thereafter  there 
was  much  more  do-re-n)i-ing  than  is  practiced  at  the  present  day, 
when  a  musical  instrument  is  always  under  the  hand.  The  Car- 
mina  Sacra  was  the  jiioneer  round-note  booh,  in  which  the  tunes 
partook  more  of  the  Ggv\  in  or  Puritan  character,  and  were  gener- 
ally regarded  by  the  old  folks  as  being  iar  more  spiritless  than 
the  old  "  Pisgaii,"  "  Fiducia,"  "  Tender  Thought,"  "  New  Durham," 
"Windsor,"  "  Mount  Sion,"  "  Devotion,"  etc.,  of  the  old  Missouri 
Harmony  and  tradition. 

GUARDIXa  AGAINST  INDIANS. 

The  fashion  of  carrying  fire-arms  was  made  necessary  by  the 
presence  of  roving  bands  of  Indians,  most  of  whom  were  ostensi- 
bly friendly,  but  like  Indians  in  all  times,  treacherous  and  unreli- 
able. An  Indian  war  was  at  any  time  probable,  and  all  the  old 
settlers  still  retain  vivid  recollections  of  Indian  massacres,  murders, 
plunder,  and  frightful  rumors  of  intended  raids.  While  target 
practice  was  much  indulged  in  as  an  amusement,  it  was  also  neces- 
sary at  times  to  carry  their  guns  with  them  to  their  daily  field  work. 

As  an  illustrationof  the  painstaking  which  characterized  pioneer 
life,  we  quote  the  following  from  Zebulon  Oollings,  who  lived  about 
six  miles  Irom  the  scene  of  massacre  near  Pigeon  Roost,  Indiana: 
"  The  manner  in  which  I  used  to  work  in  those  perilous  times 
was  as  follows:  On  all  occasions  I  carried  ray  rifle,  tomahawk  and 
butcher-knife,  with  a  loaded  pistol  in  vay  belt.  When  I  went  to 
plow  I  laid  my  gun  on  the  plowed  ground,  and  stuck  up  a  stick  by 
it  for  a  mark,  so  that  I  could  get  it  quick  in  case  it  was  wanted. 
I  had  two  good  dogs;  I  took  one  into  the  house,  leaving  the  other 
out.  The  one  outside  was  expected  to  give  the  alarm,  which  would 
cause  the  one  inside  to  bark,  by  which  I  would  be  awakened,  hav- 
ing my  arms  always  loaded.  I  kept  my  horse  in  a  stable  close  to 
the  house,  having  a  port-hole  so  that  I  could  shoot  to  the  stable  door. 
During  two  years  I  never  went  from  home  with  any  certainty  of 
returning,  not  knowing  the  minute  I  might  receive  a  ball  from  an 
uukaown  hand." 


IIISTOr.Y    or    INDIANA,  271 

THE  JJFaOUT  SIDE. 

The  hiftory  of  pioneer  life  generally  presents  the  durk  fulo  of  the 
picture;  but  the  toils  and  privations  of  the  early  settlers  were  not  a 
series  of  UTiniitigated  snfferinn-s.  No;  for  ^v]lile  the  fathers  and 
mothers  toiled  liard,  they  were  not  averse  to  a  little  relaxation,  and 
liad  their  seasons  of  fun  and  enjoyment,  Tliey  contrived  to  do 
something"  to  break  the  monotony  of  their  daily  life  and  furnish 
them  ca  good  liearty  laugh.  Among  the  more  general  forms  of 
amusements  were  the  "  quilting-bee,"  "corn-husking,"  "apple-par- 
ing," "  log-rolling"  and  "house-raising."  Our  young  readers  will 
doubtless  be  interested  in  a  description  of  tliese  forms  of  amuse- 
ment, when  labor  was  made  to  aflbrd  fun  and  enjoyment  to  all  par- 
ticipating.  The  "quilting-bee,"  as  its  name  implies,  was  when  the 
industrious  qualities  of  the  busy  little  insect  that  "  improves  each 
shining  hour  "  were  exemplified  in  the  manufacture  of  quilts  for  the 
household.  In  the  afternoon  ladies  for  miles  around  gathered  at  an 
appointed  place,  and  while  their  tongues  would  not  cease  to  play, 
the  hands  were  as  busily  engaged  in  making  the  quilt;  and  desire 
as  always  manifested  to  get  it  out  as  quickly  as  possible,  for  then 
the  fun  would  begin.  In  the  evening  the  gentlemen  came,  and  the 
hours  would  then  pass  swiftly  by  in  playing  games  or  dancing. 
"  Corn-huskings  "  were  when  both  sexes  united  in  the  work.  They 
usually  assembled  in  a  large  barn,  which  was  arranged  for  the  oc- 
casion; and  when  each  gentleman  had  selected  a  lady  partner  the 
husking  began.  "When  a  lady  found  a  red  ear  she  was  entitled  to 
a  kiss  from  ever}'^  gentleman  present;  when  a  gentleman  found  one 
he  was  allowed  to  kiss  every  lady  present.  After  the  corn  was  all 
husked  a  good  supper  was  served;  then  the  "old  folks"  would 
leave,  and  the  remainder  of  the  evening  was  spent  in  the  dance  and 
in  having  a  general  good  time.  The  recreation  afforded  to  the 
young  people  on  the  annual  recurrence  of  these  festive  occasions 
was  as  highly  enjoyed,  and  quite  as  innocent,  as  the  amusements  of 
the  present  boasted  age  of  refinement  and  culture. 

The  amusements  of  the  pioneers  were  peculiar  to  themselves. 
Saturday  afternoon  was  a  holiday  in  which  no  man  M'as  expected 
to  work,  A  load  of  produce  might  be  taken  to  "  town  "  for  sale  or 
traffic  without  violence  to  custom,  but  no  more  serious  labor  could 
be  tolerated.  When  on  Saturday  afternoon  the  town  was  reached, 
"fun  commenced."  Ilad  two  neighbors  business  to  transact,  here 
it  was  done.     Horses  were   "  swapped."     Difficulties  settled  and 


272  lIlSTOilY    OF    INDIANA, 

free  figlits  indulged  iii.  Blue  and  red  ribbons  were  not  worn  in 
tliosc  days,  and  whisky  was  as  free  as  water;  twelve  and  a  half 
cents  would  buy  a  (j^uart,  and  thirty-live  or  forty  cents  a  tjallon, 
,  and  at  such  prices  enormous  quantities  were  consumed.  Cio  to  any 
town  in  the  county  and  ask  the  first  ]nonecr  you  meet,  and  ho  v/ould 
tell  you  of  notable  Saturday-afternoon  lights,  either  of  which  to-day 
would  fiii  a  column  of  the  Police  JSfvio^',  with  elaborate  engravings 
to  niatcli. 

Mr.  Sandford  C.  Cox  quaintly  describes  some  of  the  happy  feat- 
tures  of  frontier  life  in  this  manner: 

We  cleared  land,  rolled,  logs,  burned  brush,  blazed  out  paths 
from  one  nciglibor's  cabin  to  another  and  from  one  settlement  to 
another,  made  and  iised  hand-mills  and  hominy  mortars,  hunted 
deer,  turkey,  otter,  and  raccoons,  caught  fish,  dug  ginseng,  hunted 
bees  and  the  like,  and — lived  on  the  fat  of  the  land.  We  read  of  a 
land  of '' corn  and  wine,"  and  another  "flowing  with  milk  and 
honey;"  but  1  rather  think,  iu  a  temporal  point  of  view,  taking  into 
account  the  richness  of  the  soil,  timber,  stone,  wild  game  and 
other  advantages,  that  the  Sugar  creek  country  would  come  up  to 
any  of  them,  if  not  surpass  them. 

I  once  cut  cord-wood,  continues  Mr.  Cox,  at  31^-  cents  per  cord, 
and  walked  a  mile  and  a  half  night  and  morning,  where  the  first 
frame  college  M'as  built  northwest  of  town  (Crawford svi lie). 
Prof.  Curry,  the  lawyer,  would  sometimes  come  down  and  help  for 
an  hour  or  two  at  a  time,  by  way  of  amusement,  as  there  was  little 
or  no  law  business  in  the  town  or  country  at  that  time.  Reader, 
what  would  you  think  of  going  six  to  eight  miles  to  help  roll  logs, 
or  raise  a  cabin?  or  ten  to  thirteen  miles  to  mill,  and  wait  three  or 
four  days  and  nights  for  your  grist?  as  many  had  to  do  in  the 
first  settlement  of  this  country.  Such  things  were  of  frequent  oc- 
currence then,  and  there  was  but  little  grumbling  about  it.  It  was 
a  grand  sight  to  see  the  log  heaps  and  brush  piles  burning  in  the 
night  on  a  clearing  of  10  or  15  acres.  A  Democratic  torchlight 
procession,  or  a  midnight  march  of  the  Sons  of  Malta  with  their 
grand  Gyasticutus  in  the  center  bearing  the  grand  jewel  of  the 
order,  would  be  nowhere  in  comparison  with  the  log-heaps  and 
brush,  piles  in  a  blaze. 

But  it  may  be  asked,  Had  you  any  social  amusements,  or  manly 
pastimes,  to  recreate  and  enliven  the  dwellers  in  the  wilderness? 
We  had.  In  the  social  line  we  had  our  meetings  and  our  singing- 
schools,  sugar-boilings  and  weddings,  which  were  as  good  as  ever 


HISTORY    OF   INDIANA.  273 

what  would  you  thiuk  of  going  six  to  eight  miles  to  help  roll  logs, 
or  raise  a  cabin?  or  ten  to  thirteen  miles  to  mill,  and  wait  llueo 
or  four  days  and  nights  for  your  grist?  as  many  had  to  do  in  the 
first  settlement  of  this  country.  Such  things  were  of  frecj^uent 
occurrence  then,  and  there  was  but  little  grumbling  about  it.  It 
was  a  grand  sight  to  see  the  log  heaps  and  brush  piles  burniiig 
in  the  night  on  a  clearing  of  10  or  15  acres.  A  Democratic 
torchlight  procession,  or  a  midnight  march  of  the  Sons  of  Jlalta 
with  thoir  grand  Gyasticutus  in  the  center  bearing  the  grand 
jewel  of  the  order,  would  be  nowhere  in  comparison  with  the 
log-heaps  and  brush-piles  in  a  blaze. 

But  it  may  be  asked,  Had  you  any  social  amusements,  or  manly 
pastimes,  to  recreate  and  enliven  the  dwellers  in  the  wilderness  ? 
We  had.  In  the  social  line  we  had  our  meetings  and  oiu"  singing- 
schools,  sugar-boilings  and  weddings,  which  were  as  good  as  ever 
came  off  in  any  country,  neAv  or  old;  and  if  oiir  youngsters  did 
not  "  trip  the  light  fantastic  toe"  under  a  professor  of  the  Terp- 
sichorean  art  or  expert  French  dancing  master,  they  had  many  a 
good  "  hoe-down"  on  puncheon  floors,  and  v/ere  not  annoyed  by  bad 
whisky.  And  as  for  manly  sports,  requiring  mettle  and  muscle, 
there  were  lots  of  wild  hogs  running  in  the  cat-tail  swamps  on  Lye 
creek,  and  Mill  creek,  and  among  them  many  large  boars  that 
Ossian's  heroes  and  Homer's  model  soldiers,  such  as  Achilles,  Hec- 
tor and  Ajax  would  have  delighted  to  give  chase  to.  The  boys  and 
men  of  those  days  had  quite  as  much  sport,  and  made  more  money 
8r,d  health  by  their  hunting  excursions  than  our  city  gents  nowa- 
days playing  chess  by  telegraph  where  the  players  are  more  than 
70  miles  apart. 

WHAT  THE  riONEEES  HAVE  DONE. 

There  are  few  of  these  old  pioneers  living  as.  connecting 
links  of  the  past  with  the  present.  What  mxist  their  thoughts 
be  as  with  their  dim  eyes  they  view  the  scenes  that  surround  them  ? 
We  often  hear  people  talk  about  the  old-fogy  ideas  and  fogy  ways, 
and  want  of  enterprise  on  the  part  of  the  old  men  who  have  gone 
through  the  experiences  of  pioneer  life.  Sometimes,  perhaps, 
such  remarks  are  just,  but,  considering  the  experiences,  education 
and  entire  life  of  such  men,  such  remarks  are  better  unsaid. 
They  have  had  their  trials,  misfortunes,  hardships  and  adventures, 


274  HISTORY    OF   INDIANA. 

and  shall  we  now,  ns  they  are  passiii*^  far  down  tlie  western  decliv- 
ity of  life,  and  uiany  of  them  gone,  point  to  them  the  finger  of 
derision,  and  laiig]i  and  sneer  at  the  simplicity  of  their  Avays? 
Let  us  rather  claeer  them  uj),  revere  and  respect  them,  for  beneath 
those  rough  exteriors  beat  hearts  as  noble  as  ever  throbbed  in  the 
human  breast.  Those  veterans  have  been  compelled  to  live  for 
weeks  upon  hominy  and,  if  bread  at  all,  it  Avas  bread  made  from 
corn  ground  in  haiul-mills,  or  pounded  up  with  moitoi-s.  Their 
children  have  been  destitute  of  shoes  during  the  winter;  their 
families  had  no  clotlies  except  what  was  carded,  spun,  wove  and 
made  into  garments  by  their  own  hands;  schools  they  had  none; 
churches  they  had  none ;  afflicted  with  sickness  incident  to  all 
new  countries,  sometimes  the  entire  family  at  once;  luxuries  of 
life  they  had  none;  tlie  auxiliaries,  improvements,  inventions  and 
labor-saving  machinery  of  to-day  they  had  not;  and  what  they 
possessed  they  obtained  by  the  hardest  of  labor  and  individual  ex- 
ertion, yet  they  bore  these  hardships  and  privations  without  mur- 
muring, hoping  for  better  times  to  come,  and  often,  too,  with  but 
little  prospect  of  realization. 

As  before  mentioned,  the  changes  written  on  every  hand  are 
most  wonderful.  It  has  been  but  three-scoreyears  since  the  white 
man  began  to  exercise  dominion  over  this  region,  erst  the  home  of 
the  red  men,  yet  the  visitor  of  to-day,  ignorant  of  the  past  of  the 
country,  could  scarcely  be  made  to  realize  that  within  these  years 
there  has  grown  up  a  population  of  2,000,000  people,  who  in  all 
the  accomplishments  of  life  are  as  far  advanced  as  are  the  inhab- 
itants of  the  older  States.  Schools,  churches,  colleges,  palatial 
dwellings,  beautiful  grounds,  large,  well-cultivated  and  produc- 
tive farms,  as  well  as  cities,  towns  and  biisy  manufactories,  have 
grown  up,  and  occupy  the  hunting  grounds  and  camping  places  of 
the  Indians,  and  in  every  direction  there  are  evidences  of  wealth, 
comfort  and  luxury.  There  is  but  little  left  of  the  old  landmarks. 
Advanced  civilization  and  the  progressive  demands  of  revolving 
years  have  obliterated  all  traces  of  Indian  occupancy,  until  they 
are  only  remembered  in  name. 


PART  II. 


History  of  Bartholomew  County. 


HISTORY  OF  BARTHOLOMEW  COUNTY 


CHAPTER  I.* 


Geology  — -  Topography  —  Drainage  —  Drift  Period  —  Car- 
boniferous Age  —  Niagara  Group  —  Local  Details  — 
Fossils  —  Antiquities,  Etc. 


2\ARTHOLOMEW  COUNTY  comprises  an  area  of 
f^^-i  about  four  hundred  square  miles,  two  hundred  and 
fiftj'-six  thousand  acres.  In  the  early  histoiy  of  the 
State  it  formed  a  part  of  Delaware  Count}',  and  was  or- 
ganized as  Bartholomew  Count}-  under  an  act  of  the 
Legislature,  approved  January- 9,  1S21.  Originall}- it  in- 
cluded most  of  the  territory  now  embraced  in  the  County  of  Brown. 
Johnson  and  Shelby  counties  bound  it  on  the  north,  Decatur  and 
Jennings  on  the  east,  Jennings  and  Jackson  on  the  south,  and  Jack- 
son and  Brown  on  the  west. 

The  monotony  of  an  otherwise  generall}''  level  country  is  diver- 
sified by  man}'  a  hill  and  valley  in  the  west  part  of  the  county, 
especially  that  portion  of  the  county  lying  west  of  Columbus,  form- 
ing the  western  parts  of  Ohio,  Harrison  and  Union  townships, 
and  locally  known  as  the  "  Brown  County  edge  of  Bartholomew." 
An  eastern  continuation  of  the  central  ridge  of  the  Brown 
County  knobstone  enters  the  county  at  the  southwest  corner  of 
Harrison  Township,  and  reaches  its  greatest  altitude  at  Taylor 
Hill,  in  Section  36,  Township  8,  North,  Range  4,  East.  Taylor 
Hill,  the  highest  point  in  the  county,  is  1,003  f^^t  above  tide  level, 
and  360  feet  above  Columbus.  From  its  summit  magnificent  views 
of  the  surrounding  country  may  be  had.  On  a  clear  day  when  the 
air  is  pure  the  unaided  eye  can  trace  for  miles,  as  a  blue  line  against 

"Adapted  to  this  volume  from  tlie  State  Geological  Report  for  iSSi,  by  Tyloses  N.  Elrod, 
M.  D.,  to  John  CoUett,  State  Geologist. 


278  BARTirOLOMI'AV    COUNTY. 

the  horizon,  the  eastern  boumlary  of  the  great  Drifhvood-White 
River  Valley.  The  observer  may  see  Georgetown  to  tlie  northwest 
in  lirown  County,  Edinburg  in  Johnson  County,  and  Columbus  and 
AValesboro  in  liaiMiolomew.  From  Taylor  Hill  the  Wall  ridge, 
as  Prof.  Collett  has  named  it,  tiends  to  the  north,  tln'ough  Union 
Township,  thence  west  througli  Nineveh  Township  to  the  Brown 
County  line.  It  is  not  a  continuous  ridge,  but  a  series  of  high 
points  intersected  lyy  numerous  \  alleys  and  gaps,  that  fall  awa}'  to 
the  lower  lands  of  the  east  and  west,  north  and  south.  The  cen- 
tral and  northern  parts  of  Nineveh  Township,  while  broken  bv  out- 
liers and  foothills  of  the  Wall  ridge,  are  generally  what  may  be 
termed  rolling  lands.  Low  hills  and  ridges,  ranging  from  twent}'- 
five  to  fifty  feet  in  height,  occupy  much  of  the  country  between 
the  knobstone  summit  and  the  bottoms  of  Driftwood,  AVhite  River, 
and  to  the  south  of  the  ridge  in  Ohio  and  Jackson  townships. 
The  central  portion  of  the  count}^  is  level,  much  of  it  below  and  in 
the  vicinity  of  Columbus  being  White  River  bottoms,  ranging  three 
to  four  miles  wide.  North  of  the  county  seat  sets  in  the  Haw- 
patch  plateau,  extending  from  White  River  to  the  Shelby  County 
line,  renowned  as  an  extensive  tract  of  arable  land,  level  and  fertile 
as  any  prairie,  primevally  covered  with  a  magnificent  forest  of  great 
trees,  devoid  of  undergrowth. 

The  eastern  parts  of  the  county  are  usually  rolling,  and  some 
parts  spoken  of  as  hill^^,  but  the  application  of  the  term  hill,  /.  e. — 
an  elevated  mass  of  land  —  is  a  misnomer.  The  so-called  hills  are 
not  elevations  above  the  level  of  the  country,  but  valle3^s  cut  from 
twenty  to  seventy  feet  below  the  general  surface.  This  distinction 
is  important,  as  will  further  appear  when  we  come  to  discuss  the 
geology  of  the  Drift  period.  Especially  are  the  valleys  marked  in 
the  vicinity  of  Hartsville,  and  in  the  northeast  part  of  Clift}--  Town- 
ship, on  Fall  Fork  and  Middle  Fork  creek-s. 

Drainage. —  What  is  given  as  the  east  fork  of  White  River  on 
the  State  and  School  maps,  is  locall}^,  and  it  is  claimed,  correctly 
known  as  Driftwood  from  Edinburg  down  to  the  mouth  of  Flat 
Rock  Creek,  from  that  point  south  as  White  River;  but  as  the 
term  "  Driftwood  "  is  indiscriminately  applied  to  any  portion  of  the 
river  in   the  vicinity  of  Columbus,  and  is  not  used  generally  out- 


GI'.OLOGV.  279 

side  of  the  county,  we  sliall  ch'op  the  name  Driftwood  and  use  tlie 
name  White  or  East  White  for  all  parts  of  the  east  fork  of  White 
River  below  Edinburg.  Above  Edinburg  the  same  misapplication 
of  terms  recurs  in  calling  East  White  Ri\er  Blue  River. 

White  River  crosses  the  northern  boundary  of  the  county  near 
Edinburg,  and  bears  thence  in  a  general  course  east  of  south 
through  the  central  part  of  the  county.  From  Edinburg  the  river 
follows  and  runs  throuffh  the  foot  hills  of  the  wall  ridire  of  Knob- 
stone  till  it  reaches  the  sand  and  gravel  bottoms  below  the  mouth 
of  Catharine's  Creek.  Above  this  the  river  flow^s  through  a  ston)- 
bed  of  black  shale,  and  is  not  subject  to  great  overflows;  below  the 
banks  are  low,  the  bed  gravelly,  shifting  and  frequently  overflown. 
According  to  the  table  of  altitudes  of  the  main  line  of  the  J.,  M.  &  I. 
railroad,  the  bed  of  the  stream,  Blue  River,  is  fifty-three  feet  higher 
at  Edinburg  than  the  bed  of  White  River  at  the  Columbus  bridge. 
From  the  same  tables  we  find  the  fall  in  the  river  from  Columbus 
to  the  Rockford  bridge  to  be  thirty  feet,  showing  that  the  fall  per 
mile  is  100  per  cent,  more  above  than  below  the  city.  Advantage 
has  been  taken  of  this  fall  and  utilized  to  run  the  extensive  flouring 
mills  at  Lowell  and  the  Valley  Mills  west  of  Taylorsville.  The 
permanent  banks  and  swift  current  of  the  upper  river  invite  further 
investments  in  manufactories.  Messrs.  Stansberry  and  WiUiams 
give  the  mouth  of  Flat  Rock  Creek  at  602  feet  above  the  level  of 
the  ocean,  and  that  of  CHft}^  Creek  at  596  feet  above,  inaking  the 
fall  six  feet  in  five  miles  as  compared  with  a  fall  of  fift3'^-three  feet 
in  fifteen  miles  of  the  river  above  the  mouth  of  Flat  Rock.  ^  The 
fall  in  the  Ohio  and  Mississippi  rivers  from  Louisville  to  the  Gulf 
of  Mexico  is  less  than  four  inches  to  the  mile.  The  difference  be- 
tween high  and  low  water  at  Columbus  is  given  at  fifteen  feet. 

A  few  rivulets  and  brooks  that  rise  west  of  the  Wall  ridge  flow 
into  an  arm  of  Salt  Creek  that  cuts  the  northw^est  corner  of  Harri- 
son Township,  and  finally  unites  with  East  White  River  below  Bed- 
ford, in  Lawrence  Count3^  With  this  exception  all  the  streams  of 
Bartholomew  Count}'  empty  into  White  River  within  the  county  or 
soon  after  it  enters  Jackson  Count3\  The  general  course  of  the 
creeks  is  east  and  west,  with  the  surface  of  the  countr}-,  and  to  the 
south  of  the  center  of  the  greatest  depression  of  the  White  River 


28o  nARTHOLOMEW    COUXTY. 

Valley.  White  Creek,  and  its  tributaries,  leaves  the  county  in  a 
more  southern  direction,  and  unites  with  White  River  below  Sey- 
mour. The  creeks  of  the  west  side  of  the  river,  beginning  in  the 
i^oj-thwest,  are  Big  Nineveh  Creek,  Muddy  Branch,  Catharine's 
Creek,  Wolf  Creek,  Denois  Creek,  and  White  Creek  and  its  trib- 
utary the  East  Fork  of  White  Creek;  on  the  east  are  Flat  Rock 
River,  Haw  Creek,  Clift}-  Creek  and  Little  Sand  Creek  and  their 
tributaries,  Little  Haw  Creek,  Fall  Fork,  iSliddle  Fork,  Otter 
Creek,  Brush  Creek  and  Bear  Creek,  together  with  other  snudl 
streams,  named  and  not  named  on  the  map.  The  banks  of  the 
creeks  on  the  west  side  of  the  valley,  after  reaching  the  low  lands, 
are  cvit  in  the  clay  and  mud  without  proper  first  or  second  bottoms, 
in  appearance  very  much  like  artificial  ditches,  and  hence  overflows 
are  common.  The  creeks  flowing  through  the  Hawpatch  have 
low  banks  in  the  gravel  with  well  marked  second  banks.  Those 
of  the  limestone  region  of  the  east  are  deep  and  rock}^  and  the 
present  beds  are  never  filled  b}^  rain  storms  to  their  full  carr}-ing 
capacity. 

The  Drift  Period.— \n  order  to  a  proper  understanding  of  the 
wonderful  forces  that  came  into  pla}'  during  the  Glacial  and  Terrace 
epochs  of  the  Drift  period,  we  will  first  consider  the  clays,  sands,, 
gravels  and  bowlders  that  go  to  make  up  the  mass  of  these  groups, 
and  their  distribution  over  the  surface  of  the  stratified  rocks,  and 
then  discuss  the  theory  and  dynamics  of  their  origin.  In  general 
terms  we  ma}^  say  that  the  whole  of  the  surface  of  the  county  is 
covered  with  drift  materials,  except  the  top  of  the  w^ali  ridge,  and 
the  hills  to  the  west  of  it  in  Harrison  and  Union  townships,  and 
doubtless  these  high  hills  have  been  subjected  to  the  action  and  in- 
fluences of  the  waters  of  the  Terrace  epoch,  that  have  so  greatly 
modified  and  re-arranged  the  ancient  glacial  deposit. 

The  upland  gravel  beds  are  collections  of  pure  sand,  clean  gravel 
and  small  bowlders,  found  only  on  the  high  grounds  and  ridges^ 
that  I  believe  to  be  identical  "hog's-backs"  of  the  Ohio  survey, 
and  the  kamcs  and  cskcrs  of  the  authors;  especially  are  these  beds 
of  gravel  identical  in  only  being  found  on  the  high  lands,  and  in 
being  much  less  modified  and  re-arranged  by  the  action  of  water 
subsequent  to  the  Glacial  epoch.     In  stratification  the  beds  are  very 


GF-OLOOY.  281 

irregular  and  seldom  conformable  one  with  another;  more  fre- 
quently 00  indications  of  stratification  are  seen,  the  beds  when 
oi:)ened  showing  sand  at  one  end  and  coarse  gravel  at  the  oilier; 
the  strata  frequentl}'  interlock  and  alternate  in  cross  sections  with- 
out reference  to  the  underlying  beds.  This  want  of  uniformity  of 
stratification  is  in  marked  cjntrast  with  that  of  the  low  land  gravel 
as  seen  in  the  Ilawpatch.  The  town  of  Hartsville  is  built  on  a 
rolling  elevation,  ranging  from  forty  to  fifty  feet  above  the  valleys 
and  facing  to  the  southwest.  It  is  bounded  on  the  west  by  the  deep 
bed  of  Clifty  Creek,  and  on  the  south  b}^  the  gorge,  through  which 
flows  Boner's  branch.  In  the  south  part  of  town,  capping  the  bluff 
that  forms  the  north  bank  of  the  Boner's  branch  gorge,  there  is  a 
typical  bed  of  upland  gravel.  It  has  a  steep,  rounded  head  at  the 
east  end,  on  which  the  Hartsville  University  building  stands,  and 
trends  thence  west  in  a  low  ridge  that  slopes  to  the  north,  terminat- 
ing in  an  abrupt  bluff  at  the  west,  with  a  spur  to  the  south.  The 
high  bluff  w-est  of  Jackson  Street  is  also  capped  with  gravel,  that 
in  an  irregular  way,  is  connected  with  the  bed  found  in  the  Univer- 
sity campus.  The  gravel  beds  that  occur  on  the  farm  of  William  J. 
Herron,  near  the  Tarr  hole  of  CHfty  Creek,  and  that  on  the  farm  of 
R.  B.  Kent,  near  Hartsville,  are  very  similar  in  structure  to  the  one 
above  described,  and  are  all  peculiar  in  presenting  on  one  side  at 
least,  a  very  bold,  abrupt  face.  The  upland  gravel  found  on  the 
farm  of  Mrs.  Amy  Wiley,  west  of  Anderson's  Falls,  in  Clifty  Town- 
ship, is  another  extensive  bed  that,  like  the  preceding  examples, 
seem  to  be  some  way  connected  with  the  drainage  of  the  country 
at  the  close  of  the  Drift  period.  Other  beds  of  upland  gravel  are 
those  on  the  farm  of  Mi's.  E.  Jones,  near  the  Haw  Creek  Baptist 
Church;  on  the  farm  of  Mrs.  M.  Marlin;  on  the  farm  of  E.  Reed, 
near  the  village  of  St.  Louis,  in  Haw  Creek  Towmship,  and  the 
"back-bone"  ridge,  as  it  is  called,  on  the  farm  of  J.  Remy,  west  of 
Burnsville,  in  Rock  Creek  Township. 

The  Hawfatch  glacial  gravel  and  sand,  one  of  the  most  exten- 
sive and  peculiar  beds  of  gravel  in  the  State,  is  roughly  bounded 
by  Flat  Rock  River  on  the  northwest,  and  Haw  Creek  on  the  south- 
east, and  reaching  from  the  White  River  bottoms  to  the  Shelby 
County  Hne,  a  continuous  bed  of  gravel  covered  with  a  gravelly 


2S2  BARTHOLOMEW    COUNTY. 

black  soil,  twelve  miles  long  In'  three  miles  in  average  width.  The 
actual  limits  of  the  Hawpatch  gravel  are  to  be  found  in  the  range 
<jf  foot  hills  of  the  Knobstone  on  the  west  of  White  River,  extend- 
ing from  below  the  Lowell  mills  to  the  northeast  of  Taylorsville, 
and  the  sand  ridges  and  dune  like  hills  on  the  east,  running  north 
from  the  Clift}'  Creek  bridge.  Another  element  that  has  entered 
into  the  formation  and  largely  .determined  the  uniformity  and  even- 
ness of  the  surface  of  this  gravel  plateau  lias  been  tlie  smooth  top 
of  the  underlying  black  shale;  the  shale  unlike  the  other  strata  of 
Indiana,  is  a  stony  formation  of  great  uniformity  of  structure  that 
does  not  weather  into  rough  escarpments  of  valleys  and  ridges. 
An  exemplification  of  this  may  be  seen  in  the  bed  of  White  River, 
in  the  vicinity  of  the  Valley  mills. 

All  the  beds,  whether  upland  or  lowland,  have  a  large  per  cent, 
of  chert  and  limestone  fragments,  not  so  much  worn  as  the  other 
materials,  of  a  brownish  color  on  the  outside  from  staining  with 
oxide  of  iron.  The  bowlders  are  frequently  in  a  state  of  decompo- 
sition, and  specimens  measuring  more  than  a  few  inches  in  diameter 
are  seldom  or  never  found.  The  following  section,  taken  south  of 
Columbus  and  Greensburg  pike,  on  Haw  Creek,  is  very  character- 
istic: 

Section  on  Wehhcr  Smithes  JFarm,  Cohinihus  Township. 

Soil  mixed  with  gravel 3  ft. 

Stratified  sand  and  gravel,  with  pebbles  at  the  top 6  ft. 

Larger  pebbles  stratified 2  ft. 

Fine  sand ; i  ft. 

Stratified  gravel  to  the  bed  of  Haw^  Creek 4  ft. 

Total. 16  ft. 

The  top  of  this  section  reaches  the  surface  and  includes  the 
soil  of  the  second  bank  of  the  creek.  On  the  west  of  the  point  at 
which  the  section  was  taken,  the  strata  have  a  uniform  thickness; 
on  the  other  hand  the  stratification  dips  sHghtly  to  the  east,  but  is 
everywhere  comformable.  The  following  section  in  the  second 
bank  of  Clifty  Creek  north  of  the  pike  shows  the  same  general 
arrangement  of  the  strata  as  the  preceding : 


gj:ologv.  283 

Scfitio)!  near  CH/Iy  Creek  /Jr/dQr,  (\>IiiJiibi!s  Toivnsliip. 

Soil  with  j^ravel 2   ft.  o  in. 

Sand  and  gravel,  stratilied i   ft.  o  in. 

Coarse  gravel  and  large  pebbles  in  a  continuous  stra- 
tum    o  ft.  6  in. 

Stratified  sand  and  gravel 4  ft.  6  in. 


Total 8  ft.  o  in. 

What  is  seen  at  these  sections  will  be  found  true  for  the  balance 
of  the  Hawpatch.  Wherever  examined  on  the  banks  of  Flat  Rock 
River,  or  in  digging  Avells,  the  same  evidence  of  stratification  was 
found,  and  it  will  be  noticed  that  while  there  is  occasional  evidence 
of  stratification  in  the  upland  gravel,  such  is  not  by  an}-  means  the 
rule,  thus  placing  the  two  in  marked  contrast.  We  can  form  no 
very  correct  estimate  of  the  actual  thickness  of  the  Hawpatch^ 
gravel  as  the  underlying  stone  was  not  seen,  nor  has  it  been 
reached  in  sinking  wells  in  the  deeper  parts.  Wells  have  been  put 
down  to  the  depth  of  fifty  and  sixty  feet  in  the  A'icinity  of  Colum- 
bus, and  no  stone  struck.  That  the  bed  was  once  much  deeper 
than  now  is  shown  by  the  mound  on  the  farm  of  Judge  Tunis 
Quick,  one  and  a  half  miles  west  of  Clifford,  and  the  Tipton  mound 
in  the  city  of  Columbus.  The  first  is  twent3^-five  feet  above  the 
surface  of  the  surrounding  plain  and  the  second  twent}'  feet.  They 
are  the  monuments  left  by  the  currents  of  the  Terrace  epoch,  and 
ineters  by  which  we  can  in  part  measure  what  was  once  the  thick- 
ness of  this  great  gravel  bed.  The  soil  of  the  Hawpatch  has  an 
average  thickness  of  five  feet,  is  dark  or  black  in  color,  and  free 
from  admixture  with  an}'-  but  alluvial  clays  —  no  glacical  clay  inter- 
venes between  the  soil  and  gravel. 

The  following  section  east  of  the  broad  ford  on  Clift}'  Creek 
shows  the  stratification  and  arrangement  of  the  gravel,  sand  and 
pebbles  of  the  gravel  beds  that  form  the  connecting  link  between 
that  of  the  uplands  and  lowlands: 


284  BARTHOLOMEW    COUNTY. 

Section  at  Sarah  Basil's  luinn,  Clay  Tozi'ii</i/f). 

Soil  free   from   "ravel ft.  10  in. 

Soil  and  gravel  mixed 2  ft.     2  in. 

Coarse  gravel  and  pebbles 5  ^n- 

Fine  gravel  and  sand : . .  .     2  in. 

Coarse  gravel " 5  in. 

Fine  gravel 4  in. 

Coarse  gravel  and  sand i  ft.     3  in. 

Fine  clean  gravel 3  in. 

Coarse  gravel  and  sand i  ft.     2  in. 

Clean  gravel •  2  in. 

Coarse  gravel  and  sand 2  ft.    o  in. 

Total 9  ft.     2  in. 

Here  the  stratification  is  ver}"-  marked  and  distinct,  and  the 
strata  more  largely  mixed  with  limestone  fragments  and  chert, 
than  at  other  places. 

Bozulders,  or  erratic  rocks,  locally  known  as  "  nigger  heads  " 
and  "  blue  heads,"  of  the  largest  size  and  in  greatest  numbers  are 
found  on  the  eastern  boundary  line  of  the  county.  A  line  of  bowl- 
ders extending  from  the  vicinity  of  Milford,  south  into  Jennings 
County,  was  noted  in  the  early  history  of  the  country-,  and  was 
supposed  by  some  to  have  been  the  work  of  the  Indians,  who  had 
placed  them  as  some  sign  or  memorial.  .  The  largest  one  seen  was 
on  the  land  of  Knox  Smiley,  just  over  the  Decatur  County  line. 
It  is  of  gray  granite,  and  measures  six  by  eleven  feet  on  the  sur- 
face, and  is  bedded  deep  in  the  earth.  Another,  on  the  farm  of 
Henry  Mobley,  in  Cliffy  Township,  measures  8x10x6  feet.  Bowl- 
ders two  and  three  feet  in  diameter  are  common,  but  grow  less 
frequent  toward  the  west,  but  are  rather  common  in  Nineveh 
Township  and  in  the  clay  banks  of  White  River  down  to  Lowell 
mills.  In  composition  they  are  identical  with  the  mass  of  stones 
found  strewn  over  the  Drift  regions  of  Indiana,  Ohio,  Illinois,  and 
the  northwest. 

The  glacial,  3-ellow  or  ferruginous  clays  of  Haw  Creek,  Clay, 
Clifty  and  Rock  Creek  townships,  are  light  yellow  in  color,  friable 


GEOLOGY.  285 

when  diy  and  inclined  to  be  sticky  \vlien  wcl.  Internatcly  mixed 
with  the  clay  are  fragments  of  chert  and  limestone,  torn  from  the 
iinderl^-ing  Niagara  and  corniferous  strata,  together  with  a  large 
per  cent,  of  metamorphic  jiebblesof  northern  origin.  In  the  banks 
of  the  creeks  and  bluffs  the  clay  never  shows  evidence  of  stratifi- 
cation, but  not  infrequently  beds  of  sand  and  fine  gravel  are  pierced 
in  digging  wells  and  cisterns.  A  bed  of  sand  two  feet  thick  was 
found  in  the  Paul  Sheets  well  in  Columbus,  below  fort3--five  feet 
of  white  and  bluish  cla}-.  These  beds  of  sand  are  local,  occurring 
in  pockets  that  soon  thin  out,  or  are  replaced  by  clay  and  gravel. 
The  average  thickness  of  the  glacial  clav,  as  determined  from  the 
average  depth  in  a  number  of  wells,  is  put  at  twent3--five  feet,  and 
varies  from  a  few  feet  to  many.  The  top  soil,  free  from  gravel-, 
ranges  from  one  to  five  feet  in  thickness.  The  clay  is  thinnest 
when  subjected  to  the  wash  and  action  of  the  currents  of  the  Terrace 
epoch,  as  in  the  vicinity  of  Otter  Creek,  where  the  water  once 
flowed  across  the  creek  south. 

The  terrace  clays  that  cap  the  Knobstone  foot  hills  west  of 
White  River,  are  largely  made  up  of  the  fine,  impalpable  sands 
and  alumina  arising  from  the  decomposition  of  the  adjacent  and 
underl3'ing  aluminous  shale.  Frequently  underlying  the  terrace 
clay  are  beds  of  glacial  origin;  especiall}''  may  they  be  noticed  in 
the  bluffs  and  hills  west  of  Columbus.  Seven  feet  of  red  or  3'el- 
low  clay,  containing  quite  a  number  of  specimens  of  glacial  gravel, 
was  exposed  in  a  well  at  Henr3^  Gross'  farm,  in  Harrison  Town- 
ship, at  an  elevation  of  100  feet  above  Columbus,  and  glacial  clay 
has  been  found  near  the  top  of  the  Wall  ridge,  but,  as  a  rule,  the 
clay  of  this  region  is  of  a  much  later  date.  The  teiTace  cla3's  are 
%vhite,  sticky  and  form  a  retentive  cold  soil,  known  as  "  crawfish 
land." 

The  blue  bowlder  cla3^,  recognized  everywhere  as  of  glacial 
origin,  has  not  been  seen  by  us  in  the  county.  Perhaps  the  con- 
ditions favorable  to  the  formation  of  a  blue  cla3'^  did  not  exist  in 
this  immediate  vicinit3'.  The  3^ellow  glacial  cla3''s  of  Bartholomew 
Countx'  are  doubtless  in  the  main  the  result  of  the  disintegration  of 
the  Niagara  and  corniferous  group  rocks  and  the  black  shale,  to- 
gether with  the   materials   of   a  foreign  origin,  without  the  usual 


286  HARTHOLOMICNV    COUNTY. 

admixture  of  llie  protlucts  of  the  blue  shales,  so  common  in  the 
lower  Silurian  and  sub-carboniferous  formations,  neither  one  of 
t\'hich  is  crossed  by  the  line  of  denudation  that  has  formed  our 
'cla3's.  Blue  clays  are  said  to  be  found  south  of  this  county,  and 
probably  owe  their  origin  to  the  base  of  the  Knobstone. 

Tclloxv  Saud. —  Moulders  or  ferruginous  sand  forms  an  impor- 
tant feature  in  the  surface  geology  of  the  county,  not  only  on  ac- 
count of  the  quantity,  which  is  considerable,  but  more  particularly^ 
as  the  cap  of  the  extreme  outl^'ing  bluffs  on  the  east  and  west  of 
the  White  River  Valle}-,  and  as  being  the  most  recent  formation 
and  deposits  in  the  succession  of  time  of  the  Terrace  epoch.  This 
deposit  of  sand  marked  the  close  of  the  Drift  period.  In  physical 
appearance,  where  pure  as  left  by  the  receding  waters,  and  un- 
mixed with  humus,  carbonaceous  clay  and  other  foreign  matter,  it  is 
always  loose  and  mellow,  with  a  rough  feel  to  the  touch  —  not  im- 
palpable—  in  the  vast  majority  of  instances  of  a  yellowish  or  ocher}' 
color,  with  occasional  pockets  of  white  sand,  so  clean  that  a  shovel 
full  of  it  will  not  render  a  pail  of  water  turbid.  The  clean  yellow 
sands  are  those  that  cap  the  bluffs  and  form  the  higher  sand 
ridges,  that  have  not  been  disturbed  since  the}'  were  deposited. 
Examined  under  the  microscope,  the  fine  particles  show  that  the}' 
are  of  metamorphic  origin,  identical  with  the  coarser  sands  of  the 
Hawpatch,  but  without  sharp  points  of  crystallization,  indicating 
that  they  have  been  water  worn  and  rolled  as  the  other  glacial 
sands  have.  On  the  low  lands  and  bottoms,  where  mixed  with  the 
products  of  the  soil  and  mud  of  the  flood  plains  and  overflows  of 
the  rivers,  they  are  dark,  in  many  places  after  cultivation,  black;  in 
others,  where  much  washed,  of  a  hght  color. 

The  central  line  of  sand  ridges  of  the  county  commence  at  the 
northwest  corner  of  Clay  Township,  and  trend  thence  south  to  the 
north  bank  of  Clifty  Creek,  following  the  bluffs  of  the  south  and 
west  bank  as  a  mande  over  the  clay  to  the  bridge  on  the  Colum- 
bus and  Burnsville  pike,  southeast  to  the  Lutheran  Church,  thence 
in  a  general  course  south  between  Elizabethtown  and  Azalia,  cross- 
ing the  county  line  and  connecting  with  the  chain  of  sand  ridges 
and  hills  of  Jackson  County.  Through  Sand  Creek  Township  are 
found  parallel  ridges  ranging  north  and  south,  with  a  spur  to  the 


GEOLOGY.  287 

\vest  that  is  cut  by  tlie  Azalia  and  Mineral  Spring  road.  By  baro- 
metric measurement  this  spur  was  found  to  be  t\vent3-five  feet 
above  thsj  river  bottoms,  and  is  probably  forty  feet  above  high 
water  in  Wliite  River;  Elizal:>ethtown  by  railroad  level  is  .seven- 
teen feet  above  Columbus.  The  top  of  the  bluff  north  of  the 
Clifty  bridge  on  the  C.  &  II.  pike  is  b}^  the  barometer  seventy-five 
feet  above  the  bed  of  the  creek.  These  sands  modified  form  the 
surface  soil  of  Sand  Creek,  and  a  large  part  of  Wayne  Township. 
An  isolated,  and  apparently  an  anomalous  accumulation  of  yellow 
sand  unmodified  is  found  on  the  east  bluffs  of  Fall  Fork  Creek,  and 
on  both  faces  of  the  valley  locally  known  as  the  "no-head-hollow," 
a  sharp  gorge  running  north  and  south  from  the  banks  of  Middle 
Fork  to  Fall  Fork,  above  their  junction.  These  bluffs  are  esti- 
mated to  be  at  least  120  feet  above  the  bed  of  the  White  River 
Valley.  A  branch  of  the  "no-head-hollow,"  is  known  as  "fox 
hollow,"  here  with  little  labor  the  fox  and  ground  hog  dig  their 
habitations,  safe  places  of  retreat  in  the  loose  sand.  On  the  farm 
of  Dr.  Biddinger,  south  of  David  Anderson's  mill,  is  a  low  sand 
ridge  in  the  bottom,  showing  that  at  one  time  overflows  must  have 
been  much  higher  than  an}^  of  the  present  day.  In  the  bends  of 
Clifty  Creek  below  Fall  Fork,  especially  below  Newbern,  in  the 
vicinity  of  Bush's  mill,  are  points  and  broad  accumulations  of  mixed 
sand  and  soil.  On  the  w-est  side  of  the  great  White  River  Valley 
the  range  of  hills  between  Ta3dorsville  and  the  Valley  mills  are 
covered  on  the  west  with  yellow  sand;  in  the  vicinity  of  the  Lowell 
mills  the  same  range  of  hills  show  only  a  deposit  of  clay  and  clay 
gravel.  The  foot  hills  of  the  Knobstone  west  of  Walesboro,  and 
again  in  Wayne  Township,  are  sand3^ 

Buried  Timber. —  In  digging  wells  all  over  the  eastern  town- 
ships of  the  county  at  an  average  depth  of  twenty  feet  a  bed  of 
black  earth  is  pierced.  In  appearance  it  is  identical  with  a  pro- 
ductive surface  soil.  This  soil  bed  is  found  as  a  rule,  not  alwa3'S, 
and  rests  generally  on  the  underlying  limestone,  but  occasionall3'^, 
as  in  the  neighborhood  of  Hope,  is  reported  to  have  a  substratum 
of  sand  and  gravel.  In  thickness  it  ranges  from  one  to  six  feet, 
and  is  not  so  much  mixed  with  gravel  and  pebbles  as  the  overlying 
cla3^     Where  this  black  soil  is  penetrated,  quite  frequentl3'  pieces 


288  BARTIIOLOMKW    COUNTY. 

of  wood,  roots,  masses  of  deca3'ecl  leaves,  and  a  thick  muck  are 
found.  A  large  piece  of  timber  was  taken  from  a  well  on  the  farm 
of  John  E.  Galowa}',  just  east  of  Ilartsville;  from  tlie  well  of  Fran- 
cis Galbraith,  on  the  county  line  east  of  town;  from  the  well  of 
Prof.  Lewis  Moble}^;  from  the  well  of  Mr.  John  Chisler,  in  Ilarts- 
ville, and  from»a  number  of  other  wells  in  Clifty  and  Rock  Creek 
townships.  So  common  are  the  remains  of  an  ancient  forest  that 
an  inquiry  in  an}'  neighborhood  will  elicit  the  fact  of  leaves  and 
wood  being  found  buried  near  by.  A  root  is  reported  to  have 
been  taken 'from  the  Taylor  well,  in  Columbus,  fift}-  feet  down,  but 
such  things  are  not  common  in  the  central  valley  region.  No  fact 
connected  with  the  history  of  the  Drift  has  more  indelibly  fixed  it- 
self on  the  minds  of  the  masses,  and  no  fact  more  conclusiveh'  con- 
vinces the  average  mind  that  the  whole  country  on  the  east  line  of 
the  county  has  been  subjected  to  the  violent  action  of  water  or 
some  other  force,  at  a  time  long  past. 

It  is  a  well  known  geological  fact  that  at  the  foot  of  the  ice  sheet, 
all  over  the  northwest,  great  valley  and  river  beds  have  been  cut 
very  much  beyond  the  capacity  to  accommodate  the  streams  now 
flowing  through  them;  some  of  these  ancient  river  beds  have  been 
silted  by  accumulations  of  sand  and  gravel,  and  the  rivers  flow  at 
a  higher  level  than  they  once  did;  others  still  find  their  old  rocky 
bed.  To  the  latter  class  belong  Clifty  Creek  and  its  tributaries, 
Fall  Fork  and  Dutch  Creek.  The  Clifty  Creek  Valley  and  bed  is 
cut  through  from  twent}^  to  forty  feet  of  corniferous,  and  from  ten 
to  twent3'-five  feet  of  hard  crystalline  Niagara  limestone,  and  the 
same  is  true  of  Fall  Fork  Creek.  Perhaps  nothing  connected 
with  the  surface  geology  of  the  county  is  more  singular  than  the 
beds  of  these  creeks,  great  valleys  eroded  in  the  solid  stone,  through 
which  now  flow  insignificant  rivulets  that  are  dry  for  almost  half 
the  year.  The  Duck  Creek  Valley  has  a  capacity  to  carry  a  vol- 
ume of  water  as  great  as  that  flowing  down  White  River  at  flood 
tide.  It  is  evident  that  the  foot  of  the  cross  flow  or  cross  glacier, 
as  we  may  call  it,  must  have  rested  for  a  long  time  on  and  near  the 
banks  of  Clifty  Creek,  alternately  advancing  and  receding,  with 
the  heat  of  summer  and  cold  of  winter,  across  Haw  Creek,  Clay 
and  Clifty  townships,  while  at  the  foot  ran  mighty  rivers  of  ice 


GEOLOGV.  289 

■waler.  No  other  hypothesis  offers  an  explanation  of  the  vast 
amount  o^  local  erosion  and  denudation  that  has  here  taken  place. 
It  is  probable  that  the  ice  flow  down  the  glacial  valley  was  con- 
tinued long  after  the  cross  glacier  foot  ceased  to  exist,  as  an  ice  tongue 
of  the  decadent  period,  shorn  of  its  moraines,  but  still  laden  with 
metamorjihic  gravel  and  recent  limestone  pebbles.  It  was  the 
long  continued  action  of  the  direct  vallc}^  glacier  that  cut  awa}^ 
from  forty  to  fifty  feet  of  corniferous  limestone  down  to  black 
shale,  Avest  of  Clay  Township,  planing  and  polishing  the  broad, 
smooth  floor  of  the  valley,  now  covered  by  the  Hawpatch  and 
lower  White  River  bottoms. 

As  the  general  glacial  sheet  receded  to  the  north,  the  ferrugin- 
ous glacial  clay  and  remodified  upland  gravel  beds  were  left  on  the 
higher  lands.  The  decadence  of  the  valley  glacier  left  vast  quan- 
tities of  gravel  that  was  more  or  less  modified  and  stratified  by 
the  great  rivers  of  ice  water,  that  the  increased  heat  of  summer 
sent  down  from  the  melting  snow  and  ice. 

Of  the  various  theories  that  have  been  proposed  in  explanation 
of  the  occurrence  of  buried  soil  and  timber,  "  ancient  forest  beds," 
found  at  many  places  in  the  western  drift,  that  one  is  adopted  pro- 
visionally by  the  writer  which  seems  best  to  agree  with  the  facts. 
It  is  well  known  that  the  glacial  clay  of  this  vicinity  where  exposed 
to  the  sunlight  and  air,  will  soon  support  vegetable  fife.  The  ice 
sheet  receding  through  the  influence  of  a  warmer  climate,  the  ex- 
posed ridges  were  soon  clothed  with  a  soil  and  growth  of  vegeta- 
tion that  had  continued  to  exist  further  south  through  the  chmax  of 
the  cold  period.  Along  with  the  forest  growth  came  the  mam- 
moth, mastodon,  reindeer,  great  beaver  and  other  animals  now 
extinct.  After  the  geaeral  ice  sheet  had  disappeared  from  a  com- 
paratively narrow  strip  of  territory  on  the  southern  edge  of  the 
Drift  region,  through  changes  in  the  climate,  about  the  exact  na- 
ture of  which  it  is  not  necessary  here  to  speculate,  there  was  a 
recurrence  of  the  extreme  cold,  the  retreat  of  the  glacier  was 
arrested ;  over  the  exposed  drift,'  on  which  a  forest  was  growing, 
eame  an  extension  of  the  ice  flow  of  the  north,  the  glacial  clay  was 
rearranged,  the  so-called  ancient  soil  and  forest  buried  in  some 
places,  and  wholly  obliterated  in  others.     A  few  things  connected 


290  BAKTHOLOMKW    COUNTY. 

■with  the  liistory  of  the  forest  bed  seem  to  lend  color  to  the  above 
theory:  First,  the  buried  soil  and  timber  is  covered  with  glacial 
cla}'  and  gravel,  and  is  strictly  a  phenomenon  of  the  Drift  period, 
\ve  have  .no  reports  of  buried  timber  outside  of  the  Drift  area. 
Second,  the  forest  beds  of  Indiana  and  Ohio,  except  where  possibly 
buried  under  the  old  deltas  of  Lake  Erie,  are  found  only  over  a 
narrow  strip  of  country  confined  to  the  southern  limits  of  the  Drift. 
These  facts  militate  the  theory  of  a  general  submergence.  "By  a 
submergence  all  the  forest  territory  south  of  the  Drift  would  have 
been  buried.  A  local  central  lake,  devoid  of  currents,  could  not 
have  rearranged  the  glacial  chi}',  and  it  is  hard  to  comprehend  how 
a  local  lake  was  confined  to  few  counties  on  the  southern  border  of 
Ohio  and  Indiana,  no  barrier  has  been  pointed  out  sufficient  to  dam 
up  a  lake  whose  currents  and  eddies  could  have  swept  over  the 
lower  Silurian  hills.  An  inter-glacial  period  of  a  general  forest 
growth  certainly  would  have  left  scattered  remains  all  over  the 
Drift  region,  so  far  as  Ohio  and  Indiana  are  concerned,  with  the 
exceptions  mentioned,  no  such  remains  have  been  reported. 

That  the  great  body  of  water  flowing  from  the  foot  of  the  re- 
ceding recurrent  glacier,  further  modified  the  lowland  gravel  beds 
of  the  glacial  valley  and  washed  vast  quantities  of  it  further  down 
the  valley,  is  shown  by  the  so-called  Indian  gravel  mounds  on  the 
farm  of  Judge  Tunis  Quick,  and  Tipton  hill  in  Columbus,  gauges 
that  mark  what  was  once  the  depth  and  extent  of  the  deposit.  The 
Judge  Quick  mound  having  an  elevation  of  twent3'^-five  feet  above 
the  general  surface  of  the  surrounding  country,  presents  a  sharp 
bluff  to  the  north,  a  gently  sloping  talus  to  the  south  and  a  swale 
for  surface  drainage  on  the  east,  all  showing  that  the  eroding 
power  has  been  water,  and  that  the  currents  that  have  cut  away 
the  gravel  and  left  the  hill  standing,  came  from  the  north  down 
the  Glacial  Valley. 

When  the  glacier  had  retreated  to  the  water  divide,  six  hun- 
dred feet  above  Columbus,  of  Randolph  and  Henry  counties,  and 
covered  the  highlands  with  melting  ice,  the  collected  waters  found 
an  outlet  through  the  White  River  Valle3\  Down  the  valley  of 
the  east  fork  came  sweeping  currents  and  floods  carr^ang  quanti- 
ties of  yellow  sand,  that  was  left  on  the  plains  and  hills  where  the 


GJCOLOGY. 


291 


flood  current  was  broken  and  deflected  to  the  ricrht  or  left.  The 
bluffs  of  Clifty  Creek  on  the  Clay  Township  line  formed  the  base  of 
an  eddy  of  slack  waters  al/oir,  that  gave  origin  to  the  ridge  of  sand 
hills  that  extends  north  from  the  vicinity  of  the  Columbus  and 
Greensbur  T  pike  bridge.  The  retardation  of  the  current  of  the 
flood  caused  the  deposition  of  sand  on  the  bluff  sides  and  in  the 
valle}*)  of  Middle  Fork  Creek,  on  the  hills  east  and  north  of  the  ^^al- 
ley  mills,  in  German  Township,  and  on  the  bluffs  west  of  and  below 
Walesboro.  But  the  great  mass  of  sand  was  carried  beyond  the 
points  mentioned,  b}^  the  torrent  and  left  in  the  hills  and  ridges  of 
Sand  Creek  Township,  in  the  slack  water  formed  below  the  Clifty 
Creek  bluffs.  Like  influences  together  with  the  change  in  the 
course  of  the  valley  to  the  west  through  Jackson  Count}^  caused 
heavy  deposits  east  and  south  of  the  more  modern  bed  of  White 
River.  Doubtless  much  of  the  sand  found  over  Sand  Creek  and 
Wayne  Township  has  been  spread  since  the  close  of  the  Terrace 
epoch  by  the  rains  and  floods  of  more  recent  times. 
'  The  location  of  the  terrace  clay,  on  the  west  side  of  the  valley 
and  in  the  White  Creek  slashes,  gives  a  clue  to  their  origin,  and 
point  to  the  conclusion  that  they  are  the  products  of  the  impalpable 
sand  and  finer  materials,  deposited  from  the  sluggish  waters  of  the 
glacial  river,  while  the  coarser  materials  were  carried  further  to 
the  east,  where  the  main  current  flowed.  This  clay  has  been  added 
to  and  modified  by  materials  derived  from  the  adjacent  Knobstone 
hills.  It  is  not  necessary  to  invoke  the  existence  of  a  great  lake, 
the  protecting  influences  of  the  Wall  ridge  were  sufficient  to  favor 
the  formation  of  baj^ous,  great  pools,  and  slashes  beneath  which  the 
fine,  whiteish,  sticky  clay  was  deposited. 

The  Glacial  period  closed  with  the  Terrace  epoch.  That  the 
deposition  of  the  yellow  or  ferruginous  sand  was  the  last  record 
made  b}'-  the  floods  of  the  glacial  valley  that  reached  from  the  bluffs 
of  Fall  Foi'k  Creek  to  Knobstone  hills  of  the  west  is  shown  b}'  the 
sand  resting  on  and  above  the  glacial  clay.  In  depth  the  flood  must 
have  exceeded  150  feet,  and  that  the  flow  was  from  the  north 
to  the  south,  a  great  rushing  torrent,  is  shown  by  sand  ridges 
only  being  left  in  the  retarded  current  above  and  bclozu  the  bluffs 
of  Chfty  Creek.  Such  must  have  been  the  closing  scene  of  many 
2 


292  BARTHOLOMEW    COUNTY. 

winters  of  ice  and  snow,  the  opening  of  spring  that  lias  ever  since 
«been  followed  by  a  perennial  climate  of  summer  as  compared  with 
that  of  the  preceding  age*. 

Alhivium. —  The  alluvial  deposits  of  the  East  White  River  Val- 
ley are  made  up  of  the  varied  clays,  sand  and  gravel  which  are 
further  cominuted  b}-  the  action  of  the  water,  together  with  great 
stores  of  organic  matter  that  are  swept  down  by  the  rain  storms 
and  carried  by  the  floods  and  overflows  over  the  fat  acres  of  the 
first  river  bottoms;  thus  foreveV  adding  to  their  perennial  green- 
ness, at  the  expense  of  hills  and  valleys  east  and  west.  The  allu- 
vium of  the  creeks  of  the  east  part  of  the  county,  is  unimportant  as 
their  rocky  banks  are  seldom  or  never  overflowed;  that  of  the 
creeks  of  the  west  can  not  be  separated  from  the  mudd}^  terrace 
clay  banks  through  which  the}'  flow.  An  overflow  of  the  mud 
banks  of  these  creeks  is  but  the  addition  of  an  other  layer  of  sticky 
clay  and  impalpable  sand,  a  rearranging  of  the  old  materials  and 
the  addition  of  decaying  vegetable  matter.  The  calcareous  soil  of 
the  Hawpatch  is  of  local  origin,  from  the  decomposition  of  the  con- 
tained limestone  pebbles  and  metamorphic  gravel,  to  which  has 
been  added  ages  of  vegetable  growth,  carbonaceous  matter  that  has 
imparted  a  dark  color  to  the  whole  mass. 

Di^  and  Connected  Section. —  Starting  with  the  datum,  derived 
from  railroad  surveys,  that  the  bed  of  Clifty  Creek  at  Hartsville  is 
112  feet  above  the  mouth,  we  find  the  top  of  the  Niagara  group 
limestones  ninety-four  feet  below  the  same  horizon  at  St.  Paul, 
eleven  miles  north,  and  that  the  dip  to  the  south  is  near  eight  and 
one-half  feet  to  the  mile.  We  find  the  level  of  the  Niagara  Hme- 
stone  eight  miles  east,  at  Adams  Station,  to  be  156  feet  above  that 
of  Hartsville,  which  gives  the  dip  to  the  west  at  nineteen  feet  to 
the  mile.  From  these  measurements  we  estimate  the  general  dip 
to  be  to  the  southw^est  at  the  rate  of  fifteen  feet  to  the  mile. 

The  following  connected  section  of  the  rocks  of  the  county  is 
made  up  from  measurements  made  in  taking  the  local  sections,  and 

*  The  reader  in  studying  Dr.  Elrod's  valuable  and  interesting  report,  will  observe  that  in 
some  cases  his  observation  differs  from  conclusions  heretofore  given.  The  subject  of  the 
drift  will  require  much  study,  years  of  labor,  and  a  wide  area  for  observation.  The  opiX)S- 
ing  deductions  are  here  given  to  arouse  study  and  investigation. — CoLLETT. 


GEOLOGY.  293 

presents  at  one  view  the  various  strata  and  their  average  thickness. 
The  numbei-s  in  the  first  cohimn  are  referred  to  in  the  following 
pages  by  the  abbreviation,  C.  S.,  No. — ,  and  will  enable  the  reader 
by  reference,  to  see  just  what  age,  period,  epoch  and  stratum, 
where  not  more  fully  given,  is  under  consideration  in  the  local 
details. 

Carboniferous       Age. —  Sub-Carboniferous      Period. —  Knobstonc 
Group  or  Epoch. 

1.  Sandstone,  coarse  textured  with  bands  of  iron  ore  and 

shale  partings 95  ft. 

2.  Sandstone,  even  bedded,  light  colored  quarry  stone.  ...      40  ft. 

3.  Shale  and  sandstone  in  thin  beds 50  ft. 

4.  Shale  and  iron  ore 90  ft. 

5.  Blue  aluminous  shale  and  calcareous  goniatite  bed 85  ft. 

Devonian  Age. —  Hamilton  Period. —  Genesee  Epoch. 

6.  Black  slate 80  ft. 

Corniferous  Period. —  Corniferous  Group. 

7.  Blue  crystalline   quarry  stone.  North  Vernon  stone,  up- 

per corniferous 10  ft. 

8.  Light  blue  crystalline  limestone,  middle  corniferous.  ...      12  ft. 

9.  Gray  or  earth  colored  limestone,  soft  at  the  top,  locally 

hard  and  ochery  in  color,  lower  corniferous 40  ft. 

Silurian   Age. —  Upper    Silurian    Division. —  JViagara  Period. — ■ 
Niagara  Group  or  Epoch. 

10.  Calcareous  shale,  fossil  beds 6  ft. 

11.  Blue  quarry  stone,  locally  brownish  in  color  at  the  top.     30  ft. 

Total 538  ft. 

Local  Details. —  JViagara  Groiip. —  In  lithological  characters 
the  blue  quarrjf^  stones  of  the  Niagara  group  vary  from  massive  to 
thin  bedded  crystalline  magnesian  limestone  with  local  bands  of 
chert.  Wherever  it  is  exposed,  it  has  been  found  very  free  from 
shaly  or  claj'-partings  and  breaks  with  a  square  angular  fracture. 
In  physical  appearance  and  composition,  it  is  subject  to  change,  in 
some  localities  being  an  even  bedded  homogeneous  i^ock,  and  at 


294  BARTHOLOMEW    COUNTV. 

others,  only  a  few  hundred  feet  removed,  irregular,  and  the  mass 
made  up  of  chert  bands  and  nodules.  At  the  top  of  the  Niagara 
hlnestone  the  beds  change  in  most  places  by  imperceptible  degrees, 
and  at  others,  abruptly  into  a  hard  refractor}-  ocher3'-colored  pseudo- 
limestone  that  occurs  in  thin  or  massive  la3'ers,  generall}-  shelly, 
with  a  conchoidal  fracture.  In  color  or  structure,  it  seems  to  be 
persistent,  showing  in  all  the  out-crops,  in  appearance  it  is  veiy 
much  like  the  base  of  the  lower  member  of  the  corniferous  group 
overl3'ing  the  carcareous  shale,  nodules  of  calcite,  crystallized  car- 
bonate of  lime,  of  great  beauty  are  common  to  both.  The  calcar- 
eous shales,  No.  lo,  C.  S.,  is  not  always  found  in  place,  is  very 
variable  in  thickness,  and  composition.  Where  not  too  much  ex- 
posed to  the  air  the  color  is  blue,  where  mixed  with  the  surface 
soils  and  weathered,  is  a  yellowish  cla}'.  It  is  thin  bedded,  spht- 
ting  into  thiner  lamina;,  uniform  in  structure,  where  non-fossiliferous 
sometimes  a  sticky  plastic  cla}^  and  at  other  places  intercalated 
with  plates  of  fossihferous  limestone  and  nodules  and  cubes  of 
pyrites,  ferrum  sulphide.  The  surface  of  the  blue  limestone  is  not 
a  uniform  level;  at  the  foot  of  the  Farr  and  Stucker  holes  in  Clifty 
Creek,  the  top  of  the  outcrop  is  just  above  low  water  mark,  while 
at  the  bend  of  the  creek  between  the  two,  below  Hartsville,  a  ridge 
is  cut  through  twenty-five  feet  in  thickness.  There  is  no  evidence 
that  these  irregularities  are  synclinal  or  anticlinal  axes,  but  slight 
ridges  left  at  the  bottom  of  the  ocean  before  the  overlying  corni- 
ferous was  deposited,  hence  there  is  probably  a  slight  want  of 
conformability  between  the  two  groups  of  stone. 

The  Niagara  group  stones  were  formed  from  the  sediment  of 
an  interior  ocean,  whose  eastern  shore  line  was  formed  by  the 
hills  of  Franklin  and  Ripley  counties,  hills  that  were  then  and  have 
ever  since  reared  their  heads  above  the  tide  level.  The  nearest 
outcrop  of  the  lower  Silurian  is  seen  in  the  vicinity  of  Westport,  a 
few  miles  east  of  the  Bartholomew  Count}'-  line.  As  the  average 
thickness  of  the  strata  decrease  as  we  go  east,  thinning  out  to  a 
knife  blade  deposit,  we  have  evidence  that  the  waters  of  the  ocean 
were  shallow,  but  must  have  been  very  pure  and  quiet  to  favor  the 
formation  of  crystalline  rocks;  the  process  of  formation  must  have 
been  slow  and  long  continued  to  allow  the  growth  of  life,  the  frag- 


GEOLOGY.  295 

ments  of  whose  remains  are  here  found  cntomhed  in  the  Hving 
rocks.  *\s  the  Niagara  group  limestone  emerged  from  the  shallow 
seas,  a  change  in  the  purit\'  of  the  water  and  irregularit}-  of  the 
limestone  bed  caused  deposits  of  argillaceous  clay  sediment  to  take 
place  in  the  pockets  and  depressions,  hence  the  calcareous  shale  is 
variable  in  thickness  within  a  few  feet  and  occasionally  ewholly 
wanting,  where  the  conditions  were  not  favorable  to  the  accumula- 
tion of  a  muddy  sediment.  A  very  perfect  specimen  of  Eiicaly 
■ptocriniis  cmssus  found  in  the  calcareous  shale,  lying  horizontally 
with  the  root  and  stem  of  another  individual  growing  at  right 
angles  from  the  cal3'x,  a  Platyostonia  iiiagxiroisc  covered  over  with 
the  delicate  tracery  of  Palesc/tara,  and  on  this  the  roots  of  a  crinoid, 
together  with  the  great  number  of  fossils  taken  from  these  beds, 
show  that  the  accumulation  v/as  xQvy  slow  and  that  more  than  one 
generation  of  animal  life  passed  before  the  last  was  covered  b}'' 
sediment. 

All  the  members  of  the  Niagara  group  are  fossiliferous  and  the 
calcareous  shale,  highly  so.  The  cephalopod  shells,  Orthoccras 
crebesccns,  H.,  O.,  annulatum,  Sow.,  and  Gyroceras  clrodi.  White, 
by  their  size,  form  and  members  are  the  most  conspicuous,  and  are 
characteristic  of  the  Niagara  blue  limestone.  They  are  found  in 
greatest  abundance  near  the  top  of  the  group  in  the  thin  flagging 
stone.  Occasional  specimens  of  Atrypa  reticularis^  Linn.,  Stro- 
^hostylus  cyclostoinus,  H.,  Meristina  iiitida,  H.,  Eucalyftocrimis 
crassus^  H.,  and  a  few  very  small  Stcfhaiiocrinus  gcmiforniis^  H., 
are  found  in  the  upper  members,  but  not  in  abundance,  nor  are  the 
corals  or  trilobites  common;  Calyniene  niagaraisis,  H.,  has  been 
found.  No  attempt  will  here  be  made  to  give  a  list  of  the  fossils 
of  the  calcareous  shale,  suffice  it  to  sa}'^  that  all  the  above  named 
species  are  common,   except  the  cephalopods  and  stephanocrinus. 

The  Niagara  group  limestone  outcrops  in  the  bed  and  banks  of 
Clifty  Creek  from  the  southwest  corner  of  Section  2,  Township  9, 
North,  Range  7,  East,  to  the  Decatur  County  line  at  Possum  Glory, 
up  Fall  Fork  Creek  to  Anderson's  Falls,  up  Middle  Fork  to  Long's 
Falls,  in  Boner's  branch  to  the  cemetery  road  east  of  the  college,  up 
Hiner's  branch  to  the  bluffs  on  the  south,  and  up  the  valle^-s  and 
ravines  for  a  short  distance   on   either  side  of  Clifty  Creek.     No 


296  BARTHOLOMEW   COUNTY. 

Other  outcrops  are  to  be  seen  on  Duck  Creek  or  Haw  Creek,  and 
but  for  the  vallc}'  of  Clifty  Creek  all  the  members  of  the  Niagara 
group  would  be  buried  out  of  sight  by  the  superincumbent  cornif- 
erous  limestone. 

As  the  Oriskany  sandstone  period  has  been  referred  to  the 
upper  Silurian  rather  than  the  Devonian  age  by  most  modern  geol- 
ogists, perhaps  a  word  may  not  be  out  of  place  as  to  its  occurrence 
or  non-occurrence  in  Bartholomew  Count}'.  If  it  occurs  it  should 
be  found  between  what  has  been  recognized  universally  as  the 
Niagara  and  corniferous  groups  of  limestone.  On  lithological 
grounds  it  is  excluded  if  we  look  for  it  as  a  sandstone.  No  sand- 
stone occurs  on  Clifty  Creek  where  the  two  groups  are  in  contact, 
'the  one  above  the  other.  In  Southern  Illinois  the  Oriskan}"-  is 
described  as  a  "  silicious  limestone,"  in  Ohio  as  a  "  coarse  saccha- 
roidal  sandstone,"  neither  of  which  can  apply  to  any  of  our  rocks. 
The  presence  of  the  calcareous  shale  settles  the  age  of  the  lime- 
stone below  it.  The  stone  above  is  used  down  to  the  ver}'  base, 
at  the  Arbuckle  kiln,  near  Hartsville,  as  a  lime  rock,  good  speci- 
mens of  Conocardium  trigonale^  H.  Zafhrantis  gio^antea^  Raf.,  and 
other  well  known  corniferous  corals  have  been  found  in  the  stone 
resting  immediately  on  the  calcareous  shale.  It  is  true  the  lower 
member  of  the  corniferous  group  has  a  "  rough  and  hard  dirty 
look,  especially  after  weathering"  (Dana),  but  no  other  characters 
in  common  with  the  Oriskany. 

Section  at  Anderson'' s  Palls,  Fall  Fork    Creeh,   Clifty    Tozvnsliip. 

Soil 00  ft.  00  in. 

Gray  massive  stone,  lower  division  of  the  corniferous 

group  to  the  bed  of  creek  above  the  falls 3  ft.  00  in. 

Massive  gray  limestone  hard  in  appearance 5  ft.  00  in. 

Calcareous  shale,  Niagara  group,  in  their  lamince  fos- 

silifcrous 4  ft.  00  in. 

Even  bended  Niagara  group  limestone 2  ft.  00  in. 

(V 
Total 14  ft.    GO  in. 

A  few  yards  above  the   falls   the  corniferous   graj-  stone  that 
forms  the  bed  of  the  creek,  thickens  in  the  bank  to  six  and  eight 


GEOLOGY.  297 

feet,  and  on  the  outside  has  a  "hard  and  dirty  look"  where  covered 
with  minute  growth  of  Hchens;  here  the  characteristic  appearance 
of  the  lower  division  of  the  corniferous  ma}'^  be  seen  in  the  rough 
bed  of  the  stream  caused  by  the  weathered  and  rounded  tops  of 
the  square  and  irregular  blocks  reminding  one  of  a  pavement  of 
huge  cobble  stones.  The  Anderson  Falls  are  remarkable  as  being 
in  a  small  way  the  geological  equivalent  of  the  Niagara  Falls  shale 
and  limestone.  Here,  as  well  as  at  the  great  Falls  of  Niagara, 
may  be  seen  the  same  processes  in  action,  that  in  the  one  case  has 
carried  the  falls  back  from  Queenstown,  Canada,  seven  miles,  and 
in  the  other  two  or  three  hundred  feet  by  the  more  rapid  erosion 
of  the  soft  underlying  shale  and  breaking  down  of  the  harder  su- 
perincumbent rock,  great  blocks  of  which  lie  in  the  channel  below 
the  falls,  and  in  both  cases  the  streams  cut  across  or  against  the 
dip.  From  the  foot  of  the  falls  to  the  mouth  of  the  Middle  Fork, 
the  creek  runs  north  and  apparentl}'  toward  a  C3'lindrical  axis,  that 
is  due  to  an  irregularity  in  the  surface  of  the  top  members  of  the 
Niagara  group,  that  are  slightly  unconformable  with  the  strata 
above.  At  the  falls  the  creek  bed  is  over  thirty  feet  wide  with 
sharp  overhanging  mural  front  over  which  the  water  pours  at  flood 
height  with  a  great  roar,  falling  twelve  or  thirteen  feet  into  the 
pool  below,  presenting  a  pleasing  if  not  a  grand  spectacle.  All  the 
elements  are  present,  of  a  first  class  picturesque  resort,  especially 
in  summer,  when  the  surrounding  valleys  are  covered  with  ver- 
dure, but  one,  the  lack  of  water  to  bring  out  the  beauties  of  the 
falls,  just  at  the  time  people  feel  most  inclined  to  seek  such  places. 
During  ordinary  summers,  Fall  Fork  dwindles  to  a  lazy  rivulet, 
playing  hide  and  seek  with  the  rocks  of  its  stony  bed,  in  very  dry 
seasons  it  vanishes  into  thin  air.  But  while  the  dilettante  pleasure 
seeker  might  be  disappointed,  not  so  the  geological  specimen  hun- 
ter whose  work  would  be  favored  by  the  absence  of  water,  and 
the  shale  that  the  bed  of  the  creek  left  bare.  Good  specimens 
of  Eticalyptocrimis  crassus,  H.,  Glyf  taster  inornatiis^  H.,  Rhodocri- 
nus  melissa,  H.,  and  very  fine  crinoid  roots  are  not  rare,  and  an 
occasional  perfect  triro bite  has  been  found.  All  the  various  species 
of  brachiopods  common  to  the  calcareous  shale  are  abundant. 
Picnic  parties  will  find  one  of  the  finest  chalybeat  springs  in  the 


298  BARTHOLOMEW    COUNTY. 

State  below  the  falls  iti  the  bed  of  the  creek,  where  a  profusion  of 
the  coolest  water  bubbles  up  from  an  xinknown  depth. 

^  Section  at  Long's  Falh^  Middle  Fork  Creek,  Clifty  Toii'nship. 

Graj'ish  and  ocher  colored  shelly  slotic,  lower  division 

of  the  corniferous  group   4  ft.  00  in. 

Calcareous  shale  Niaj^ara  g'roup.  non-fossiliferous, 
weathering  further  down  the  creek  to  a  yellowish 
clay 2  ft.  00  in. 

Yellowish  shell}'^  stone  with  chert  bands  at  the  top  No. 

II,  C.  S I  ft.    6  in. 

Massive,  even  bedded  blue  quany  limestone,  in  ledges 
from  two  to  fifteen  inches  thick,  good  building  and 
flagging  stone 8  ft.  00  in. 

Total 15  ft.  00  in. 

These  falls  are  in  a  small  way  the  counterpart  of  the  Anderson 
Falls,  and  such  cascades,  rather  than  falls,  are  common  to  nearly 
all  the  valleys  and  ravines  where  the  calcareous  shale  forms  a  part 
of  the  outcrop  and  has  weathered  so  as  to  leave  unsupported  the 
overl3ang  corniferous  rock,  that  has  a  tendency  to  break  in  huge 
blocks  with  a  square  precipitous  front.  Examples  of  the  square 
fracture  may  be  seen  on  Boner's  branch  south  of  the  college  and 
on  Webber's  branch.  No  better  evidence  of  the  resistance,  to  the 
action  of  air  and  water  of  the  blue  limestone  can  be  seen  than  is 
here  presented,  the  running  water  more  or  less  mixed  with  gravel 
and  sand  has  scarcely  left  a  ripple  mark  on  the  surface,  level  as  a 
barn  floor  or  rounded  the  square  edge  of  the  exposed  strata. 

In  the  east  bank  of  Fall  Fork  Creek  at  David  Anderson's  mill 
the  upper  members  of  the  blue  Niagara  limestone,  are  replaced  by 
bands  and  nodules  of  white  chert,  that  breaks  into  smaller  frag- 
ments on  exposure,  in  appearance  not  unlike  an  imperfectly  slacked 
lime  rock. 

Devonian  Age. —  Corniferous  Group. — Tlte  corniferous  group 
limestones  form  the  surface  stone  and  underlie  the  Drift  of  nearly 
the  whole  of  the  eastern  upland  portion  of  the  county.     It  is  the 


GEOI.OGY. 


>99 


Stone  struck  in  digging  wells  in  Rock  Creek,  Clifty,  Cla}' and  Haw 
Creek  townships.  It  is  the  bed  rock  and  stone  exposed  in  the 
banks  ot  Beaver  Creek,  Little  Sand  Creek,  Duck  Creek,  Otter 
Creek,  Haw  Creek,  and  their  tributaries,  and  on  top  of  the  bluffs 
on  Middle  Fork,  Fall  Fork  and  Clift}'  creeks.  From  its  lithologi- 
cal  characters,  we  have  divided  it  into  three  subdivisions,  upper, 
middle  and  lower  corniferous.  In  relative  thickness  the}'  stand  in 
the  proportion  ten:  twelve:  forty,  but  the  outcrop  in  the  county  is 
not  in  the  same  ratio.  The  upper  division,  blue  limestone,  equiva- 
lent of  the  North  Vernon  quarry  stone,  was  seen  at  but  three  places; 
James  Manle3''s  Limekiln  or  Little  Sand  Creek,  and  at  the  Ever- 
rode  and  Yaley  quarries  in  Clay  Township.  In  thickness  it  is 
variable;  at  Manley's  kiln  it  does  not  exceed  three  feet,  and  at  the 
other  outcrops  scarcely  reaches  ten  feet.  The  middle  division  is 
only  found  in  force  on  Little  Sand  Creek;  other  exposures  of  thin 
plates  were  seen  on  the  bluffs  east  of  Robert  Ketner's  place  in  the 
road  from  Hartsville  to  David  Anderson's  mill,  and  at  John  E. 
Robbin's  farm.  The  lower  member  near  Hope  has  a  much, 
greater  surface  exposure  and  thickness  from  having  been  protected 
by  the  others  from  the  general  denudation  to  which  they  have  been 
subjected. 

In  lithological  characters  the  upper  corniferous.  North  Vernon 
stone,  is  a  hard, 'sometimes  refractoiy,  dark  blue  cr3-stalline,  mas- 
sive, even  bedded,  magnesian  limestone,  of  uniform  structure  that 
weathers  well.  The  middle  is  a  light  blue,  crystalline  massive  or 
thin  bedded,  shelly  magnesian  limestone,  of  variable  structure, 
banded  and  mixed  with  amorphous  chert-geodes  and  weathers  to 
thin  plates  and  shelly  fragments.  The  lower  corniferous  is  a  gray- 
ish, dark,  dirty  colored  rock,  never  truly  crystalline  to  the  unaided 
eye,  but  showing,  under  a  magnifier,  very  fine  sand  like  specks, 
massive  or  thin,  even  bedded  limestone  of  tolerably  uniform  struc- 
ture, except  where  mixed  with  or  replaced  by  chert  or  pockets  of 
calcite,  that  weathers  into  large  angular  blocks  and  rotten  stone. 
At  many  points  the  lower  division  might  be  termed  a  true  argilla- 
ceous limestone  and  is  everj'^where  mixed  with  a  considerable  per 
cent,  of  alumina,  and  the  manner  in  which  it  resists  the  action  of 
water,  and  atmospheric  influence  is  variable;  where  covered  by  a 


300  BARTHOLOMEW    COUNTY. 

thin  soil  or  kept  clamp  the  outside  crust  is  a  dirty  rotten  stone  in 
appearance  like  sand,  that  tested  with  mineral  acids  and  the  micro- 
scope is  found  to  be  free  from  silex,  at  other  places  where  exposed 
t(5  air  and  rains  alone,  the  face  of  the  bluffs  and  detached  block  are 
eroded  into  holes  and  crannies,  as  if  long  subjected  to  the  action  of 
waves  and  running  water.  That  such  has  been  the  case  seems 
probable  from  many  of  the  blocks  standing  alone  and  away  from 
the  adjoining  bed  rock.  On  the  west  side  of  Clifty  Creek  north 
of  John  Graham's  land  are  isolated  masses  with  perpendicular  fronts 
that  measure  from  nineteen  to  twenty-six  feet  in  height.  On  the 
outside  these  blocks  and  bluffs  present  to  the  eye  a  hard,  gra}^  or 
blueish  appearance  in  contrast  with  the  soft  and  lighter  colored  in- 
terior. On  the  north  side  of  Hiner's  branch,  a  hundred  3'ards  or 
more  above  the  mouth,  the  lower  division  limestone  is  replaced  b}^ 
a  coral  reef  in  which  the  fossils  are  not  only  silicified,  but  are  im- 
bedded in  a  silicious  matrix,  the  counterpart  of  what  is  mentioned 
by  Professor  Borden,  in  his  report  on  Jennings  Count}^,  as  a  buhr 
stone,  locally  called  "  millstone  grit,"  from  its  very  great  resem- 
blance to  genuine  French  buhr.  Whether  the  bed  reaches  down 
to  the  top  of  the  Niagara  group  stone  it  was  impossible  to  tell  as 
the  lower  part  was  covered,  but  that  such  is  the  case,  is  probable. 
The  cellular  buhr  stone  was  seen  at  a  number  of  places,  and  is 
doubtless  peculiar  to  the  lower  division  of  the  corniferous  group. 
At  the  base  of  the  corniferous,  overling  the  calcareous  shale  or 
Niagara  limestone,  frequentl}^  occurs  hard,  refractbr}^  ochery-col- 
ored  stone,  that  in  appearance  and  lithological  characters  is  identi- 
cal with  the  top  strata  of  the  Niagara,  both  are  equally  persistent, 
and  one  or  both  may  not  show  in  the  outcrop.  Careful  testing 
with  acid  and  examination  with  the  microscope  fails- to  detect  the 
presence  of  silex  in  either. 

All  of  the  corniferous  group  members  are  fossiliferous,  especiall}*^ 
the  silicious  cherty  poi'tion,  in  this  last  respect  differing  from  the 
chert  of  the  Niagara  that  seldom  contains  organic  remains.  Scat- 
tered all  through  the  upper  and  middle  divisions  of  the  cr^-^stalline 
stone,  fragments  and  occasional  perfect  specimens  are  found,  and 
abundantl}',  in  the  chert.  We  have  not  found  any  of  the  Brach- 
iopods  and   only  one   Conchifer  Couocardiiim  trigonalc,  H.,  that  is 


GEOLOGY.  301 

common  and  seems  to  be  peculiar  to  the  lower  corriiferous  divis- 
ion. At  many  places  a  part  of  the  corals  are  replaced*  by  calcite, 
but  as  a  rule  the  stony  frame  work  of  carbonate  of  lime  has  been 
replaced  by  silex,  hard  and  durable  as  the  everlasting  hills,  that,  re- 
sisting the  weathering  process,  are  found  mixed  in  the  glacial  clay 
and  gravel,  and  scattered  over  the  soil;  geological  records  and 
monuments  that  have  been  torn  from  their  settings,  all  that  remains 
of  the  once  massive  stone  that  has  yielded  to  the  ravages  of  time. 
From  the  short  time  given  to  the  study  it  is  not  yet  possible  to  say 
with  certainty  what  fossils  are  peculiar  to  each  of  the  divisions,  but 
enough  is  known  to  indicate  in  a  general  way  the  range  of  some  of 
the  more  common  species.  No  perfect  specimens  of  crinoids  could 
be  had,  but  fragments  of  the  base  are  not  uncommon,  and  huge 
stems,  some  of  them  ver}'^  singular  in  having  prolongations,  wings, 
growing  from  every  fourth  or  fifth  ossicle,  are  abundant  and  found 
only  in  the  upper  blue  limestone.  The  fragments  of  crinoids  are 
referred  to  the  genera  Mcgistocrhms,  Synbathocrinus  and  Rhodo- 
cj-inus;  DahnanUes  ohionensis.  Meek,  was  found  only  in  these  beds. 
The  various  species  of  Strop/iodonta  have  a  wider  range  through 
all  the  upper  and  middle  strata.  Probably  the  lower  division  is  best 
characterized  by  the  absence  of  all  higher  forms  of  life  than  the 
corals,  except  Cotwcardhim^  which  is  common  in  some  places. 

A  general  subsidence  of  the  ocean  level  took  place  at  the  close 
of  the  Silurian  age,  and  that  the  lower  coniferous  was  deposited 
from  shallow^  water,  more  or  less  contaminated  with  impurities, 
seems  evident  from  the  per  cent,  of  alumina  contained  in  it;  that  it 
was  a  sea  filled  with  coral  reefs  and  islands  is  shown  by  the  great 
beds  of  zoophites  found  in  masses  of  so-called  millstone  grit; 
corals  grow  and  form  limestone  only  when  they  are  in  reach  of  the 
waves  (Dana).  The  thin  laminag  of  stone  seen  on  Haw  Creek 
and  Duck  Creek  near  Hope  are  the  result  of  gentle  wave  action. 
These  conditions  were  somewhat  changed  near  the  close  of  the 
Corniferous  epoch,  there  must  have  been  a  sHght  subsidence  of  the 
interior  continent,  an  increase  in  depth  and  clearing  of  the  water 
favorable  to  the  growth  of  higher  forms  of  life,  and  the  formation 
of  pure  crj'Stalline  limestone. 

The  most   common    fossils   are   Spirifcra  acu)ui)!ata,  Conrad, 


302  BARTHOLOMEW    COUNTY. 

S.  mucronata,  Conrad,  Strophodouta  /iciiiisf>/icrica,  H.,  S.  dc/i//s.<(r, 
H.,  an  undetermined  species  of  J/i/rc//iso/i/a,  and  the  calyces  of 
Mcgistocrinns  and  Syiibaf/iocn'niis,  together  Avith  the  pygidium  of 
Proctus  ■planimarginatits.  Meek,  and  of  Dahuanitcs  o/iiociin\<,  M. 
The  abundance  of  large  and  peculiar  crinoid  stems  show  that  that 
form  of  animal  hfe  was  once  common. 

Hamilton  Period. —  Black  S/ialc,  Gciicscc  Efoch. —  The  stone  of 
this  epoch  is  locally  known  as  black  slate,  but  as  it  is  slate  onl^^  in 
appearance,  we  use  the  better  term  shale.  It  is  the  equivalent  of 
the  New  Alban}'^  and  Louisville  black  slate;  Delphi,  Ind.,  black 
slate;  Huron  shale  of  Ohio;  Devonian  black  shale  of  the  west; 
Genesee  shale  of  New  York,  and  the  authors  generally. 

The  eastern  boundary  of  the  outcrop  is  defined  by  the  expos- 
ures in  the  banks  of  Little  Sand  Creek,  one  mile  east  of  James 
Manley's  lime  kiln,  at  the  Yeal}'  and  Everroad  quarries  in  Clay 
Township,  at  the  Manley  lime  kiln,  and  at  the  old  saw  mill  near 
the  residence  of  Martha  Russell,  in  Rock  Creek  Township.  At 
the  latter  place  the  dip  has  gained  on  the  base  of  the  creek,  so  that 
the  shale  forms  the  bed  of  the  stream.  It  is  reported  to  have  been 
struck  in  digging  a  saw  mill  well  south  of  Elizabethtown,  and  in  a 
well  at  Petersville.  West  of  these  points  no  outcrop  is  seen  till  it 
is  exposed  b}-^  the  bed  of  White  River  at  the  Valley  mills  west  of 
Taylorsville,  and  down  the  river  to  the  Catfish  Falls  below  Lowell 
mills.  The  black  shale  was  found  and  penetrated  to  a  depth  of 
thirty-one  feet  in  digging  a  well  at  Krusee's  garden  in  West 
Columbus. 

The  shale,  where  protected  or  unaltered  by  contact  with  the 
underlying  rock,  is  a  jet  black  stone,  where  exposed  and  weath- 
ered changing  to  lighter  shades  and  splitting  into  thin  foliaceous 
scales  and  plates.  Imbedded  in  it,  at  the  outcrop  on  White  River 
are  frequent  nodules  and  masses  of  iron  pyrites,  ferrum  sulphide, 
that  rust  and  combine  with  the  oxj^gen  of  the  atmosphere.  When 
quarried  in  large  blocks  they  soon  break  and  slack,  the  line  of 
fracture  being  as  often  across  the  lamination  as  with  it.  It  is  said 
to  contain  ten  or  more  per  cent,  of  bituminous  matter  and  by  dis- 
tillation to  yield  from  ten  to  twent}'^  gallons  of  oil  to  the  ton.  Tak- 
ing the  per  cent,  of  organic  matter  at  ten,  the  beds  of  this  county 


GEOLOGY.  303 

contain  enouoh  bitumen  to  form  a  coal  seam  seven  feet  thick. 
Thrown  on  a  iire  it  burns  for  a  few  minutes  Hke  stone  coal,  but 
the  bulk  of  stone  never  grows  less,  the  oil}-  matters  is  burned  out, 
leaving  the  carth}'^  residue  undiminished  and  not  a  true  ash.  From 
this  many  persons  are  led  to  think  that  deeper  in  the  hill  or  by 
boring,  coal  might  be  found,  aside  from  geological  evidence;  fre- 
quent borings  show  that  this  is  not  the  case;  it  is  not  even  a  sign 
of  coal.  Attempts  have  been  made  to  utilize  it,  and  at  one  time 
great  hopes  were  had  of  its  being  useful  as  a  roofing  material, 
spread  on  felt,  but  expensive  trials  made  by  grinding  it  at  Lowell 
mills,  in  this  county,  and  at  New  Alban}',  proved  financially  disas- 
trous to  the  experimenters.  It  has  been  recommended  as  a  road 
material,  but  its  tendenc}^  to  slack  w^ill  preclude  its  use  for  this 
purpose.  If  of  any  practical  value,  other  than  as  a  part  of  the 
great  mass  of  rocks  necessar3'  to  the  formation  of  the  crust  t)f  the 
earth,  we  have  not  heard  of  it.  In  this  age  of  cheap  petroleum  its 
distillation  can  not  be  made  profitable. 

The  black  shale  at  points  south  of  this  count}-,  and  especially 
in  Ohio,  has  been  found  to  be  fossiliferous.  Nothing  of  the  kind 
has  been  found  by  us,  but  may  be,  as  large  masses  of  hard  rock, 
probably  limestone,  are  reported,  that  frequently  contain  remains 
of  fish. 

While  the  crystalline  limestone  strata  of  the  latter  part  of  the 
Comiferous  epoch  teach  us  that  they  were  formed  under  deeper 
and  purer  waters  than  had  prevailed  earlier,  the  great  thickness  of 
the  black  shale,  stratification  and  homogeneity  of  structure,  all  point 
to  its  formation  under  shallow  seas  of  impure  water,  conditions 
favorable  to  the  deposition  of  sediment  mixed  with  mud,  and  that 
these  conditions  w^ere  unchanged  for  a  long  period. 

The  question  as  to  the  origin  of  the  bituminous  matter  can  not 
be  satisfactorily  answered,  but  the  paucit}^  of  the  lower  forms  of 
vegetable  life  that  had  as  yet  come  into  existence  and  limited  ex- 
tent of  dry  land,  would  seem  to  show  that  it  was  derived  from  the 
organic  remains  so  common  in  the  preceding  epoch,  and  not 
wholly  w^anting  in  this. 

During  the  oil  excitement,  some  years  ago,  Mr.  C.  C.  Anderson 
sunk  a  well  at  the   Valley  mills  on  White  River,  and  Mr.  I.  N. 


304  BARTnOLO:\IEW    COUNTY. 

Smock,  who  lives  in  the  immediate  vicinit}'  of  the  bore,  has  kindly 
furnished  a  record  of  the  strata  passed  tlirough.  The  section  is 
given  in  Mr.  Smock's  own  language,  our  comments  in  parentheses: 

C,  C.  yindersoii  Borc^   Valley  Mills,  German    Toicnsliip. 

Earth  (first  river  bottom) ,    10  ft.  o  in. 

Slate  (black  shale,  Genesee  epoch) 40  ft.  o  in. 

Appearance  of  coal  (soot  bed) 2  ft.  o  in. 

Soft  stone  of  same  kind  (black  shale)  of  lighter  color  18  ft.  o  in. 

Stone  resembling  soapstone  (black  shale) 10  ft.  o  in. 

Hard  rock,  upper  division  of  corniferous  group 2  ft.  o  in. 

Total 82  ft.     o  in. 

Deducting  ten  feet  of  earth  and  two  feet  of  hard  rock,  we  have 
seven^  feet  as  the  thickness  of  the  black  shale,  which,  compared 
with  the  estimated  thickness  from  dip  and  bores  made  by  Dr. 
Arwine  and  others  in  Brown  County,  we  think  the  measurement 
rather  below  than  above  the  maximum.  The  presence  of  the  base 
of  the  Knobstone  series  resting  directly  on  the  shale  below  Cath- 
arine's Creek  show  that  the  deposit  in  this  vicinity  has  not  been 
much  reduced  by  erosion.  If  borings  are  ever  made  in  the  south- 
west part  of  the  county  it  will  doubtless  be  found  to  increase  in 
thickness,  as  most  of  our  formations  outcrop  in  greater  force  on 
the  south. 

We  decide  that  "the  stone  resmbling  soapstone,". is  black  shale 
mainly  from  stratigraphical  position.  No  other  than  the  black 
shale  has  been  reported  as  occurring  anywhere  in  the  State,  be- 
tween the  corniferous  limestone  and  Knobstone  group. 

The  persistence  of  the  "  appearance  of  coal,"  at  this  bore,  and 
at  both  bores  in  Brown  County,  the  "  soot  "  of  the  latter  and  the 
occurrence  of  soft  black  stone  that  could  not  be  "  picked  "  at  the  bot- 
tom of  Krusees'  well  in  West  Columbus,  at  a  depth  of  thirty-one  feet, 
point  to  the  conclusion  that  the  black  shale  may  be  divided  into 
two  divisions,  and  that  each  of  these  may  be  of  a  different  epoch, 
having  fossils  peculiar  to  each. 

Carboniferous  Age. —  Knobstone  Grouf  or  Efoch. —  Many  ob- 
stacles are  met  in  trying  to  get  a  connected  view  of  the  sandstones 


GEOLOGY.  305 

and  shales  of  this  group,  as  the  great  mass  of  the  rocks  are  covered 
b}'^  detritus  and  soil  on  the  hillsides,  and  the  clay  banks  of  the  creeks 
and  tributary  branches  never  expose  the  stone  so  far  as  we  saw, 
but  by  repeated  measurements  where  an  opportunitv  offered  and 
the  lithological  characters  of  the  strata,  enough  is  known  to  deter- 
mine the  general  averages  with  a  good  degree  of  accurac3^ 

At  Catfish  Falls,  between  Columbus  and  Lowell  mills  on  the 
White  River,  the  blueish  gra}'  calcareous  shale,  the  ecjuivalent  of 
the  Rockford  Goniatite  bed,  has  a  vertical  exposure  of  a  few  inches. 
The  outcrop  is  fossiliferous  and  shows  in  thin  even  bedded,  smooth 
homogeneous  stones  with  a  fracture  at  right  angles  to  the  bedding. 

The  blue  aluminous  shale,  the  equivalent  of  the  New  Providence 
shale  of  Prof.  Borden,  the  next  member  of  the  Knobstone  group  in 
ascending  order,  has  a  thickness  ranging  from  twenty-five  to 
eighty-five  f^t.  It  is  locall}^  known  as  a  soapstone,  and'  is  the 
underl3nng  stone  of  the  whole  of  Jackson  Township  and  the  low 
hills  of  Wayne,  Ohio,  Harrison,  Union  and  Nineveh,  between  the 
Wall  ridge  and  the  White  River  bottoms. 

In  structure,  the  blue  shale  is  tolerable  uniform,  with  a  tendency 
to  become  ferruginous,  near  the  base.  In  places  it  resists  the 
action  of  the  atmosphere  and  water  better  than  the  higher  drab 
colored  shales.  Where  weathered  it  forms  a  blue  pk'^stic  cla}',  and 
cold  subsoil. 

.  .       .  Section  at  JSfoblc  HiJI,  Jackson  Tozunshij). 

Soil  and  covered  space 40  ft.  o  in. 

Blue  shale,  Knobstone  group,  No.  5,  C.  S 5  ft.  o  in. 

Blue  shale  and  iron  ore  nodules 5  ft.  o  in. 

Blue  shale  to  foot  of  the  hill.  No.  5,  C.  S 10  ft.  o  in. 

Total 60  ft.    o  in . 

.  This  hill  is  said  to  be  the  highest  above  the  average  level  of  any 
in  the  township.  The  iron  ore  nodules  of  this  section  were  in  good 
shaped  masses  that  readily  shelled  and  broke  under  the  hammer, 
but  in  amount  were  insufficient  to  be  of  any  practical  value. 

The  other  shales  and  the  sandstones  of  Knobstone  group  are 
very  variable  in  both  vertical  and  transverse  section,  ranging  from 


306  BARTIIOLOMKW    COUXTV. 

a  blue  to  a  drab,  from  argillaceous  to  yilicious,  from  friable,  coarse 
sandstone,  banded  with  iron  ore  to  smoulh  homoireneous  even  bed- 
ded  quarry  stone.  It  is  evident  the}'  were  formed  on  the  eastern 
shore  and  bed  of  an  ocean  generally  quiet,  whose  currents  came 
from  the  north  or  northeast  burdened  w  ith  sand  and  muddy  sedi- 
ment, derived  from  the  wasting  disintegration  of  some  other  land 
than  the  non-silicious  limestones  of  the  Devonian  and  Silurian  ages 
of  Indiana.  The  changing,  fitful  currents  of  this  epoch  that  left 
sand  at  one  time  and  mud  at  another,  and,  again,  both  mixed  to- 
gether, were  not  favorable  to  the  preservation  of  fossil  remains, 
•even  if  marine  life  existed  to  an}'  extent  under  such  conditions. 

Section  at  Taylor  Hill,  Harrison  Township. 

Soil.  . ^.  ...  o  ft. 

Sandstone,  coarse  textured  with  shaley  partings  ana  cov- 
ered spaces.  No.  i,  C.  S 75  ft. 

Sandstone,  light  colored,  even  bedded  quarry  stone.  No.   2, 

C.  S , 40  ft. 

Shale,  in  thin  beds  and  covered  space,  No.  3,  C.  S 50  ft. 

Iron  ore,  shale  and  sandstone.  No.  4,  C.  S 90  ft. 

Blue  shale,  No.  5,  C.  S 85  ft. 

To  level  of  Columbus  Court  House ...'...  20  ft. 

Total 360  ft. 

The  outcrop  of  the  quarry  stone  at  Taylor  hill  has  not  been 
worked  sufficiently  to  develop  the  true  character  of  the  rock,  but 
enough  has  been  taken  out  to  show  that  it  is  a  beautiful  even  free- 
stone, with  a  square  sharp  angled  fracture,  and  will  split  well. 
Whether  this  range  of  stone  is  the  exact  geological  equivalent  of 
the  celebrated  Berea  grit  and  flagging  of  Ohio  or  not,  it  is  found  in 
the  same  geological  group,  and  both  were  formed  under  similar  if  not 
identical  conditions,  and  it  should  be  f ullv  developed.  If  once  put  on 
sale  in  quantities  the  demand  for^it  would  soon  grow;  it  is  a  superior 
stone  for  many  architectural  purposes.  Unlike  many  sandstones  it 
does  not  retain  dampness  and  become  moss-grown.  The  exact 
equivalent  of  this  bed  has  been  extensively  used  in  Brown  County, 


I 


GEOLOGY.  309 

and  has  been  found  a  durable  stone  that  witlistands  heat  and  cold. 
Monuments  and  tombstones  cut  from  it  fort}-  years  ago  show  sharp 
corners  and  chisel  marks  untarnished  by  the  ravages  of  time.  It  is 
not  the  province  of  a  geological  survey  to  open  coal  mines  or  de- 
velop stone  quarries,  but  to  point  out  where  capital  ma}'  be  invested 
with  the  prospect  of  a  fair  return  for  time  and  money  expended ; 
a  reasonable  experiment  in  opening  the  quarry  sandstone  of  the 
Wall  ridge  and  putting  the  stone  in  shape  for  use  would  certainly 
prove  a  financial  success.  For  water  tables,  window  sill  and  caps, 
the  rapid  growth  of  Columbus  and  demands  of  the  surrounding 
country  would  furnish  a  good  local  market.  It  is  a  persistent  bed, 
outcropping  on  all  sides  of  the  Wall  ridge.  Great  blocks  were  seen 
on  the  south  and  north  in  crossing  the  ridge  from  John  Ault's  place 
to  Bethan}'.  The  Dowell  hill  quarries  are  in  the  same  range  and 
show  the  same  stone.  Mr.  M.  Powell,  near  the  Brown  Count}^  line, 
has  eighty  acres  of  quarry  that  can  be  worked  at  almost  any  point. 
To  multiply  outcrops  would  be  to  give  a  list  of  the  land  owners  of 
nearly  the  whole  west  half  of  Harrison  Township. 

Section  at  Henry  Grass'  ^larry^  Harrison  Township. 

Soil  free  from  gravel i  ft.  o  in. 

Shale    and  sandstone  in  thin  beds  and  wedge-shaped 

masses,  Knobstone  group.  No.  i,  C.  S ^  it-  o  in. 

Sandstone  banded  with  iron  ore.  No.  i,  C.  S.,  irregu- 
larly bedded i  ft.  i  in. 

Sandstone,  even  bedded,  No.  2,  C.  S i  ft.  7  in. 

Massive  sandstone  in  an  even,  continuous  bed,  without 
any  indications  of  horizontal  seams  or  partings.  No.  2, 

C.  S 2  ft.  9  in. 

Thin  drab  shales.  No.  3,  C.  S 50  ft.  o  in. 

Shale  and  iron  ore.  No.  4,  C.  S 87  ft.  o  in. 

Blue  aluminous  shale,  No.  5,  C.  S 47  ft.  o  in. 

Total 185  ft.    5  in. 

This  section  embraces  forty-two  feet  of  blue  shale  and  reaches 
to  a  level  with  Mr.  Grass'   residence ;  to   the   bed  of  Wolf  Creek 
3 


3IO  BARTHOLOMEW    COUNTY. 

would  add  thirty-five  feet  more.  Tlie  two  feet  nine  inches  stratum 
is  a  rather  coarse  grained  dark  sodden  looking  stone  that  is  worked 
Plainly  for  foundations,  and  is  remarkable  for  uniformity  of  struc- 
ture and  evenness  of  bedding  for  the  whole  length  of  tlie  quarr}'. 

HartsviUc  Fossils. — -  As  no  attempt  Avas  made  in  the  body  of 
this  report  to  give  a  list,  even  of  tlie  more  common  fossils  of  the 
calcareous  shale,  the  following  is  liere  inserted  and  embraces  all 
the  species  exxept  Br3'Ozoa,  that  have  been  identified.  An  exami- 
nation will  show  that  it  compares  very  favorably  with  the  cele- 
brated and  well  known  Waldron  localit}^ 

Protozoa. —  Receptaculites  subturbinatus,  H.,  rare;  Astylos- 
pongia  pramorsa,  Goldf.,  not  rare. 

Corals  and  Bryozoa. —  Streptelasma  radicans,  H.,  rare;  Strep- 
telasma  borealis,  H.,  not  rare;  Favosites  spinigerus,  IL,  not  rare; 
Favosites  forbesi  var.  occidentalis,  II. ,  common;  Lichenalia  con- 
centrica,  H.,  common. 

(^rinoidca. —  Saccocrinus  christyi,  H.,  not  rare ;  Macrostylocri- 
nus  striatus,  H.,  rare;  Macrostylocrinus  fasciatus,  H.,  rare;  Glyp- 
tocrinus  carleyi,  H.,  rare;  Glyptaster  occidentalis,  H.,  rare;  Glyp- 
taster  inornatus,  H.,  not  rare;  Codaster  pulchellus,  M.  and  D., 
rare;  Cyathocrinus  polyxo,  H.,  rare;  C3'athocrinus  nucleus,  H., 
rare;  Lecanocrinus  pusillus,  H.,  rare;  Melocrinus  (ined),  not  rare; 
Rhodocrinus  melissa,  H.,  common;  Eucal3'ptocrinus  crassus,  H., 
common;*  Eucal^^ptocrinus  cajlatus,  H.,  common;  Eucalyptocrinus 
ovatus,  Troost,  rare;  Stephanocrinus  gemmiformis,  H.,  very  rare. 

Brachiofoda.  —  Crania  siluriana,  H.,  rare;  Crania  setifera,  H., 
rare;  Orthis  hybrida,  Sowerby,  not  rare;  Orthis  elegantula, 
Dalman,  not  rare;  Streptorhynchus  subplana,  Conrad,  not  rare; 
Strophomena  rhomboidalis,  Wahlenberg,  not  rare;  Strophonella 
semifasciata,  H.,  very  rare;  Spirifera  eudora,  H.,  rare;  Spirifera 
crispa,  Hisinger,  common;  Spirifera  crispa  var.  simplex,  H.,  rare; 
Spirifera  radiata,  Sowerby,  common;  Spirifera  waldronensis,  M.  and 
D.,  rare;  Meristina  maria,  H.,  common;  Meristina  nitida,  H.,  very 
common;  Nucleospira  pisiformis,  H.,  rare;  Retzia  evax  H.,  very 
common;  Atrypa  reticularis,  Linn,  very  common;  Rhynchonella 
neglecta,  H.,  not  rare;  Rhynchonella  acinus,  H.,  not  rare;  Rh3'^n- 
chonella  indianensis,   H.,  common;  Rh^-nchonella  whitii,  IL,  very 


GEOLOGY.  311 

common;  Rhynchonella  stricklandi,  Sowerby,  not  rare;  Rhyn- 
chonella  cuneata,  H.,  common;  Anastrophia  internascens,  II.,  com- 
mon; Eichwaldia  reticulata,  H.,  not  rare. 

LamcUihraucTiiata, —  Pterinea  brisa,  H.,  very  rare.  Modiolop- 
sis  subalata,  II. 

Gasteropoda. — Platyostoma  niagarense,  H.,  common;  Platyos- 
toma  plebium,  H.,  not  common;  Strophostylus  C3xlostomus,  H., 
common;  Strophostylus  cyclostomusvar.  disjunctus,  H.,not  common. 

Cephalopoda. —  Orthoceras  simulator,  H.,  very  rare;  Trocho- 
ceras  waldronense,  H.,  very  rare. 

Annelida. —  Cornulites  proprius,  H.,  not  rare. 

Crustacea. —  Calymene  niagarensis,  H.,  not  rare;  Homalonotus 
delphinocephalus,  Green.,  rare;  Cyphaspis  christyi,  H.,  rare;  IIIje- 
nus  armatus,  H.,  rare;  Dalmanites  vigilans,  H.,  not  rare;  Dalman- 
ites  verrucosus  H.,  not  rare;  Lichas  boltoni,  var.  occidentalis,  H., 
rare. 

All  the  above  species  were  found  on  Clifty  Creek  and  tributar- 
ies, near  Hartsville.  Probably  the  best  places  for  collecting  are 
the  Tarr  hole  and  Anderson's  Falls.  The  north  bank  and  bluffs  of 
Little  Sand  Creek,  above  Manly's  limekiln,  is  the  best  place  for 
getting  corniferous  group  fossils;  the  corals  are  frequently  very 
fine.  The  corals  from  the  lower  beds  are  found  scattered  over  the 
fields  and  woods,  mixed  with  the  surface  soil. 

Among  the  corals  found  may  be  mentioned  Favosites  favosus, 
Gold.,  F.  hemisphericus,  Y.  &  S.  F.  emmonsi,  Rom.,  F.,  niagaren- 
sis, H.,  Michelinia  trochiscus,  Rom.,  Pleurodictyum  problematicum, 
Cyathophyllum  cornicula,  Rom.,  C,  geniculatum,  Rom.,  C.  rugos- 
um,  E.  H.,  C.  davidsoni,  M.  E.,  C.  radicula,  Rom.,  Blothrophjdlum 
decorticatum,  Billings,  Phillipsastrea  verneuili,  M.  E.,  Zaphrentis 
gigantea,  Raff.  Z.  compressa,  Rom.,  Amplexus  yandelli,  M.  E.,  Cy- 
stiph3'llum  americanum,  M.  E.  One  single  specimen  of  Nucleocn- 
nus  angularis,  L5'^on,  was  found  at  the  same  locality,  and  a  few 
species  of  brachiopods. 

Antiquities. — That  the  East  White  River  valley  was  once  in- 
habited by  a  race  of  people  superior  to  the  Delaware  Indians,  the 
last  tribe  to  disappear  before  the  "star  of  empire,"  is  shown  by  the 
number  of  stone  implements,  axes,  hatchets  and  fragments  of  pot- 


312  BARTHOLOMEW    COUNTY. 

tery,  found  scattered  over  the  soil.  Some  of  tliese  relics  are  very 
fine,  especially  a  highly  finished  dark  stone  pipe  in  the  shape  of  a 
third's  head  and  bill,  owned  by  Mrs.  Dr.  George  Remy,  found  near 
Newbern,  and  an  oblong  double,  greenstone  hatchet  and  llesher, 
found  and  owned  by  Mr.  VanBlaricuni,  near  Burnsville.  A  num- 
ber of  elevations  are  pointed  out  as  the  work  of  the  mound-build- 
ers, but  we  failed,  wherever  they  were  examined,  to  lind  any  of  the 
so-called  Indian  mounds  of  any  other  than  natural  origin.  The 
mound  on  the  Hacker  farm,  just  above  the  Manley  limekiln,  is 
clearly  proven  to  be  a  part  of  the  high  bank  north  of  Little  Sand 
Creek,  b}^  an  excavation  made  in  the  side,  that  exposes  the  rock  of 
the  mound  and  shows  it  to  be  continuous  with  the  strata  of  the  ad- 
joining bluff.  The  Indians'  burial  place  on  the  farm  of  Mr,  James  C. 
Remy,  near  Burnsville,  is  a  natural  ridge  of  upland  gravel.  That 
the  Judge  *Tums  Quick  Mound,  in  Flat  Rock  Township,  is  not  arti- 
ficial, has  been  indicated  in  the  discussion  of  the  Drift  period.  In 
structure  it  is  identical  with  the  Hawpatch  gravel,  and  shows  no 
evidence  whatever  of  being  the  work  of  man.  It  is  not  a  mound 
but  an  irregular  hill  that  slopes  to  the  south.  We  did  not  have  an 
opportunity  to  examine  the  Tipton  hill  in  Columbus,  but  from  what 
we  could  learn  the  same  is  true  of  it.  Artificial  mounds  ought  to 
show  peculiarities  in  stratification  different  from  that  of  the  sur- 
rounding plain.  The  finding  of  bones  only  proves  that  advantage 
was  taken  of  the  higher  points  to  locate  a  cemetery.  Bones  have 
been  taken  from  the  bluff  between  the  junction  of  Clift}^  and  Fall 
Fork  creeks,  from  the  Remy  gravel  bed,  and  the  so-called  Hacker 
mound,  but  nothing  else,  so  far  as  we  could  ascertain.  If,  in  open- 
ing these  mounds,  beds  of  ashes,  buried  soil,  broken  bones  of  ani- 
mals, water  jugs,  pottery,  pipes,  beads  or  ornaments  were  found, 
the  proof  would  be  conclusive  that  they  were  the  work  of  the  ex- 
tinct race  race  of  mound  builders,  but  as  onl}'  bones  have  been  found 
they  are  probably  the  "last  resting  places"  of  the  modern  Red 
man.  In  expressing  the  above  opinion,  we  know  we  run  counter 
to  the  traditions  of  the  mass  of  the  people,  and  if  our  adverse  opin- 
ion shall  be  the  means  of  inducing  some  one  to  hunt  up  proof  that 
our  so-called  mounds  are  artificial,  or  the  burial  place  of  the  mound 
builders,  we  shall  be  pleased  and  have  done  a  good  work. 


COUNTY    ORGAMZATIOX.  313 


•  CHAPTER  11. 

County  Organization  —  Legislative  Enactment  —  First 
Board  and  Its  Doin(;s  —  Locating  the  County  Seat — • 
Sale  of  Lots — -Changes  in  the  Board  —  Finances — 
County  Poor — Public  Buildings,  Court  Houses  and 
Jails — Avenues  of  Travel — Ferries  and  Bridges — 
Public  Officers  —  Elections — ^Organization  of  Town- 
ships —  Agricultural  Societies  —  Medical  Society. 

'NE  of  the  purest  and  most  patriotic  of  Indiana  pio- 
neers was  General  Joseph  Bartholomew,  for  many 
years  a  distinguished  citizen  of  Clarke  County.  He  was 
the  descendant  of  a  Puritan  family  that  emigrated  from 
London  to  the  Massachusetts  colony  in  1634-5,  and  whose 
members  figured  prominentl}^  in  the  General  Court  of  the 
colony.  But  the  luster  of  his  name  was  not  borrowed 
from  the  achievements  of  his  antecedents.  By  the  strength  of  his 
heroic  character  he  placed  it  on  the  lips  of  men.  He  was  self- 
taught,  modest,  brave,  and  honest.  Solely  by  his  merits  as  a  man 
and  a  soldier  he  obtained  distinction.  In  the  frontier  Indian  trou- 
bles he  was  ever  foremost  in  times  of  danger.  Rising  to  the  rank  of 
Lieutenant  Colonel,  he  commanded  a  battalion  of  infantry  at  the  battle 
of  Tippecanoe,  where  he  was  severely  wounded.  Death  closed  his 
eventful  and  honorable  career  in  1840.  He  was  a  State  Senator 
from  1821  to  1824.  When  in  Januar}^,  1821,  a  new  county  was 
formed  out  of  Delaware,  Samuel  Merrill  suggested  that  it  be  named 
in  honor  of  General  Bartholomew,  and  the  motion  to  that  effect 
was  made  by  General  John  Tipton,  whose  influence  on  the  new 
organic  body  was  subsequently  far  more  potent  than  that  of  the 
man  whose  name  it  bore.  A  likeness  of  General  Bartholomew,  re- 
flecting his  sturdy  manliness,  was  recently'  obtained  for  the  county 
through  the  efforts  of  Mr.  George  Pence  and  other  prominent  citi- 
zens, and  now  hangs  in  the  east  court  room. 


314  BARTHOLOMEW    COUNTY. 

Tlie  act  of  the  General  Assembly  creating  the  count}'  was  passed 
January  9,  1821.  Several  changes  in  the  extent  of  the  count\-\vere 
^bsequently  made  by  the  formation  of  new  counties  and  in  that 
natural  shifting  of  Iwundary  lines  incident  to  new  States.  The  or- 
ganization of  Brown  Count}-,  Februar}'  4,  1S36,  took  a  large  strip 
of  territor}-^  from  the  west  side  of  Bartholomew  Count}-.  Orig- 
inally the  county  was  bounded  on  the  north  by  Morgan,  Johnson, 
and  Shelby,  on  the  east  by  Shelby,  Decatur,  and  Jennings,  on  the 
south  by  Jennings  and  Jackson,  and  on  the  west  by  Monroe.  At 
present  it  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  Johnson  and  Shelby,  on  the 
east  by  Decatur  and  Jennings,  on  the  south  by  Jennings  and  Jack- 
son, and  on  the  west  by  Jackson  and  Brown. 

Organization  and  Early  Official  Acts. —  On  Thursday  the  15th 
day  of  February,  1821,  WiUiam  Ruddick,  Jesse  Ruddick,  and  Solo- 
mon Stout  met  at  the  house  of  Luke  Bonesteel  and  each  produc- 
ing a  certificate  of  election  as  County  Commissioner  from  under  the 
hands  of  the  Count}-  Sheriff,  with  a  certificate  of  quahfication  en- 
dorsed thereon,  organized  the  first  Board  of  Commissioners  for 
Bartholomew  County,  The  appointment  of  Edward  Ballenger  as 
Clerk  of  the  Board  "  until  the  Clerk  of  the  Circuit  Court  shall  be  com- 
missioned and  qualified  "  was  the  first  business  transacted  after  organ- 
ization. The  adoption  of  a  seal  followed,  and  then  the  report  of 
the  Commissioners  appointed  by  the  Legislature  to  select  and  es- 
tablish a  permanent  seat  of  justice  for  the  county  was  received. 
These  Commissioners  were:  William  P.  Thomason,  Eb.  E.  Morgan, 
John  E.  Clark  and  James  Hamilton.  They  selected  the  present 
site  of  the  city  of  Columbus  and  contracted  with  John  Tipton  for 
thirty  acres  of  land  in  Section  24,  Township  9,  of  Range  5  east,  for 
$1,000,  and  with  Luke  Bonesteel  for  thirty  acres  in  Section  25, 
Township  9,  of  Range  5  east,  for  $2,000.  The  town  was  to  be 
called  Tiptona.  The  following  allowances  were  made  to  the  Com- 
missioners for  services  rendered:  To  W.  P.  Thomason,  $30;  Eb. 
E.  Morgan,  $30;  John  E.  Clark,  $24;  James  Hamilton,  $18. 

The  Board  then  di\-ided  the  county  into  three  voting  districts, 
to  be  designated  as  Northern,  Middle,  and  Southern.  The  North- 
ern District  comprised  all  that  part  of  the  county  lying  north  of 
the   line  dividing  congressional  townships  9  and  10;  the  Southern, 


COUNTY    ORGANIZATION.  315 

all  that  lyin<^  south  of  the  line  dividing  congressional  townships  8 
and  9;  and  the  Middle,  all  that  lying  within  the  two  lines  named. 
An  election  in  each  of  the  several  districts  named  was  ordered  for 
the  purpose  of  electing  Justices  of  the  Peace:  in  the  Northern 
District,  at  the  house  of  John  Pence,  with  Samuel  Chappell  as 
Inspector;  in  the  Southern  District,  at  that  of  William  Stowers,  with 
James  Vanzant  as  Inspector;  and  in  the  Middle  District,  at  that  of 
Luke  Bonesteel,  with  James  McCowan  as  Inspector.  The  County 
Agent  was  directed  to  emjiioy  John  Vawter  to  lay  off  the  count}^ 
town,  and  Elijah  Sloan  was  appointed  Superintendent  of  the  school 
section  in  Township  9,  north  of  Range  6  east.  The  Board  then 
adjourned  until  Februar^^  26,  when  it  again  assembled  with  all  the 
members  present.  Most  of  that  day  was  consumed  in  the  appoint- 
ment of  officers.  John  Lindsey  was  appointed  County  Agent, 
Luke  Bonesteel,  County  Treasurer,  and  Joseph  Pownal,  hster  of  tax- 
able propert)'  in  the  county.  The  Sheriff  was  directed  to  summon 
nineteen  Grand  Jurors  and  twent3'-four  Traverse  Jurors  to  appear 
at  the  house  of  Luke  Bonesteel  on  March  12  next  thereafter,  and 
.the  Board  adjourned.  Edward  Ballenger,  who  was  appointed  to 
act  as  Clerk  of  the  Board  of  Commissioners  temporarily  at  the 
first  meeting  as  above  noted,  was  subsequently  elected  Clerk  of  the 
Circuit  Court  and  thus  became  ex-officio  Clerk  of  the  Board  of 
Commissioners,  but  died  soon  thereafter  and  was  succeeded  by 
Joseph  McKinney.  Though  a  seal  was  formally  adopted  February 
15,  182 1,  as  indicated,  a  description  of  it  is  not  given,  and  it  was 
not  in  fact  obtained  till  late  in  1822.  In  November  of  that  year, 
James  Goodwin,  then  a  Commissioner,  was  allowed  $3  for  a 
seal  and  $4.75  for  traveling  expenses  in  obtaining  the  same. 

The  conveyance  of  the  land  contracted  for  as  a  site  for  the  seat 
of  government  as  recited  above,  was  not  made  by  Mr.  Bonesteel 
until  August  9,  1 82 1,  at  which  time  he  and  his  wnfe  Julia  for  the 
sum  of  $2,000  "good  and  lawful  money,"  conveyed  to  John 
Farquar,  County  Agent,  the  thirty  acres  named.  The  pay- 
ment for  this  land  was  made  in  town  lots  which  this  agent  con- 
veyed to  Bonesteel,  naming  the  same  amount,  $2,000,  as  the 
consideration.     The   deed  for  the  additional  thirty  acres  was  not 


3l6  BARTHOLOMEW    COUXTV, 

executer]  by  Gen.  John  Tipton,  of  Harrison  County,  until   April  19,. 
1822,  when  no  consideration  was  named,  the  land  being-  donated. 

On  the  day  next  following  the  adjournment  last  named,  that  is, 
on  Februar}'  27,  182 1,  the  Board  of  Commissioners  re-convened 
and  proceeded  to  appoint  constables  for  the  several  ^■oting  districts, 
and  Superintendents  of  certain  school  sections.  Elections  were 
again  ordered  in  tlie  Northern  and  Middle  Districts  for  the  purpose 
of  electing  additional  Justices  of  the  Peace,  to  be  held  on  the  fol- 
lowing loth  day  of  INIarch,  the  houses  of  Joseph  Robertson  on 
Clift}',  and  James  Goodwin,  respectively,  being  designated  as  poll- 
ing places.  It  was  then  ordered  that  the  town  lots  in  Tiptona  be 
laid  off  60  feet  front  by  120  feet  deep,  with  four  streets  eighty  feet 
wide  and  with  alleys  twelve  feet  wide.  (These  divisions  were 
subsequently  changed.)  The  Count}'  Agent  was  directed  to  sur- 
ve}'  Tiptona  as  soon  as  possible  and  advertise  the  sale  of  lots  in  the 
Corydon,  Indiana,  papers,  the  Chilhcothe  (Ohio)  Supporter^  and  the 
Louisville  (Kentuck}-)  Corresfondcnt.  The  center  of  the  public 
square  was  fixed  at  the  stake  dividing  fractional  Sections  24  and 
25.  Luke  Bonesteel  was  allowed  $50  for  his  house  in  Tiptona 
which  had  been  purchased  to  be  used  as  a  court  house. 

On  March  19th  following,  the  Commissioners  again  met  for  the 
transaction  of  public  business.  The  records  now  show  that  they 
assembled  at  the  cottrt  hotisc,  no  longer  "  the  house  of  Luke 
Bonesteel."  Seth  Lockwood  and  Daniel  Hutchins  were  appointed 
Constables  for  the  Middle  and  Northern  Districts,  respectively,  and 
being  present  with  their  bonds,  were  duly  qualified.  James  Quick 
was  appointed  Inspector  of  elections  in  the  Northern  District.  The 
Board  of  Commissioners  then  proceeded  to  consider  the  first  con- 
tested election  case.  The  ofUce  of  Justice  of  the  Peace  had  not 
then  been  shorn  of  its  power  and  glor}-  as  in  after  years  happened . 
to  it.  The  Squire  clothed  with  the  honor  and  dignity  of  his  office, 
was  a  man  of  considerable  influence,  giving  character  to  the  neigh- 
borhood in  which  he  lived.  In  the  Middle  District  the  election  for 
Justice  of  the  Peace  was  a  livel}'^  one,  and  there  was  some  doubt 
as  to  who  should  get  the  prize.  John  S.  McEwen  was  returned  as 
elected,  but  his  right    was    contested.     After  hearing  the  whole 


COUXTV    ORGANIZATION".  3l7 

matter  the  Commissioners  confirmed  the  election,  holding  that 
proper  and  lawful  notice  of  the  contest  had  not  been  given.  On 
March  ^th,  following,  the  Commissioners  rescinded  their  former 
order,  directing  the  Count}'  Agent  to  la}-  off  Tiptona.  The  town 
had  been  named  in  honor  of  Gen.  Tipton,  and  now  the  Commis- 
sioners were  considering  the  propriety  of  making  a  change  and  a 
short  order  without  assigning  reasons  therefor  was  entered  of  rec- 
ord, directing  that  the  town  be  designated  and  known  as  Columbus 
thereafter.  The  size  of  lots  in  "  Columbus,  alias  Tiptona,"  as  the 
records  have  it,  were  ordered  to  be  laid  out  with  a  frontage  of 
seventy-five  feet,  and  a  depth  of  150  feet.  Eight  lots  were  to  con- 
stitute a  block,  and  the  public  square  was  to  be  one  block  of  lots. . 
June  15th  w'as  fixed  as  the  time  for  the  sale  of  lots.  The  County 
Agent  was  directed  to  advertise  at  Columbus,  Brownstown  and 
Vernon  for  proposals,  and  to  sell  to  the  lowest  bidder,  contracts  for 
cleaning  the  public  square,  for  building  a  stra}--  pen  or  pound,  to  be 
thirty-five  feet  square  of  "  hughed  "  logs,  with  a  door,  a  lock  and 
a  ke}'^,  and  for  building  a  jail.  The  stray  pen  was  to  be  erected 
on  the  northeast  corner  of  the  public  square.  The  jail  is  elsewhere 
mentioned  in  detail.  At  this  meeting  of  the  Board,  elections  were 
again  ordered  to  be  held  on  March  31st,  following,  in  the  Middle 
and  Northern  Districts,  at  the  court  house,  and  the  house  of  James 
Goodwin,  respectively,  for  the  purpose  of  electing  Justices  of  the 
Peace.  On  May  15th,  Samuel  Downing  was  appointed  County 
Agent,  and  a  new  township,  to  be  known  as  Sand  Creek  Town- 
ship, was  organized. 

On  the  14th  da}'^  of  June,  1821,  the  County  Agent,  Samuel 
Dowling,  was  directed  to  commence  the  sale  of  lots  at  lot  No.  86, 
and  to  continue  as  long  as  the}'  "  shall  sell  well,"  or  until  further 
ordered  by  the  Board,  reserving,  however,  lot  No.  119  from  sale. 
He  was  directed  to  r^eive  "  nothing  but  specie,  or  paper  money 
at  par  with  specie,  unless  the  purchasers  will  make  the  usual  dis- 
count in  Indiana  on  any  other  paper  money  so  as  to  make  it  equal 
to  specie."  The  terms  of  the  sale  were  one-fifth  cash  and  the  bal- 
ance in  two  equal  payments,  due  in  one  and  two  years,  satisfac- 
toril}'  secured.  A  rebate  of  eight  per  cent,  per  annum  was  to  be 
allowed  on  cash  payments  of  the  whole  sum  due.     Claims  already 


3l8  BARTHOLOMEW    COUNTY. 

acted  upon  and  allowed  by  the  Board  of  Commissioners  for  Nvhich 
parties  held  unpaid  orders  upon  the  Treasurer  were  to  be  received 
ifi  payment  for  lots,  not,  however,  until  a  sutlicient  amount  of  specie 
had  been  received  to  liquidate  certain  preferred  claims,  namely: 
those  of  the  Commissioners  appointed  by  the  Legislature  to  estab- 
lish the  permanent  county  seat,  and  the  Sheriff  of  Jackson  County, 
who  had  notified  them  of  their  appointment,  amounting  to  $112; 
that  of  John  TSlcEwen,  "first  payment  on  the  jail,"  $S^;  that  of  a 
Mr.  Kelley  for  building  the  stray  pen,  $27;  that  for  clearing  the 
public  square  and  la3-ing  out  the  town,  '$^6.62  ^4,  and  that  of  Luke 
Bonesteel  for  his  house,  $50.  The  sale  occurred  on  the  day  fixed  for 
it,  and  the  first  lot  sold  —  No.  86 — was  bought  by  David  Stipp 
for  $211.  No  other  lot  brought  quite  so  much,  though  several 
sold  for  upward  of  $175.  The  cheapest  lots  were  Nos.  94  and 
115,  selHng  for  $11  each,  and  being  purchased  by  Thomas  Harron 
and  John  McEwen,  respectively.  The  largest  purchaser  —  and  in- 
deed the  onl}^  one  who  bought  a  considerable  number  of  lots  — 
was  Abraham  Fr}-,  who  bought  between  ten  and  twenty  lots  at 
from  $30  to  $160  each.  Among  the  other  buyers  were  Joseph 
McKinney,  Jacob  Kelley,  Jesse  Ruddick,  James  McEwen,  WiUiam 
Eeard,  Charles  DePauw,  John  Vawter,  John  Parker,  Benjamin 
Irwin,  Samuel  Chappell,  Joseph  VanMeter,  John  Young,  Isaac  Le- 
Masters,  Solomon  Stout,  Matthew  Pace,  David  Dietz  and  others. 
On  August  13,  1822,  the  County  Agent  was  ordered  to  sell  the 
rest  of  the  town  lots,  except  the  one  on  which  the  court  house 
stands  (presumabl}^  the  same  as  reserved  at  the  first  sale)  and  the 
sale  was  held  on  the  22d  day  of  October,  1822.  On  the  following 
November  8th,  the  Commissioners  sold  to  John  Farquar,  then 
County  Agent,  lot  No.  36  and  fractional  lot  No.  21  for  the  sum 
of  $34. 

The  proceeds  of  the  sale  of  lots  and  the-  various  financial  tran- 
sactions of  the  County  Agents  are  recorded  under  the  head  of 
Finance,  and  subsequent  important  actions  of  the  Commissioners  are 
classified  and  narrated  under  the  various  subjects  to  which  the 
actions  related.  The  Board  of  Commissioners  was  at  the  organi- 
zation of  the  count}',  composed  of  three  members.  The  ^crsoiDicl  oi 
the  Board  was  from  time  to  time  changed,  but  the   original   form 


COUNTY     ORGANIZATION.  319 

remained  as  at  iirst  until  September,  1S24,  when  the  Justices  of  the 
county,  pursuant  to  an  act  of  the  Legishiture,  came  together  in  a 
body  and  were  tx-officio  Commissioners  for  the  transaction  of  the 
count}'  business.  When  tlie  Justices  first  assembled  and  organized 
theA-^  elected  Joseph  Hart  as  President  of  the  Board.  He  -was  suc- 
ceeded in  1825  h\  Benjamin  Crow,  and  he  subsequent!}'  by  Will- 
iam S.  Jones.  In  September,  1830,  Thomas  Hinkson  was  chosen 
President,  but  in  the  following  May,  the  county  was  re-districted 
for  the  purpose  of  electing  Commissioners,  and  in  September  of  that 
year  Lewis  Singleton,  Hiram  Wilson,  and  Nathan  Kyle  qualified 
as  Commissioners  and  organizing,  proceeded  to  the  transaction  of 
business.  In  1836,  the  duties  of  Count}'  Commissioners  were  again 
assigned  to  the  Justices  of  the  Peace,  who  continued  in  their  per- 
formance until  1839,  when  the  old  system  was  again  resorted  to. 
William  Singleton  was  the  first  President  chosen  by  the  assembled 
Justices  and  he  was  succeeded  by  Moses  Joiner.  On  February 
18,  1839  they  re-districted  the  county  as  follows:  ist  Commis- 
sioners' District,  comprising  Haw  Creek,  Flat  Rock,  German  and 
Nineveh  townships;  2nd  District,  Columbus  and  Clifty  town- 
ships; 3rd  District,  Wayne,  Sand  Creek,  and  Rock  Creek  town- 
ships. 

jFtnaiices. — The  growth  and  development  of  a  governmental  in- 
stitution are  nowhere  better  shown  than  in  its  financial  history,  and 
no  subject  can  be  of  greater  interest  to  an  individual  tax-payer  than 
that  which  relates  to  the  disposition  of  a  fund  to  which  he  annually 
contributes.  For  a  time  after  the  organization  of  Bartholomew 
County  there  was,  as  a  matter  of  fact,  no  pressing  need  for  a  County 
Treasurer.  One  was  appointed  in  February,  1821,  but  he  did  not 
qualify  until  the  following  August.  The  sources  of  revenue  were 
limited;  at  first  confined  to  a  tax  on  polls  and  personal  property, 
and  one  ferry  license.  In  1821  the  Board  of  Commissioners  made 
the  following  levy: 

On  355  male  inhabitants  at  50  cents  each $i77  So 

On  444  horses  and  mares  at  37  ^^  cents  each 165  00 

On  4  stallions  at  the  rate  per  season ,  11  00 

On  45  work  oxen  at  25  cents  each 11   25 

On  33  silver  watches  at  25  cents  each 8  25 


3-0  BARTHOLOMEW    COUNTY. 

On  I  gold  watch  at  50  cents $     5^^ 

On  3  four  wheeled  })lcasure  carnages  at  $1.75  each.  ...  3  75 

On  John  Lindsev's  ferry 5  ^^ 

«  *  

Total- $382  25 

In  1S23,  584  poUs  were  taxed  at  50  cents  each  and  the  rates  as 
above  were  continued  on  personal  property-.  In  1824,  bank  stock, 
brass  clocks,  licenses  to  vend  liquor  or  foreign  merchandise  (at 
$10  per  $1,000  worth)  lawsuits,  and  town  lots  were  made  subjects 
of  taxation.  By  law,  lands  were  exempt  from  taxation  for  five 
years  after  entr}-.  In  May,  1826,  land  sold  at  the  first  rates  became 
subject  to  taxation  and  was  assessed  at  50  cents  per  100  acres  for 
first  rate;  40  cents  for  second  rate;  and  30  cents  for  third  rate.  At 
this  time  the  rates  on  gold  watche^  and  brass  clocks  were  raised  to 
$1,  on  pleasure  carriages  to  $1.50,  but  silver  orpinchback  watches 
were  allowed  to  remain  at  25  cents.  In  1821  and  1822,  the  town 
lots  in  Columbus  were  sold,  the  purchase  money  arising  from  the 
sale  amounting  to  $5,865  up  to  October  15,  1821,  and  to  a  very 
small  amount  after  that  date.  The  business  of  the  county  was 
transacted  principal!}'  by  the  County  Agent.  John  Lindsey  was  the 
first  to  hold  the  office.  He  was  succeeded  in  May,  1821,  b}^  Sam- 
uel Downing,  who  filed  a  $20,000  bond  with  John  Young,  William 
Gabbard,  John  Lindse}',  John  Parker,  Joseph  McKinney  and  Ebe- 
nezer  Ward  as  sureties.  Before  the  year  expired,  John  Farquar 
was  appointed,  vice  Downing  removed,  but  he  died  in  1823,  and 
on  October  14th  of  that  j-ear,  his  administrator  turned  over  to 
James  Gabbard,  who  had  been  appointed  in  September,  $4,263.59 
in  notes  and  accounts  belonging  to  the  county.  In  the  following- 
November  the  same  papers  were  delivered  to  John  C.  Hubbard 
who  brought  them  into  court  and  delivered  them  to  the  Commis- 
sionei's  in  Ma}',  1824.  Farquar  had  been  allowed  %66^  and  Gab- 
bard $12.50  for  services.  In  May,  1825,  Hubbard  was  charged 
with  $107.04,  money  received  as  agent,  and  various  sums  followed 
as  collections  could  be  made.  In  November  following  he  reported 
cancelled  notes,  papers,  receipts,  etc.,  to  the  Commissioners  to  the 
amount  of  $279.52,  leaving  a  balance  in  his  own  favor  of  $19.12. 
In  July,  1827,  he  resigned,  brought  all  his  papers  and  documents 


COUNTY     ORGANIZATION.  321 

into  court,  which  were  inspected  and  found  to  be  correct.  lie  was 
released  from  liis  bond  and  his  personal  note  for  $13  which  tlie 
count}^  held,  was  surrendered  to  him.  James  McAchran  succeeded 
to  the  oflice  but  was  remoAed,  and  Joseph  L.  Wasliburn  held  it 
temporaril}'. 

In  July,  1828,  George  Lyon  was  ajipointcd  and  directed  to  call 
on  McAchran  for  all  papers  belonging  to  the  county,  and  to  bring 
suits  on  all  accounts  where  there  was  a  probability  of  collecting. 
These  were  liard  iiii/cs.  It  is  elsewhere  narrated  how  for  years 
efforts  had  been  made  to  build  a  court  house,  how  contractors,  not 
paid  in  money,  were  unable  to  complete  the  work,  how  Newton 
Jones  at  last  in  a  manner  completed  it  and  took  as  the  greater  part 
of  his  pa}'  a  judgment  against  Ruddick,  and  how  the  Legislature 
early  in  1829,  came  to  the  count3''s  relief  with  an  act  authorizing  a 
poll  tax  io  be  -paid  in  specie  only.  Jones  was  a  candidate  for  the 
Legislature.  Among  the  local  issues  discussed  probabl}'  "  tax  or  no 
tax"  was  prominent.  He  was  elected  but  died  before  the  House 
assembled.  In  September,  1829,  Ephraim  Arnold  was  appointed 
agent,  received  from  Lyon  $5.91,  and  in  May  following  was  charged 
with  $124  "means  placed  in  his  hands." 

To  show  more  clearly  what  led  up  to  such  hard  times  a  step 
backward  must  be  taken.  The  town  lots  had  brought  in  October, 
182 1,  as  before  stated,  $5,865.  According  to  the  terms  of  sale 
but  one-fifth  part  of  it  was  paid  in  cash,  /.  c,  $1,173.  By  law  10  per 
cent,  of  this  amount  was  set  apart  and  reserved  for  the  use  of  the 
Public  Seminar}^  fund.  This  left  $1,055.70.  There  ma)'^  be  added 
to  this  $42.50,  the  amount  paid  by  Richard  Fansher  for  two  lots, 
he  being  the  only  man  who  paid  all  cash  for  his  purchase.  The 
agent  as  instructed  by  the  Commissioners  loaned  to  Joseph  Pownall 
$112.50,  and  other  small  amounts  to  others  on  personal  security. 
He  paid  the  Treasurer  $654.61,  and  was  directed  to  hold  the  balance 
subject  to  the  call  of  the  Commissioners.  At  length  the  Commis- 
sioners called  but  called  in  vain.  They  removed  Gen.  Downing 
and  ordered  suit  to  be  brought  against  him,  but  at  length  settled 
the  matter  by  taking  his  personal  notes  Jiggregating  about  $500. 
These  notes  passed  into  the  hands  of  Gabbard  as  a  part  of  the 
$4,263.59  above  mentioned.    The  money  that  was  paid  to  the  Treas- 


322  BARTHOLOMEW    COUNT V. 

iirer  was  little  more  than  enouj^Ii  to  pay  the  preferred  elaims  inci- 
dent to  organization  and  the  cost  of  running  the  county  the  iirst  year. 
The  amount  of  taxes  collected  was  not  lar<re  and  was  materially  di- 
minished  by  the  depreciated  currency  in  which  theN'  were  paid,  as 
will  be  shown  by  the  following  order  passed  in  Noyemlier,  182 1, 
"ordered  that  Joseph  McKinney  be  allowed  to  change  the  paper 
money  of  this  State,  being  $146,  for  specie  at  fifty  per  cent,  if  it  is 
law  for  the  Counl:^^  Treasurer  to  receive  the  State  paper  for  taxes 
due  the  count}-."  In  February,  1822,  a  similar  order  was  made  as 
to  $46,  but  it  Avas  to  be  discounted  on  "the  best  terms  possible." 
Hence  the  almost  entire  absence  of  specie  in  the  treasury. 

The  earfy  Treasurers  were  somewhat  careless  in  their  methods 
of  doing  business.  Each  one  at  the  close  of  his  term  made  a  satis- 
factory showing  to  the  Board  of  his  own  transactions,  but  they  were 
in  the  dark  as  to  the  exact  state  of  affairs.  In  1825,  therefore 
Samuel  W.  Cowan  was  appointed  to  "  examine,  the  situation  of  the 
county  from  its  organization  to  the  present,"  and  in  December  of 
that  3'ear  a  special  session  of  the  Board  of  Commissioners  was  held 
to  receive  his  report  which  was  as  follows : 

Receipts.  Expenses. 

1821 $327  00  $445  00 

1822 592  671^  781   53^ 

1823 461   II  691  04^ 

1824 289  56>^  .54993%: 

1825 49S  02^  356  02 

Thus  showing  from  182 1  to  1824,  inclusive,  a  deficit  of  796.27, 
and  m  1825  a  balance  in  count3^'s  favor  of  $142.00 j^^.  In  1825, 
Philip  Sweetzer  became  Treasurer,  and  in  Jul}',  1827,  reported  re- 
ceipts since  appointment  $494.30;  expenses  $20.48;  balance  $473.81. 
Resettled  satisfactorily,  and  in  Jul}^  1828,  A.  A.  Wiles,  his  successor, 
reported  receipts  $385.29.  In  the  following  November  he  was 
credited  with  $409.55  (presumably  for  county  orders  paid  and 
cancelled),  and  in  January,  1829,  he  was  removed.  On  settlement 
the  Board  found  due  from  him  $6.24,  "  which  he  is  bound  to  ac- 
count for  in  specie  or  its  equivalant  when  called  for."  But  in  jus- 
tice to  him  be  it  said  that  in  March  following  he  was  allowed  $6.58 


COUNTY   or(;amzatiox. 


323 


"  as  excess  paid  in  1S2S."  Samuel  M.  Oshourne  was  then  ap- 
pointed Treasurer,  and  on  settlement  in  November,  1831,  reported 
receipts  $1,198.46  .(of  which  $35.12  was  cash  available  for  county 
purposes) ;  expenses,  $1,013.69;  balance,  $184.77.  These  figures 
complete  the  record  for  the  first  ten  years  of  the  county's  existence. 
The}'  ma}^  profitably  be  compared  with  the  following :  Total  receipts 
at  the  treasury  in  1863,  $51,382.14;  in  1868,  $216,362.32;  in  1887, 
$253,887.54;  total  value  of  taxables  in  1843,  $1,714,258;  in  1S51, 
$3,203,855;  in  1S60,  $7,315,852;  in  1870,  $9,857,660,  in  i88o,$io,- 
101,625.;  in  1887,  $10,424,385. 

The  appended  table  shows  the  expenditures  for  county  purposes 
alone  for  the  years  designated : 


1836 $1,334  17 

1839 1,681   79 

1840 4>9i6  63 

1841 3,005  50 

1844 ■     3,826  61 

1845 2,997  10 

1846 4,242  86 

1847 .'.  5,116  10 

1848 2,762  96 

1849 5,466  35 

1850 3,906  12 

1851 3,439  23 

1852 4,634  83 

1853 6,460  70 

1854 •••  6,995  28 

1855 5,819  10 

1856 6,711  28 

1857 7,780  49 

1858 9,011  19 

1859  •••. 17,755  81 

i860 18,479  41 

1861 10,844  77 

1862 ,....."  9,948  61 

1863 12,358  90 


1864 $21,253  99 

1865 19,928  47 

1866 23,289  00 

1867 41^317  79 

1868 45,491  03 

1869 30,251  13 

1870 62,.8o5  46 

1871 62,591  72 

1872 30,588  59 

1873 27,947  23 

1874 32,409  23 

1875 27,417  8r 

1876 ■.  51,426  91 

1877 51,299  34 

1878 50,341  14 

1879 75,815  59 

1880 58,051  69 

1881 81,577  75 

1882 54,726  00 

1883 45,847  41 

1884 38,073  14 

1885 : 105,892  88 

1886 84,061  52 

1887 52,050  79 


The  following  issues  of  bonds  have  been  made:  .June,  1872, 
$60,000  for  the  court  house;  June,  1878,  $32,000  for  the  poor 
asylum    and    to    redeem   $20,000  of  outstanding  bonds;   August 


324  BARTHOLOMEW    COUNTY. 

and  September,  1880,  $37,000  for  bridges;  December,  1S80, 
$8,000  for  bridges;  January,  1884,  $35,000  for  bridges;  June,  1S84, 
$32,000  to  fimd  indebtedness;  November,  1885,  $25,000  to  fund 
indebtedness.  Of  these  bonds,  $137,000  liave  been  paid  and  can- 
celled, leaving  outstanding  $92,000. 

The  county  holds  in  trust  for  the  use  and  benefit  of  the  public 
schools  a  common  school  fund  of  $38,273.96,  and  a  congressional 
township  fund  of  $55,115.83,  the  latter  fund  representing  the  sales 
of  the  sixteenth  section  in  each  congressional  township  originally 
set  apart  as  a  "school  section."  One  of  these  sections,  containing 
640  acres,  in  early  days  sold  for  $1,311,  while  another  in  1882 
brought  $37?572-77-  This  fund  was  for  many  3'ears  managed  b}' 
a  School  Commissioner  and  afterwards  by  the  County  Auditor. 

Gideon  B.  Hart,  for  nineteen  years  was  the  trusted  agent  of  the 
count}'  in  charge  of  the  fund,  and  his  successor  was  W.  H.  H.  Ter- 
rell, who  served  until  the  duties  of  the  office  were  assigned  by  law 
to  the  County  Auditor. 

The  County  Poor. —  One  of  the  chief  objects  of  social  organi- 
zation among  civilized  people  is  mutual  protection.  '  Incidental 
thereto  is  the  care  of  the  unfortunate  poor  Avho  have  become  unable 
to  support  themselves  because  of  age,  natural  defect,  disease  or 
unavoidable  misfortune.  "  The  poor  shall  be  with  you  alwa3-s,"  is 
true  of  all  places.  The  rehef  of  this  class  is  a  public  duty  than 
which  few  are  more  worthy  an  honorable  and  conscientious  per- 
formance. It  is  gratifying  to  know  that  Bartholomew  Count}'  has 
never  been  thoughtless  or  negligent  in  this  regard.  The  means 
adopted  at  first,  perhaps,  may  not  accord  with  advanced  ideas  that 
pertain  among  humanitarians  of  to-day,  but  the}'  were  the  best 
permitted  by  the  times  and  the  circumstances.  The  laws  of  the 
State  provided  for  the  appointment  of  Overseers  of  the  Poor  whose 
duties  were  defined  by  the  statutes,  the  chief  of  which  was  to  cause 
all  poor  persons  who  became  public  charges  to  be  farmed  out  an- 
nually on  contract  in  such  manner  as  was  deemed  best  calculated 
to  promote  the  public  good.  Minors  were  bound  out  as  apprentices : 
males  until  twenty-one  years  of  age,  females  until  eighteen  years 
of  age.  An  act  approved  in  January,  1828,  authorized  the  execu- 
tion of  indentures  of  apprenticeship  by  the  Overseers,  which  were 


COUNTY     ORGANIZATION.  325 

entered  of  record  in  the  Rijcorder's  oflice,  and  the  apprentice  was 
provided  with  hnvful  means  for  the  maintenance  of  his  natural 
rights  agi^inst  the  oppressions  of  tlie  "master."  jNlay  15,  1S21, 
the  Board  of  Commissioners  appointed  the  first  Overseers  of  the 
Poor,  who  were  for  tlie  Nortliern  District,  James  Goodwin  and 
Abdiel  Parsons,  for  the  Middle  District,  Joseph  Cox  and  Robert 
Wilkerson,  for  the  Southei-n  District,  Richard  Wall  and  John  Rud- 
dick,  for  Sand  Creek  Townsliip,  Samuel  Richardson  and  Samuel 
Arnclt.  Among  other  early  Overseers  were:  Joseph  Vanmeter, 
Joshua  McQueen,  Henry  Saunders,  David  Hager,  James  Quick, 
John  F.  Jones,  Samuel  Crittenden,  A.  A.  Wiles,  C.  Edwards,  James 
McEwen  and  Jacob  Gabbert.  They  were  paid  for  the  time  actu- 
all}^  employed  at  a  small  fcr  dicui.  The  total  sum  paid  prior  to 
1^33  was  $81.49. 

In  1823  Dr.  Joseph  Rose  was  paid  $12  for  services  rendered 
Nancy  Burkham,  and  $10  was  allowed  James  Lash  for  keeping  her 
five  weeks.  In  1832  an  allowance  of  $12  was  made  "for  keeping 
Nancy,  a  woman  of  color,  a  pauper,"  and  in  the  same  year  $17.83 
was  paid  for  the  support  of  Nanc}^  T3der.  In  JNIarch,  1827,  an 
allowance  of  $5  was  made  "for  farming  out  a  pauper  and  burying 
a  child" — -the  first  of  the  kind  for  either  of  the  services  mentioned. 
In  March,  1828,  the  pa3'ment  of  $18.25  '^^'^s  directed  for  the  sup- 
port of  Samuel  G.  Rice,  and  an  allowance  of  $26  was  made  for 
professional  services  rendered  him  b}^  Dr.  W.  P.  Kiser.  The  most 
unfortunate  of  the  early  poor  was  John  Powers.  He  became  a 
public  charge  earlj^  in  1828,  and  prior  to  the  Christmas  of  1829 
there  had  been  expended  by  the  county  in  his  behalf  $140.74,  all 
of  it  for  his  "keep,"  except  $3  which  was  paid  Nathan  Bass  and 
Uriah  McQueen  for  "advertising  and  selling"  him,  in  November, 
1829.  From  first  to  last  the  count}'  spent  in  caring  for  this  one 
man  $424.63,  and  at  length  this  record  closed  his  career  in  March, 
1835,  "allowed  $18.50  for  the  keep  and  burial  of  John  Powers.'' 
These  facts  are  recorded  not  to  reflect  upon  the  man  named,  for 
povert}^  of  itself  is  never  a  disgrace,  but  to  show  the  laudable  con- 
duct of  the  communit}'  in  thus  relieving  his  want.  Up  to  this  ti 
few  expenses  for  the  poor  other  than  those  named  were  incurr 
but  as  the  population  increased  there  was  a  natural  growth  in  the 
4 


326  BARTHOLOMEW    COUNTV. 

dependent  class,  and  the  necessity  of  providing-  better  means  for 
their  care  became  manifest.  In  May,  1839,  ^  committee  was  ap- 
pointed by  the  County  Commissioners  to  select  a  site  for  a  poor 
house,  and  authorized  to  purchase  a  farm,  but  nothing  permanent 
resulted  from  the  work  of  this  committee.  Consequently,  in 
March,  1842,  another  committee  composed  of  Francis  J.  Crump, 
John  Prather  and  William  S.  Jones  was  appointed.  After  examin- 
ing several  tracts  of  land,  the  west  half  of  the  northeast  quarter  of 
Section  14,  Township  10,  Range  5  east,  was  purchased  from 
P.  H.  Redman  for  $500,  of  which  $372.05  was  paid  in  cash  and 
$127.95  in  the  individual  notes  of  the  committee  due  one  year  from 
date.  One  hundred  and  sixty  dollars  was  expended  in  repairing  a 
house  then  on  the  land.  In  June,  1845,  the  Commissioners  pur- 
chased for  $1,650,  from  George  G.  Gabbert,  no  acres  of  land  in 
Section  35,  Township  9,  Range  5  east,  and  in  the  following  March 
sold  the  old  farm  to  Harve}^  Dickinson  in  consideration  that  he 
should  feed  and  clothe  all  the  paupers  of  the  county  for  three 
years,  and  decently  bury  those  dying  at  the  asylum  during  that 
time. 

In  March,  i860,  an  additional  tract  of  land  in  the  same  section, 
comprising  about  seventy  acres,  was  purchased  from  John  Young, 
for  $2,000,  and  in  December,  1868,  sixty  acres  of  timber  land,  in 
Section  2,  Township  8,  Range  5  east,  were  bought  from  Thomas 
J.  Followell,  for  $2,400.  In  July,  1848,  a  brick  house,  56x18x8, 
divided  into  four  equal  parts  by  brick  partitions,  was  built  by  James 
W.  Betts,  at  a  cost  of  ^700,  and  in  June,  1861,  an  additional  build- 
ing, 24x18,  was  erected  at  a  cost  of  $150.  In  June,  1863,  the 
necessit}'  for  a  larger  and  better  house  was  so  apparent  that  bids 
for  its  construction  were  advertised  for.  The  contract  was  awarded 
to  Adam  Keller,  for  $2,338.05.  In  April,  1878,  after  personal 
examination  of  the  premises,  the  Board  of  Commissioners  found 
the  conveniences  at  the  poor  farm  wholly  inadequate,  and  decided 
to  erect  a  new  as3'lum,  which,  however,  was  not  to  cost  in  excess 
of  $12,000,  the  sum  to  be  raised  by  an  issue  of  county  bonds. 
G.  W.  Bunting,  an  architect  of  IndianapoHs,  was  emplo3'ed  to 
draw  up  the  plans  and  specifications.  Pursuant  to  advertisements, 
the  following  proposals  were  submitted  in  June  of  the  same  year: 


COUNTY    ORGAXIZATION.  327 

Samuel  Ilege,  $11,900;  McCormack  &  Sweeney,  $13,288;  R.  M. 
Rowley  &  Son,  $12,773;  Keller  &  Brockman,  $12,975;  Perkinson, 
Dunlap  &  Co.,  $10,900.  The  last  named  bid  being  considered  the 
lowest  and  best,  was  accepted,  and  contract  entered  into  June  14th. 
When  the  contract  was  prepared  a  change  had  been  made  in  the 
specifications  respecting  the  kind  of  mortar  to  be  used  by  which 
the  proposed  and  accepted  price  was  to  be  increased  $100,  and  for 
this  reason  Commissioner  Gant  declined  to  sign  the  same,  deeming 
it  a  bad  precedent  to  establish.  When  the  work  was  completed 
the  contractors  were  allowed  $12,114.79.  The  house  is  a  two 
story  brick  building,  Avell  built,  spacious,  and  in  all  ways  well  suited 
for  the  purposes  designed.  A  barn,  34x40  feet,  was  built  in  the 
same  year,  by  Samuel  Hege,  at  a  cost  of  $352. 

The  farm  is  annually  inspected  by  the  Board  of  Commissioners, 
and  the  comfort  of  the  inmates  is  carefully  looked  after.  This  duty 
was  performed  b}^  the  Overseers  of  the  Poor  until  that  ofKce  was 
abolished.  They  visited  the  asylum  frequentl}^  and  made  written 
reports  to  the  Commissioners.  These  reports  show  good  manage- 
ment and  humane  conduct  on  the  part  of  the  Superintendents.  The 
first  Superintendent  was  Silas  Keely,  who  received  $300  for  keep- 
ing from  one  to  eleven  persons  six  months.  Other  earl}^  Superin- 
tendents were:  Frederick  H3-att,  Hance  Irwin  and  Thomas  Whalen. 
The  last  named  kept  all  the  paupers  in  1848  for  the  use  of  the  farm 
and  300  bushels  of  corn,  and  in  1849  ^o'*  *^^^  "^^  °f  ^^^  farm  and 
$125.  The  present  Superintendent  is  Thomas  J.  Noland  who  is 
under  contract  for  three  years  to  keep  all  the  paupers  for  the  use 
of  the  farm  and  $1,600  per  3'ear.  The  amount  expended  for  the 
poor  in  the  asylum  in  1878,  was  $1,734.26;  in  1879,  $^5420. 55; 
and  in  1887,  $1,403.80.  Concerning  those  supported  outside  of 
the  "asylum  the  figures  below^  are  appended  to  show  the  fluctuations 
in  this  item  of  expense  fi^om  1853.  As  to  the  period  prior  to  that 
date  a  sufficient  idea  for  the  purposes  of  history  has  been  given 
above. 

Expenditures  in  behalf  of  the  county  poor  who  are  not  inmates 
of  the  asylum: 


328 


BARTIIOLOMI->W    COUNTY. 


1853 $690  00 

1854 463  4- 

1855 704  30 

1856 889  79 

1857 1,755  98 

1858 1,516  84 

1859 1,1 1 1  68 

i860 1,770  97 

1861 3,401  74 

1862 1,595  55 

1863 1,596  54 

1864 2,139  28 

1865 4,352  60 

1866 4,117  66 

1867 4,736  49 

1868 3,297  82 

1869 3,321  47 

1870 2,485  02 

Total  from  1853  to  1887 


1871. 

1S72, 

1873. 
1874. 
1875. 
1876, 
1877, 
1878, 
1879, 
1880. 
1881. 
1882. 
1883, 
1884. 
1885, 
1886. 
1887, 


$1,593  42 
2,2  v|  82 
2,398  68 
2,425  66 
2,908  35 
3,^79  9^ 
3,659  61 
3,572  31 
3,762  32 
4,926  75 
4,854  04 

5,952  53 
4,170  72 

5,631  87 
4,711  21 

4,557  37 
4,328  26 


$104,835  03 


Public  Buildings.- — Court  Houses:  On  Februar}-  26,  1821,  im- 
mediatel}'  after  the  organization  of  the  count}-,  the  Board  of  Com- 
missioners purchased  for  $50  from  Luke  Bonesteel  a  small,  double 
log  house,  to  be  used  as  a  court  house.  It  was  inadequate  for  the 
needs  it  was  bought  to  supply,  and  preparations  were  soon  begun 
to  have  it  replaced.  In  November,  1821,  the  building  of  a  new^ 
court  house  was  determined  upon,  to  be  of  brick,  two  stories  high, 
forty  feet  square,  and  about  twent3'-five  feet  high.  The  contract 
Avas  awarded  to  Giles  Mitchell.  In  1824,  the  house  purchased  from 
Bonesteel  was  sold,  and  for  several  years  rooms  ^vere  rented  by 
the  Commissioners  wherever  they  could  be  best  obtained.  In  No- 
vember, 1824,  the  "undertakers  of  the  court  house"  were  given 
another  year  to  complete  the  same,  but  when  the  time  expired,  the 
building  was  not  finished.  Mitchell  was  released  from  his  contract, 
and  was  allowed  $47.73,  the  balance  due  him,  he  having  previous^ 
been  paid  $1,000.  At  the  same  time  the  County  Agent  received 
Mitchell's  note,  promising  to  deliver  in  Columbus,  for  the  count}-, 
"  four  thousand  brick."  In  ^panuary,  1826,  a  Contract  for  finishing 
the  cupola,  doors,  windows,  etc.,  of  the  court  house,  was  awarded 
to  Mr.  Jones,  and  in  Ma}'  following,  he  was  allowed  $3,465.     This 


COUNTY    0}tCANIZATIOX.  329 

and  $20  paid  upon  settlement  in  ATay,  1H27,  were  tlie  only  cash 
pa^-ment^madc  to  this  contractor.  The  Count}-  Agent  was  directed 
to  surrender  to  Benjamin  Crow  John  Lindse3'''s  note,  on  which 
Crow's  name  appeared  as  a  surety;  Crow  was  to  give  his  individ- 
ual note  to  Jones;  and  the  amount  was  to  be  charged  to  Jones  on 
'•  what  will  be  due  in  November  next "  on  his  contract.  The 
amount  of  these  notes,  or  what  would  be  due  on  the  contract,  are 
not  stated.  The  agent  was  further  directed  to  deliAcr  to  David 
Stipp  two  $52  notes,  in  favor  of  the  count}-,  on  his  signing  over 
to  Jones  a  bond  held  by  Stipp  for  lot  No.  86,  in  Columbus.  The 
scarcity  of  specie  rendered  such  makeshifts  necessary.  Still  the 
court  house  was  not  finished,  and  the  means  of  raising  money  were 
so  few  that  new  expedients  had  to  be  resorted  to.  The  Legislature 
was  appealed  to,  and  on  January  6,  1829,  it  w-as  enacted  by  the 
General  Assembly  "  that  the  Board  of  Justices  of  Bartholomew 
County,  shall  levy  a  poll  tax  of  25  cents  on  each  and  every  person 
in  said  county  liable  to  pay  a  poll  tax  for  State  purposes,  which 
tax  shall  be  paid  in  specie  onl}-,  and  shall  be  by  said  Board  appro- 
priated to  the  finishing  of  the  court  house  of  said  county." 

This  act  was  repealed  in  January,  1832,  but  the  Board  of  Jus- 
tices, a  few  days  prior  to  the  passage  of  the  Repealing  Act,  or 
afterward  and  in  ignorance  of  it,  levied  the  usual  poll  tax.  This 
led  to  contests,  and  in  February,  1834,  ^'^^  action  of  the  Board  was 
legalized.  In  the  Fall  of  1829,  William  Chapman  was  awarded  a 
contract  to  make  further  repairs,  and  the  County  Agent  was 
directed  to  settle  with  him  for  his  work.  Chapman  completed  the 
wood-work,  and  in  September,  1831,  the  house  was  at  last  ready 
for  paint.  The  contract  shows  that  the  building,  including  the 
roof,  was  to  be  painted  "  Vanecian  Read;"  the  window  "shetters" 
to  be  green  with ,  two  good  "  cotes  of  pant,"  to  be  hung  with  iron 
hinges,  and  made  "  near  after  the  same  form  of  Hubbards  store 
windows."  The  cornice,  cupola  and  a  ball  above  the  same  were 
to  be  painted  white.  Painting,  plastering,  and  repairs  to  the  inte- 
rior cost  $386.  In  March,  1839,  ^^^^  ^^'^  court  house,  which 
had  cost  so  much  time  and  trouble  in  its  building,  was  sold  for 
$825.  Prior  to  this  de\te  the  Commissioners,  recognizing  the 
fact  that  the  public  business,  increasing  constantly,  demanded  better 


330  BARTlIOT.OMinV    COUNTY. 

facilities  for  its  transaction  than  tliose  enjoyed,  appointed  a  com- 
mittee composed  of  John  B.  Abbett,  Ephraim  Arnold,  and  jNIoses 
Joiner,  to  consider  the  question  of  erecting  a  new  court  house. 
At  the  suggestion  of  this  committee  another  was  appointed  to  fur- 
nish a  draft  and  model — ^  which,  when  submitted,  provided  for  a 
brick  building  with  stone  trimmings  and  fire-proof  vaults,  two 
stories  high,  and  to  be  covered  with  pine  or  walnut  shingles.  In 
February,  1839,  Jo'"'"  Elder  submitted  a  proposal  to  construct  the 
building  for  $8,500,  which  was  accepted.  Upon  completion  of 
the  work  the  county  in  part  payment  transferred  to  Elder  a  judg- 
ment obtained  against  Jesse  Ruddick,  et  al.,  and  paid  the  balance 
in  cash.  This  building  stood  in  the  center  of  the  present  pubhc 
square,  and  at  the  time  of  its  completion,  was  ample  for  the  heeds 
of  the  count}'  and  an  ornament  to  tlie  town.  But,  thirty  years 
later,  in  December,  1870,  the  Commissioners  declared  it  "dilapi- 
dated, crumbhng,  and  unsafe,"  and  sold  it  for  $350.  It  was 
then  determined  to  build  such  an  edifice  as  was  demanded  b}-  the 
interests  of  the  people  who  in  that  year  had  paid  into  the  treasury 
more  than  $200,000,  of  which  $63,912  was  for  county  pur- 
poses. I.  Hodgson,  of  Indianapolis,  was  chosen  as  architect.  The 
Commissioners  then  in  office  were  Louis  Essex,  John  P.  Iloltz,  and 
John  W.  Welmer,  who  met  much  opposition  in  the  contemplation 
of  this  work.  It  has  been  said  that  "  though  the  old  court  house 
was  frail  in  its  structure  and  forbidding  in  its  aspect,  3'et  it  required 
as  much  courage  to  resolve  on  the  construction  of  a  new  building 
and  to  enter  on  the  execution  of  that  resolve  as  to  meet  an  embat- 
tled and  hostile  enemy  in  the  field." 

Pursuant  to  advertisements  previously  given,  the  following  bids 
were  received  in  April,  1871 :  McCormack  &  Sweeney,  $139,900; 
Frank  L.  Farman,  $147,330;  Epperson  &  Myers,  $156,997;  Mc- 
Kay &  Goshom,  $134,990;  D.J.  Silver,  $163,000;  Short  Peperl}- 
«&  Co.,  $200,000.  The  contract  was  awarded  to  McCormack  & 
Sweenc}'.  At  various  times  it  became  necessary  to  enlarge  upon  the 
original  plans  which  increased  the  cost  of  the  building  bej-^ond  the 
amount  stipulated  in  the  contract.  The  contractors  received  about 
$175,000;  the  architect,  $8,998.95 ;  Jolin  Rouser, builder  of  counters, 
bookcases,  and  other  fixtures,  $7,672;  the  Howard  Watch  &  Clock 


COUNTY     ORCAMZATION.  331 

Co.  of  Boston,  for  the  town  clock  and  bell,  $5,000;  the  Union 
Foundry  Works,  of  Cincinnati,  Ohio,  for  fence  enclosing  the  public 
square,  $8,133.45.  Other  expenditures,  including  that  for  the  heat- 
ing apparatus,  swell  the  cost  of  the  improvements  made  to  above 
$225,000.  The  building  stands  on  the  northeast  corner  of  the 
public  square,  fronting  on  Third  and  Washington  streets.  After 
the  Franco-American  st3'le  of  architecture,  its  exterior  is  of  pressed 
brick  and  stone  trimmings.  The  foundation  stone  is  from  the 
quarries  at  North  Vernon,  the  finishing  stone  from  those  at  Elletts- 
ville,  and  the  brick  from  the  manufactories  of  Indianapolis.  The 
building  is  three  stories  in  height,  with  a  mansard  roof,  surmounted 
b}'  a  tower  twenty-five  feet  s(]^uare  and  154  feet  high.  The  east 
front  is  122  feet  8  inches  long;  the  north  front  122  feet  long.  It  is 
thoroughly  fire  proof.  On  the  first  floor  are  the  offices  of  the 
Auditor,  Recoi'der,  Clerk,  Sheriff,  Treasurer  and  Board  of  Com- 
missioners, all  roomy  and  handsomely  furnished;  on  the  second  floor 
are  two  spacious  and  loft}'  court  rooms,  one  72x42  feet,  the  other 
52x47  feet,  the  offices  of  the  Judges,  Count}'-  Attorneys,  and  Sur- 
veyor; and  on  the  third  floor  are  entrances  to  the  court-room  gal- 
leries, jury  and  witness  rooms,  beautifully  designed  and  substantially 
built  in  all  their  parts.  This  court  house  will  long  remain  "  an  archi- 
tectural triumph  and  a  proud  and  enduring  monument  to  the  intelli- 
gence and  enterprise  of  its  founders." 

When  completed  and  received  the  Commissioners  determined 
to  open  the  new  building  to  the  public  on  December  29,  1874. 
Preparations  were  made  for  a  gala  day  and  appropriate  public  ex- 
ercises. A  cordial  and  general  invitation  to  the  citizens  of  the 
county  to  attend  the  ceremonies  and  a  banquet  to  be  held  in  the 
evening,  was  extended  through  the  press.  On  the  appointed  day 
the  streets  of  the  city  were  thronged  at  an  early  hour.  The  entire 
people  of  the  county  seemed  to  have  assembled,  and  large  numbers 
from  all  parts  of  the  State  were,  present.  In  the  afternoon  a  great 
crowd  gathered  at  the  new  Temple  of  Justice,  the  corridors,  court 
rooms  and  otlices  being  filled  with  the  old  and  young,  rich  and 
poor,  of  all  classes  and  trades.  In  the  larger  court  room  an  eager 
throng  awaited,  with  beaming  faces  and  glad  hearts,  the  commence- 
ment of  the  exercises,  and  each  took  part  in  the  doings  of  the  day  with 


33^  BARTIIOLOMKW    COU.NTV. 

proud  jiloasurc.  Ma^or  Thomas  Essex  prcsulcd;  api^-opiiate 
speeches  were  made  b}-  Hon.  Josepli  E.  McDonald,  Col.  W.  P. 
Tomlinson,  of  Louisville;  Judge  Samuel  II.  Buskirk,  of  the  Supreme 
Bench;  Judge  J.  Y.  Allison,  of  INIadison;  Judge  C.  L.  Dunham, 
and  othens;  a  poem  of  considerable  beauty  and  pathos,  1^-  Mrs- 
Laura  C.  Arnold,  ^was  read,  and  music  suitable  to  the  occasion  was 
rendered  by  the  city  bands.  The  festivities  were  concluded  by  a 
ball  and  banquet  in  the  evening,  when  brief  addresses  were  de- 
livered and  appropriate  toasts  proposed  and  responded  to  elo;|uently 
by  visiting  and  resident  men  of  acknowledged  ability.  The  event 
was  notable,  important  and  long  to  be  remembered. 

yails. —  Among  the  first  improvements  made  b}-  the  county 
was  the  building  of  a  jail.  The  contract  was  let  to  John  McEwen 
in  May,  182 1.  He  was  to  receive  the  first  payment  of  $83  out 
of  the  money  received  at  the  sale  of  town  lots.  The  jail  was  built 
of  logs  and  stood  fift}'-  feet  from  the  southeast  corner  of  the  public 
square,  on  a  line  from  that  corner  to  the  center  of  the  square. 
When  completed  the  Board  of  Commissioners  refused  to  accept  it 
because  it  was  not  built  according  to  contract,  and  suit  was  ordered 
to  be  brought  against  McEweu  because  it  was  not  completed  at  the 
time  agreed  upon.  McEwen  succeeded,  however,  in  having  the 
matter  submitted  to  arbitration  —  Newton  C.  Jones,  James  Van- 
zant  and  Joshua  McQueen  — -  upon  whose  recommendation  it  was 
finally  received,  and  the  County  Agent  was  directed  to  enter  a  credit 
on  McEwen's  note  for  $112.75.  Some  repairs  were  made  on  it  in 
1825,  but  it  was  not  secure.  At  various  times  prisoners  were 
guarded  over  night  by  watchmen  hired  for  the  purpose  at  fifty 
cents  per  night.  In  this  connection  it  may  be  proper  to  state  that 
Joseph  McKinney  in  November,  1822,  was  allowed  $21.25  fortaking 
a  convicted  criminal,  M.  W.  Harrington,  to  the  State  prison,  this  be- 
ing the  first  allowance  of  the  kind.  In  Jul}-,  1826,  two  men  were 
allowed  $6  each  for  taking  prisoners  to  Jeffersonville.  The  allow- 
ance specifies  the  a;mount  as  being  payment  for  six  days'  labor  on 
the  part  of  each.  The  first  pair  of  handcuffs  were  bought  in 
March,  1S28,  for  $2.50.  In  1831  a  contract  was  made  with  Sam- 
uel Patterson  for  the  building  of  a  jail  for  $1,188.  This  jail  stood 
on  the  southwest  corner  of  the  public  square,  thirty  feet  from  each 


COUNTY     ORCiAMZATIOX.  333 

Street,  facing  Jackson.  The  foundation,  i8xiS,  was  made  of  wliite 
oak  timber,  one  foot  below  the  surface  of  the  ground;  this  was 
crossed  witli  other  timbers,  all  12x12;  between  tlie  timbers  were 
four  inches  of  trravel.  I^he  first  story  was  ten  feet  hiah  with 
double  walls;  the  inside  wall  of  12x12  inch  timbers  with  plank  two 
inches  thick,  spiked  on  with  four  inch  spikes  not  more  than  six 
inches  apart;  the  outside  wall  of  10x12  inch  timbers  which  contin- 
ued upward  seven  feet  above  the  inside  wall  so  as  to  make  a  room 
below  14x14x8,  and  abo\  c  14x14x7;  the  second  floor  of  12x12 
inch  timber.^  and  heavy  plank  spiked  like  the  inner  wall,  and  the 
upper  room  ceiled  with  six  inch  timbers.  There  were  two  sma'I 
windows  and  a  door  in  each  room,  all  grated  with  iron  bars  —  the 
lower  room  with  much  heavier  iron  than  the  upper.  This  entire 
house  was  surrounded  b}'  a  brick  wall  thirteen  inches  thick,  commenc- 
ing at  the  base  of  timber  foundation  and  running  to  the  top  of  the 
inner  structure.  The  whole  was  covered  with  a  shingle  roof.  A 
staircase  ran  up  the  outside  of  the  building  to  the  door  of  the  upper 
room.  When  finished  it  was  received  and  the  contractor  paid 
$1,088,  a  deduction  of  $100  having  been  made  because  of  some 
changes  in  the  original  plans. 

In  1845  a  contract  was  made  with  John  Craig,  Joseph  Pervis 
and  Michael  West,  for  the  building  .of  a  jail  on  lot  No.  106, 
fronting  on  Walnut  Street,  and  standing  eight  feet  therefrom,  and 
a  Jailor's  residence  on  the  southwest  corner  of  said  lot  for  $2,575. 
The  jail  was  of  stone,  20x20.  The  first  floor  was  of  stone  slabs 
three  feet  square  and  ten  inches  thick;  the  second  and  third  floors 
were  of  hewn  timber  one  foot  square,  covered  with  heavy  sheet 
iron  and  then  with  oak  planks  and  all  securely  spiked  together. 
The  Jailor's  residence  was  of  brick  with  stone  foundation,'  25x20, 
and  two  stories  high.  Both  jail  and  residence  were  under  one  roof. 
The  building  was  received  by  the  Board  of  Commissioners  in  Jan- 
uar}'',  1847,  and  the  contractors  were  allowed  $29  for  extra  work 
and  materials.  In  March,  1870,  a  contract  was  made  with  Frank 
L.  Farman  for  the  building  of  the  jail  and  Jailor's  residence,  now 
standing  near  the  southeast  corner  of  the  public  square,  facing 
Washington  Street,  for  $41,900.  The  plans  for  the  building  were 
prepared  by  I.  Hodgson,  architect,  of  Indianapolis.     The  building 


334  DARTIIOLOMKW    COUNTV. 

is  veiy  handsome  in  design,  substantial,  secure  and  commodious. 
It  is  two  stories  high,  built  of  brick,  with  stone  trimmings  and  lined 
w^th  iron.  After  a  thorough  examination  of  all  its  parts  it  was  re- 
ceived b}"^  the  Board  of  Commissioners  on  February  14,  187 1.  A 
bill  for  extra  work  done,  aside  from  that  specified  in  the  contract, 
amounting  to  $875.45,  was  filed  b}'  the  builder,  endorsed  as  correct 
and  justly  due  b}'  the  architect,  and  allowed  by  the  Commission- 
ers. In  round  numbers,  including  allowances  to  architect  and  su- 
perintendent, the  structure  cost  the  count}'  $45,000. 

In  November,  183S,  a  market  house,  50x20  feet,  was  built  b}'' 
Joseph  Bevis  on  the  public  square  at  a  cost  of  about  $200.  In 
May,  1S39,  it  was  delivered  as  a  gift  to  the  Trustees  of  the  town  of 
Columbus  "  to  be  dealt  with  or  disposed  of  as  the}'  might  see  fit." 
It  has  long  since  passed  away,  and  is  mentioned  here  only  because 
it  was  a  public  building  erected  b}'  the  count}-. 

Avenices  of  Travel. — -The  highw^ay  as  a  means  of  bringing  men 
into  social  and  business  contact  is  an  educator  and  producer  of 
"wealth.  The  pioneers  had  only  the  blazed  trail  and  the  cleared 
out  serpentine  road  winding  its  way  through  dense  and  wolf-infested 
forests  from  settlement  to  settlement.  From  this  beginning  there 
are  now  highways  of  banded  steel  traversing  the  land  from  ocean 
to  ocean  and  from  lake  to  gulf,  as  results  of  the  aggressive,  enter- 
prising spirit,  which  has  brought  into  cultivation  a  rich,  but  once 
unappreciated,  territory,  and  built  busy  towns  and  magnificent 
cities  where  not  long  since  were  unexplored  forests. 

This  county  and  other  portions  of  the  State  soon  after  settlement, 
produced  a  large  surplus  of  agricultural  products,  which  was  likely 
to  become  worthless  for  the  want  of  a  market.  As  early  as  1822 
Governor  William  Hendricks  in  his  message  to  the  Legislature  ur- 
gently called  attention  to  the  importance  of  internal  improvement. 
The  Assembly  adopted  a  progressive  policy,  encouraging  and  aiding 
plans  for  the  development  of  the  country  without  examining  closely 
as  to  their  feasibility,  or  the  necessities  which  were  supposed  to  de- 
mand them.  A  favorable  sentiment  grew  strong  among  the  peo- 
ple, at  one  time  amounting  almost  to  a  frenzy,  commencing  about 
1832  and  ending  in  1838.  New  York,  Penns}'lvania  and  Ohio 
were  successfully  prosecuting  internal  improvements.     There  ap- 


COUXTV    ORGANIZATION.  335 

peared  no  good  reason  why  Indiana  should  not  follow  the  example 
of  these  older  States.  Hopes  of  profit  to  land  and  town  lot  specu- 
latoi's  ayd  to  prosjiective  engineers,  contractors  and  jobbers  of  all 
sorts  gave  an  additional  impetus  to  the  demand  for  extensive  public 
work.  At  the  session  of  1835-6  the  Legislature  adopted  a  system 
of  internal  improvement,  which  at  length  banki-upted  the  credit  of 
the  State.  The  completion  of  the  works  authorized  would  have 
cost  $30,000,000,  and  probably  the  only  thing  to  prevent  the  ex- 
penditure of  this  entire  sum  was  the  inability  of  the  State  to  secure 
the  necessary  credit.  Works  were  commenced  that  did  not  lead 
to  a  market,  where  no  surplus  of  labor  or  produce  existed  and 
when  the  onl}^  interests  to  be  benefited  w^er.e  those  of  the  specula- 
tor in  new  lands  or  the  promoters  of  insignificant  towns.  Notwith- 
standing the  lack  of  prudence  which  permitted  the  overdoing  and 
stranding  of  the  work,  some  good  was  ultimately  accomplished. 

For  cartways  and  w^igon  roads,  provision  had  been  made  long 
before  the  date  mentioned.  When  Indiana  was  admitted  to  the 
Union  the  statutes  of  the  National  Government  provided  that  five 
per  centum  of  the  proceeds  arising  from  the  sale  of  the  public  lands 
should  be  set  apart  for  the  purpose  of  building  roads;  two  per  cent. 
for  a  State  road  leading  to  the  permanent  seat  of  government,  and 
three  per  cent,  to  be  used  by  the  several  counties  on  the  roads 
within  their  borders.  At  the  time  of  the  organization  of  the  count}^ 
her  territory  was  already  traversed  by  some  tolerabl}-  well  defined 
roads.  On  May  15,  1821,  the  subject  was  first  officially  considered 
by  the  Commissioners.  On  that  da}-  no  less  than  seven  road  peti- 
tions signed  by  "  divers  and  sundry  citizens  "  of  the  townships  or 
locality  wanting  the  outlet  were  presented  to  the  Board  of  Commis- 
sioners, who,  upon  consideration  granted  the  prayers  of  the  petition- 
ers, and  in  each  case  appointed  viewers  to  view,  mark  and  lay  out 
the  proposed  highwa}',  if  in  their  judgment  it  was  of  public  utility. 
The  routes  were  not  well  defined  as  is  required  in  such  petitions  at 
the  present  day,  indeed,  only  the  designed  termini  were  named,  the 
object,  as  expressed,  being  to  get  from  one  to  the  other  "by  the 
nearest  and  best  w^a}'-,"  and  this  was  left  to  the  good  judgment  of 
the  viewers.  The  seven  petitions  named  were  for  the  following 
roads:  first,  from  the  public  sf[uare   in   Columbus  to  intersect  the 


33^  BARTIIOI.OMliW    COUXTV. 

State  road  to  tlic  scat  of  government;  second,  from  the  ford  on  l>ig" 
Sand  Creek  to  the  public  square  in  Cohimbus;  tliird,  from  Big- 
S<ind  Creek  to  intersect  the  State  road  at  David  ^'anblaricum^s; 
fourtli,  from  the  pul)lic  square  in  Columbus  to  ]>rookville,  bv 
Robertson's  ford  on  Clifty  as  far  as  the  county  h'ne;  iifth,  from 
Cohmibus  to  Vernon;  sixth,  from  the  public  square  in  Columbus 
to  intersect  "  a  road  to  Hensley's  ferry  cui.  out  by  the  citizens  of 
Jackson  County";  seventh,  from  the  public  square  in  Columbus  to 
intersect  the  State  road  from  Madison  to  Indianapolis.  The  roads 
described  in  the  foregoing  sentence,  as  the  first,  second,  third,  fourth 
and  sixth  petitioned  for,  were,  upon  the  sworn  report  of  the  viewers, 
estabhshed  and  declared  public  highways  on  August  14,  1821,  and 
are  thus  seen  to  be  the  oldest  county  roads  in  Bartholomew  Count}'. 
Supervisors  were  appointed  to  keep  these  roads  in  repair,  having 
power  to  warn  out  hands  in  the  manner  familiar  to  most  men  of  the 
present  da}-. 

The  first  Supervisors  were  David  Stepp,  David  McCoy,  Joshua 
McQueen,  David  Keller,  Anthon}-  Head,  Jacob  Lane,  and  Richard 
Wall.  From  that  time  road  petitions  and  the  roads  established 
were  so  numerous  that  at  the  present  a  closeh'  printed  octavo  volume 
of  a  thousand  pages  would  hardly  hold  the  descriptions  of  the 
routes  traversed.  Many  a  hot  war  of  words  has  attended  the 
hearing  of  these  petitions.  Remonstrances  have  been  filed;  dam- 
ages claimed  and  secured;  neighborly  friendships  broken  and  life- 
long enmities  made.  In  1833,  the  State  road  from  Greensburg  to 
Columbus  via  Hartsville  was  established;  that  from  Shelbyville 
via  Goshen  and  Newbern  to  intersect  the  Madison  State  road ;  that 
from  Napoleon  in  Ripley  Count}-,  to  Bloomington  in  Monroe 
County,  passing  through  Bartholomew  County,  and  many  other  State 
roads  followed  soon  thereafter.  In  every  year  since  the  organization 
of  the  county  and  at  nearly  every  regular  meeting  of  the  Board 
of  Commissioners  road  petitions  or  papers  pertaining  thereto  have 
been  considered.  Annually,  Supervisors  were  appointed  and  road 
districts  formed  until  the  Commissioners  were  relieved  by  law  from 
the  performance  of  such  duties.  As  to  the  "  three  per  cent,  fund  " 
referred  to,  Commissioners  were  appointed  from  time  to  time  who 
were   charged    with   its    safe    keeping   and  proper  disbursement. 


COUNTY     ORGANIZATION.  337 

They  gave  bond  nnd  recei\'cd  for  their  ser\ice.s  $i  for  each  day 
actualh'  and  necessiirily  emjiloyed.  As  the  sale  of  pubhc  lands 
advanced,  the  money  going  to  this  fund  \vas  from  tnne  to  time  ap- 
propriated by  tlie  Legislature  and  piud  to  tlie  -proper  oilicers  of  the 
several  counties.  '  On  the  belief  that  a  part  of  tlie  fund  was  never 
distributed  to  the  counties  entitled  to  it,  in  i8Si  efforts  \vere  made 
to  obtain  the  same  from  the  State  officials  but  without  avail. 

As  the  county  grew  in  wealth  and  population  the  need  of  bet- 
ter facilities  for  reaching  the  markets  began  to  be  pressingly  felt. 
In  winter  and  spring  "  roads  without  bottom  "  were  what  the  far- 
mers had  to  contend  with.  It  was  not  deemed  wise  for  the  county 
to  undertake  the  macadamizing  of  all  the  roads  forniing  the  vast 
network  in  the  county,  and  a  field  for  private  enterprise  was  opened 
in  the  matter  by  the  passage  of  a  State  law  authorizing  the  incor- 
poration of  gravel  road  or  turnpike  companies.  As  a  result  turn- 
pikes have  been  constructed  on  all  the  principal  thoroughfares 
leading  out  of  Columbus,  as  well  as  on  many  of  the  cross  roads  in 
various  parts  of  the  count}'.  At  this  time  the  following  companies 
are  operating  such  roads  in  this  county,  the  points  connected  by 
them  being  usually  designated  in  the  title:  Columbus  &  Hope 
Turnpike  Company;  Columbus  &  Hartsville  Turnpike  Company; 
Columbus  &  Burnsville  Turnpike  Company;  Geeensburg,  Mil- 
ford  &  Hope  Turnpike  Companj^;  Junction,  Hope  &  Hartsville 
Turnpike  Company;  Morristown,  Hope  &  St.  Louis  Turnpike 
Company;  Hope  &  Flat  Branch  Turnpike  Company;  Hartsville 
Junction  Tui'npike  Compan}-^;  Hope  &  Clifford  Turnpike  Com- 
pan}';  Hope  &  Hartsville  Turnpike  Compan}-;  Hope  &  Passing 
Glory  Turnpike  Company ;  Edinburgh  &  Kansas  Turnpike  Com- 
pany; Legal  Tender  Turnpike  Company  (in  Rock  Creek  Town- 
ship) ;  Driftwood  Valley  Turnpike  Compan}-  (three  branches); 
Haw  Creek  Turnpike  Cumpan}-.  Rates  of  toll  and  condition  in 
which  the  road  must  be  kept  are  prescribed  by  law.  The  purchase 
of  all  toll  roads  by  the  county,  with  a  A'iew  of  making  them  public 
highways  free  to  every  one,  was  the  subject  of  much  agitation 
early  in  1886,  and  for  some  time  prior  to  that  yeixr.  A  petition 
with  that  object  in  view  was  presented  to  the  Board  of  Commis- 
sioners, Avho,  after  due  consideration,  ordered  an  election  to  be  held 


33^  BARTlIOl.oMEW    COUXTV. 

in  tlie  several  voting  precincts  in  the  county,  on  tlie  5lh  da}'  of 
April,  iS86,  for  the  jiurpose  of  taking  the  votes  of  the  people  in 
regard  to  it.  A  majority  of  the  votes  cast  at  this  election  were  op- 
posed to  the  plan  of  purchase.  The  turnpike  under  tlie  manage- 
ment and  control  of  the  Columbus  c^  Flat  Rock  Turnpike  Company 
was  ^'oluntaril3'  and  without  compensation  therefor  to  the  com- 
pan}',  thrown  open  to  the  public,  and  made  perpetuall}'  free  in 
March,  1S87,  the  directors  of  the  enterprise  declaring  that  after  a 
ten  3'ears'  trial  it  had  proved  a  financial  failure.  In  June,  1S87, 
the  Board  of  Commissioners  purchased  for  the  sum  of  $6,000,  the 
five  miles  nearest  Columbus  of  the  turnpike  owned  by  the  Colum- 
bus &  Greensburgh  Compan}',  and  the  remainder  of  the  road  was 
donated  by  the   company  to  the  public. 

Railroads. —  No  sooner  had  the  practicability  of  railroads  been 
demonstrated  to  the  world  than  there  was  among  the  most  intelli- 
gent and  enterprising  citizens  a  desire  to  adopt  and  reap  the  benefits 
of  the  new  mode  of  travel.  E.xcepting,  perhaps,  some  crude 
efforts  at  railroad  construction  in  short  local  lines  the  first  efforts 
in  this  direction  —  at  least  the  first  that  resulted  in  permanent 
good  — were  directed  toward  the  construction  of  the  lines  now 
forming  the  J.,  M.  &  I.  S3^stem.  On  Februar}'^  2,  1832,  an  act  of 
the  General  Assembly  was  approved,  which  authorized  the  organi- 
zation of  the  Madison,  Indianapolis  &  La  Fa3'ette  Railroad 
Compan}^  with  a  capital  stock  of  $1,000,000,  whose  purpose  was 
to  construct  a  line  from  Madison  to  La  Fayette  by  way  of  Indian- 
apolis, on  such  route  as  would  best  serve  the  interests  of  the  public 
and  be  most  beneficial  to  the  compan}'.  On  February  3  of  the 
same  year,  another  act  was  approved  authorizing  the  incorporation 
of  the  Ohio  «&;  Indianapolis  Railroad  Compan}^  with  a  capital 
stock  of  $1,000,000,  whose  purpose  was  to  build  a  road  from  the 
Falls  of  the  Ohio  River  to  Indianapolis  by  way 'of  Columbus.  To 
keep  the  charter  alive  it  was  required  that  all  the  stock  should  be 
subscribed  for  within  five  years.  The  conditions  were  not  com- 
plied with,  but  on  January  20,  1846,  another  act  granting  similar 
privileges  was  approved.  February  i,  1834,  authorit}'  was  given 
by  legislative  enactment  to  the  first  named  company-  to  change  its 
name  to  the  Madison  &  Indianapolis   Railroad  Company   and  to 


COUNTY     ORGANIZATIOX. 


339 


reduce  its  capital  stock  to  one-half  tlie  amount  llrst  autliorized. 
Indianapolis  was  to  be  tlie  northern  terminus,  where  connections 
were  to  be  made  .with  anotlier  road  running  llience  to  La  Fa3'Ctte. 
Januar}'  27,  1836,  b}--  the  act  providing  for  the  general  S3'stem  of 
improvements  througliout  tlie  State,  there  was  appropriated  for  the 
use  of  the  Madison  &  Indianapolis  Railroad  Company  ifii, 300,000. 
Februar}'^  6,  1839,  an  additional  $400,000  was  appropriated  for 
the  same  purpose. 

B}'  an  act  approved  Februar}-  15,  1841,  the  General  Assembly 
authorized  the  Board  of  Commissioners  in  Bartholomew  and  other 
counties  along  the  hne  of  the  proposed  road  to  aid  in  the  further 
construction  of  the  road  by  levying  a  tax  of  five  cents  on  each  $100 
worth  of  taxable  property  in  the  counties  named,  for  five  3'^ears,  be- 
ginning in  1841.  At  its  June  session,  1841,  the  Board  of  Com- 
missioners of  this  county,  pursuant  to  the  authorit}'  thus  given, lev- 
ied the  tax  and  directed  that  it  be  put  on  the  tax  duplicates  for  five 
years  thereafter;  provided,  however,  the  other  counties  named  in 
the  act  would  enter  a  like  order  on  their  records  before  the  follow- 
ing August,  and  provided  further,  that  the  Fund  Commissioners 
would  receive  from  the  suspended  debt  or  from  the  Morris  Canal 
&  Banking  Company'  $100,000  worth  of  iron  to  be  used  in  the  con- 
struction of  the  railroad  from  Vernon  to  Edinburgh.  The  tax  du- 
plicates for  the  years  named  do  not  show  that  the  tax  was  collected, 
but  the  facts  mentioned  prove  the  public  spirit  as  it  existed  in  this 
county  at  the  time. 

In  February,  1843,  the  railroad  was  put  into  possession  of  a 
compan}'  whose  principal  office  was  at  Columbus.  Geo.  E.  Tingle 
was  Secretar}'^  of  the  compan}',  but  did  not  long  hold  the  office. 
From  that  time  the  State  had  nothing  to  do  with  the  management 
of  the  road. 

At  length  the  line  was  completed  to  Columbus  in  1843-44,  and 
a  new  era  v  :,s  begun.  This  Madison  and  Indianapolis  railroad 
was  the  first  built  west  of  Cincinnati,  and  though  the  road  bed  has 
been  much  changed  and  improved  the  general  route  traversed  re- 
mains the  same.  At  first  the  track  was  of  flat-bar  iron  and  the 
equipment  very  modest  when  compared  with  the  elegant  and  luxur- 
ious  accommodations  afforded  the  traveler  of  the  present  da3\    The 


340  BARTHOLOMEW    COUXTV. 

Jeffersonville  road  was  completed  to  this  point  a]:iout  1S53,  and  sub- 
sequentlv  the  two  main  hnes  were  united  under  one  management 
and  witli  one  main  stem  from  here  to  Imlianapolis,  making  the  gen- 
eral system  of  the  J.,  i\I.  &  I.  R.  R.  Co. 

The  Columbus  &  Shelby  Railroad  Company  was  in  fact  a 
part  of  the  Madison  &  Indianapolis  Company,  but  enjoyed  a  separ- 
ate charter.  Of  its  stock,  the  M.  &  I.  road  held  $::5,ooo,  and  the 
city  of  JMadison,  $50,000.  Its  road  from  Columbus  to  Shelby\ille 
was  constructed  in  1853-54,  at  a  cost  of  about  $300,000.  It  sub- 
sequently became  a  part  of  the  J.,  M.  &  I.  system,  and  as  extended, 
now  forms  what  is  called  the  Cambridge  Cit}-  Branch.  The  entire 
J.,  M.  &  I.  system  is  leased  to,  and  is  under  the  control  of,  the  Penn- 
S3'lvania  Railroad  Company.  It  may  be  interesting  to  the  reader 
to  know,  as  eyidencing  the  general  improyement  brougiit  about 
chiefly  through  the  agenc}'  of  railroads,  that  prior  to  the  construc- 
tion, corn  was  a  drug  on  the  market  at  10 cents  per  bushel;  wheat 
brought  but  35  to  40  cents;  pork,  $1.50  to  $2  per  hundred  pounds, 
net;  and  other  farm  products  in  proportion. 

]Man\'  efforts  haye  been  made  to  induce  capitalists  to  build  other 
roads  through  this  county,  but  without  ayail  except  in  one  instance. 
In  March,  18S2,  a  petition  was  presented  to  the  Board  of  Commis- 
sioners asking  that  an  election  be  ordered  in  Columbus  Township 
for  the  purpose  of  taking  the  yotes  of  the  people  on  the  question 
of  aiding  the  Columbus,  Hope  &  Greensburgh  Railroad  Com- 
pany in  building  its  road  through  the  township,  b}'  donating 
$70,000.  The  election  was  held  April  22,  1882;  the  votes  were: 
for  the  appropriation,  813;  against  it,  521.  A  like  pedtion  had 
been  filed  in  February,  18S2,  by  the  citizens  of  Haw  Creek  Town- 
ship, who  proposed  that  said  township  should  take  $24,000  of  the 
stock  of  said  compan3\  The  election  was  held  March  20,  1882;  the 
votes  cast  for  taking  stock,  338;  against  it,  190.  The  construction 
of  this  road  has  greatly  benefited  the  county.  Since  its  con- 
struction the  city  of  Columbus  has  almost  doubled  in  size,  and 
while  this  increase  is  by  no  means  sought  to  be  attributed  to  this 
single  cause,  yet  it  deserves  credit  for  a  ver\'  large  part  of  the  gen- 
eral prosperity  now  enjo}'ed.  The  Cincinnati,  Indianapolis,  St. 
Louis  &  Chicago  Railroad  Company  are  lessees  of  this  line,    mak- 


^.<^f^' 


m 


:^-. 


/ 


'?m.. 


COUNTY    ORGANIZATION.  343 

ino-  it  practically  a  branch  of  that  trunk  line  connecting  witli  the 
main  stem  at  the  cit\-  of  Gi-ecnsburirh. 

In  June,  iS49,,the  Board  of  Conuiaissioncrs  of  the  county  or- 
dered the  votes  of  the  people  to  be  taken  at  the  August  election  of 
that  year,  on  the  question  of  aiding  the  Jeffersonville  Railroad 
Company,  the  Bloomington  Railroad  Compan}'  and  the  Greens- 
burgh  Railroad  Company  (each  of  which  enjo3'ed  a  special  char- 
ter granted  by  the  General  Assembly),  b}-  levying  a  tax  of  ten 
cents  on  each  $ioo  worth  of  taxable  property  in  the  count}'.  The 
votes  for  or  against  each  of  the  proposed  works  were  to  be  cast 
independent!}^  of  the  otlvrs.  A  majorit)'-  of  the  tax-payers  were 
unwiUing  to  thus  burden  themselves,  and  voted  against  the  propo- 
sition. In  December,  1S49,  however,  the  Commissioners  sub- 
scribed, in  behalf  of  the  county,  for  400  shares  (at  $50  per  share 
to  be  paid  for  in  bonds),  to  the  stock  of  the  Columbus,  Nashville 
and  Brownstown  Railroad  Compan3\  The  bonds  were  issued  in 
1850,  bearing  seven  per  cent,  interest,  to  run  for  ten  3'ears,  and 
Isaac  S.  Boardman  was  made  proxy  to  vote  the  county's  stock. 
The  bonds  were  delivered  to  the  company,  and  $400  worth 
of  them  went  into  the  possession  of  Michael  G.  Bright,  who 
asked  the  Commissioners,  in  1854,  ^^  P'^^y  ^^^^  interest  then  due, 
and  had  his  request  denied.  Mr.  Bright  brought  suit  against 
the  count}-,  and  the  matter  finally  went  to  the  Supreme  Court, 
where  he  recovered  judgment  for  $924.50,  principal,  interest  and 
damages.  The  Commissioners  allowed  the  amount  in  June,  1862, 
and  in  September,  1863,  allowed  $30  to  W.  H.  H.  Terrell,  for  inci- 
dental expenses  as  Treasurer  of  the  defunct  railroad  company,  in- 
curred by  him  in  the  organization  of  the  company  and  the  survey 
of  the  road.  The  old  bonds,  which  had  never  been  sold,  amount- 
ing to  $19,600  were  returned  by  Treasurer  Terrell  to  the  Com- 
missioners, and  by  them  burned  in  the  presence  of  William  C.  Ab- 
bett,  Joseph  E.  Mitchell,  James  C.  Mitchell,  Isaac  Helfman,  John  S. 
Long,  and  many  others. 

In  June,  1871,  elections  were  ordered,  to  aid  the  Lake  Erie, 
Evansville  &  Southwestern  Railroad  Compan}-,  in  Sand  Creek  and 
Rock  Creek  townships,  by  donating  $10,000  and  $8, 000,  respect- 
ively. In  the  former  township  there  were  206  votes  for,  and  17 
5 


344  BARTlIOLO:\IFAV    COUNTV. 

against  the  donation:  in  the  latter,  70  votes  for,  and  loi  against  it; 
the  election  was  held  August  5,  1871. 

,  In  vSepteniber,  1S71,  an  election  was  ordered  to  be  held  on  No- 
vember 4,  iollowing,  at  all  voting  places  in  the  county,  upon  the 
question  of  taking  stock  by  the  county  to  the  amount  of  ifi  100,000 
in  the  Cincinnati  &  Terre  Haute  Railroad  Compau}-.  The  votes 
were  1,962  for,  an_d  1,345  against  the  proposition.  In  January, 
1872,  an  election  was  ordered  to  be  held  in  Haw  Creek  Township 
on  Februar}-^  10,  following,  when  the  question  of  taking  stock  to 
the  amount  of  $S,ooo  in  the  same  company  by  the  township  was 
submitted  and  carried  b}'  a  vote  of  306  for,  and  224  against  it.  In 
February-,  1880,  an  election  was  ordered  in  Haw  Creek  Township 
to  be  held  on  March  6,  1880,  on  the  question  of  donating  $24,000 
to  the  Hope  &  Grecnsburgh  Railroad  Compan}'.  The  votes  were 
388  for,  and  243  against  the  proposition.  In  March,  18S0,  elections 
were  ordered  to  be  held  in  Clift}^,  Sand  Creek  and  Columbus  town- 
ships, on  April  10  in  the  first,  and  on  April  3  in  the  two  last  named, 
on  the  question  of  donating  to  the  Evansville,  Seymour  &  Belfoun- 
taine  Railroad  Company  $9,782.10,  $12,861.98  and  $69,714.90,  by 
each  to\Miship  in  the  order  named.  The  votes  were  as  follows :  In 
Clifty,  117  for,  21  against;  in  Sand  Creek,  88  for,  209  against;  in 
Columbus,  718  for,  and  229  against  the  donation.  In  December, 
1886,  elections  were  ordered  to  be  held  on  February  2,  1887,  in 
Jackson,  Wayne,  Sand  Creek  and  Rock  Creek  townships,  on  the 
question  of  donating  to  the  Evansville  &  Richmond  Railroad  Com- 
pany the  sums  of  $3,300,  $17,000,  $12,700  and  $9,900,  respec- 
tively. The  votes  were :  In  Jackson,  102  for,  34  against;  in  Wa3^ne, 
185  for,  219  against;  in  Sand  Creek,  204  for,  89  against;  in  Rock 
Creek,  61  for,  131  against  the  donation. 

In  April,  1887,  an  election  was  ordered  to  be  held  June  10,  fol- 
lowing, in  Columbus  Township,  on  the  question  of  donating 
$45,000  to  the  St.  Louis  &  Cincinnati  Railroad  Company.  The 
votes  were  802  for,  and  704  against  the  appropriation. 

Ferries  and  Bridges. —  Inasmuch  as  ferries  and  bridges  are  es- 
sentially a  part  of  all  good  highway  systems  in  a  country  traversed 
"by  streams,  they  deserve  mention  in  this  connection.  In  earh'  days 
at  man}'  points  along  the  streams  where   now   spanning  them  are 


COUNTY    ORGAXIZATIOX.  345 

costly  bridges,  not  even  tlic  convenience  of  a  fern'  was  cnjo}ed. 
At  most  seasons  of  the  }ear  it  was  not  a  diOicult  matter  to  ford 
the  wateV,  but  often  frcsliets  entirelv  blocked  travel.  These  ford- 
ing places  became  know  n  tln-oughout  all  the  coiintr}-  and  were 
recognized  land  marks.  It  may  be  noticed  elsewhere  huw  they 
were  ofhcially  recognized  as  starting  points  for  roads  or  named  in 
the  description  of  a  civil  township's  boundary  lines.  On  the  19th 
day  of  March,  182 1,  the  Board  of  Commissioners  established  the 
first  licensed  ferr}'  in  the  county  by  granting  to  John  Lindsey  the 
exclusive  right  to  own  and  operate  a  ferry  at  his  place  on  Drift- 
wood River  on  fractional  Sections  24  and  25  —  near  the  present 
site  of  the  bridge  across  Driftwood  River  at  Columbus  —  Lindse}^ 
appeared  in  court  with  his  bondsmen  and  executed  a  bond  obligat- 
ing himself  to  keep  "  one  good  and  suflicient  skiff  or  canoe,  and 
one  boat,  commonl}'  called  a  flat,  with  one  suthcient  hand  to  attend 
the  same."  For  the  privileges  granted  he  paid  $5  V^'^'  y'^'ir 
and  was  permitted  to  charge  the  following  rates  of  ferriage: 
For  each  horse,  6^c.;  for  a  man,  woman  or  child,  6j<(c. ; 
for  cattle  three  3-ears  old  and  upward,  6}^c.;  for  all  cattle  under  that 
age,  4J5/2C. ;  for  each  sheep,  hog  or  goat,  ic;  for  a  two-wheeled 
carriage  or  wagon,  25c.;  for  a  four-wheeled  carriage  or  wagon, 
50c.;  and  for  lumber  per  boat  load,  50c.  In  November,  1827,  the 
privileges  granted  under  this  license  were  withdrawn  for  the  reason 
that  he  did  not  compty  strictl}'  with  the  'Stipulations  contained  in  the 
grant,  and  Joseph  McKinney  was  granted  license  to  keep  a  iervy 
only  a  short  distance  from  the  one  vacated.  The  ferry  on  Flat  Rock 
Creek  where  it  was  crossed  by  the  State  road  leading  from  Madi- 
son to  Indianapolis  kept  by  D.  McEwen,  and  that  crossing  Drift- 
w^ood  "at  the  mouth  of  Jackson  Street"  kept  b}'  James  Parker, 
were  among  the  earliest  established.  Then  followed  those  kept 
by  Thomas  Hinkson  over  Driftwood  River  at  his  place ;  by  Samuel 
Patterson,  over  Flat  Rock  Creek  near  his  house;  by  William  Hal- 
lowell,  over  Clift}^  Creek,  on  the  Madison  and  Indianapolis  State 
road;  that  where  the  Greensbur^h  and  Bloomington  State  road 
crossed  Driftwood  near  Columbus;  and  so  on  until  ferries  were 
estabhshed  at  almost  every  point  on  the  larger  streams  when 
crossed  by  a  much  traveled  road.     The  ferr}-  crossing  Driftwood 


346  BARTnOLOMI^.\V    COUNTV. 

at  Coluinlnis  passed  from  Josepli  jMclvinncy  into  the  liaiids  of  Isaac 
B^oardman,  who,  on  Februaiy  25,  1849,  '"tjlintpiislied  his  riglUs  to 
the  feny  and  g:ive  the  right  of  way  to  the  hind  to  a  slock  com- 
pany that  had  been  formed  for  the  purpose  of  erecting-  a  loll  bridge. 
Januar}'  27,  1847,  the  General  Assembly  of  the  Stale  had  ap- 
proved a  law  authorizing  the  incorporation  of  the  Columbus  Bridge 
Compan}'  with  a  capital  stock  of  $10,000.  The  chief  promoters 
of  the  enterprise  were  Thomas  Hays,  Francis  J.  Crump,  John  B. 
Abbett  and  B.  B.  Jones,  The  charter  was  to  continue  thirty  years 
and  authorized  the  erection  of  "  a  bridge  across  the  cast  fork  of 
White  River  at  the  end  of  Vernon  Street  in  the  town  of  Columbus." 
The  toll  rates  fixed  were  about  equal  to  ferry  rates.  The  bridge 
was  sold  to  the  County  Commissioners  in  1S59,  for  the  sum  of 
$6,044.64,  and  thereafter  it  was  free  to  the  general  public  until 
condemned  and  removed  in  18S4.  Large  sums  of  money  have  been 
expended  in  a  vigorous  prosecution  of  a  wise  policy  early  adopted 
respecting  bridges.  It  is  estimated  that  the  first  seven  bridges  of 
importance  built  by  the  county  cost  $107,500.  In  18S6  alone  the 
amount  expended  in  the  construction  of  bridges  was  $46,707.83, 
and  in  1887,  it  was  $12,415.28.  The  large  amount  of  country  bonds 
issued  to  raise  funds  for  this  purpose  has  been  elsewhere  men- 
tioned. Among  the  principal  bridges  deserving  special  mention 
may  be  named  that  near  the  town  of  Azalia  on  the  east  fork  of 
White  River  built  in  1878,  by  INIcCormack  &  Sweeney  at  a  cost 
of  about  $22,000.  It  is  of  two  spans,  each  155  feet  in  length,  with 
wrought  iron  trusses  twenty-two  feet  high;  .width  of  roadway 
eighteen  feet;  the  structure  resting  upon  a  central  pier  and  two 
stone  abutments  rising  twenty-two  feet  above  low  water  mark.  A 
very  handsome  and  durable  bridge  was  built  over  Flat  Rock  Creek 
in  1880,  b}^  McCormack  &  Sweene3^  Bids  for  the  building  of  this 
bridge  w^ere  advertised  for  and  several  w^ere  submitted,  among 
them  that  of  McCormack  &  Sweeney  for  $13,400.  The  contract 
was  let  November  20, 1879,  but  Commissioner  Jacob  Wagner  pro- 
tested against  the  letting  on  the  ground  that  the  bid  accepted  was 
not  the  lowest  responsible  bid-  The  bridge  was  completed  and  ac- 
cepted December  21,  1880.  The  contractors  claimed  on  contract 
and  for  extra  work  done  and  materials  furnished  $16,342.93,  and 


COUXTV     ORGANIZATION.  347 

^vcrc  allowed  $15,450.52.  On  Clift}-  Creek  about  two  and  one- 
half  miles  from  Columbus  on  the  ]>urnsville  pike  there  is  a  j^laoe 
once  called  Fatal  Ford.  There  the  current  of  the  stream  is  swift 
and  its  bed  deceptive  and  treacherous.  On  the  morning  of  Novem- 
ber 15,  1879,  "^  woman  and  her  two  daughters  when  attempting  to 
cross  the  stream  lost  their  lives.  In  Ma}-,  18S0,  the  Commissioners 
awarded  a  contract  for  building  a  bridge  at  this  point  to  the  King 
Bridge  Company  of  Cleveland,  Ohio,  for  $8,642,  $6,000  of  the  sum 
named  being  for  the  foundation  and  the  remainder  for  the  super- 
structure. In  June,  18S0,  the  Commissioners  examined  the  work 
and  linding  that  it  was  not  being  built  according  to  contract,  con- 
demned it.  A  necessaiy  change  was  made  in  the  location  of  the 
abutments  for  which  $450  extra  was  allowed.  The  bridge  is  a 
wrought  iron  high  truss  with  two  spans.  At  the  same  time  and  to 
the  same  compan}'  a  contract  was  let  for  the  construction  of  a 
bridge  at  Hendrickson's  ford  on  Driftwood.  It  is  a  wrought  iron 
high  truss  bridge  with  two  spans,  each  158  feet  in  length.  The 
amount  paid  was,  for  superstructure,  $9,430,  and  for  substructure, 
$5,870.60. 

Iron  bridges  of  moderate  size  and  cost  have  been  built  recentl}'- 
by  the  Wrought  Iron  Bridge  Compan}^,  of  Canton,  Ohio,  over 
Little  Sand  Creek,  near  Elizabethtown,  over  Duck  Creek,  in  Haw 
Creek  Township,  over  the  bayou  in  Wa3'ne  Township,  and  over 
Haw^  Creek  near  Columbus. 

The  finest  and  largest  bridge  in  the  county  is  that  which  re- 
placed the  old  toll  bridge  across  Driftwood,  at  the  foot  of  Vernon 
Street,  in  Columbus.  It  stands  but  a  short  distance  up  the  stream 
from  the  site  of  the  old  bridge.  The  contracts  for  building  it 
were  let  by  Hemy  Dipper,  George  W.  Ely  and  Bluford  Sutherland, 
Commissioners,  to  the  Morse  Bridge  Company,  of  Youngstown, 
Ohio,  for  superstructure,  at  $27,000,  and  to  Frank  Snyder  for  sub- 
structure, for  $12,586.60.  The  substructure  consists  of  two  mas- 
sive stone  abutments  and  two  stone  piers;  the  superstructure,  of 
three  wrought  iron  high  truss  spans,  each  171  feet  long,  20  feet 
wide,  and  26  feet  high.  The  bridge  Avas  received  in  August, 
1884.  Though  this  costly  bridge  was  built  by  the  count}-,  and  is  free 
to  till,-  public,  it  can  be  approached  from  the  west  end  only  through 


3.|8  BARTIIOI.OMi:\V    COUNTY. 

Ihc  toll  gate  of  a  turnpike  company,  which  is  located  about  one 
hundred  "wirds  from  the  end  of  the  bridge.  It  is  practically  the 
f^iteway  to  the  city  of  Columbus  for  the  people  who  reside  in  the 
western  paa"t  of   the  county. 

Public  Officers^. —  Below  is  a  statement  of  the  public  ollicers  of 
the  count}-,  in  the  order  in  which  they  served,  Representatives, 
State  Senators  and  the  Representatives  in  Congress  for  the  district, 
including  Bartholomew  County,  from  the  organization  of  the  count}' 
to  the  present  time: 

County  Commissioners:  Jesse  Ruddick,  William  Ruddick, 
Solomon  Stout,  Newton  C.  Jones,  James  Goodwin,  William  Ham- 
ner,  Joshua  McQueen,  Lewis  Singleton,  Hiram  Wilson,  Nathan 
Kyle,  David  Newsom,  Eliakin  Hamblin,  Henr}-  B.  Roland,  Will- 
iam A.  Washburn,  Jacob  Lain,  John  Essex,  Francis  J.  Crump, 
Smith  D.  Jones,  David  iNIcLain,  Joseph  E.  Mitchell,  Walter  G.  Pra- 
ther,  Albert  Carter,  AVilliam  A.  Washburn,  George  G.  Gabbart, 
Thomas  Winkler,  Thomas  Essex,  Joshua  IMcQueen,  James  M. 
Perr}-,  Israel  Miller,  A.  F.  Thompson,  John  Walker,  Samuel 
Shields,  John  W.  Welmer,  James  Harker,  Thomas  INIay,  Lewis 
Essex,  Josiah  Watkins,  John  PI.  Adams,  John  W.  Welmer,  John  P. 
Holtz,  John  T.  Walker,  James  M.  Perry,  Jabez  D.  Hammond, 
William  R.  Gant,  Richard  Carter,  Abner  K3'le,  Henry  Kreinhagen, 
Jacob  AVagner,  William  S.  Struble,  Thomas  Leslie,  Henr}-  Dipper, 
George  W.  Ely,  B.  Sutherland. 

County  Auditors:  David  R.  Wa3'land  from  1841  to  185 1; 
James  Ilobbs,  Jr.,  from  1851  to  1853;  Levi  H.  Morris  from  1S53 
to  1855;  John  H.  Long  from  1855  to  1863;  David  F.  Long  from 
1863  to  1S71;  James  W.  Wells  from  1871  to  1875;  Silas  L.  Thomp- 
son from  1875  to  1879;  Lewis  Donhost  from  1S79  ^^  ^^^3;  J.  C. 
Laughlin  from  1883  to  1887;  John  E.  Sharp,  present  incumbent. 

County  Treasurers:  Luke  Bonesteel  from  182 1  to  1822;  Will- 
iam Logan  from  1822  to  1823;  David  Deitz  from  1823  to  1824; 
A.  A.  Wiles  from  1824  to  1825;  Philip  Sweetser  from  1825  to 
1827;  A.  A.  Wiles  from  1827  to  1829;  Samuel  M.  Osbourne, 
1829;  William  P.  Kiser  from  1S30  to  1833;  David  Deitz  from 
1833  to  1841;  Jesse  Ruddick,  Jr.,  from  1841  to  1844;  James  Herod 
from  1844  to  1845;  William  F.  Pidgeon  from  1845  to  1847;  James 


COUNT V    or(;an]zatiox.  349 

llen)d  from  April  to  Aunusl,  1S47;  Williani  F.  l^idi^con  from 
1847  to  1853;  Jesse  Riuldick,  Jr.,  from  Ma}'  to  June,  1853; 
George^  W.  Palmer  from  1853  to  1857:  Jacob  SiiNxler  from 
1857  to  1861;  Richard  Carter  from  1861  to  1863;  Samuel 
Stucke}'  from  1S63  to  1865;  Samuel  Shields  from  1865  to  1867; 
Archibald  F.  Thompson  from  1867  to  1869;  James  F.  ITines 
from  1869  to  1871;  J.  D.  McQueen  from  1871  to  1874;  1°^'"''  ^• 
Schwartzkopf  from  1874  ^o  1879;  I-'^^'^'i''^  ^^-  ^"ogler  from  1879  ^^ 
1881;  Joseph  Andrews  from  18S1  to  18S3;  William  Geilker  from 
1883  to  1885;  Auo-ust  Keel  from  1885  to  1887;  Henry  Neinaber, 
present  incumbent. 

County  Recorders:  W.  H.  II.  Terrell  from  1850  to  1855;  Will- 
iam C.  Abbett  from  1855  to  1863;  Thomas  Essex  from  1S63  to 
1871;  Joseph  Whitten  from  1871  to  1874;  David  Stobo  from  1874 
to  18S3;  Samuel  M.  Dennison  from  1883  to  18S7;  John  Callahan, 
present  incumbent. 

Count}'  Surveyors:  John  Vawter  was  employed  as  surveyor  in 
1821;  Moses  Joiner  was  appointed  in  1831;  and  the  records  show 
that  various  men  were  engaged  in  the  work  of  surveying  between 
those  dates,  but  they  do  not  indicate  whether  or  not  those  so  en- 
gaged were  count}-  officials.  Among  them  were  William  N,  Mor- 
ris, Thomas  Essex  and  Job  Gardner.  Jasper  H.  Sprague  served 
from  1843  to  1S47;  Nathaniel'O.  liinman  from  1847  to  1848; 
Benjamin  F.Myers  from  1848  to  1851;  Burris  Moore  from  1851  to 
1856;  John  Dean  from  1856  to  i860;  Thomas  V.  Ilaislup  from 
i860  to  1862;  John  Dean  from  1862  to  1864;  W.  A.  Hayes  from 
1864  to  1874;  George  Pence  from  1874  ^o  1876;  William  H.  Red- 
man from  1876  to  1880;  John  W.  Dundon  from  1880  to  1882; 
William  A.  Hayes  from  1882  to  present. 

Representatives :  John  Lindsey,  182 1 ;  Charles  DePauw,  1822 ; 
Benjamin  Irwin,  1823  to  1825;  Philip  Sweetser,  1825-26.  Ben- 
jamin Irwin,  1827;  Newton  C.  Jones,  elected  for  1828,  but  died 
before  the  Legislature  convened;  PhiHp  Sweetser,  1828;  Williani 
Herod,  1829-30;  Jesse  Ruddick,  1831-32:  Wilham  P.  Kiser,  1833; 
Jacob  Cook,  1834;  Thomas  G.  Lee,  1835;  John  McKinney  and 
Thomas  G.  Lee,  1S36;  T.  G.  Lee  and  Z.  TannehiU,  1837;  T.  G. 
Lee  and  W.  Terrell,   1838;  B.  F.  Arnold  and  Eliakin  Ilaml^lin, 


350 


BARTHOLOMEW    COUNTV 


1S39;  -W.   Terrell  and  Tunis  Quick,    1840;  Tunis   Quick,    1841; 
^Viu.lla  Jones,  1842;  Herman  II.  i^arbour,  1S43;  Willian.  llerid 
1844;   Ephnun,   Arnold,    1S45    and    1846;    Charles   Jones,    1817: 
Charles  Jones   and   II.   H.   Barbour,   184S;  Gideon    H.    Hart   and 
I homas  Essex,  1849;  Thomas  Essex  and  Samuel  A.  Moore,  18^0 
(Colin  McKinney  was  elected  in  1850,  but  died,  and  S.  A.  Moo;e 
was  elected  in  his  stead);  Joseph  Struble,  1851  to   1853;  Thon.as 
^ssex,  1S55;  Francs  P.   Smith,  1857;  Albert  G.  ColHer,  1858-0- 
Francs  P.  ^.nith,  rS6.;  Q.  H.  P.  Abbett,  1863  and  1865;  Stinson' 
X   Barrett,   1867   and   1869;   Robert  D.   Hawley,   1871;  John   M. 
Chne,    ^^72-3;  Alfred    WHliams,  1874-5:  J-   M.    Cook,    X876-7; 
A..hur  D.   Galbraith,   1878-9;  Patrick  H.  McCormack,   x88x-3 
and  1883  4;  Lewis  Donhost,  18S5;  James  Galbraith,  1SS7. 

State  Senators:  William  Graham,  of  Jackson  County,  182 1  to 
1830;  Wilham  Herod,  1831-2;  Zachariah  Tannehill,  1834-S;  John 
Vawter,  of  Jennings  Cunt^^  1836  to  1839;  Zachariah  Tamiehill, 
1840  to  1844;  H.  H.  Barbour,  1845  to  1847;  William  Herod,  1848 
to  18,0;  John  L.  Spann,  1853  to  1855;  James  E.  Wilson,  1857; 
Smith  Jones,  1858  to  1861;  F.  T.  Hord,  1S63  to  1865;  Thomas  G. 
!i?'  ^f  J,^°  ^^70;  Oliver  J.  Glessner,  of  Shelby  Countv,  1870  to 

Q«    /■  '  '^^^'  ^^^'^'"^'^  ^-  ^°%''  ^S7S;  W.  C.  Duncan, 

iob2  to  present. 

Members  of  Congress:  William  Hendricks,  1821;  Jonathan 
Jenmngsx823  to  1831;  John  Carr,  1831;  George  L.  Kennard, 
1833  to  1837;  Wilham  Herod,  1837  to  1839;  William  W.  Wick 
1S39;  David  Wallace,  1841;  William  J.  Brown,  1843;  Wilham  W.' 
Wick,  1845  to  1849;  William  J.  Brown,  1849;  Thomas  A.  Hend- 

?«;!'  w-n-'  ^^'"'''  ^-  ^•^"^^^"^'  1852  to  1S56;  James  Hughes, 
1857;  William  McKee  Dunn,  1858-1860;  Henry  W.  Harrino-ton 
1862;  Ralph  Hill,  1864;  Morton  C.  Hunter,  1S66;  William  s' 
Holman  1868  to  1872;  Michael  C.  Kerr,  1874  to  1876;  Nathan  T." 
Carr,  1876;  George  A.  Bicknell,  1877  to  1879;  C  C.  Matson,  from 
1079  to  present. 

The  Fifth  Congressional  District,  now  represented  by  Col  C  C 
Matson,  is  composed  of  Bartholomew,  Brown,  Johnson,  Moroan' 
Hendricks,  Putnam,  Owen,  and  Monroe  counties.  ^     ' 

P.residcuihtl  Ekctious.—Th^  increase  in  the  number  of  voters 


COUXTV     ORGAXIZATIOX.  351 

and  the  political  com]t1cxion  of  a  county  from  time  to  time  are  of 
such  general  interest  that  a  table  showing  the  vote  at  all  Presiden- 
tial elecfSons  occurring  since  the  organization  of  the  county,  is  here 
appended : 

1824  —  Ilenr^'  Clay,  Whig,  99  votes;  Andrew  Jackson,  Demo- 
crat, 96;  John  Q.  Adams,  Free  Soil,  20;  W.  II.  Crawford,  Demo- 
crat, — ;  total  vote  cast,  215.  182S  —  Andrew  Jackson,  Democrat, 
445  votes;  John  Q.  Adams,  Free  Soil,  235;  total  vote  cast,  6S0. 
1832  —  Andrew  Jackson,  Democrat,  489  votes;  Henry  Clay,  Whig, 
372;  total  vote  cast,  861.  1836 — ^  William  11.  Harrison,  Whig, 
60S;  Martin  Van  Buren,  Democrat,  412;  total  vote  cast,  1,020. 
1840  —  William  H.  Harrison,  Whig,  982;  Martin  Van  Buren,  Dem- 
ocrat, 703;  total  vote  cast,  1,685.  1844  —  Henry  Clay,  Whig, 
1,035;  J^mtis  K.  Polk,  Democrat,  1,068;  James  G.  Birney,  Aboli- 
tionist, 13;  total  vote  cast,  2,116.  184S  —  Zachary  Taylor,  Whig, 
1,011  votes;  Le\vis  Cass,  Democrat,  1,167;  Martin  Van  Buren, 
Free  Soil,  28;  total  vote  cast,  2,206.  1852  —  Winfield  Scott,  Whig, 
1,245  votes;  Franklin  Pierce,  Democrat,  1,512;  John  P.  Hale,  Free 
Soil,  26;  total  vote  cast,  2,783.  1856 — John  C.  Freemont,  Repub- 
lican, 1,292  votes;  James  Buchanan,  Democrat,  1,844;  Millard  Fill- 
more, Native  American,  142;  total  vote  cast,  3,478.  i860— 
Abraham  Lincoln,  Republican,  1,769  votes;  Stephen  A.Douglas, 
Democrat,  1,846;  John  Bell,  Union,  34;  John  C.  Breckenridge, 
State  Rights,  66;  total  vote  cast,  3,715.  1864  —  Abraham  Lincoln, 
Republican,  1,645  votes;  George  B.  McClellan,  Democrat,  2,051; 
total  vote  cast,  3,696;  1868  —  U.  S.  Grant,  Republican,  2,010 
votes;  Horatio  Seymour,  Democrat,  2,510;  total  vote  cast,  4,520. 
1872 — U.  S.  Grant,  Republican,  2,015  votes;  Horace  Greeley, 
Liberal  Republican,  2,442;  total  vote  cast,  4,457.  1876  —  Ruther- 
ford B.  Hayes,  Republican,  2,326  votes;  Samuel  J.  Tilden,  Demo- 
crat, 2,810;  Peter  Cooper,  Greenbacker,  — ;  G.  C.  Smith,  Prohi- 
bitionist, 141;  total  vote  cast,  5,277.  1880 — James  A.  Garfield, 
Republican,  2,575  votes;  Winfield  Scott  Hancock,  Democrat,  2,930; 
Weaver,  Independent,  59;  total  vote  cast,  5,562.  1884 — James  G. 
Blaine,  Republican,  2,613  votes;  Grover  Cleveland,  Democrat, 
2,918;  Benjamin  F.  Butler,  National,  25;  John  P.  St.  John,  Prohi- 
bition, 4;  total  vote  cast,  5,560. 


35-  15ARTIK)I-f).Mi:\V    COUNTY. 

OrL^'(iiii:.cit/oii  of  T^oz^' i/s// //>.<.— Th>'  carlv  dix'ision  of  llic  rounty 
into  three  voliny  districts  lias  been  elsewhere  nienlionecl.  On  oMay 
i*j.,  1821,  upon  the  petition  oi  William  Ilanmer  and  others,  a  new 
township,  to  be  known  as  Sand  Creek,  was  laid  off  out  of  the 
Southern  District,  and  bounds  were  llxed  as  follows:  Ijeginning' 
where  the  Jackson  County  line  crosses  Driftwood  River,  thence 
up  said  river  to  the  mouth  of  Clifty,  thence  up  Clifty  to  the  line 
dividing  Townships  8  and  9,  thence  with  said  line  to  the  Jennings 
County  line,  thence  with  said  line  to  the  Jackson  Count}-  line, 
thence  with  said  line  to  the  place  of  beginning.  James  Hamner 
was  appointed  inspector  of  elections  for  the  township,  and  his  house 
was  designated  as  the  polling  place.  June  13,  1859,  the  last  of 
several  changes  in  the  extent  of  this  township  was  made,  leaving  it 
bounded  as  follows:  Beginning  where  the  Jackson  County  line 
crosses  Driftwood  River,  and  running  in  a  northwesterl}'^  direction 
with  said  river  to  the  northeast  corner  of  Wayne  Township,  thence 
east  on  the  section  line,  first  south  of  the  township  line  dividing 
Townships  8  and  9,  to  the  southwest  corner  of  vSection  Nc).  6, 
Township  8  north,  of  Range  7  east,  thence  due  south  to  the  northern 
line  of  Jackson  Count}',  thence  along  said  county  line  in  a  south- 
westerly direction  to  the  place  of  beginning. 

Wayne  Tozvushi^  was  organized  November  12,  1821,  with  the 
following  boundary:  Beginning  on  the  Avest  bank  of  Driftwood 
River  where  crossed  by  the  Jackson  County  line,  and  running  with 
said  river  northwesterly  to  where  the  line  dividing  Townships  8 
and  9  crosses  the  river,  thence  west  with  said  line  to  the  line  divid- 
ing Ranges  4  and  5,  thence  south  to  the  county  line,  thence  east  to 
the  place  of  beginning.  July  4,  1831,  the  line  on  the  north  end  of 
the  township  was  changed  and  fixed  as  follows:  Commencing 
wdiere  the  line  dividing  Townships  8  and  9  strikes  Denois  Creek, 
and  running  east  with  the  meanders  of  said  creek  to  the  bridge  on 
the  Mark's  Ferry  State  road,  thence  on  a  due  east  line  to  Drift- 
wood River.  September  4,  1832,  the  township  boundary  was 
again  changed  as  follows:  Commencing  where  the  Jackson  County 
line  crosses  Driftwood  River;  thence  north  with  its  meanders  to  the 
line  dividing  Sections  6  and  12;  thence  west  to  the  Jackson  Town- 
ship line;  thence  south  to  the  Jackson  County  line,  thence  east  to 


COUNTY    0R(JAMZA'J'10\.  353 

the  place  of  l:)eg-intnn^-.  jaiuiarv  3,  1837,  to  accord  willi  clian^H'S 
made  in  the  county  line  the  following"  change  in  the  township  bound- 
ary was'inade:  Commencing  at  the  southwest  corner  of  Section  i8, 
Township  7  north,  of  Range  5  east,  and  running  west  to  the  south- 
west corner  of  Section  15,  Township  7,  of  I'lange  4  east;  thence 
north  to  the  northwest  corner  of  Section  10,  Township  8,  of  Range 
4  east;  thence  east  to  the  northeast  corner  of  Section  12,  Town- 
ship 8,  of  Range  4  east.  This  added  territor\-,  together  with 
sixteen  sections  contiguous  thereto  on  the  east  side,  was  taken  from 
Wayne  Township  in  the  formation  of  Ohio  Township. 

Driftzvood  Tozuns/ii'^,  organized  May  10,  1824,  was  bounded 
as  follows:  Beginning  where  the  north  county  hue  crosses  Drift- 
wood River  at  the  point  commonly  known  as  Berry's  ford  and  run- 
ning down  with  the  meanders  of  said  river,  to  the  line  dividing 
Townships  9  and  10,  thence  east  on  said  lii;e  to  where  it  strikes 
Flat  Rock,  thence  up  said  stream  w^ith  its  meanders  to  the  county 
line,  thence  west  on  said  line  to  the  place  of  beginning.  David  Mc- 
Coy's house  was  designated  as  the  first  place  for  holding  elections. 
No  changes  have  been  made  in  the  boundar}'  of  this  township,  but 
on  the  9th  day  of  August,  1824,  its  name  was  changed  to  German 
Tozuushi-p. 

Nineveh  Tozi'iis/iip,  organized  May  10,  1824,  was  bounded  as 
follows:  Beginning  where  the  north  county  line  crosses  Driftwood 
River  and  running  down  with  the  meanders  of  said  river  to  the  line 
dividing  Townships  9  and  10,  thence  due  west  to  the  line  dividing 
Ranges  3  and  4,  thence  north  to  the  count}'  line,  thence  east  with 
said  line  to  the  place  of  beginning.  Thomas  Roberts  was  appointed 
inspector  of  elections,  and  the  house  of  John  Macomb  was  desig- 
nated as  the  polling  place.  On  January  3,  1837,  the  west  line  was 
changed  to  commence  at  the  southw^est  corner  of  Section  34,  Town- 
ship 10,  of  Range  4  east,  and  run  north  to  the  northeast  corner  of 
Section  4,  in  the  same  township  and  range.  In  the  formation  of 
Union  Township,  twelve  sections  were  taken  from  the  south  end  of 
this  township;  'otherwase  it  remains  as  here  described. 

Flat  Rock  Tozvnshif^  organized  May  11,  1S24,  was  bounded  as 
follows:  Beginning  where  the  line  between  Townships  9  and  10 
crosses  Flat  Rock  Creek,  and  running  up  with  the  meanders  of  said 


354  nAKTIIOLOMKW    COUNTY. 

creek  to  the  county  line;  thence  east  on  said  line  to  tlie  nortlieast 
corner  of  Bartholomew  County;  thence  south  to  the  line  dividing 
Townships  9  and  10;  thence  west  on  said  line  to  the  place  of  be- 
ginning. .The  first  jiolling  place  was  the  house  of  Daniel  Akin; 
the  first  inspector  of  elections,  Jesse  Ruddick.  The  creation  of 
Haw  Creek  Township  diminished  the  territory  of  Flat  Rock;  other- 
wise it  remains  unchanged. 

Clifly  Tozcus/iip,  organized  I\Iay  11,  1824,  was  bounded  as 
follows:  Beginning  on  the  line  dividing  Townships  8  and  9,  at  the 
corner  of  Sections  33  and  34,  in  Range  6  east,  and  running  north  to 
the  hne  dividing  Townships  9  and  10;  thence  east  on  said  line  to 
the  county  line;  thence  south  to  the  line  dividing  Townships  8  and 
9;  thence  west  to  the  place  of  beginning.  The  house  of  Rachel 
Robertson  was  designated  as  the  first  polling  place;  William  P. 
Nelson  was  appointed  inspector  of  elections.  Subsequent  changes 
made  by  the  formation  of  Clay  and  Rock  Creek  townships  are 
hereinafter  set  forth. 

Colniiilms  Tozuuship,  organized  IVlay  11,  1824,  was  bounded  as 
follows :  Beginning  at  the  northeast  corner  of  Wayne  Township 
and  running  Avest  to  the  county  hne;  thence  north  on  said  hne  to 
the  hne  dividing  Townships  9  and  10;  thence  east  on  said  line  to 
the  corner  of  Clifty  Township;  thence  south  with  the  west  hne  of 
said  tow^nship  to  CHfty  Creek;  thence  with  its  meanders  to  the 
mouth  of  said  creek;  thence  up  Driftwood  River  to  the  place  of 
beginning.  The  territory  of  the  township  was  diminished  by  the 
formation  of  the  old  Jackson  or  Salt  Creek  Township,  and  after- 
Avards  when  the  county  was  diminished  in  size  the  township  was 
enlarged.  This  change  was  made  January  3,  1837,  adding  the  fol- 
lowing territory :  Commencing  at  the  southeast  corner  of  Section  i, 
Township  8,  of  Range  4  east,  and  running  west  three  miles  to  the 
southwest  corner  of  Section  3,  same  township  and  range;  thence 
north  to  the  northwest  corner  of  Section  3,  Township  9,  Range  4 
east;  thence  east  to  the  northeast  corner  of  Section  i,  township 
and  range  last  named;  thence  south  to  the  place  of  beginning. 
Subsequent  changes  in  the  west  part  of  the  township  were  made 
by  the  formation  of  Union  and  Harrison  townships;  and  the  line 
between  Rock  Creek,  Sand  Creek  and  Columbus   townships  was 


couxTv    ()iif;AM;^ATiox.  355 

also  cliangcd  as  slated  Ix-low.  At  present  the  townslii]-)  is  boinuled 
as  follows:  Beginning  at  the  southwest  corner  of  Section  4,  Town- 
ship 8,  of^Range  5  east,  and  running  east  to  the  southeast  corner  of 
Section  2,  Township  8,  of  Range  6  east;  thence  nortli  two  miles; 
thence  west  two  miles  to  the  northeast  corner  of  Section  33,  Town- 
ship 9,  of  Range  6  east;  thence  to. the  northeast  corner  of  Section 
4,  same'  township  and  range;  thence  west  to  Driftwood  River; 
thence  south  with  the  meanders  of  said  stream  to  wliere  it  is 
crossed  by  the  section  line  between  Sections  9  and  16,  Townsliip 
9,  of  Range  5  east;  thence  west  on  said  line  to  the  northwest  cor- 
ner of  said  Section  16;  thence  south  to  the  place  of  beginning. 

Salt  Creek  Tozviis/iip,  organized  on  the  first  iNIonday  in  Jul}', 
1828,  included  all  that  part  of  Bartholomew  County  west  of  Range 
5  east,  and  south  of  the  center  of  Township  10  north.  The  house 
of  John  Adams  was  the  first  polling  place ;  Benjamin  Welmans  w-as 
first  inspector  of  elections.  On  Januar}'  5?  1829,  the  name  of  this 
township  was  changed  to  Jackson,  and  on  May  4,  following,  a  part 
of  its  territor}'  was  attached  to  Nineveh.  This  Jackson  Township 
is  in  no  way  identical  with  that  now  bearing  the  same  name.  It  is 
true  that  the  old  Jackson  Township  included  in  its  territor}'  that 
now  called  Jackson,  but  Ohio  Township,  formed  later,  at  first  in- 
cluded the  present  Jackson  Township;  and  the  first  Jackson  or 
Salt  Creek  Township  had  gone  entirely  out  of  existence  before 
the  organization  of  the  present  Jackson  Tow^nship. 

Ilaiu  Creek  Tozuiishfp,  organized  March  2,  1829,  included  all 
that  part  of  Bartholomew  County  lying  within  Township  10  north, 
of  Range  7  east,  and  remains  unchanged. 

Rock  Creek  Tozuus/u'p,  organized  March  i,  1830,  was  bounded 
as  follows:  Beginning  at  the  count}^  line  one  mile  north  of  the 
southeast  corner  of  Clifty  Township,  and  running  west  with  the 
section  line  to  the  Columbus  Township  line;  thence  south  to  the 
State  road;  thence  east  with  said  road  to  the  Jennings  County  line; 
thence  to  the  place  of  beginning.  This,  it  will  be  noticed,  took  one 
row  of  sections  from  Clift}'  Township  on  the  south,  fixing  the 
southern  boundary  of  that  township  as  it  now  is. 

The  following  changes  affecting  Sand  Creek  and  Columbus  as 
well  as  this  township,  and  above  referred  to,  were  made  June  i, 


356  nARTiioiA^Micw  count  v. 

iS^6:  tlie  line  botwccn  Columbus  and  Rock  Creek  townshiits  was 
made  to  commence  at  tlie  northwest  corner  of  Section  36,  Town- 
&*liip  9,  of  Range  6  east,  and  run  south  to  include  A.  Gibb's  farm; 
thence  on  the  line  dividing  Sections  i,  12  and  13,  Township  8,  of 
Range  6  east,  from  Sections  6,  7  and  iS,  Township  8,  of  Range 
7  east,  to  the  boundary  hue  of  Rock  Creek  and  Sand  Creek 
townships  at  the  Slate  road  leading  from  Madison  to  Indianapolis 
near  northeast  corner  of  Section  13,  Township  8,  of  Range  6  east; 
thence  in  a  northwest  direction  with  said  road  to  the  line  dividing 
Columbus  and  Rock  Creek  Townships  near  the  southwest  corner 
<.f  Section  34,  Township  9,  of  Range  6  east;  thence  north  on  the 
hne  dividing  Sections  33  and  34,  Township  9,  of  Range  6  east,  to 
the  southwest  corner  of  Section  27,  same  township  and  range; 
thence  east  on  the  section  line  to  the  place  of  beginning.  In  March, 
1851,  the  Board  of  Commissioners  fixed  the  line  between  Columbus 
and  Sand  Creek  townships  to  be  the  line  between  Sections  3  and 
4,  and  the  center  line  running  east  and  west  through  Sections  8  and 
9,  all  in  Township  8  north,  of  Range  6  east.  June  13,  1859,  ^^^^ 
line  between  the  three  townships  named  was  fixed  as  follows :  Com- 
mencing at  the  northeast  corner  of  Section  24,  Township  8,  of 
Range  6  east,  and  running  north  to  the  northeast  corner  of  Section 
12,  same  township  and  range;  thence  w-est  on  the  section  hne  di- 
viding Sections  i,  2,  3,  4,  5  and  6  from  7,  8,  9,  10,  11  and  12,  to 
where  said  line  strikes  Driftwood  River  in  the  township  and  range 
aforesaid.  The  territory  thus  cut  out  of  Rock  Creek  and  Sand 
Creek  townships  was  attached  to  Columbus. 

VanBiiren  Tozvnshif^  organized  May  5,  1834,  was  located  in 
the  southwest  corner  of  the  county,  with  the  line  di\'iding  To\^'n- 
ships  8  and  9  on  the  north,  the  Monroe  Count}^  line  on  the  west, 
the  Jackson  County  line  on  the  south,  and  the  Wa3-ne  Township 
line  on  the  east.  This  township,  like  the  original  Jackson  Town- 
ship, was  destroyed  b}-  later  organizations  and  the  contraction  of 
the  count}'  limits. 

Harrison  To-u-'uship,  organized  December  7,  1841,  was  formed 
out  of  the  west  end  of  Columbus  Township,  with  bounds  as  fol- 
lows: Beginning  at  the  northwest  corner  of  Section  3,  Township 
9,  Range  4  east,  and  running  south  with  the  line   between  Brown 


COUNTY    ORGAMZATIOX.  357 

and  Bartholomew  counties  to  the  southwest  corner  of  Section  3, 
Township  S,  Range  4  east;  thence  east  to  tlie  southeast  corner  of 
Section  5,  Township  8,  along  the  line  of  Columbus  and  Wa^'ne 
townships  to  the  northeast  corner  of  Section  5,  Township  8,  Range 
5  east;  thence  north  along  the  section  line  to  the  northeast  corner 
of  Section  5,  Township  9,  Range  5  east;  thence  west  to  the  place 
of  beginning.  The  house  of  Lawson  Dowel  was  named  as  tlie 
first  polling  place. 

Clay  Toiunshi^pf  organized  December  7,  1841,  was  bounded  as 
follows:    Beginning  at  the  northeast  corner  of  Section  5,  Township 

9,  of  Range  7  east,  and  running  west  to  the  northwest  corner  of 
Section  3,  Township  9,  of  Range  6;  thence  south  to  the  southwest 
corner  of  Section  27,  Township  9,  of  Range  6  east;  thence  east  to 
the  southeast  corner  of  Section  29,  Township  9,  of  Range  7  east; 
thence  north  to  the  place  of  beginning.  The  house  of  William 
McFall  was  the  first  polling  place.  June  7,  1S43,  the  west  line  of 
Clifty  Township  was  moved  one-half  mile  west;  that  is,  made  to 
divide  Sections  5,  8,  17,  20,  and  29,  on  the  half  section  line,  thus 
fixing  the  present  line  between  Clay  and  CHfty. 

Ohio  Townships  organized  June  6,  1843,  was  formed  out  of 
Wayne  with  the  following  bounds :  Beginning  at  the  northeast  cor- 
ner of  Section  8,  Township  8,  of  Range  5  east,  and  running  south 
to  the  Jackson  County  line;  thence  west  to  the  Brown  County  line; 
thence  north  to  the  northwest  corner  of  Section  10,  Township  8,  of 
Range  4  east,  thence  east  to  the  place  of  beginning.  The  house 
of  David  Lock  was  the  first  polling  place.  This  township  remains 
as  here  described  except  the  southern  part  now  embraced  in  Jack- 
son Township. 

Union  Toiunshij),  organized  September  3,  1845,  was  formed 
out  of  Nineveh,  Harrison  and  Columbus  townships,  with  bounds  as 
follows:     Beginning  where  the  section  line  dividing  Sections  9  and 

10,  Township  9,  of  Range  5  east,  strikes  the  west  bank  of  Drift- 
wood River  and  running  north  with  the  meanders  of  s^id  river  to 
the  line  dividing  Sections  28  and  21,  Township  10,  of  Range  5  east; 
thence  west  to  the  Brown  County  line;  thence  south  to  the  line 
dividing  Sections  10  and  15,  Township  9,  of  Range  4  east;  thence 
east  to  the  place  of  beginning.  The  first  polling  place  was  Peter 
Snyder's  house. 


35 S  BARTHOLOMEW    COUNTY. 

yaclsoii  TiKviisJilp,  organized  March  6,  1S47,  was  formed  by 
dividing-  Ohio  Township  on  tlie  lines  separating  Sections  25,  26 
3nd  27  from  34,  35,  and  36,  in  I'uwnship  8,  of  Range  4  east,  and 
Sections  29  and  30  from  31  and  32,  in  Township  8,  Range  5 
east,  and  giving  the  new  name  to  the  southern  portion  thus  laid 
out.  The  polling  places  were  David  Lock's  in  Jackson,  and 
Samuel  Thompson's  in  Ohio. 

Ag-ricuUural  Societies. —  One  of  the  most  important  of  man's 
occupations  is  that  of  agriculture.  It  in  fact  forms  the  ground  work 
for  all  other  classes  of  labor,  and  no  other  industrial  branch  holds 
to  its  service  a  larger  portion  of  the  population.  In  tilHng  the  soil, 
as  in  ever}'^  other  vocation,  action,  to  result  in  success,  must  be 
guided  by  intelligence.  The  best  results  in  educating  the  masses 
in  any  particular  branch  of  science  are  brought  about,  and  always 
have  been,  by  concerted  action.  The  needs  of  organization  for  the 
dissemination  of  useful  knowledge,  coming  together  for  the  ex- 
change of  ideas  and  the  comparison  of  various  results  obtained 
through  different  modes  and  processes,  were  early  recognized  by 
some  of  the  more  advanced  citizens,  and  led  to  attempts  at  the  for- 
mation of  societies  for  the  promotion  of  agricultural,  horticultural 
and  industrial  interests.  These,  however,  did  not-meet  the  degree 
of  success  deser-  ed.  It  is  not  the  purpose  here  to  trace  the  rise 
and  fall  of  the  different  granges  and  other  organizations  that  have 
been  effected  among  the  rural  populace  in  this  county  from  time  to 
time,  but  to  refer  briefly  to  those  organizations  in  which  all  the  peo- 
ple have  been  to  some  extent  interested.  As  early  as  1829  the 
General  Assembly  enacted  laws  for  the  organization  and  encour- 
agement of  such  societies.  In  Ma}'^,  1835,  the  Board  of  Commis- 
sioners called  a  meeting  of  the  citizens  of  the  county  to  be  held  in 
Columbus  for  the  purpose  of  organizing  a  county  agricultural  soci- 
ety, and  the  public  was  notified  b}^  notices  posted  at  the  usual  voting 
places.  Nothing  permanent  resulted  from  this  meeting,  and  another 
was  called  at  the  same  time  in  the  next  year.  The  encouragement 
given  was  not  sufficient  to  justify  organization,  and  the  matter  rested 
for  a  time,  when  in  May,  1839,  the  Commissioners  again  deter- 
mined to  feel  the  public  pulse,  and  called  a  meeting  of  the  citizens 
which  was  no  more  fruitful  than  its  predecessors.    After  these  fail- 


COUNTY   ORGANIZATION.  359 

ures,  about  fifteen  years  passed  without  any  particular  effort  toward 
organization.  February  14,  1851,  a  law  was  enacted  which  afforded 
means  of  encouragement  not  contained  in  former  laws.  By  its  pro- 
visions a  State  Board  of  Agriculture  was  formed  with  Gov.  Jo- 
seph A.  Wright  as  President,  and  through  the  influence  of  this 
organization  and  that  of  tlie  Governor,  man}^  district  and  county 
societies  were  formed. 

The  Bartholomew  County  Agricultural  Society  was  among  the 
first  of  these,  organized  early  in  1852,  with  forty- four  members, 
Thomas  Lawton  being  President,  S.  H.  Kindclbaugh,  Secretary,  and 
W.  H.  H,  Terrell,  Treasurer.  Its  first  annual  fair  was  held  Oc- 
tober 14,  1852,  on  the  ground  near  where,  in  later  years,  the  public 
school  building  stood,  a  small  plot  being  fenced  in  with  rails  for  the 
purpose.  Small  cash  premmms  were  given  and  diplomas  awarded. 
With  becoming  zeal  and  public  spirit  the  citizens  of  the  county 
pushed  forward  their  work  in  aid  of  the  society  and  it  advanced 
with  rapid  strides.  The  buiWing  of  the  railroad  had  developed 
agricultural  interests  wonderfully.  The  era  of  flat  boating  was 
gone;  there  was  a  ready  cash  demand  for  all  surplus  grain  and  live 
stock.  The  people  were  becoming  enlightened  as  to  the  dignity 
and  importance  of  agricultural  pursuits  properly  followed. 

In  1854  t^^  drouth  was  excessive,  and  much  suffering  resulted, 
but  the  hay,  oat  and  wheat  crops  were  excellent,  though  corn  and 
garden  vegetables  turned  out  poorly.  A  creditable  display  in  all 
departments  of  the  fair  was,  however,  made.  The  receipts  were 
over  $600,  and  premiums  were  offered  to  twenty-two  classes  of 
exhibits,  including  all  sorts  of  live  stock,  fowls,  dogs,  products  of 
the  field,  garden  and  orchard,  pickles,  preserves,  butter,  etc.,  agricul- 
tural implements,  mechanical  productions,  machine  woolen  goods, 
domestic  manufactures,  needlework,  plowing,  horsemanship,  plans 
for  farm  house,  farm  barn,  cottage,  model  farm  of  160  acres, 
essays  on  farming  generally,  hog  raising,  etc.,  etc.  In  the  class 
"  Pogs,"  diplomas  were  offered  for  the  best  farm  dog  for  general 
purposes,  best  house  and  yard  watch  dog,  best  rat  hunter,  best  fox 
hunter,  best  coon  hunter,  best  "possum"  hunter,  best  bird  dog,  best 
Newfoundland  dog,  and  best  children's  play  dog.  Owners  were 
required  to  have  chains  to  their  dogs  and  to  keep  them  fastened. 


360  BARTHOLOMEW    COUNTY. 

In  the  following  year  a  great  variety  of  silverware  and  other  use- 
^ful  articles  were  offered  as  premiums  for  the  best  of  every  conceiv- 
able thing  that  might  be  exhibited,  from  the  finest  and  best  of 
horses  and  cattle  to  a  pair  of  socks  or  a  "petty-coat."     Only  the 
exhibitors  of  dogs  were  to  be  rewarded  with  nothing  more  substan- 
tial than  diplomas.     However,  the  "best  collection  of  all  sorts  of 
dogs  "  was  this  year  added  to  the  list,  and  the  successful  contestant 
was  to  receive  one  dog  collar.     To  the  lady  over  sixteen  years  of 
age  who   could  best  manage   her  horse,  ride  most  gracefully  and 
lad3-like  was  to  be  given  a  beautiful  silver  goblet  valued  at'  $10, 
and  to  the  second  best  a  gold  thimble  worth  $5.     To  the  young 
Miss  under  sixteen  who  possessed  these  accomplishments  in  the 
most  marked  degree   was  to  be  given  $7  worth  of  silver  spoons, 
and    to    the    second   best   under    that    age    a  silver  sugar  shovel 
.worth  $3.     At   all  of  these  early   fairs  speeches  were  made  by 
learned  men  upon  agricultural  subjects  and  the  topics  of  the  times. 
The   fair  grounds   were   early  permanently  located   one    mile 
north  of  the  city  of  Columbus  where  the  fairs  were  held  until  1S60, 
when,  through  the  influential  work  of  William  McEwen,  a  new 
site  was  obtained  about  one  mile  southeast  of  the  city.     For  many 
years  an  annual  appropriation,  small  in  amount,  was  made  for  the 
use  of  this  society  out  of  the  county  funds.     Much  substantial  good 
was   accomplished   through  its  agency  by  the  scattering  of  useful 
knowledge  among  the  people,  by  directing  their  energies  to  a  more 
telling  activity  and  by  pricking  their  ambitions.     In  many  a  house- 
hold its  annual  meeting,  held  when  "  the  frost  was  on  the  pumpkin 
and  the  fodder  in  the  shock,"  was  looked  forward  to  as  the  social 
event  of  the  year,  and  what  things  were  there  heard  and  seen  fur- 
nished themes  for  conversation  on  long  winter  evenings  to  many 
a  family  gathering  about  a  wide-mouthed,  cheerful  fire  place.    Dur- 
ing the  early  part  of  the  war  the  fair  grounds  were  used  as  a  camp 
of  rendezvous  for  a  company  of  volunteers  under  Isham   Keith, 
commander,  and   later,  by   Col.  Stansifer,   Provost   Marshal,  for 
recruits  and  drafted  men.     The  property  was  badly  damaged  in 
consequence  and  no  fairs  were  held  for  several  years.     The  society 
led  a  checkered  career  and  its  ending  was  unworthy  the  high  ob- 
jects of  its  creation.     The  story  of  its  downfall  is  told  by  Gen. 


COUXTV    ORCJANIZATIOX. 


36r 


Terrell  in  bis  reminiscences  as  follows:  "  In  1875,  stroiHT  and  ener- 
getic effq;-t  was  made  to  get  up  a  county  fair  on  a  larger  scale  than 
had  ever  before  been  attempted.  The  propiietors  of  the  Rcfnhlicau, 
with  commendable  enterjirise,  issued  a  small  daily  commencing  on 
Tuesda}-  and  ending  with  Saturday,  under  the  tide  of  JJailx  Fair 
Bulletin.  The  misfortune  with  this  pulilicalion  was  that  it  con- 
tained ver}-  little  about  the  fair  beyond  a  pretty  free  description  of 
the  grounds  and  arrangement,  the  principal  feature  being  a  wordy 
w-rangle  with  the  editor  of  the  rival  newspaper,  the  Dcniocraf,  about 
Jeff.  Davis.  That  notorious  individual  had  been  engaged  by  the 
Board  of  Directors  to  deliver  an  address  at  the  fair,  the  object  be- 
ing not  to  dignify  him  or  endorse  his  course  in  the  rebellion  of 
which  he  was  the  head,  but  to  '  draw  a  crowd '  and  thus  add  to  the 
financial  success  of  the  exposition.  He  was  engaged  just  as  Bar- 
num  would  have  engaged  a  giant,  a  fat  woman,  a  six-legged  calf, 
or  an}'  other  monstrosity  for  his  big  show,  solely  as  an  attraction. 
This  move,  however,  was  ver}'  ill-timed  and  unfortunate,  and  the 
indignation  of  the  people  became  so  great  and  outspoken  the 
Directors  were  forced  to  cancel  Mr.  Davis'  engagement.  The  news- 
papers, whose  editors  had  both  been  soldiers  in  the  late  w^ar, — but 
on  different  sides  —  kept  up  a  fight  about  the  matter  through  their 
respective  columns  for  several  weeks  and  contributed  much  toward 
inflaming  the  public  mind,  and  engendering  a  bitter  party  feeling 
in  regard  to  the  management  of  the  fair.  This  feeling  continued 
so  strong  that  it  was  found  impracticable  to  hold  a  fair  in  1876. 
Meanwhile  a  mortgage  which  had  been  given  on  the  grounds  of 
the  society,  matured,  was  foreclosed,  and  in  January,  1877,  the 
property  was  sold  by  the  Sheriff  to  pay  the  debt,  which  by  prudent 
and  conciliator}'^  management,  could  have  been  prevented." 

The  purchasers  at  this  sale  were,  however,  desirous  of  continu- 
ing the  good  work  of  the  old  institution  and  united  with  other  citi- 
zens in  the  organization,  in  1881,  of  the  second  Bartholomew  County 
Agricultural  Societ}-,  This  organization  was  not  long  continued, 
and  in  1883  gave  way  to  the  Bartholomew  County  Agricultural 
and  Industrial  Association,  with  Simeon  Boaz  as  President;  W.  O. 
Hogue,  Vice  President;  S.  M.  Glick,  Secretar}-;  John  D.  Crump, 
Treasurer;  Joel  S.  Davis,  General  Superintendent.     This  Associa- 


3^2  BARTIIOLOMKW    COUXTV. 

tion  holds  annual  meetings,  but  as  the  years  advance,  proportion- 
ately less  attention  is  paid  to  agricultural  and  meclianical  features, 
the  attention  of  the  management  being  mainly  directed  to  the  turf. 
The  pnrsent  oflkers  are:  William  Brockman,  President;  J.  G. 
Schwartzkopf,  Vice  President;  Richard  Thomas,  Secretary,  and 
Joseph  R.  Gent,  General  Manager. 

Medical  Society. ~Oi  the   early  history  of  the  profession  but 
little  can  be  said.     There  were  no  early  organizations,  and  conse- 
quently there   exists   no   records  now  containing   data.     Dr.  S.  M. 
Linton  is  probably  the  oldest  of  the  physicians,  and  his  physical 
afflictions  are  such  that  he  is  no  longer  in  the  practice. '    Anion  o-  the 
early  and  more  prominent  physicians  were:  Drs.  A.  W.  Davidson, 
John   Baxter,  Joseph  A.  Baxter,  R.  M.  McClure,  and  later  Drs. 
Jackson,  Crary,  Collier,  Fenley  and  Grove.     The  only  organization 
among  the  physicians  now  is  the   Bartholomew  County  Medical 
Society,  which  was  organized  July  23,  1881,  with  the  following  offi- 
cers:    Dr.  M.  N.  Elrod,  of  Hartsville,  President;  Dr.  C.  H^But- 
ler,  of  CHfford,  Vice  President;  Dr.  W.  H.  Lopp,  of  Columbus, 
Secretary;  Dr.  J.  S.  Arwine,  of  Columbus,  Treasurer.     The  pres- 
ent officers  of  the   Association  are:  Dr.  Eugene  G.  Regannas,  of 
Hope,  President;  Dr.  J.  S.  Clark,  Vice  President;  Dr.  J.  S.  Ar- 
wine,  Secretary,   and  Dr.   Fred  Falk,   Treasurer.      The   present 
members  are:  G.  O.  Cosby,  N.  S.  Winterrowd  (now  of  Leaven- 
worth, Kas.),  A.  J.  McLeod,  E.  G.  Regannas,  J.  B.  Roesgen,  J.  S. 
Arwine,  F.  D.  Norton,  G.  T.  McCoy,  I.  T.  Clark,  A.  J.  Banker, 
T.  E.  Smith,  S.  M.  Voris,  F.  Falk,  C.  H.  Butler  and  K.  D.  Hawley. 
Those  physicians  who  have  obtained  license  to  practice  in  the 
county  under  the  provisions  of  the  acts  of  the  Legislature  of  1885, 
are    as  follows:  John    S.   Arwine,  David    S.  Armer,  William  H. 
Allen,  John  W.   Arnold,  Thomas    E.  Allen,   Wilham  H.  Buder, 
S.  W.  Biddinger,  A.  J.  Banker,  Wilson  T.  Banker,  W.  H.  Beck, 
Charles  S.  Boynton,  Stinson  J.  Barrett,  Charles  H.  Butler,  Wilham 
H.  Banks,  George  W.   Bernard,  A.   B.  Barker,  John   A.    Bland, 
William    T.   Carmichael,    Joseph   B.   Crisler,  George    O.   Cosbj-, 
Isaac    S.    Clark,   George   E.    Clark,   Henry   M.    Connelly,  J.   W. 
Dixon,  Joseph    H.   Davis,  Frederick  Dickman,  Moses   N.   Elrod, 
Erastus   Eads,   Frederick   Falk,  Edward    T.  Francis,  Walter  jNI. 


CO.UNTY     ORGANIZATION.  363 

Pord,  Elias  T.  Fogle,  C.  E.  Galloway,  James  B.  Hudson,  Orwin 
E.  Howe,  Willard  M.  Hart,  Z.  II.  Ilausor,  K.  D.  Hawley,  Rich- 
ard E.  Holder,  Mar^"-  L.  Guy  Hood,  Thomas  S.  Jones,  Simpson  F. 
Kincaid,  Cornelius  V.  Kent,  J.  B.  Kirkpatrick,  Samuel  A.  Ken- 
nedy, J.  Y.  Kennedy,  William  IL  Lopp,  William  M.  Lawrence, 
Samuel  M.  Linton,  John  Walter  Lopp,  Ilenr}-  C.  Lester,  Jesse  H. 
Lanam,  T.  J.  Martin,  Charles  A.  Moore,  Overton  H.  Mennett, 
Samuel  H.  Morris,  J.  W.  Mulvey,  A.  J.  McLeod,  George  T. 
McCoy,  Fletcher  D.  Norton,  W.  T.  Newton,  Robert  N.  Pfeiffer, 
Samuel  Pagin,  David  A.  Pettigrew,  Samuel  T.  Quick,  Alfred 
Rice,  R.  H.  Roope,  J.  J.  Riley,  Frankhn  B.  Richards,  E.  G. 
Regennas,  John  P.  Roesgen,  William  P.  Rush,  Thomas  A.  Shane, 
J.  K.  Smalley,  Simeon  Stapp,  James  M.  Summers,  Josephus  J. 
Sadler,  Theophilus  E.  Smith,  R.  Trowbridge,  David  A.  Thompson, 
John  M.  Tobias,  Samuel  M.  Voris,  J.  Wisenberg,  N.  S.  Winter- 
rowd,  John  B.  Williams,  A,  F,  Wright,  John  F.  Wright,  James  W. 
Wood,  Samuel  C.  Wilson,  Hard}'^  Wra}^,  Charles  E.  Whitesides. 

The  incidents  of  the  early  practice  are  similar  to  those  of  all 
new  countries  of  the  West.  The  most  troublesome  of  all  diseases 
was  the  ague.  Barring  this  dreadful  destroyer  of  health  and  hap- 
piness, the  county  boasted  of  its  healthfulness.  No  one  escaped 
the  chills  and  fever  occasioned  b}^  the  miasmi  then  common  to  all 
new  countries  in  this  latitude.  At  times  entire  famihes  and  settle- 
ments were  prostrated  by  it.  It  greatly  discouraged  many  of  the 
new  comers  and  drove  some  back  to  the  lands  they  had  left,  while 
others  wanted  to  get  away  from  its  reach  but  were  too  poor.  The 
disease  was  not  contagious,  but  all  were  so  exposed  to  its  causes  that 
few  escaped.  The  bottom  lands  were  full  of  malaria  which  floated 
on  every  breeze  and  penetrated  every  system.  The  sufferer 
first  became  stupid  and  morose,  began  to  turn  yellow  m  the  face 
and  about  the  eyes,  felt  a  pain  in  the  side  and  an  ache  along  the 
back  and  in  the  head;  and  then  periodical  shocks  came,  first  of 
chill  "hnd  then  of  fever.  When  having  the  "  shake "  no  cover 
could  keep  him  warm;  his  teeth  chattered  and  he  felt  most  woe- 
begone and  miserable.  The  fever  was  intense  and  often  resulted 
in  delirium;  all  efforts  to  allay  it  were  in  vain.  The  treatment 
resorted  to  by  physicians  was  heroic  indeed.     When  quinine  came 


364  RARTIIOLOMKW    COUNTY. 

into  use  it  became  a  necessary  article  of  diet,  but  before  its  da}-  the 
practitioner  resorted  to  the  use  of  lobeha  and  sweats.  Patients 
tvere  steamed  until  limp  and  almost  exhausted.  The  "steam 
doctors"  would  ask  the  suffering  patient  in  the  sweat  box:  "  Do 
your  eyelids  feel  limber?"  If  a  negative  response  was  received 
more  lobelia  was  given  and  the  steaming  continued.  It  was  be- 
lieved that  tea  made  of  boneset  leaves  stripped  downward  from  the 
stalk  would  act  as  a  physic,  and  if  stripped  upward  as  an  emetic. 

One  day  a  stranger  rode  into  the  village  of  Columbus  during 
the  ague  season  and  saw  no  one  on  the  streets.  At  length  he 
espied  a  solitar}'  individual  at  work  on  the  new  court  house,, 
and,  riding  up,  asked  where  all  the  villagers  were.  The  work- 
man somewhat  of  a  wag,  was  John  White,  a  bricklayer  who  had 
considerable  local  pride.  He  informed  the  horseman  that  the  resi- 
dents of  the  town,  all  except  himself,  were  attending  a  camp 
meeting  then  being  held  a  few  miles  east  of  the  town.  The  fact  was 
all  were  sick  with  the  ague.  This  story  is  told  by  W.  H.  Stader, 
who  833-8  he  has  known  ever}*  member  of  ever}'  family  in  the  settle- 
ment where  his  father  lived  to  be  "  laid  fiat,"  all  at  one  time,  b}^  this 
dread  disease.  The  black  tongue,  malignant  d3'senter3-,  cholera 
and  milk-sickness  were  maladies  that  added  to  the  hardships  of  the 
pioneers.  The  last  named  disease  is  supposed  to  have  prevailed 
at  times  between  1830  and  1840,  but  authentic  cause  of  it  was  dif- 
ficult to  discover.     General  Terrell  has  this  to  833-  concerning  it: 

"  When  an  emigrant  from  '  Nawth  Kearlina '  or  the  mountain  re- 
gions of  Kaintuck3'-  ventured  to  move  his  famil3'  west  to  '  the 
Indiana '  or  '  the  El3'no3','  the  first  question  upon  entering  a  settle- 
ment north  of  the  OhiO;  was,  '  Ha-aveyou  an3'  milk-sick  h-e-3'-a-r?  ' 
't'he  standing  answer  was,  'No;  but  the3'' have  it  over  that  way 
(pointmg),  about  six  miles  from  here.'  The  number  of  miles  was 
regulated  by  the  distance  to  the  nearest  adjoining  county.  No  man 
probably  ever  lived  where  the  terrible  disease  existed  in  his  own  im- 
mediate neighborhood,  from  whom  an  open  acknowledgment  of  the 
fact  could  be  squeezed.  The  question  was  alwa3'^s  evaded  in  some 
wa3'^  or  another.  In  this  count3'  the  disease  was  never  acknowledged 
to  prevail,  but  was  alwa3'S  '  located  '  in  some  adjoining  count3'.  I 
remember,  during  m3'  bo3'hood,  however,  to  have  met  two  persons 


COUNTY     ORGAXIZATION.  365 

who  werOi  afllicted  with  a  very  peculinr  and  unpleasant  odor,  which 
it  was  said  resulted  from  this  disease.  No  cases  of  it  have  been 
heax'd  of  for  many  years,  and  land  hunters,  who  in  early  times  were 
so  anxious  to  know  where  it  prevailed,  no  longer  make  inquiries  on 
the  subject."  Milk-sickness,  or  niorho  lactco,  was  supposed  to  be 
caused  [by  drinking  the  milk  or  eating  the  meat  of  cattle  afflicted 
with  a  disease  of  the  same  name,  and  though  not  nee  ssaril}-  fatal, 
was  most  disagreeable  and  often  caused  death.  The  first  and  only 
appearance  of  cholera,  in  Columbus,  in  epidemic  form,  was  in  the 
summer  of  1849,  ^vhen  it  was  introduced  by  some  German  emi- 
grants, who  reached  here  by  the  railroad  from  Madison,  whither 
they  had  come  from  New  Orleans  by  the  river  route.  Some 
fifteen][or  twenty  of  them  died.  The  citizens  of  the  county,  though 
almost  paralyzed  with  fear  and  alarm,  gave  the  poor  sufferers  every 
possible  care,  and  medical  attendance  was  freely  bestowed.  The 
excitement  and  consternation  was  very  great  and  extended  through- 
out the  county;  the  disease,  however,  did,  not  spread  be3'ond  the 
limits  of  the  town.  Some  citizens  removed  their  families  to  the 
country,  and  business  was  almost  entirely  suspended  for  about  three 
weeks.  Several  citizens  died,  among  whom  were  Dr.  Isaac  Fen- 
ley  and  a  Mrs.  Randolph  Griffith  and  her  child.  Of  late  3'ears  the 
county  has  been  particularly  free  from  epidemics. 


366  BARTHOLOMEW    COUNTY. 


CHAPTER  III. 

Early  Settlement — Character  of  the  Pioneers — Will- 
iam Connor  —  First. Settlers  and  Where  They  Located 
—  Early  Land  Sales  —  Hunters  and  Their  G a:\ie  —  Pio- 
keer  Dress  —  Amusements — Early  Marriages  —  Trade 
AND  Commerce  —  Political  Campaigns,  Etc. 

"  Gather  we  from  the  shadow)-  past 

The  straggling  beams  that  linger  yet, 

E'er  o'er  those  flickering  lights  are  cast 

The  shroud  that  none  can  penetrate." — Spencer. 

HE  sturd}^  character  of  the  pioneer  al\va3'S  attracts  a 
peculiar  interest;  and  a  fascinating  charm  gathers 
about  the  custoins  and  manners  of  his  time.  The  sub- 
duers  of  a  new  and  wild  country  are  of  right  accorded 
heroic  rank.  Such  were  the  pioneers  of  the  American 
West.  They  braved  the  terrors,  suffered  the  privations 
and  dangers  of  life  in  the  woods  on  the  outskirts  of 
civilization  with  determined  wills  and  brawny  arms  to  clear  and 
plant  for  themselves  and  their  children  homes  in  the  unbroken  wil- 
derness. They  shrank  not  from  hunger,  exposure,  disease  or 
broken  attachments  of  old  homes  and  ties  of  kindred,  but  with  un- 
faltering determination  launched  forth  to  meet  their  destiny. 

When  Indiana  was  admitted  to  the  sisterhood  of  States  that  por- 
tion now  embraced  in  Bartholomew  Count}^,  as  well  as  a  very  large 
tract  in  the  eastern  and  central  parts  of  the  State,  was  in  the  pos- 
session of  the  Delaware  Indians,  whose  title  to  the  lands  was  not 
extinguished  until  October,  1818.  Prior  to  this  time  but  few  white 
men  had  set  foot  on  the  soil  of  this  count3^  It  is  quite  probable 
that  the  first  to  cross  its  territory  were  the  French  traders  who  dealt 
with  the  Delawares,  and  those  traveling  from  Detroit  to  Vincennes 
by  way  of  old  Fort  Valonia  in  Jackson  Count}^  who,  it  is  reason- 
able to  conclude,  followed  the  White  River  and  its  tributaries.  The 
first  positive^  known  to  have  entered  the  territor}'  was  William 


EARLY    SETTLEMENT.  367 

Connor,  an  Indian  trader,  who  at  that  timt;  had  a  trading  post  at 
the  present  site  of  Connersvillc.  Earlv  in  1816,  he  floated  down 
Flat  Rock  River  in  a  small  boat  filled  with  such  jroods  as  he  miefht 
exchange  with  the  red  men  for  their  peltries..  Later  he  traveled 
along  the  course  of  Blue  River,  and  to  tlae  bands  that  camped  along 
its  banks  he  became  a  welcome  guest.  William  Connor,  who  is 
often  called  the  father  of  central  Indiana,  was  a  typical  frontiers- 
man, and  being  familiar  with  the  customs  and  habits  of  the  Indians, 
was  able  to  render  valuable  service  to  Gen.  Harrison  during  his 
struggle  with  the  aborigines  in  the  earl}'  part  of  the  century.  He 
was  not,  however,  instrumental  in  the  development  of  the  country, 
and  had  no  fixed  habitation  within  the  boundaries  of  Bartholomew 
County. 

A  few  squatters  had  pushed  their  wa}-  into  the  Indian  domains 
and  were  there  as  intruders  without  right.  A  tour  of  inspection 
was  made  by  a  part}'  into  the  new  purchase  just  after  the  Indian 
title  was  ex'tinguished,  when  but  two  squatters'  cabins,  inhabited  by 
two  white  men,  were  found  in  all  that  territory-  from  the  crossing 
of  Sand  Creek  at  old  Geneva  in  Jennings  County  to  the  present  site 
of  Indianapolis;  one  on  Clift}-  Creek  and  the  other  qn  Blue  River. 
But  no  sooner  had  the  news  of  the  consummation  of  the  treat}'  with 
the  Delawares  reached  the  settlements  in  the  older  parts  of  the 
State  than  stout-hearted,  ambitious  men  were  ready  to  start  out  for 
the  new  Eldorado.  Joseph  Cox,  a  Virginian  by  birth,  who,  at  an 
early  period  had  left  the  place  of  his  nativity  and  settled  in  Cumber- 
land County,  Ky.,  was  the  first  settler  in  the  county  of  Bartholo- 
mew—  then  part  of  a  vast  wilderness  belonging  to  Delaware  County. 
He  came  in  1819,  following  the  Indian  trail,  making  the  first  wagon 
j-pad,  and  settling  on  Haw  Creek  above  where  in  later  years  the 
Lewis  saw  mill  was  built;  when  he  came  he  was  about  fifty-three 
years  of  age  and  had  a  large  family,  being  the  father  of  ten  boys 
and  one  girl.  He  was  a  man  of  considerable  moral  worth,  intelli- 
gent, active,  and  energetic.  Selecting  what  seemed  a  good  locality 
he  at  once  set  to  work  building  a  small  cabin  and  this  erected,  com- 
menced clearing  a  spot,  where  in  1820,  the  first  corn  crop  was  grown. 
The  crib  that  held  that  first  crop  stood  for  many  years  and  wa  s 
never  empty.     Robert  Wilkerson,  David  Stipp  and  George  Frank 


368  BARTHOI,OMi::\V    COUNTV. 

soon  after  came  into  the  Ilawpatch  and  settled  tliere.  Jacob  Ilauser 
and  Joseph  Lochenonr,  two  young  men,  then  unmarried,  came  from 
Nbrtli  CaroHna  in  the  same  year  following  the  wagon  track  made 
by  Joseph  Cox.  They  stopped  at  Wilkerson's,  putting  what  few 
things  the}'  had  in  a  rough  shed,  and  went  to  work  building  a  cabin. 
Each  had  an  Indian  blanket  which  constituted  the  whole  of  their 
possessions  of  that  sort.  During  their  first  wmter  the}'  wrapped 
themselves  in  their  blankets  and  slept  on  the  ground,  their  dreams 
doubtless  disturbed  bv  the  never-ceasing  howls  of  wolves. 

These  men  had  simple  ways.  Their  only  cooking  utensil  was 
an  iron  pot,  and  out  of  it  they  ate  their  meals  without  the  medium 
of  plate  or  pan.  The  second  winter  they  had  a  bed  of  leaves  in  a 
sack  resting  on  bed  cords  made  of  hickory  withes.  Samuel  Chap- 
pell  and  a  Mr.  Smith  settled  in  the  same  year  near  the  old  Jim  Gab- 
bert  place  on  the  eastern  Hawpatch  road.  John  Lindsey  settled 
a  little  southeast  of  where  the  Lambert  grave-yard  was  afterward 
laid  out,  and  at  his  cabin  an  event,  the  first  of  its  kind,  occurred,  to 
mark  the  spot  and  give  it  some  local  historic  interest.  There  in 
1819,  the  first  white  child  born  in  what  is  now  Bartholomew 
County,  commenced  his  career.  General  John  Vawter  was  among 
the  numerous  prospectors  who  were  then  looking  over  the  new 
country.  A  welcome  guest,  he  stopped  at  Lindsey's  cabin,  to 
spend  the  night,  during  which  John  Tipton  Lindsey  was  born. 
The  elder  Lindsey  afterward  moved  to  the  settlement  that  grew 
up  above  the  present  site  of  Columbus  and  became  prominent  in 
public  affairs,. first  representing  the  new  county  in  the  State  Legis- 
lature. The  younger  Lindsey  in  later  years,  lived  at  South  Bend, 
Indiana,  and  was  County  Clerk  for  a  time  at  that  place.  Judge 
William  S.  Jones  first  came  here  on  a  prospecting  tour  in  1819, 
about  the  time  the  lands  were  being  surveyed.  He  purchased  a 
tract  of  land  at  the  first  sale  in  June,  1S20,  and  soon  after  removed 
his  family  from  Kentucky,  and  settled  about  six  miles  north  of 
Columbus  on  the  western  side  of  Flat  Rock.  Judge  Jones  was  born 
in  Nelson  County,  Ky.,  in  1790,  and  from  the  date  of  his  set- 
tlement in  1820,  to  the  date  of  his  death,  led  a  useful  and  honor- 
able life  in  this  county,  holding  at  various  times  stations  of  honor 
and  trust.     He  had  been  a  soldier  in  the  War  of  181 2,  and  partici- 


KARLY  settlkmi:nt.  36^ 

pated  in  the  buttle  of  the  Thames.  In  the  same  locality  the  Stein- 
barger^  settled  in  1819.  They  became  an  influential  family  and 
did  much  to  develop  the  w  calth  of  the  new  country  and  improve 
the  moral  tone  of  society.  Eli  Pence  and  Benjamin  Irwin  came  in 
1820.  The  fertile  soil  of  the  Hawpatch  attracted  the  settlers  and 
caused  the  northern  part  of  tlie  county  to  fill  up  rapidly  with  cabins 
and  settlements.  The  country  east  of  Haw  Creek  was  rather  wet,, 
there  being  a  large  pond  or  lake  on  sandy  ground  near  where 
the  Hinches  settled,  called  Hinches'  pond.  But  here  the  Coxes,  Park- 
ers, Fosters,  and  others  established  their  homes.  West  of  the  old 
State  road  another  settlement  was  made  by  Mignon  Boaz,  Benja- 
min Crow,  John  Hill,  and  Joshua  Sims,  from  east  Tennessee,  who 
came  in  1820  with  his  boys,  Russell,  Lewis,  Noah  and  Joshua,  Jr. 
Judge  Tunis  Quick  came  in  1819,  and  afterward  settled  between 
the  State  and  Hawpatch  roads.  He  was  a  man  of  note  and  be- 
came conspicuously  identified  with  the  subsequent  history  of  the 
count3^  Allen  Wilson,  John  Connor,  Jacob  Gabbert,  David  Tay- 
lor, Jesse  Ruddick  the  elder,  Jacob  Cook  and  Adam  Cook,  were 
among  the  early  settlers  in  that  locality.  The  McQueens  settled 
further  up  the  creek,  nearer  the  Cox  neighborhood.  Between  the 
Hawpatch  and  Columbus  were  Jonathan  Bunnell,  Hans  Irwin, 
John  Singleton,  and  others.  Most  of  the  first  settlers  came  in  from 
Kentuck}^,  some  being  natives  of  that  State,  and  others  having 
previously  emigrated  from  Virginia  and  the  Carolinas.  The  new 
lands  were  rapidly  occupied  and  it  would  be  impossible  at  this  time 
to  state  with  absolute  certainty  what  settlements  were  first  made 
except  those  above  referred  to.  ' 

In  a  few  years  immigrants  came  in  from  Ohio  and  Pennsylvania, 
and  some  who  had  pushed  further  north  at  first,  came  back  and  lo- 
cated within  the  boundaries  of  this  county.  The  northeast^  corner 
of  the  county  was  settled  mostly  by  people  from  North  Carolina, 
though  a  Kentuckian,  Hugh  K.  McKahp  was  among  the  first 
to  push  his  way  into  these  parts,  reaching  there  in  1820.  Benja- 
min O.  Robertson  came  in  1822,  the  Plarker  family  in  1824, 
Joseph  Holder  in  1825,  EH  Zeigler  in  1826,  the  Spaughs  and 
Edridge  Hopkins  in  1827.  Martin  Hauser  a  3'oung  Moravian 
minister,  burning  with  zeal,,  came  from  North   Carolina  in   1829 


370  BARTHOLOMEW    COUXTY. 

and  there  lived  a  leader  among  men,  beloved  by  all,  until  his  death, 
in  1876.  Others  who  came  in 'early  days  were  W.  II.  Chitty, 
Lewis  Essex,  David  Fuhvider,  the  Lamberts  from  Pennsylvania, 
Lewis  Reed,  the  Romingers,  Peter  Rothrock,  John  P.  Blum,  Jacob 
Clouse,  John  Drouberger,  Peter  Fry,  Isaiah  Carter,  Wiley  Pow- 
ell, Robert  Carter,  Henry  Clayton  and  many  others.  The  vener- 
able Rev.  Albert  Carter,  now  of  Newbern,  was  the  first  white  child 
born  in  Haw  Creek  Township,  and  probabl}-  the  second  was  William 
Powell,  now  a  resident  of  the  State  of  Kansas.  Johnson  Joiner  and 
Thomas  Bonnell  came  to  the  county  in  1S19  and  are  still  among  the 
living.  Daniel  Aikin,  a  Virginian,  came  in  the  spring  of  1S19,  from 
Kentucky,  with  four  or  five  children,  and  setded  a  short  distance 
Avest  of  where  St.  Louis  crossing  now  is.  The  Yealeys  and  Kell- 
ers were  early  settlers  near  Cliffy  Creek.  In  182 1,  the  Millers, 
from  Kentucky,  came- in:  there  were  Ephraim  and  I\Iina,  and  their 
5ons,  Frank,  Robert,  George  and  Nelson.  Soon  after,  came  the 
Rolands,  George  and  Dr.  H.  B.,  both  good  citizens,  but  with  pro- 
nounced aristocratic  tendencies.  A  settlement  west  of  Columbus 
was  early  made;  the  Glantons  and  Gabberts  were  the  more  promi- 
nent people  there  —  Francis  J.  Crump  is  said  to  have  driven  one  of 
the  wagons  belonging  to  the  Glantons,  from  Woodford  County, 
K3^  He  was  a  poor  carpenter  who  afterward  became  one  of  the 
wealthiest  men  in  Bartholomew  County.  John  Day,  Sr.,  now  one 
of  the  oldest  men  in  Sand  Creek  Township,  was  one  of  the  early 
.settlers  in  that  locality.  In  1821  the  Quakers  settled  in  Sand  Creek 
Township,  and  ever  since  have  kept  up  their  rehgious  organization 
there.  Among  those  who  first  came  were  David,  WilUs  and  Joel 
Newsom,  Samuel  Nicholson,  Isaac,  Walter  and  Jonathan  Cox,  Isaac, 
William,  Benjamin  and  Phineas  Parker,  John  Hall,  John  S.  and 
Chalkley  A.  Chawner,  Solomon  Stout  and  William  Ruddick. 

Among  the  first  to  settle  in  Wayne  Township  were  John  and 
David  Prather,  sturd}'  young  pioneers,  and  their  wives.  Soon  after 
came  the  Walls,  Richard,  Samuel  and  John;  and  then  the  Forgu- 
sons  and  Vanzandts.  Two  young  men  named  Williams,  and  their 
brother-in-law,  came  into  this  settlement  and  built  cabins,  but  be- 
came dissatisfied  and  pushed  on  to  other  fields.  Their  deserted 
cabins    were   immediately   occupied   by   the   families    of  William 


EARLY    SETTLEMENT.  37 1 

Thompson  and  Jacob  Lane,  the  former  coming-  from  Kentucky,  the 
latter  from  New  York.  The  size  and  appearance  of  these  cabins 
may  b^  imagined  wlien  it  is  known  that  they  wfcre  raised  by  one 
man  and  his  wife.  Peter  McKinney  was  an  old  settler  in  those 
parts  and  built  the  first  still  house  there  — about  one  mile  south  of 
where  WaynesA'ille  now  stands.  The  Whalens,  a  \\'idow  and  three 
sons,  William,  John  and  Thomas,  early  settled  between  Waynes- 
ville  and  Walesboro.  Near  the  site  of  the  latter  place  were  the 
Wales  famil}-,  Samuel  and  Charles  Dougherty  and  Moses  Sweeney, 
who  now  is  probably  the  oldest  resident  in  the  southern  part  of  the 
count3^  The  southwestern  part  of  the  count}'  was  not  settled  until 
late  —  probably  not  earlier  than  1830.  William  Sutherland,  father  of 
Bluford  Sutherland,  was  probably  the  first  to  permanently  locate  in 
that  section.  Ezekiel  Sutherland,  now  living  at  a  ripe  old  age,  was 
also  among  the  first.  Most  of  the  settlers  carte  direct  from  Europe, 
principally  from  Prussia,  though  among  the  pioneers  here  there 
were  a  number  of  Americans.  Noah  Cooley,  Emanuel  Burgett, 
William  Linson,  Thomas  McLaughlin,  Noah  Wantland,  George 
Borstede,  John  F.  Kobbe,  Isaiah  Watkins,  George  Sneiveley  and 
Newel  Stiles  were  among  those  who  afterward  became  prominent 
in  the  neighborhoods  where  they  resided.  Farther  north  Aaron 
Crouch,  Carter  Harrison,  Joel  A3'ers,  Washington  Haislop,  Turner 
Haislop  and  Thornas  Haislop  were  among  the  first.  In  the  north- 
west the  Tannehills  were  prominent  and  influential  early  settlers. 

The  first  settler  on  the  present  site  of  Columbus  was  William 
Chapman,  who  was  living  in  a  small  log  cabin  near  where  Bunnell's 
tannery  was  in  later  years,  when  Judge  Jones  and  other  land  hunters 
came  through  the  county  in  1819.  Hauser  and  Lochenour  helped 
to  raise  the  cabin.  The  next  house  was  that  of  Luke  Bonesteel,  a 
double  log  house,  which  stood  on  the  bank  of  the  river  near  where 
the  bridge  now  is,  and  was  afterward  used  by  the  county  for  a 
court  house.  Luke  Bonesteel  and  John  Lindsey  had  previously 
settled  in  the  Hav/patch,  but  they  bought  the  land  upon  which 
Columbus  was  afterward  located  and  deeded  a  part  of  it  to  General 
John  Tipton,  hoping  to  induce  him  to  take  up  his  residence  there. 
As  soon  as  the  seat  of  government  was  located  a  village  com- 
menced a  growth  which  is  elsewhere  desribed  in  the  histor}'  of  the 


372  BARTIIOLOMlvW    COUXTV. 

cit}-  of  Columbus.  Tlie  men  of  marked  ability  residing  here  who 
were  instrumental  in  developing  the  county's  interests,  are  named  as 
inWy  as  possible  in  other  connections. 

The  public  lands  in  Bartholomew  County  were  surveyed  in 
1819  by  A.  C.  Looker,  Bethucl  F.  Morris,  Abraham  Lee,  and 
Basil  Bentley,  and  were  put  on  sale  atBrookville  and  Jeffersonville. 
The  land  system  then  required  the  lands  to  be  publicl}'^  sold  at  not 
less  than  $2  per  acre,  of  which  one-fourth  was  to  be  paid  in  hand 
and  the  balance  in  three  equal  annual  installments.  Previous  to  the 
first  sales  the  count}^  had  been  thoroughl}'  explored  and  examined  by 
"land  hunters"  with  the  view  of  securing  the  best  tracts.  Among 
these  were  Luke  Bonesteel,  George  Doup,  Gen.  John  Tipton,  John 
Lindsey,  Charles  Edwards,  William  S.  Jones,  Joseph  Lochenour, 
Joseph  H.  Vanmeter  and  many  others.  For  three  months  after 
the  land  office  had  been  opened  for  the  sale  of  the  lands  in.  the 
new  purchase,  they  were  crowded  with  buyers.  Those  who 
entered  lands  in  Bartholomew  County  in  1820  were  John  Mulberry, 
Pristley  Peak,  David  Shepperd,  Basil  R.  Prather,  Richard  Wall, 
John  Prather,  Jr.,  Datid  J.  Prather,  Joel  Cooper,  James  Bean,  A. 
Johnson,  John  Smiley,  Robert  Owens,  Charles  Dougherty,  Samuel 
Doughert}',  John  Brown,  George  Brown,  Samuel  Wilson,  Pleasant 
Paggett,  John  Davis,  Solomon  McKinney,  Wilham  Ruddick,  Will- 
iam Whaler,  John  Ruddick,  James  Godwin,  Wilham  Kirkman, 
Henr}^  Rogers,  William  Arnick,  Wilham  Davis,  Thomas  Conner, 
James  Vanzant,  William  Thompson,  William  Morns,  Samuel 
Richardson,  William  Packwood,  Abner  Conner,  Allen  Collins, 
Enoch  Parr,  John  Parker,  Samuel  White,  Joseph  H.  Vanmeter, 
William  Gabbert,  Alex  Vinyard,  George  Doup,  Jacob  Hauser, 
Samuel  Mounts,  William  Delap,  Joseph  Lochinour,  John  Rider, 
Thomas  Mounts,  Nathan  Carter,  Aaron  Bevis,  Joseph  Fassett, 
George  Cummings,  Ephraim  Arnold,  Michael  J.  Myers,  Daniel 
Row,  Ezekiel  liughes,  Isaac  Gale,  John  Carr,  James  McEwen, 
J.  Osbourne,  Jonathan  Bonnell,  Jacob  Cook,  Joseph  Cox,  Abraham 
Fry,  Ransom  Perry,  Samuel  Merriwether,  Luke  Bonesteel,  John 
Fowler,  John  R.  Shoemaker,  John  Tipton,  Peter  Troutman,  Will- 
iam Maskall,  John  S.  McEwen,  James  Parker,  Salmon  Buell, 
Nathan    Cox,    George   Kurts,  Peter  Cox,  George  Gabbert,  An- 


EARLY    SETTLEMENT.  373 

thony  Head,  Absolom  Elliott,  Nathan  l\yltij  Archibald  Gordon, 
Allen  Williams,  Noah  Wright,  John  Pence,  David  Atherton, 
James*  Laslj,  James  Wilson,  Isaac  Wilson,  Hampton  Queen, 
Thomas  Lower,  Isaac  Hand,  Andrew  Cox,  Hannah  Shiver, 
John  Adams,  William  Co\,  Jacob  D.  INIarsh,  Job  Gardner, 
John  Berrv,  Enoch  Warman,  William  Will,  John  Lewis, 
Benjamin  Sailors,  John  Fancher,  James  Jacobs,  William 
Swisher,  John  Nowman,  Nathan  Farlow,  Alexander  Denman, 
Zachariah  Groves,  Joseph  Dawson,  David  McCoy,  Cyrus  C.  Tevis, 
John  Conner,  Samuel  Lindley,  John  Newland,  Andrew  W.  David- 
son, George  Becker,  Nathan  Underwood,  Thomas  Harker,  Labon 
Records,  William  P.  Records,  David  Hall,  Thomas  Russell,  David 
Goble,  Archibald  Guthrie,  Powell  Scott,  John  Young,  Benjamin 
McCarth}',  John  D.  Lutz,  Henry  Nichols,  Edward  Wilcox,  Joshua 
Sims,  James  G.  Blair,  Jesse  Ruddick,  William  Summers,  Abraham 
Music,  Robert  Wilkerson,  Alloys  Backman,  Thomas  Cox,  Joseph 
McQueen,  Wight  Saunders,  John  Lee,  Obed  Keller,  Carlton  Kent, 
Anson  Bennett,  George  Zuvers,  Elijah  Sloan,  Henry  Saunders, 
WiUiam  Maxwell,  William  Bonnell,  John  Atkinson,  Elijah  Atkin- 
son, Henry  Sharp,  John  Campbell,  William  Kelle}",  Shadrack 
Barnes,  Nathan  Thompson,  Stephen  Robinson,  John  L.  Davidson, 
Michael  Waggoner,  John  Vanblaricum,  Sylvanus  Holse}',  William 
Carter,  William  Campbell,  Allen  Wilson,  Abdiel  Parsons,  William 
Dickens,  Squire  D.  Ensley,  Benjamin  Ensley,  James  N.  Bell, 
Samuel  Stovecypher,  WiUiam  Sparks,  Charles  Collett,  David 
Scott,  John  Spotts,  Henry  Surveh,  Nathan  Bass,  Isaac  Pancake, 
Frederick  Redenbaugh,  Jacob  Kizer,  James  Burch,  James  Quick, 
James  H.  Vanmeter,  Henry  Saunders,  Jr.,  John  Underwood, 
Joseph  Saunders,  Jacob  Gabbert,  Benjamin  Crow,  Solomon  Cox, 
David  Hager,  William  Dudley,  James  Gabbert,  Daniel  Barber, 
David  Keller,  Joseph  Robertson,  William  Abbott,  Samuel  Phil- 
lips, James  C.  Tomlinson,  Ranson  Davis,  John  Henry,  George 
Craig,  James  Henry,  Frederick  Ford,  John  Barlow,  William  S. 
Jones.  Some  of  these  bought  extensively  for  speculative  purposes, 
others  entered  only  enough  to  constitute  a  home  farm  upon  which 
they  expected  to  hve  and  rear  a  family.  These  entries  contin  ued 
to  be  made  with  considerable   activity  during  the   first   few  years. 


374  BARTHOLOMEW   COUNTY. 

and  afterward  more  slowly  until  all  the  land  passed  from  the  own- 
ership of  the  government.  Many  of  those  named  above  continued 
tfieir  entries  and  some  possessed  large  estates. 

Others  who  came  in  182 1  and  entered  land  were:  William 
Martin,  James  Rogers,  Tristam  C.  Lambden,  William  Royse, 
Nicholas  Criss,  James  Crutchfield,  Samuel  Hulick,  Thomas  Epper- 
son, Daniel  Gaines,  William  Richards,  William  Wilson,  Joseph 
Grantham,  Samuel  S.  Moore,  Newton  C.  Jones,  William  H.  Cham- 
bers, Jonathan  Peddrick,  Joseph  Pownal,  John  Fowler,  Samuel 
Partheman,  Felix  Redman,  William  Bowmian,  Aquilla  Rogers, 
James  Spurgin,  William  Pace,  Benjamin  Smith,  Jacob  Mclndo, 
Henry  Farmer,  William  Robertson,  John  Glanton,  Burwell  Glan- 
ton,  Giles  Mitchell,  James  Dulaney,  Jacob  Gabbert,  John  S.  Mitch- 
ell, Edwai-d  Carvin,  John  Dr3'bnad,  Andrew  Richard,  Peleg 
Gifford,  Joseph  Drybnad,  Zephaniah  French,  Warner  Heath,  Henry 
Soper,  Henry  Boswell,  Henry  Steambarger,  James  Jacobs,  Spencer 
Records,  James  Smith,  Thomas  Esra,  Jacob  White,  John  McLain, 
John  Whitehead,  Stephen  Frank,  Right  Saunders,  Elisha  Pack- 
wood,  Thomas  Prather,  Thilman  Howard,  Jacob  Crezlous,  Richard 
Hall,  Willis  H.  Dollens,  Baker  Johnson,  Henry  Smith,  Daniel  New- 
som,  John  Newsom,  William  Chapman,  Alex  Donaldson,  John  Ep- 
pler,  John  McCutcheon,  Alex  Blackketter,  Hardy  Wilson,  William 
Wilson,  Martha  Wilson,  Martin  Wilson,  David  Deitz,  Morgan  Parr, 
Joel  Newsom,  James  McKinley,  Samuel  Packwood,  John  P.  Wailes, 
Philip  Pedro,  Leonard  C.  Wailes,  Jesse  Evans,  Stephen  Gudgle, 
Willis  Newsom,  James  Kindle,  James  Starkey,  Benjamin  Wailes, 
Benjamin  Duncan,  Evan  Thomas,  Oliver  Hampden,  Matthew  Pace, 
Benjamin  Bennett,  William  Newsom,  Alex  McClintic,  John  Ogle, 
Ephraim  Miller,  Samuel  Nelson,  Thomas  Foster,  Andrew  Rogers, 
Joseph  Heart,  Daniel  Delter,  Samuel  Bull,  Samuel  Warner,  James  H. 
Sarvin,  Silas  Howard,  John  Karns,  Uriah  McQueen,  Isaac  Ranis, 
Jesse  Henderson,  Thomas  Robertson,  John  Morris,  Joseph  M.  Ed- 
wards, John  Tulle3^  Those  who  made  their  first  entries  in  1822 
were:  John  Newsom,  Thomas  AUoway,  William  Brooks,  John  Si- 
bert,  William  Christie,  Fenney  Cartney,  William  Parker,  Isaac 
Parker,  Phineas  Parker,  Ephraim  Cook,  William  INIcFall,  Jonas 
Miller,  John  Powner,  Benjamin  GrifHth,  John  Miller,  Jacob  Miller, 


Cm 


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^W^d^I/->^ 


EARLY    SETTI.EMENT.  377 

George  Miller,  Elijah  Richardson,  John  Cox,  Robert  Kenady,  Mar- 
tin Way,*"  John  M.  Gourd,  Thomas  Woods,  Daniel  Gaines,  Jolin 
Wilson,  Isaac  Pence,  John  Campbell,  Daniel  Ilillman,  Brooks  Mag- 
ness. 

These  entries  were  made  in  all  parts  of  the  county  excepting 
that  portion  lying  contiguous  to  what  is  now  Brown  Count}'.  The 
Hawpatch  lands  were  favorites,  but  the  stream  of  settlers  pouring 
in  from  the  south  and  southeast,  soon  occupied  all  of  the  best  lands 
from  Sand  Creek  to  the  north  county  line.  Nor  did  they  overlook 
those  rich  acres  lying  west  of  Driftwood,  where  Nineveh  and  the 
north  part  of  Union  Townships  now  are.  It  was  not  until  1832 
that  the  lands  in  the  west  and  southwest  began  to  be  taken.  In 
that  3-ear  Aaron  Crouch,  William  Brown  and  Thomas  J.  Richard 
made  entries  there.  They  were  followed  in  1833  and  1S34  by 
David  Cody,  Oliver  Hammond,  David  Phegley,  Reuben  Cooley, 
Vincent  C.  Roberts,  Isaiah  Carey,  Josiah  Carey  and  Thomas 
Lenon.  From  then  until  the  close  of  1839,  entries  were  made 
rapidl}'  and  the  entire  county  was  soon  settled. 

JVativc  Animals  and  Their  Hunters. — ;  Among  the  wild  animals 
found  in  the  county  by  the  early  settlers  were  the  deer,  wolf,  bear, 
panther,  wild-cat,  fox,  otter,  raccoon,  ground  hog,  skunk,  mink, 
weasel,  muskrat,  oppossum,  rabbit,  and  squirrel.  These  furnished 
meat  for  the  first  settlers,  the  deer  being  used  most  abundantly. 
Wild  turkej'S  were  as  plentiful  as  the  deer,  and  the  two  were  the 
game  mostly  sought  after  by  the  hunter.  All  of  the  settlers  had 
guns  as  a  necessar}'  part  of  their  equipment,  and  all  of  the  old  settlers 
were  good  hunters.  In  18 19  the  Delaware  Indians  hunted  in  the 
county.  They  were  numerous,  but  quite  peaceable.  Their  guns 
could  be  heard  constantly.  They  had  a  camp  on  the  Highfield 
place  near  Flat  Rock,  about  two  miles  north  of  Columbus,  and 
from  there  traversed  the  tangled  and  dense  forests  in  all  directions, 
following  trails,  there  being  then  no  roads.  There  was  a  trading 
house  at  Shield's,  in  Jackson  Count}',  where  they  disposed  of  most 
of  their  peltries.  The}'  continued  hunting  here  through  the  sum- 
mer of  1820,  quitting  about  the  time  of  the  land  sales  and  leaving 
for  the  Delaware  towns.  By  bleating  like  a  doe  they  would  call 
up  the  fawns  and  shoot  them.  Frequently  settlers  found  carcasses 
7 


378  BARTHOLOMEW    COUNTV. 

of  deer  in  the  woods  with  hide  and  tallow  only  taken.  The  pres- 
ent site  of  Columbus  was  then  very  much  tangled  with  bushes  and 
briers,  and  about  there  a  white  deer  used  to  range.  Many  tried 
in  vain  to  kill  it,  but  at  last  it  fell  a  victim  to  the  skill  of  Nathan 
Cox.  The  wolves  were  at  first  probably  the  most  troublesome  ani- 
mals, making  frequent  attacks  upon  the  settlers,  small  domestic 
animals,  and  with  most  incessant  and  terrifying  bowlings,  rendered 
the  nights  hideous.  The  woods  seemed  to  be  full  of  them.  Bears 
and  panthers  were  not  numerous,  but  were  occasionally  encoun- 
tered. Later  squirrels  became  most  destructive  pests,  consuming 
much  of  the  growing  crops,  and  their  slaughter  became  a  matter  of 
business.  It  is  said  that  Peter  Fay,  an  old  North  Carolinian  who 
settled  in  Haw  Creek  Township  in  1S33,  being  a  fine  rifle  shot, 
killed  fifteen  hundred  squirrels  within  two  weeks.  General  Terrell 
tells  of  a  grand  squirrel  hunt  in  Wa3'ne  and  Sand  Creek  Townships 
as  follows : 

"  In  the  autumn  of  1S34,  ^  rivalry  sprung  up  between  the  squir- 
rel-hunters of  Sand  Creek  and  Wayne  townships,  which  resulted 
in  a  challenge  on  the  following  terms  and  conditions:  The  two 
townships  were  to  have  a  squirrel  killing  match,  each  township  to 
be  represented  by  fifty  hunters,  the  match  to  continue  for  three 
days.  The  township  killing  the  largest  number  as  shown  by  the 
scalps  produced,  was  to  be  declared  winner,  and  the  other  town- 
ship was  to  give  to  the  citizens  of  both  a  grand,  free  barbecue  dinner. 
Crows  were  then  also  plenty, 'and  being  much  more  difficult  to 
shoot  than  squirrels,  it  was  agreed  that  each  crow  killed  should 
count  as  two  squirrels.  The  place  at  which  the  dinner  was  to  be 
given  was  selected  in  a  grove  near  Azalia  village,  and  a  day  was 
appointed  when  the  scalps  were  to  be  produced  and  the  match  de- 
cided. 'Uncle'  Sammy  Marsh,  of  Sand  Creek,  was  employed  to 
get  up  the  barbecue  —  the  losing  township  to  foot  the  bill.  Lead- 
ers were  chosen  on  both  sides,  who  were  pledged  '  'pon  honor ' 
Ito  honestl}^  and  fairl3^  conform  to  the  terms  of  the  contest.  The 
match  created  the  wildest  excitement.  Women  and  girls  backed 
up  the  men-folks  b}'' moulding  bullets  and  keeping  shot-pouches  and 
powder-horns  well  filled.  Ever}-  man  and  boy  who  could  get  hold 
of  a  rifle  —  then  the  only  kind  of  fire-arm  in  common  use  —  en- 


EAULV    SETTLKAIENT.  379 

« 

gaged  ill  the  sport,  to  the  full  extent  of  tlic  'quota'  agreed  u]x)ii, 
with  gr^at  earnestness  and  enthusiasni.  During  the  three  days, 
from  daylight  to  dark,  the  war  raged  most  furiousl}-;  the  rattling 
and  popping  sounded  almost  like  a  battle;  the  slaughter  was  enor- 
mous. It  was  no  sham  fight  !  The  air  was  clouded  with  powder- 
smoke,  and  loaded  with  the  fumes  of  '  villainous  salt-peter.'  The 
day  for  the  barbecue  arri\'ed,  and  all  the  hunters,  loaded  down  with 
scalps,  accompanied  b}-  their  wives,  children  and  sweethearts, 
flocked  to  the  place  appointed  for  the  big  dinner. '  Tellers  were 
selected  to  ascertain  the  result.  An  honest  count  gave  the  victory 
to  Sand  Creek,  though  Wayne  had  no  reason  to  be  ashamed.  The 
grand  aggregate  of  squirrels  killed  can  not  be  given.  One  man 
from  Wa3'ne  brought  in  nearl}'  900  scalps,  and  said  he  could  have 
taken  1,200,  onh^  he  had  to  often  stop  to  cool  off  the  barrel  of  his 
gun.  He  was  declared  the  champion  of  the  match.  The  next 
largest  number  was  killed  by  Samuel  Stuckey,  of  Sand  Creek, 
who  produced  783  scalps.  I  got  these  facts  from  W.  Stuckey, 
while  he  was  Sheriff  of  the  count}-." 

In  the  spring  of  1855,  the  whole  country  swarmed  with  pigeons. 
There  was  a  large  roost  near  Wa3'nesville.  Great  numbers  were 
killed  by  hunters  and  "  pigeon  pie  "  became  a  ver}'  common  dish. 
The  farmers  in  some  places  turned  out  and  battled  with  them,  kill- 
ing all  they  could,  for  the  reason  that  they  consumed  great  quanti- 
ties of  the  mast  which  they  were  counting  on  as  feed  for  their 
hogs.  Of  the  hunter's  equipment,  General  Terrell,  in  his  remi- 
niscences, sa}' s :  "  The  guns  were  generally  home-made,  every 
village  having  its  gunsmith,  and  the  implements  were  made  to  suit 
the  particular  wishes  of  each  patron  —  to  run  so  many  bullets  to 
the  pound  of  lead,  that  is  to  say,  of  a  certain  calibre ;  some  were 
specially  adapted  for  squirrel  hunting,  others  for  deer,  turkeys, 
shooting  matches,  etc.  Shot-guns  w^ere  considered  an  abomination 
and  derisivety  called  'scatter  guns,'  fit  only  for  the  amusement  of 
small  bo3-s  and  old  dotai'ds  whose  defective  vision  prevented  them 
from  taking  aim  through  the  'sights'  of  a  rifle.  Flint  locks  pre- 
vailed until  the  introduction  of  percussion  caps,  and  many  a  deer 
was  allowed  to  escape  and  roam  the  woods  because  of  a  '  flash  in 
the  pan,'  and  while  the  hunter  was  '  picking  his  flint'  before  '  trying 


380  BAKTIIOLOME^^'    COUNTV. 

it  again.'  The  breech  of  llie  old  fashioned  ride  conlained  a  small 
cavity-  closed  with  a  brass  or  iron  lid  on  a  hinj^'e  for  a  bit  of  tallow  — 
to  grease  the  '  patching,'  which  was  a  thin  piece  of  cloth  about 
three-fourths  of  an  inch  in  diameter  strung"  on  a  string  and  attached 
to  the  shot-pouch  strap.  The  powder,  guaged  in  a  primer  or  buck 
horn  charger  holding  the  proper  quantity,  was  emptied  into  the 
barrel  of  the  gun,  then  the  greased  piece  of  patching  was  placed 
over  the  bore,  the  bullet  placed  thereon  and  rammed  home,  the 
greased  cloth  preventing  the  ball  from  sticking  on  its  way  or  fouling 
in  the  rifle  groove.  A  shot-pouch  of  dressed  buckskin  with  the 
hair  on  contained  bullets,  flints,  wipers,  etc.,  which,  with  powder 
horn,  completed  the  outfit.  A  man  usuall}-^  knew  just  about  what 
he  could  do  with  his  gun,  and  if  the  implement  was  reliable  and 
accurate,  it  was  petted  as  affectionately  as  a  favorite  child,  and 
often  given  a  pet  name.  Off-hand  aim  was  the  general  rule  —  to 
shoot  with  a  rest  was  boyish  and  beneath  the  dignit}'^  of  a  hunter." 
Pioneer  Dress. —  The  head  dress  of  the  pioneer  for  the  male 
sex  was  either  a  coonskin  cap  or  a  home  made  wool  hat.  The  feet 
were  covered  with  moccasins  made  of  deer  skins  and  shoe  packs 
of  tanned  leather,  but  shoes  were  worn  by  most  of  the  pioneers  of 
this  count}',  except  in  summer,  when  old  and  young,  male  and  fe- 
male went  bare-footed  a  considerable  portion  of  the  time.  The 
blue  linsey  hunting  shirt  was  almost  universall}'  worn  by  men  and 
boys.  It  was  made  with  wide  sleeves,  open  before,  and  so  ample 
in  its  folds  as  to  embrace  the  body  almost  twice  around.  It  was 
such  a  comfortable  and  healthful  garment  that  its  wearers  were 
loth  to  part  wtth  it  when  the  time  came  for  it  to  be  replaced  b}-  a 
shirt  or  jacket  of  a  different  style.  Pantaloons  were  made  at  a  very 
early  day  of  deer  skin  and  linse}-,  but  to  the  settlers  of  this  county, 
cotton  and  jeans  w^ere  most  common.  Women's  dresses  were 
simple,  substantial,  and  well  made.  As  a  rule  settlers  raised  their 
own  flax,  cotton  and  wool,  and  made  their  own  garments.  Good 
weavers  were  then  the  accomplished  young  ladies  and  the  spin- 
ning wheel  filled  the  little  cabin  with  sweet  music,  as  it  sang  its 
song  of  thrift  and  industry.  They  raised  their  cotton,  picked  it, 
carded  it,  wove  it  and  then  wore  it.  At  the  proper  season  the  flax- 
brake  was  brought  into  use,  and  its  product  was  "hackled"  and 


EARLY    SnTTLEMlCNT.  3S1 

spun  into  skein;  the  wool  card  was  tlien  prepared  for  the  filHng; 
and  with  different  kinds  of  bark,  various  colors  were  given  to  the 
raw  material  and  made  it  ready  for  the  loom,  which,  with  its  shut- 
tle flying  noisily  back  and  forth  soon  brought  out  its  yards  of  linsey 
striped  and  beautiful. 

The  head  dress  of  the  women  was  a  simple  cotton  handkerchief 
or  sun  bonnet,  and  they  were  not  ashamed  to  walk  a  mile  or  two  to 
church  on  Sunda}',  carrying  their  shoes  and  stockings  in  llieir 
hands  until  within  a  few  yards  of  the  place  of  worship,  when  they 
would  put  them  on  the  feet.  Indeed,  at  early  meetings  it  was  (juite 
common  for  nine-tenths  of  the  people,  male  and  female,  to  be  bare- 
footed. These  modes  of  dress  long  prevailed  in  the  country  set- 
tlements, but  in  the  town  of  Columbus  the  merchants  who  carried 
rather  large  and  complete  stocks  of  goods  encouraged  the  cultiva- 
tion of  what  they  perhaps  considered  higher  tastes  in  the  matter  of 
dress.  Some  silks  and  satins  were  worn,  but  thc}^  were  not  numer- 
ous. Whatever  material  was  used,  however,  was  genuine,  and 
there  were  then  no  "shoddy"  goods.  There  were  many  social  assem- 
bhes  and  dances  then  considered  quite  elegant,  and  on  these  occa- 
sions the  dresses  worn,  though  differing  in  st^de,  would  compare 
favorably  in  richness  with  those  of  a  later  day.  The  newspapers 
soon  filled  with  advertisements  headed.  Prints!  Prints!  and  calico, 
at  first  costly,  became  veiy  generally  used.  In  turn  it  gave  way 
except  for  common  use,  through  the  development  of  extravagant 
tastes,  to  something  richer  and  more  attractive.  With  the  won- 
derful increase  in  wealth  that  the  years  brought  it  is  not  a  matter 
of  surprise  that  the  pioneers  themselves  soon  departed  from  the 
ways  which  their  necessities  forced  upon  them,  nor  that  their  de- 
scendants have  continued  the  progress  so  admirably  commenced. 

Aniuscnicuts. —  Pioneer  social  gathering  usually  had  in  view  two 
objects  —  work  and  sport.  The  log  rollings,  house  and  barn  rais- 
ings, wood  choppings,  corn  huskings,  bean  pickings,  wool  pickings, 
quiltings  and  apple  parings,  while  attended  with  much  laboi",  were 
replete  with  enjo3'ment.  In  the  early  settlement  of  this  county  all 
amusement  was  preceded  b}'  work  —  every  good  time  was  earned. 
No  man  undertook  alone  to  roll  his  logs.  All  joined  together  and 
went  from  place  to  place  rolling.     All  houses  were  raised  by  neigh- 


3S2  BARTlIOLO:\rEW    COUNTY. 

borly  hands.  When  the  crops  were  galliered  the  corn  was  jnit  in 
a  long  pile  and  neighbors  were  in\ited  in  to  husk  it,  usually  after 
night.  Log  rollings  and  huskings  were  followed  by  a  dance  from 
wiich  the  3'oung  folks  got  tlieir  greatest  enjo^'ment.  John  Stader, 
a  cripple,  was  one  of  the  famous  pioneer  fiddlers,  and  his  services 
were  in  demand  where\'er  he  was  known.  He  went  all  over  the 
county  playing  at  frolics.  In  the  huskings  both  sexes  took  part, 
the  buskers  being  divided  into  two  parties,  each  with  a  leader. 
The  lucky  finder  of  a  red  ear  reaped  a  rich  harvest  of  kisses  from 
those  of  the  other  sex;  the  rules  governing  the  quantit}'  of  such  re- 
wards, vaiying  in  different  sections.  General  Terrell  tells  of  a 
husking  in  Columbus,  which  perhaps  ma}'  be  accepted  as  fairl}^ 
representative.  "  One  autumn  afternoon  "  he  says  "  the  news 
went  forth  to  the  villagers  that  John  F.  Jones  (familiarly  called 
Jack  Jones)  would  have  a  husking  the  night  ensuing.  Everybody 
went,  man  and  boy.  Jack  was  popular,  a  great  favorite,  had  been 
Squire  and  Sheriff,  and  of  course  not  to  have  gone  to  his  husking 
would  have  been  equivalent  to  a  downright  'miff '  or  insult.  He 
was  partially  a  farmer  then,  and  the  big  pile  of  corn  was  of  his  own 
production.  It  lay  some  hundred  3-ards  from  his  tavern  in  the  open 
air.  The  night  was  clear  and  starlight  — ■  yet  several  lanterns  were 
suspended  roundabout  to  disseminate  hght  to  the  buskers.  The 
company  congregated  early.  Ike  Graves,  a  ver}^  funn_y,  jovial  fel- 
low, was  picked  upon  as  one  of  the  leaders  —  vs'ith  authorit}'  to 
take  the  bottle  round;  for  liquor  w\as  a  common  drink  those  days, 
and  sold  b}^  the  landlord  himself.  Songs  were  sung,  the  liquor 
drank  freely  and  the  corn  husked.  It  was  a  merry  time;  a  perfect 
reunion  of  the  citizens  then  living  here,  and  the  excitement  was  ex- 
ceedingly enjo3'able.  After  all  was  over  most  of  the  buskers  dis- 
persed for  their  homes.  A  number,  however,  repaired  to  the  bar 
room  where  a  cheerful  fire  was  blazing  on  the  hearth,  and  plent}^ 
of  the  '  rosy  god '  behind  the  bar.  The  fat  and  jolly  old  landlord 
(we  always  call  fat  and  jolly  folks  old)  brought  out  his  apples  and 
cider  —  and  the  crowd   ever   and  anon   would  call  out  something 

stronfjer.     Thing's  soon  were  mellowed  into  an  interesting  confu- 
te o  k  o 

sion  —  songs  were  sung,  speeches  made,  and  toasts  drank.  Being 
under  the  care  of  my  elder  brother,  I  remained;    but  as  the  clock 


EARLY    SETTLEMENT.  383 

struck  eleven  and  the  Avaves  of  niirtli  and  discord  still  tumbled  on 
Ave  thought  a  speedy  retreat  to  our  home  prudent  and  '  cut  out ' 
accordinixlv." 

When  the  country  had  filled  up  and  Columbus  had  become 
quite  a  town,  and  A'et  before  the  railroad  had  come  to  divert  public 
attention  from  local  matters,  and  to  interest  the  people  in  what  was 
being  done  elsewhere,  the  forms  of  amusement  began  to  degen- 
erate. Yet  withal  there  was  a  health}'  interest  in  manh'  sports. 
Horse  racing  was  indulged  in  to  a  great  extent.  Races  were  got- 
ten up  hastily  whenever  t\\  o  or  more  nags  believed  to  be  fast  were 
brought  together.  Nearly  every  public  assembly  Avas  fruitful  of 
some  game  or  plan  of  amusement.  Whisky  was  plent}-,  and  it 
caused  men  to  do  often  what  they  were  doubtless  ashamed  of  in 
sober  moments.  Elections  were  always  well  attended,  and  with 
the  single  exception,  perhaps,  of  muster  or  training  da3's,  none  were 
more  stirring  and  exciting  than  those  on  which  the  sovereigns  as- 
sembled, ostensibly  to  exercise  the  sacred  rights  of  freemen,  but 
reall}',  as  the  designs  of  the  majorit}'-  seemed  to  be,  to  mingle  to- 
gether in  wild  confusion,  quaff  poisonous  draughts,  swap  horses, 
pitch  quoits,  play  the  braggadocia,  wrestle  and  fight.  Of  all  the 
products  of  that  inventive  age  in  this  line,  the  one  which  seems 
least  to  accord  with  the  ideas  of  to-da}'  concerning  manly  sports  is 
described  b}'  General  Terrell  in  these  words : 

"Probably  about  the  year  1838,  some  reckless  and  heartless 
fellows  about  Columbus  conceived  the  idea  of  gander  ■pulUngs  — 
a  pastime,  which  if  not  the  offspring  of  their  own  minds,  was  prob- 
ably invented  by  some  barbarous  band  of  savages,  or  handed  down 
to  posterity  as  one  of  the  graces  which  adorned  the  character  of 
some  ancient  and  worn-out  pugilist,  no  longer  able  to  fight.  It 
shoVvs  how  sluggish  public  opinion  was  in  those  da3-s  which  may 
truthfull}'  be  denominated  the  dark  age  of  Columbus.  On  the 
corner  of  Walnut  and  Jackson  streets,  and  opposite  a  retail  liquor 
store,  a  slender,  supple  hickor}-  pole,  some  thirt}'  feet  in  length,  was 
securely  planted  obliquely  in  the  ground  in  such  a  manner  as  to 
elevate  the  small  end  about  eight  or  nine  feet  in  the  air.  This  was 
the  '  gander  pole.'  On  SaturdaA's,  about  the  middle  of  the  after- 
noon,  a    crowd    would    collect  —  having   previously    been  willing 


3^4  BAKTllOI,OMi;W    COUNTY. 

votaries  at  the  shrine  of  Ixicclius  over  the  way  —  and  arrange  the 
preliminaries  for  the  'sporl.'  A  tine,  full  grown,  full  feathered, 
gander  was  selected  from  <i  lloek  close  at  hand  collected  for  the  occa- 
sion; a  strbno-  thon<r  of  leather  was  fastened  to  both  his  feet  and  se- 
curel}-  tied  to  the  elevated  end  of  the  pale,  leaving  the  poor  bird 
suspended,  head  downwards.  A  gantlet  or  open  column  of  by- 
standers was  then  formed  some  fift}^  or  seventy-five  feet  in  length, 
terminating  a  few  yards  be\  ond  the  suspended  gander.  A  vaunt- 
ing hero  would  then  mount  a  horse,  and  starting  in  at  the  extreme 
end  of  the  gantlet,  ride  full  tilt  up  the  open  column,  while  the  by- 
standers on  either  side  would  belabor  his  steed  with  clubs,  canes 
and  bludgeons  most  unmercifull}-.  Of  course  the  horse  ran  as  fast 
as  his  legs  would  carry  him;  the  rider,  on  reaching  the  gander, 
elevated  himself  a  little  in  his  stirrups  and  grasped  for  its  neck, 
endeavoring  to  zvring  it  off^  which  constituted  the  feat.  This,  how- 
ever, was  extremely  difficult  to  accomplish,  requiring  considerable 
skill  and  strength  owing  to  the  go-ahead  nature  of  the  horse  under 
such  circumstances  leaving  but  little  time  to  get  hold  of  the  bird, 
and  still  less  to  give  the  luring.  All  competitors  were  required 
first  to  deposit  a  certain  amount  in  the  hands  of  a  banker,  which  in 
the  aggregate  constituted  a  prize  fund  to  be  distributed  at  the  con- 
clusion of  the  game  among  those  whose  prowess  had  enabled  them 
to  accomplish  the  feat.  Great  excitement  prevailed  in  the  crowd. 
Bets  were  freely  made  on  the  gallant  pullers;  and  from  the  gen- 
eral excitement  prevailing  a  looker  on  at  a  little  distance  would 
have  supposed  that  the  Olympian  feats  of  Achilles  and  Ajax  never 
caused  more  exultation  among  the  throngs  of  ancient  Greece  than 
did  these  brutish  madcaps.  This  disgusting  and  uncivihzed  brutal- 
ity brought  forth  a  scathing  article  in  the  editorial  columns  of  the 
'■Advocate^  a  newspaper  which  had  been  started  a  short  time  be- 
fore. This  had  the  desired  effect  —  it  checked  the  'puUings' 
entirely." 

Of  horse  racing,  General  Terrell  has  written : —  "  A  few  3'ears 
after  the  first  settlement  of  the  count}^,  probably  as  soon  as  enough 
ground  was  cleared  to  make  a  race  track,  horse  racing  was  intro- 
duced to  minister  to  the  pleasure  and  excitement  of  the  people,  and 
to  alienate  the  monotony  of  the  fun  loving  pioneers.     The  jNIcKin- 


EAKLY    SETTI.EMENT.  3S5 

ne3-s  were  leaders  in  tlie  inovemeiil,  aided  by  Jesse  Ruddick  the 
elder,  and  other  owners  of  running  slock.  Al  lirst,  scrub  races 
were  n5n;  distance  from  2CO  yards  to  one-fourth  mile,  the  latter 
being  called  a  quc-yter  race.  The  animals  were  such  as  were  com- 
mon in  a  new  country,  tough,  rugged,  and  unkempt  'critters,'  inno- 
cent of  blood  or  breeding,  whose  only  subsistence  was  what  they 
could  pick  up  in  the  wild  range  and  thick  underbrush  of  the  woods. 
But  they  were  plucky,  of  good  wind  ami  foi-  short  stretches,  made 
prett}'  good  time.  As  the  country  impro\  cd  and  the  outUi}-  could 
be  afforded,  a  better  class  of  horses  was  brought  in,  notabh',  some 
stallions,  whose  owners  claimed  for  them  pedigrees  as  long  as  one's 
arm,  showing  high  ancestry,  fine  mettle,  blood,  bottom,  and  all  the 
points  essential  to  success  on  the  turf  or  elsewhere.  The  Ameri- 
can Buck,  a  fine  looking  blood  bay  with  black  flowing  mane  and 
tail,  a  racer,  belonged  to  Ruddick;  the  McKinneys  owned  a  large, 
long  bodied  animal  called  from  his  color,  the  McKinney  Roan. 
Other  horses  of  the  better  class  were  owned  by  different  persons, 
and  racing  assumed  for  a  w^hile  a  higher  standard,  though  the  scrub 
races  were  by  no  means  abandoned.  I  have  in  m}^  possession  the 
original  articles  of  an  association  called  the  Columbus  Jockey  Club, 
organized  in  1833.  The  paper  is  in  the  handwriting  of  Joseph  Mc- 
Kinney, then  County  Clerk,  and  as  it  is  a  venerable  and  interesting- 
document,  I  copy  it  in  full  and  exactly  as  written. 

August  5,  1S33. 

"  Resolved  that  the  folowing  be  the  rules  of  the  Columbus  Jockey  Club  the  first  meet- 
ing to  commence  on  the  first  thursday  in  October  next  &  Continue  three  days  three 
Judges  to  be  Chosen  by  a  majority  on  Each  day  by  those  that  have  entered  their  nags  for 
that  day. 

"  First  day  Any  horse  mare  or  Gelding  that  is  in  the  County  at  this  time  one  mile  &  re- 
pete.  Entrance  five  Dollars.  Second  Day  three  year  Olds  &  under  one  mile  &  repete.  En- 
trance five  Dollars.  Third  Day  two  year  olds  and  under  one  single  mile.  Entrance  three 
Dollars,  description  of  all  nags  to  be  made  known  in  writing  by  the  first  ^londay  in  Septem- 
ber next  to  DavidDeitz.  Entrance  fee  to  be  paid  to  the  Judges  before  the  nags  start.  En- 
trance forfeited  if  tha  fale  to  win  axcept  the  nag  dies  or  some  of  his  bones  is  broken.  En- 
trance forfeited  to  the  fastist  nag  distance  60  yards.     All  nags  to  carry  a  fethers  weight   &c. 

"At  these  races  entries  were  made  by  Jesse  Ruddick,  David 
Deitz,  James  Briscoe,-  Isaiah  H.  Jackson,  Joseph  McKinney  and 
Gen.  Downing.  The  race  course  was  on  Joseph  McKinney's  farm 
in  a  large  cleared  field  lying  east  of  Washington  Street  as  now  ex- 


3S6  ^  BA7tTnOLO:\IHM'    COUNTY. 

tended,  and  nortli  of  the  Madison  Railwa}-  as  now  laid.  Tlie  track 
sjvirted  the  entire  field  and  was  just  a  mile  in  circuit.  There  was  no 
grand  stand  for  the  judges,  nor  seated  amphitheatre  for  spectators; 
nor  was  any  admission  fee  charged.  It  is  not  p^robable  that  much 
mone}'  changed  hands,  but  it  may  be  presumed  that  a  big  crowd 
attended,  and  that  there  was  much  whisky  drunk  and  plent\-  of 
fighting  as  was  customary  in  those  times. 

"A  few  years  afterward  a  race  track  was  built  or  laid  out  by  dig- 
ging up  the  dog-fennel  in  two  parallel  paths  a  quarter  of  a  mile 
long,  commencing  at  the  foot  of  Franklin  Street  'under  the  hill,' 
then  an  open  common,  thence  running  west  and  terminating  at  a 
point  near  the  old  ferr^-  landing  just  below  the  present  Driftwood 
bridge.  Here,  on  Saturdays,  races  between  all  sorts  of  old  and 
young  'plugs'  of  the  'scrub'  order  took  place  for  several  seasons, 
the  hill-side  overlooking  the  track  being  ahNa3-s  well  lined  with 
lookers-on.  These  races  were  free  to  all,  and  untrammelled  b}'  reg- 
ulations other  than  such  as  were  made  upon  the  spot  for  the  time 
being.  They  were  kept  up  until  about  the  time  gander  pullings 
were  abated,  when  they  were  stopped  by  the  same  influences, 
greatly  to  the  joy  of  good  citizens  and  to  the  credit  of  the  town." 

From  these  more  ^'iolent  sports  in  w^hich  the  men  sought  diver- 
sion, it' might  be  interesting  and  instructive  to  look  upon  the  picture 
of  a  quilting  party  where  the  good  women  of  the  neighborhood- 
came  together  with  kind  hearts  and  willing  hands  to  enjo}'  some 
hours  of  work  and  conversation,  and  departing,  leave  permanent  and 
valuable  results  of  their  toil.  There  were  few  distinctions  of  birth 
or  wealth  or  circumstance.  All  alike  were  simple  in  their  dress 
and  habits  and  no  exacting  demands  were  made  b}'^  social  form. 
At  the  quilting  nimble  fingers  plied  industriousl}^  until  the  work 
was  done,  when  songs  were  sung,  games  played,  and  dancing  in- 
dulged in;  indeed,  the  merriment  was  co-extensive  with  the  jovial 
natures  of  the  3'oung  folks  assembled.  Spelling  matches  and  de- 
bating societies  furnished  amusement  w'hich  some  considered  of  a 
higher  sort.  Here  the  training  of  the  intellect  was  the  paramount, 
ostensible  object,  but  bo3^s  and  girls  not  belonging  to  the  same 
family  often  came  riding  one  horse.     The  young  folks  were  gen- 


EARLY  si:ttlem]-:nt.  3^7 

crnllv  paired,  and  to  bring  about  tbis  natural  selection  was  perbaps 
as  wortby  an  object  as  tliese  int(!llectual  entertainments  could  bave 
had.  Hut  tliej-e  were  vijrorous  and  sincere  luental  combats  tbat  did 
mucb  to  give  the  people  broader  ideas  and  intellectual  strength. 

"Turning  out  the  school-master"  was  a  form  of  amusement 
indulged  in  by  the  school  children,  at  stated  times.  The  log  school 
house  with  its  dirt  floor,  greased  paper  windows,  backless  seats, 
and  the  master's  rods  were  not  designed  especially  to  inspire  merri- 
ment, but  the  natural  flow  of  spirits  and  love  of  fun,  which  always 
go  with  healthy  youth,  can  not  be  checked  by  unfa\-orable  sur- 
roundings. Earl}'  on  Christmas  da}'  the  school  gathers  before  the 
master  arrives  and  bars  him  out  by  pihng  benches  against  the 
door.  The  children  yield  in  all  things  to  the  dictation  of  the  older 
boys,  some  of  them  of  greater  size  and  strength,  perhaps,  than  the 
master  himself.  With  anxious  look  and  bated  breath  they  await  the 
coming  of  the  pedagogue.  At  last  he  emerges  from  the  woods 
and  comes  out  on  the  path  leading  directly  to  the  door.  He  pulls 
the  latch  and  gives  the  door  a  push,  but  it  does  not  yield.  Gleeful, 
but  somewhat  tremulous,  voices  from  within  demand  the  Christmas 
treat  as  the  price  of  admission,  and  refused  in  unmistakable 
stentorian  tones.  An  unconditional  surrender  is  demanded  by  the 
attacking  force,  but  the  big  boys  are  not  awed,  and  growing  bolder 
repeat  their  demands  good-naturedly,  but  with  no  sign  of  flinching. 
Perhaps  the  teacher  turns  and  starts  along  the  path  as  if  for  home. 
Hurriedly  the  benches  are  removed;  new  plans  are  adopted;  some 
stalwart  becomes  a  self-chosen  leader;  the  resolute  band  scramble 
fourth  pell  mell  in  hot  haste,  overtake  the  retreating  teacher,  and 
forgetting  the  respect  they  owe  his  years  and  learning,  throw  him 
down  upon  the  ground  and  bind  him  fast.  The  prisoner,  now  in- 
dignant and  not  yet  wiUing  to  succumb  gracefully,  struggles  and 
declines  to  accede  to  the  reasonable  demands  of  his  captors,  again 
repeated  confidently.  They  gather  him  in  their  strong  arms  and 
staVt  toward  some  neighboring  pond  or  stream  to  duck  him;  or  if 
water  be  not  near  they  devise  some  other  punishment  suitable  to 
the  offense,  and  start  out  vigorously  for  its  ministration.  Now  wisdon 
dictates  a  change  of  course;  valor  under  the  circumstances  is  inaf- 


38S  BARTIIOLOMENV    COUNTY. 

fectual;  a  surrender  under  the  terms  stipulated  is  agreed  upon.  A 
treat  follows  in  which  a  royal  time  is  enjoyed  by  both  victors  and 
Vanquished. 

Early  Marria^-es.—  The  pioneer  wedding  was  one  of  the  inter- 
esting features  of  pioneer  life.     For  a  long  time  after  the  lirst  set- 
tlement the  people  married  young.     There  was  no  distinction  of 
rank  and  but  little  of  fortune,  consequently  the  first  impression  of 
love  generally  resulted  in  marriage.     The  marriage  was  generally 
celebrated  at  the  house  of  the  bride.     In  the  morning  of  the  wed- 
ding day  the  groom  and  his  intimate  friends  would  assemble  at  the 
house  of  his   father,  and   after  due  preparation  departed  for  the 
mansion  of  the  bride.     The  journey  was  sometimes  made  on  horse- 
back, sometimes  on  foot,  and  sometimes  in  a  farm  wagon  or  cart. 
It  was  always  a  merry  journey.     After  the  marriage  ceremonies 
were  performed,  supper  eaten,  dancing  commenced  and  usually  lasted 
till  morning.     The  first  marriage  license  issued  in  the  county  was 
to  Matthew  Redwince  and  Nancy  Pitcher,   on   March   20,   182 1. 
They  were  married   by  James   Garner,   minister.     James  McCoy 
and  Lucy  Berry,  licensed  March   27,   were  the   next  to   marry. 
Then  followed  the  marriages  of  Edward  Davis  to  Esther  White,  in 
March;  Squire  D.  Ensley  to  Olive  Cutler,  in  April;  Jacob  Hauser 
to  Nancy  Sims,  in  April;  David  Burkhart  to  Kisiah  Lash,  in  June; 
AquiUa  W.  Rogers  to  Nancy  Arnold,  in  May;  Hiram  Lee  to  Su- 
san Dudley,  in  June;  H.   H.  Lewis  to  Mildred  Harmon,  in  June; 
Thomas  Dudley  to  Jane  SuUivan,  in  July;  George  Stilts  to  Susanna 
Carlisle,   in  July;    H.   L.  Lewis  to  Esther  Osbourne,   in  August; 
Christopher  Cox  to  Margaret  Pope,  in  August;  Richard  VanLand- 
ingham  to  Matilda  Slusher,  in  August;  Jesse  Davidson  to  Nancy 
Durbin,  in  September;  Thomas  Scott  to  Eleanor  Fortner,  in  Octo- 
ber;  Isaac  Pancake  to   Micha   Lemasters,   in   October;  Solomon 
McKinney  to  Rebekah  Sloan,  in  November;  Elias  A.  Brock  to 
Polly  Durbin,  in  December;  Tristram  C.  Lambden  to  Mary  Wall, 
in  December,  all  in  1821.     The  ceremonies  were  usually  solemnized 
by  ministers  of  the  gospel,  but  occasionally  a  Justice  of  the  Peace 
was  called  on  to  render  this  service.     March  22,    1824,  a  license 
was  issued  to  Green  Graham  and  Margaret  Petro,  which  was  re- 
turned to  the  proper  office  in  due  time  endorsed  as  follows :  "April 


EARI.V    SlvTTLK.MF.XT.  3S9 

8,  1S24.  Executed  on  tlic  >vithin  named  parlies.  Newton  C. 
Jones,  J.   r." 

Trade  and  Coiiniu-rcc. —  The  early  crops  were  bountiful.  The 
soil  had  y'arnered  in  its  pores  the  ricli  accumulations  of  years,  and 
needed  little  cultivation  to  produce  a  rich  harvest.  The  farmer 
could  chop  out  a  piece  of  new  ground,  plant  corn  and  without 
plowing  it,  gather  an  abundant  yield.  Potatoes  and  other  vegeta- 
bles grew  to  an  immense  size  in  the  fresh  soil.  In  1S19,  corn  was 
worth  $1  per  bushel;  pork  $5  per  hundred  weight;  Hour  and  other 
necessaries  were  correspondingly  high  in  price,  and  had  to  be 
brought  from  Washington  County,  some  sixt3--five  miles  distant. 
But  this  was  when  the  first  settlers  came  in,  and  before  Joseph  Cox 
had  tested  the  productiveness  of  the  rich  lands.  Soon,  however, 
the  little  market  was  too  well  supplied.  Almost  immediately  the 
surplus  of  corn  became  of  very  little  value;  it  could  not  be  dis- 
posed of  at  an}'  price.  Pork  was  worth  but  little  until  the  roads 
were  opened  up,  so  that  hogs  could  be  driven  to  Madison.  Sur- 
plus farm  products  were  conveyed  b}'  wagon  to  the  same  market, 
and  a  long  procession  of  wagons  wending  their  wa}'  on  the  old 
State  road  to  the  metropolis  on  the  banks  of  the  Ohio,  was  not  an 
unusual  sight.  As  the  count}'  became  more  thickly  settled,  and  a 
larger  market  was  desired,  flat-boating  was  devised  to  supply  the 
want.  January  26,  1S24,  Flat  Rock  was  declared  to  be  a  naviga- 
ble stream  and  public  highway,  from  its  mouth  to  Little  Flat  Rock, 
and  Blue  River  was  declared  navigable  to  the  north  line  of  Shelby 
County. 

Every  spring  flat-boats  started  out  with  the  high  water  loaded 
with  lumber,  corn,  potatoes,  lard,  cliickens,  and  every  sort  of  country 
produce,  bound  for  the  city  of  New  Orleans.  It  required  about 
ten  men  to  take  an  ordinary  sized  boat  to  the  mouth  of  the  INIusca- 
tatack,  and  from  that  point  five  were  supposed  to  be  enough  to  handle 
its  long,  sw'eeping  oars.  The  Pitchers  and  Gobies  were  among 
those  reported  to  be  the  best  and  most  skillful  pilots  of  these  crafts. 
A  great  deal  of  lumber  was  shipped  by  this  means  from  the  mills 
of  the  Taiinehills  and  Arnolds.  Frequently  four  or  five  farmers 
would  join  together  and  run  a  boat  in  partnership,  carrying  away 
their  own   produce,   but   more   often  they  were  owned  and  run  by 


390  PAKTIIOI,0>n:W    COUNTY. 

men  wlio  made  it  a  business  to  bu\'  the  surplus  produce  and  carry 
it  to  market.  Prominent  amoni;-  the  old  flat-boatmen  of  the  count}'' 
Stand  the  names  of  E.  and  1^.  F.  Arnold,  Thomas,  Ivobert  and  Will- 
iam Pitcher,  the  Tannehills,  the  Jones,  IT.  C.  Terry,  the  Thomp- 
sons, of  Wayne  Township,  Joseph  McKinney,  Isaac  Boardman, 
William  Singleton,  D.  Randolph,  Thomas  Hays,  J.  II.  Terrell, 
Williamson  Terrell,  and  John  JM.  G\\  in.  On  this  subject  General 
Terrell  says: 

"  The  boats  were  generally  constructed  in  the  fall  or  winter,  and 
were  from  60  to  125  feet  in  length.  When  the  bottom  or  hull  of 
a  boat  was  completed,  the  neighbors  were  called  upon  to  assist  at 
the  '  turning.'  A  boat-turning  was  something  on  the  order  of  a 
house-raising  or  log-rolling,  and  afforded  excellent  opportunities 
for  bullies  to  sho\v  tlieir  strength.  Whisky  was  generall}'  and 
plentifuU}^  supplied,  and  not  infrequentl}-  would  the  '  gatherin.g  '  end 
in  a  fight,  cr  a  foot  race,  or  a  jumping  match,  '  sports '  peculiar  to 
those  times.  When  the  boat  was  completed  and  launched  (the 
launch  was  alwa3's  the  subject  of  another  assemblage  of  strong  men, 
and  frequentl}'  the  same  scenes  were  re-enacted  as  at  the  turning, 
or  a  grudge  engendered  then,  was  settled),  the  owner  would,  as 
the  sa3'ing  was,  '  lie  on  his  oars '  until  a  rise  came,  when  the  cargo 
would  be  hastily  put  in,  a  crew  of  stalwart  men  collected  and  the 
whole  placed  in  charge  of  a  steersman  or  practical  boatman. 
Neighborhoods  would,  on  occasions  like  these,  turn  out  to  help 
their  friends  off.  All  was  life  and  jollity,  and  when  the  boat  was 
under  way,  the  hearty  hurrahs  of  the  crowd  on  shore  would  be  as 
heartily  returned  by  the  boatmen.  Very  often  a  volunteer  force 
would  accompany  them  for  a  day  or  two  and  then  '  foot '  it  home. 
This  was  done  pureh'  for  the  '  fun  of  the  thing.'  Frequentl}^  a 
fleet  of  boats,  five  or  six,  would  leave  at  the  same  time.  While  in 
the  River  Driftwood,  they  only  '  run '  during  the  day,  but  after 
reaching  the  Ohio  and  Mississippi,  they  rarely  tied  up  except  in 
case  of  a  storm.  Sometimes  a  boat  would  be  '  stove '  or  wrecked, 
for  the  streams,  swollen  and  rapid,  were  full  of  floating  trees 
and  hidden  snags.  Such  accidents  alwa3's  fell  heavil}'  on  the 
owners  of  the  boat  and  cargo,  no  indemnity  being  provided,  the 
practice   of  insuring  not  being  followed  then.     When  the  boatmen 


EARLY    SETTI.lCMl'.NT.  39 1 

returned  (tliey  were  gencralK'  absent  two  or  three  months),  tliey 
would  brin^;-  b;i.ck  groceries,  tropical  fruits,  new  suits  of  clothes  and 
cane  fjsfiing  poles.  The  last  named  articles  were  always  in  dc- 
mand  and  were  rarely  omitted.  Flat-boating  was  generally  iirotit- 
able,  and  although  very  laborious  and  attended  with  considerable 
danger,  it  was  fascinating  to  those  engaged  in  it.  The  last  of  the 
flat-boats,  from  this  county,  floated  out  of  Driftwood  in  the  spring- 
of  1844,  a  few  months  before  the  completion  of  the '  M.  &  I.  R.  R. 
to  Columbus.*' 

The  venerable  Silas  L.  Thompson,  now  residing  in  Columbus, 
and  bearing  his  years  lightly,  was  a  veteran  in  this  service,  having 
made  in  all  eighteen  trips  to  the  Crescent  City.  He  tells  of  sturdy 
pioneers,  who,  after  disposing  of  cargoes  and  boats,  walked  back 
to  their  homes  —  all  the  wa}-  from  New  Orleans  to  Columbus.  In 
business  transactions,  at  the  outset,  the  coon  skin  was  the  most 
common  medium  of  ex'change.  It  passed  current  in  all  business 
circles  and  was  often  forced  upon  tax  collectors  and  postmasters  in 
pa3^ment  of  the  law's  demands.  It  became  customary  to  estimate 
the  value  of  all  sorts  of  personal  property,  produce  and  merchan- 
dise upon  a  coon  skin  basis.  Money  was  little  known  and  seldom 
seen  among  the  early  settlers.  There  was  a  S3-stem  of  barter  and 
trade  that  enabled  them  to  make  what  exchanges  were  necessary 
to  suppl}^  all  wants.  Subscriptions  to  build  churches,  school  houses, 
bridges,  drain  swamps,  repair  streets,  emplo}'^  preachers  and  teach- 
ers, etc.,  were  made  payable  in  certain  articles  called  "trade"  at 
"the  market  price"  or  "current  rates."  Farmers  paid  in  pork, 
corn  or  other  farm  produce;  a  shoemaker,  in  shoes;  a  tanner,  in 
leather;  a  miller,  in  flour;  a  merchant,  in  goods;  a  doctor,  jn  med- 
icines and  attendance ;  a  laborer  or  mechanic,  in  work  according  to 
his  calling.  Horses  and  cattle  were  traded  for  land;  rifle  guns  for 
town  lots  and  all  sorts  of  "  truck "  for  dry  goods  and  groceries. 
WilHam  H.  Stader,  a  well-known  resident  of  Columbus,  says  that 
when  in  1822,  with  his  father,  h'e  traveled  along  the  primitive  road 
just  hacked  out  in  the  dense  woods,  he  met  but  one  man  between 
where  Walesboro  now  is  and  the  then  little  village  of  Columbus. 
This  man  had  lost  all  his  famil}-  by  sickness  in  the  bottom  lands  and 
offered  his  120  acre  farm  to  !Mr.  Stader's  father  for  a  two-year-old 


39^  15AKT1I01.0ME^V    COUNTV. 

cok  lliat  was  anioni;-  liis  ]X).ssc.ssions.  Upon  rcacliing  C\i]uinl)us  he 
was  offered  by  "Jack"  Downing-  for  llie  same  coll  all  those  town 
lo^ts  lyini:,^  between  the  corner  on  which  Josejih  1.  Jr\\in"s  line  block 
now  stands  and  the  alley  next  to  the  Odd  Fellows"  buiUlinL;-.  and  on 
tliis  propert}'  there  then  stood  an  unhnished  small  two-story  frame 
liouse.  Few  articles  were  then  named  as  ha\ing  a  li.xed  money 
value. 

Early  Uliniin^: — Not  the  least  of  the  pioneer's  hardships  was 
the  procuring  of  bread.  The  first  settlers  were  required  to  seek 
suppUes  from  other  sources  than  from  their  own  lands  for  at  least 
one  year;  and  the  first  crops,  though  generall}-  very  abundant,  gave 
only  partial  relief,  there  being  no  mills  accessible  to  grind  the  grain. 
Hence  the  necessity  of  grinding  by  hand  power,  and  many  families 
■were  poorl}-  provided  with  means  for  doing  even  this.  The 
"  grater  "  was  used  by  man}',  and  in  man}-  cases  the  horning  block 
was  resorted  to.  JNIills  in  older  counties,  sometimes  fort}-  miles 
away,  were  patronized. 

Going  to  mill,  says  one  who  spoke  from  experience,  was  quite 
an  undertaking  with  the  pioneers.  It  was,  perhaps,  a  two  or  three 
da}^s'  journey.  Sometimes  a  pair  of  oxen  attached  to  a  two-wheel 
cart  carried  the  farmer  and  his  grain  on  his  journey;  but  frequently 
he  went  on  horseback  seated  on  a  bag  of  grain.  This  was  a  tedious 
journey,  and  his  return  was  anxiously  awaited  by  mother  and  chil- 
dren. 

There  are  some  recollections  of  '  sroina:  to  mill'  thatbrino-  with 
them  pictures  of  weary  watchful  nights  when  father  did  not  return 
as  promised  and  expected,  being  delayed  by  the  number  of  "  grists  " 
before  him,  or  the  impassable  condition  of  the  roads  or  traces. 
Those  were  dismal  phases  of  pioneer  hfe,  when  the  darkness  closed 
in  upon  the  anxious  mother  and  crying  children,  when  the  v>inds 
beat  upon  the  rude  cabin,  bringing  to  their  ears  unwelcome  sounds, 
laden  with  howls  of  starving  wolves,  when  hunger  pressed  heavily 
upon  the  helpless  inmates. 

Soon  enterprising  citizens  of  the  county  began  to  embark  in  the 
milling  business.  A  desired  location  along  a  stream  being  found, 
an  application  was  made  to  the  authorities  for  a  writ  of  ad  guoa 
damnum.     This  would  enable  millers  to  have  adjoining  land  ofli- 


KAULV    SRTTIJiMlCNT.  393 

cialh'  cxainintid  and  llu'  amount  of  dania^t.',  bv  making  a  dam, 
named.  ^Mills  ^ve^e  such  a  greal  public  convenience  that  objections 
were  seldom  made  to  their  location,  and  in  many  instances  they 
Avere  bu^lt  and  operated  for  months  before  a  wiit  was  applied  for. 
"Tiie  llrst  hand-mill  bri'Uglu  to  the  county  was  owned  by  Daniel 
Branham,  residing  some  three  miles  northeast  of  Columbus.  This 
mill  was  kept  running  constantly,  da}-  and  night,  customers  being 
permitted  to  grind  but  a  half  bushel  of  grain  at  one  time.  The 
liberal,  neighborh'  spirit  of  die  times  i<  .^hown  by  the  fact  that  at 
first  this  mill  was  kept  for  accommodation,  each  one  grinding  his 
own  grain  and  paying  no  toll.  So  tedious  a  process  soon  proved  in- 
adequate to  suppl}^  the  growing  demands  of  the  communit}',  which 
were  promptl}-  met  b}'  the  starting  of  two  mills  in  which  horses 
supplied  the  motive  power.  One  was  located  on  Clift}'  Creek,  in 
the  McFall  settlement;  the  other  near  the  site  of  Depper's  mill,  in 
Harrison  Tow  nship.  These  improved  mills  greatly  facilitated  the 
means  of  providing  the  communit}-  with  the  '  staff  of  life.'  Soon 
so  much  was  required  of  them  that  the  waiting  for  'our  turn' 
became  an  irksome  task.  Following  the  horse-mills,  came  the  era 
of  water-mills.  Probably  the  first  mill  of  this  kind  in  Bartholo- 
mew Count}',  was  built  by  Joseph  and  Thomas  Cox.  It  was  located 
on  Haw  Creek,  about  three  miles  northeast  of  Columbus,  that 
stream  being  then  of  more  capacity  and  furnishing  more  ample 
power  for  a  mill  than  now.  The  mill  ground  both  corn  and  wheal 
for  a  tenth  part,  and,  though  rude  and  imperfect,  was  looked  upon 
as  a  wonder  of  mechanical  skill  and  was  very  largely  patronized. 
At  first  the  bolting  was  done  on  a  hand-reel,  but  later  improve- 
ments relieved  the  customers  of  this  labor  and  rendered  the  mill 
automatic  in  its  operation.  About  the  year  1831,  Mr.  Cox,  in  view 
of  the  failing  supply  of  water  in  Haw  Creek  and  the  larger 
capacity  of  Flat  Rock,  decided  to  build  a  new  mill  on  the  latter 
stream;  whereupon  he  put  the  saw-mill  then  attached  to  his  mill  to 
work  to  saw  out  lumber  for  the  new  building,  and  in  a  few  months,  es- 
tablished his  mill  on  Flat  Rock,  two  miles  north  of  Columbus.  The 
old  mill  then  became  the  property  of  Mr.  Samuel  Spurgeon,  who 
continued  to  run  it  for  a  period  of  two  years. 

When  the  volume  of  water  became  so  small   as   to  render  the 


394  BARTHOI.OMEW    COUNTY, 

mill  unprofitable,  it  was  abandoned,  soon  falling  into  deca}-,  until 
in^a  few  3'ears  nothing  remained  to  mark  the  site  but  some  stra}'' 
fragments  of  the  decayed  frame. 

"The  Flat  Rock  mill  engaged  a  large  trade  for  fifteen  years  or 
more,  till  other  mills,  more  modern  ;ind  more  easy  of  access,  drew 
off  its  patronage,  wlien  it  was  alxuidoned,  and 'the  water  gradually 
shifted  its  course  till  the  old  mil!  \v;is  left  some  200  yards  to  the  west 
of  the  river. 

"In  1822,  Judge  Pence  built,  near  Taylorsville,  on  Driftwood,  a 
flouring-mill,  which,  owing  to  its  superior  power,  was  enabled  to 
run  constantl})-,  and  drew  a  large  patronage  from  adjoining  counties. 
It  was  purchased  a  few  years  after  its  erection  by  Maj.  Tannehill, 
in  whose  family  it  remained  till  1876,  when  Daniel  Miller  became 
its  proprietor. 

"  On  Driftwood,  at  Lowell,  Napoleon  Arnold  founded  the  cele- 
brated Lowell  Mill,  and  did  custom  business  for  more  than  twelve 
3^ears,  when,  in  1848,  Amos  Crane,  from  Gorman  Town,  became 
the  proprietor.  Under  his  management  it  developed  into  a  mer- 
chant mill,  and  made  the  only  flour  at  that  time  shipped  from  the 
county.  In  1853  oi"  1S54,  Crane  built  a  new  mill,  added  some  im- 
pro^'ements  and  greatly  improved  his  brands  of  flour,  which  ranked 
high  in  the  local  and  eastern  markets.  In  1856,  Crane  sold  the 
propert}^,  and  it  passed  through  the  hands  of  several  j  roprietors, 
until,  in  1858,  it  was  purchased  by  Messrs.  T.  &  J.  W.  Gaff.  These 
gentlemen  increased  its  capacity,  extended  its  trade,  and  placed  it 
in  the  front  rank  of  merchant  mills.  It  was  subsequently  aban- 
doned. There  was  also  a  custom  flouring-mill  on  the  west  bank  of 
the  river  at  Lowell,  for  a  period  of  twenty-five  years,  owned  and 
operated  by  Anthony  &  Son,  but  has  been  abandoned. 

"Next  came  the  mill  located  in  the  eastern  part  of  the  county 
on  Clifty,  and  then  Brown's  mill  on  the  fall  fork  of  Clifty,  built  as 
early  as  1839,  and  running  for  thirty-two  years.  The  next  mill 
was  owned  and  operated  near  Newbern,  by  Mr.  Critser,  whose 
father  built  a  mill  on  the  same  site  between  1836  and  1838.  The 
Anderson  mill  was  located  three  and  one-half  miles  north  of  New- 
bern, and  was  one  of  the  first  water-mills  on  the  creek,  and  early 
became  ver}'  popular.     The  Bush  mill  was  built  in  1829,  by  David 


EARLY    S]-:TTL1^,MEXT.  395 

Keller,  and  was  later  owned  by  Ezra  Bush;  the  mill  earl\'  enjo\ed 
a  large  patronage. 

In  1S35,  Isaac  Patterson  built  a  custom  flouring-mill  on  Flat 
Rock,  just  north  of  the  old  Madison  road-bed,  near  Columbus.  The 
location  was  a  good  one  and  the  mill  commanded  a  large  trade,  but 
the  foundation  of  the  dam  being  sand}',  was  constantI\-  giving  way, 
causing  trouble  and  expense;  the  property  changed  hands  once  or 
twice  and  finall}'  went  down,  about  1S47,  probably  owing  to  the 
want  of  water  power.  In  1S47  and  184S,  Messrs.  Bantill  and 
Gritlith  extended  the  old  mill-race  to  the  south  side  of  the  town  to 
a  point  within  100  ^-ards  of  the  bed  of  Driftwood,  where  the}' 
erected  a  flouring-mill  fitted  for  merchant  and  custom  work.  The 
firm  sold  the  property  to  Capt.  Whitesides,  who  continued  to  run 
the  mill  until  the  fall  of  1S5S,  when  it  was  destroyed  by  fire.  A 
temporary  custom-mill  was  kept  up  for  a  few  years  afterward  at 
this  point,  when  the  water-power  was  transferred  to  William  Carter, 
who  founded  the  Hydraulic  Woolen  Mills  near  the  site  of  the  old 
mill.  The  destruction  of  the  Whiteside  mill  closed  the  water-mill 
era  in  the  immediate  vicinity  of  Columbus.  As  early  as  1823,  Mr. 
Isaac  Rains  founded  a  rude  mill  on  Flat  Rock,  six  miles  north  of 
Columbus,  at  a  point  afterward  known  as  Corman  Town. 

"  At  that  time  there  was  an  island  in  the  river,  and  between  it 
and  the  east  bank  there  was  a  narrow  channel  through  which  the 
water  ran  with  much  force  and  velocity.  Taking  two  logs  of  suit- 
able size,  he  placed  one  on  the  island  and  the  other  on  the  bank 
parallel  to  the  first  and  the  current,  notching  them  to  make  bear- 
ings for  a  wooden  shaft,  which  was  laid  from  bank  to  bank  at  right 
angles  to  the  stream,  and  resting  in  the  notches  made  in  the  logs. 
To  this  shaft  he  attached  flights  or  paddles  reaching  down  into  the 
water,  and  moved  by  its  flow.  Simple  wooden  gear  connected  this 
flood-wheel  with  a  hand-mill  (the  one  previously  mentioned  as  be- 
ing the  first  in  the  county).  Rude  as  this  mill  was  in  its  construc- 
tion, it  did  a  great  amount  of  work,  and  saved  the  neighboring  set- 
tlers many  a  tiresome  trip.  Later  it  was  replaced  by  better  ap- 
pliances; the  property  fell  into  the  hands  of  the  Crane  family,  who 
further  improved  it,  adding  a  saw-mill  and  wool-working  machinery. 

In    1846,   Amos   Crane  employed   a  steam   engine  in  grinding 


39^  nARTnoLo:\ii:w  countv. 

grain,  ami  claimed  the  honor  of  ha\iiii(  tlie  first,  steam  flourinLi^-mill 
in  4he  county.  In  184S,  the  properly  passed  into  tlie  possession  of 
Mr.  James  Corman,  who  operated  it  lor  several  years,  when  it  was 
abandoned.  Other  mills,  and  esjvcially  those  of  later  years,  are 
elsewhere  mentioned  in  connection  with  the  history  of  the  localities 
in  which  the}-  stand. 

Poli/ical  Can/J)(r/i:/is. —  An  extended  political  histor\-  of  th^^ 
county,  containing-  a  narration,  in  detail,  of  the  important  events 
growing  out  of  political  opinion,  and  a  sketch  of  the  growth  and 
development,  the  change  and  decay  of  parties,  could  not  be  ad- 
visedly undertaken  in  the  limits  necessarily  fixed  to  the  treatment 
of  the  subject  in  this  connection.  It  is  designed  here  onl}-  to  pre- 
sent an  idea  of  the  methods  emploNcd  b}''  the  earl}'  settlers  in  their 
political  work.  The  turbulent  state  of  society  common  to  a  new 
country  is  fruitful  of  many  deplorable  practices;  and  perhaps  no- 
where are  these  more  manifest  than  in  the  warml}-  contested  cam- 
paigns. Here  the  demoralizing  effects  of  a  too  free  use  of  whisky 
are  most  apparent.  On  the  other  hand,  the  patriotic  zeal  and  the 
sturdy  independence  of  character  evinced  in  the  maintenance  of  the 
sovereigns'  most  sacred  rights  challenge  admiration,  and  are  worthy 
of  perpetuation.  To  show  the  political  cast  of  the  county  and  the 
increase  of  the  vote,  a  statement  embracing  facts  relative  to  every 
Presidential  campaign  from  the  formation  of  the  county  to  the 
present,  is  elsewhere  given.  In  the  first  campaign  after  the  organi- 
zation of  the  county,  that  of  1824,  when  the  county  was  still  new 
and  local  industrial  interests  were  paramount,  there  were  no  party 
divisions  except  on  local  issues;  but  in  1828,  when  the  canvass  of 
Jackson  and  Adams  was  well  commenced,  party  lines  began  to  be 
drawn,  though  not  so  earnestly  and  closely  as  in  after  years.  In 
that  year  one  of  the  leading  questions  was  that  of  a  tariff  for  pro- 
tection against  free  trade ;  but  this  issue  did  not  greatly  disturb  the 
voters  of  Bartholomew  County;  they  then  knew  little  and  cared 
less  about  it.  Jackson's  fine  record  being  in  his  favor  and  his 
general  style  suiting  the  rough  and  tumble  people  of  the  new  States 
of  the  West,  he  was  victorious. 

As  the  campaign  advanced  the  excitement  grew  intense,  the  en- 
thusiasm showing  itself  in  public  gatherings,  pole  raisings  and  dem- 


EARLY    SETTLEMENT.  397 

onstrations  of  a  similar  character,  at  all  of  which  the  ever-ready 
barrel  of  liquor  played  an  important  part.  Dr.  Lawson  Abbett, 
who  cyiie  to  the  counl\-  in  the  summer  of  1828,  from  Henry 
County,  Ky.,  riding  all  tlu;  way  on  horseback  behind  his  brother, 
John  B.  Abbett,  a  tailor  to  whom  he  was  apprenticed,  once 
told  to  Gen.  Terrell  an  anecdote  connected  with  this  campaign,  and 
from  the  latter's  notes  the  story  is  here  told.  Willis  Miles,  a  young 
man  about  twenty  years  of  age,  a  cousin  to  Dr.  Abbett,  was  also 
apprenticed  to  John  B.  Abbett.  The  Abbetts  were  ardent  Demo- 
crats. Miles  and  the  Terrells  were  Whigs  —  Cla}-  men.  At  the 
Presidential  election  John  Tsl.  Gwin  gave  a  barrel  of  whisky  to 
treat  the  Jacksonites.  Lawson  was  selected  to  deal  it  out  to  the 
faithful  only.  It  was  drawn  out  of  the  barrel  in  a  bucket  and  then 
dispensed  to  the  thirsty  in  tin  cups.  No  Adams  or  Cla}'  man  could 
get  a  drop  of  it,  but  their  friends  provided  for  them  also,  and  as  a 
result  all  got  drunk,  even  including  young  Abbett  himself.  A 
Jackson  flag  pole  was  erected  in  the  public  square;  the  flag,  nailed 
to  the  pole,  was  of  white  muslin,  sewed  together  at  Abbett's  tailor 
shop  by  Lawson,  and  bore  the  name  of  Andrew  Jackson  painted  in 
large  black  letters.  It  was  rumored  during  the  day  that  the  Adams 
men  had  determined  to  cut  the  pole  down  and  destroy  the  flag  that 
night.  Indeed,  during  the  day,  as  a  precautionary  measure,  guards 
were  stationed  about  the  pole  and  the  whisky  barrel  to  keep  the 
opposition  from  carrying  out  their  plan  of  destroying  the  pole  and 
flag  and  capturing  the  whisk^^ 

To  make  assurance  doubly  sure  (the  Jackson  men  feeling  in- 
capacitated for  night  guard  duty)  thought  it  prudent  to  lower  the 
pole  and  preserve  the  flag  from  any  possibility  of  capture.  With 
the  aid  of  poles  and  ropes,  and  the  strong  arms  of  the  stalwart 
Democrats,  the  pole  was  gradually  lowered  to  the  ground.  It  was 
■  then  twilight,  and  in  the  excitement  and  confusion  incident  to  the 
work,  young  Willis  Miles  slipped  in  and  snatching  the  flag,  stripped 
it  from  the  pole  and  ran  away  with  it  with  all  his  speed.  The 
Democrats  flew  after  him,  and  would  have  killed  him  undoubtedly 
if  he  had  been  caught.  John  McKinney  was  in  the  lead  of  the 
pursuing  part}^,  and  while  he  could  not  catch  the  fleeing  culprit,  he 
managed  to  grasp  a  flipping  corner  of  the   flag,  and  recovered  it 


39^  BAUTn01.0>rFAV   cou.xty. 

amid  tlic  upi-oarious  cliecrs  of  liis  inftniatcd  friends.  Miles  escaiicd 
and  liid.  The  enraged  Democrats  Iniiiled  for  him  '-high  and  low,"' 
bu^  fortunate]}'  for  his  scalp,  did  not  iind  him. 

Dr.  Abbett  said  the  events  of  that  day,  and  the  humiliation  and 
degradation  he  felt  for  the  part  he  took,  and  especially  his  own  in- 
toxication, disgusted  him  witji  the  Democracy',  and  (also  influenced 
by  the  arguments  and  persuasions  of  ^^iles,  who  was  a  brilliant 
young  fellow)  he  made  up  his  mind  to  quit  the  intemperate  and 
rowdy  party,  as  he  believed  it  then  to  be.  He  joined  the  Whigs 
and  stuck,  and  became  a  life -long  temperance  man. 

The  fights  between  politicians  over  differences  of  opinion  were 
often  quite  serious.  Perhaps  none  more  bloody  ever  occurred  than 
that  between  Newton  C.  Jones  and  Joseph  McKinney  in  1S28. 
The  former  was  the  Adams  candidate  for  Representative  to  the 
Legislature;  the  latter  the  Jackson  candidate  for  County  Clerk. 
Newton  Jones  was  the  keeper  of  a  tavern  and  so  w\as  his  brother 
Jack  Jones.  At  the  former's  house  the  latter  had  some  dispute 
with  Tamp  McKinney,  and  knocked  him  down.  Jo  McKinney 
heard  a  highl}-  colored  account  of  the  affair  from  some  bystander 
and  at  once  proceeded  to  the  Jones  tavern  and  commenced  heapinf 
abuse  on  its  landlord.  Several  who  had  witnessed  the  previous  affray 
called  out  that  it  was  Jack  Jones  who  had  knocked  Tamp  McKinney 
down,  but  the  irate  braggart  declared  that  Newt  Jones  was  the 
bully  of  the  house  and  the  man  he  was  after.  Whereupon  the 
fight  commenced  between  the  two  stab .  ^rts,  both  powerful  men  of 
faultless  courage,  and  skilled  in  pugilism.  Soon  the  floor  was 
stained  \vith  blood;  the  walls  and  even  the  ceiling  were  blotched 
with  it.  They  fought  desperatel}-  for  fortj'-five  minutes  and  were 
not  separated  until  they  were  so  exhausted  that  they  la}^  on  the 
floor  facing  one  another  and  occasionally  striking  out,  but  neither 
being  able  to  mount  the  prostrate  form  of  his  foe.  Jones  received 
the  greater  damage.  The}'  were  both  elected  to  the  offices  for 
which  they  were  candidates,  but  Jones  died  before  the  Legislature 
assembled.  It  was  thought  by  many  that  his  death  was  occasioned 
by  the  dreadful  pounding  he  had  suffered;  and  many  years  later 
McKinney  said  that  he  had  received  permanent  injuries  in  the  fight. 

Subsequent  campaigns  up  to  that  of  18^0,  though  quite  spirited, 


EARLY    SETTIJiMENT.       •  399 

were  without  remarkable  characteristics.  There  was  a  general 
political  awakening,  however,  in  1840,  party  lines  were  more, 
closely  drawn  than  ever  before,  and  that  campaign  was  memorable 
in  all  parts  of  the  countr}-.  Its  history,  as  connected  with  this 
locality,  is  gleaned  from  the  notes  of  General  Terrell.  None  who 
witnessed  tliem  ever  forgot  the  log  cabin  raisings,  the  mass  conven- 
tions, the  hard  cider  jubilees,  the  Tippecanoe  clubs,  the  banners 
and  canoes,  the  caricatures  of  the  Van  ]>uren  d3'nast3^  and  all  the 
paraphenalia  of  that  eventful  period.  Glee  clubs  chanted  the  histor};- 
of  General  Harrison's  life,  and  multitudes  joined  in  the  chorus  and 
hooted  at  his  opponent.  The  one  was  sung  into  ofiice  —  the 
other  laughed  out  of  it.  Log  cabins  were  erected,  for  political 
purposes  solcty,  out  of  buckeye  —  a  soft,  white  wood,  plentiful  and 
easily  cut.  If  the  sap  was  "  up  "  the  logs  would  sprout  after  be- 
ing laid  in  the  walls  and  thus  gave  quite  a  romantic  and  picturesque 
appearance  to  the  domicile.  Clubs  were  started  in  ever}^  town, 
mass  meetings  were  held  everywhere,  and  everybody  for  miles 
awa}'  attended  them,  with  traveling  workshops,  banners,  canoes, 
stump-speakers,  and  satirical  caricatures  witliout  number.  Ever}'- 
thing  was  Tippecanoe — -handkerchiefs,  badges,  medals,  song 
books,  almanacs,  bands  of  music,  and  shaving  soap.  The  election 
was  paramount  to  all  other  interests.  The  welkin  rang  with  shouts 
for  "  Harrison  and  Reform,"  politicial  sermons  were  preached  in 
ever}"-  neighborhood  dail}^;  processions  were  formed  by  night  to 
arouse  some  weary  candidate  to  make  a  speech  to  them.  People 
thought  it  a  little  matter  to  go  from  Columbus  to  Madison,  Indian- 
apolis, and  even  to  the  Tippecanoe  battle  ground,  on  horseback  or 
in  wagons,  to  attend  political  gatherings.  Such  was  their  enthusi- 
asm. The  same  spirit  was  ever3^where  manifest.  A  mass  con- 
vention was  held  at  Columbus,  addressed  by  Joseph  L.  White, 
then  a  candidate  for  Congress,  to  which  delegations  with  banners, 
glee  clubs  and  bands  of  music  came  from  Madison,  Vernon,  Rock- 
ford  and  elsewhere.  At  one  time  40,000  people  gathered  on  the 
historic  battle  ground  of  Tippecanoe,  and  then  the  enthusiasm 
grew  to-  white  heat.  Many  went  from  Columbus.  Col.  John 
Vawter,  of  Jennings  County,  said  that  to  the  immense  throng,  eat- 
ables  of  ever}^    description  were  as   free  as  air.     The  day  was 


400  BARTHOLOMEW    COUNTY. 

beautiful;  only  a  fleck  of  cloud  in  ihe  sky,  representing,  as  the 
Colonel  said,  New  Hampshire.  Solon  Robinson  had  a  small  print- 
ing press  then  on  wheels  and  busied  himself  printing  songs  and  dis- 
ti'ilbuting  them  to  the  people.  Canoes,  full-rigged  schooners,  and 
e\ery  device  suggestive  of  the  sentinu'its  over  which  ,  ibhc  opinion 
enthused,  were  there  in  great  numbers.  Stirring  addresses  were 
made,  and  the  patriotic  fire  in  every  breast  was  fanned  into  an  al- 
most consuming  flame. 

One  afternoon,  a  short  time  before  the  election.  Col.  R.  B. 
White,  then  keeping  the  tavern  on  the  corner  of  Walnut  and  Jack- 
son streets,  announced  to  the  good  citizens  of  the  Tippecanoe  and 
Tyler  stamp,  that  an  informal  meeting  of  the  "Tippecanoe  Club" 
would  be  held  at  his  hotel  instantcr.  In  a  short  time  a  crowd  was 
collected;  the  Colonel  presided  at  his  bar  and  served  his  friends 
•  with  a  collation  of  his  best  liquors,  all  free  and  for  the  love  of  vic- 
tory and  Whiggery.  Sam  Smith  was  then  always  on  hand,  and 
always  ready  to  make  a  speech.  He  mounted  the  stairway  and  made 
a  few  remarks  pertinent  to  the  occasion.  WilHamson  Terrell,  then 
in  political  life,  happened  along  at  this  juncture,  dropped  in,  and  be- 
ing solicited,  in  his  usual  felicitous  style  spoke  for  a  short  time  upon 
the  policy  of  the  Whigs,  and  the  advantages  which  would  accrue 
to  the  country  by  placing  a  Whig  administration  in  power.  He 
concluded  by  calling  on  R.  L.  Howell,  who  was  present,  to  take 
the  stand.  Mr.  Howell,  who  was  a  staunch  Whig,  editor  of  the 
Advocate,  full  of  humor,  energetic  and  always  battling  manfully 
for  the  cause,  commenced  by  announcing  that  he  would  merely  give 
an  exhortation,  the  gentlemen  who  had  preceded  him  having  sufh- 
cientl}'  explained  the  policy  and  advantages  of  the  Whigs.  He 
spoke  a  short  time  and  concluded  by  giving  the  following  invitation  : 

"  If  there  is  any  person  here  who  has  been  groping  his  way 
in  times  past  through  the  dark  and  murky  mazes  of  Locofocoism  — 
who  is  conscious  of  his  being  a  stranger  to  the  true  faith,  who  de- 
sires to  associate  himself  with  the  true  friends  of  his  country,  let 
him  arise  and  shake  off  the  shackles  that  bind  him  as  a  hanger-on 
to  the  Locofoco  regiment,  come  forward,  give  us  his  hand,  and 
join  the  glorious  Whig  army,  regenerate  himself  and  behold  for 
once  the  light  of  truth  as  it  is  in  Whiggery.     The  doors  of  the  party 


EARt.v  s):ttli:m i:\t. 


.|OI 


arc  now  oldened/'  Coii(i-ar\'  to  the  (.'NiHTtalions  of  all  present,  Iiis 
exhortation  induced  one  George  Bo\-ard  to  come  forward  and  ac- 
cept the  ^iroffered  redemption  by  (j^ivini;  his  hand  to  tlie  speaker. 
The  applause  which  followetl  was  deafiniiig,  and  lasted  for  se\eral 
minutes.  When  it  subsided  Ilowell,  who  had  meanwhile  been 
shaking  his  convert  cordial!}'  b}"  the  hand,  bid  him  be  seated,  and 
slapping  him  familiarl}'  on  the  shoulder,  pronounced  the  following: 
"  In  the  name  of  Whiggery,  I  now  pronounce  30U  free  and  clear 
from  all  stain  or  taint  of  Locofocoism,  and  henceforth  a  member  of 
the  true,  great  and  glorious  Whig  part}-^  of  the  United  States  of 
America."  Then  turning  to  the  audience:  "Brothers,  give  him 
thy  right  hand  of  fellowship."  This  was  done  with  a  right  hearty 
good  will  —  when  the  meeting  adjourned  with  nine  deafening 
cheers.  Thus,  here  is  an  instance  of  a  man  regularly  changing  his 
political  creed. 

The  doctrine  that  to  the  victors  belong  the  spoils  w^as  then  in 
vogue,  and  upon  the  inauguration  of  President  Harrison,  the  rush 
for  office  at  Washington  was  something  hitherto  unseen.  Horace 
Greeley  spoke  of  it  as  "  the  great  scramble  of  the  swell  mob  of 
coon  minstrels  and  cider-suckers."  At  Columbus,  John  C.  Hub- 
bard was  the  life  and  soul  of  the  Whig  party.  The  speeches  were 
made  by  Jonathan  JNIcCarty,  R.  L.  Howell,  S.  W.  Smith,  W.  Ter- 
rell, Joseph  L.  White,  Governor  Bigger  and  others,  but  Hubbard 
gave  the  use  of  his  room  to  the  Tippecanoe  Club,  furnished 
whisky,  bought  a  drum,  was  the  leader  in  getting  up  the  great 
demonstrations,  and  inducinjj  the  attendance  of  deletr^tions  from 
other  remote  towns,  and  in  many  ways  helped  along  the  cause. 
With  a  canoe,  such  as  was  always  seen  at  those  assemblies,  and 
wdth  drums  and  fiddles,  he  headed  a  delegation  that  went  to  Edin- 
burgh to  hear  Herod  and  Peaslee  debate.  There  was  a  sudden 
rise  in  Flat  Rock;  Hubbard's  carriage  was  swamped,  and  he  nar- 
rowl}'  escaped  drowning.  When  the  part3''s  success  became  gen- 
erall}^  known,  ever3^one  supposed  that  Hubbard's  zealous  efforts 
would  be  rewarded  by  an  appointment  as  Postmaster,  the  office  be- 
ing chiefly  desirable  to  draw  trade  to  his  store.  William  Mounts 
was,  however,  appointed,  and  the  disappointment  of  Hubbard  was 
ill-concealed.     In   1844,  he  joined  the    Democrats,   and  acted   as 


402  BARTHOLOMEW    COUNTY. 

Marslial  al  many  df  llu-ir  bi^"  liarbccucs  and  political  parades.  In 
1843,  there  was  a  Democratic  triumji!-,  in  the  election  of  James 
WJiilcomb  as  Governor,  on  party  grounds;  since  which  lime  the 
county  has  given  Democratic  maiurities  at  all  Presidential  elections. 

The  Democrats  prolited  by  tlu-  brilliant  Whig  campaign  of  1840, 
and  ^^■orked  up  much  enthusiasm  in  1S44  bv  the  use  of  appropriate 
songs,  roosters,  polk  stalks,  farmers'  barbecues,  processions,  and 
speakings.  The  Whigs  continued  the  winning  polic}'  of  their  last 
struggle  and  prepared  for  a  sharp  conflict.  They  depended  largelv 
on  coons  to  arouse  enthusiasm.  Both  parties  felt  confident  of 
carrying  the  covuit^-,  and  the  vote,  when  counted,  showed  it  to  be 
ver3'  close.  Thorough  count}'  and  township  organization  was 
effected  by  both  parties;  by  the  Democrats  on  Christmas  dav,  of 
1843,  and  by  the  Whigs  on  the  following  New  Yeai's  day.  From 
that  time  on  until  the  polls  were  closed  the  clash  of  the  contending 
arms  was  seldom  silenced.  The  Whigs  announced  their  unabated 
hostilit}'^  to  Van  Buren's  "  Sub  Treasury  system"  and  "  Standing 
Army  project,"  and  their  steadfast  and  abiding  adherence  to  the 
policy  of  a  protective  tariff  and  a  sound  currenc}'.  The  Democrats 
declared  the  "  self-st^ded  'Modern  Whig'  part}-"  to  be  identical 
with  the  old  Hartford  Convention  Federalists,  and  referred  to 
*'  Federal  Whig  humbugger}',"  charging  Whigs  with  voting  for  the 
"pageant  of  coon  skins,  hard  cider,  and  banners"  in  the  previous 
campaign  instead  of  for  Harrison  and  his  principles.  Both  parties 
planned  huge  barbecues.  William  S.  Pitcher,  of  Loiaisville,  was 
the  Democratic  orator,  and  in  the  procession  a  Dorr  banner  painted 
b}'-  W.  W.  Frybarger,  of  Connersville,  was  borne  aloft  by  the  en- 
thusiastic Dick  Carter,  who  kept  turning  it  about  that  all  e3'es 
might  behold  it.  At  the  Whig  barbecue  there  was  a  large  and 
enthusiastic  crowd,  but  their  ardor  was  a  little  cooled  by  the  dis- 
appointment due  to  the  non-arrival  of  expected  speakers.  Hon. 
William  Herod  became  the  orator  of  the  day,  and  with  that  power 
which  characterized  all  his  public  speeches,  addressed  the  people. 
Hickor}'  and  ash  poles,  some  as  much  as  150  feet  in  length,  were 
raised  by  the  different  enthusiasts.  But  at  length  the  election  came 
and  resulted  in  dejection  to  the  Whigs. 

The  nucleus  of  a  new  party  had  begun  to  form.     About   1840, 


EARLY    S1;TTM:MKNT.  /|03 

tlie  first  anti-slavery  documents  were  circulated  in  the  county.  Jo- 
seph Cramer,  a  Pennsylvanian  and  a  Democrat,  and  Jasper  II, 
SpraguCj^a  New  Englander  and  a  Whit;,  were  the  only  pronounced 
abolitionists  at  that  time,  though  the  Quakers  of  Sand  Creek  Town- 
ship, all  of  whom  except  a  Mr.  Peaslce,  were  Whigs,  were  op- 
posed to  slaver}-,  but  had  taken  no  part  hitherto  in  a^'ititating  the 
question  of  its  abolition.  Many  other  Whigs  in  the  county  were 
opposed  to  slavery  in  the  abstract  but  were  equally  opposed  to  any 
interference  with  it  when  it  existed  under  the  authorit}'  of  law,  fear- 
ing to  disturb  the  harmony  and  good  feeling  between  the  two  sec- 
tions of  the  countr)'.  In  1843,  the  abolition  candidate  for  Governor 
received  nine  votes  in  the  count}',  and  in  the  following  year  thirteen 
citizens  voted  for  James  G.  Birne}^  abolition  candidate,  in  prefer- 
ence to  rienr}-  Clay  or  James  K.  Polk.  Those  votes  were  cast  by 
the  Quakers.  The  growth  of  the  anti-slaver)-  vote  is  elsewhere 
shown. 

The  campaign  of  184S  was  spirited  but  not  as  brilliant  as  those 
which  had  preceded  it;  that  of  1852  was  heated  and  exciting;  and 
those  following,  wherein  were  discussed  those  great  questions 
which  for  decision  were  at  length  referred  to  the  fierce  arbitrament 
of  war,  stirred  pubUc  opinion  to  its  ver}-  depths.  It  is  not  the  pur- 
pose to  consider  further  these  political  struggles. 

*  *  *  •*  *  **  * 

Some  have  lived  to  note  the  changes  and  improvement  made 
since  the  first  white  settler  pitched  his  tent  on  the  fertile  lands  of 
the  Hawpatch,  now  seventy  years  ago.  They  have  seen  the 
*'  wilderness  rejoice  and  blossom  as  the  rose,"  savages  and  wild 
beasts  disappear,  the  log  cabins  replaced  by  comfortable  and 
even  luxurious  homes,  schools  and  churches  erected  in  every'  com- 
munity; and  thus  in  the  great  transformation  presented,  have  wit- 
nessed what  seems  to  be  the  culmination  of  civilization  and  refine- 
ment. Most  of  the  pioneers  have  passed  away,  and  with  them  the 
land  marks  they  erected.  Because  of  this,  and  the  frailt}^  of  aged 
memories,  much  of  the  early  history-  is  buried  in  eternal  oblivion. 
What  has  been  rescued  shows  that  a  great  debt,  which  can  not  be 
reckoned  in  dollars  and  cents,  is  due  from  the  present  generation  to 
the  authors  of  the  rich  inheritance  which  they  enjoy.     To  the  liv- 


404 


BAKTIIOLO:\li:W    COIT.NTV 


ing  pioneers  the  consciousness  of  heroism  in  tliL'ir  Hves,  and  of  ^ood 
deeds  \Yrou_t;ht  for  their  onward  subseijuent  j^^'neralion  is  an  addi- 
^tional  compensation  »and  reward  for  the  trying  struggles  manfully 
made. 


•^m^ 


INDIAN-    iriSTOltV. 


CHAPTER  IV. 


405 


Indian  Hisiorv  —  Situation  Unfavorable  for  the  Red  INIan 

—  Indian    Land     Titles — The    Di:laware     Nation A 

Doomed    Race— Pigeon    Roost    Massacre  —  Battle    at 
Tii'ton's  Island  —  Treaty  at  St.  M  \rys. 

^^^^  ARTHOLOMEW  COUNTY  is  so  situated  that  m 
^pearl}-  times  the  Indians  found  but  little  encouran-ement  to 
p^  make  it  their  permanent  home.  The  most  of  it  is  low 
and  level  and  is  traversed  by  sluggish  streams  that  then 
for  a  large  portion  of  the  3-ear,  overflowed  their  banks, 
rendering  the  adjacent  countr)-  uninhabitable.  These 
very  streams,  however,  were  the  highway's  traversed  b}^ 
the  red  man  in  his  light  canoe  in  going  from  one  portion  of  the 
country  to  another.  That  part  of  Indiana  lying  between  the  White 
and  Ohio  rivers  and  comprising  nearly  all  the  eastern  and  central 
portion  of  the  State,  was  occupied  b}?-  what  are  known  as  the  Dela- 
ware Indians  at  the  time  the  earliest  permanent  white  settlements 
were  made  here.  A  few  other  tribes  ^vere,  however,  located  with- 
in this  tract,  the  most  noted  of  which  was,  perhaps,  the  Shawnee. 
It  was  to  this  latter  tribe  that  those  two  famous  Indians,  Tecumseh 
and  the  Sliawnee  Prophet,  belonged.  A  remnant  of  this  tribe  oc- 
cupied that  portion  of  Indiana,  lying  to  the  southeast  of  Bartholo- 
mew Count}^,  while  the  Delawares  were  situated  farther  to  the 
north.  Thus  it  will  be  seen  that  Bartholomew  was  rather  neutral 
ground  on  the  border  between  two  tribes  and  was  probabl}'  visited 
more  often  when  the  impetus  of  the  chase  carried  the  red  man  be- 
yond his  usual  boundaries,  than  through  an}'  other  motive. 

The  title  to  the  land  was,  at  the  period  of  the  settlement  in 
southern  Indiana,  vested  in  the  Delaware  Indians,  who  had  moved 
to  this  State  in  the  latter  part  of  the  eighteenth  centur}',  from  the 
eastern  part  of  Ohio.  This  tribe  was  at  one  time  one  of  the  most  pow- 
erful that  inhabited  the  New  World,  and  its  fate  has  been  more  sor- 
rowful and  calculated   to   excite  more   sympathy   than   almost   any 


406  BARTHOLOMEW    COUXTV. 

Other  ill  the  history  of  American  Indians.  Their  original  h.ome  was 
upon  the  banks  of  tlic  Dehiware  and  Sus(|ueliani'ia  rivers,  from 
^which  tlie  pacific  aggression,  if  so  it  may  be  termed,  of  William 
Penn  and  his  followers,  soon  excluded  them.  In  the  early  jxirt  of 
the^  eighteenth  century,  they  endeavored  to  abandon  the  haunts  of 
white  men  and  they  took  up  that  westward  march  which  tlie  \an  of 
civilization  has  compelled  them  to  continue  to  their  graves.  Their 
first  halt  was  in  Ohio  on  the  banks  of  the  Muskingum  and  Mahon- 
ing rivers,  but  scarcely  had  the}-  f.imiliarized  themselves  with  the 
forests  of  their  new  tenting  ground  ere  they  were  again  obliged  to 
take  up  their  journey.  This  last  was  about  the  close  of  the  Revo- 
lution, at  which  time  they  located  in  Indiana  along  the  White  River 
and  Its  tributaries.  In  this  region  they  were  at  first  only  tenants  by. 
permission  of  the  Miami  Indians,  but  after  a  few  years'  occupation 
they  were  acknowledged  to  be  the  ostensible  owners  of  the  soil.  In 
fact  all  the  tribes  that  occupied  Indiana,  excepting  the  Miamis, 
were  what  were  known  as  "permitted"  tribes,  though  in  a  few 
years  after  coming  here  it  was  deemed  necessary  in  all  treaties 
pertaining  to  the  ownership,  or  title  of  the  land,  to  have  the  assent 
and  signature  of  these  "  permitted  "  tribes. 

The  original  name  of  the  Delaware  tribe  of  Indians  was  Lenni- 
Lennepe,  which  was  substituted  for  the  name  by  which  they  are 
more  generally  kno\\'n.  As  a  tribe  they  were  more  friendly  to  the 
whites  than  many  that  surrounded  them,  although  they  were  often 
found  in  arms  against  the  early  settlers.  Their  cause  for  hostility 
had  much  more  of  justice  than  injustice  in  most  cases,  for  they  were 
being  pushed  almost  from  the  face  of  the  earth  in  order  to  give 
room  for  a  more  aggressive  and  enlightened  race. 

There  seems  to  have  been  some  sort  of  agreement  or  under- 
standing between  the  Delawares  and  Miamis  as  to  the  exchange  of 
territory,  for  not  long  after  the  pioneer  had  come  to  Indiana  the 
Miamis  abandoned  the  whole  White  River  country  and  the  lower 
Wabash  Valley,  and  moved  to  Ohio,  whence  the  Delawares  had 
come.  It  is  probable  that  this  was  done  in  order  to  allow  the 
Miamis  to  reside  nearer  the  British  in  Canada,  whose  allies  they 
had  been  in  "the  War  of  the  Revolution.  In  the  State  history  in 
the  forepart  of  this  volume,  there  can  be  found  much  interestinrr 


IXDIAX    IIISTOKV.  407 

matter  pertaining  to  the  general  Indian   liistory  of  Uie  Stale  and 
also  of  tlfese  leading  tribes. 

As  stated  at  the  outset  of  this  chapter,  Bartliolomew  County 
occupied  a  rather  neutral  position,  and  the  surface  features  Avere 
such  as  to  render  its  occupation  by  a  savage  race  undesirable  if  not 
precarious.  For  these  reasons  there  seems  to  be  but  little  liistorv 
that  is  pureh'  local  relating  to  this  county.  Tlie  principal  cause  for 
this  is,  of  course,  to  be  found  in  the  fact  that  comparatively  few 
white  people  settled  in  the  boundaries  of  Bartliolomew  County 
prior  to  the  time  when  the  battle  of  Tippecanoe,  together  with  the 
termination  of  the  War  of  181 2,  brought  a  cessation  of  open  hos- 
tilities throughout  most  of  the  northwest  territor}-.  To  be  sure 
there  were  occasional  depredations  committed  by  some  of  the  law- 
less Indians  as  well  as  by  some  of  the  whites.  But  nothing  of  that 
character  seems  ever  to  have  occurred  in  this  county  of  sufficient 
importance  either  to  excite  tradition  or  to  attract  the  attention  of 
the  historian. 

One  of  the  outrages  of  this  character,  nearest  to  what  is  now 
Bartholomew  County,  was  the  "  Pigeon  Roost  "  massacre,  which 
occurred  September  3,  181 2,  within  what  is  now  Scott  Count3^ 
There  were  three  men,  five  women  and  sixteen  children  killed  at 
that  time,  and  it  spread  more  terror  and  alarm  throughout  the  set- 
tlements of  southern  Indiana  than  all  other  events  that  happened 
during  the  early  history  of  the  State.  This  bloody  tragedy  was 
committed  b}'  a  band  of  some  ten  or  twelve  warriors,  most  of  whom 
were  Shawnees.  Dillon,  in  his  "  History  of  Indiana,"  gives  the 
following:  "  On  the  afternoon  of  the  4th  of  September,  about  150 
mounted  riflemen,  under  the  command  of  Major  John  McCoy,  fol- 
lowed the  trail  of  the  Indians  about  twenty  miles,  when  '  the  dark- 
ness of  the  night '  compelled  them  to  give  up  the  pursuit.  A  small 
scouting  part}',  under  the  command  of  Captain  Devault,  discovered 
and  made  an  attack  on  the  retreating,  who,  after  kilHng  one  of 
Captain  Devault's  men,  continued  their  flight  through  the  woods 
and  eluded  the  pursuit  of  the  scouting  party."  In  order  to  give 
some  idea  of  the  state  of  the  constant  excitement  and  alarm  which 
attended  the  early  settlers  in  this  vicinit}'  about  that  time,  the  fol- 
lowing account  of  Mr.  Zebulun  Collings,  who  lived  but  a  few  miles 


40S  BARTn01.0ME\\'    COUNTY. 

from  "Pij^'con  l^oost,''  is  <^ivcn:  •' The  manner  in  whicli  I  used  to 
work  in  those  perilous  times  was  as  follows:  On  all  occasions  I 
♦carried  my  rifle,  toiuahawk  and  butcher  knife,  with  a  loaded  pistol, 
in  mv  belt.  When  I  went  to  plow,  1  laid  my  o-un  on  the  pl:)wed 
ground  and  stuck  up  a  stick  by  it  for  a  murk  so  that  I  could  i;et  it 
quick  in  case  it  was  wanted.  I  had  two  good  dogs.  I  took  one 
into  the  house,  leax'ing  the  other  out.  The  one  out  was  expected 
to  gi\e  the  alarm  which  would  cause  the  one  inside  to  bark,  by 
which  I  would  be  awakened,  having  my  arms  alwa\'S  loaded.  I 
kept  my  horses  in  a  stable  close  to  tiie  house,  having  a  port  hole 
so  that  I  could  shoot  to  the  stable  door.  During  two  years  I 
never  went  from  home  with  any  certainty  of  returning  —  not  know- 
ing the  minute  I  might  receive  a  ball  from  an  unknown  hand;  but 
in  the  midst  of  all  these  dangers,  that  God  who  never  sleeps  nor 
slumbers  has  kept  me."  Such  were  the  hazzards  of  pioneer  life 
in  southern  Indiana. 

In  March,  1S13,  one  man  was  killed  near  Vallonia  and  three 
wounded.  Major  John  Tipton  was  then  commanding  the  militia  in 
this  part  of  the  State,  and  in  his  report  to  Governor  Gibeon  he 
says :  "  At  that  time  I  was  not  here.  On  my  arrival  I  took  twent}'- 
nine  men  and  went  up  Driftwood  River,  twent3'-five  miles.  I  met  a 
party  of  Indians  on  an  island  in  the  river.  A  small  skirmish  took 
place  and  in  twenty  minutes  defeated  them,  killing  one  dead  on  the 
ground  and  saw  some  sink  in  the  river,  and  I  believe  all  that  made 
their  escape  by  swimming  the  river,  if  any  did  so,  lost  their  guns." 
This  skirmish  took  place  on  a  small  island  in  the  river  just  south  of 
the  Bartholomew  Count}'  line  in  what  is  now  Jackson  County.  It 
has  ever  since  been  known  as  Tipton's  Island. 

The  treaty  b}'^  which  the  Delawares  relinquished  all  claim  to 
their  lands  in  Indiana  was  concluded  at  St.  Marys,  October  3,  181S. 
Nearl}'  all  of  it  is  here  given : 

Articles  of  a  treat}'  with  the  Delawares  at  St.  Marys,  in  the 
State  of  Ohio,  between  Jonathan  Jennings,  Lewis  Cass  and  Ben- 
jamin Parke,  Commissioners  of  the  United  States,  and  the  Dela- 
ware Indians. 

Article  i.  The  Delaware  Nation  of  Indians  cede  to  the 
United  States,  all  their  claims  to  land  in  the  State  of  Indiana. 


*«#^, 


\ 


^ 


\ 


%. 


INDIAN    HISTORY.  ^11 

Article  2.  In  considcralionof  tlie  aforcsaidccs.sion,  the  United 
States  ai^ree  to  provide  for  the  Uelawares  a  country  to  reside  in 
upon  theswest  side  of  the  r\Iississippi,  and  to  guarantee  to  them  tlie 
peaceable  possession  of  tlie  same. 

Articlk  3.  The  United  States  also  agree  to  pay  to  the  Dela- 
■\vares  the  full  value  of  their  improvements  in  the  country  hereby 
ceded,  whicli  \alualiou  shall  be  made  by  persons  to  be  ap]iointed 
for  that  purpose  by  the  President  of  the  United  States,  and  to  fur- 
nish the  l^ehuvarcs  with  120  horses  not  to  exceed  in  value  $40  each, 
and  a  suflicient  of  pirogues  to  aid  in  transporting  them  to  the  west 
side  of  the  Mississippi,  and  a  quantity  of  provisions  proportioned  to 
their  numbers,  and  the  extent  of  their  journey. 

Article  4.  The  Delawares  shall  be  allowed  the  use  and  occu- 
pation of  their  improvements  for  the  term  of  three  3'ears  from  the 
date  of  this  treaty  if  they  so  long  require  it. 

Article  5.  The  United  States  agree  to  pay  to  the  Delawares 
a  p'erpetual  annuit}'  of  $4,000,  which,  together  with  all  annuities 
which  the  United  States  by  former  treaty  agreed  to  pay  them,  shall 
be  paid  in  silver  at  any  place  to  which  the  Delawares  ma}^  remove. 

Article  6.  ^  The  United  States  agree  to  provide  and  support 
a  blacksmith  for  the  Delawares,  after  their  removal  to  the  west  side 
of  the  Mississippi. 

Article  8.  A  sum  not  exceeding  $13,312.25,  shall  be  paid  b}'- 
the  United  States,  to  satisfy  certain  claims  against  the  Delaware 
Nation.  *  *  * 

Article  9.  This  treaty  after  it  shall  be  ratified  by  the  Presi- 
dent and  Senate,  shall  be  binding  on  the  contracting  parties. 

In  testimon}'  the  said  Jonathan  Jennings,  Lewis  Cass  and  Ben- 
jamin Parke  aforesaid,  and  the  chiefs  and  warriors  of  the  Dela- 
ware Nation  of  Indians,  have  hereunto  set  their  hands  at  St.  Marys, 
in  the  State  of  Ohio,  this  23d  day  of  October,  181 8. 

"Jonathan  Jennings,    . 
Signed.  "  Lewis  Cass, 

"  Benjamin   Parke." 

In   accordance   with  this  treaty  the   Indians  were  allowed  the 
term   of  three  years  in   which   to   prepare  for  departure,  but  they 
did  not  avail  themselves  of  the  full  time.     The  whites  began  com- 
9 


412  nARTlIOT.OMEW    COUNTY. 

ing  in  rapidly  after  lliis  aiul  there  was  much  rivah-v  among  them  in 
trying  to  obtain  the  choice  of  lands.  Ere  the  three  vears  had  ex- 
pired, all  .that  remained  of  the  once  powerful,  proud  and  brave 
Delaware  Nation,  resumed  its  journev  toward  the  setting  sun. 
Even  beyond  the  mighty  Fatlicr  of  Waters  they  ha\e  found  no 
permanent  resting  place.  The  resisdess  tide  of  American  prog- 
ress has  still  pursued  them.  The  comniand  to  further  west  has 
again  and  again  sounded  in  their  ears,  and  the  last  lone  warrior  of 
the  Delawares  will  probabl}'  sing  his  death-song  to  the  wild  music 
of  the  winds  and  waves  of  the  Pacilic  Ocean.  It  is  sad  to  contem- 
plate the  extinction  of  a  brave  though  savage  and  untutored  race, 
but  that  result  is  sure  and  inevitable  when  it  stands  in  the  way  of  a 
highly  civilized  people.  Nor  can  we  reall}'  regret  it  when  we  con- 
sider how  vastly  the  amount  of  happiness  in  the  world  is  increased. 
An  Indian  requires  thousands  of  acres  to  support  his  family;  on 
the  same  territory  a  hundred  happy  families  of  the  Caucasian  race 
will  find  their  homes. 

From  the  time  when  the  white  men  of  Europe  first  landed  on 
the  soil  of  the  Western  Hemisphere,  there  has  been  but  little 
variety  in  the  fate  of  the  Red  men.  Being  an  inferior  race  they 
have  but  followed  that  inevitable  law  of  nature,  the  survival  of  the 
fittest.  In  the  conflict  with  a  foeman  race  they  have  succumbed  to 
a  civilization  they  could  not  attain  and  to  a  progress  the}"-  could  not 
resist. 


BKNXII    AND    ]5AR.  413 


CHAPTER  v. 

I'.Y   COL.    S.    STANSnXR. 

Ben'ch  and  Bar  —  First  Courts  —  Adoption  oi"  Skal  — 
Early  Ca!>1'-s — Misci^llaneous  Items — Judges  of  Circuit 
AND  Common  Pleas  Courts  —  Associate  Judges — Prose- 
cuting Attorneys — Clerks— Sheriffs — Roll  of  At- 
torneys. 

HE  importance  of  courts  of  law  cannot  well  be  over  es- 
timated. To  sa}'  that  without  law  anarchy  would 
reign,  is  trite.  The  law  without  courts  would  be  a 
dead  letter.  The  church,  notwithstanding  its  high  and 
hoi}'  mission,  but  for  human  law,  would  be  powerless, 
and  the  claim  that  such  laws  are,  or  ought  to  be,  inspired 
by  Divine  Law,  is  not  disputed;  but  whether  so  inspired 
or  not,  they  must  be  executed  by  the  courts.  The  judge,  the  clerk, 
the  sheriff  and  attorneys  are  each  and  all  officers  and  integrals  of 
the  court,  and  in  order  that  justice  may  be  administered,  the  officers 
from  the  highest  to  the  lowest  ought  to  be  men  of  known  integrit}', 
and  peculiar  fitness  for  their  positions. 

In  this  State  the  Circuit  Court  has  always  been  a  court  of  gen- 
eral jurisdiction,  and  other  courts  were  aids  or  rehefsfor  that  court; 
therefore  this  chapter  will  be  devoted  mainly  to  the  Circuit  Court. 
From  the  time  of  its  first  organization  to  the  adoption  of  the  Code 
of  1852,  the  Circuit  Court  was  presided  over  by  a  President  Judge, 
a  man  "learned  in  the  law,"  and  two  Associate  Judges  in  each 
county  elected  b}^  the  people.  The  Associate  Judges  presided  in 
the  absence  of  the  President  Judge  and  with  him  when  present, 
with  the  power,  but  rarely  exercised,  to  overrule  the  President 
Judge.  By  the  Acts  of  1852,  Associate  Judges  were  dispensed 
with,  and  the  Court  of  Common  Pleas  w^as  created,  with  exclusive 
jurisdiction  over  estates  and  guardianships,  and  largely  concurrent 
jurisdiction  with  the  Circuit  Court,  except  cases  involving  title  to 
real  estate,  actions  for  slander,  libel  and  breach  of  promise  to  many. 


414  BARTHOLOMEW    COl-XTV. 

Tlic  Circuit  Court  retained  exclusive  jiu-isdiction  over  felonies,  ex- 
ctqit  enumerated  cases  for  the  benellt  of  defendants,  in  order  to 
secure  a  speed}'  trial;  exclusive  jiu'isdiclion  over  misdemeanors 
Avas  g"i\'en  to  the  Court  of  Common  Pleas,  except  the  cases  over 
Avhich  Justice's  coiu'ts  had  exclusixe  jurisdiction.  liv  the  Act  of 
March  6,  1873,  the  Court  of  Common  Pleas  \vas  abolished  and 
all  matters  confided  to  it  restored  to  the  Circuit  Court.  Bv  the 
Act  of  June  11,  1852,  a  Court  of  Conciliation  was  created  providing 
that  any  person  claiming  to  have  a  cause  of  action  against  another 
for  libel,  slander,  mahcious  prosecution,  assault  and  batteiy  or  false 
imprisonment,  might  serve  on  him  a  written  notice  briefly  stating 
the  cause  of  action,  and  requiring  him  to  appear  at  a  time  and  place 
named  before  the  Judge  of  the  Court  of  Common  Pleas.  None 
but  the  parties,  guardians  of  infants,  husbands  of  wives,  parties 
plaintiff  or  defendant,  were  permitted  to  appear  at  the  hearing.  It 
was  the  dutv  of  the  court  to  affect  a  reconciliation  if  it  could  rea- 
sonably be  done,  and  if  settled  the  entry  thereof  ended  the  matter. 
Without  such  notice  and  appearance  of  the  plaintiff  before  the 
Court  of  Concihation,  he  could  not  recover  costs  in  the  action,  and 
if  the  defendant  failed  to  appear,  then  if  he  defeated  the  action, 
lie  could  not  recover  costs.  In  theory  the  law  was  a  good  one,  but 
in  practice  it  was  a  failure,  for  the  parties  appeared,  but  refused  to 
be  conciliated.     The  law  was  soon  repealed. 

Before  the  adoption  of  the  code  of  1852,  the  common  law  prac- 
tice prohibited  actions  at  law  and  suits  in  chancery;  actions  at  law 
being  sub-divided  and  classified,  assumpsit,  debt,  trespass,  trover, 
ejectment,  etc.  B}'  the  code,  the  distinction  between  actions  at 
law  and  suits  in  equit}'  and  all  forms  of  action,  were  abolished,  and 
one  form  for  all  actions  provided,  a  complaint  stating  the  facts  con- 
stituting the  cause  of  action.  This  radical  change,  notwithstanding 
its  tendenc}-  to  obscure  the  salutaiy  principles  that  obtained  in 
chancery  courts,  and  to  encourage  loose  pleading,  has  on  the  whole, 
worked  well,  under  the  new  order  of  things,  whilst  before,  chancery 
cases  were  tried  by  the  court,  all  cases  at  the  election  of  either 
party  were  tried  b}'  a  juiy,  and  in  cases  that  would  have  been 
chancery  causes,  suits  for  the  settlement  of  long  and  intricate  part- 
nerships, there  was  frequentl}'  a  miscarriage  of  justice,   for   jurors 


BEN'CH    AM)    BAR.  .J.15 

were  not  allowed  even  to  take  notes  of  tlie  evidence.  This  condi- 
tion of  alfairs  \vas  remedied  by  the  code  of  iSSi,  which  provides 
that  all  ca<t's,  ^vhich  before  the  code  of  1852,  were  of  exclusive 
chancery  jurisdiction,  shall  be  tried  by  the  court. 

The  iirsl  Order  Book  of  the  Circuit  Court,  unnamed  and  un- 
numbered, (^the  next  being  Order  Book  A),  is  unpag'cd  and  unin- 
dexed;  containing  about  fifty  pages,  dimly  and  in  many  parts  almost 
illegiblv  written.  It  was  evidently  made  up  of  loose  sheets  of  paper 
afterward  fastened  together  in  a  paper  cover  as  it  now  is.  The 
first  da3''s  preceeding  read  as  follows: — 

"  At  a  circuit  court  begun  and  held  at  the  house  of  Luke  Bone- 
steel,  on  Monday  the  twelfth  da}'  of  March,  1821,  in  and  for  the 
County  of  Bartholomew,  in  the  2nd  Circuit  of  the  State  of  Indiana, 
Being  the  2nd  Monday  in  March  aforesaid.  Thereupon  comes  the 
Honoroble  John  Pence  and  Ephraim  Arnold  Esqrs.,  who  produc- 
ing their  commissions  severally  from  under  the  hand  and  seal  of 
His  Excellency  Jonathan  Jennings  Governor  of  the  State  of 
Indiana  as  Associate  Judges  of  Bartholomew  County,  together  with 
an  indorsement  on  the  back  of  each  from  under  the  hand  of  Joseph 
McKinne}'^  Sheriff  of  said  County  of  their  having  taking  the  nec- 
essar}'  and  lawful  oath  of  office  as  Associate  Judges  aforesaid,  and 
took  their  suats  accordingly.  Thereupon  comes  Edward  Balinger 
Esqr.  and  produces  to  the  court  a  commission  from  under  the 
hand  and  seal  of  His  Excellency,  Jonathan  Jennings  Governor,  of 
the  State  of  Indiana,  as  Clerk  of  the  County  of  Bartholomew,  to- 
gether with  an  indorsement  on  the  back  thereof,  from  under  the 
hand  and  seal  of  the  Honorable  Ephraim  Arnold  Esqr.  one  of 
the  Associate  Judges  of  the  Count}-  aforesaid,  of  his  having  taken 
the  necessary  and  legal  oath  of  office  as  Clerk  aforesaid,  and  com- 
menced to  discharge  the  duties  of  said  office.  Thereupon  the  court 
proceeded  to  appoint  John  F.  Ross,  Esqr.  prosecuting  attorney 
during  the  present  term  of  this  court  who  was  duly  sworn  into 
office  as  such.  Thereupon  came  Joseph  McKinney,  Esqr.  Sheriff 
of  said  County,  with  a  panel  of  a  grand  jury,  towit:  Ebenezer 
Ward,  I ;  John  Lindsey,  2;  Abdiel  Parsons,  3;  William  Carter,  4; 
Elijah  Sloan,  5 ;  Joseph  Cox,  6;  Samuel  Downing,  7;  Jacob  Gab- 
bard,  8;  M.  Boaz,  9;  Robert  Wilkinson,   10;  James  Goodwin,  11; 


4i6  nAUTiioLOMi:\\'  county. 

James  Quick,  12;  Daniel  Akens,  13;  Nathan  Thompson,  14. 
Good  and  lawful  men  and  houseliolders  of  his  bailiwick,  win-  be- 
ing empanelled  sworn,  and  Ebenezer  Ward,  being  appointed  and 
sworn  as  |foreman,  retired  from  the  bar  of  the  coiu't,  to  consult  of 
their  presentments  and  indictments.  On  motion  of  John  F.  Ross, 
Es(|r.,  Alexander  Ilolton,  Reuben  Nelson,  Daniel  Grant,  and  James 
Melaney,  are  admitted  as  counsellors  and  attorneys  at  law  in  this 
court,  they  having  produced  satisfactor}-  evidence  of  having  been 
licensed  as  such.  Oa  motion  of  1^.  W.  Nelson,  Esip-.,  James 
Braman,  John  F.  Thompson  and  Isaac  Naylor,  are  admitted  as 
counsellors  and  attornies  at  law,  in  this  court,  the}'  having  pro- 
duced satisfactor}'  evidence  of  their  ha\'ing  been  licensed  as  such. 

"  The  Grand  Jury  now  return  into  court,  the  following  bill  of 
indictment:  The  State  of  Indiana  vs.  Henr}-  Harmon  and  Michael 
Van  Blaricum,  for  an  affray.  Dul}'  signed  b}'  Ebenezer  Ward, 
their  Foreman,  and  having  further  business,  retired  out  of  court. 
Ordered  that  the  court  stand  adjourned  until  to-morrow  morning- 
nine  o'clock. 

"John  Pence,  A.J.  B.  C. 

"Ei'iiRAiM  Arnold,  A.J.  B.  C." 

On  the  second  da}-  it  was  "  ordered  that  the  clerk  of  this  court 
be  authorized  and  he  is  hereby  empowered  to  use  his  own  private 
seal  until  the  seal  of  this  court  can  be  procured."  The  grand  jury 
returned  the  following  indictments:  The  State  of  Indiana  vs.  Joseph 
McKinney,  assault  and  battery.  The  State  of  Indiana  vs.  William 
McFall,  assault  and  battery.  When  the  indictment  against  INIcKin- 
ney  was  returned  he  entered  a  plea  of  guilty  —  "  Wherefore  it  is 
considered  by  the  court  now  here  that  the  Defendant  Joseph  Mc- 
Kinney  do  make  his  fine  to  the  State  of  Indiana  tor  the  use  of 
count}'  seminaries  for  the  Count}-  of  Bartholomew  in  the  sum  of 
five  dollars  together  with  the  costs  of  suit  and  the  defendant  in 
mercy,  etc."  So  that  the  second  indictment  and  first  trial  or  con- 
viction was  against  the  sheriff.  On  the  same  day  (the  second  of 
the  term)  the  following  proceedings  were  had  in  the  State  of  Ind- 
iana vs.  William  McFall  —  "  And  now  at  this  time  came  the  prose- 
cuting attorney  and  the  defendant  in  his  proper  person  who  being 
arraigned  says   that  he  is  in  no   wise  guilty  as  charged  in  said  in- 


RKNCH    AND    HAK.  417 

dictniciil  and  for  his  trial  puts  liimsflf  upon  the  country  and  the  at- 
torney proseculino-  doeth  the  hke  and  on  motion  and  by  consent, 
this  causH?  is  hud  over  for  trial  until  tomorrow  morning  and  the  de- 
fendant is  ordered- into  the  custody  of  the  sheriff." 

No  other  business  was  transacted  on  tlie  second  day  exxepl  the 
return  of  indictments  against  Cotton  Kent,  James  Burns  and  Wiley 
Powell,  each  for  assault  and  battery.  The  hrst  entry  in  the  third 
day's  proceedings  is  as  follows: 

"The  State  of  Indiana  vs.  William  r^IcFall — Indictment  for 
assault  and  batter}-." 

This  day  comes  the  Prosecuting  Attorney  and  the  defendant 
also  appeared  at  the  bar  of  the  court  in  custody  of  the  Sheriff  and 
puts  himself  upon  his  trial  upon  the  issue  heretofore  joined,  and 
thereupon  comes  a  jury,  to-wit:  Peter  Frank,  Woodson  D.  Parker, 
Daniel  Sublet,  Samuel  White,  Peter  Shull,  William  Storm,  Menry 
Farmer,  Jesse  Smith,  Lewis  Neel,  Stephen  Spencer,  David  Parker 
and  John  McEwen,  twelve  good  and  lawful  men,  three  of  which 
the  Sheriff  summoned  of  the  bystanders  to  make  up  the  deficiency, 
the  names  of  which  are  as  follows,  to-wit:  Lewis  Neel,  Stephen 
Spencer  and  David  Parker,-  who  being  elected,  tried  and  sworn, 
well  and  truly  to  tr}-  the  issue  joined,  retired  from  the  bar  to  con- 
sult of  their  verdict,  and  after  some  time  spent  therein,  came  and 
returned  into  court  the  following  verdict,  to-wit:  "We  the  jur}-  do 
find  the  defendant  guilty  and  assess  his  fine  at  fifty  cents."  Then 
follows  judgment  for  the  use  of  the  county  seminaries  of  the 
county.  The  next  entry  is  the  approval  of  the  bond  of  Edward 
Balinger  as  Clerk  in  the  sum  of  $2,500  with  John  Parker  and 
Jesse  Ruddick  as  sureties.  The  next  entr}-  is  a  plea  of  guilty  by 
Henry  Harmon  on  the  first  indictment  returned  into  court  against 
himself  and  Van  Blaricum.  He  was  fined  $2  and  the  case  con- 
tinued as  to  Van  Blaricum.  The  next  entry  is  as  follows:  "  Ordered, 
that  the  prison  bounds  of  the  Count}'  of  Bartholomew  be  co-exten- 
sive to  the  out  line  of  the  town  of  Tiptona,  agreeably  to  the  bonds 
the  Count}'  Commissioners  hold  for  deeds  from  Tipton  and  Bone- 
steel." 

At  that  day  a  capias  ad  satisfaciendum  could  be  issued  against 
a  defendant  on  a  judgment  against  him,  which  required  the  impris- 


41 S  HARTIIOLOMI'.W    COUNTY. 

onnienl  of  the  dcfciKlanl  in  the  couiiU'  jail  iiiUil  iho  pavincnt  was 
made;  tliis,  unless  he  gave  bond  to  remain  within  the  prison  bounds 
■ynder  tlie  above  order;  a  prisoner  g'iving  such  bond,  liaJ  tlie 
freedom  of  tlie  town.  Tlie  origiiKil  name  of  Cohnubus  was  "^Fip- 
tona,  and  Luke  Bonesteel  and  General  John  Tipton  executed  title 
bonds  each  for  thirt}-  acres,  to  John  Farquar,  trustee,  constituting 
the  territory  of  the  original  town  of  Tiptona,  afterward  Columbus; 
the  change  of  the  name  was  made  by  the  County  Commissioners, 
March  21,  1S21. 

The  first  civil  causes  appearing  (June  Term,  1S21)  are  James 
Pendergrast,  plaintiff,  vs.  Peter  and  Stephen  Frank,  defendant  —  In 
debt.  William  A.  Beatt}',  Plaintiff,  ^'s.  William  Stowers,  Lewis 
Ritter  and  Alexander  C.  Craig,  defendants  —  In  debt.  John  H. 
Spurgin,  plaintiff,  vs.  John  I^.erry,  defendant  —  In  case. 

At  the  October  term,  182 1,  Davis  Floyd,  the  President  Judge 
for  the  first  time  presided.  Sheriff  JMcKinney  was  fined  $20  for 
contempt  of  court,  the  nature  of  the  contempt  not  being  disclosed. 
At  a  later  day  of  the  term  (October,  1821)  the  fine  was  remitted. 
At  that  day  the  retail  liquor  traffic  was  licensed  b}'  the  Circuit 
Court  and  the  first  license  was  granted  on  the  13th  da}'-  of  October, 
1821,  to  John  Young. 

At  the  April  term,  182 1,  the  first  divorce  suit,  Polly  Piatt  vs. 
James  Piatt,  was  instituted,  and  it  appearing  that  the  defendant  was 
a  non-resident,  it  was  ordered  that  publication  of  the  pendency  of 
the  suit  be  made  four  weeks  "  in  some  newspaper  printed  in  the 
the  state."     At  the  October  term  the  divorce  was  granted. 

At  the  April  term,  1S22,  the  first  indictment.  State  vs.  Harmon 
and  Van  Blaricum,  was  finally  disposed  of  by  the  conviction  of  Van 
Blaricum  and  a  fine  of  "  6y^  cents."  At  the  same  term,  David 
Stipp  was  "  licensed  to  keep  a  tavern  and  retail  spirituous  liqiiors 
i;,  the  town  of  Columbus,"  and  George  Zowers  was  indicted  "  for 
challenge  to  fight  a  duel."  At  the  following  July  term  he  was 
tried  by  a  juiy  and  acquitted.  At  the  April  term,  1823,  it  was 
"  ordered  that  the  seal,  the  impression  whereof  is  here  made  on  the 
margin,  procured  by  the  Clerk  in  pursuance  of  an  order  made  here- 
tofore, be  and  the  same  is  hereb}''  deemed,  adopted  and  recognized 
to  be  the  seal  of  the  court  and  that  it  be  used,  kept  and  preserved 


]?E\C1I    AXn    BAR.  419 

by  the  Clerk  as  sucl-i.""  No  impression  of  the  seal  appears,  and  no 
previous  order  can  be   found. 

At  the  April  .term  of  court,  1822,  tlie  llrst  rules  of  court, 
thirteen  in  number,  wore  adopted,  all  in  line  witli  tlie  present  prac- 
tice except  perhaps  the  lOLh,  nth,  12th,  and  13th;  tliey  are  as  fol- 
lows: 

"loth.  The  punctual  attendance  of  counsel  will  not  be  dis- 
pensed with  after  appearance,  and  no  suit  dismissed  will  be  re- 
instated or  interlocutory  judgment  entered,  will  be  set  aside,  when 
the  same  has  happened  b}-  reason  of  a  w-ant  of  sucb  punctual  at- 
tendance, but  upon  proper  aflidavit  and  at  the  cost  of  the  delini[uent. 
"nth.  The  clerk  will  in  no  case  permit  papers  to  be  taken 
from  his  office  except  by  a  member  of  the  court  from  whom,  except 
in  term  time,  he  Avill  take  a  receipt.  He  will  furnish  parties  apply- 
ing with  copies  they  paying  his  fees  therefor. 

"1 2th.  Rules  to  plead  shall  be  entered  nisi  and  may  be  dis- 
charged or  made  absolute. 

"  13th.  No  person  will  be  permitted  to  appear  in  this  court 
out  of  favor,  unless  he  has  first  obtained  the  signature  of  the  Presi- 
dent Judge  of  the  court  to  his  license,  or  unless  he  produces  a  well 
authenticated  license  from  some  court  of  another  state  in  whose 
courts  attorneys  of  this  state  are  permitted  to  appear  and  practice." 

At  the  April  term,  1823,  another  rule  of  court  was  adopted  read- 
ing as  follows: 

"  It  is  ordered  as  a  standing  rule  of  this  court,  that  if  an}-  part}'- 
withdraw  a  plea,  replication  or  other  pleading  in  fact,  and  demur 
to  the  pleading  to  which  his  former  pleading  professed  to  be  an 
answer,  judgment  upon  such  demurrer  will  be  rendered  and  he  will 
not  be  permitted  to  withdraw  such  demurrer.  Further  that  after 
opinion  intimated  upon  demurrer  and  joinder  to  any  pleading,  the 
party  pleading  such  plea  may  amend,  after  which  if  demurrer  and 
joinder  be  filed  to  such  pleading,  such  plea  may  be  amended;  after 
which  if  demurrer  and  joinder  be  filed  to  such  pleading  so  amended, 
judgment  will  be  rendered  and  no  further  leave  to  amend  will  be 
given,  but  such  part}',  if  plaintiff,  may  dismiss  his  action  without 
prejudice,  or  suffer  a  discontinuance,  after  opinion  intimated  as 
aforesaid  the    party    demurring  may  withdraw    his    demurrer   by 


420  JiAKTIlOLOMinV    COUNTY. 

pleading  issuablv  to  tb.f  counlry  instanlcr."  This,  wliich  to  some 
extent  modilied  the  cununon  law  rule  of  jiractice,  may  seem  liarsh 
ahd  calculated  to  defeat  justice;  still  on  the  other  hand,  re(iuiring 
as  it  did,  close  thought  and  thorough  preparation,  cases  were 
pronipth-  put  at  issue,  clearly-  and  well  delined.  So  thoroughly  up 
were  attorneys  generally  in  the  science  of  pleading,  that  the  penal- 
ties of  the  rule  were  but  seldom  incurred.  The  first  court  was  in 
an  old  log  house,  owned  by  Luke  Bonesteel,  on  lot  119,  and  near 
■where  the  old  county  bridge  afterward  was;  and  until  the  court 
house  on  the  public  square  was  erected,  courts  were  held  at  a  room 
fitted  up  by  Philip  Sweetser  and  at  the  "taverns"  of  Thomas 
Hinkstoii  and  Newton  Jones. 

But  two  persons  have  suffered  the  death  penalty  in  Bartholo- 
mew County,  John  Jones  for  the  murder  of  John  Ray  on  Saturday, 
June  II,  1831,  and  Kader  Herring  for  the  murder  of  John 
Comer.  They  were  both  executed  at  the  same  time  on  Friday,  the 
nth  day  of  June,  1833,  then  on  the  outskirts  of  Columbus  and 
near  where  the  Elm  (now  Farley)  House  stands.  They  were  exe- 
cuted by  Sheriff  John  INIcKinne}',  sm-rounded  by  a  squad  of  militia 
detailed  by  Col.  Thomas  G.  Lee,  Lieutenant  Colonel  Joseph  IMcFall 
and  Major  Samuel  Beck,  in  command  of  JNLijor  Beck.  The  militia 
escorted  the  condemned  from  the  jail  with  drum  and  fife,  to  the 
gallows.  Jones  was  haggard  and  weak,  seeming  fully  to  realize 
his  situation;  Herring  was  stolidly  indifferent.  On  the  scaffold 
prayer  was  offered  by  Rev.  Joshua  McQueen,  and  also  a  local 
Methodist  preacher,  who  addressed  a  few  remarks  to  the  pris- 
oners, to  which  Jones  responded  with  much  emotion,  but  Herring 
said  nothing.  Jones  and  Ra)'  were  good  citizens  and  fast  friends, 
and  probabh'  would  have  remained  so  but  for  whisky.  They  had 
been  treating  each  other,  and,  on  their  way  home  on  horseback, 
Jones  accused  Ra}'  of  lying  to  Jesse  Ruddick,  when  Ray  struck 
Jones  a  powerful  blow  in  the  mouth,  nearly  unseating  him.  Jones 
feeling  for  his  knife,  Ray  struck  him  again  on  the  side  of  his  head, 
and  seized  him  by  the  back  of  the  collar  of  his  coat  in  such  a  way 
that  Jones'  first  thrust  with  his  knife  struck  his  own  mare  in  the 
neck,  and  striking  at  random  again,  he  stabbed  Ray  through  the 
heart.     Jones  was  tried  three  times,  each  resulting  in  a  conviction 


BKN'CH    AN1>    1!\K.  421 

for  murder  in  llic  llrst  deg'rec.  There  were  two  reversals  hy  the 
Supreme  Court;  the  last  conviction  was  not  appealed  from.  With 
the  law  administered  as  it  now  is,  Jones  would  cither  have  escaped 
or  been  convicted  for  manslaughter  only.  It  is  reasonalily  certain 
that  the  law  was  administered  with  too  much  hardship.  Jones'  son, 
Robert,  impoverished,  bankrupted  himself  in  the  defense  of  his 
father.  He  lived  to  be  an  old  man,  respected  and  honored  by  all, 
dying  but  a  few  years  ago.  Herring  and  Comer  were  good  citi- 
zens and  neighbors,  and  related  by  marriage,  Comer's  wife  being 
Herring's  niece.  They  were  visiting  Herring.  Herring  exhibited 
a  cow  bell,  which  he  said  he  found.  Comer  claimed  the  bell,  at 
which  Herring  took  offense,  and  used  such  abusive  language  that 
Comer  and  wife  started  to  leave,  and  Herring  taking  down  his  gun, 
Comer  ran,  but  before  he  reached  the  yard  fence,  Herring  shot  him 
down.  Herring  reloaded  his  g-un  and  stood  guard  over  the  corpse, 
refusing  to  permit  an}'  one  to  come  near  for  hours,  and  fmalh'  left 
of  his  own  accord.  His  defense  was  insanit}-,  and  his  conduct  on 
that  occasion  and  evidence  at  the  trial  of  frequent  indications  of  in- 
sanit}-,  as  also  of  insanit}^  in  his  faniily,  together  with  his  conduct, 
when  executed,  led  man}-  to  belie^•e  that  his  plea  was  well  taken. 
The  behef  soon  became  general  that  he  was  insane. 

Judges  of  tlic  Circuit  Couii. —  Davis  Flo^d,  a  soldier  in  the 
War  for  Independence,  was  the  first  Judge.  He  had  been  tried 
for  complicity  in  the  Burr  conspiracy  and  sent  to  jail  for  one  hoiu", 
but  restoring  himself  to  public  confidence  by  gallant  service  in  the 
War  of  1812,  he  was  appointed  Judge.  He  presided  but  one  term 
(October,  1821),  the  Associate  Judges  presiding  in  his  absence,  until 
the  15th  day  of  July,  1822,  when  William  W.  Wick,  of  Indianapolis, 
succeeded  Judge  Floyd  as  President  Judge. 

Judge  Wick  was  a  man  of  fine  literary  and  legal  attainments, 
and  notwithstanding  the  fact  that  he  was  a  politician,  made  an  ac- 
ceptable Judge.  He  was  twice  Judge,  a  member  of  Congress,  and 
filled  many  other  ofiices  with  honor  to  himself  and  satisfaction  to 
the  people.  He  died,  at  Franklin  but  a  few  years  ago.  At  the 
March  term,  1825,  he  was  succeeded  by  B.  F.  Morris,  of  Indian- 
apolis. Judge  Morris  was  a  ripe  scholar,  well  grounded  in  the 
elementary  principles  of  the  law  and  served  with  much  satisfaction 


42  2  ^.ART^OLOMI^^V    C'Ol'NTV. 

to  the  Ixir  and  litigants  until  his  term  cx]iiri'd,  wlieii  he  was  suc- 
ceeded by  Judge  Wick,  who,  at  the  exjiiralion  of  his  term,  was 
vsucceeded  b}-  James  iMorrison,  of  Indianapolis.  Judge  >Forrison 
Avas  pre-eminently  (pialified  for  the  ]v>sition.  After  he  I'etired  from 
the  bench,  and  even  from  the  actual  practice  of  his  profession,  so 
higlilv  was  he  esteemed  as  a  judge  of  law  and  for  his  unswerving 
integrit)-,  that  imjiortant  ([uestioii:  of  law  involving  large  interests, 
were  frequently  submitted  to  him  bv  both  sides,  and  his  ojiinions 
cheerfully  acquiesced  in,  thus  avoiding  the  bitterness,  delay  and 
uncertainty  of  litigation.  He  always  declined  to  investigate  for  an 
opinion  favorable  to  the  applicant,  when  applied  to  but  by  one  side, 
but  contracted  in  advance  for  an  investigation,  the  fee  being  the 
same  whether  the  opinion  should  be  favorable  or  unfavorable. 

William  J.  Peaslee,  of  Shelb}ville,  succeeded  Judge  IMorrison. 
Judge  Peaslee  was  not  "learned  in  the  law%"  and  gave  indifferent 
satisfaction.  He  was  succeeded  by  Courtland  Gushing — a  good 
lawyer,  but  overbearing  and  arbitraiy  on  the  bench.  Alexander  C. 
Downey  succeeded  Judge  Gushing.  For  a  young  lawyer.  Judge 
Downey  was  admirably  equipped  in  all  respects  for  the  position. 
Owing  to  inadequacy  of  salary  he  resigned.  He  has  since  served 
on  the  bench  of  the  Supreme  Gourt  with  distinguished  ability,  and 
is  now  engaged  in  the  active  practice  of  his  profession.  To  fill 
the  vacancy  caused  b}'  the  resignation  of  Judge  Downe}'-,  Governor 
Willard  appointed  John  W.  Spencer.  Judge  Spencer  was  not  a 
good  lawyer;  he  was  stolid,  without  sensibility.  The  celebrated 
Mewherter  case  was  tried  before  him.  Execution  against  Mew- 
herter  for  a  large  amount  had  been  returned  "  no  property  found," 
and  the  plaintiff  proceeded  against  him  for  execution  against  his 
body,  charging  that  he  had  a  large  sum  of  money  which  he  refused 
to  apply  in  payment.  Under  the  law,  if  the  jury  found  that  he  had 
money,  giving  the  amount,  it  was  the  duty  of  the  court  to  imprison 
him  until  he  disgorged.  There  is  but  little  doubt  that  jNIewherter 
had  a  large  sum  of  money,  but  he  was  a  bad,  desperate  man,  and 
before  and  during  the  trial  he  assured  his  attorneys  and  others  that 
the  plaintiff  would  not  gain  anything  but  a  deackbody  by  a  verdict 
against  him.  The  jury  found  that  he  had  some  $13,000.  Imme- 
diately upon  reading  the  verdict  Mewherter  drew  a  pistol  and  shot 


m'.xcn  AX!)  ];.\K.  423 

liimsrlf  (lead.  Of  course  there  was  llie  most  intense  exeilriiu'iil 
and  confusion  in  court:  not  so,  liow  e\er,  Avith  Judge  wSpencer;  lie 
calmly  di^ected  the  Sheriff  to  ri'nif)ve  the  bod\',  and  called  the  next 
case  for  trial.  It  was  not  tried  that  day.  Josi'ph  "W.  Chajmian,  of 
Madison,  was  the  next  Jud_i;e.  lie  was  an  able  lawyer,  but  too 
technical  for  a  Judge,  and  at  times  testy.  On  the  whole,  however, 
he  is  kindly  renlembered  bv  the  bar. 

John  G.  ] Berkshire  of  Versailes,  succeeded  Judge  Chapman. 
When  elected,  Judge  Berkshire  was  just  starting  out  as  a  lawyer, 
and  being  an  almost  entire  stranger  to  the  Columbus  bar,  then  one 
of  the  ablest  in  the  State,  it  was  greatly  feared  that  he  would  not 
give  satisfaction.  In  this,  however,  the  bar  was  most  agreeably 
surprised,  for  no  Judge  ever  before  or  since  gave  more  general  sat- 
isfaction. Judge  Berkshire  was  well-grounded  in  the  elementary 
principles  of  the  law;  had  a  well-balanced,  discriminating,  legal 
mind,  and  above  all  he  was  eminentlv  fair  and  impartial.  B3'  a 
change,  Bartholomew  County  was  made  one  of  anew  circuit  neces- 
sitating the  appointment  of  a  Judge  which  was  received  from  Gov. 
Baker  b}^  Samuel  P.  03'ler,  of  Franklin.  Judge  Oyler  made  an 
acceptable  Judge  and  was  succeeded  b}^  David  Banta,  of  Franklin, 
who  during  the  short  time  he  was  on  the  bench  in  this  county  was 
in  ver}?^  poor  health  and  for  that  reason  did  not  appear  to  good  ad- 
vantage, although  a  ripe  scholar  and  good  lawyer.  He  is  now  with 
restored  health  engaged  in  an  active,  lucrative  practice.  During 
Judge  Banta's  term  bj'  another  change,  Bartholomew  and  Brown 
were  made  a  circuit,  and  Gov.  Hendricks  appointed  James  S.  Hes- 
ter of  Brown,  Judge,  who  served  under  the  appointment  until  the 
next  election  and  was  elected.  Judge  Hester  was  a  trained  law^-er, 
and  until  his  health  failed  was  one  of  the  best  Judges  in 'the  State. 
He  died  before  his  term  expired. 

Nathan  T.  Carr,  of  Columbus,  was  appointed,  and  at  the  next 
election  was  elected  for  a  full  term.  Judge  Carr  was  not  a  well-read 
law3'er;  he  was  a  man  of  bright,  but  not  well-trained  or  balanced 
intellect.  Because  of  his  mental  make-up  and  disposition  he  was 
arbitrary-  and  apt  to  take  sides.  Judge  Carr  was  pre-eminently  a 
jur}'  lawyer.  In  politics  he  was  bold,  daring  and  aggressive,  but 
too  arbitrary  and   self-\villed  for   a  successful    politician.      He  was 


4-4  ]5ART110L0Mi:\\'    COU.NTV. 

elected  to  Congress  to  liU  the  vacancy  caused  bv  the  death  of 
^M.  C.  Kerr,  and  the  memorable  Ilayes-Tilden  c()ntr()\L-rsv  was  ad- 
justed during  the  time  he  served.  Almost  alone  he  stood  out 
against  a  compromise,  lighting  it  with  great  ability  and  bitterness; 
and  predicting  the  result  which  in  fact  followed.  But  when 
adopted,  and  when  it  seemed  to  him  that  undue  obstructions  to  its  con- 
summation were  interposed,  he  ren.iinded  his  party  colleagues  that 
the  compromise  was  the  creature  of  their  own  folly,  as  he  tei-med 
it,  and  insisted  that  it  be  faithfully  carried  out.  His  objection  to 
the  plan  of  adjustment  afterward  gave  him  high  standing  in  his 
party,  and  but  for  his  domineering  disposition,  he  would  have  been 
a  successful  leader.  Dying  before  his  term  expired,  Governor 
Porter,  on  the  unanimous  request  of  the  bar  of  both  counties,  aj)- 
pointed  Nelson  R.  Keyes,  of  Columbus,  and  although  a  Democrat 
in  politics,  so  highl}^  was  he  esteemed,  both  parties  endorsed  him 
for  election,  and  he  was  elected  without  opposition,  and  is  now 
serving  with  great  satisfaction  not  only  to  the  bar  but  to  the  peo- 
ple. He  is  a  well-trained  lawyer,  fair  and  impartial.  Judge 
Keyes  came  from  Kentucky  to  Columbus,  when  quite  3'oung,  al- 
most a  stranger,  and  by  his  abilit}^  and  gentlemanly  deportment 
soon  built  up  a  large  practice.  Pecuniarily  he  made  quite  a  sacri- 
fice in  abandoning  the  practice  for  the  bench. 

Associate  yudgcs. — John  Pence,  Thomas  Hinkston,  Ephriam 
Arnold,  Samuel  Downing,  Nathan  Davis,  Jesse  Spurgeon,  David 
Hager,  James  Taggart,  Hiram  Wilson,  Aaron  Farmer,  James  W. 
Love,  S.  B.  jNIcKehan,  A.  A.  Wiles,  Joseph  Hiner,  Thomas  Law- 
ton,  George  B.  McQueen,  Jacob  Lain,  James  Hobbs,  Sr.,  William 
Ruckle. 

yiidgrs  of  the  Court  of  Coniiuon  Picas.  —  Zachariah  Tannehill 
was  the  first  Judge.  He  was  a  farmer-politician,  not  a  lawyer, 
never  having  read  law.  He  had  a  cop}^  of  Greenleaf  on  Evidence; 
how  or  why  he  came  by  it  no  one  ever  knew  certainly.  It  was 
suspected,  however,  that  a  certain  attorne}'  gave  it  to  him,  for  on 
all  occasions  he  read  extracts  from  "  Your  Honors  own  book," 
which  nine  times  out  of  ten,  were  wholly  irrele^■ant,  and  insisted  al- 
most invariably,  to  the  satisfaction  of  the  court,  that  the  law  as 
"laid  down  "  \)y  Greenleaf,  covered  the  case  under  consideration. 


liENCII    AND    I'.AK. 


425 


Tlie  comedy  case  of  the  Slate  of  Indiana  vs.  Artliur  Mukloon,  ^vas 
tried  wlfvn  Judge  Tannt- liill  was  on  tlie  bench.  ?^Iuldoon  getting  tlie 
best  of  the  fight  with  Terry  INIurpliy,  IMurpln',  before  his  anger 
cooled,  went  to  Samuel  Kriddlebaugh,  the  prosecuting  atlorne\-,  "  a 
constitutional"  lawyer,  and  made  aflulavit  charging  Muldoon  witli 
assault  and  battter}-.  Thc}'  soon  made  friends  and  asked  the  prose- 
cutor to  dismiss.  He  indignantly  refused  to  "  compound  a  felony." 
They  then  employed  an  attorney  to  defend.  Terry  Murphy  had  a 
twin  brother,  Patrick  jNIurph^y,  and  it  was  yery  dillicult  to  distin- 
guish the  one  from  the  other,  except  that  Pat  wore  goggles. 
When  the  case  was  called  for  trial,  Muldoon  and  Murphy  with 
goggles  on,  took  seats  at  the  desk  of  the  attorney  for  the  defendant. 
The  prosecutor  with  much  feeling  informed  the  court  of  the  cor- 
rupt attempt  as  above  indicated,  commanded  Murphy  to  take  his 
seat  where  "  in  the  eye  of  the  law  "  he  belonged,  which  he 
promptl}'  did,  and  on  the  stand  denied  that  he  ever  had  a  fight 
with  Muldoon,  insiting  that  he  was  a  "  good  men  and  pacible 
gintleman."  Showing  him  the  affidavit,  the  prosecutor  asked 
triumphantly:  "Did  3'ou  not  make  that  affidavit?"  "No  sor." 
"Then  who  did?"  "Me  brother  Terry,  and  it  was  no  foight 
at  al,  at  al,  it  W'as  only  a  froiendly  trial  of  strength."  "  Pray,  sir^ 
inform  the  court  who  you  are?  "  "Patrick  Murph}',  twin  brother 
of  me  brother  Terry."  "  Then  what  are  you  doing  here?  "  "  You 
called  me  sor,  and  besides  me  brother  had  to  go  to  the  State  of 
ininois  and  his  eyes  being  bether  and  mine  sore,  he  loaned  me  his 
goggles,  and  gave  me  a  power  of  attorne}'  to  schwear  for  him, 
which  you  can  see  for  yourself,"  showing  the  prosecutor  a  crumpled 
paper. 

Judge  Tannehill  was  succeeded  by  N.  T.  Hauser,  an  attorney 
of  Columbus,  who  made  an  acceptable  Judge.  Ralph  Applewhite, 
an  attorney  of  Brownstown,  was  the  next  Judge.  He  was  an  edu- 
cated lawyer  and  made  a  most  excellent  Judge.  Beatty  McClel- 
land, an  attorne}'  of  Columbus,  was  the  next  Judge.  He  was  well 
read  in  the  elementary  principles  of  the  law,  and  made  an  amiable, 
courteous  Judge,  giving  good  satisfaction.  Japtha  D.  New,  an  at- 
torney of  Vernon,  succeeded  Judge  McClelland.  He  was  a  well 
equipped    lawer,   painstaking   and    conscientious.       He   afterward 


42<5  B.\HTlK)LC).Mi:\\'    COUNTV. 

served  in  Congress  and  is  now  Judg\:  of  an  adjoining  circuit.  Frank 
Emerson,  an  attorne}-  of  J5ro\vnsto\',n,  was  the  last  Judge.  He 
\vas  a  man  of  strong  convictions  and  somewhat  arhitrarv.  On  the 
Avliole,  howe\er,  he  is  kindly  remembcri'd  by  tlic  bar. 

Circuit  Court  Proscrutors.~-]o\\\\  V.  Jloss,  James  Dulancy, 
Samuel  T.  Woolfolk,  Ilarve}-  Gregg,  Calvin  Fletcher,  W.  W.  Wick, 
Hiram  Brown,  William  Herod,  A.  A.  Hammond,  W.  J.  Peaslee, 
H.  O'Neal,  John  Dumont,  li.  F.  Myers,  J.  J.  AlHson,  Daniel  Kelso, 
Frank  Atkinson,  George  W.  Richardson,  K.  M.  Hord,  I).  W. 
Howe,  N.  T.  Carr,  W.  W.  Browning,  Amos  Burns,  W.  C.  Duncan, 
Webster  Dixon,  Anderson  Percilleld. 

Common  Picas  Prosecuting  Attorneys  in.  the  Order  of  Tlieir 
6V;-Z7r^.— Samuel  H.  Kriddlebaugh,  N.  T.  Hauser,  Ralpli  Hill, 
Geo.  W.  Yocum,  Wm.  Singleton,  F.  T.  Hord,  B.  L.  Smitli,  L. 
Gwin,  J.  D.  New,  W.  L.  Bane,  J.  N.  Kerr,  Marion  Mooney, 
N.  Crook,  W.  S.  Swengel,  Geo.  W.  Cooper. 

Clerks. —  Edward  Ballinger,  Joseph  McKinne}^,  Isaac  S.  Board- 
man,  N.  Tomkins,  William  Herod,  Albert  Jones,  S.  Webber  Smith, 
G.  E.  Miller,  Z.  H.  Hauser,  T.  C.  Burgess,  G.  E.  Miller. 

S/ierifs. —  Joseph  McKinney,  Daniel  Zeigler,  Gideon  B.  Hart, 
J.  Hubbard,  John  F.  Jones,  John  McKinney,  William  Brown,  James 
Herod,  William  Hobbs,  N.  O.  Hinman,  W.  B.  Horn,  Samuel 
Sluckey,  Richard  Carter,  Thomas  J.  Kennedy,  M.  McGrayel, 
D.  Lynch,  Frank  Whittington,  W.  B.  Davis,  T.  F.  Everroad,  Will- 
iam R.  Spurgin,  M.  L.  Thompson,  T,  C.  Burgess,  James  S.  Brown. 
T//e  Bar. —  In  early  times  and  until  about  i860,  la  w3'-ers  "trav- 
eled the  circuit";  that  is  attended  the  courts  of  their  circuit  reo-u- 
larly,  and  even  beyond  the  circuit.  About  the  time  above  indicated, 
this  practice  commenced  falling  off,  and  has  almost  ceased,  local 
attqrne3'S  doing  largely  the  business  of  the  county,  where  they  are 
well  supplied  with  hbraries  and  otherwise  better  equipped  for  their 
work  than  attorneys  from  a  distance  are  likely  to  be.  In  early 
times  good  lawyers  were  thoroughly  conversant  with  elementary 
principles;  knew  almost  by  heart,  Blackstone,  Chitty,  Coke  upon 
Littleton,  Selwins,  Nisi  Prius,  etc.,  and  reasoned  by  analog}^ 
The}'  were  not  case  lawyers,  because  there  were  but  few  reports, 
and  they  diflicult  to  get.     They  were  intellectual  giants. 


Ur.NCII    AXJ)    J!.\K. 


4^7 


It  is  proji(;s(.'(l  to  tlrsl  give  llie  names  of  aUorncws,  not  of  llic 
count}-,  \\]\o  jiracticL'd  at  the  Columbus  hdv  at  different  times,  and 
many  diislinguislied  names,  not  only  as  hi\v\ers,  but  ])oliticians, 
statesmen  and  judges  will  ajipe.ir: 

Jobn  F.  J<.oss,  Alexander  Ilolten,  R.  W.  Nelson,  Daniel  Grant, 
James  IJraman,  John  II.  Thompson,  Calvin  Fletcher,  Jeremiah  Rol- 
land,  John  Kingsberry,  Henry  P.  Thornton,  William  llaird,  A.  C. 
Griffiths,  Daniel  Bell,  Jeremiah  Sulli\an,  Thomas  Douglass,  Jo- 
seph A  Hopkins,  James  Sloll,  William  Bullock,  Patrick  G.  Good, 
M.  G.  Bright,  Joseph  G.  Marshall,  C.  E.  Walker,  Stev.en  C.  Stev- 
ens, William  M.  Dunn,  A.  W.  Hendricks,  Thomas  A.  Hendricks, 
Harvey  Gregg,  George  F.  Waterman,  Isaac  Hawk,  JNIilton  Stapp, 
William  Carpenter,  W.  W.  AVick,John  B.  Scott,  Henry  Hurst,  Hi- 
ram Brown,  James  Whitcomb,  Andrew  Davidson,  George  L3-on, 
James  T.  Brown,  James  Forsee,  Charles  Dewey,  William  J.  Brown, 
Amos  Lane,  James  B.  Ray,  William  Brown,  James  Scott,  Hugh 
O'Neal,  Martin  M.  Ray,  Humphrey  Robinson,  B.  P.  Taylor,  Will- 
iam Quarles,  Peter  Rymen,  W.  J.  Peaslee,  A.  T.  Myer,  F.  Carvin, 

C.  Cushing,  H.  M.  Woodzard,  C.  P.  Hester,  Harry  Brown,  Daniel 
Kelso,  O.  S.  Pitcher,  Simeon  Yandes,  William  T.  Otto,  W.  B. 
Cook,  W.  H.  Brumfield,  Bo3-d  JMahew,  Joseph  W.  Chapman,  L. 
Brougham,  Isaac  Nafler,  S.  H.  Woolfolk. 

Colunibus  Bar. —  Such  as  are  dead  or  have  left  the  county  will 
first  appear,  followed  by  the  present  bar  : 

James  Dulanev",  Philip  Sweetser,  R.  S.  Wheatley,  William 
Herod,  George  E.  Tingle,  L.  F,  Coppersmith,   Heman   Barbour, 

D.  B.  Farminglon,  Thomas  F.  Thompson,  John  Lingston,  Robert 
Wingate,  A.  A.  Hammond,  AVilliam  F.  Pidgeon,  William  Sino-le- 
ton,  N.  T.  Hauser,  William  Mack,  Ralph  Hill,  W.  W.  Herod, 
Ferdinand  Winter,  Crocket  Ricketts,  Jeff  C.  Reeves,  Charles  E. 
Clark,  Amos  Burns,  G.  E.  Richardson,  George  W.  Richardson, 
Lafayette  Pence,  John  N.  Wheatley,  George  W.  Arnold,  S.  Dry- 
bread,  T.  C.  Woodburn,  W.  W.  Browning. 

Philip   Sweetser   was   born  in  New   Hampshire,  where  he  re- 
ceived a  collegiate   education.     He  taught  school  in  Marvland  and 
at  the  same  time  read  law.     In  182 1  he  came  West,  locating  in  Col- 
umbus, where  he  soon  took  liigh  rank  as  a  lawyer.      He  was  with- 
10 


428  IBARTHOLOAriiW    COUNTV. 

out  ihe  gift  of  oraiory,  but  calm,  clclibcrativc  and  earnest,  ami  in 
this  way  a  most  clTeclivc  udvocafc.  lie  possessed  the  happ\-  fac- 
ulty of  seeming  to  ])e  not  the  attorne}-  for  his  client,  but,  on  the 
contrary,  the  especial  friend  and  adviser  of  the  jury.  Indianapolis 
offering  a  wider  held,  he  located  there  in  1S37,  and  soon  ranked 
amongst  the  foremost  of  the  bar  at  that  place.  lie  died  in  1843  in 
the  fifty-fourth  year  of  his  life. 

The  high  and  honorable  position  occupied  b}'  William  Herod, 
demands  a  more  extended  summary  of  his  life  and  career.  He  was 
born  in  Bourbon  County,  Ky.,  and  with  his  parents  in  his  early 
youth  moved  to  Boone  County,  in  the  same  State.  His  parents 
■were  ver}'-  poor  in  worldly  possessions.  The  schools  of  that  day 
were  indifferent  "  winter  schools,"  and  consequentl}'  his  education 
was  limited.  He  taught  school  and  at  the  same  time  read  law  with 
Edward  Armstrong,  of  Burlington,  Kentucky.  In  1S24,  under  the 
laws  of  Kentucky,  he  passed  examination  and  was  licensed  to  practice 
law,  and  in  November  of  that  3'ear  located  in  Columbus  penniless 
and  without  friends.  He  was  not  long  without  friends,  however, 
for  by  his  engaging  manners,  high  order  of  intellect,  honesty  and 
devotion  to  his  profession,  he  soon  acquired  valued,  life-long 
acquaintances  and  adherents,  even  if  in  after  3'ears  he  differed  with 
them  in  politics.  jMr.  Herod  was  possessed  of  a  strong,  discrimi- 
nating legal  mind,  well-versed  in  the  foundation  principles  of  his 
profession,  but  was  not  a  good  case  law3'er.  He  knew  what  the 
law  oui'ht  to  be,  and  was  persuasively  strong  before  the  court,  and 
usually  convincingly  so,  unless  the  court  was  familiar  ^vith,  or  the 
attorney  on  the  other  side  produced,  a  decision  the  other  way.  As 
a  jury  lawyer  he  had  but  few  equals.  He  discouraged  litigation; 
never  brought  a  suit  luitil  he  was  satisfied  that  his  client  was  in  the 
right.  In  order  to  arrive  at  a  correct  conclusion  in  this  respect,  he 
invariably  put  his  client  through  a  searching  cross-examination,  to 
discover  the  weak  points  in  hi.'-  .ase,  if  any.  If  his  client  persisted 
in  what  he  suspected  to  be  but  one  side  of  the  case,  he  would  ask 
him  what  the  other  side  had  to  say  about  the  matter,  wh}^  he  re- 
sisted, and  this  would  ordinaril}^  disclose  the  weak  point,  if  there 
was  one.  For  the  defense  he  pursued  the  same  course,  and  if  he 
found  that  there  was  no  defense  he  would  say  so  and  refuse  to  de- 


BK.NCIl    AM>    r.AK.  429 

fend,  and  if  doubtful  lie  wuuUl  advise  a  e()ni])r()niise.  Although  in 
the  minority  as  a  Whig  and  Republican,  he  was  frequently  elected 
to  the  legislature,  both  branches,  and  twice  to  Congress,  and  was 
elected  and  served  one  term  as  Clerk.  In  December,  1851,  Mr. 
Herod  formed  a  partnership  with  S.  Stansilier,  his  nejihew,  which 
continued  until  he  was  elected  Clerk;  at  the  close  of  his  term  he 
formed  a  partnership  with  his  son,  W.  W.  1  lerod,  which  terminated 
■with  his  death. 

A  A.  Hammond  commenced  the  practice  at  Coluiubus,  and 
soon  rose  to  eminence  and  distinction  in  the  profession.  Seeking  a 
wider  field  he  went  to  Indianapolis,  hut  retained  his  practice  at 
Columbus  in  partnership  with  Williani  F.  Pidgeon.  In  1852,  Mr. 
Hammond  was  elected  Lieutenant  Governor,  with  A.  P.  Willard, 
Governor,  who  died  before  the  expiration  of  his  term,  Mr.  Ham- 
mond succeeding  to  the  office.  Mr.  Pidgeon  continued  the  prac- 
tice for  man}"  years  with  much  success,  when  he  located  at  Vin- 
cennes,  and  died  there  a  short  time  since. 

In  1852,  Ralph  Hill  and  AVilliam  Mack,  young  men  from  Ohio, 
located  at  Columbus,  forming  a  partnership.  Mr.  Mack  did  not 
remain  long;  went  to  Green  County  and  then  to  Terre  Plaute.  He 
has  risen  to  distinction,  both  as  a  jurist  and  politician.  He  is  now 
on  the  Circuit  Court  bench.  Mr.  Hill  soon  acquired,  and  deservedly 
so,  a  large  practice,  which  he  retained  until  he  went  to  Indianapolis 
a  few  years  ago,  where  he  is  now  engaged  in  an  extensive  prac- 
tice.    In  1864  he  was  elected  to  Congress. 

Not  long  after  Mr.  Hill  and  Mr.  Mack,  Francis  T.  Hord,  from 
Maysville,  Kentucky,  and  just  beginning  the  practice,  came  to 
Columbus.  By  his  ability  and  untiring  energy  he  soon  built  up 
and  retained  an  extensive  practice.  He  was  elected  to  the  State 
Senate  in  1882,  and  in  1884  he  was  elected  Attorney  Gen- 
eral, serving  with  distinguished  abilit}'.  At  the  close  of  his  second 
term  of  oflice,  he  returned  to  Columbus,  where  he  is  engaged  in 
the  active  practice  of  his  profession. 

On  the  death  of  his  father,  W.  W.  Herod,  who,  in  man}'-  re- 
spects, and  especially  so  as  a  jury  lawyer,  was  like  his  father, 
formed  a  partnership  with  Ferdinand  Winter,  then  a  promising- 
young  lawyer.     Soon  after  the}'  abandoned   an   extensive  business 


430 


i;artiiolom]:\v  count  v. 


and  ^\•c^t  to  Indiimapulis,  where  ihey  no\v  are  enga^'ed  in  success- 
ful ]-iractice,  Mr.  IIen)d  alone,  and  Mr.  Winter  a  member  of  the 
firm  of  Baker,  llord  «S:  Hendricks. 

Present  bar,  in  the  order  of  seniorly,  as  nearly  as  recollected: 
S.  Stansifer,  F.  T.  Hord,  John  A.  Keith,  Realty  McClelland, 
S.  Webber  Smith,  John  W.  Morgan,  M.  D.  Emig,  John  C.  Orr, 
George  W.  Cooper,  W.  F.  Norton,  W.  S.  Swengel,  Marshall 
Hacker,  C.  N.  Spencei-,  Webster  Dixon,  W.  W.  Lambert.  W.  T. 
Strickland,  C.  S.  Baker,  J.  F.  Matson,  C.  B.  Cooper,  C.  J.  Koll- 
myer,  W.  J.  Beck,  W.  H.  Everroad,  Thomas  C.  Ahern,  J.  W.  Don- 
aker,  II.  Valentine,  Thomas  E.  Davidson. 

The  writer  of  this  chapter  is  under  obligations  to  Dr.  J.  C.  Beck, 
of  Cincinnati,  for  valuable  aid.  Born  and  reared  in  Columbus,  and 
possessing  a  wonderfull}' retentive  memory.  Dr.  Beck  possesses  a  mine 
of  valuable  statistics,  not  only  in  memory,  but  also  in  manuscript. 


'4J 


.MII.ITARV    IIISTOKV. 


431 


CHAPTER  VI. 

Military  IfjsTOUv  —  Earta'    iNIiLiTiA  —  ATexican    War  Com- 
PANiKS  —  Condition"   Prior  to  the  Civie  War  —  Begixnixg 

OF  HOSTIEITIES FiRST  Co:\ll'AN'V    EOR    TUIC    Wai^ OtHER 

Troops  —  Lati:r  Pur.eic  Senti.ment — jMorgan  Raid  — 
—  Drafts  —  Men  FuiiNisiiED  by  tiiic  County  —  Bounty 
AND  Relief  —  Roll  of  Honor. 


HAT  constitutes  the  leading  feature  of  the  current  his- 
toid of  all  governments  is  their  militar}-  experiences.  It 
is  through  the  instrumentalit}'  of  war  that  civilization 
has  been  established  in  many  portions  of  the  Avorld. 
Indeed,  it  is  claimed  by  not  a  few  reputable  histori- 
ans, that  war  is  the  necessary  forerunner  of  civiliza- 
tion, the  cannon  an  embelm  of  progress,  indicating  that 
barbarism  has  been  supplanted,  and  a  higher  order  of  things  estab- 
lished. If  this  be  true  the  military  conflicts  must  form  the  most 
interesting  chapter  of  a  nation's  history. 

While  the  histoiy  of  Bartholomew  County  has  to  do  directl}'' 
with  but  the  Mexican  and  Civil  wars,  yet,  here  were  man}'  of  the 
survivors  of  the  second  war  with  Great  Britain,  or  the  War  of  181 2, 
who  se'.  tied  in  this  count}'  and  deserve  notice  in  this  connection. 
The  names  of  these  sur^•ivors  with  States  they  mustered  from  are 
taken  from  a  list  prepared  b}-  Gen.  Terrell,  and  are  as  follows : 
Ezekiel  Carter,  Va.;  Timothy  Howard,  N.  Y.;  Philip  Clark,  Md.; 
Harris  Rogers,  Ky. ;  James  Carter,  l^y.;  Robert  Wooffendale, 
N.  J.;  John  Sward,  John  Wright,  N.  Y.;  Josiah'JxAkin,  Ky.;  Michael 
Do3de,  N.  Y. ;  John  Sloughton,  Ohio;  WiUiam  Deiwert,  Ohio; 
John  Smith,  N.  Y.;  George  Taylor,  Z.  Tannehill,  Robert  Brown, 
Va.;  John  Hall,  Pa.;  David  Carter,  Pa.;  George  May,  M.  Boaz, 
John  Young,  Va. ;  William  L.  Jones,  Ky. ;  Stephen  Baker,  Ky. ; 
Henr}^  Blassgame,  Ky.;  Wiley  Powell,  Ind.;  Edward  Hall,  Va.; 
Samuel  Barber,  Ohio;  Michael  McAlliter,  Ohio;  Samuel  Beck,  K}-. ; 
Ed  Jurd,  N.  C;  E.  White,  Ky.;  J.  T.  Robertson,  Isaac  Burton, 


432  UARTIIOLOMKW    COUNTY. 

Adam  Cook,.Tenn.;  N.  Kyle,  Isaac  l*anctikc,  Ohio;  Lsaac  IVmcc, 
Va.;  Hugh  Terry,  Va.;  Daniel  Bisliop,  J.  B.  Lockman,  Ky.:  Ben- 
j«min  McQueen,  Ed  Mitchell,  William  Stader,  D.  Singer,  Ijeverly 
Herron,  A.  Cox,  John  Gilliland,  N.  C. ;  John  Snyder,  Pa.;  Lewis 
Lawless,  Va.;  Benjamin  Jones,  Va.;  George  Laforce,  Ky.;  Will- 
iam Christy,  Mo.;  John  Tean}',  Va. ;  William  West,  Ohio;  A.  T. 
Green,  Ohio;  C.  Edee,  N.  Y. ;  Isaiah  Tuttle,  Ohio;  Henry  Bryant, 
Va.;  Philip  Hogan,  Ky.;  D.  Mackc}',  John  Maple,  N.  Y.;  Thomas 
Tearcefield,  Tenn.;  Russell  Gardner,  Ind.;  Lot  Foster,  Ky. ;  Ed 
Hegber,  N.  J.;  J.  Ruddick,  Ohio;  John  Horn,  K}-. ;  James  Peatt, 
Va.;  Isaac  Trotter,  Tenn.;  Samuel  Richardson,  Ohio;  Samuel 
Bishop,  Ky.;  Robert  Elkins,  N.  C;  Moses  Jones,  Tenn.;  James 
McAchran,  Ky.;  W.  W.  Poff,  Ky.;  John  Waddell,  Ky.;  Bazil 
Owen,  Kv. ;  Thomas  Pach,  K}-.;  Jacob  Good,  K3-.;  John  Cham- 
bers, Ohio;  J.  R.  P.  Garrigan,  N.  J.;  Hezekiel  Cheathan,  Ky.; 
Robert  Pitcher,  Ky.;  Daniel  Glick,  Ohio;  Harvey  Chandler,  Va.; 
Henry  Critzer,  Ohio;  George  W.  Re3-nolds,  John  Harve}-,  Miles 
Bunnell,  Jacob  Rhoads,  Edward  Wallen,  Ephraim  Miller,  J.  R. 
Watson. 

It  is  probable  that  a  few  of  the  above  named  did  not  live  in  this 
county,  and  there  were  perhaps  others  whose  names  are  not  given. 

In  his  reminiscences  Gen.  Terrell  sa3's:  From  the  time  the  State 
was  admitted  into  the  Union  till  about  1834,  *^^*^  mihtia  in  Indiana 
was  in  high  repute.  Regiments  were  organized  in  all  parts  of  the 
State.  Militia  officers  were  the  most  important  personages  of  the 
time.  A  popular  man  who  \vas  so  fortunate  -  as  to  secure  a  com- 
mission of  General,  Colonel,  or  even  Lieutenant  Colonel  or  Major,  was 
prett}'  sure  to  get  a  civil  office  if  his  aspirations  led  him  that  way. 
In  a  large  militia  compan}^  organized  in  Columbus,  it  is  said  that  at 
the  end  of  the  first  year  John  White,  a  shoemaker,  was  the  onl}^ 
private  in  the  compan}',  all  the  others  were  wearing  titles. 

The  most  exciting  militia  election  was  for  General.  The  candi- 
dates were  Samuel  Downing  and  Elias  Bedford.  Downing  was 
elected,  but  Bedford  being  dissatislied  contested  his  right  to  the 
office.  A  new  election  was  held  with  the  same  result.  Downing 
lived  two  miles  east  of  Columbus,  and  the  night  following  his  elec- 
tion he  was  escorted  to  town  b}'  his  friends,   and   his   success   duly 


IMILITAKV    IlISTOUV.  ,j33 

cek'bralcd.  A  ]\-irt  of  a  band  of  wliisky  was  j-jrocurcd  for  the 
occasion,  but  fears  being  entertained  lliat  it  \vould  not  liold  out,  it 
was  poured  into  a  well  on  the  public  square,  after  which  "  grog  " 
was  drawn  up  and  dispensed  bv  tlie  bucket  full. 

Earh'  in  1846,  the  premonitory  symptoms  of  a  war  with  IMexico 
aroused  the  niilitary  spirit  of  a  portion  of  our  citizens,  and  a  cav- 
alry company  was  formed.  Thomas  Hays  was  elected  Captain 
with  a  full  corps  of  subordinates  and  assistaiits.  vSteps  wore  taken 
to  procure  arms  and  e(|uipmcnts,  and  uniforms  were  ordered. 
When  matters  had  progressed  1'  as  far  war  was  actuall\-  declared 
and  the  countr}^  was  called  to  arms,  but  the  "  Cavalry  Company  " 
responded  not,  and  from  that  moment  ceased  to  be. 

The  "  Hoss  Company  "  or  Columbus  Cavahy  of  which  so  much 
Avas  said  and  written,  in  ridicule,  was  organized  in  the  summer  of 
1845,  with  Thomas  Bombbragg,  Captain,  and  Napoleon  Jackson 
Carter,  First  Lieutenant. 

Mexican  IVar.^ — On  the  fourth  da}'  of  Jul}',  1845,  Texas, 
through  her  State  Convention,  accepted  the  terms  of  annexation 
proffered  by  the  government  of  the  United  States.  Soon  after  this 
the  Mexican  Go\'ernment  in  order  to  maintain  her  rights  to  the 
territory,  established  a  military  post  on  the  east  side  of  the  Rio 
Grande  River.  Gtn.  Taylor,  then  commanding  the  Department  of 
the  South,  was  ordered  to  report  for  duty  in  the  immediate  vicinity. 
A  conflict  of  arms  soon  ensued,  the  Mexicans  being  considered  the 
aggressors.  President  Polk,  by  proclamation  dated  May  11,  1S46, 
announced  that  a  state  of  war  existed  between  this  country  and 
Mexico.  Immediately  Congress  authorized  the  reception  of  50,000 
volunteers,  one-half  to  be  mustered  into  service  at  once,  and  the 
other  to  be  used  as  a  reserve.  The  President  issued  his  call  May 
13,  1846.  In  response  to  this  call  James  Whitcomb,  Governor  of 
the  State  of  Indiana,  issued  a  proclamation  on  the  2 2d  of  the  same 
month  calling  for  three  regiments.  But  few  counties  responded 
with  more  alacrity  than  did  Bartholomew.  Immediately  after  the 
call  of  the  Governor,  Isaac  N.  Boardman,  assisted  by  Hardin 
Ferry,  raised  a  company,  and  on  the  13th  of  June  left  for  New 
Albany,  the  place  of  rendezvous,  and   on   the    24th    of   said   month 

*  Facts  taken  from  the  Ten-ell  papers. 


434 


BAK'riioi,o>u:\v  covsry 


Ik'  rciiiipany 


was  inusfcrL'd  into  Uir  service  by  Samuel  C'lmivliill. 
was  assi-iu'tl  to  tlir  jH).silion  of  Fmihc  Tliial  Reninienl,  comniaiuled 
by  Col.  J.  II.  Lane.  The  conipain-  was  olllcered  as  follows:  Isaac 
N.  pM.artlman,  Captain;  Herman  11.  ]]arbour,  ist  JJcmlenant; 
G.  W.  llan-ingtoii,  2(1  Lieutenant;  Jacob  Clark,  ist  Ser-eanti 
John  M.  Meyers,  2d  Sergeant;  Ed  Sau-hton,  3d  Seroeant;  Thilip 
Lane,  ^th  Sergeant;  Josiah  Wilson,  ist  Corporal:  John  Mewerton, 
2d  Corporal;  ].]).  Wilson,  3d  Corporal;  Henry  Lc'hvards,  4th  Cor- 
poral; John  Mitler,  musician. 


Aiisdcn,  C;cc)igc  W. 
Arnold,  William. 
Anthony,  Zcph.innah. 
BuineU,  ISond. 
Beatv,  TJionias. 
BcaUv,  David. 
Brice,'  William  R. 
Brown,  \\'illiam. 
Barnliart,  Amos. 
Bnrton,  John  C. 
Berry,  Andrew. 
Cook,  Jacob. 
Cox,  Jesse. 
Couglienour,  David. 
Conrad,  Joliu  M. 
Dyer,  Or\ille. 
Emig  Michael. 
Eads,  Alex. 
Fulton,  Lorenzo. 
Fisher,  William. 
Gross,  John. 
Gabbert,  George  W. 
Gilman,  Nicholas.  ' 
Good,  William  C. 
Green,  Henry  H. 
Gilniore,  John  B. 


ROSTKR    OK   COMl'AW. 

Hunter,  Daniel. 
Hill,  Henry. 
I  lamner,  Edward. 
Huddleston,  .Solomon. 
Hail,  John. 
Hcderick,  Peter. 
Hudson,  John. 
Harper,   Koliert. 
Inskeip,  James. 
Jones,  J.  Johnson. 
Jones,   luioch. 
kelley,  Richard  M. 
Kimball,  Thomas  V. 
Landl'are,  William. 
Lucas,  Francis. 
Laforce,  John. 
Leeson,  Oliver  H. 
Lane,  Reuben. 
Miller,  Jacob. 
Miller,  George. 
Mahoney,  Ixichard  B. 
Major,  Thomas. 
Matlock,  Da\id. 
Munnian,  Franklin. 
Moore,  Willis. 


McKinney,  Lcander  B. 
Owens,  Daniel. 
Pence,  George. 
Phipps,  John. 
Patterson,  William. 
Pratt,  Admiral. 
Ports,  Philip  H. 
Pruitt,  Archibald. 
Patterson,  John. 
Riker,  Henry  C. 
Ruddleljaugh,  .Samuel, 
Real!',  I'^lias. 
Raridon,  Theodore  F. 
Sowers,  Jonathan. 
Sandcfer,  Samuel. 
Smith,  Henry  N. 
Saintclair,  William. 
Tolen,  William. 
Wilkinson,  John  C. 
WalTord,  Hamilton. 
Wiles,  Samuel  G, 
Webb,  David  E. 
^^\)o^l,  fohn  B. 
Wa)-,  John  M. 
West,"Charles. 


Samuel  Churchill,   Mustering  Officer. 


Company  F  was  in  the  service  about  twelve  and  a  half  months. 
The  company  was  mustered  in  at  New  Albany  with  eightj'-eight 
men,  and  mustered  out  at  New  Orleans  with  sixty-four  men.  They 
came  home  by  way  of  ?yfadison,  reaching  Columbus,  July  4,  1847. 

Coiuj^any  F—Fourlh  Regiment. ~\n  May,  1S47,  a  second  call 
for  volunteers  w^as  made,  and  in  response  an 'infantry  company  was 
raised  by  Michael  Fitz  Gibbon.  The  following  officers  were  com- 
missioned May  27:  Michael  Fitz  Gibbon,  Captain;  Isaac  Truly, 
First  Lieutenant;  D.  R.  Wayland,  Second  Lieutenant;  G.  W. 
Amsden,  Second  Lieutenant;  Robert  McGill,  Second  Lieutenant; 


Mn.ITAK\      IlIsrORV. 


435 


AV.  K.  McCanc,  Scodiid  Lieuteiiau!.  Non-Cominissioncd  Otllccrs: 
Joseph  Craine,  First  Sergeant;  I.  F.  Little,  Second  Sergeant; 
>?imrod  Lander,  Second  Sergeant;  Fred.  Spelker,  Third  Sergeant; 
Math.  Gaffney,  Foiirth  Sergeant;  Nathan  Lewis,  First  Corporal; 
Henry  Quillen,  Second  Corporal;  C.  J.  Kiskv,  Tliird  Corporal; 
John  Kay,  Fourth  Corporal;  Morrison  M.  Smith,  Fifer,  and  IL  C. 
Wilson,  Drummer. 

Early  in  June  the  company  assembled  at  the  court  house  in 
Columbus,  preparatory-  to  leaving  for  Canip  Clark.  The  town 
was  filled  with  people,  who  came  from  all  parts  of  the  countv  to 
give  the  gallant  boys  a  farewell  greeting  and  to  witness  the  pres- 
entation of  a  beautiful  fiag  by  the  ladies  of  Columbus,  which  bore 
the  patriotic  and  tender  motto  on  its  silken  folds:  "  None  but  the 
Brave  deserve  the  Fair."  The  presentation  address  was  delivered 
by  Mrs.  Miranda  Frances  Comstock  (now  jNIrs.  Hinman),  daughter 
of  John  F.  Jones.  The  address  was  appropriately  and  feelingly 
responded  to  b}'  Capt.  Fitz  Gibbon. 

The  company  was  mustered  into  the  service  June  12,  1847,  and 
designated  Company  F,  Fourth  Regiment,  commanded  by  Col. 
WilHs  A.  Gorman.  The  regiment  immediatel}'^  embarked  for  the 
scene  of  conflict,  and  was  assigned  to  the  command  of  Gen.  Joseph 
Lane,  and  with  his  brigade  participated  in  all  the  contests  in  which 
the  brigade  was  engaged.  The  company  was  mustered  out  at 
Madisun,  Lid.,  July  16,   1848,' 

The  following  is  a  partial  list  of  the  privates  of  Company  F, 
Fourth  Regiment:  James  Andrews,  Henry  Alton,  William  F.  Bu- 
ford,  John  Da}-,  Brice  Ferguson,  John  M.  G.  Franklin,  Daniel 
Grimstead,  Charles  Gwj-n,  John  Harriott,  James  Johnson,  William 
Jones,  George  Lumbarger,  Charles  McMellen,  Joseph  Morgason, 
James  Newton,  John  Ott,  L.  D.  Parker,  James  Plummer,  James 
Proudfit,  William  K.  Robbins,  Jacob  Siddle,  OHver  Stanley,  John 
Suter,  Lewis  Weaver,  John  White,  Enoch  Worrell,  John  L.  Young, 
David  Ames,  John  Beeb}-,  A.  T.  Charles,  Moses  Devon,  William 
Gilbreath,  Thomas  Grimstead,  George  Gullion,  Harvey  Hardin, 
Ephraim  Jeffreys,  Isaac  Jones,  Allen  W.  Lewis,  Samuel  McFall,  L-- 
vin  Miller,  Ira  Mullen,  Oscar  Nicholson,  Antone  Papernaux,  Will- 
iam Philbert,  John  Probasco,    Thomas  H.  Reeves,  Elisha  Scott, 


43^  j!AiiTJioT-()Mi:\\'  corxTv. 

J^cwis  Sjiarks,  John  \V.  Stout,  josiah  Scott,  vSijuire  \\\-sl,  Levy 
Wilson,  Wasliington  Wilson,  (liiinton  li,.  ]<.ust,  James  Anthony, 
JNIoses  B.urk,  Samuul  I3urk,  Tlionias  II.  Cahin,  John  Hawkins, 
Cooper  McQuality,  William  Ward. 

For  several  years  j->rior  to  r'^'a,  the  countr\-  had  been  diafting 
surely  toward  civil  war.  The  two  sections,  the  North  and  the 
South,  had  different  interests  to  serve  in  the  administration  of  na- 
tional affair.s.  The  Republican  ]i<'u-ty  was  then  in  its  infancy,  but 
it  contained  some  elements  that  foretold  destruction  to  the  greatest 
institution  of  the  Southern  States —  slaver}'.  It  is  true  that  the  party 
had  not  then  taken  any  direct  stand  upon  the  question  of  slaver}', 
but  its  leaders  were  among  the  avowed  opponents  of  that  institution, 
and  many  had  been  identified  with  the  movement  for  its  abolition. 
Abraham  Lincoln  had  publicallv  declared  that  it  was  his  deliberate 
conviction  that  the  gOA'ernment  could  not  exist  half  slave  and  half 
free.  His  election  to  the  Presidency,  was,  therefore,  by  the  Southern 
States,  accepted  as  a  menace  to  their  institution,  which  had  long 
been  sanctioned  bv  the  laws,  and  as  the}'  thought,  with  apparent 
right.  In  that  section  of  the  Union,  the  doctrine  of  State  rights  as 
paramount  to  National  rights,  had  long  been  taught  under  the  leader- 
ship of  John  C.  Calhoun.  Accordingly  they  did  not  long  hesitate 
to  secede  from  the  Union,  when  it  was  known  that  Lincoln  had  been 
elected  President.  South  Carolinia  took  the  first  active  steps,  and 
passed  an  ordinance  of  secession  December  20,  i860.  In  this 
movement  she  was  followed  in  quick  succession  by  Mississippi, 
January  ^  1861;  Alabama  and  Florida,  January  11;  Georgia, 
January  19;  Louisiana,  January  26;  Texas,  Februaiy  i;  Virginia, 
April  17;  Arkansas  and  Tennessee,  May  6;  North  Carolina,  May 
21.  No  President  ever  assumed  the  high  office  under  such  trying 
circumstances.  In  February  succeeding  the  inauguration  of  Lincoln, 
a  peace  convention  was  held  at  Baltimore.  This  was  attended  by 
representatives  from  nearly  all  the  States,  but  it  utterly  failed  in  its 
purpose:  excitement  was  at  the  greatest  tension  throughout  the 
country  and  the  public  spirit  ran  high.  Mass  meetings  were  held 
in  all  parts  of  the  North.  In  Bartholomew  County,  a  union  meet- 
ing was  called  in  which  people  of  all  shades  of  political  opinion 
W'cre  expected  to  meet  and  express  their  sentiments.     The  meeting 


MILITAKV     IIISTORV.  437 

w;is  held  at  llu'  couri  house  aliout  two  weeks  before  the  fall  of  Ft. 
Sumter,  and  was  addressed  b}'  Mari  a  Mooney,  Col.  Stansifer,  and 
Ralph  Mill.  At  this  time  a  majority  of  the  Confederate  States  liad 
already  jassed  ordinances  of  secession.  Here  the  sentiment  was 
divided,  not  a  few,  with  Col.  Stansifer  as  spokesman,  claimed  that 
since  they  had  already  withdrawn,  they  should  be  permitted  to  _i;o 
in  peace,  rather  than  drench  the  country  in  blood  in  an  effort  to 
coerce.  A  very  large  majorit\'  at  this  meeting  led  by  Ralph  Hill, 
favored  subjugation  and  believed  that  the  States  should  be  brought 
back  into  the  Union  by  ph\'sical  force  if  not  otherwise. 

While  the  countr}'  was  in  this  strained  condition.  Fort  Sumter 
was  fired  upon.  That  deed,  more  than  all  others,  united  the  loyal 
hearts  of  the  North  in  defense  of  the  national  flag  that  had  been 
fired  upon  b}-  those  in  rebellion.  They  welcomed  it  perhaps 
as  the  onh'  solution  of  the  question,  and  gladl}^  responded  to  the 
call  to  arms.  The  news  of  the  fall  of  Fort  Sumter  was  re- 
ceived at  Indianapolis  on  Sunda}'  morning  the  14th  of  April,  1861, 
and  at  Columbus  on  the  evening  of  the  same  da}-;  President  Lin- 
coln issued  a  call  on  the  15th  for  75,000  troops.  This  was  followed 
on  the  i6th  b}-  a  proclamation  from  Gov.  Morton  calling  for  the 
six  regiments,  the  quota  for  Indiana,  as  fixed  b}-  the  Secretary  of 
War.  In  this  count}'  the  wildest  enthusiasm  was  manifested,  and 
the  most  intense  excitement  prevailed;  a  mass  meeting  was  held  at 
the  court  house  in  Columbus  on  Monday.  All  pohtical  parties 
were  represented.  There  was  no  division  of  sentiment  at  this  time 
as  to  the  proper  course  to  pursue.  All  were  in  favor  of  protecting 
the  flag.  Speeches  were  made  by  Col.  S.  Stansifer  and  others, 
which  did  much  to  facilitate  the  formation  of  a  company.  In  less 
than  one  week  after  the  fall  of  Fort  Sumter  a  compan}-  was  or- 
ganized in  Bartholomew  County.  Many  more  were  eager  to  go  to 
the  front  in  defense  of  the  flag,  but  the  quota  was  filled  and  they 
were  not  accepted. 

The  first  company  from  Bartholomew  County  to  offer  its  serv- 
ices was  raised  b}'^  Augustus  H.  Abbett,  and  was  oflicered  as  fol- 
lows: A.  H.  Abbett,  Captain;  Allen  W.  Prather,  First  Lieutenant; 
William  C.  Wheeler,  Second  Lieu'.enant.  The  commissions  bore 
date  of  April  23,  1S61.     The  company  left  Columbus  for  Indianap- 


43^  BARTlIor^OMKW    COUNTV. 

olis  witli  seven{\--fonr  men.  Soon  aflcr  its  organization,  ii  was  as- 
^ signed  to  the  jiosilion  of  ]>,  in  tlie  Sixth  Regiment,  wiiich  was 
mustered  into  service  on  the  2  5l]i  c>f  April.  'J'lie  eoni]ian\'  re- 
entered tlie  service,  at  the  expiration  of  tlirce  montlis,  the  time  of 
first  enlistment.  The  Sixth  Regiment  was  organized  and  mus- 
tered into  the  ser\ice  for  thi-ee  months  at  Jndiana]iolis,  A]->ril  25, 
1861,  with  Thomas  T.  Crittenden,  of  Madison,  as  Colonel.  On  the 
30th  of  jMay,  the  regiment  left  for  the  scene  of  conflict  in  \\'est 
Virginia;  arriving  at  Webster  on  the  2nd  of  June,  it  marched  with 
other  troops,  the  same  night,  through  a  drenching  rain  a  distance 
of  fourteen  miles,  and  on  the  following  day  took  part  in  the  first 
battle  of  the  war  at  Phillippi.  It  then  joined  Gen.  ]Morris'  13rigade 
and  participated  in  the  march  to  Laurel  Hill  and  the  engagement 
with  Garnett's  Rebel  command  at  Garrick's  Ford,  on  the  12th  of 
July.  It  returned  to  Indianapolis,  and  was  discharged  August  2, 
1S61.  The  Sixth  was  re-organized  for  three  3-ears'  service,  at 
Madison,  September  20th,  of  the  same  3'ear.  In  the  re-organiza- 
tion Bartholomew  Count}-  was  represented  in  seven  of  the  ten 
companies,  viz. :  C,  D,  E,  F,  G,  H,  and  K.  Of  these,  two  com- 
panies, C  and  G,  were  made  up  almost  exclusively  of  Bartholo- 
mew County  men,  while  the  others  contained  only  a  few  recruits  from 
said  count}'.  This  company  was  oflicered  as  follows:  Captains  — 
Augustus  H.  Abbett,  April  23,  1S61;  Allen  W.  Prather,  October 
31,  1861 ;  WiUiam  A.  Cummings  (killed  at  Dallas,  Georgia,  May  27, 
1864).  First  Lieutenants — Allen  W.  Prather,  April  23,  1861; 
James  A.  Willets,  October  21,  1S61;  William  II.  Cummings,  Au- 
gust I,  1862;  Charles  Ma}',  May  i,  1864.  Second  Lieutenants  — 
J.  A.  Willets,  Jacob  Hoover,  October  21,  1S61;  Charles  A.  May, 
Ma}'  30,  1 861.  Captain  Abbett  left  for  the  field  with  ninety-seven 
men,  which  was  increased  to  loS.  Of  this  number,  twenty-three 
died  and  four  deserted.  October  10,  1S61,  Captain  Abbett  was 
promoted  Major,  and  in  September,  of  the  same  year,  was  pro- 
moted Lieutenant  Colonel  of  One  Hundred  and  Twenlieth  Regi- 
ment. 

The  officers  of  Company  G,  with  dates  of  commissions,  were : 
Captains — James  Moffat,  September  20,  1861;  Samuel  T.  Finney, 
May  30,  1S62.     First  Lieutenants  —  S.  T.  Finney,  September  20, 


INIILITAKV    UlSTOKY. 


139 


i86r ;  W.  W.  Wil!iams,May  29,  1862.      w'^crond  l.icuU'nanls  -  -Jcisiah 
Fut/,  and  Gerome  P.  Ilalcomb  (  kilk-d  at  Mu;fi\'csl)oro,  Ti-nn.,  May 
12,  1863)  May  30, 1862.      Of  ihc original n!nc:ty-cii;iiUhaU'nler(."d  llie 
serx'ice,  twenty-one  died,  seven  deserted,  and  one  was  unaccounted 
for.      The  total  number  in  conijian\"  du.riuL;"  its  term  of  service    was 
102.      The  day  after  the  re-organization,  the  regiment  left  Madison 
under  the  command  of  Col.  C'rittenden,  and  entered  Kentuckx-  at 
Louisville,  being  the  lu-st  body  of  troojis  to  enter  Kentucky  from  a 
northern  State.      The  regiment  stopped  near  Elizabethtown.      Here 
it  was  joined  by  300  recruits  in  charge  of  Lieut.  Col.  Hiram  Prather. 
It   was   assigned    to    Rausseau's    Brigade,   and  with    this    jiortion 
of   Buell's   armv   participated  in  the   second  day's  fight  at  Shiloh, 
where   b}'  its  bravery  it   won   the   favor   of  the   whole   arm}-.     It 
camped  on  the  field  at  Shiloh  until  the  siege  of  Corinth,  in  which  it 
participated;    thence    with    Buell's    army   through   Kentucky,  and 
back  to  Tennessee,  where  it  participated  in  Rosecran's  march  upon 
Murfreesboro,  and  in  the  battle  of  Stone  Ri\'er,  December  31, 1862, 
and  January  i,  1863.     The  spring  and  summer  of  1863  were  spent 
in  campaigning  around  Chattanooga.     In  the  fall  it  participated  in 
the  battle  of  Chickamauga  and  skirmishes  at  Brown's  Ferr}-,  Ten- 
nessee, and  Mission  Ridge.     In  the  march  upon  Atlanta  the  regi- 
ment participated  in  all  the  battles  incident  to  that  memorable  cam- 
paign, in  all  of  which  it  bore  an  honorable  part.     The  non-veterans 
were  mustered   out  at   Chattanooga,  September   22,  1864.      The 
yeterans  were  transferred  to  other  regiments;  Compan}^  H,  of  the 
Twelfth  Regiment,  was  raised  by  George  M.  Trotter,  from  Colum- 
bus and  vicinit}^,  and  Woodbur)-,  Hancock  County.    This  was  under 
the  President's  third  call,  which  was  issued  August  4,  1862.     The 
officers   were    commissioned    as   follows:     Captains — George  M. 
Trotter,  August   16,  1862;  Gideon   B.  Hart,  May    i,  1865.     First 
Lieutenants  —  J.  E.  Hart,  August  16,  1862;  G.  B.  Hart,  February'  12, 
1864;  Richard  Jones,  Ma}"  i,  1865.   Second  Lieutenants — Josephus 
Bills,  August  16,  1S62;  Richard  Jones,  February  16,  1864;  Logan 
P.  Herrod,  May  i,  1865.     There    were   in   the   beginning   eighty- 
eight  enlisted  men.     The   company   was   recruited  by   fort}'-four, 
making  a  total  enrollment  of  132  men.     There    were    twent}-three 
dropped    from    the    roll   on    account   of   death,  and    one   deserted. 


44^  BAK'i'llOl.OMr.W    COU-NTV. 

Captain  Trotter  was  pronioled  Major,  Scpteinlicr  17,  tS6.|,  and 
May  I,  1865,  tf)  the  ])()sition  of  Lieutenant  Colonel.  Jesse  1 F.  Coch- 
ran was  eonmiissioncd  Quarteiinaster,  I'Vhruare  20,  1865. 

Tlie-Twelfth  Re<^nnient  was  re-organized  for  three  years'  ser- 
vice at  Indianapolis,  August  17,  1862,  with  William  II.  Link,  its 
old  conunanding  oHieer,  as  Colonel.  It  left  for  Krntuckv  to  resist 
the  threatened  invasion  of  Kirby  vSniith,  and  on  the  30th  of  August 
participated  in  the  battle  of  Richmond,  losing  173  killed  and 
wounded,  including  the  gallant  Col.  Link.  The  most  of  the  rrgi- 
ment  were  taken  prisoner  and  afterward  paroled.  Lieut.  Col. 
Reuben  Williams  was  promoted  Colonel,  November  7,  and  being- 
exchanged  as  prisoner  of  war,  was  ordered  to  report  to  Gen. 
Grant,  at  Memphis.  In  June,  1863,  it  was  assigned  to  Logan's 
Fifteenth  Corps  of  the  Army  of  Tennessee,  in  which  it  served  for 
more  than  two  3'ears,  participating  in  all  the  battles,  mai-ches  and 
skirmishes.  Took  part  in  the  siege  of  Vicksburg,  and  in  Sherman's 
march  from  Memphis  to  Chattanooga.  In  the  battle  of  Mission 
Ridge  the  regiment,  November  25,  lost  no  men  and  officers.  It 
followed  in  pursuit  of  Bragg  into  Georgia,  and  thence  to  the  relief 
of  Burnside,  at  Knoxville.  It  participated  in  all  the  principal  bat- 
tles and  skirmishes  of  the  Atlanta  Campaign,  losing  in  killed  and 
\^  ounded  240  men  between  Dalton  and  Atlanta.  After  pursuing 
Hood  through  Georgia  and  Alabama,  marched  with  Sherman  to 
the  sea,  and  through  South  Carolina  and  North  Carolina,  on 
to  Ric'Miiond  and  Washington,  where  it  was  mustered  out,  June 
8,  1865,  reaching  Indianapolis  the  14th  of  the  same  month. 

Company  K,  of  the  Thirteenth  Regiment,  was  composed  en- 
tirely of  Bartholomew  County  men.  In  the  first  election  of  officers 
George  W.  Harrington  was  elected  Captain;  Joseph  Hunter,  First 
Lieutenant,  and  Daniel  Stryker,  Second  Lieutenant.  The  com- 
missions were  issued  April  22,  1861.  Later,  officers  with  date  of 
commissions  were:  Captains — J.  B.  Hunter,  Ma}'  31,  1862;  Samuel 
M.  Ze--  ,  June  20,  1864.  First  Lieutenant  —  Samuel  M.  Zent,  April 
20,  1862.  Second  Lieutenants — J.  P.  Jones,  December  7,  1861; 
David  Newson,  February  6,  1862.  In  the  re-organization  of  the 
Thirteenth,  several  of  the  companies  contained  a  few  Bartholomew 
County  men.  Of  a  total  enrollment  of  loi  in  Compan}-  K,  sev- 
enteen deserted  and  four  died. 


Min'j-.MJV   nisToRV.  441 

The  Tliirlcciith  Reg"iniciU. —  Tin's  was  one  of  the  four  i"et;M- 
ments  lliat  lirsl  entered  the  service  from  hidiaiia  for  the  term  of 
three  3ears,  and  was  mustered  in  at  hidiauajioHs  on  the  19th  day 
of  June,  i86j,  witli  Jerry  C.  Sullivan  as  Colonel.  On  the  4th  of 
July,  it  left  for  the  field,  and  on  the  mornin!,;-  of  the  lOth  joined 
Gen.  McClellan's  forces  at  the  foot  of  K\ch  Mountain,  West 
Vir<^'-inia.  On  the  next  da\-  it  participated  in  the  battle  of  Rich 
^Mountain,  under  Gen.  Rosecrans,  losing  eight  killed  and  nine 
wounded.  It  moved  next  to  Cheat  jNIountain,  and  took  part  in  the 
engagement  at  that  place.  It  marched  to  Alleghany  under  Gen. 
Milro}',  and  on  the  13th  of  December  participated  in  a  battle  at 
that  place.  On  the  22nd  of  March,  1S63,  was  engaged  at  Win- 
chester Heights;  after  which  it  pursued  Stonewall  Jackson  as 
far  as  New  Market.  It  participated  in  the  battle  of  the  Deserted 
Farm,  and  the  defeat  of  Longstreet  at  Suffolk.  At  the  siege  of 
Forts  Waggoner  and  Gregg  took  a  conspicuous  part.  It  was  en- 
gaged in  nearl}-^  all  the  operations  of  Gen.  Butler's  Arm}-  south  of 
Richmond,  in  all  of  which  it  lost  about  200.  The  regiment  was 
transferred  to  the  Arni}^  of  the  Potomac,  June  13,  1864,  after 
Avhich  it  participated  in  the  battle  of  Cold  Harbor,  assault  of  Rebel 
works  in  front  of  Petersburg,  the  battle  of  Strawberr}-  Plains,  and 
operations  against  Richmond,  December  6,  1S64;  was  re-organized 
into  a  battalion  of  five  companies.  Was  mustered  out  September 
5,  1S65,  with  twenty-nine  olHcers  and  550  enlisted  men. 

In  the  Fourteenth  Regiment,  Edward  Brasher,  of  Columbus, 
was  commissioned  First  Lieutenant  of  Company  F,  September  16, 
1861,  and  on  Ma}'  13,  of  the  following  year,  promoted  Captain.  In 
December  of  1862,  he  resigned,  but  re-entered  the  service  as  Cap- 
tain of  Compan}-  A,  One  Hundred  and  Twentieth  Regiment,  and 
is  credited  to  Terre  Haute;  was  promoted  Major,  December  8,  1S63. 
In  the  Seventeenth  Regiment,  Thomas  Murray  was  commissioned 
Second  Lieutenant,  Compan)-  A,  January  24,  1863.  Francis  P. 
Hauser  was  a  private  in  Compan}^  B,  same  regiment. 

When  the  first  call  for  six  regiments  was  made  by  Governor 
Morton,  man}^  move  than  were  necessar}'  to  fill  the  quota  for  this 
count}',  volunteered  their  services.  Among  those  who  were  not 
received  on  the  first  call  were  a  few  from  Elizabethtown  and  vicin- 


442  lJ.\KTII01-0Mi:\V    COUNTY. 

it\".  I'luk'r  the  J'TcsidciiTs  sccdiul  call  (jcor^'c  10.  Fiiiiu'V  iniiiu'd- 
ialely  began  to  recruit  a  company,  InilfailiiiL;- to  get  the  rcijuii-cd  num- 
ber, joined  with  a  jxirtially  recruited  companv  from  Johnson  County 
and  organized  with  Kichard  Jvc]le\-.  of  ICdinburg,  Captain.  Those 
from  ]5art]iolome\v  County  who  receivedcommissions  were.Cn'orge 
E.Finney,  April  7,  186:2:  and  William  11.  Wilson,  December  i,  1S62, 
Second  Lieutenant.  The  former  was  promoted  First  Lieutenant, 
December  i,  1862,  and  the  latter,  January  i,  1863.  This  company, 
of  which  thirty-one  \\ere  from  Ijartholomew  County,  was  assigned 
to  the  ])Osition  of  IT,  Nineteenth  Regimeiit.  Of  those  from  this 
county,  George  E.  Finney  rose  to  the  rank  of  Adjutant,  his  com- 
mission bearing  date  of  January  10,  1863.  He  was  mustered  out 
March  12,  1S65,  as  paroled  prisoner  of  war. 

The  Nineteenth  Regiment  was  mustered  into  the  seryice  at  In- 
dianapolis on  the  20th  of  July,  1S61,  wiih  Solomon  Meredith  as  Colo- 
nel. It  joined  the  Army  of  the  Potomac,  on  the  9th  of  August. 
It  was  first  engaged  at  Lewinsyille;  it  went  into  quarters  at  Arling- 
ton Heights,  and  in  March,  1S63,  it  marched  under  McDowell  to 
Fredericksburg  and  Spottsylyania  Court  House,  thence  to  Cedar 
INIountains,  and  on  the  2Sth  of  August,  was  engaged  at  Gainesyille, 
losing  187  killed  and  33  missing.  On  the  30th  it  was  again  en- 
gaged at  Manassas  Junction,  and  at  South  Mountain  on  the  14th  of 
September,  losing  fort}- killed  and  wounded  and  seven  missing;  on 
the  17th  it  entered  the  battle  of  Antietam  with  200  men  and  came 
out  with  but  37.  It  was  next  engaged  at  Fredericksburg,  then  at 
Fitzhugh's  Crossing,  and  on  the  morning  of  the  ist  of  Jul}'  reached 
the  battle  field  of  Gett3-sburgh,  and  with  the  First  Armj^  Corps  was 
the  first  infantry  force  to  engage  the  enemy.  On  the  first  day  the 
regiment  lost  210  out  of  28S  men  that  went  into  battle.  During 
the  winter  of  1864  a  portion  of  the  regiment  re-enlisted,  and  with 
Grant's  Army  participated  in  the  battles  of  the  Wilderness,  Laurel 
Hill,  North  Anna,  Cold  Harbor  and  the  siege  of  Petersburg,  los- 
ing in  all  about  210  men  and  officers.  The  non-yeterans  were 
mustered  out  in  August,  1864,  and  the  veterans  at  Louisville, 
July  12,  1865. 

In  the  re-organization  of  the  Twentieth  Regiment  it  was  consoli- 
dated with  the  Nineteenth,   among  whom  were  several  Bartholo- 


'^-  f 


MIMTAUV    UISTOKV 


445 


inew  County  men.  .In  the  new  organization  the\-  cnli.sled  in 
Conipan}-  G,  which  was  ollieered  as  follo^v.s:  William  B.  WilstMi, 
Klizabethtown,  commissioned  Captain,  December  2,  xS6.\.  On  the 
same  day  Eldridge  Anderson  ^vas  commissioned  First  Lieutenant, 
but  was  promoted  Captain  of  said  company,  December  i6,  1864. 
The  TwentN'-lirst  Regiment  Heavy  Artillery,  was  organized  at 
Indianapolis,  July  24,  1861,  as  an  infantry  regiment,  with  James  W. 
]\IcMillen,  CoIducI.  After  doing  infantry  duty  until  Februar}-, 
1S63,  it  \\'as  changed  to  heav}'  artillery  service,  and  Lieut.  Col. 
John  A.  Keith,  of  Columbus,  placed  in  command.  He  remained 
in  command  of  the  regiment  until  Februar}'  2,  1S65,  when  he  was 
honorably  discharged.  His  commission  as  Lieutenant  Colonel  bore 
date  of  July  23,  1S61.  Colonel  Keith  was  a  man  of  fine  literar}^ 
attainments,  a  lawyer  of  fair  abilit}',  and  a  soldier  brave  and  daring. 
He  is  the  only  one  of  the  soldiers  of  Bartholomew  Count}^  who 
rose  to  the  high  rank  of  Colonel.  In  several  of  the  companies  of 
the  Twenty-first  Regiment,  there  were  a  few  men  from  Bartholo- 
mew Count}'. 

For  Jefferson  C.  Davis'  Regiment  there  were  two  companies 
recruited  in  Bartholomew  County;  one  from  the  southern  part  of 
the  count}',  assigned  to  the  position  of  Compan}'  E,  was  composed 
exclusiA'cl}^  of  men  from  this  count}',  while  in  Company  G,  a\  hich 
was  recruited  by  Squire  Isham  Keith,  there  were  sixt}'-t\\'o  men 
from  Bartholomew  County,  a  large  portion  of  the  remainder  being 
assigned  to  Louisville,  Ky.  The  oUicers  of  Company  E  were 
commissioned  as  follows :  Captains — Josiah  Wilson,  July  15,  1S61 ; 
William  II.  Snodgrass,  July  11,  1S62;  Alvin  C.  Graves,  January 
20,  1865.  First  Lieutenants  —  William  H.  Snodgrass,  July  15, 
1861;  S.  H.  McBride,  July  11,  1862,  died  Decei  iber  5,  1862;  Al- 
vin C.  Graves,  December  6,  1862;  James  E.  Benton,  Januar}'  2, 
1865.  The  original  number  of  enlisted  men  Avas  99;  recruits,  124; 
lost  by  death,  49;  deserted,  5.  The  officers  of  Company  G  were: 
Captains  —  Isham  Keith,  July  15,  1861;  William  M.  Wiles,  July 
9,  1862:  Alonzo  J.  Mass,  May  27,  1863;  Nicholas  Moser,  January  2, 
1865;  George  W.  Hopkins,  ALirch  20,  1865.  First  Lieutenants  — 
WilHam  M.  Wiles,  July  15,  1861;  James  McGrayel,  July  9,  1S62; 
Alonzo  J.  Mass,  February  23,  1863,  killed  July  i,  1S64;  Nicholas 
II 


^.\6  BAirriioLOMi:w  countv, 

Moscr,  April  25,  iSC\Y,  Dow  E.  l)c)\vnin<;-,  March  20,  i86v  Sec- 
ond Lieutenants— Janifs  McGrayel,  July  15,  1S61;  Alex  Grillith, 
July  9,  1862;  N.  Moser,  February  23,  1863,  killed  :\rarch,  1865; 
S.  C.  Trig---,  April  25,  1863;  W.  W.  Matthews,  May  i,  1S65. 
Of  an  original  enrollment  of  ninety-seven  about  sixtv-two  were 
assigned  to  Bartholomew  County.  Capt.  Keith,  who  had  risen  to 
the  rank  of  Lieutenant  Colonel,  was  killed  at  Chaplain  Hills,  Octo- 
ber 8,  1S62. 

Few  regiments  saw  more  hard  and  active  service  than  the 
Twentj'-second.  It  was  organized  at  Madison,  and  mustered  in  at 
Indianapolis;  from  there  it  moved  to  St.  Louis  and  joined  the  army 
of  Gen.  Fremont.  It  was  engaged  in  the  battle  of  Pea  Ridge,  the 
siege  of  Corinth,  Perry ville  (where  it  lost  50  per  cent,  of  the  men 
engaged),  Stone  River,  Mis.  ion  Ridge,  and  in  the  campaign  of 
1S64,  bore  a  conspicuous  part.  It  left  Chattanooga  in  Mav,  with 
Sherman's  Army,  and  was  engaged  at  Tunnel  Hill,  Rocky  Face 
Ridge,  battle  of  Rasacca,  Rome,  Dallas,  Big  Shanty,  Kenesaw 
Mountain,  Chattahooche  River,  Peach  Tree  Creek,  and  at  Atlanta 
from  the  28th  of  July  to  August  7th,  Red  Oak  Station,  Jonesboro, 
and  in  December,  at  the  siege  of  Savannah,  and  then  joined  in  the 
forward  movement  through  the  Carolinas.  On  the  i6th  of  June, 
1865,  it  was  discharged  at  Indianapolis. 

In  the  Twenty-fourth  re-organized,  which  was  a  consolidation 
of  the  veterans  of  the  original  Twenty-fourth  and  Sixty-seventh 
regiments,  Bartholomew  Count}'  was  represented  in  Companies 
I  and  K.  In  the  former,  William  H.  Aikin,  of  Hope,  was  com- 
missioned Captain,  December  21,  1864;  and  George  W.  Friedle}-, 
of  Company  K,  March  21,  1863.  Horace  L.  Brown,  of  Moore's 
Vineyard,  became  First  Lieutenant,  December  21,  1864.  Charles 
S.  BoA-nton,  of  Hope,  became  Surgeon  of  the  Regiment,  March  5, 
1S64. 

In  the  Twent^'-seventh,  Jacob  Lee,  of  Taylorsville,  held  a  com- 
mission of  First  Lieutenant  in  Company^  C.  Emil  Aichelc,  of  Col- 
umbus, war  commissioned  Assistant  Surgeon  of  the  Thirty-second, 
April  26,  ]  02.  In  both  the  Thirtieth  and  Thirty-first  there  were 
a  few  men  from  Bartholomew  County.  In  the  Thirty-third  there 
\vere  two  full  companies  from  the  county.     Companv  G  was  raised 


Mll.lTAUV     IIISTOKV. 


417 


by  Israel  C.  Dillc,  wlio  was  at  the  lime  cdilor  of  a  paper  in  Col- 
umbus. vThe  uincers  of  the  company,  Avitli  dates  of  commission  were : 
Captains — I.  C.  Dille,  September  5,  iS6r  ;  S.  I).  1  Telman,  May  4, 1865  ; 
First  Lieutenants  —William  l^arrcll,  vScptember  6,  1861;  Plina  Mc- 
Knight,  January  6,  1863;  S.  1).  I lelman,  January  i,  1S65;  I.  J.  Belts, 
Ma}'  4,  1S65.  Second  Lieutenants — -Plina  IMcKm'ght,  Septem- 
ber 6,  1861;  William  ]?one,  January'  6,  1863;  A.  C.  Ilorton,  May  4, 
1S65.  This  company  had  a  total  enrollment  of  169  men,  twenty  of 
whom  died  and  sixteen  deserted.  The  Captain  was  killed  by  guer- 
rillas July  17,  1863,  and  W^ilham  Farrell  on  the  steamer  Sultana, 
April  28,  1S65.  Company  I  was  raised  b}-  William  A.  W.  Ilauser 
from  Hope  and  vicinity.  Its  officers  were :  Captains  — William  A.  W. 
Ilauser,  Sejitembcr  6,  1861;  George  L.  Scott,  February  19,  1863; 
Enos  Halbert,  October  5,  1864.  First  Lieutenants- — G.  L.  Scott, 
September  6,  1861 ;  Ed  J.  Bachman,  February  19,  1863;  Henry  L, 
Fislier,  Januar}'  i,  1865.  Second  Lieutenants  —  E.  J.  Bachman, 
September  6,  1S61;  J.  L.  Chrisler,  Februar}-  19,  1S63;  Charles  IL 
Porter,  Januar}'  i,  1864;  Enos  Halbert,  April  28,  1864;  John  A. 
Miller,  May  i,  1865.  In  this  company  there  was  an  enrollment  of 
185  men,  twent3'-eight  died  and  thirteen  deserted.  Captain  George 
L.  Scott  was  killed  July  22,  1S64. 

The  Thirty-third  Regiment  was  engaged  in  Kentuck}^  untl 
April,  1862,  most  of  the  time  doing  garrison  duty.  At  that  time  it 
joined  Gen.  IMorgan's  forces  against  Cumberland  Gap,  and  after 
the  evacuation  of  that  place  it  returned  as  escort  to  the  ammunition 
convo}'  to  Kentuck}-,  in  which  State  it  remained,  doing  but  little 
hard  service  until  January,  1863,  when  it  was  transferred  to  Nash- 
ville. From  that  time  on  the  regiment  saw  much  hard  service,  at 
Columbia,  Thompson's  Station  and  Franklin.  Earl3^  in  1864,  ^^^^ 
regiment  re-enli.-ied  and  came  home  on  veteran  furlough.  On  its 
return  to  the  field,  it  joined  in  the  Atlanta  campaign,  and  was  en- 
gaged at  the  following  places:  Resacca,  Cassville,  New  Hope 
Church,  Golgotha,  Gulp's  Farm,  Kenesaw,  Marietta,  Peach  Tree 
Creek,  and  the  siege  of  Atlanta.  On  September  2,  Atlanta  wrs 
surrendered  to  Col.  Coburn,  of  this  regiment.  In  this  campaign 
the  regiment  lost  more  than  300  killed  and  wounded.  It  remained 
in   camp  at  Atlanta  until  November  15th,  when  it  started  in  the 


44S  HAUTIIOI.OMF.W    COUNTY. 

cclehralod  "March  to  llic  Sea,"  in  wliicli  it  took  a  disUii_i;'iii.slicd 
♦.part.  After  that  it  started  north  lhr()ui;"h  the  CaroHnas,  and  was 
several  times  enjj;ai^ed  witli  the  enem\'.  l^he  Tliirty-tliird  was  one 
of  the  strongest  i^eginienls  engaged  in  the  war,  and  was  always 
well  recruited  and  kept  together.  It  was  mustered  out  at  Ivouis- 
ville,  Kentucky,  Jul\-  21,  1865. 

In  the  Thirt^'-seventh  there  were  a  few  men  f)"oni  Bartholomew 
Count}',  among  whom  was  Augustus  II.  Tevis,  commissioned 
First  Lieutenant  of  Company  II,  July  19,  1864.  Up  to  this  time 
the  three  calls  made  by  the  Pi-esident  aggregated  more  than 
315,000  men.  Volunteering  went  on  rapidly,  and  recruiting 
stations  were  established  in  all  parts  of  the  count}-.  At  Jones- 
ville,  Button  G.  Cody  and  others  began  recruiting  a  company-, 
and  in  a  short  time  ninct^'-six  men  had  enlisted.  The  com- 
pany was  organized  and  its  officers  commissioned  as  follows:  But- 
ton G.  Cody,  September  2,  1861;  Joseph  Potts,  April  22,  1S63; 
Thomas  N.  Baker,  October  i,  1863;  WiUiam  H.  Ockerman,  March 
I,  1865.  At  the  organization  Joseph  C.  Potts  was  commissioned 
Pirst  .Lieutenant,  and  Thomas  Baker  was  commissioned  Sec- 
ond Lieutenant.  Joseph  C.  Potts  died  of  wounds  September 
20,  1863;  Thomas  N.  Baker  was  promoted  Major  of  the  regiment, 
February,  1865.  In  Company  B,  Henry  C.  Snyder  was  made 
Captain,  Januar}^  i,  1865.  In  Compan}^  M,  fourteen  were  enrolled 
from  Bartholomew  County.  They  were  originally  organized  as 
sharpshooters,  but  were  afterward  mounted  as  cavahy,  and  desig- 
nated as  the  Eighth  Cavahy,  Thirt}'-ninth  Regiment.  Soon  after 
organization  it  went  to  Kentuck}',  and  remained  in  the  Green  River 
countr}',  until  the  following  spring.  The  regiment  was  engaged  at 
Ihe  battle  of  Shiloh,  at  Corinth,  and  then  moved  through  northern 
Alabama  to  Nashville.  From  there  it  went  through  Kentuck}',  in 
pursuit  of  Gen.  Bragg.  It  took  part  in  the  battle  of  Stone  River 
with  a  severe  loss.  In  April,  1S63,  it  was  mounted  and  served  in  that 
capacity  through  the  campaign.  It  was  engaged  in  many  skir- 
mishes in  various  portions  of  the  South,  and  many  of  the  important 
"battles.  It  saw  service  in  the  Sherman  campaign  against  Atlanta 
iind  Savannah,  and  later  through  the  Carolinas.  It  was  discharged 
at  Indianapolis  during  the  last  week  of  Jul\-,  1065.  Few  regiments 
did  more  effective  service. 


MILITAKV     11IST^1R^^ 


449 


Compaii}'  II,  of  the  ]"ifl\ -lliird  Ri'i^'iincnt,  was  recruited 
larn-el^-  <froin  llic  iinrtli  jxirt  of  I  his  counlv,  in  Deceinbcr,  i86r. 
The  inumber  of  enlisted  men  and  recruits  was  i8S.  The  comjiany 
org'anized  witli  eiglity-one  men,  and  elected  the  following  otllcers: 
George  I).  jNIcQueen,  December  i6,  1861;  O.  II.  Huston,  April 
10,  1862:  John  Garratt,  July  1,  1863;  Clinton  Lewis,  March  29, 
1S65,  Captains.  Nathaniel  iMartin,  Decemhei-  16,  1861;  E.  I). 
Pudney,  November  17,  1863;  John  Garratt,  May  26,  1863;  James: 
B.lMiller,  March  28,  1865,  First  T^ieutenants.  S.  S.  Sims,  December 
16,  i86i;E.  D.  Pudney,  June  21,  1862;  Adam  Lorts,  March  25, 
1865,  Second  Lieutenants.  Twent3'-three  of  the  company  died,  and 
fourteen  deserted. 

The  Fift3--third  Regiment  was  partially  organized  at  New 
Alban\ ,  January,  1862,  but  the  organization  was  not  perfected  until 
February,  when  Walter  Q.  Gresham,  was  put  in  command.  It  was 
on  guard  duty  at  Camp  IMorton,  until  March  15,  when  it  was  trans- 
ported to  St.  Louis,  and  later  to  Savannah,  Tenn.  It  was  engaged 
during  its  term  of  service  as  follows:  West  Tennessee  and  Missis- 
sippi, 1862-3;  Siege  of  Corinth,  1862;  against  Vicksburg,  1863; 
Sherman's  raid  through  Mississijipi,  1864;  against  Atlanta,  1864; 
pursuit  of  Hood,  1864;  Sherman's  march  to  the  sea,  1864;  through 
the  Carolinas  in  1865,  and  was  mustered  out  at  Louisville,  July  21, 
1865. 

Companies  D  and  I,  of  the  Sixty-seventh  Regiment,  were  raised 
in  the  most  part  from  Bartholomew  Count}';  Augustus  H.  Abbett, 
who  was  Captain  of  the  first  company  raised  from  the  count}',  re- 
cruited Company  D,  and  was  elected  its  first  Captain,  his  cpmmis- 
sion  bearing  date  of  August  19,  1862.  Other  Captains  were: 
George  Sims,  September  6,  1S62,  and  B.  L.  Smith,  Juty  i,  1S64. 
First  Lieutenants  —  George  R,  Sims,  August  19, 1862 ;B. L.Smith, 
September  6,  1S62;  11.  L.  Brown,  July  i,  1864.  Second  Lieuten- 
ants—  B.  L.  Smith,  August  19,  1862;  II.  L.  Brown,  September  16, 
1862.  Among  the  names  of  Bartholomew  soldiers  conspicuous  for 
militar}'^  service,  none  deserves  more  proipinent  mention  than  that 
of  Aufjustus  H.  Abbett.  In  less  than  a  week  after  the  firinfj  of  Fort 
Sumter,  he,  at  the  head  of  100  men,  was  ready  to  go  to  the  front 
in  defense  of  his  country.     After  serving  less   than   one   month  he 


450  nARTIIOI.OMF.W    COUNT  v. 

Avas  promoted  IMajor  of   regiment,   September   5,    1S62.      At   the 
^battle  of    Miinfordsville,  Kentuck\-,  the   first  action   in   Avliieh   the 
i-egiment  was  engaged,  taking  an  exposed  position  in  order  to  en- 
courage his  men,  he  \vas  killed  September  14,  1862. 

Compan3^  I,  same  regiment,  was  recruited  at  Hope,  and  was 
mustered  in  with  eighty-four  men  and  was  recruited  with  fourteen 
men.  The  olhcers,  with  dates  of  commissions,  were:  Captains  — 
Shepherd F.  Eaton,  August  20, 1S62 ;  George  AV.  Friedlc}-,  March  21, 
1863.  First  Lieutenants — -George  W.  Friedlc}-,  August  20,  1:862; 
WiUiam  H.  Aiken,  March  21, 1863.  Second  Lieutenants  —  W.  H. 
Aiken,  August  20,  1862  ;  W.  M.  Friedle}-,  April  30,  1863. 

The  Sixt}'-seventh  Regiment  was  organized  in  the  Third 
Congressional  District,  and  mustered  into  service  Au:>;ust  20, 1862, 
^vith  Frank  Emerson  as  Colonel,  and  was  at  once  ordered  to  Louis- 
ville. From  there  it  marched  to  Munfordsville,  where  it  took  part 
in  the  engagement  with  the  advance  of  Bragg's  Army  on  the  14th 
of  September,  and  was  surrendered  at  that  place  with  other  forces, 
but  being  paroled  by  the  enemy  returned  home  and  remained  till 
December,  when  it  proceded  to  Memphis  and  joined  Sherman's 
expedition  against  Vicksburg.  The  principal  actions  in  which  the 
regiment  was  engaged,  were:  Battles  Arkansas  Post,  Port  Gib- 
son, Champion  Hills,  Black  River  Bridge,  Vicksburg,  Grand 
Coteau,  Mansfield,  Alexandria,  Sieges  of  Fort  Gaines  and  Morgan, 
etc.  The  regiment  was  consolidated  with  the  Twentj'-fourth  Reg- 
iment in  December,  1864,  and  was  mustered  out  July  19,  1865. 
During  its  term  of  service  the  Sixty-seventh  participated  in  eighteen 
regular  engagements,  was  under  fire  147  days  and  traveled  17,000 
miles. 

Company  L,  of  Fourth  Cavalry  (Seventy-seventh)  Regiment, 
was  organized  with  ninety-eight  men ;  tvvent3'-five  of  that  number 
were  from  Bartholomew  County.  The  men  had  been  thoroughly 
drilled  by  WilHam  Winkler,  a  man  of  scholarly  attainments,  an  en- 
thusiastic patriot  who  had  served  with  credit  in  the  German  Arm3\ 
He  was  well  versed  in  military  tactics,  and,  after  its  organization, 
was  the  principal  drill  master  of  the  regiment,  besides  perforniing 
the  duties  of  Adjutant  much  of  the  time  during  his  term  of  service. 
He  was  commissioned  Second  Lieutenant  of  the  company,  June  i, 


MILITARY    IIISTOUV.  ^5^ 

1S65,  but  was  nil'  -Icred  (nit  as  StTgcant.  Jasper  X.  Vanskike,  of 
Columbus,  was  commissioned  First  Lieutenant  at  the  organiza- 
tion, Auo-ust  15,  1S62,  and  February  ly,  11^63,  lie  was  promoted 
Captain,  Josiah  Ilartly  hax'ing  been  dislionorably  discharged.  The 
Seventy-seventh  was  organized  at  Indianapolis,  August  22,  1S62, 
with  Colonel  Isaac  P.  Gray  in  command.  The  regiment  was  en- 
gaged in  the  following  actions  during  its  term  of  service:  ]Mount 
Washington,  Kentucky;  Madisonville,  near  Munfordsville;  Ruth- 
erford's Creek,  near  Murfrcesboro,  Chickamauga,  Fayetteville, 
Tennessee,  IMossv  Creek,  Talbot's,  and  Dandritlge,  Fair  Garden. 
The  regiment  was  also  with  Sherman  at  Atlanta,  and  under  Gen. 
Wilson  participated  in  the  campaign  of  Alabama  and  Georgia. 
One  of  the  most  conspicuous  actions  in  which  the  regiment  partici- 
pated was  a  sabre  charge  on  a  Rebel  batteiy.  The  charge  was  led 
by  Lieut.  Col.  Leslie,  and  resulted  in  the  capture  of  the  batteiy, 
one  battle  flag,  and  more  prisoners  than  the  charging  part}-  had 
men  engaged.  Herod  D.  Garrison,  of  Hope,  was  appointed  As- 
sistant Surgeon,  INIarch  i,  1864.  The  regiment  was  mustered  out 
June  29,  1865. 

In  the  fall  of  1862,  in  response  to  the  President's  call  for  300,000 
troops  for  nine  months,  recruiting  was  renewed,  and  in  a  few  weeks 
two  full  companies  were  raised  in  this  county.  The  Ninet3'-third 
Regiment  was  at  the  time  being  recruited  in  the  Third  Congres- 
sional District,  with  Madison  as  place  of  rendezvous.  One  of  the 
companies,  of  which  Charles  Hubbard  was  Captain,  was  assigned 
to  the  position  of  A,  and  during  its  term  of  service  had  the  follow- 
ing officers:  Captains  —  C.  A.  Hubbard,  August  i,  1862;  W.  H. 
Stevens,  March  5,  1865.  First  Lieutenants  —  C.  H.  Maxwell, 
August  I,  1862;  W.  B.  Stevens,  April  29,  1863;  Eli  Stringer, 
July  I,  1865.  Second  Lieutenants — John  G.  Hunter,  August  i, 
1862;  William  Goforth,  July  i,  1865.  During  its  term  it  had  on  its 
roll  112  men,  twenty-seven  of  whom  died  and  eleven  deserted.  The 
other  company  was  assigned  to  the  position  of  E,  same  regiment, 
and  the  officers  bore  commissions  as  follows:  Captain  —  Michael 
McGrayel,  August  20,  1862.  First  Lieutenant  —  Marion  Mooney, 
August  20,  1862.  Second  Lieutenants  —  Alonzo  Hubbard,  August 
20,  1862;  Edward  P.   Foster,  January    16,    1S63.     The   company 


452  BAKTIIOI.O.Mr.W    COUXTV. 

enlisted  uilh  ciglity-scNcn  men  and  was  recruilcil  w  ith  lift  \--nInc. 
Tlicrc  were  thirt^y-two  wlio  dietl  and  six  deserted.  In  the  same 
re;.;imcnt  there  were  seven  13artholomew  County  men  in  Company 
C,  se\eii  in  Compan\  V  and  six  in  Company  I.  In  tlic  last  named 
company,  William  1>.  1'.  llebbard  was  commissioned  P'irst  T^ieuten- 
ant,  August  20,  1862. 

The  Ninet3--third  was  mustered  into  the  service,  in  October, 
1S62.  It  was  almost  constantly  on  the  march  until  May,  1S63, 
when  it  joined  General  Sherman's  Corps  and  participated  in  the 
movement  against  Vicksbm-g.  It  was  next  engaged  in  the  siege 
of  Jackson,  Mississippi.  Other  actions  in  which  it  was  engaged, 
were  at  Brownsville,  Mississippi,  Brice's  Cross  Roads,  Harrisburg, 
IMississippi,  Battle  of  Nashville,  Spanish  Fort  and  Fort  Blakely. 
The  regiment  was  mustered  out  of  service  at  Memphis,  Tennessee, 
August  ro,  1S65.  The  regiment  left  for  the  field  with  923  men, 
and  returned  with  iS  officers  and  200  men.  It  traveled  during 
its  term  of  service  1,060  miles  by  rail  and  3,972  miles  by  river,  and 
marched  2,400  miles.  Of  those  from  the  county  who  received 
commissions  as  regimental  oflicers,  were:  Charles  Hubbard,  Major, 
March  5,  1S65;  Abraham  L.  Whitesides,  Quartermaster,  .Septem- 
ber 5,  1862;  John  H.  Ford,  Surgeon,  April  25,  1863;  George  E. 
Ir\^■in,  Assistant  Surgeon,  March  20,  iS63;Lee  M.  Sockett,  Assist- 
ant Surgeon,  Jul}"  5,  1S65. 

During  the  month  of  September,  1863,  Gov.  Morton  received 
authority  from  the  War  Department  to  raise  eleven  regiments  of 
three  years'  volunteers.  Of  these  the  One  Hundred  and  Twentieth, 
was  raised  in  the  First,  Third  and  Eighth  Ci  :  gressional  Districts, 
with  Columbus  as  place  of  rendezvous,  the  fair  grounds  being 
used  for  the  purpose.  In  recruiting  this  regiment,  Allen  W.  Prather, 
who  had  already  distinguished  himself  in  the  service  for  his  pat- 
riotism and  braver}-,  took  a  prominent  part,  and  at  the  organization 
of  the  regiment  was  appointed  its  First  Lieutenant  Colonel,  and 
August  17,  1864,  was  promoted  Colonel,  rice  Richard  F.  Barter, 
resigned.  Henr}^  C.  Merrick,  of  Newbern,  was  commissioned 
Adjutant,  September  6,  1S64.  Compan}'  A,  of  said  regiment,  was 
in  most  part  composed  of  Bartholomew  County  men,  and  its  offi- 
cers were:  Captains — Edward  Brasher,  December  8,  1863;  Henry 


MILITARY    HISTORY.  453 

Robcrlson,  Septemljer  i,  1864:  John  L.  I  [i)uclu-n,  Otlobcr  10, 
1865.  First  Lieutenant-  -llcnrv  R.  Sloan,  December  8,  1863. 
Second •J^ieutenanls  —  II.  II.  Robertson,  December  8,  1863;  II.  C. 
IMerrick,  Septeniber  l,  1864;  George  ^V.  Ikixlon,  November  i, 
1864;  Jienjamin  Bruner,  July  i,  1865.  Of  the  103  men  originally 
enlisted,  21  died  and  7  deserted.  The  One  Hundred  and  Twen- 
tieth Regiment  \vas  assigned  to  Gen.  Ilovey's  Division  of  the 
Twent\--third  Army  Corj^s,  and  -with  said  corps  was  engaged  at 
Rocky  Face,  Resacca,  Kenesaw  Mountain,  and  participated  in  all 
the  movements  in  the  campaign  of  Atlanta.  Was  next  engaged 
in  the  battles  of  Franklin  and  Nashville,  Wise's  Fork,  N.  C.  It 
joined  Sherman's  Army  at  Goldsboro,  and  marched  to  Raleigh 
where  it  was  ])laced  on  provost  dut\'  and  remained  there  till  the 
close  of  the  war. 

At  the  same  time  the  companies  for  the  One  Hundred  and 
Twentieth  Regiment  were  being  raised,  a  cavalry  compan\'  was 
recruited  for  the  Tenth  Cavalry  or  One  Hundred  and  Twenty- 
fifth  Regiment.  The  first  officers  of  the  company  were:  Matthew 
Gaffne}',  Captain;  Charles  H.  Burnell,  Fii-st  Lieutenant,  and  Jesse 
Davis,  Second  Lieutenant.  The}-  were  commissioned  Januar}-  23, 
1864.  ^They  were  succeeded  respecti^■el3'  b}-  George  W.  AVright, 
Button  C.  Cody,  and  William  F.  Anderson,  August  11,  1S65. 
The  compan}-  was  assigned  to  the  position  of  L,  and  was  mustered 
iii'O  the  service  with  105  men.  In  Company  C,  same  regiment, 
there  were  twent3'-two  enlisted  men  from  this  count}',  and  one  in 
compan}'-  K.  Of  the  regimental  officers,  John  G.  Hunter,  of  Colum- 
bus, became  Quartermaster;  Solomon  Davis,  Surgeon,  and  Jacob 
H.  Hauser  Assistant  Surgeon.  John  E.  Bush  was  commissioned 
Second  Lieutenant,  Company  E,  May  i,  1865. 

The  camps  of  rendezvous  of  the  One  Hundred  and  Twcnt}"- 
fifth,  were  Vincennes  and  Columbus.  The  regiment  was  organized 
February  2,  1864,  with  Thomas  N.  Pace  as  Colonel.  Before  leav- 
ing the  wState,  the  regiment,  dismounted  and  armed  as  infantr3\ 
moved  to  Tennessee,  where  it  participated  in  skirmishes  with  Roddy, 
Wheeler  and  Forrest.  It  was  engaged  in  the  following  campaigns 
during  its  term  of  service:  Tennessee  and  North  Carolina,  1864; 
pursuit  of  Hood,  1864;  against  INIobile,    1865,   and  Alabama  and 


454  BAIiTIIOLOMJCW    COUXTV. 

Mississippi,  1S65.  It  j)aiiicijiatccl  in  Ihi.*  principal  battles  of  these 
canipai<;-ns.  In  August,  1865,  \Nliile  the  regiment  was  on  board 
**the  steamer  Sultana,  an  explosion  occurred  which  i-esulted  in  the 
death  and  loss  of  man}-,  among  whom  was  Ca]->tain  Gaffney,  of 
Columbus.  The  regiment  was  mustered  out  at  Indianapolis,  Sep- 
•   tembcr  5,  1S65. 

In  the  One  Hundred  and  Fortieth  Regiment,  this  county  was 
represented  in  five  companies  by  sevent-s'-two  men.  Sixt3'-t\vo  of  said 
number  were  enrolled  in  company  D,  of  which  John  Rich,  of  Eliza- 
bethtown,  Avas  Second  Lieutenant.  In  the  campaign  of  Tennessee, 
in  1864,  against  Wilmington,  and  in  North  Carolina,  1865,  the  regi- 
ment was  engaged  in  several  of  the  hardest  contests  incident  to 
those  campaigns.  At  Fort  Anderson  and  Town  Creek  Bridge, 
they  did  most  effective  service.  The  regiment  was  discharged  at 
Indianapolis,  Jul}'  28,  1865.  The  One  Hundred  and  Fort3'-fifth  was 
organized  in  Third  Congressional  District,  and  mustered  into  the 
sevvice,  February,  1865,  with  William  A.  Adams  as  Colonel.  The 
principal  work  performed  by  this  regiment  w^as  guarding  rail- 
roads. In  recruiting  this  regiment,  Bartholomew  County  raised 
Compan}/-  A,  Henry  Winter  first  Captain,  w^th  103  men;  Company 
H,  Alexander  W.  Dean,  Captain,  with  45  men,  and  a  few  in  Com- 
panies D,  F,  and  G.  Other  officers  of  Company  A  were:  G.  H. 
Durham,  Captain:  A.  W.  Huffman,  George  T.  Wright,  A.  O.  Cod}^ 
and  A,  C.  Flanigan,  First  Lieutenants :  G.  T.  AVright,  G.  H. 
Durham,  A.  O.  Cody,  A.  C.  Flanigan  and  Yater  McElroy,  Second 
Lieutenants.  Abraham  Huffman  was  promoted  Captain  of  Com- 
pany D,  May  i,  1865.  The  regimental  officers  from  this  county 
were :  Henry  Winter,  Major,  and  William  Beck,  Surgeon. 

The  Seventh  Battery,  Light  Artiller}'-,  was  mustered  into  the 
service  at  Indianapolis  on  2d  of  December,  1861,  with  Samuel  J. 
Harris,  of  Columbus,  as  Captain,  and  Lewis  B.  Leonard,  First 
Lieutenant.  The  commissions  were  dated  October  4,  1861.  The 
batter}'^  moved  to  Louisville,  thence  to  Nashville  and  Pittsburg 
Landing,  arriving  at  the  latter  place  too  late  to  engage  in  the 
battle  of  Shiloh.  Here  Captain  Harris  resigned,  came  home,  but 
August  15,  1862,  was  commissioned  Captain  of  the  Nineteenth 
Battery.     It  proceeded  to   Louisville,  and  there    joined  the  Army 


.       MILITARY    inS'J-(JRV.  455 

of  the  Ohio.  In  the  c;imp;iign  against  Bra^'LJ,  in  KLMitucky,  it  was 
an  active  participant.  It  was  enj^^aged  at  Perry\ille,  Hoover's  Gap. 
At  Chickamaiiga  for  the  support  given,  the  Nineteenth  Batterx'  re- 
ceived the  commendation  of  all  the  commanding  officers.  \n  this 
battle  Captain  Harris  was  wounded,  and  in  conse(|uence  was  com- 
pelled to  accept  an  'honorable  discharge.  Captaiti  Harris  entered 
the  service  in  1S42,  and  during  the  Mexican  War  served  with  Col. 
Bankhead's  United  States  Artillery,  participating  in  the  actions  o£ 
Monterey,  Vera  Cruz  and  Cerro  Gordo,  and  was  with  Col.  Childs 
during  the  twenty-eight  da\'S  his  command  was  besieged  at  Pueblo. 
Capt.  Harris  recruited  the  One  Hundred  and  Fortieth  Regiment, 
but  from  the  effect  of  five  wounds  received  while  in  the  service, 
he  was  unable  to  iio  with  the  rea'iment  to  the  front. 

Others  not  elsewhere  accounted  for  —  William  M.  Wiles  was 
promoted  Major  of  the  Forty-fourth  Regiment,  April  25,  1S63,  and 
Jul}'  30,  of  the  same  year,  promoted  Lieutenant  Colonel  of  the 
Twenty-second,  and  Februar}'  6,  1S64,  Colonel  of  the  same  regi- 
ment. Col.  Wiles  deserves  to  be  remembered  as  one  of  the  most 
lo3'al  men  and  brave  soldiers  who  was  in  the  volunteer  service  of 
Indiana.  Jan.es  P.  Siddall  commissioned  Surgeon  of  the  Twent}'- 
second  Regiment,  August  6,  1862;  WiUiam  T.  Strickland,  of  Col- 
umbus, was  commissioned  Major  of  the  Fift^'-second  Regiment, 
September  4,  1862.  He  was  dismissed  April  17,  1864.  William  X- 
Mounts  was  commissioned  First  Lieutenant  Compan}^  A,  Fifty- 
ninth  Regiment,  May  i,  1865.  In  this  regiment  there  were  a  few 
privates  from  Bartholomew  Count}-.  John  J.  Carter  was  commis- 
sioned First  Lieutenant  Company  B,  Seventy-first  Regiment;  C.  B. 
Boynton,  Surgeon  in  the  Eighty-second  Regiment;  John  B.  Brazel- 
ton,  Surgeon  in  the  One  Hundred  and  Thirtj'-fourth.  In  the  One 
Hundred  and  Foity-fourth,  One  Hundred  and  Fort3--sixth  "and  One 
Hundred  and  Forty-eighth  regiments  there  were  a  few  Bartholo- 
mew Count}'  men. 

T/ie  Indiana  Legion,  was  an  extensive  organization  throughout 
the  State  for  the  purpose  of  home  defense  in  case  of  need.  It 
served  another  purpose,  however,  that  proved  more  useful  than 
as  Home  Guards.  It  \\as  the  medium  through  which  man}-  good 
soldiers  were   brought  into  the  service,  that,  perhaps,   would  not 


456  I!ARTlIOIA),Mli;\\'    COUXTV. 

otherwise  so  readily  Iku^c  entered  tlie  active  serxice  of  tlie  United 
States.  The  driUing,  too,  was  useful  in  prcparinq;  men  to  a  con- 
siderable extent  for  the  evolutions  tliat  were  required  in  actual  war. 
In  other  words  it  was  a  training"  school  where  men  learned  the 
rudiments  of  knowledge  in  war  that  so  soon  enabled  theni  to  per- 
form in  the  face  of  the  enemy  like  trained  veterans.  Bartholomew 
County  had  several  of  these  companies  in  the  Legion,  and  tlie  ros- 
tei  of  the  officers  reveals  the  names  of  man}'  who  led  companies  to 
the  field  of  battle.  (Among  the  home  companies  may  be  men- 
tioned the  Hope  Guard'^  Shepherd  F.  Eaton,  Captain;  Columbus 
State  Guards,  Edward  i3.  Brasher,  Captain;  German  Township 
Invincibles,  William  H.  Ott,  Captain;  Indiana  Guards,  Henry  H. 
Robertson,  Captain. 

Opi}iion  in  iS6j. —  The  sentiment  that  had  been  gaining  ground 
against  the  prosecution  of  the  war,  probably  attained  its  highest  in 
the  summer  of  1S63,  This,  however,  was  not  a  sentiment  in  favor 
of  rebellion,  but  in  favor  of  conciliation,  and  was  willing  to  continue 
the  existence  of  slavery.  The  emancipation  proclamation,  to  those 
who  held  such  views,  was  a  dangerous  and  unwarranted  proceed- 
ing. To  them  it  seemed  the  Government  was  waging  a  war  of 
subjugation  and  for  the  abolition  of  slaver}'.  Such  a  course  they 
were  heartily  opposed  to,  and  from  these  causes  alone  were  opposed 
to  the  further  prosecution  of  the  war.  They  were  erjuall}'  opposed 
to  the  breaking  up  of  the  Union.  A  conservative  or  middle  course 
was  what  they  proposed  to  follow,  but  it  is  doubtful  if  such  a  plan 
could  have  succeeded  at  that  time.  President  Lincoln  took  the 
smaller  horn  of  the  dilemma  and  wisely  concluded  that  it  was  better 
to  destroy  slaver}^  than  the  Union.  The  Indiana  Legislature  of 
1863,  passed  a  resolution  declaring  in  favor  of  calHng  a  national 
peace  convention,  and  requested  the  people  of  Indiana  to  send 
representatives  to  a  State  convention  that  should  appoint  delegates 
to  a  National  Assembl}'.  This  gave  the  opportunity  for  the  various 
counties  to  express  their  sentiments  upon  the  war  question. 

The  Morgan  Raid.  —  In  July,  1863,  there  occurred  an  affair 
that  created  more  excitement  in  Southern  Indiana  than  au}'^  other 
period  has  known.  This  was  the  raid  of  the  Confederate  General, 
John  H.  Morgan,  through  the  southeastern  portions  of  the  State 


MILITARY    inSTOKV. 


457 


into  Ohio.  lie  crossed  the  Ohio  River,  at  Conxion,  this  State,  ami 
began  his  short  raid  that  spreatl  more  lerroi-  among-  the  inhabitants 
than  an}' other  occurrence  of  the  kind  iluring  the  war.  lie  pro- 
ceeded northward  to  Paoli,  in  Orange  Count\-,  then  to  Salem,  the 
county  seat  of  Washington  County.  From  that  place  his  next 
town  of  importance  was  Vernon,  in  Jennings  Countv,  whence  he 
directed  his  course  toward  Lawrenceburg.  Wlien  the  news  arrived 
that  Morgan  had  invaded  Indiana  soil,  there  was  not  a  town  in  the 
south  central  part  of  the  State  in  which  the  people  did  not  con- 
clude they  were  the  direct  object  of  attack.  Consternation  spread 
with  alarming  rapidity.  Governor  Morton  supposing  that  Indian- 
apolis was  the  objective  point  of  the  raider,  and  Columbus  being 
on  the  most  practicable  line  of  travel,  telegraphed  Col.  Stansifcr, 
then  in  charge  of  the  rendezvous  camp  at  that  place,  to  prepare  to 
resist  the  invasion.  In  obedience  to  this  command.  Col.  Stansifer 
immediately  issued  a  call  to  the  loyal  citizens  of  the  county,  com- 
manding them  to  repair  with  all  haste  to  the  probable  scene  of 
conflict;  directing  at  the  same  time  that  the}'  arm  themselves  with 
whatever  implement  of  warfare  that  might  be  deemed  useful  in 
such  an  emergency.  The  call  was  responded  to  with  the  alacrity 
that  bespoke  patriotism.  Some  were  armed  with  shot-guns  and 
butcher  knives,  others  with  rifles  and  pistols,  while  still  others  were 
armed  with  axes,  hoes,  picks,  or  pitchforks.  Many  women  who 
were  reluctant  to  remain  behind,  joined  the  blood-thirsty  hords, 
for  what  purpose  it  was  not  known,  unless  as  suggested  by  one  of 
the  most  active  participants,  they  went  to  care  for  the  killed  and 
wounded.  Col.  Stansifer,  who  was  in  command,  ordered  the 
women  to  evacuate  the  town.  This  was  done  with  much  reluc- 
tance, and  the  leave-taking  is  said  to  have  been  heart-rending. 
When  the  women  had  been  thus  disposed  of,  the  men  under  the 
supervision  of  Mr. Wilson,  an  old  soldier,  at  once  began  prep- 
arations for  fortifying  the  town.  Before  much  had  been  accomp- 
lished in  this  direction,  however,  intelligence  was  received  through 
Governor  Morton  that  the  Rebel  General,  with  his  4,000  raiders, 
were  well  on  their  way  to  the  Ohio  line.  A  company  of  200  was 
immediately  organized  for  pursuit.  They  at  once  telegraphed  the 
Governor,  informing  him  that  a  company  of  200  mounted  ca\'alry 


458  UARTIIOI.OMKW    COUXTY.    ' 

was  oi-o-auized,  and   askin-;-   what   tliey  should  do  for  lioiscs.     The 
answer  came  from  Gen.  Terrell,  the  Governor's  private  seerelarv, 
V  "to  dismount  and  ^^o  a-foot."' 

Soon  after  the  news  was  received  from  tlie  (Governor,  and  ex- 
citement had  somewhat  subsided,  a  few  of  the  most  ^vatchful  saw 
a  man  dressed  in  a  full  uniform  of  butternut  jeans  skulking  about 
apparently  with  evil  intent,  hiding  in  .stables  and  haA'-mows.  He 
was  immediately  arrested,  suspected  of  being  a  spy  from  Morgan's 
Army,  and  taken  before  Col.  Stansifer  for  trial  and  execution,  if 
convicted.  At  first  the  prisoner  refused  to  explain  his  actions. 
The  Colonel  dien  proceeded  with  him  to  the  rear  of  an  old  barn, 
and  after  some  promises  of  leniency,  perhaps,  and  the  assurance 
that  he  would  not  betray  his  secret  unless  it  proved  his  actions 
treasonable,  he  explained  that  the  reason  why  he  had  been  hiding 
about  stables  and  ha^^-mows,  was  that  since  the  saloons  had  been 
ordered  closed  he  was  compelled  to  conceal  his  bottle  there,  and 
his  otherwise  suspicious  actions  were  thus  explained.  It  is  claimed 
that  Col.  Stansifer  has  never  betrayed  the  confidence  of  the  Mor- 
gan spy.  Under  Squire  George  W.  Olmsted,  a  detachment  of 
men  were  sent  to  obstruct  the  road  along  which  it  was  supposed 
Morgan  would  proceed.  Trees  were  felled  across  the  road,  bridges 
burned,  and  for  miles  the  obstruction  was  complete. 

Roll  of  Honor. —  The  following  is  a  roll  of  hqnor,  as  taken  from 
the  Adjutant  Gen^  al's  Report  for  the  State,  and  as  that  work 
contains  many  errors,  it  can  hardly  be  hoped  that  this  roll  is  free 
from  mistakes.  The  list  given  comprises  only  the  privates  who 
died  either  from  w.  unds  or  otherwdse  before  receiving  a  final  dis- 
charge. It  doubtless  contains  man}^  errors  and  omissions,  but  is 
the  best  that  can  be  obtained  at  this  time. 

Sixth  Regiment^  Company  C  [T/ircc  Incurs). 

Cummings,  William  A.,  killed  at  Allatoona,  May  27,  1864. 
Moberly,  Elhanan  W.,  died  at  Bowling  Green,  December  25,  1865. 
Mounts,  George  W.,  killed  at  Chickamauga,  September    20,    1863. 
Bozelle,  Johnson,  died  at  Green  River,  December  21,  1861. 
Clark,  Enos,  killed  at  Stone  River,  December  31,  1862. 
DoMcll,  William  L.,  died  in  prison,  August  26,  1S64. 


MILITAKV    IIIS'1'01?V.  45p 

Hill,  John,  killed  at  All;mta,  Jiily  29,  iS6j[. 

Keller,  Samuels.,  died  at  AFadison,  September  17,   1864. 

Petro,  G'harles,  killed  at  Nolan,  Kentucky,  September  26,  1S61. 

Poland,  Jonathan  C,  died  ^Nlay  iS,  iS6.|.,  of  wounds. 

Reynolds,  James  L.,  killed  at   Chickamauga,  September  20,    1S63. 

Roberts,  Ira,  killed  at  Stone  River,  December  31,  1S62. 

Robertson,  William  J.,  killed  at  Brown's  Ferry,  October  27,  1863. 

Simonton,  David  J3.,  died  Janviar}'-,  1863,  wounds. 

Smith,  Henry,  killed  at  Marietta,  July  4,  1864. 

StuU,  Samuel  S.,  killed  at  Stone  River,  December  31,  1862. 

Ward,  Theodore,  killed  at  Mission  Ridge,  November  25,  1S63. 

Wa}"-,  William  H.,  died  at  Wardsville,  April  14,  1862. 

Flo3-d,  William,  died  at  Louisville,  April  14,  1862. 

Turner,  John,  died  at  Gallatin,  December  24,  1862. 

6"?A-///  Regiment^    Company  I). 
Nichols,  John,  died  at  Nashville,  October  15,  1862. 

Sixth  jRcgimciii,  Company  E. 
Warner,  Robert,  died  at  Louisville,  March  i  j,  1862, 

Sixth  Rcg-iiiicih',  Co)]ifany  G. 
Dunlop,  Robert,  died  at  Newbern,  September  4,   1^62. 
Rowe,  Cicero,  died  in  prison,  Februar}^  12,  1864. 
Huffer,  Hc^nr}'^  F.,  died  at  Shiloh,  April  25,  1862. 
Bratford,    Alexander,   died   at    Nashville,   February    16,  1863,    of 

wounds. 
Crouch,  James  A.,  died  April  17,  1862. 
Campbell,  Elijah,  died  at  Nashville,  March  20,  1863. 
Cash,  Gabriel,  died  at  Resacca,  May  15,  1864. 
Furgerson,  Nathaniel,  died  at  Chattanooga,  February  18,  1864,  of 

wounds. 
Gibbom,  John  S.,  died  at  Evansville,  May  20,  1862. 
Hook,  John  M.,  died  November  25,  1863,  of  wounds. 
Hines,  Samuel,  killed  at  Chickamauga,  September  20,  1S63. 
Keay,  James,  killed  at  Stone  River,  December  31,  1862. 
McCombs,  W^iUiam  J.,  died  Ma}^  15,  1864,  of  wounds. 
Melott,  William  S.,  died  at  luka,  January  28,  1862. 


460  IiAUTIIOLOMt:\V    COUXTV. 

Milk  T,  Jolm  R.,  died  at  Nolan  Kentucky. 
Miller,  Jordan,  died  May  28,  186.].,  of  wounds. 
O'Neil,  Thomas,  died  at  Anderson\ille,  April  2,  iS6^. 
I'ond,  John  F.,  died   at  Naslnille,  ]"ehruar\'  19,  1864,  of  wounds. 
Smith,  Thomas,  died  September  26,  1863,  of  ^vounds. 
Powell,  William,  died  September  20,  1863,  of  wounds. 

S/'x//i  J\cg-iiiiciit,    Company  II. 

Carpenter,  Jesse,  died  at  Chattanooga,  Jul}'  6,  1864. 
Finle}',  Robert  C,  died  at  Seymour,  June  15,  1862. 
Newkirk,  John  W.,  killed  at  Kenesaw,  June  18,  1864. 
Wheatley,  William  M.,  died  at  Corinth,  May  27,  1862. 
Jordan,  James  T.,  died  June  18,  1S64,  of  wounds. 

Elcvcutli  I^Ci^/iucnf,    Contfauy  y. 

Blair,  David  W.,  died  at  Paducah,  K3'.,  September  28,  1861. 
Crittenden,  Robert  M.,  died  at  Paducah,  K3^,  September  16,  i86r. 
Fogel,  James  S.,  killed  at  Champion  Hills,  May  16,  1862. 
Pond,  Hiram,  died  at  Brownsville,  September  24,  1863. 
Thomas,  Bruce  J.,  died  at  Evansvill?;,  April  i,  1862. 
Wilson,  Joseph,  died  at  Paducah,  November  21,  1861. 

Twelfth  Ivcgiiiiciit,   Comftcniy  H  [Three   Tears). 

Vanskike,  David,  killed  August  17,  1864. 

Van  Meter,  John  T.,  killed  at  Richmond,  K}^.,  August  30,  1862. 

Browning,  John,  died  at  Bridgeport,  Ala.,  Novemoer  16,  1S63. 

Butler,  John,  died  at  Ft.  Loomis,  Tenn.,  May  10,  1S63. 

Crane,  William,  killed  at  Resacca,  May  13,  1864. 

Carrell,  J.  C,  died  at  Grand  Junction,  Tenn.,  March  13,  1863. 

Cohee,  Benjamin,  killed  at  Atlanta,  Jul}'  22,  1864. 

Fawcett,  Joseph,  died  at  Grand  Junction,  Tenn.,  February  25,  1S63. 

Flanigan,  Leonard,  killed  at  Resacca,  May  13,  1864. 

Hall,  Henry,  died  at  Grand  Junction,  Tenn.,  Februar}-  21,  1863. 

Janer,  B.  C,  died  at  Vicksburg,  September  27,  1863. 

Quinn,  Paul  W.,  died  at  Memphis,  November  2,  1863. 

Simmons,  Francis,  died  at  Memphis,  October  4,  1863. 

Trotter,  Jeremiah,  killed  at  Atlanta,  Jul}'  23,  1864. 


MILITARY    HISTORY.  461 

Turner,  Tliornlon,  died   at   Grand  Junction,   Tenn.,   Febriuuy   26, 

Tirey,  J.  B.,  died,  at  Grand  Junction,  Tenn.,  Januaiy  18,  1S63. 
Gale,  George  W.,  died  Marietta,  September  15,  1864. 

Till  r  I  cent  li  J^ci^iiiicn/,    Company  K. 
Hendricks,  D.  J.,  killed  at  Green  Biiar,  October  3,  1861. 
Jones,  William  J.,  died  at  Folly  Island,  November  20,  1863. 
Wood,  John,  died  at  Cumberland,  Md.,  Januaiy  21,  1862. 
Coons,  George  W.,  killed  at  Petersburg,  Va.,  June  30,  1864. 

T/i/r/coitl!  Rcg-/iiiciil,   Company   C. 
Davis,  William,  died  July  20,  1S65. 

TiL'cnty-frst   Rcgimoil^   Company  E.  i 

Duty,  William  F.,  killed  at  I3aton  Rouge,  August  5,  1862. 

Tiocnty-sccond  Rci^'i'mcnf,  Compxui)'  E. 
Niceley,  William  A.,  killed  at  Kenesaw,  June  27,  1864. 
Madden,  Patrick,  killed  at  Stone  River,  December  31,  1862. 
Britton,  J.  C,  died  at  Otterville,  Mo.,  December  9,  1861. 
Critchtield,  Silas,  died  at  Syracuse*  Mo.,  December  25,  1861. 
Copeland,  Lewis,  died  at  Murfreesboro,  January  12,  1864. 
Drislane,  Richard,  killed  at  Perry ville,  October  8,  1862, 
Dinkins,  James,  died  at  Jacinto,  August  4,  1862. 
Dinkins,  George,  died  at  Syracuse,  December  25,  1S61. 
Lock,  F.  M.,  died  at  St.  Louis,  December  6,  1861. 
Lock,  J.  M.,  died  at  S)'racuse,  Mo.,  November  30,  1861. 
Leap,  Samuel  W.,  killed  at  Stone  River,  December  31,  1861. 
Miller,  J.  P.,  died  at  Sulphur  Rock,  Ark.,  May  11,  1862. 
Morrison,  Miles  V.,  killed  at  Penyville,  October  3,  1862. 
MalHn,  Thomas,  killed  at  Penyville,  October  3,  1862. 
JNxerriman,  Allen,  killed  at  Penyville,  October  3,  1862. 
Merriman,  Benjamin,  died  at  Syracuse,  Mo.,  December  31,  :(:86i. 
Morrison,  Albert,  killed  at  Peach  Tree  Creek,  July  20,  1864. 
Oglevie,  W.  B.,  died  at  luka.  Miss.,  August  20,  1862. 
Porter,  Isaac,  died  at  Wa3-nesboro,  Ind.,  June  18,  1862. 
Richards,  J.  F.,  died  at  Georgetown,  Mo.,  October,  1861. 
Smith,  William,  died  at  Syracuse,  IMo.,  Januaiy  5,  1862. 
12 


462  BARTtioi.o^rEw  co^^■•l■^■. 

Schmidt,  Geor^rc  S.,  killed  at  IV'rrv  \  illi',  Orlobcr  8,  1862. 
Snodj4rass,  Robert,  killed  at  Rome,  (ia..  Ma\-  17,  186. [. 
jSensabau^-h,  Amlrew,  killei,!  at  joiiesboix),  Sejitember  1,  186  |. 
Smith,  J..  W.,  killed  at  Atlanta,  July    2;^,  r86|.. 
Sulli\an,  Thomas,  killed  at  rerrvville,  October  8,  1862. 
Tha_\-er,  l^eonidas,  killed  at  TerrN  \ille,  October  8,  1862. 
Veasey,  James  E.,  killed  at  Perry ville,  October  8,  1862. 
Neaver,  George,  killed  at  Atlanta,  August  9,  iS6.\. 
Wasson,  R.  B.,  died  at  Louisville,  December  8,  1864. 
Adcock,  Elisha,  died  in  Andersonville  Prison. 
Love,  Joseph,  killed  at  Penyville,  October  8,  1S62. 

Tzi'ciify-sccoiid  /\cg-/n!Ciif,  Coiiifni} r  6^. 
Greenfield,  James,  died  of  wounds,  June  2,  1864. 
Hortman,  Lewis,  died  at  St.  Louis,  December  iS,  }86i. 
Higholt,  George,  died  at  E\-ansvi!le,  November  3,  1862, 
Mitchell,  Walter,  died  at  Jefferson  City,  Missouri,  October  3,  1861, 
Muir,  William  M.,  died  at  Fort  Smith,  Arkansas,  April,  1S62. 
Whipker,  lienr}-,  died  at  St.  Louis,  December  i,  1861. 
Candon,  William,  died  November  9,  1862. 
Hobbs,  Harrison,  died  at  Nashville,  December  13,  1S62. 
Stanley,  Charles,  died  at    Hamburg,  Tennessee,  July  31,  1S62. 

Tzvcnty-sccfliid  Regiment,  Com f  any  I. 
Dollsb}',  James  O.,  died  June  30,  1864. 
Hayes,  Isaac,  died  at  Jacinto,  Mississippi,  August  5,  1862. 

Tzvcniy-ffth  Regiment.,  Company  D. 
Glidden,  Francis  F.,  died  Februar}'  4,  1S65. 
Huff,  James,  died  Februar}-  28,  1S65. 

Thirtieth  Regiment,  Com f any  A    [Three  Tears). 
Allman,  John,  died  at  Nashville,  Ma}-  24,  1865. 

Thirty-first  Regiment,  Co)npaiiY  C. 
Cornish  John  G.,  died  in  Tennessee,  April  4,  1S65. 
Tucker,  John  B.,  died  at ,  Januar)-  S,  1865. 

Thirty-third  Regiment,  Company  G. 
Bryant,  Benjamin  F.,  killed  at  Peach  Tree  Creek,  July  20,  1864. 


MII.nARY    HISTORY.  463 

T/iiriy-lfu'rd  lu'^-iiiiciif,   Coiiipaiix  I. 
Porter,vCharlcs  II.,  killed  at  Kenesaw,  June  22,  1S64. 
Painter,   Christopher    C,   killed  at  Peach   Tree   Creek,  July   20, 

1864. 
Higgins,  Richard  II.,  died  September  20,  1S62. 
Rhincsmith,  Charles,  died  December  9,  1861. 
Miller,  William,  died  December  30,  1861. 
Alexander,  Duncan,  died  in  Rebel  Prison,  March  16,  1S63. 
Brendle,  Charles  T.,  died  in  Rebel  Prison,  April  i,  1S63. 
Benhan,  Dempster  B.,  killed  at  Kenesaw,  June  22,  1864. 
Cook,  Harrison  E.,  died  December  5,  1S61. 
Drake,  Joel,  died  at  Crab  Orchard,  Ky.,  December  28,  1S61. 
Fisher,  Joshua,  died  at  ?yIadison,  Februar}'  11,  1S65. 
Potzal,  Willian,  killed  at  Thompson  Station,  March  5,  1S63. 
Reese,  Amos,  died  November  3,  1861. 

Scudder,  Lewis  C,  died  at  Chattanooga,  July  15,  1864,  of  wounds. 
Simmons,  Thomas  11.,  killed  at  Peach  Tree  Creek,  July  20,  1864. 
Vogler,  William,  killed  at  Wild  Cat,  Ky.,  October  20,  1861. 
White,  ShubelC,  died  July  20,  1864,  of  wounds. 
Berket,  Elliott  J.,  died  April  12,  1S63. 

Eighlh   Cavalry   {^Thirty-niuth  Ivcgiinciif),   Coiu^any  F, 

Beacher,  Francis,  died  at  home,  April  30,  1862. 
Forbes,  Samuel  T.,  killed  at  Stone  River,  December  31,  1862. 
Bante,  William,  killed  at  Chickamauga,  September  20,  1863. 
Cox,  Walter,  killed  at  Stone  River,  December  31,  1862. 
Davis,  Ben  T.,  killed  at  Stone  River,  December  31,  1862. 
Hatten,  Allen,  died  at  INIurfreesboro,  Januar}'  7,  1863,  of  wounds. 
Nolte,  John  H.,  died  in  Andersonville  Prison,  October,  1864. 
Parker,  Charles,  killed  at  Chickamauga,  December  20,  1863. 
Prather,  Basil  R.,  died  at  Anapolis,  December  19,  1864. 
Rogers,  Alex,  died  at  Nashville,  Februar}-  3,  1863. 
Stringer,  Fletcher  P.,  died  at  Camp  Nevin,  K3'.,  November  22,  1S61. 
Sullivan,  Jeremiah,  died  at  Nashville,  January-  6,  1S63. 

Eighth   Cavalry   {^Thir/y-ii/'ii/h  Ecgiiiini/^,  Company  M. 
Lind,  Andrew,  died  at  Madison,  December  6,  1864. 


4^4  BAIiTIIOL()Mi;\\-    COUNTY. 

fortieth  Rci(iinc)it^  Conipanv   C 
Lowe,  Edward,  died  at  Tlunlsville,  Ala.,  Marcli  i6,  1S65. 
Wyne,  James  W.,  died  at  Iluntsville,  Ala.,  June  16,  1S65. 

Foriiclh  Rci^-/n>ciif,   Coi>if>cniy   G. 
Baird,  James  A.,  died  at  Chattanooga,  November  6,  1S65. 

For/ hi h  Rci:;ii}iciil^   Compaux  II. 
McDonough,  Elisha,  died  Februar\'  19,  1S65. 

■Eiglily-stx'ciit/i  Rcginiciit,    CoiiipiiiY   C. 
jMeCullough,  John  C,  died  in  Georgia,  December  9,  1S64. 

Alncly-lhird  Rcgiiuciil.,   Conifxiiiy  A. 
Evans,  Charles,  died  at  Memphis,  Jul}-  2,  1S63. 
Tirtle,  John,  died  at  home,  December  14,  1862. 
Grimstead,  Francis  M.,  died  at  La  Grange,  Tenn.,  Januar)-  14,  1863, 
Cooley,  William  G.,  died  at  Vicksburg,  Jul3-  6,  1S63. 
Haiselop,  John,  died  May  18,  1S63. 

Henry,  John  W.,  died  Bunt3'n  Station,  February  14,  1S63. 
Johnson,  James  F.,  died  at  Memphis,  Februar}-  8,  1864. 
King,  Charles  M.,  died  at  Duckport,  La.,  June  16,  1863. 
Kinder,  George,  died  at  Anapolis,  June  2,  1865,  of  wounds. 
Lawj^er,  David,  died  at  Madison,  September  17,  1862. 
Lucas,  Jesse,  died  at  Vicksburg,  June,  1865. 
Lucas,  John  F.,  died  at  Duckport,  June  10,  1863. 
Ping,  William,  died  at  Memphis,  April  5,  1863. 
Ping,  James,  killed  at  Vicksburg,  May  21,  1863. 
Shaw,  George  W.,  died  at  Memphis,  March  10,  1864. 
Skinner,  Hiram  J.,  died  at  Jeffersonville,  March  9,  1865. 
Shibling,  James  W.,  died  at  Vicksburg,  June  16,  1865. 
Tirtle,  WilHam  F.,  died  at  Duckport,  M?iy  13,  1863. 
Toler,  John,  died  in  prison,  February-  9,  1865. 
Wantland,  Noah,  died  at  CHnton,  Miss.,  Juh'  29,  1863. 
Woods,  Isaiah,  died  at  Holly  Springs,  Januar}^  4,  1863. 
Critchfield,  Solomon,  died  in  prison,  August  19,    1864,    of  wounds. 

JViiic/y-i/tird  Rcgiiiicnf,   Company   C. 
Rogers,  James,  died  at  La  Grange,  Tenn.,  January  17,  1S63. 
Ward,  Alexander,  died  at  Vicksburg,  August  8,  1863. 


MlLlTAIiV    IIISTORV.  ^6< 

jVinclx-thivi.J  Jxcj^'iiiiciif^   (  \>////>cr//Y  H. 

Hacker,  Clayborn  15.,  died  at  home,  August  2,  1863. 
Cunzick,  Stephen,  died  at  Corinth,  Februaiy  i,  1S63. 
Edgington,  Thomas  E.,  died  at  Jackson,  Januaiy  13,  1S63. 
Gaines,  George  B.,  died  at  Corinth,  January  29,  1863. 
Graves,  Elbert,  died  December  29,  1S63,  of  wounds. 
Horner,  George,  died  at  C(M-inth,  Januar}'  19,  1863. 
Long,  Philip,  killed  at  Guntown,  June  10,  1864. 
Ogden,  Giler,  died  at  INIemphis,  February  27,   1864. 
Powell,  Luther,  died  at  Memphis,  February  16,  1863. 
Quillen,  Patrick,  died  at  Young's  Point,  i\Liy  i,  1863. 
Sandefer,  Isaac,  died  at  Memphis,  January  16,  1S63. 
Simington,  William  IL,  died  May  12,  1863. 

JViucty-third  RcgimcuL^   Conijyany  F. 
INIiles,  Willi'   1  F.,  died  at  ?\Iemphis,  November  9,  1S64. 

One  Iliindrcd  and   Tivcnticih  Regiment^   Company  A. 
Critser,  George,  died  at  Nashville,  Jul}'  15,  1864,  of  wounds. 
Davis,  Lorenzo  D.,  died  October  23,   1S64. 
Gilbreath,  Ira  W.,  killed  at  Kingston,  N.  C,  INIarch  11,  1865. 
Linke,  Ben  F.,  died  at  Charlotte,  N.  C,  May  16,   1865. 
Osborn,  Lewis,  died  December  16,  1864. 
Robertson,  Charles,  died  October  27,  1S64. 
Robertson,  Arie  P.,  died  April  15,  1864. 
Shaw,  John,  killed  at  Franklin,  November  30,   1864. 
Van  Pelt,  Samuel,  died  at  Bridgeport,  Ala.,  Jime  2,  1864. 
Vaunr}',  William  P.,  died  at  Nashville,  June  6,  1865. 

Tenth    CavaJry     {One     Hioidrcd    and     Tzvcnty-jiflJi^     Regiment, 

Conif>any  K. 
Davis,  Alfred,  died  at  Nashville,  JMarch  29,  1865. 

Tenth    Cavalry     [One     Iluudrcd    and     Tzvcniy-jifth'^    Rcgimcnfy 

Company  L. 
Crossle}',  Minor  G.  M.,  killed  while  prisoner,  December   15,   1864. 
Elza,  James  M.,  died  at  Decatur,  Alabama,  August  25,  1864. 
Farrell,  William,  lost  on  Sultana,  April  27,  1865. 
Fivecoat,  George,  died  at  Pulaski,  Tennessee,  June  6,  1864. 


466  l?ARTI!OI.OMi:\V    COUNT V. 

Good,  !!■  nn' J.,  died  June  26,  iS6.j. 
Linton,  Dick,  drcnx'iicd  iNlarcli  26,  1865. 
T'eny,  Jaiiies  IM.,  died  at  Nasln  ille,  December  5,  1S64. 
Pyle,  Wylie,  died  at  Decatur,  Ala1,iania,  December  25,  1864. 
Stribling,  Bradford,  died  at  Nashville,  March  27,  1865. 
Shroyer,  Josiah,  died  at  Gallatin,  Tennessee,  February  6,  1865. 

O/ic  Ilnuclrcd  and  F'orlicfh  Rcgiiuciii^  Com  faux  A. 
Richardson,  Milton,  died  at  New  York,  Ma}'  25,  1S65. 

One  Hundred  and  Foriieth  Reginie}il,  Company  I). 
John  on,  Clem  T.,  died  at  Washington,  March  9,  1S65. 
Carson,  John,  died  at  Smithville,  Tenn.,  May  2,  1865. 
Lawlis,  George  11.,  died  at  IMm-freesboro,  Januar}-  25,  1S65. 
Smith,  John  M.,  died  at  Louisville,  Februar}^  2,  1865. 
Stanfield,  Allen,  died  at  Murfreesboro,  February  12,  1865. 

One  Hundred  and  Fortieth  Regiment^  Company  J. 
Elston,  David  R.,  died  at  Indianapolis,  November  26,  1864. 

One  Hundred  and  Foriy-ffth  Regiment,  Company  A. 
Bailey,  Mahlon,  killed  Februar}'  18,  1865. 
Crossland,  Samuel,  died  at  Dalton,  Georgia,  June  4,  1865. 
Frost,  William,  died  at  Cuthbert,  Georgia,  October  13,  1865. 
Mitchum,  John,  died  at  Dalton,  Georgia,  March  20,  1865. 
Tilton,  William  B.,  died  at  Dalton,  Georgia,  April  2,  1S65. 

Bounty  and  Relief, —  In  order  to  stimulate  volunteering,  the 
United  States  Government  authorized  the  pa3'ment  of  bounties 
earl}^  in  the  war  to  those  who  should  enlist  for  the  term  of  three 
years.  In  the  first  j-ear  of  the  war  this  amount  was  fixed  at  $100. 
Orders  from  the  war  department  at  various  times  authorized  the 
pa3'ment  of  additional  sums  ranging  as  high  as  $400,  according  to 
the  nature  and  term  of  service.  The  inequalities  of  bounties 
created  great  dissatisfaction,  but  it  was  claimed  by  the  authorities 
that  the  exigencies  of  the  times  demanded  it  and  could  not  be 
avoided.  An  ad;'itionel  inducement  was  offered  in  the  wa}-  of  a 
land  warrant  for  fort3'-acres  of  public  land  to  each  soldier  receiving 
an  honorable  discharge.     This,  taken  with  the  amount  of  the  bounty, 


!\injT.\KV    lUSTORV.  467 

which  was  considered  about  the  va.hic  of  a  mule,  ]irou<;ht  about 
that  famous  and  popuhu-  phrase,  "  fort}-  acres  and  a  mule,"  and 
doubtless  had  much  to  do  with  the  successful  volunteerinjj;-  which 
cliaracterized  the  war.  I'esides  the  Naticjnal  bounties,  lar<;e  and 
often  extravag.uit  sums  were  j^aid  by  many  of  the  counties.  These 
had  the  effect  to  lighten  the  drafts,  but  at  tlie  same  time  increased 
the  taxes.  The  latter,  howe\er,  cut  but  little  llgure  in  the  question. 
People  would  not  put  a  price  on  the  Union,  and  n-  matter  what 
was  required  to  preserve  it,  that  reipirement  was  always  met.  In 
Bartholomew  County  this  spirit  was  full}'  maintained,  and  the 
Board  of  Commissioners  at  different  times  met  the  popular  demand 
b}'  offerin.    bounties. 

Another  important  item  canre  under  the  head  of  Relief.  This 
included  whatever  sums  were  paid  to  support  the  families  of  those 
who  had  enlisted  and  were  absent  in  the  field  of  battle,  and  also  the 
supplies  forwarded  to  the  soldiers  themselves.  A  few  months' 
experience  showed  how  much  the  Government  lacked  of  being 
prepared  for  supplying  an  army  with  the  necessar}^  comforts  re- 
quired b}'  a  soldier.  Immediately  after  the  opening  of  the  war 
there  was  a  Soldiers'  Aid  Society  formed  in  Columbus  b}'  the  lead- 
ing ladies  of  the  town.  The  work  which  those  noble-hearted 
women  did  went  far  toward  relieving  the  wants  of  the  soldiers. 
Scarcety  a  week  passed  without  a  shipment  to  the  front  of  mittens, 
socks,  blankets  and  such  other  articles  as  a  soldier  would  likel}'- 
need  to  withstand  the  extremities  of  the  seasons.  These  contribu- 
tions were  purel}'^  personal,  and  the  women  of  the  whole  count}"^ 
were  requested  to  bring  in  whatever  could  be  properl}'  spared.  In 
this  wa}'  many  dollars  were  spent  in  the  soldiers'  behalf  which  are 
not  included  in  the  following  amount  of  Bounty  and  Relief  paid  b}'- 
the  count}'  and  townships. 

Bounty.  Relief. 

Bartholomew  County $172,300  $2,940 

Haw  Creek  Township 14,000  750 

Flat  Rock  Township 9,000  550 

German  Township 10,200  850 

Nineveh  Township 6,600  1,000 

Union  Township 5,700  i;i27 


4^8  UAKTIIdLOMlCW    COUNTY. 

Clifty  Towiisliip $6,900  $1,700 

Clay  Township 6,600  112 

Columbus  'J'ownshi]-) 34oOO  3,200 

1  lan-i.soa  Town.sliip 6,600  800 

Rock  Creek  Townsliip 8,400  2,200 

Sand  Ci'cek   Townsliip 8,400  2=50 

Wayne  Township 11,400  900 

Ohio  Town-ship 3,ooo  225 

Jackson  Township 3,300  185 

City  of  Columbus 1,500  3,158 

'Total $308,400  $19,947 

In  addition  to  this  there  is  an  item  charged  to  miscellaneous  of 
$4'35o,  which  makes  a  grand  total  of  $332,697,  furnished  by  the 
county. 

Men  Famished  for  the  War. —  The  various  calls  made  by  the 
President  for  troops  during  the  RebelHon  were  as  follows: 

First  call,  75,000  men,  three  months'  service,  April  15,  1861. 

Second  call,  42,034  men,  three  years'  service,  May  3,  1861. 

Third  call,  300,000  men,  nine  months'  service,  August  4,  1S62. 

Fourth  call,  100,000  men,  six  months'  service,  June  15,  1863. 

Fifth  call,  300,000  men,  three  years'  service,  October  17,  1863. 

Sixth  call,  500,000  men,  three  years'  service,  February  i,  1864. 

Seventh  call,  200,000  men,  three  years'  service,  March  15,  1S64. 

Eighth  call,  500,000  men,  one,  two  or  three  years'  service,  July 
18,  1S64. 

Ninth  call,  300,000  men,  one,  two  or  three  years'  service,  De- 
cember 19,  1S64, 

These  calls  aggregate  more  than  2,300,000  men  and  give  some 
idea  of  the  magnitude  of  the  Civil  War  in  the  United  States.  It 
wiU  be  interesting  to  know  what  part  of  this  immense  arm}^  was 
furnished  by  Bartholomew  County.  The  first  enrollment  .)f  the 
militia  in  Indiana  after  the  commencement  of  the  war  was  made 
September  19, 1862.  The  total  miUtia  force  of  the  county  was  2,753, 
of  which  335  were  exempt  from  bearing  arms,  leaving  2,418  sub- 
ject to  draft.  The  county  was  at  that  date  credited  with  having 
furnished  1,592  volunteers,  all  of  which  were  then  in  the  service. 


I\nLITAKV    IIISTOKV.  469 

It  was  under  this  ciiroUinciit  that  the  llrst  draft  in  Indiana  occurred 
October  6,  1S62,  to  supply  the  number  required  by  the  call  of  Au^•- 
ust  4Lh.  *'T]ie  quota  of  Bartholomew  County  under  that  draft  was 
twenty-four  men,  apportioned  among  these  townships:  Union  11, 
Clay  2,  Harrison  10,  Rock  Creek  i.  The  Draft  Ollicers  were: 
Simeon  Stansifer,  Commissioner;  Isham  Keith,  Marshal;  John  II. 
Ford,  Surgeon. 

The  call  of  October  17,  1863,  demanded  of  Bartholomew  County 
214  men,  which  number  was  furnished  without  resorting  to  a  draft. 
Under  the  calls  of  February  ist,  March  15th  and  July  iSth,  1S64,  the 
total  quota  for  the  count}^  was  1,055  men,  to  offset  which  it  was  cred- 
ited with  S91  new  recruits,  211  veterans  and  1 1  by  draft,  making  1,113, 
or  58  more  than  were  required.  The  President's  last  call  for  troops, 
December  19,  1^-6^,  asked  this  county  for  319  men.  Against 
this  number  the  county  was  credited  with  304  new  recruits,  3  vet- 
erans and  13  b}^  draft,  making  in  all  320.  This  was  the  condition 
of  the  account  with  Bartholomew  County  on  the  14th  of  April,  1865, 
at  which  time  all  efforts  to  raise  troops  were  abandoned.  It  shows  a 
balance  in  favor  of  the  county.  The  draft  under  this  last  call  was 
made  upon  the  basis  of  the  third  enrollment  of  the  State,  or  second 
under  the  Enrollnient  Act  of  Congress.  That  enrollment  showed 
the  count}'  to  have  had  a  militia  force  of  2,626.  These  figures 
show  that  the  county  furnished  3,263  men  for  the  war,  or  510  more 
than  the  number  first  reported  as  its  total  militia  force.  This  need 
not  imply  that  there  were  that  number  of  separate  men  from  this 
county  in  the  war,  for  there  were  not.  A  considerable  number  of 
the  men  enlisted  twice,  and  some  three  times,  and  they  were 
counted  for  each  enlistment.  It  is  probable  that  500  will  include 
the  number  of  those  who  were  thus  recounted.  Thus  it  will  be 
seen  that  Bartholomew  County  alone  furnished  enough  men  to 
make  more  than  two  full  regiments,  a  considerable  army  in  itself. 


470  ]5AUTITOL()^II■^\■   cointv. 


CHAPTJCR   yu. 

Rj.i.icious  History — Tin-:  jMjctiiouist  Ei-lscopal  Cm:Kcii  — 
Its  Ci.assj:s  at  St.  Louis,  IIoi'i:,  Nji\vBj:ii.\,  IIarts\ille, 
Carter's  Ciiapj.;!.,  Betiuu.  Church,  St.  Louis  Crossinc;, 
Clifford,  PKTr.Rs\-i],L]:,  I]i;rxsvilue,  Trinity,  Axalia, 
Walksdoro,  ELizAi;i:Tirro\YN,  New  Ziox,  South  J^F/niAXY, 
MouxT  IIeaetiiy,  ]\Iouxt  Olive,  Nixeveh  and  IMouxt 
Pleasaxt  —  The,  Afkicax  Mi/j-hodist  Episcopal  Church  — 
Baptist  Church  —  Its  CuAssjis  at  Sharox,  Haav  Creek, 
Little  Sand  Creek,  Colu.mbus,  South  Ijethaxy — ^Siccoxd 
Baptist  (Colori:h)  Church  —  The  Catholic  Church  — 
United  Brethren  —  Society  of  Friexds  —  New  Light 
Christiaxs — Sej-arati-:  Baptists  ix  Christ— St.  Paul 
Episcopal  Mission — German  E\'angelical  Lutheran 
Church  —  English  Evaxgelical  Lutheran  Church^ 
Christian  Uxtox  Church  —  The  Methodist  Episcopal 
Church,  South — Jewish  Syn  .wogue — Christian  Church 
—  The  Moravian  Church  of  Hope. 

3!^f;;,3i'^^;  TTEMPT  has  been  made  elsewhere   to   clejMct  tlie 
^^^i^^^i£^      state    of   societ}-,  as   moulded   by  the  rouglit;!-  in- 
^^^^^  fluences  of  pioneer  life  into  conditions  that  encouraged 
W^$!$^S  l^^^'^'lcssness  with  its  necessarily  accompanying  evils,  and 
^^^S    cultivated  a  contempt  for  the  plainest  principles  of  mor- 
V-^'^^T^    alit}'.     In  the  histoiy  of  the  churches  may   be   found  a 
^»       statement  of  facts  more  pleasing  in  its  aspect,  to  him 
who  delights  in  the  moral  and  religious   advancement  of  his   race. 
The  earl}'  work  was  prosecuted  witli  commendable  zeal  and  vigor, 
and  with  means  best  suited  to  the  times  and  manners  of  the  people, 
though  such  as  might  not  be  used  successfull}-   to-da}'.     Continual 
controvers}'  existed  between  the  sects;  all  except  the  Quakers  en- 
gaged in  the  war  of  dogmas;  the  bitterness  and  animosity  engen- 
dered swa3-ed  and  excited  entire  settlements  and  communities.     A 
pen  picture  of   the  times  as    made  by  General  Terrell  is  here  ex- 
hibited:    "  On  what  may  be  termed  the  main  points  touching  the 


RELIGUaTS  HISTORY.  47  I 

Divine  cxistenfe,  a  jierpclual  heavenly  stale  for  the  blessed,  an 
eternity  of  danmalion  and  woe  for  the  wicked,  and  the  necessity  of 
living  a  h*re  of  pnrc  morality,  loving  the  Lord  through  the  Saviour 
of  the  world,  with  steadfast  fer\or  and  de\'Otion,  in  order  to  ^ain 
the  ineffable  jovs  and  escape  the  torments  of  the  inevitable,  ever- 
lasting and  never-ending  hell,  all  religionists  and  sects  were  mainl}'' 
agreed.  But  on  doctrinal  points,  the  diff.erent  forms  of  worship, 
church  discipline,  the  administration  of  religious  ordinances,  and 
other  abstractions,  the  different  opinions  were  as  wide  apart  as  the 
poles.  The  spirit  displayed  in  attacking  and  defending  was  in- 
tensel}'  partisan,  even  to  the  points  of  vindictiveness  and  intolerance. 
It  assumed  for  itself  the  baneful  form  of  hiunan  infallibility  to  seek 
and  find  the  time  and  only  means  of  salvation,  and  claimed  for  itself 
the  whole  right  and  credit  of  the  discover}'.  It  denounced  in  terms 
of  reproach  and  abhorence  all  dissenters  from  its  teachings  and 
convictions,  without  according  ;  )  its  adversaries  or  opponents  the 
least  latitude  for  freedom  of  thought  or  honest  difference  of  opinion. 
Each  of  its  self-sufficient  and  imperious  votaries  assumed  to  thank 
God  for  not  being  like  other  men.  It  grew  wroth  and  could  not 
brook  the  denial  of  its  assumptions.  It  planted  itself,  as  if  upon  a 
rock,  upon  its  own  superciliousness  and  sought  controversy  b}'  a 
succession  of  flaunting  charges  and  counter-charges  that  deprived 
themselves  of  the  power  to  teach  or  convince,  and  only  served  to 
deepen,  intensify,  and  influence  the  passions  of  those  who  held  dif- 
ferent views.  Grevious  words  took  the  place  of  soft  answers;  the 
aim  and  scope  of  the  argument,  if  such  it  may  be  likened  to,  being 
to  force  the  opposition  or  contrary  minded  to  come  to  the  moun- 
tain regardless  of  the  different  s  of  vision  and  thought  sincerely 
entertained  and  inseparable  from  the  human  intellect.  Such  was 
the  state  of  doctrinal,  not  religious  feeling. 

"  The  sects  struggled  for  the  master}-  under  the  mistaken  no- 
tion that  religious  dogmas,  forms,  and  ordinances  were  destined  to 
convert  the  world.  Traveling  preachers  representing  every  sect 
swarmed,  through  the  country,  despite  the  drear}'  wilderness  and 
privations  of  the  new  settlements,  and  scattered  their  seed  far  and 
wide.  The  Presbyterians  stood  by  infant  baptisms  (sprinkling) ; 
the  Baptists  claimed  for  immersion  as  the  true  mode  and  attributed 


472  llARTIIOI,0."\rE\\-    COUXTV. 

absolute  cOlcacy  to  waivr  as  a  means  and  seal  of  pardon;  the 
Methodists  held  fast  to  the  niournei-s' bench  and  special  p)-o\idences 
in  the  conversion  of  sinners,  and  by  fearfully  illustrating  the  horrors 
of  a  literal  hell  of  lire  and  brinsstonc,  made  conquests  rather  by  the 
fear  of  the  devil  than  from  the  love  of  God;  the  Reformers  follow- 
ing the  teachings  of  Alexander  Campbell,  pointed  out  the  way 
through  faith,  repentance  and  baptism  by  in)^iiersion,  discarding 
all  creeds  except  the  'Bible  alone';  the  other  sects  were  of  slow 
growtli  and  did  not  iigure  largely  in  the  awakening.  So  gro:it 
were  the  clashings  and  so  fearfuU}^  virulent,  earnest,  and  unrelent- 
ingl}^  partisan,  did  the  strifes  between  these  sects  become  that  per- 
sonal and  family  friendships  were  broken  up,  and  social  intercourse 
was  disrupted  and  often  entirely  ceased  between  the  irascible  and 
excited  disputants,  A  revival,  or  the  prospect  of  one,  in  favor  of 
one  of  the  churches  was  the  signal  for  an  opposition  or  counter-act- 
ing effort  by  one  or  more  of  the  others,  and  the  struggle  ostensibly 
in  favor  of  the  cause  of  the  Master,  was  in  reality  a  fight  over 
forms,  customs  and  ordinances,  in  which  heated,  boastful  passion, 
took  the  place  of  persuasive,  simple  piety;  and  sarcastic  ridicule 
held  sway  instead  of  Bible  truth  and  cogent  reason.  No  good  could 
come  out  of  this  Nazareth;  the  charity  that  seeketh  to  di.'-.over 
and  to  kindl}^  recognize  the  good  and  the  true  wherever  found, 
whether  based  upon  the  doctrines  entertained  by  the  seeker  or  not, 
was  wanting.  The  disposition  was  plainl}'  and  emphaticall}'  shown, 
to  keep  those  erring  souls  who  could  not  embrace  the  sprinlding, 
mourners'  bench,  immersion,  or  other  features  of  doctrinal  belief, 
out  of  the  pale  of  salvation  entirel3%  No  hand  of  congratulation 
was  held  out  to  the  warring  worker,  who  sti-uggled  to  overthrow 
the  evil  one  b}^  means  which  were  anathematized,  ridiculed  and  ig- 
nored b}^  his  religious  enemies.  Each  faction  claimed  pre-emption 
to  work  the  field  exclusively  and  damned  all  interference  with 
vehement  enthusiasm.  A  convert  made  through  a  change  of  views 
as  to  a  doctrinal  point  or  S3'mbolic  form  from  another  church  caused 
more  rejoicing  than  if  ninety  and  nine  wholly  unregenerated  souls 
were  brought  to  accept  the  truth  as  it  is  in  the  Son  of  God.  A 
blast  from  the  pulpit  to-day  was  met  by  a  counter-blast  from  another 
pulpit  to-morrow;  one  blow   at  a  pet  rule  of  church  discipline  was 


UEI-KHOl'S  iriSTORV.  473 

returned  willi  a  dozen  lusLv  knocks  at  imniL-rsion;  a  spark  (juickly 
kindled  a  connagralion  antl  tlie  clangor  of  keenly  whetted  lilade.s 
dedicated  to  the  1-iving  God  alone  for  his  service,  rang  clear  and 
loud  as  tlie  fight  went  on." 

As  a  result  of  this  antagonistic  sjiirit,  but  not  until  it  had  be- 
come sulliciently  softened  to  permit  of  a  friendl}*  and  harmonious 
intercourse,  there  were  many  memorable  debates  between  the 
prominent  representatives  of  the  sects,  sometimes  lasting  for  days, 
and  int.  •  which  intellectual  re-inforcement  from  abroad  was  fre- 
quently drawn.  Notable  among  these  was  a  joint  discussion  on 
"baptism  between  William  iNI.  Brown,  of  Kentucky,  a  well-educated, 
vigorous,  and  rather  brillinnt  3'oung  preacher  of  the  Campbell 
school,  and  Rev.  Joseph  G.  Monfort  (afterward  a  D.  D.),  an  able 
Presb^'terian,  held  in  the  old  brick  court  house,  about  1S3S,  and 
largeh'  attended  by  the  people  of  the  village  and  surrounding 
countr}'.  Another  debate  was  held  at  the  Christian  Church,  in 
Columbus,  in  1843,  between  Elder  Jacob  T.  Wright,  of  that  de- 
nomination, and  Rev.  Erasmus  Manford,  Universalist,  on  the  ques- 
tion, "  Do  the  Scriptures  teach  the  final  holiness  and  happiness  of 
all  mankind  ?  "  The  latter  affirmed;  the  former  denied.  John  B. 
New  opened  the  exercises  by  calling  on  the  audience  to  sing, 
"  Before  Jehovah's  awful  throne,"  and  following  it  with  a  fervent 
pra3'er.  Joseph  Fassett,  Abraham  Hammond  and  William  Herod 
acted  as  moderators.  The  debate  lasted  three  days  and  was  ably 
and  courteousl}'  conducted.  In  the  Christian  Church,  in  1854,  Will- 
iam W.  Curr}'  and  Henr}^  R.  Pritchard  vigorously  discussed  be- 
fore a  large  audience,  the  subject  of  ]idl.  Alexander  Campbell 
discussed  infidelity  with  Robert  Dale  Owen,  Roman  Catholicism 
with  Father  Purcell,  and  infant  baptism  with  Rev.  Rice.  The  re- 
ligious excitement  of  the  times  was  kept  alive  by  various  factions. 
The  Millerites  predicting  the  end  of  the  world  precipitated  various 
controversies  about  the  judgment  da}-^  and  many  were  greatly 
alarmed.  The  intr.  )duction  of  mesmerism  and  the  mesmeric  shows 
of  Dr.  Isaac  Keely,  turned  out  a  host  of  pupils  that  swarmed 
through  the  countr}',  filled  the  columns  of  the  papers  with  excit- 
ing accounts  of  their  wonderful  doings,  and  brought  on  a  spiritual- 
istic excitement  which  was  .slow  to  subside.     A  Mormon  missionar)-, 


474  i5Ai{TuoLO>n:w  count  v. 

naineil  Ilinklc,  came  into  the  eastern  part  of  llie  count}-,  and  drew 
heavily  on  flie  Baptist  cliurches.  Ivev.  Josepli  Fassett  enii,a::;ed  the 
ajKistle  in  a  debate  on  Mornionism.  Jonatlian  Ford,  John  Fklridge 
and  olliers,  joineil  the  Mormons  and  removed  with  them  froni  tlie 
county.  But  after  tliese  turbulent  times  came  peace,  though  there 
has  e\'er  been  a  friendh'  contest  and  struggle  for  the  supreniacv  by 
tlie  votaries  of  the  various  denominations.  The  trials  and  successes 
of  each  are  recorded  in  the  following  pages. 

Jfcl'ioJis/  Episcopal  CJutirhJ''  —  There  were  no  IMetliLdist 
churches  in  the  New  I^urchasc,  south  of  the  Uj^per  Waliash,  until 
after  the  land  surveys  of  1S19  and  1S20.  There  may  ha\-e  been 
preaching  along  the  Upper  Wabasli  at  the  military  posts  at  an  ear- 
lier time,  as  there  was  in  tlie  southern  parts  of  the  State.  The 
station  mentioned  as  "Blue  River"'  by  writers  on  early  rNfethodism, 
was  in  Washington  County,  near  Salem,  and  "Flat  Rock"  station 
■was  in  Henr}-  Count}-.  But  the  first  settlers  had  hardly  raised  their 
rude  log  cabins  within  the  present  boundaries  of  Bartholomew 
Count}-  before  the  itinerant  preachers  began  to  push  their  way  into 
the  wilderness  and  preach  the  word  of  God  where\-er  a  handful  of 
men  and  women  could  be  brought  together.  The  first  circuit,  or- 
ganized in  1S21,  by  James  Garner,  a  local  preacher,  was  quite  ex- 
tensive; it  included  all  of  Jennings  and  Bartholomew  counties,  to 
within  'three  miles  ;  T  Shelbyville,  to  Wolfe  Creek  in  Morgan 
County,  and  to  Brownstown  in  Jackson  County.  This  was  called 
the  Flat  Rock  circuit  and  was  in  the  Indiana  District  of  the  Mis- 
souri Conference.  The  first  appointments,  George  K.  Hester, 
preacher,  and  Samuel  Hamilton,  Presiding  Elder,  were  made  in 
October,  1821.  The  name  of  this  first  preacher  became  a  house- 
hold word  in  the  christian  homes  of  the  new  country.  Of  German 
parentage,  he  was  born  near  Shelbyville,  Kentucky,  in  1794.  At 
the  age  of  fifteen  he  united  with  the  church  and  some  time  thereafter 
became  convei'ted,  and  realizing  that  he  was  called  to  the  ministry, 
preached  his  first  sermon  in  September,  1813.  He  was  Hcensed  in 
1820,  was  admitted  to  the  Missouri  Conference  and  sent  to  the  Mt. 
Sterling  (Indiana)  circuit,  in  Crawford  Count}-.     Young  and  zeal- 

*Sonie  facts  lierc  used  arc  obtained  from  material  gathered  by  Ecv.  C.  Tinslcy  in  1S79. 


RICLKIIOUS  HISTORY.  475 

ous  lie  cainc  to  I'aiiholoinow  County,  ami  by  his  '^ood  wurks  bc- 
canu"  ciisliriiK'cl  in  tlie  licarls  of  the  people. 

IV'rha'jts  the  iirsl  socielN-  in  the  county  was  in  the  I  lawjiatch, 
formed  in  182  i;  anioni;-  those  composing;"  it,  beini;"  Jesse  and  C'alli- 
erine  Ruddick,  their  daughters,  Polly  and  Nancy,  Joshua  and  Jk'tsy 
IMcQucen,  Elijah  vSl  )an  and  wife,  Robert  and  Kate  Wilkinson,  and 
jNIaria,  their  daughter.  Joseph  McQueen  was  a  local  preacher  in 
this  neighborhood  whose  power  and  influence  were  great.  After 
many  years  of  faitliful  work  for  this  sect,  because  of  differences  of 
opinion  on  doctrinal  points,  he  left  the  Methodist  Church  and  be- 
came a  leader  among  the  Separate  Baptists  in  Christ. 

In  the  fall  of  1822,  at  a  camp-mccting*  held  in  the  Ilawpatch, 
the  people  there  agreed  to  build  a  union  meeting  house,  free  to  all, 
John  Young  donating  an  acre  of  ground  for  the  church  and  grave- 
yard. Soon  thereafter  a  log  house,  20x26  feet,  was  raised  and  was 
long  known  as  the  Liberty  meeting  and  school  house.  Subse- 
quently John  Young  sold  his  farm  to  David  Ta3'lor,  neglecting  to 
reserve  the  acre  promised  to  the  church  and  the  latter  refused  to 
allow  an}-  more  to  be  interred  in  the  grave-yard.  Thus  improx'c- 
ments  there  were  effectually  checked.  At  the  fourth  quarterly  con- 
ference of  Flat  Rock  circuit,  held  in  August,  1S22,  in  the  Hawpatch, 
there  were  present:  George  K.  Hester,  preacher;  Joseph  I'ownall, 
local  Elder;  Thomas  Lowre}',  local  preacher;  Joseph  McQueen, 
Peleg  Gifford,  Nelson  Monroe,  Henry  Bewell,  John  Parker,  cx- 
horters;  Hezekiah  Davidson,  John  Farquar,  stewards;  Isaac  Mar- 
shall, T.  Dane,  Nathan  Carter,  Elijah  Sloan,  Enoch  Evans,  James 
Striker,  Lewis  Blankenship,  W.  Conner,  Dorman  Bloss,  class 
leaders.  Thus  it  seems  the  organization  of  classes  had  been  vigor- 
ously and  successful!}'  prosecuted.  In  the  cabins  of  the  settlers  or 
in  the  open  woods  in  all  the  settlements,  preaching  was  held  as 
frequently  as  possible  and  classes  were  organized  wherever  prac- 
ticable. 

Mr.  Hester  preached  his  first  sermons  in  Columbus  at  the  house 
of  Aiken  A.  Wiles,  a  potter  from  Lebanon,  Ohio,  who  came  in 
1822.  His  house  was  of  hewed  logs,  and  perhaps  twenty  feet 
square.  Later  in  the  same  year  Thomas  Ilinkson  came  to  Colum- 
bus and  built  the  first  frame  house  in  the  village.     Upon  its  com- 


47t»  i)ARTnoi,0Mi:w  countv. 

plctiun  in  .1S23,  lie  offered  its  use  as  a  preaehiiic;-  plaee  to  all 
(leiiominations.  The  Presbyterians  and  Methodists  accepted  the 
offer,  and  here  Dennis  Willey,  who  had  been  appointed  to  the  cir- 
cuit in  the  pre\-ious  October,  organized  a  class,  of  \vhich  James  X. 
Lo\e,  a  pure  and  powerful  exhorter,  was  probabl\-  the  lirst  leader. 
On  the  loth  of  yiay  in  that  year,  (9en.  John  Tipton  deeded  a  lot 
in  Columbus,  north  of  Lot  43  on  WashinL;ton  Street,  to  Joseph  G. 
Williams,  Aikin  A.  Wiles,  Joseph  Pownalh  John  Farquar  and  Eli- 
jah Sloan,  Trustees,  for  the  purpose  of  buildini,^  a  church  thereon, 
but  several  years  elapsed  before  the  house  w  as  erected.  This  was 
Dennis  Wi]le}-*s  last  circuit.  He  had  commenced  his  ministrv  far 
in  the  interior  of  Arkansas,  and  there  preached  his  first  sermon  in 
the  bar-room  of  a  tavern,  with  the  Territorial  officers  for  an  au- 
dience. He  was  kind-hearted,  a  good  preacher,  and  made  the 
truth  of  the  Scriptures  very  plain.  A*fter  him  came  Thomas  Rice, 
with  William  Beauchamp  as  Presiding  Elder,  who,  because  of  his 
effecti\'e  natural  eloquence,  was  often  styled  the  Demosthenes  of 
the  West. 

In  1S24,  the  Illinois  Conference  held  its  first  session  at  Charles- 
town;  Thomas  liewson  and  James  Garner  were  the  pastors,  and 
the  gifted  John  Strange  was  Presiding  Elder,  remaining  on  the 
district  four  years.  Mr.  Strange  spent  much  of  his  ministerial  life 
in  the  State,  and  is  remembered  by  all  the  oldest  Methodists  with 
affection.  He  drew  large  crowds  to  hear  him,  and  was  tender  and 
pathetic,  or  grand  and  awful,  as  the  subject  required.  He  was  a 
tall,  slender  man,  with  black  hair  and  blue  eyes;  voice  of  remark- 
able compass  and  power,  and  always  preached  with  true  unction. 
In  1S25,  the  preachers  appointed  were,  James  Jones  and  T.  S.  Hitt. 
Because  of  the  hitter's  sickness  he  w\as  replaced  by  Joel  Havens, 
who  was  subsequently  expelled  for  going  to  law  with  a  brother. 
Abner  H.  Cheaver  came  next,  and  was  succeeded  in  1827  b3'  Con- 
stant B.  Jones,  who  preached  in  a  stone  house  owned  by  ]Mrs.  Hink- 
son.  He  re-organized  the  class  and  gave  it  an  impetus  which  con- 
siderably increased  its  growth.  The  Columbus  circuit  was  formed 
at  the  annual  conference  of  1827,  and  the  first  quarterly  confer- 
ence was  held  at  Edinburg.  Constant  B.  Jones  ^vas  preacher  in 
charge.     J.  Pownall,  J.  Richey,  J.  McQueen  and   x\.    Phelps   were 


,.-i¥^;?- 


RKLUUOUS  HISTOUV.  479 

local  preachers;  P.  Gifford,  Thomas  Done,  J.  MclCwcn  ami  Elijali 
Carter,  exhorters;  George  IJarrelt,  Isaiah  Livingstone,  and  L 
Parrish,  Headers.  Quarterage  raised  amounted  in  all  to  $12.25. 
Of  this  amount  John  Strange  received  ."1^2.81. 

The  nanie  of  Williamson  Terrell  appears  on  the  minutes  of  the 
fourth  qu;u"terlv  conference  of  Columbus  circuit,  in  1S28,  as  an 
exhorter  \Nhose  license  was  renewed.  lie  was  horn  in  Clark 
County,  Ky.,  June  12,  1S05,  and  moved  to  Vernon  with  his 
parents  in  1820.  Here  he  united  with  the  Paptist  Church,  wlieii 
fifteen  years  old,  and  aflerw  ard,  during  a  visit  to  Kentucky,  united 
with  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church.  lie  nioved  to  Columbus  in 
1827,  when  twenty-two  years  old,  and  became  actively  identified 
with  the  church,,  and  was  soon  appointed  class  leader.  He  was 
ordained  Deacon  by  Pishop  Roberts,  in  1830,  and  was  a  local 
preacher  until  1S41,  when  he  entered  the  conference.  His  soul 
was  filled  with  gra.  e  and  power.  Revivals  followed  his  labors  in 
all  parts  of  the  circuit,  and  he  brought  many  souls  into  the  King- 
dom. Full  of  years  and  full  of  honors,  he  died  while  in  the  active 
discharge  of  his  duties  as  Presiding  Elder  on  Easter  d.iy,  April  15, 
1873.  _  . 

In  182S,  Asa  Peck,  as  pastor,  Lewis  Plankenship,  as  assistant, 
and  Allen  Wiley,  as  Presiding  Elder,  were  appointed  to  the  Colum- 
bus circuit.  At  this  time  there  were  but  thirty-five  members  of 
the  church  at  Columbus,  and  about  500  in  the  entire  circuit,  which 
number,  however,  Avas  increased  to  700  before  the  conference  of 
that  year.  For  his  year's  work  Mr.  Beck  received  $70,  "mostly," 
as  he  himself  has  written,  "  in  the  product  of  the  farm  and  knitting 
needle."  In  the  town,  preaching  was  held  at  Terrell's  cabinet 
shop,  and  quarterly  meetings  at  the  court  house.  During  his 
ministry  the  people  succeeded  in  building,  b}'  subscription,  a  union 
meeting  house,  open  to  all  Christian  denominations,  the  first  mak- 
ing an  appointment  for  a  certain  time,  to  have  precedence  over  all 
others.  April  7,  1829,  a  deed  for  the  property,  to  be  used  for  this 
purpose,  was  made  b}'  Hiram  Smith  and  wife  to  W.  Terrell, 
Ephraim  Arnold  and  Samuel  Crittenden,  as  Trustees  of  the  "Colum- 
bus Liberty  Meeting  and  School  House."  It  stood  opposite  the 
residence   of  Dr.  S.  M.  Linton,  built  many  years  later;  was  about 


4S0  nAKTnoix):\n'Av  county. 

25x50  ft_'cl,  one;  sUiiy  hi<^'!i,  with  ;i  door  in  uacli  cntl,  .'iiul  one  in 
fronl.  On  cither  side  of  tiie  front  door  were  two  windows,  in  tlie 
center  of  tlie  rear  wall,  opposite  the  door,  was  the  pul]iit,  in  front 
of  which  and  built  into  it,  was  the  schoolmaster's  desk.  On  c^ithcr 
side  of  the  piilpi'c  were  two  windows  corresponding-  to  those  in  the 
front  wall.  After  the  building  of  the  railroad  it  was  moved  from 
its  old  site  and  sold  for  .f  pS2. 

In  1S29,  Isaac  N.  Ellsbur}',  with  John  T.  Johnson  as  assistant, 
were  the  preachers.  The  beloved  John  Strange  again  became 
Presiding  Elder  and  remained  such  through  the  following  year. 
In  the  following  year  Nathan  Fairchild  was  emplo^•ed  as  a  supply. 
For  some  time  he  had  been  a  noted  local  preacher.  His  education 
was  limited,  his  studies  having  been  contined  chiefly  to  the  Bible 
and  Pollock's  Course  of  Time,  but  his  natural  eloquence  was  truh" 
great.  He  frequently  held  his  audience  in  breathless  attention,  and 
such  was  the  magnetic  influence  of  his  personalit}'-  that  he  "  moved 
the  living  mass  as  if  he  were  its  soul."  He  was  more  given  to 
driving  men  into  the  Kingdom  through  the  terrors  of  a  literal  hell 
vividly  and  terrillcall}"^  portrayed  than  to  coaxing  them  into  it 
through  a  pleasing  description  of  the  J03'S  that  attend  a  Christian 
life  and  the  delights  of  Heaven  gained.  He  was  considered  the 
grandest  exhorter  of  his  time  in  this  localit}',  and  man}'  now  living 
can  testify  to  his  power. 

Amos  Sparks  was  in  the  next  year  appointed  to  the  circuit.  As 
Presiding  Elder,  James  Havens  succeeded  John  Strange.  In  1832, 
the  Indiana  Conference  formed  and  met  at  New  Alban}-.  Here 
Charles  Bonner  was  appointed  to  the  Columbus  circuit;  Allen  Wiley, 
Presiding  Elder.  These  were  followed  b}'  Spencer  \V.  Hunter, 
preacher,  and  James  Havens,  Presiding  Elder.  At  this  time  efforts 
were  made  to  build  a  parsonage  at  Columbus,  W.  Terrell,  J.  N. 
Love  and  J.  B.  Abbett,  forming  a  committee  to  attend  to  the  mat- 
ter, but  permanent  results  were  not  accomplished.  The  next  on 
the  circuit  were  WilHam  H.  Smith  and  Lewis  Ilurlbut,  each  serv- 
ing one  year  in  the  order  named.  During  both  years  the  Presiding 
Elder  \vas  Joseph  Oglesb}'-,  whose  successor  was  Samuel  C.  Cooper. 
In  1836,  W.  W.  Ilibben  rode  the  circuit.  At  this  time  there  was 
not  a  distinctly  jMethodist  Church  building  in  the  county  except  at 


RICI.tGJOUS  IlISTOKV.  .[Si 

Carter's  CIi;'.|U'l.  In  Columbus,  prayer  iiU'Ctini^s  were  lu'ld  at  llic 
liouscs  of  James  X.  Lo\i:  and  otlicr  members.  As  to  Sabballi 
Schools, jn  which  the  churches  of  the  counly  are  now  justly  proutl, 
there  1k;'1  not  lx'e4i  one  established.  During  the  ycnv  several  ap- 
pointments were  taken  from  this  circuit  and  aiUUd  to  that  of 
Shelbyville,  which  to  some  i;.\tent  lessened  the  arduous  labcM's  of 
the  faithful  and  indefatigable  circuit-riders.  In  that  \ear  Mr.  Ilib- 
ben  preached  230  sermons,  traveled  2,100  miles,  had  200  accessions 
to  the  churcli,  and  received  $2.|6  —  or  the  necessaries  of  life  valued 
at  that  sum.  The  preaching  places  were:  Columbus,  Rev.  J.  A. 
Speer's,  Jesse  Evans',  Love's  school  house,  Sloan's  school  house, 
Herron's  school  house,  Edinburg  Chapel,  Rev.  Alfred  Phelps', 
Isaac  IMarshall's,  Jonathan  Smith's,  Shepard's,  Carter's  Chapel, 
Blackwell's,  Wooley's  school  house,  Robinson's  school  house, 
McGraw's,  Thompson's,  Nathan  Lewis',  Abrahani  Zeigler's,  Van- 
arsdall's,  AzoUa,  Price's,  Swisher's,  and  Clark's,  These  were 
changed  from  time  to  time  and  added  to  as  the  growth  of  the  pop- 
ulation made  it  necessar}-  in  order  to  preach  to  all  who  were  willing 
to  hear.     The  entire  count}'  was  thoroughly  worked. 

•  Next  came  James  V.  Watson,  an  eloquent  and  earnest  preacher, 
with  Constant  B.  Jones  as  assistant.  Succeeding  Watson  were 
Miltiades  JMiller  and  Landy  Havens,  in  1838;  George  K.  Hester 
and  Draper  Chipman,  1839;  B.  F.  GrifBth  and  Leander  Forbes, 
1840;  Wilhamson  Terrell  and  Thomas  Spillnan,  1S41;  John  W. 
Mellender  and  James  Templin,  1842;  W.  Terrell  and  Sanford  Bot- 
tingall,  1843;  Elijah  Whitten  and  John  C.  Kelle}-,  1S44;  Landy 
Havens,  1845;  Amos  Busse}-,  1846;  Constant  B.  Jones,  1847; 
John  W.  Sullivan,  1S48  and  1S49.  During  this  time  the  Presiding 
Elders  were  Augustus  Eddy,  one  year;  Henry  S.  Talbot,  one 
year;  John  Miller,  two  years;  James  Havens,  two  years;  Lucien  W, 
Berry,  two  years,  and  Edward  R.  Ames,  four  years,  or  until  1850. 
In  the  summer  of  1S49,  c^'-ii'i'iy"  ^^e  first  year  of  his  work  on  the 
circuit  Mr.  Sullivan  started  with  his  family  to  Wisconsin,  intend- 
ing to  enter  the  conference  there.  Before  his  destination  was 
reached  it  was  represented  to  the  conference,  by  mistake,  that 
the  new-comer  had  ten  children,  which  being  considered  too  great 
a  burden  for  the  conference   to   assume,   the  applicant  was  denied 


4S2  IJAK'TIIOLOMF-W    COfXTV. 

adinis.sion.  .  Grcatl}-  disappoinli'd,  he  inatlc  liis  \vav  liack  to  Colum- 
bus, and  soon  lluTcaftcr  coiulucU'd  one  of  [he  hnv^vsl  and  most 
'  successful  revivals  that  the  ]ieople  of  CoIuuiImis  had,  up  to  that 
time  witnessed.  At  its  elf)se,  tlie  churcli  and  citizens  of  tlu'  town, 
regardless  of  denominational  differences,  petitioned  the  Uisliop  to 
make  Columbus  a  station  and  appoint  Mr.  Sullivan  as  its  jiastor. 
Their  prayer  was  gr.snted,  and  this  act  marks  an  epoch  in  tlie  his- 
tory of  jNIethodism  the  county.  All  these  earl)-  cIuucIk-,  ac- 
counts of  which  arc  ^iven  in  the  following  pages,  were  su]iplied, 
up  to  this  time,  b}-  the  ministers  who  have  thus  far  been  named. 

The  minutes  of  the  Lidiana  Conference  were  published  for  the 
first  time  in  1S49,  '^""^^  ^^''^  southeast  Indiana  Conference,  in  which 
Columbus  now  is,  held  its  iirst  meeting  at  Rush\'ille  in  1852. 
From  1S50,  for  two  3-ears,  Calvin  W.  Ruter  was  Presiding  Elder; 
he  \vas  succeeded  by  James  Havens,  who  continued  for  four  years, 
this  being  about  the  last  of  that  veteran's  work.  John  W.  Miller 
Avas  appointed  to  the  new  station  in  1S50.  When  he  came  he  found 
a  congregation  of  154  members  holding  its  meetings  in  a  church 
entirely  too  small  for  its  needs.  He  was  an  energetic  worker  and 
at  once  urged  the  building  of  a  new  church,  offering  to  personall}' 
aid  in  burning  the  necessary  bricks.  Elias  H.  Sabin,  who  was  ap- 
pointed on  the  following  year,  continued  to  agitate  the  subject  of 
building,  and  succeeded  in  raising  considerable  mone}'  for  the  pur- 
pose. Sampson  Tincher,  the  next  on  the  work,  before  the  3'ear 
was  half  gone,  was  forced  Iw'  ill  health  to  abandon  active  effort,  and 
gave  way  to  James  S.  Barnes.  Mr.  Tincher  was  re-appointed  in 
1S53,  and  set  to  work  with  earnestness  and  determination  to  com- 
plete the  new  church,  and  in  the  spring  of  1854,  it  was  dedicated 
with  appropriate  and  impressive  ceremonies  b}'  Dr.  W.  M.  Daile}'. 
This  church  cost  about  $6,000,  was  of  brick,  of  neat  design,  and 
ample  for  the  needs  of  the  congregation.  A  debt  of  $2,200  was 
incurred  in  its  construction,  which  remaining  unpaid,  became  a  great 
burden  and  source  of  annoyance.  A  suit  at  law  was  threatened  by 
the  creditors,  but  the  efforts  of  Elijah  Whitten,  pastor  in  1S55,  a 
ver}^  zealous,  fervent  and  industrious  man,  Simeon  Perry,  Joshua 
Reynolds,  Jacob  Jones,  William  I\IcE\\en,  and  others,  saved  the 
property  and  for  more  than  thiii}-   years   it   ser\ed   as   a  place   of 


RELIGIOUS   HISTORY.  483 

worship.     When  no  longer  needed  as  a  church  it  was  sold  to  Frank 
Crump  for  $5,000,  and  is  now  used  as  a  liver}^  stable. 

In  iS^4,  James  Crawford  was  put  on  the  circuit  and  made  a 
very  acceptable  pastor.  The  exhorters  were  II.  H.  Wilson  and 
Edwin  Hollowell;  the  stewards,  J.  F.  Jones,  Lewis  B.  Leonard, 
S.  C.  Cavanaugh,  Joshua  Reynolds,  William  Singleton,  William 
McEwen,  Samuel  J.  Harris,  and  George  W.  Palmer.  From  1856, 
named  in  the  order  of  service  .vith  the  length  thereof  in  years  in- 
dicated in  figures,  the  pastors  in  charge  have  been :  Hiram  Gil- 
more,  i;  J.  B.  Lathrop,  2;  John  A.  Brouse,  i;  Joseph  Cotton,  i; 
S.  B.  Falkinburg,  2;  John  S.  Tevis,  2;  Thomas  H.  Lynch,  2; 
W^  W.  Snyder,  2 ;  L.  G.  Atkinson,  2 ;  J.  K,  Pye,  i ;  A.  H.  Reat,  i ; 
W.  Harrison,  i;  J.  Cotton,  3;  C.  Tinsley,  2;  S.  Tincher,  2;  E.  H. 
Wood,  2 ;  R.  D.  Black,  2,  and  V.  W.  Tevis,  the  present  pastor, 
now  serving  his  third  year.  The  Presiding  Elders:  T.  H.  L^^nch, 
3 ;  F.  C.  HoUiday,  i ;  T.  H.  Lynch,  i ;  John  A.  Brouse,  i ;  Enoch 
G.  Wood,  I ;  Francis  A.  Hester,  2 ;  E.  G.  Wood,  i ;  S.  Tincher,  3 ; 
E.  G.  Wood,  2;  W.  Terrell  (died  April  15,  1873,  while  serving 
second  yea:-,  J.  H,  Martin  filling  out  the  time);  E.  L.  Dolph,  i; 
T.  H.  Lynch,  2;  F.  A.  Hester,^4;  G.  P.  Jenkins,  5;  G.  L.  Cur- 
tis, 3 ;  A.  N.  Marlatt,  at  present  presiding. 

^lie  membership  of  .he  church  did  not  reach  200  tmtil  1870, 
and  twice  since  that  time  it  has  fallen  below  that  number.  Since 
1874  there  has  been  a  constant  increase,  more  marked  during  the 
ministry  of  the  present  pastor  than  ever  before.  Mr.  Tevis  is  a 
powerful  and  effective  pulpit  orator,  being  logical  and  convincing 
in  argument,  happy  in  the  choice  of  illustrations,  fervent  and  true 
in  appeal,  and  possessing  a  vast  fund  of  information  on  which  he 
draws  with  the  ease  and  skill  characteristic  of  a  trained  intellect. 
His  character  is  adorned  with  those  manly  attributes  which  every- 
where attract  genuine  friends,  and  consequently  his  popularit}^  is 
not  confined  to  the  membership  of  the  church  in  his  charge.  At 
the  close  of  his  last  revival  he  had  made  485  converts.  At  present 
the  church  membership  numbers  725 — more  than  double  the  high- 
est number  at  any  time  prior  to  the  commencement  of  his  ministry. 
In  the  erection  of  the  present  church  he  has  exhibited  superior  tact, 
business  sagacity  and  executive  ability.     Beautiful  in  design,  com- 


/jS4  BAliTIIOr.OMK W    COUNT V. 

inodious  and  substnnlial,  il  was  erected  at  a  cost  (if  $:5,ooo,  and 
over  it  han_i;-s  no  cloud  of  debt.  June  12,  18S7,  with  impressive 
ceremony,  it  was  dedicated  to  tlie  use  of  the  Master  of  Ijishops,  by 
Bisliop  Thomas  ]')Owman.  The  clunxh  also  has  a  comfortable 
parsonage  valued  at  ij^.|.ooo. 

5A  Loun  J\l.  E.  Church.  —  This,  the  oldest  Methodist  Episco- 
pal church  in  the  northeast  part  of  the  count}-,  and  parent  to  several 
other  prosperous  organizations,  was  organized  in  August,  1S29,  at 
Abraham  Zeigler's  house,  by  Lewis  and  Elizabeth  Romingcr,  Eliz- 
abeth Williams,  James  Fortner,  Fannie  L.  ITolston,  Abraham  Zeig- 
ler,  Charles  W.  Rominger  and  Mrs.  Eouderback.'  Zeigler's  house 
continued  a  preaching  place  until  1837,  when  a  log  cabin  was  raised 
and  dedicated  in  October  of  that  year  by  Williamson  Terrell.  In 
1849,  anew  house  was  erected,  and  dedicated  in  April,  iS5o,by  E.  R. 
Ames.  During  the  dedicator}^  services  the  amount  necessary  to 
to  pay  for  its  construction,  $1,250,  was  raised.  The  congregation, 
now  numbering  no,  continues  to  use  this  building.  Over  one 
hundred  children  attend  the  Sabbath  School;  C.  A.  Reed,  Super- 
intendent. 

Hope  M.  E.  Church  was  organized  in  1854,  ^3'  ^^^'-  Ephraim 
^V^o■ht,  with  the  following  twelve  members:  G.  W.  Norman, 
class  leader,  Levina  Norman,  Alexander  Cook,  Polly  Cook,  Will- 
iam Miller  and  wife,  Mrs.  Jane  Barme,  Emanuel  Snjxler  and  wife, 
Harriet  Cook,  Rebecca  Cook  and  Sarah  Cook.  The  leader  of 
this  class  and  several  of  its  members,  are  still  faithful  supporters  of 
this  church.  God  has  prospered  the  society,  giving  it  grace,  and 
increasing  its  members  until  now  320  souls  look  to  its  altar  as  their 
place  of  worship.  The  first  meetings  were  held  in  a  small  log 
school  house  that  stood  in  the  lot  where  Mrs.  Trisler  now  lives;  but 
Avith  increased  numbers  a  larger  house  was  required,  and  in  1857, 
a  frame  church  of  ample  size  and  neat  design  was  dedicated  to  the 
INIastcr's  service,  and  there  for  thirty  years  the  Word  was  preached. 
In  18S7,  at  a  cost  of  $8,000,  a  handsome  brick  edifice,  capable  of 
seating  725  people,  was  erected  on  Washington  Street,  near  tlie 
coi-ner  of  Harrison,  and  on  October  23,  of  that  year,  was  dedicated 
by  Dr.  J.  H.  Bayliss,  assisted  by  Presiding  Elder  S.  Tincher. 
Payment  for  this  work  was  provided  for  without  the   incurrence  of 


Rivur.ious  lusTouv.  485 

debt,  principally  tlirouoli  the  \\(irk  if  llcv.  \V.  W.  Reynolds.  The 
old  church,  still  well  preser\ed,  will  he  iisetl  as  a  chapel  after  being 
removed Irom  its  present  site  to  a  lot  near  the  new  building.  1 1.  G. 
Solomon  is  Superintendent  of  the  Sabbath  School,  which  has  an 
average  attendance  of  about  200  children. 

A^ciubcnt  J/.  J£.  Church  was  organized  about  1S56.  Among 
its  early  members  were  Alexander  Kennedy,  a  local  preacher, 
John  Boyer,  William  McClintic,  James  C.  Gant,  Anderson  Jones 
and  David  E.  McCallic.  Tlic  membership  has  grown  to  120.  Cap- 
tain George  W.  Wright,  an  excellent  singer,  has  for  man}-  j'cars 
been  a  good  helper  in  this  congregation.  Soon  after  the  organiza- 
tion a  substantial  frame  chm-cln  was  erected,  which  is  still  used.  It 
was  recentl}'  remodeled  and  thoroughl}'^  repaired;  and  on  Febju.ar}'- 
5,  1888,  was  re-dedicated  by  Rev.  W.  W.  Reynolds.  The  Sab- 
badi  School,  with  an  avciage  attciidance  of  about  100,  is  super- 
intended by  D.  E.  McCallie. 

The  three  churches  last  named  constitute  the  Hope  circuit. 
The  St.  Louis  Church  for  man}-  years  was  in  the  Columbus  circuit, 
and  from  about  1S44  to  1S49,  in  the  Auburn  circuit.  In  1S50,  it 
was  called  the  St.  Louis  circuit,  and  this  church  was  the  recognized 
headquarters  of  the  charge  until  1S64,  when  it  was  changed  to  the 
Hope  circuit.  In  1866  the  work  was  divided,  Hope  and  St.  Louis 
being  heads  of  distinct  circuits.  They  w^ere  re-imited  in  1868, 
designated  as  Hope  circuit,  and  so  continue  to  the  present.  A 
parsonage  was  located  at  St.  Louis,  in  1851;  was  sold  in  1864 
(the  proceeds  being  invested  in  a  parsonage  at  Hope);  was  re-pur- 
chased in  1866,  and  again  sold  in  1S68.  The  parsonage  is  now  at 
Hope.  These  cliurches  have"been  frequently  shifted  from  one  dis- 
trict to  another,  but  prior  to  1B55,  they  were  generally  in  the  same 
district;  the  Columbus  church  had  the  Presiding  Elders,  elsewhere 
named,  in  the  early  history  of  that  society.  The  early  preachers 
are  also  there  named.  Joseph  McQueen,  Uriah  INIcQueen  and 
James  N.  Love,  were  early  local  preachers  at  St.  Louis;  Louis 
Rominger  and  George  W.  Zeigler,  were  zealous  and  powerful  ex- 
horters.  When  Columbus  and  St.  Louis  became  separated  in 
1844,  John  C.  Kelley  was  pastor  at  the  latter  place.  After  him 
came    Landy  Havens,   Philip   Berwick,  J.  V.    R.  Miller,   Ilaydon 


4^6  BAUTIIOI.OMI'.W    COUNTV. 

Ilay.s,  George  B.  Taylor,  P.  I\  Ilolmcs.  A.  !>.  Sliaw,  Harmon 
Richardson,  Thomas  Crawford,  Ephraim  WriLflit,  AXilHam  Mont- 
^  oomcry,  WilUam  Roam,  Samuol  C.  Ncjblc,  James  Crawford,  W. 
II.  Mull-er,  James  Davidson,  ^\'i^iam  Lonj;-,  F.  II.  Turk,  David 
Stivers,  William  Maupin  and  Jacob  Norton.  In  iS66,  William 
Maupin  was  at  Hope,  and  S.  H.  Whitmore,  at  St.  Louis;  in  1867, 
S.  C.  Noble,  at  Hope,  and  Samuel  Longden,  at  St.  Louis;  and  in 
the  lext  year  jNIr.  Longden  had  both  charges.  To  complete  the 
list  for  the  Hrst  half  century  of  the  church's  existence,  ma\'  be 
named  Thomas  W.  Jones,  James  Crawford,  George  W.  Winches- 
ter, John  P.  Pell  and  William  M.  Grubbs.  The  circuit  is  now 
traveled  by  Rev.  W.  W.  Reynolds,  Avho  in  1.  ministry  of  ten  years, 
has  had  1,037  accessions  to  the  churches  in  his  charge,  and  has 
built,  or  radically  repaired,  nine  church  edifices.  On  this  circuit, 
where  he  is  now  on  his  second  year's  work,  he  has  had  about  200 
accessions.  He  was  born  September  6,  1845,  near  Brownstown, 
Indiana;  was  educated  at  the  Illinois  Universit}-,  at  Bloomington, 
in  that  State,  where  he  was  graduated  in  18S0.  His  zeal  and 
Christian  spirit,  are  evidenced  by  his  works. 

HartsziVc  M.  E.  Chtirch.'—  The  societ}'  here  was  organ- 
ized about  1854,  i"  the  Baptist  Church,  with  twelve  members. 
Robert  Powell  and  wife,  James  Powell,  John  Quinn,  Levi  Moore, 
William  Smiley,  William  Black,  Solomon  Miller,  Enoch  Richmond 
and  wife,  and  Elizabeth  Alexander,  were  among  the  first  men:ibers. 
John  W.  Winchester  was  the  first  minister  and  "  Father  "  Countr}-- 
man  led  the  first  class.  The  second  leader  was  Thomas  C.  Fo"Ie, 
long  a  faithful  member.  Among  the  early  preachers  were  William 
vSmith,  Constant  B.  Jones,  Jacob  Miller,  Charles  Mapes,  Nimrod 
Kerrick,  Joseph  Tarkington,  James  Crawford,  Land}'  Havens, 
John  S.  Tevis,  Milton  Heath,  and  Lewis  Dale.  At  first  the  meet- 
ings were  held  in  the  Baptist  and  Christian  churches,  the  temper- 
ance hall,  the  college  building,  and  at  the  homes  of  members,  but 
about  1863,  during  the  pastorate  of  William  Maupin,  a  pious  and 
energetic  man,  a  substantial  and  commodious  frame  church  was 
erected,  costing  about  $1,500.  The  church  also  owns  a  neat  par- 
sonage valued  at  $2,000.  The  present  pastor  is  Rev.  William 
Wykoff ;  the  membership  numbers  eighty-five.  The  Sunday  School 


Kiu.unoi's;  insTOK'i'.  .\S'J 

witli  an  avcr.ige  atU'iiclanci-  of  125,  is  suiu  rinlciuUxl  by  ?^ri*J()hn 
Phillipy.  'i'his  is  the  onlyclrarch  in  Uic  county  now  on  the  1  Iarts\illc 
circuit.  ** 

Car/cr's  Chapel,  located  in  Columbus  ^l\)\vnshi]i  on  the  cross- 
roads at  Lowell  StatifMi,  was  organized  by  Rev.  James  Garner,  in 
1821.  Its  early  members  were:  Elijah  S.  Carter,  Mariah  Carter, 
Nathan  Carf'-'-,  Elizabeth  Carter,  Joseph  l>evis,  Aaron  lievis, 
Sarah  Moun;  .  William  Lumbick,  Sarah  Lumbick,  Ik-njamin  F. 
Arnold,  Matilda  Arnold,  IJenjamin  Piatt,  Mary  Fiddrick,  lulia 
Arnold,  Samuel  Brown,  Elizabeth  Brown,  Rebecca  Ann  Car- 
ter, Rebecca  Ikvis,  Jamima  Lumbick,  Rhoda  Iliatt.  Elijah  Car- 
ter was  the  first  class  leader,  :  id  continued  as  such  about 
thirty  years.  For  many  3'ears  this  chuich  was  attached  to 
the  Columbus  circuit,  and  afterward  to  the  Taylorsville  circuit. 
In  early  times  the  meetings  were  held  at  the  houses  of  Nathan 
Carter,  Samuel  Mounts  and  others.  At  least  fiftj'-five  years  ago  a 
log  church,  the  first  Methodist  church  in  the  county,  w^as  raised 
just  north  of  the  present  building  and  west  of  the  grave-yard.  On 
the  same  site,  early  in  the  40's,  a  small  frame  church  was  built, 
which  served  the  congregation  till  1870,  when  a  brick  edifice,  40x45 
feet,  w^as  erected  at  a  cost  of  about  $2,200,  which  was  dedicated  in 
1871,  b}^  Revs.  Sampson  Tincher  and  Joseph  Cotten.  The  mem- 
bership is  now  twent3'-nine. 

Bethel  Church,  located  in  Union  Tow'nship,  about  two  and  a 
half  miles  west  of  Taylorsville,  was  organized  in  1853  b}^  Smith  D. 
Jones,  William  Lightfoot  and  wife,  Vincent  Foster  and  wife  Sarah, 
Thomas  L.  Jones  and  w'ife,  Elijah  Dj'son  and  wife  Ann,  Elza 
Browning,  w'ife  Fanny,  and  daughters  Sarah  and  Matilda,  Kat}^ 
A.  Bevis  and  Mary  Groves.  A  frame  church,  early  constructed 
by  this  societ}',  WMS  destroyed  by  fire  in  1863,  and  rebuilt  in  1S66, 
at  a  cost  of  about  $800.     Present  membership  fifty-seven. 

St.  Louis  Crossing-  Church. —  In  1863  a  society  was  organized 
and  a  church  built  by  the  Presbyterians  at  this  place.  In  1871  the 
building  was  purchased  by  Henr^'  Drake  and  presented  to  the 
Methodist  congregation.  The  building  up  of  the  congregation  was 
the  work  of  Rev.  James  Crawford.  Among  the  early  members 
were  Henry  Drake,   Peter   Shank,  John  Drake   and  their  waives. 


4^8  liARTIlOl.O.MKW    COLNTV. 

One  (jf  the  most  iiiijMjrlanl  events  in  the  liistorv  of  this  rliuit  h  was 
the  revival  concluded  in  1887  by  Ke-v.  Daniel  Ryan,  In  winch  he 
•brought  into  the  church  122  members.  The  present  membership 
IS  150.  The  Sunday  School  is  also  large;  II.  Ferry,  Superintendent. 
Tayhirsvillc  ]\L  E.  Church  wa^  organized  in  1833.  Among 
the  early  active  mendiers  were  Dr.  Ikdl,  David  Groves,  Mary 
Groves,  Thomas  James,  William  Smilli,  George  Iiaker,  Robert 
I-Iobson,  Richard  Hendricks,  Sarah  Swisher,  Samuel  and  lizabeth 
Brown.  The  Taylorsville  congregation  was  organized  in  a  log- 
cabin,  and  for  some  lime  held  its  meetings  at  the  homes  of  mem- 
bers. About  1850,  a  frame  edifice,  36x46  feet,  was  erected  at  a 
cost  of  about  $1,000.  Present  membership  sixty-nine.  Rev.  W.  C. 
Watkins  has  charge  of  the  four  last  named  churches,  which,  to- 
gethcr,  constitute  the  Taylorsville  circuit. 

Clifford  M.  E.  Church.—As  early  as  1S50  Ilawpatch  Chapel, 
on  the  road  to  Columbus  from  Clifford,  about  two  and  one-half 
miles  from  the  latter  place,  was  the  meeting  house  of  a  goodly 
number  of  the  leading  farmers  in  that  section.  About  1S65,  a 
Methodist  society  was  formed  at  Clifford  into  which  the  Maw- 
patch  society  was  merged.  The  first  class  was  composed  of  about 
fifteen  members,  among  whom  were  Johnson  Joiner,  leader; 
Frank  Miller,  Elmira  Barb  and  W.  L.  Linke.  The  first  preacher 
was  Rev.  J.  S.  Reager,  and  subsequently  those  best  remembered 
were  J.  C.  White  and  J.  C.  McCaw.  About  1858,  an  independent 
church  building  was  erected  in  Clifford,  the  United  Brethren  hav- 
ing preference  in  its  use.  It  still  stands  in  the  east  part  of  the  vil- 
lage and  is  used  by  the  New^  Light  Christians.  In  this  church  the 
Methodist  Episcopal  class  was  organized,  and  here  in  the  town- 
ship hall  its  meetings  were  held  until  1879,  when,  at  a  cost  of 
about  $1,000,  a  neat  frame  church,  36x50  feet,  was  erected  in  the 
west  part  of  the  village.  The  church  is  very  prosperous,  having 
165  m.  mbers.  Its  Sunday  School  has  an  average  attendance  of 
fift}',  with  Julian  P.  ^vlorton  as  Superintendent. 

PdcrsviUcM.  E.  C//?//r//.— Over  fifty  years  ago,  CHfty  Church 
was  built  on  Clift}-  Creek,  near  the  present  site  of  Petersville. 
Among  its  early  members  were  Dr.  H.  B.  Roland,  John  Singleton, 
Asa  Hunt,  Jesse  Davis  and   their   wives.     The   society  moved  to 


KEI.KilOI^S   HISTORY.  489 

Petersvillc  ul.iout  1867  or  1S68,  and  erected  a  frame  churcli,  25x40 
feet,  selling  the  old  house  to  Peter  Blessing.  Rev.  Samuel  Long- 
den  was  instrumental  in  building  the  new  church.  INIrs.  Jennette 
Burnett  has  been  a  faithful  member  for  many  3-ears,  coming  with 
the  society  from  old  Clift}'.  Present  membership  150.  The  Sun- 
da}''  School  has  an  average  attendance  of  about  sevent3'-rive,  with 
Dr.  F.  Norton  as  Supciintendent.' 

DiirnsviUc  J\l.  E.  Church  was  organized  about  1S32.  Wesley 
White  and  James  Thomas  were  among  the  carl}'  class  leaders,  and 
one  of  the  first  preachers  here  was  Williamson  Terrell.  About 
1S58,  the  church  built  a  frame  meeting  house,  comfortable  and  of 
moderate  size.  The  society'  was  weak  for  man}'  years  prior  to  the 
pastorate  of  Daniel  Ryan,  but  now  has  seventy-five  members. 

Trinity^  located  in  Clay  Township,  about  two  and  one-half 
miles  southeast  of  Petersville,  was  organized  in  1S85,  through  the 
work  of  Rev.  Edward  L3'ons.  Those  instrumental  in  organizing 
and  supporting  the  church  were  Henr}'  Glick  and  famil}^,  Peter 
Glick  and  wife,  Frank  New  and  wife,  James  Collier  and  famil}--, 
L3'man  Bo3'er  and  wife,  E.  B.  Newb3'  and  famil3'-,  S3dvanus  Glick 
and  wife,  William  Ross  and  wife,  and  man3'  others  equally  as  de- 
voted. The  congregation  uses  a  church  built  b3''  the  Lutherans, 
which  was  recentl3'  removed  and  rebuilt.  Present  membership 
about  100.  The  Sunday  School  has  an  average  attendance  of 
about  fift}',  with  P.  Glick,  Superintendent. 

The  four  churches  last  named  constitute  the  Clifford  circuit, 
and  are  under  the  charge  of  Rev.  Daniel  R3'an,  a  faithful  and  suc- 
cessful worker.  He  is  now  on  his  second  3'ear's  work  in  this 
count}',  and  has  had  nearly  500  accessions;  and  all  the  churches  in 
■his  charge  have  been  repaired  at  considerable  expense  without  in- 
curring debt. 

Azalia  M.  E.  Church  was  organized  about  the  year  1836, 
by  Rev.  W.  W.  Hibben.  Williamson  Terrell  and  J.  B.  Abbett 
were  among  its  earl}'-  preachers.  Its  first  class  leader  was  Samuel 
Baker.  The  oldest  member  now  is  Washington  Polen,  whose  name 
has  been  identified  with  the  histor3'  of  the  church  since  August, 
1838.  The  first  meetings  were  held  in  a  log  school  house;  but  in 
1840,  a  hewed  log  building  was  raised  which  served  the  congrega- 


490 


JiAKTHCKOMr.W    COI'NTV. 


lion  until  ihc  early  pari  of  the  7o"s,  when  a  frame  house,  36x10  feet, 
^costing    $800,    was   ereeted    on   the   site    of  the    old  cluireh.     The 
membership  now  numbers  ci<;-hty-three. 

Jc)iicsvi/lc  JI.  E.  Church  was  organized  about  the  }ear  1840, 
by  William  Pruther,  W:.!ter  G.  Trather,  John  Clive  and  oth- 
ers. The  society  had  no  fixed  j^laee  of  worship  for  a  jieriod  oC 
more  than  ten  years,  but  in  1853,  built  a  large  frame  structure  which 
has  since  been  remodeled.     Present  membership  forty-live. 

WaJcshoro  Jf.  E.  Church  was  organized  in  the  latter  part  of  the 
40's  by  Reuben  Cisler  and  wife,  Milton  Keller,  John  Walker,  Will- 
iam Kennard  and  wife,  Joseph  Stanley  and  others.  In  1S58,  the 
society  erected  a  neat  frame  church,  of  ample  size  for  the  congre- 
o-ation,  which  is  still  used.     Present  membership  forty-five. 

ElizahdhUnvn  M.  E.  Church  was  organized  about  the  year 
1850.  The  early  uiembers  prominent  in  church  work  were 
R.  H.  Wilber,  James  Newsom,  Richard  Newsom,  Jacob  Seibert, 
Thomas  Norton  and  Peter  Gwinn.  Rev.  Boone  was  the  first  min- 
ister. The  church  was  built  in  1854  ^3'  Enoch  Harrison.  It  is 
42x60  feet,  and  cost  about  $900.  Its  congregation  now  numbers  138. 

The  four  churches  last  named  are  in  the  Jonesville  Circuit,  and 
are  now  in  charge  of  Rev.  J.  L.  Perry.  Among  the  early  preach- 
ers remembered  by  these  congregations  were  Revs.  Maupin,  Puett, 
Carter,  Conner,  Bright,  Potts,  Rossin  and  Beswick.  The  early 
records  of  this  circuit  have  been  lost  and  many  facts  connected  with 
its  early  history  are  not  ascertainable. 

New  Zion,  in  Harrison  Township,  w^as  established  as  a  mission 
church  soon  after  the  settlement  of  the  country  round  about  it. 
For  several  years  preaching  was  had  at  the  houses  of  Samuel 
Thompson,  John  Cooper  and  others;  then  at  Smith's  school  house. 
The  early  members  were:  James  Sims,  Samuel  Thompson,  Thomas 
McConnell,  Joseph  Mitchell,  Moses  Cooper,  John  Cooper,  John  JNI. 
Polan,  WiUiam  Lucky,  Reece  Schwartwood,  Nelson  Fitch,  and 
John  Linson.  Mrs.  Clara  C.  Cooper  is  one  of  the  oldest  members 
of  the  church,  and  has  been  prominently  identified  with  its  history 
from  its  formation.  About  1S50,  a  hewed  log  building  was  erc-ted, 
which  served  the  congregation  until  1882,  when  it  was  replaced  by 
a  frame  structure,  36x_,o,  costing   about  $700;  Benjamin  De  Vore 


RELIGIOL'S  HlSJ-eiUV.  .jr)I 

donated  llu-  land  on  wliich  il  slar.ds.  Tlu'  iiumbcrsliii')  is  now 
small.  I'or  ni.uiv  years  ?\Ii\  William  \i.  I'a.llerson  has  been  Sujier- 
inlenden't  of  an  exceptional!}'  good  .Sabbath  School  here. 

0///'o  Cfhrpc/,  in  Ohio  Township,  Mas  organized  soon  after  l!~'50, 
chielly  thron-h  the  elTorls  of  C.  W.  Rnetgers,  a  faithful  local 
preacher.  A\'illiam  Puett  was  the  first  minister  in  ch;n\L;"e.  The  early 
members  wei'c :  William  R.  IjocIIc,  Samuel  Kilzmiller,  Moses 
Coo]-)cr,  John  Lyod  and  others.  The  lirst  meetings  \vere  held  in 
St.  Paul's  E^  angelical  Lutheran  Church,  but  soon  after  its  organ- 
ization the  church  raised  a  log  house  on  William  Bodle's  farm,  for 
a  place  of  worship.  In  1S59,  a  frame  house,  24x36  feet,  was  erected 
one-half  mile  from  the  site  of  the  log  church,  and  in  1S72,  a  little 
south  of  the  old  site,  a  second  frame  ediiice,  comfortable  and  com- 
modious, was  erected  at  a  cost  of  about  $2,000.  The  church  now 
has  sevent}'  members. 

Soul/i  Bcihany  was  organized  as  early  as  1850.  Among  its 
early  members  were  Joel  Avers,  Joseph  Patterson,  Moses  Mer- 
ving,  Thomas  Gent,  William  Rose,  and  their  wives.  The  fir.st 
minister  was  William  Powell,  who  preached  at  the  house  of  Joel 
Ayers.  A  frame  church  was  earl}-  built,  but  was  destro}'ed  by  fire 
soon  after  its  completion.  A  log  house  was  then  raised  which 
served  th.  congregation  till  1872?  when  a  neat  frame  church  of 
ample  size,  costing  about  $1,000,  was  erected.  Present  member- 
ship about  thirt}'.  The  Sunday  School  has  a  large  attendance ; 
Samuel  Price,  Superintendent. 

MoiDif  IlcaltJiy^  organized  about  1866,  had  among  its  early 
members:  Samuel  Fitch,  Isaac  Wantland,  Morris  Dye,  William 
Linson,  their  families,  Thomas  McDonald,  his  wife,  and  Mrs.  Elza 
Stiles.  The  first  meetings  were  held  in  the  seminary  building 
xmtil  a  frame  church  was  built.  The  church  has  upward  of  fifty 
members,  and  recentl}'  erected  a  neat  frame  church  of  moderate 
size. 

Mount  Olive,  located  in  the  northwest  corner  of  Harrison 
Township,  was  organized  about  1870.  The  first  minister  was  Rev. 
George  D.  Conner.  Among  the  first  members  were  Hugh 
Stewart,  James  Sparks,  Joseph  Hawk,  Benjamin  Whittington, 
William  Perrv,  and  their  families.     The   first  meetings  were  held 


49^ 


JiARTIKJLO^lKW    COfXr'i- 


ill  a  I'j.'ijHisl  cluirch,  near  the  site  of  Musiiil  C)!i\c.  A  small 
church,  costing  ij>35o,  was  crcclccl  in  1S76,  aiul  dctlicalcd  hy  Rev. 
Joseph  Cotton.  The  church  lot  was  donated  hy  Ik'njaiuin  Whil- 
tington.     The  present  nienihcrship  is  twenty-live. 

The  ftve  churclies  last  named  helong  at  present  to  the  New^ 
Bellsville  circuit,  TTcnry  Ross,  pastor.  The  older  churches  were 
at  iirst  in  the  Columhus  circuit,  tl  '11  in  the  Jones\-ille,  and  lalcr,  the 
Soutli  Bethany  circuit.s.  The  iirst  preachers  in  the  work  here  arc 
nam  ;d  in  the  general  early  history,  and  later  came  ^V.  W.  Pueti, 
Joseph  Wood,  F.  A.  Ileusing,  Silas  vSutton,  J.  J.  1 'yte,  AVilliam 
Rundcll,  T.  N.  Whitted,  Henry  P^Iarr,  Alonzo  ]3right,  Jacoh  Norton, 
and  many  others. 

iVincvcJi,  located  in  the  northwest  ]iart  of  the  county  in  Xine\-eh 
Township,  was  organized  through  the  leadership  of  Oliver  P.  Apple- 
gate,  now^  more  than  half  a  century  ago.  The  early  j^reachers 
Avere  Revs.  Tinsley,  Jackson,  Clifford,  Durwert,  and  that  powerful 
man,  Joseph  Woods.  Among  the  later  preachers,  William  Smith 
possessed  marked  ability.  This  church  has  always  had  a  very 
respectable  congregation.  Mrs.  Elizabeth  Barnhill  and  Mrs.  Col- 
lin McKinne}^  are  probably  the  oldest  survivors  of  its  early  mem- 
bers. The  families  of  the  Applcgates,  Bakers  and  Smith  were 
prominently  connected  with  its  earl}^  history.  In  i860,  a  frame 
church,  30x60  feet,  was  erected  at  a  cost  of  about  $1,000,  which 
was  dicated  by  I^ishop  Bowman.  The  present  pastor  is  Rev. 
Isaac  Turner.  This  church  is  the  only  one  in  the  county  in  the 
Nineveh  circuit. 

Mt.  Plcasaii/,  located  near  W.  A.  Abbett's,  three  miles  south- 
west of  Columbus,  was  organized  about  1S46  in  a  log  school  house, 
by  J.  M.  Abbett,  A.  M.  Abbett,  Nelson  Fitch,  Samuel  Linson  and 
others.  O.  H.  P.  Abbett  was  the  leading  local  preacher.  The 
society  prospered  and  had  a  large  congregation  until  1863,  when 
Rev.  W.  W.  Rundell,  a  good  man  and  a  good  preacher,  but  most 
radical  in  thought  and  expression,  discussed  war  issues  in  his  pulpit 
so  vigorously  and  with  such  scathing  words  that  many  of  his  hear- 
ers holding  different  views  on  the  subject  discussed,  left  the  con- 
gregation, forming  the  Christian  Union  Church,  and  eN'entuall}^ 
destroying  the  Methodist  society.     Within  a  few  years  after  the 


ItKl.lCIOUS   lUSTOKY.  493 

organization  a  frame  clunxli,  30x40  feel,  was  erected,  \vhich  lias  not 
been  used  fur  several  years,  except  iiiion  occasions  for  the  Innylno- 
of  tlie  dbad.  For  a  time  it  was  on  the  Columbus  circuit,  and  then 
on  the  Jonesville  circuit  until  droj^ped  altogether.  About  1S28,  a 
class  was  formed  at  the  house  of  Mrs.  JMlmund  Day,  in  Sand  Creek 
Township.  The  first  preacher  was  x\sa  Beck,  and  the  first  class 
leaders,  Jesse  Evans  and  William  Ilaniner.  Preaching  was  after- 
ward held  at  the  cabins  of  Evans  and  Ilamner,  and  later  at  that  of 
Jacob  Seibert.  Amos  Bussey  was  the  last  to  preach  in  that  neigh- 
borhood. The  society  was  abandoned  and  soon  the;  after  the  class 
at  Elizabethtown  was  formed. 

Antlion}"  Head's  meeting  house  was  buil;  b}'  himself,  at  his  own 
expense,  on  the  east  side  of  the  Rockford  State  road  about  a  mile 
south  of  Columbus.  It  was  a  good  sized  hewed  log  building,  and 
was  free  to  all  religious  sects,  though  the  Methodists  used  it  most 
as  it  was  near  the  Glanton  and  Gabbert  neighborhoods.  It  was 
built  long  before  there  w^as  any  church  in  Columbus,  and  probably 
earlier  than  the  Liberty  Meeting  House  in  the  Hawpatch.  Mr. 
Head  was  a  very  eccentric  man,  and  b}^  many  ^vas  thought  to  be 
crazy.  It  is  not  known  to  what  denomination  he  belonged.  He 
named  a  son  for  Lorenzo  Dow^  and  probably  was  a  disciple  of  that 
celebrated  character.  His  dress  was  peculiar  and  he  entertained 
some  most  remarkable  theories  concerning  hail  and  other  generally 
understood  products  of  the  elements.  At  one  time  he  announced 
that  he  would  preach,  and  a  large  crowd  assembled  curious  to  hear 
what  ideas  he  might  have  to  advance.  But  his  eccentricity  mani- 
fested itself  in  a  change  of  mind  with  no  reasons  assigned,  and  the 
disappointed  audience  dispersed.  The  Methodist  class  in  this 
neighborhood  in  1830  was  larger  than  that  at  Columbus,  having 
forty  or  fifty  members.  These  were  later  drawn  off  to  the  other 
organizations.  With  the  springing  up  of  villages,  preaching  in  the 
woods  and  in  the  log  cabins  of  the  forest  became  less  common; 
many  classes  went  out  of  existence,  but  the  growth  of  Methodism 
was  not  checked.  In  1825  there  were  but  642  members  in  the  en- 
tire circuit,  extensive  as  it  was,  and  in  1838  there  were  719. 
In  the  count}'  alone  in  1879  there  were  over  1,506  Methodists,  and 
now  there  are  not  less  than  2,800.  The  church  property'  in  1879 
w-as  valued  at  $20,600,  while  now  it  reaches  the  sum   of  $57,75t>- 


494  BARTHOl.OAIICW    COLINTV. 

African  Af.  Ji.  Church. —  I'lic  first  wlu)  had  an \Mni.rss  iji  cf- 
.fet'.inq;  an  or^aiii/ation  among"  ihc  colored  Methodisls  of  Cohnnlnis, 
was  Elder  Steen,  who  formed  the  Second  AFethodist  Kjiiscop.d 
Chmxh,  in  TS84,  ihough  ]ii-e\'ious  to  lliat  time  others  had  jtre.iched 
the  \\'ord  to  these  brethren.  h^ldei"  Steen  remained  about  six 
months,  and  when  he  left  the  church  oro-anizalion  was  abandoned. 
Jason  ]5undy,  a  I'residing  Elder  of  the  African  JNlethodist  Episco})al 
Church,  then  came  among  the  people  and  organized  a  society  of 
the  denomination  which  he  represented,  and  in  18S5,  Elder  John 
Jordin  had  it  in  charge.  He  was  relieved  by  Elder  Green,  and  he 
in  turn,  bv  Elder  Harper,  during"  whose  time  Elder  C.  M.  White, a 
local  preacher  with  some  followers,  made  an  effort  to  go  back  to 
the  original  organization  effected  by  Elder  Steen  and  abandon  that 
under  which  they  were  then  working,  with  about  fifteen  members. 
As  a  result,  dissentions  arose;  Elder  Harper  was  taken  to  another 
conference,  and  the  members  were  soon  with  no  house  of  worship 
and  no  place  to  which  the}'  could  direct  their  children,  except  to 
the  altar  of  some  other  faith. 

Baptist  Church. —  Flat  Rock  Church  was  among  the  earliest 
established  in  the  county.  At  the  house  of  Benjamin  Crow,  Feb- 
ruary 10,  182 1,  Mignon  and  Sally  Boaz,  Joshua  and  Agnes  Sims, 
Joseph  H.  and  Elizabeth  B.  Van  Meter,  Benjamin  Crow,  James 
Quick,  John  McEwen,  Eleanor  Folkner  and  William  Dudley,  signed 
the  following  act  of  constitution:  "We,  the  undersigned,  met  at 
the  house  of  Benjamin  Crow,  and  examined  each  other's  faith,  and 
find  it  to  be  tliat  of  the  Silver  Creek  Association,  of  August,  1819, 
and  do  hereby  proceed  to  unite;  first,  b}'  giving  ourselves  to  God 
and  b}'  His  grace  to  one  another,  to  live  in  a  church  state,  by  filing 
our  letters  on  the  day  above  written."  These  pioneers  were  joined 
by  others  of  like  faith,  and  soon  the  membership  of  the  new 
church  was  quite  large.  A  spirit  prompting  mission ar}'  labors 
grew  up,  and  meetings  were  held  at  other  settlements  throughout 
the  new  country.^  Among  the  churches  brought  into  existence 
through  tlie  efforts  of  this  association,  were  the  Haw  Creek  and 
Sharon  churches.  Tlu  church  itself  has  had  a  varied  career,  at 
times  being  strong  and  at  others,  weak.  Its  membership  now  num- 
bers forty.  Elder  Elijah  Pope  was  tlie  first  pastor  of  the  church, 
wlio,  after  a  ^-ear's  ministr}",  was  succeeded  by  Elder  JMignon  Boaz 


j?Ki>i(;ious  nisToRV.  495 

^vho  served  for  l\veiit\--foiir  \-e;irs,  Ini'.idiiiij  up  llie  church,  and  by 
his  t^race  and  ]")0\ver  saviiit;"  nianv  souls,  hi  the  years  dial  followed 
tlie  clij^arch  was.  ministered  uiilo  b}'  ]'21ders  William  G.  Eaton,  Evan 
Snead,  Jesse  Robinson,  ]-5.  R.  Ward,  Wilham  Golding-,  James 
Pavey,  A.  Pa\  ly,  Albert  Carter,  A.  J.  Esse.x,  Ilugli  McCalip,John 
Recce,  J.  W.  f^ewis  and  others.  It  is  now  in  chari;"e  of  Rev.  V.  O. 
Duncan.  The  church  has  ordained  to  the  (jospel  ministr}'  M^ig- 
non  Boaz,  James  McEwen,  Uriah  McQueen  and  A.J.  Essex.  The 
earl}' meetini^s  were  held  at  the  house  of  iMigivu  Tjoa/.,  who,  in 
1821,  donated  two  acres  of  land  upon  which  the  members  raised  a 
small  loy  cabin — -  their  first  house  of  worship.  In  1S25,  a  larg'er 
and  more  comfortable  house  of  hewed  logs,  was  erected  on  the 
same  site,  and  continued  as  a  place  of  worsliip  until  1S50,  when  it 
gave  way  to  the  frame  house  now  occupied. 

S/iaro)!  Baptist  CJiurch  was  the  second  formed  in  the  counlv,  of 
this  denomination.  The  organization  was  effected  in  1823,  prin- 
cipally through  the  labors  of  Samuel  Nelson,  a  pious  and  influential 
pioneer.  The  first  roll  soon  bore  the  names  of  thirtA^-eight  mem- 
bers, but  dissensions  arose  as  to  the  reading  of  the  "  Article  of 
Faith"  and  "Rules  of  Decorum"  which  reduced  the  number  to 
fifteen.  The  second  roll  of  members  began  about  1833,  and  in  six 
years  increased  from  fifteen  to  thirty-four,  when  again  the  numbers 
were  decreased  b}-  conversions  to  Mormonism,  until  there  remained 
but  nineteen.  William  McFall,  Elizabeth  Keller,  D.  R.  Trotter, 
and  Nancy  Vanskike,  were  among  the  faithful,  members  from  the 
lirst.  Through  revivals,  the  number  was  subsequently  increased 
to  about  125,  the  principal  of  these  being  in  1862  and  1865,  follow- 
ing the  labors  of  Revs.  A.  Pavey,  Albert  Carter,  Hugh  K.  McCalip, 
J.  Ramse}*,  and  others.  Among  the  early  members  not  already 
mentioned,  were  Jesse  Spurgin,  R.  A.  C.  Elliott,  Thomas  Dudley, 
Dr.  R.  Vanskike,  Goodson  McCalip,  Esther  Robertson,  Milton  J. 
Nelson,  Eli  Critzer,  Aaron  Ray,  William  S.  Jones,  Margaret 
Yealey,  Lucinda  Kent,  Martin  Keeler,  and  many  others.  The 
congregation  at  first  met  at  the  homes  of  its  members,  usually  at 
those  of  Samuel  Nelson,  William  McFall,  and  the  Kents.  A  lof 
meeting  house  was  t;arly  erected  on  the  north  bank  of  Clift\' 
Creek,  below  Petersville,  and  for  man}'  years  was  used  by  the 
14 


49t>  BARTHOr.OMT.W    COl'.NTV. 

coiii;"regati()i).  A  comfoiial>le  frame  clniich  (jf  niodcralc  size  was 
buill  dunn<^  the  50's,  which-  is  now  used,  being  well  preserved. 

Joseph  JPassett,  the  powerful  pioneer  jireacher,  was  the  lirst  to 
preacli  the  Gospel  to  this  congregation.  For  almost  a  year  before 
his  oi'dinatio!)  as  a  minister  in  May,  1824,  he  went  a.bout  proclaim- 
ing tiic  Word  of  God  from  many  pulpits  and  doing  much  good  in 
bringing  souls  into  the  Kingdom.  Among  other  preachei-s  were 
Revs.  A.  Pave}-,  A.  '^'oung,  E.  Snead,  Hugh  JNIcCalip,  J.  Ramse^^, 
and  for  many  years  past,  the  venerable  Albert  Carter.  The  pres- 
ent membership  is  eighty-tw"0.  A  Sabbath  School  is  conducted 
during  the  summer  months. 

//azu  Creek  Baptist  Churchy  located  about  three  miles  north- 
east of  Hope,  was  organized  Septenil:ier  22,  1827,  by  William  Car- 
ter, Moses  Wilson,  William  Moore,  John  Carter,  Isaiah  Car- 
ter, Mar}'  Carter,  Grace  Powell,  Jacob  Powell,  Nancy  Ra}-, 
Nancy  Wilson,  Jemima  Moore,  Arls}'  Lauderback,  Jennie  Cant- 
well,  Elizabeth  Carter,  and  Jehoda  Wilson — fifteen  in  all.  Elder 
Daniel  Stogsdill  was  moderator,  and  Benjaniin  Crow,  clerk  at  the 
organization.  Mrs.  Nancy  Carter  was  the  first  convert  to  the 
church,  being  baptized  in  November,  1S27. 

The  first  minister  was  Rev.  Adani  Cantwcll,  who  served  from 
Februar}',  1S28,  to  September,  1829.  Subse(|uent  ministers  serv- 
ing the  church  were:  Dudle}'  Mitchell,  William  Moore,  Absolom 
Pavey,  Evan  Snead,  James  Pave}',  x\lbert  Carter,  Hugh  McCalip,  L. 
E.  Lane,  James  Lewis,  Andrew  Young,  Charles  Boaz,  and  others. 
At  present  the  church  is  supplied  by  Rev.  T.  C.  Smith,  of  Decatur 
County.  The  church  has  ordained  as  ministers.  Revs.  William 
Moore,  William  Carter,  and  Charles  Boaz.  Rev.  William  Moore 
served  the  congregation  for  more  than  twenty-seven  years,  and 
accomplished  great  good.  Remarkable  for  its  success  was  the 
ministry  of  Rev.  Andy  Young.  He  found  the  harvest  ripe,  and,  in 
one  year  of  his  ministry,  gathered  into  the  fold  sixty-two  mem- 
bers, forty-two  of  whom  were  received  by  experience  and  baptism. 

The  first  meetings  were  held  at  the  homes  of  the  members,  and 
occasionally  at  a  school  house  not  far  from  the  present  church.  In 
1S2S,  it  was  decided  to  build  a  meeting  house;  a  committee  selected 
the  site  of  the  present  church  as  most  suitable,  and  a  log  building, 


KKI-l(,IOUS  IIIS'I'DUN'.  .J.Q7 

20x30  feet,  ■  as  ere(;'''<.l  thereon,  ''i'his  was  used  luiti!  1S55,  ulien  it 
was  torn  down  to  gi'.e  plaee  to  the  frame  ehureli,  3[\.|0  feet,  now 
occupicKl.  Tlie  congreyalion  has  ever  been  large  and  most  re- 
spectable, wielding  a  great  influence  for  good  in  the  community 
where  it  is  located.  It  has  been  rich  in  grace  and  strong  in  num- 
bers. At  the  last  conference  it  reported  114  members  in  good 
standing. 

Little  Sand  Creek  Baptist  Chiireh  was  orgajiized  at  the  dwell- 
ing house  of  George  S.  ]?ottorff  in  Rock  Creek  Township,  on  the 
nth  day  of  January-,  1S39,  b}'  the  following  persons:  John  and 
Margaret  Redenbaugh,  George  S.  and  Nancy  Pottorff,  George  and 
Mary  Ta3lor,  Josej)hus  and  Mary  Ham,  Stephen  Rodgers  and 
Eleanor  Christy,  ten  in  all.  To  this  number  others  were  soon 
added,  AVilliarn  Christy-  and  Iliram  Pond  being  the  most  prominent 
in  church  work.  The  meetings  of  the  church  for  the  first  few 
3'ears  were  held  at  the  dwellings  of  the  members,  generall}'  at  those 
of  George  S.  Pottorff,  Williinn  Christ}- and  Iliram  Pond.  In  1S43, 
they  erected  their  first  meeting  house,  a  ver\-  cheap  structure,  built 
of  logs  covered  with  clapboards,  and  seated  in  primitive  stj^le  with 
backless  slabs  supported  by  wooden  pins.  The  present  house,  a 
frame  35x45  feet,  was  erected  in  i860  at  a  cost  of  about  $2,000. 

The  first  pastor  was  Rev.  .Chesky  Woodward,  of  Decatur 
County,  Avho  continued  in  that  relation  for  nearly  ten  years,  and 
emigrated  to  Missouri  at  the  close  of  the  year  1848.  Elder  Hiram 
Pond  then  became  pastor,  serving  th  church  until  his  death  in 
1S51.  Tlijreafter  Elder  Evan  Snead  served  most  of  the  time  until 
i860,  w^hen  the  church  called  to  the  pastorate  Elder  A.  Carter, 
who  has  continued  to  the  present  with  the  exception  of  two  years, 
one  3^ear  being  supplied  by  Elder  S.  H.  Thompson,  and  one  year 
by  Elder  Harry  Smith.  This  church  has  set  apart  and  ordained 
to  the  Gospel  ministr}^  Elders  Hiram  Pond,  A.  Carter  and  James 
C.  Remv;  has  had  continued  public  service  from  its  organization  to 
the  esent;  has  sustained  a  Sabbath  School  during  the  summer . 
months  since  i860,  and  has  contributed  liberally  to  home  and 
foreign  missions,  and  to  ministerial  education.  From  its  organiza- 
tion it  has  numbered  among  its  membership  many  of  the  most  sub- 
stantial men  and  women  of  the  communit\-,  and  now  has  a  member- 
ship of  ninety-two. 


49^  I!.\KTIIOL()Mi;\\'    COUXTV. 

/'/■;•>•/  Baplisl  CltnrcJi  of  C\)Ii(iii/>iis.— On  JanuaiT  30,  i!^52,  a 
^argc  council  composed  of  ministers  and  delei,falcs  from  Flat  Tlock, 
V^ernoii,  J')cthel,  Siiaron  and  Fi-icndslii]-)  churches,  assembled  in  the 
Presbyterian  Church  at  Cohunbus,  and  after  appropriate  religious 
exercises  and  an  examination  of  the  Articles  of  Faith  and  Rules  of 
Decorum  adopted  In-  the  church,  recoo-ni/.ed  as  the  First  ISaptist 
Church  of  Columbus,  an  organization  that  day  perfected  In'  the 
following  constituent  members:  IChjah  Devore,  Rebecca  Dcvore, 
W.  H.  Nading,  Ruth  W.  Nading,  Naiicy  E.  Lacv,  Joshua  vSinis, 
Agnes  Sims,  Jeremiah  Fur,  jNlariah  Fur,  Syh'ester  Fur,  Baker 
Fur,  Kercheville  Fur,  Obadiah  Sims,  Margaret  Sims,  Ruhama 
Sims,  J.  Sims,  Elizabeth  Griffith,  Mrs.  Matthews  and  Martha  E. 
Edmiston.  Rev.  W.  T.  Stott,  of  Vernon,  Ind.,  nas  moderator, 
and  Rev.  M.  B.  Phares,  of  \''ernon,  secretary  of  this  council.  The 
first  Trustees  of  the  new  church  were  W.  H.  Nading,  Obadiah 
Sims,  and  John  Martin.  For  some  time  meetings  were  held  in  the 
Commercial  Row,  on  Washington  Street,  and  later  in  the  court 
liouse.  In  1S55,  the  handsome  brick  edifice  on  Franklin  Street, 
now  used  by  the  church,  was  erected.  It  seats  comfortably  about 
300  people.  At  first  the  church  had  a  hard  struggle  for  existence 
but  was  oriven  jjreat  strenoth  bv  a  revival  of  religion  brought  about 
by  the  efforts  of  Rev.  William  Ha\v,  assisted  by  Rev.  C.  C.  Covey, 
some  ten  3'ears  after  its  organization.  Then,  during  the  Ci\il  War 
period,  dissensions  arose  which  weakened  the  church  considerably, 
and  for  a  time  threatened  its  destruction.  But  a  revival  followed 
through  the  efforts  of  Rev.  T.  W.  Moro,  which  put  new  life  into 
the  church  and  started  a  growth  which  has  continued  to  the  present 
time.  The  first  pastor  was  Elder  Jesse  AV.  Robinson,  who  was  fol- 
lowed by  Elders  Evan  Snead,  E.  S.  .Smith,  J.  M.  Weaver,  W. 
]L3'on,  John  Reese,  J.  D.  Huston,  William  Haw,  I.  X.  Clark, 
A¥.  T.  Stott  (ordained  b}'  this  church,  September  24,  1S6S, 
and  now  a  Doctor  of  Divinity,  and  President  of  Franklin  Col- 
lege), W.  F.  Moro,  William  Y.  Monroe,  G.  II.  Elgin  (ordained  by 
this  chm-ch,  August  3,  1875),  C.  Hall,  T.  R.  Palmer,  Harvey 
Smith,  and  Noah  Harper,  the  present  pastor.  The  Deacons  have 
been,  W.  H.  Nading,  J.  Edmonson,  Joshua  Sims,  D.  Doll,  M.  J. 
Quick,  G.    G.    Gabbert,   William    Castell,    Erastus   Dunlap,  J.    M. 


AV^allacc,  Dr.  A.J.  Mc'/cod  and  SinioDn  V>o:\7..  The  prt'sciil 'l^ais- 
tccs  are:  D.  C.  Shirk,  J.  M.  WaHace,  Frank  McXoal,  Jacob  War- 
ner ancJ^M.  J.  Quirk.  The  Sabbaih  Schot)l  is  uiulcr  the  eflicienl 
superintendcncy  of  11.  P).  ICssox,  and  lias  an  average  aUendance  of 
about  100. 

Soii/h  Bctlhoiy  JiapHsl  C/'-'/y'r//.- -  This  conj^-ri'L^^ation,  organized 
about  1865,  h;is  always  been  small  in  nn.nibers.  The  early  mem- 
bers ^yere:  T.  N.  Ilaisclup,  William  llaiselup,  Isaac.  Wink,  John 
Butler,  Andre\v  Young,  Abraham  Stull,  and  others.  The  early 
preachers  were:  Elders  John  \'an  Arsdell,  John  Rag'sdale,  A. 
Young,  James  Barrooi.  and  others.  There  is  now  no  preacher  in 
charge.  The  membership  is  twenty-two.  In  1874,  ^^^^  congrega- 
tion erected  a  comfortable  frame  church,  at  a  cost  of  about  $500. 
Charles  Van  Horn  is  the  present  clerk  of  the  church. 

One  of  the  early  Baptist  churches,  was  that  called  "  Hope,  " 
located  near  the  present  site  of  New  Hope  Church.  It  was  for  a 
time  yer}'  strong,  once  haying  as  man}'  as  150  members.  Its  leader 
^yas  Joseph  Fassett,  \yho,  born  in  1784,  was  a  school  teacher,  a 
Thompsonian  doctor,  and  finall}'  one  of  the  most  powerful  preachers 
known  in  the  pioneer  religious  life  of  Bartholomew  County.  He 
\yas  the  first  to  embrace  the  doctrines  of  Alexander  Campbell,  and 
deserting  the  Baptist  faith,  took  many  of  his  congregation  with 
him.  He  continued  to  preach  the  new  doctrines,  and  the  number 
of  his  followers  grew  until  the  Hope  Baptist  Ciiurch  was  ultimately 
abandoned.  Soon  after  the  town  of  Taylorsville  was  laid  out,  a 
Baptist  church  was  founded  there  rmd  kept  up  principalh'  by  INIr. 
R.  M.  J.  Cox,  he  at  one  time  being  the  only  male  member.  The 
congregation  built  a  brick  church  and  at  one  time  had  about  forty 
members.  The  organization  was  abandoned  and  the  church  sold, 
in  18S0,  and  conyerted  into  a  residence. 

Old  Friendship'  C/inrch,  organized  in  earl}'  days,  for  a  long 
time  did  a  good  work,  but  the  association  has  grown  yery  weak,  and 
has  practically  been  abandoned.  It  is  located  in  Sand  Creek 
Township. 

Arzt.'  Fricmhltip  Church  was  organized  in  later  years,  at  Jones- 
ville,  but  was  abandoned  after  a  few  years.  Missionary  work  has 
been  done  in  yarious  parts  of  the  county  by  the   established   socie- 


500  n.\KTiiOLOMi;A\'  couxtv. 

ties,  ancKIassL's  have  been  organized,  wliich,  after  a  tenijiorarv  pros- 
perity, have  gone  out  of  existenee. 

H  Scroinl  BaplisI  [Colored)  Church. —  The  only  soeiit\-  of  this 
denomination  is  at  Cohimbus,  and  was  formetl  Ajiril  i.j,  1879, 
tliroug-h  the  instrumentality  of  IClder  George  W.  Clayhroi'ks,  of 
Charlestown,  Ind.,  with  eleven  members,  as  follows:  G.  W.  Clay- 
brooks,  Ophelia  Childs,  Alexander  Childs,  Ella  Hardin,  William 
IMcKee,  Frank  Preston,  Charles  Sands,  IMary  Sands,  John  Jack- 
son, Celia  Jackson  and  Thomas  jNloor.  Among  the  preachers  who 
have  served  the  cliurch  were  Charles  Sands,  W.  Isl.  Miller,  John 
Williams  and  Elder  Senseco.  For  four  years  past,  Elder  Charles 
Cheatem  has  liad  ch;u-ge  of  the  church.  He  is  energetic  and  ever 
active  in  visiting  the  sick,  burying  the  dead,  and  attending  to  the 
spiritual  wants  of  the  living.  He  has  had  three  successful  revivals, 
Avith  about  twenty-five  accessions  to  the  church,  and  has  put  the 
societ}^  on  a  very  prosperous  footing.  The  church  building  is  a 
frame,  16x32  feet,  and  cost  $.100.  The  present  intention  is  to  build 
a  larger  church  at  an  early  da}-,  to  satisfy  the  growing  needs  of  the 
congregation,  which  now  numbers  about  fort}-. 

It  is  a  matter  of  some  interest,  though  in  fact  not  connected  with 
the  histor}-  of  any  now  existing  organization  of  the  Baptist  Church, 
that  probabi}'  the  first  sermon  preached  in  Columbus  was  by  a 
black  man,  a  Baptist,  at  the  log  cabin  of  Luke  Bonesteel,  which 
afterward  became  the  courthouse.  lie  lectured  the  rakish  citizens 
and  3'oungsters  with  much  severit}-,  incurring  their  displeasure  to 
such  an  extent  that  they  threatened  to  h-nch  him,  but  were  deterred 
from  making  an  attempt  by  the  better  and  more  moral  portion  of 
the  communitv.  These  facts  were  many  years  ago  related  to 
Gen.  Terrell  b}-  Joshua  McQueen,  as  being  within  his  recollection. 

Catholic  Churches.'^- — St.  Bartholomew's  at  Columbus. — The 
first  Catliolic  in  Bartholomew  County  was  jNIrs.  Basil  Owens,  a 
sister  of  Elias  Mahone}'.  Mrs.  Owens  came  from  Maryland  to 
Kentuck}-,  thence  to  this  count}-  in  1820.  Her  three  brothers, 
Elias,  Robert  and  George  Mahoney,  soon  followed  her.  A  record 
of  1840  mentions  the  following   Catholics  living  here:   James  D. 

*  Adapted  with  some  changes  and  additions  from  publications  made  under  sanction  of 
the  churdi. 


Rl-.I.ICIOUS  IIlSTfiK'V.  501 

Farrell,  johii  ?\r.  Gwiim,  Juhn  I\IcC;ibe,  jiicol)  Farrcll,  Peter  Kin- 
ney and  ralriek  Fanell.  In  1S50,  the  congregation  numbered 
about  thirty  famihes,  among  them  being  IChjah  E.  Brown,  Matthew 
Gaffney,  Anthwn^'  Deacon,  Thomas  McCarth\-,  John  K.  Cunning- 
ham, James  TaA-lor,  Patrick  Dow  cl  and  Thomas  McGarr.  Shortly 
afterward  came  the  Dillons,  the  Rileys,  the  Fischers,  the  I'urcelis, 
the  Warners  and  the  Iluglies.  In  1S75,  the  congregation  num- 
bered sevent\--five  families,  and  now  numbers  ninety  families.  The 
first  church  was  built  in  1841,  50x30  feet:  an  a.tldition,  45x25  feet, 
was  made  in  1S74.  Anne  Farrell  was  the  tirst  buried  in  the  cem- 
etery, in  1843.  In  1855,  a  school  was  established  and  conducted 
by  the  Sisters  of  Providence;  but  the  Sisters  withdrew  at  the 
breaking  out  of  the  war.  In  1865,  '^  parsonage  was  erected  at  a 
cost  of  $1,000;  in  1S74,  improvements  were  made  costing  $1,500. 
In  1875,  the  house  and  lot  south  of  the  church,  now  the  parsoTiagc, 
were  bought  for  $2,875.  I"  1S79,  a  magnificent  two-stor}'  brick 
school  house  was  erected  between  the  church  and  the  old  parson- 
afje.  The  Sisters  of  Providence  have  a  flourishing"  school  of  about 
seventy-eight  Catholic  children  and  eighty-three  in  all. 

Bishop  de  St.  Palais  visited  Columbus  on  October  19,  1849,  and 
administered  confirmation.  This  was  the  first  Episcopal  visit. 
Rev.  S.  P.  Lalumierc  was  the  first  priest  attending  the  Catholics 
here.  The  date  of  his  ministr}'  can  not  be  fixed,  but  it  is  supposed 
to  have  commenced  as  early  as  1821.  Rev.  M.  E.  Shawe,  resid- 
ing at  Madison,  next  had  charge  of  the  Columbus  church.  The 
first  regular  pastor  was  Rev.  Vincent  Bacqueline,  Avho  built  the 
church  in  1841.  In  1846  while  visiting  the  sick,  he  was  thrown 
by  his  horse  and  dragged  to  death.  From  1846  to  1853,  Rev. 
Daniel  Maloney  was  pastor.  He  was  energetic  and  punctual  in 
tliC  perf.jrmance  of  his  dut}",  conscientious  in  his  ministry-,  just,  gen- 
erous and  a  hard  worker  for  the  church.  It  is  said  that  with  all 
these  good  traits  he  was  nevertheless  exacting,  and  that  this,  his 
cnl}'  fault,  made  him  unpopular.  He  died  in  August,  1874,  ^^^^  ^^ 
years,  but  without  the  honors  which  his  long  and  hard  missionaiy 
labors  ought  to  have  gained  for  him. 

Rev.  Edward  Martinoric,  better  known  as  Father  Martin,  was 
pastor  from  1855  to  1863.     He  was  icsthetic  in  his  tastes,  a  great 


502  UAKTIIOLOMICAV    COUNTY. 

friend  to  children,  atid  kind  to  ;dl.  lie  was  o-cn  croiis  to  a  fault,  of 
ten  <;'iving  a'wav  his  traveling;'  fare  and  walkinj^"  liome,  ten  miles, 
earr3'in<i;"  his  earpct  sack.  The  war  distressed  him,  and  in  1S63  lie 
obtained  pern  lis- ion  to  return  to  ICurope.  Wlun  last  heard  from 
he  was  in  Rome,  and  it  is  supposed  that  he  secluded  himself  in 
some  monastery  of  his  country.  ITis  friends  speak  of  him  as 
"Good  Father  ]Martin,''  and  one  of  them  says  he  was  too  14'ood  Lo 
do  gootl.  Rev.  P'rancis  Goucsse,  Rev.  Joseph  Petit,  <uk1  Rev  • 
W.  H.  Orem  were  pastors  in  charge  from  1863  to  1S68. 

Father  Orem  was  a  convert  to  the  church,  able,  eloquent,  and  a 
zealous  worker.  Motives  of  a  filial  nature  prompted  him  to  ask 
that  his  field  of  labor  be  changed,  and  he  was  transfered  to  the 
Diocese  of  Newark,  New  Jerscw.  From  186S  to  18S5,  Rev.  Vic- 
tor A.  Schnell  was  the  popular  and  beloved  pastor.  He  was  a  con- 
scientious and  zealous  clergyman,  charitable  to  all  and  beloved  b}' 
all  who  knew  him.  He  was  born  in  Loraine  in  1S42,  and  came  with 
his  parents  to  Indiana  in  1852,  was  educated  at  St.  Meinrads,  in 
Spencer  Count}-^,  and  was  ordained  as  a  priest  September  22,  1868. 
He  w^ns  succeeded  in  1885,  b}'' Rev.  Andrew  Oster,  the  present  pas- 
tor, an  energetic  and  wise  manager,  a  faithful  and  conscientious 
w^orker,  and  beloved  by  all.  He  has  received  ten  into  the  church, 
has  j  n'd  a  debt  of  about  $1,000,  and  has  raised  $1,700  for  the  fund 
for  building  a  new  church.  Definite  plans  in  this  regard  have  not 
b-^en  made,  but  it  is  hoped  to  build  a  suitable  edifice  earh^  in  1S89. 
S  new  cemeter}'.  Garland  Brook,  containing  seven  acres,  situated 
east  of  the  cit}-,  has  been  purchased  during  his  pastorate.  Father 
Oster  was  born  in  the  Province  of  Alsace,  Februar}-  23,  1S52,  pur- 
sued his  studies  at  Strasburg,  came  to  Indiana  in  1873,  completed 
his  theological  study  at  Indianapolis,  and  was  ordained  a  priest  May 

St.  John's  Church,  at  Mt.  Erin,  in  Nineveh  TowMiship,  has  alwa^'S 
been  attended  b}'  the  priest  stationed  at  Columbus.  It  now  has 
about  twelve  or  fifteen  families.  The  congregation  was  formerly 
larger  than  now.  The  church  was  built  in  1S55,  of  logs,  with  a 
frame  extension. 

At  Ta3'lorsville,  where  formerl}-^  there  were  a  number  of  Catho- 
lic families,  but  one  remains.     They  have  had  no  church   building, 


Hi:iJGIOL'S  IIISTORV.  503 

meetings  buinj;-  held  about  once   a  year.     P\'il]icr  Osier   has  never 
said  mass  'here. 

(JiiTlcd ^^JJrc^/ircii. —  Tlic  lu'st  church  of  Uiis  denomination  or- 
ganized in  the  county,  was  in  TSj6or  1827,  at  Newbern,  by  Revs. 
Aaron  Davis  and  Aaron  Fanner.  John  I^awrence  and  Isi.  'SI. 
Hook  were  other  early  prcacliers  at  this  cliurch,  and  aniony  the 
more  prominent  who  followed  in  htter  years  were,  Revs.  John  Rile}-, 
J.  L.  Stearns,  J.  M.  Dosh,  Jacob  Antrim,  J.  W.  Uoughert\-,  Daniel 
Shuck,  H.  Floyd,  Thomas  Elrod,  W.  L.  DeMunbrun,  and  Noah 
Elrod;  Rev.  David  Clark  is  the  present  minister  in  charge.  The  early 
members  were  Richard  Davis,  Ransom  Davis,  Aaron  Da\'is,  John 
Edwards,  John  Davis,  M.  IM.  ITook  and  their  wives;  of  these  Mrs.  Ed- 
wards still  remains,  a  faithful  and  devoted  member.  A  plain,  comfort- 
able frame  church  about  30x40  feet,  was  erected  about  183S  and  is  still 
used.  INIt.  Pleasant,  in  Clifty  Township,  three  miles  south  of  Ilarts- 
ville,  was  organized  as  early  as  1843,  at  the  house  of  John  Rohrer> 
probably  by  Rev.  Peter  Gra}-.  A  number  of  families  from  Ohio, 
chiefl}'  New  Light  Christians,  settled  in  Decatiu"  County  near  the 
borders  of  this  county,  and  through  the  preaching  of  Aaron  Farmer, 
Aaron  Davis,  John  G.  Eckees,  and  others,  were  converted  to  the 
faith  of  the  United  Brethren.  Rohrer's  house  was  in  Decatur 
Count}',  but  the  church,  a  neat  frame  structure,  was  erected  on  the 
soil  of  this  county,  soon  after  the  organization  was  effected.  John 
Rohrer  was  the  leader  in  establishing  the  church.  His  wife,  his 
sons.  Martin  and  John,  and  his  daughters,  IMagdalen  and  Solome, 
were  members,  and  such  was  his  zeal  that  he  provided  all  the  money 
\ised  in  building  the  church,  and  donated  one  hundred  days  of  his 
own  labor  to  its  construction.  Solomon  Dillman,  Henry  DeWitt, 
William  Smith,  Enos  Woodruff  and  their  wives  were  other  mem- 
bers of  the  first  class.  Beside  the  early  preachers  named,  others  who 
have  ministered  to  this  congregation  are.  Revs.  Joseph  Stearns, 
J.  A.  Ball,  John  Smith,  Daniel  Shuck,  David  Shuck,  Amos  Hanaway, 
Caleb  Witt,  Amos  Da}',  tmd  James  Crow.  Through  deaths  and  re- 
mo\-als  the  society  was  much  decreased  in  numbers,  when,  about  six 
years  ago,  through  the  effective  work  of  Rev.  Asbury  Myer,  the 
church  was  revived  and  put  in  a  prosperous  condition.  The  meeting 
house  was  reniodeled  some  years  ago  at  a  cost  of  $600.     The  work 


5^]  )?ARTlIor.OM!:\V    COU     TV. 

w;is  d.)ne  ciiic'll\-  lhr(ni!;h  the  iiistnimrntiililv  of  Simoon  Kolircr  ami 
WiHiain  Smith,  aiid  when  complrlcd  ihe   lnii!dii)<^Mvas   rc-dcdicatcd 
s-  by  Rev.  Daniel  Sliuck.     Rev.  Alonzo  Myer  is  now  jiastor  in  charg-e; 
the  niembershiji  nuni])ers  aboni  forlv. 

In  1S47  or  K^;  ]S,  at  TIartsvi!;.  .  a  small  class  of  the  lirethren  was 
formed,  its  members  principally  beloii_i,n"ng  to  other  societies.  Rev. 
William  A.  CardwcU  was  prob-.bly  the  first  preacher  lu'rc,  b\it  the 
main  inorathering  was  effected  by  the  united  efforts  of  Rev.  David 
Shuck  and  J.  M.  Johnson.  A  frame  buildinn-,  now  in  the  center  of 
the  public  square,  at  Ilartsvillc,  had  been  erected  by  John  R.  Mor- 
ledg-e  and  other  citizens,  and  was  offered  to  the  society  at  Dethel, 
Decatur  County,  for  school  purposes  on  certain  conditions,  to  in- 
duce their  removal  to  Hartsville,  which  occurred  about  1853.  For 
this  reason  this  society  has  e\-er  been  considered  an  offspring  of 
that  at  Bethel.  The  early  meeting-s  were  held  in  the  frame  school 
house,  and  subscfjuently  in  the  college  buildings,  particularly  men- 
tioned in  another  chapter.  Other  early  preachers  than  those'named 
were:  Revs.  Daniel  Shuck,  Thomas  j.  Conner,  Alexander  Long, 
Lyman  Chittenden,  Thomas  Elrod,  and  Noah  Elrod.  Among  thos'e 
of  later  years,  the  more  prominent  were:  Re\-s.  Caleb  B.  Witt, 
Jacob  Scammahorn,  Milton  M'  ight,  and  B.  F.  Morgan.  Rev.  D.  A. 
Wjmegar  is  now  in  charge.  The  early  members  who  came  from 
Bethel  were  Philip  Fix,  David,  John  and  Ehas  Huffer,  A.  C. 
Chamberlain,  their  wives,  and  George  Youngman  and  others. 
This  church  has  always  been  strong,  and  now  has  a  membership 
of  about  240.  The  Sunday  School  in  charge  of  President  C.  H. 
Kirracofe,  is  one  of  the  largest  in  the  county. 

Oh'vc  Branch,  on  Haw  Creek,  about  four  miles  northeast  of 
Columbus,  was  organized  as  early  as  1850,  principally  through  the 
liberality,  energy  and  w^ealth  of  Henry  and  SamuerCoblentz,  and 
their  wives;  and  v/h  them  its  chief  sui^porters  have  been  John 
Childs,  Peter  Wright,  Henry  McCullagh,  A.  H.  K.  Beam,  Henry 
Lambert,  Samuel  Beam,  their  wives,  and  others.  Among  the 
early  preachers  were  Revs.  Thomas  J.  Conner,  William  A.  Card- 
well,  John  Riley,  Alexander  Long;  later,  Lewis  Crawford,  William 
Hall,  H.  Floyd;  and  at  present,  A.  T^Ij-er.  A  brick  church  about 
36x50    feet,    was    dedicted    in     1854,    ^^'^^    '^^^s    ever    since     been 


Rlil.IGIOl's    IIKTOR^',  505 

used.  Shiloli,  three  miles  south  of  Hope,  was  orj^anized  in 
the  earh'  7o"h  ihrouah  the  zealous  labors  of  Rev.  Lewis  Crawfcjrd. 
Its  ministers  have  been:  Re\s.  Ir\in  Cox,  J^.  N.  Jones,  Asbur} 
]\Iyer,  William  Hall,  and  at  present,  Alonzo  Myer.  Its  leading 
early  members  were  James  Seward,  James  Barger,  their  wives,  the 
Lamberts,  and  others.  T^he  frame  chureh  now  occupied  was  built 
about  twelve  years  ago,  and  dedicated  by  liishop  Milton  Wright. 

Soricty  of  J^ricinh.-  In  1822  a  committee  of  four  was  appointed 
by  the  Driftwood  monthly  meeting  of  Friends  in  Jackson  Count}', 
to  sit  with  the  Friends  at  Sand  Creek,  and  though  meetings  were 
occasionally  held  thereafter,  it  was  not  until  1824  that  the  Sand 
Creek  societ}'  was  organized.  This  was  at  the  house  of  Isaac 
Parker,  where  the  meetings  continued  to  be  held  for  some  time. 
Among  those  belonging  to  the  society  were  John  S.  Chawner, 
Samuel  Nicholson,  Isaac  Parker,  Joel  Newsom,  Isaac  Cox,  David 
Newsom,  Willis  Newsom,  William  Parker,  Phineas  Parker,  Jona- 
than Cox,  John  Hall,  with  their  families,  and  Walter  Cox.  John 
S.  Chawner  w-.as  the  first  minister,  and  for  man}'  years  conducted 
the  services  of  the  society.  Isaac  Parker  from  the  beginning  until 
his  death  in  1852,  was  a  faithful  and  effective  worker  as  an  exhorter 
and  Elder  in  the  church.  Ligni  Moffett  was  also  an  exhorter  of 
early  times  whose  power  was  great.  Joel  New'som,  Isaac  Cox, 
William  Parker,  John  Thomas,  Cadcr  Newsom,  Charles  Lindle}', 
William  Cox,  and  Joseph  Hall  were  among  the  later  Eiders. 
Among  the  ministers  following  Rev.  John  Chawner  and  coming 
down  to  the  preseni.,  may  be  mentioned  Margaret  Cox,  Benjamin 
Nicholson,  Elam  Stevens,  Mary  Stevens,  David  T.  Newsom, 
Pha;be  Cox,  Rachel  H.  Woodard,  Margaret  M.  Newsom  and 
Ewey  Pearson. 

The  first  meeting  house  was  a  smoll  log  structure,  built  soon 
after  the  society  was  organized,  and  added  to  as  it  increased  its 
membeiship.  Tliis  was  replaced  by  a  frame  building,  probably 
30x40  feet,  erected  in  the  early  part  of  the  30's,  to  which  an 
addition  of  equal  size  with  the  original  building  was  subse(}uently 
made.  In  1859  a  commodious  and  comfortable  frame  church  was 
erected  on  the  site  of  the  old  building,  35x60  feet,  capable  of  seat- 
ing between  400  and  500  persons. 


^o6 


15AKT] lOLOM l;\\'    COL- XT V. 


In  1876  ;ibonl  onc-lialf  tlic  Sarul  Creek  or-aiiizalion  associated 
themselves  logellier,  fonuiny-  a  new  scjcit-ty  at  A/.alia,  where  they 
s-  erected  a  substantial  brick  edilice,  40x60  feet,  capable  of  seating- 
about  ^50  persons.  The  lirst  officers  of  this  society  were :  Luke 
Newsoni,  William  Co.v  and  Joseph  II;il1.  Services  are  re^^ularly 
held  at  each  of  these  ciiurches,  and  Sunday  Schools,  witli  large  meni- 
bersliips,  are  connected  with  both.  The  church  membership  exceeds 
500  in  the  two  societies.  Socially  and  morally,  from  their  advent 
into  the  county  in  1821,  the  members  of  this  society  have  exercised 
a  controlling  influence  for  good  throughout  the  entire  comnuinity. 
The  pioneers  of  tlie  sect  gained  the  resjicct  and  admiration  of 
all  with  whom  they  came  in  contact,  by  the  purity  of  their  lives,  and 
their  quiet,  gentle,  and  pleasing  ways;  and  their  descendants  have 
retained  to  the  present,  the  confidence  of  the  community  and  the 
esteem  of  all  who  are  brought  into  social  or  business  relations  with 
them.  In  the  society  there  is  a  recognized  equality  between  the 
sexes,  women  being  deprived  of  no  social  or  religious  right  or 
privilege  which  is  granted  to  man. 

Nezu  Light  Christians. —  This  denomination  was  organized  first 
in  1778,  in  North  Carolina,  and  ten  years  later, in  17S8,  a  child  was 
born  in  Shenandoah  County,  Va.,  who  was  destined  to  be  in  the 
days  of  his  manhood  a  great  instrument  in  the  hands  of  God  for 
the  enlargement  of  His  Kingdom.  Frederick  Steinberger  came 
as  a  pioneer,  in  1819,  to  the  then  untrodden  wilderness  of  the  New^ 
Purchase  and  was  the  first  New  Light,  as  they  were  commonly  called, 
in  the  territory  afterward  formed  into  Bartholomew  County.  He 
had  raised  a  cabin,  and  there  in  182 1,  formally  organized  a  congre- 
gation which  in  three  or  four  years  grew^  to  a  membership  of  forty. 
For  twenty  years  the  meetings  were  held  in  his  house;  it  was  so 
built  that  a  large  room  was  set  apart  for  the  purpose  of  God's  wor- 
ship; and  such  w;  his  generosity  and  goodness  of  heart  that  he 
often  entertained  with  genuine  pioneer  hospitalit}-,  not  only  the 
preachers,  but  also  the  entire  congregation,  many  of  whom,  bare- 
footed and  roughly  clad,  had  walked  many  miles  to  hear  the  preach- 
ing of  the  Gospel.  The  first  general  conference  was  held  in  his 
house;  the  second  in  his  barn;  and  the  third  in  the  woods  upon  his 
lands,  near  his  house,  that  stood  with   open  doors  where   all  were 


]o;i>T(;n)us  histoid  v.  507 

welcome  guests.  In  his  personal  aiipcarance  he  was  tall,  erect, 
^vith  a  'oniniaiuling  tii;-ure.  and  noble  bearing.  JanlIa^^'  25,  1S67, 
on  the  i^d  farm  wliere  he  had  reared  eleven  children,  he  passed 
over  to  the  brighter  shore  after  llfty  years  of  de\oled  Christian 
labor  and  undoubted  piet\',  commanding  the  respect  and  love  of 
all  who  knew  him. 

David  Douglass,  called  the  "traveling  Bible,"  so  familiar  was 
he  with  the  divine  word,  and  Jesse  Fraziei",  a  sturd}',  devout  man, 
were  the  Inst  that  preached  to  the  society  formed  in  1821.  These 
early  preachers,  and  others  who  came  afier  them,  often  reached 
the  place  of  worship  in  their  hunting  shirts  and  barefooted,  and 
with  some  of  them  Mr.  Steinberger  di\ided  his  own  clothes.  Other 
early  muiisters,  whose  powerful  preaching  left  a  deep  impression 
on  the  memories  of  the  people,  were:  Revs.  Daniel  Roberts, 
Henr\'  Logan,  Elijah  Dawson  and  Jesse  Hughes;  and,  later:  Revs. 
Mr.  Ray,  John  Cummins  and  George  Witters.  One  of  the  early 
preachers  of  great  abilit}'  and  power  was  a  negro  called  Black 
Aaron.  He  was  a  good  preacher  and  met  with  much  success. 
His  color,  which  was  an  intense  black,  made  him  somewhat  of  a 
curiosity  to  tlie  pioneers,  and  especially  to  the  children.  After 
twenty  }  ars  of  happy  gatherings  under  the  Steinberger  roof,  it 
was  deemed  best,  to  accommodate  the  increasing  numbers,  to  build 
a  church,  and  in  consequence  a  plain  but  comfortable  frame  house 
was  erected  and  called  Union,  which  served  the  purposes  of  its 
construction  until  1885,  when  a  handsome  brick  edifice,  45x55  feet, 
was  erected  at  a  cost  of  $3,500. 

After  the  town  of  Taylorsville  was  founded,  a  church  of  this 
denomination  was  established  there,  chiefly-  through  the  instrumen- 
tality of  Hendrcn  Steinberger.  Elder  Henr}-  White  was  probably  its 
first  preacher.  About  1862,  a  frame  church,  which  is  still  used,  was 
built  at  a  cost  of  about  $2,600,  which  left  the  organization  consid- 
erably in  debt,  of  which  about  one-half  was  paid  by  Mr.  Steinberger. 

At  Clifford,  about  1S68,  an  organization  was  formed  with  about 
thirt3'-si.\-  members,  b}^  Elder  A.  S.  Downe}-,  through  the  zealous 
work  princijnilh'  of  Thomas  Hendrickson.  A  frame  church, 
40x60  feet,  built  by  the  United  Brethren,  was  purchased  by  this 
society  about  twelve  }-ears  ago,  and  is  still  used. 


5oS  iiAR iii()i,oMi;\v  c'l  a'NTv. 

For  aboul.  lliirly  years,  at.  frcijiK'nt.  inti.'r\a1s,  ICldcr  .\.  S.  Dow- 
ney lias  labored  among  Uicsc  llirec  conn-rogations  with  grt^at  zeal 
and  de\otion.  Among  other  ministers  serving  ihem  have  lurn  El- 
ders A.  II.  Allison,  Peter  iiaker,  J.  T.  Phillips,  M.  G.  Collins, 
John  Throldkell,  David  Fov.lr  and  O.  II.  Krnilriek.  At  prvsenl 
the}-  are  all  in  charge  of  i£lder  E.  K.  Pond,  a  recent  convert  from 
the  faith  of  the  Separate  Baptists  in  Christ.  The  denoim'nation  is 
in  a  high  degree  prosperous,  the  present  nuMiibei-ship  being  as 
follows:     Union,  150;  Clifford,  130;  Ta3lorsvil]e, 

Scparaic  Bap//s/s  in  C /iris I. —  Th.\s  organlzati>.;i  held  its  lirst 
association  in  Shelby  County  about  the  year  1827.  It  is  an  off- 
shoot from  the  Regular  Baptist  denomination,  coming  into  exist- 
ence because  of  the  custom  of  close  commimion  which  prevailed 
among  the  latter  sect,  this  denomination  belie\ing  that  communion 
ought  to  be  free  and  open  to  all  who  love  and  serve  the  Lord  with- 
out regard  to  the  sect  to  which  the  communicant  ma}-  belong.  In 
early  days  there  were  two  cieties  of  Separate  Baptists  in  the 
countv,  one  at  the  old  Liberty  clun-ch  in  the  HaAvpatch,  and  the  other 
near  Mt.  Sidne}',  a  village  about  three-quarters  of  a  mile  northwest 
of  the  present  site  of  St.  Louis  Crossing.  At  Libert}-,  Joseph  and 
Uriah  INIcQueen  were  the  leaders,  and  were  prominent  preachers. 
Both  had  been  Methodists,  but  differences  on  doctrinal  points  drove 
them  from  that  church  and  the}'  helped  to  form  a  societ}-,  or  went 
into  an  organization  already  formed  of  the  Separate  Baptists.  This 
society  held  its  meetings  for  a  time  at  Liberty  Church,  and  in  about 
1S45  or  1846,  built  a  church  northeast  of  Clifford  on  the  Maj.  Nye 
farm.  In  the  society  near  Mt.  Sidney,  Martin  Leamon  was  the 
leader.  The  two  organizations  consolidated  and,  about  1850,  built 
the  United  or  Owen's  Church,  about  midway  between  Clifford  and 
St.  Louis  C  ossing,  which  is  still  used.  It  is  a  very  large  frame, 
seating  500,  and  cost  probably  $2,500.  Among  the  early  preachers 
besides  those  named,  were:  Thomas  Hendricks,  Uriah  Randolph, 
Samuel  Randolph  and  Joshua  INIcQueen.  For  about  forty  }-ears 
John  Kelin,  and  for  a  shorter  period,  Martin  Douglass,  have,  at  in- 
vals,  served  this  congregation.  Benjamin  Stoughton  w'as  licensed 
here  and  has  been  preaching  about  lifteen  years.  Among  the  local 
preachers  of  recent  years   are    Samuel  Stoughton   and  J.  II.  Mill. 


ui:Mc;i(nJs  iiisroR^'.  509 

Jofl  McQueen,  for  two  years  past,  has  liad  charge  of  the  chui"cli, 
which  liasj-irospcrcd  iiiulor  his  nnnistrw  Tlic  iiu-niborshi])  numbers 
cight_v-ll\e. 

Amono-  those  composing  th(  first  class  were  George  Stouglitoii 
and  wife,  Ehzabeth  Stoughton  (yet  remaining  at  tlie  ach-anced  age 
of  inet3'-two  _years\  Thomas  Hendricks  and  wife,  Nathaniel 
0\  's  and  wife,  and  Charles  Klipsch  and  wife.  In  later  years, 
the  votion  of  these  oi^iginal  c  nstituent  members  has  been  sup- 
plemented by  that  of  J.  II.  li  and  wife,  L.  Klipsch,  William 
Klipsch  and  wife,  Mrs.  Sarah  Thayer,  Henry  Quer}-,  Eli  Aberna- 
thy  and  wife,  George  Conner  and  wife,  IMalcom  Petri  and  family, 
and  many  others. 

At  Brush  Creek,  about  three  or  four  miles  southeast  of  Col- 
umbus, a  society  was  formed  as  early  as  1850,  and  a  brick  church 
was  built,  but  the  organization  was  abandoned  probably  fifteen 
years  ago. 

]\It.  Pleasant,  six  miles  w^est  of  Columbus,  in  Harrison  Town- 
ship, was  organized  in  later  years.  Benjamin  Whittington,  Frank 
Whittington,  and  tlieir  wives,  were  prominent  among  the  early 
members,  and  continue  attached  to  the  church.  A  small  log 
building  was  erected  about  fifteen  ^-ears  ago.  The  congregation 
numbers  about  fort}',  and  is  under  the  care  of  Rev.  Joshua  McQueen. 

Oak  Ridge,  in  Ohio  Township,  about  four  miles  southwest  of 
Mt.  Pleasant,  w'as  organized  about  1883,  through  the  instrumen- 
talit}'  of  Joshua  M.  McQueen  and  Benjamin  Whittington.  The 
congregation  here  is  about  equal  in  size  to  that  at  Mt.  Pleasant,  and 
is  in  charge  of  the  same  pastor. 

SL  Paul  Episcopal  Alissioii. —  About  twent3'-two  years  ago 
the  Episcopal  residents  of  the  city  began  to  hold  services  in  the 
public  hall  and  elsewhere,  continuing  these  meetings  till  1S76, 
when  the  present  mission  was  established  and  arrangements  were 
made  for  the  building  of  a  church.  The  first  rector  was  Re\'. 
M.  Turner,  who,  after  one  year,  was  followed  by  Rev.  James 
Mitchell.  For  a  time  the  church  was  then  without  a  resident  rector, 
services  being  occasionally  conducted  b}-^  R.vs.  Thomas  McLean, 
Herbert  Root,  Edward  Bradley,  and  Dr.  E.  A.  Bradley,  the  estab- 
lishment of  the  mission  being  the  i-  suit  principally  of  the   efficient 


5^^  r. ARTIIOt.OMlOW    COUNTY. 

and  zealous  labors  of  Mr.  Root.  Subscqiu'iiily  iho  conqTci^ation 
was  ininistc-rcd  unto,  from  lime  lo  time,  hv  Revs.  J.  Saninlers  Reed, 
^  Joseph  R  Jcnks,  G.  W.  Gates,  and  Willis  D.  En-le.  Since  De- 
cember, iSb7,  Rev.  ]].  A.  Ihown  ha.s  had  charL,'e  of  ihr  church 
and  already  gives  promise  of  doint;-  much  good.  Dr.  |.  11.  lless 
has  been  warden  from  the  organization  of  the  church  lo  the  pres- 
ent time.  It  commenced  with  fifteen  members,  and  though  manv 
discouragements  have  been  met,  there  are  now  twent\-live  coni- 
municants  and  a  number  of  baptized  children.  The  churcli  prop- 
erty consists  of  a  very  neat,  though  small  frame  Gutliic  edifice,  on 
Eighth  Street  between  Washington  and  Franklin  streets,  with  a  ca- 
pacity for  seating  150,  which  cost  about  $2,000. 

Gcnuan  Evaugclical  Litlhcraii  Church. —  This  chui'ch  has  five 
congregations  in  Bartholomew  County.  The  oldest  of  these  con- 
gregations, that  on  White  Creek,  called  St.  John's,  ^vas  founded 
about  the^ear  1S40  h\  a  number  of  settlers  who  had  emigrated  to 
this  country  from  German}-,  principally  among  whom  were:  V. 
Vornholt,  II.  Zurvewsta,  D.  Sanders,  D.  D.  Pardrick  and  B.  Bur- 
brink.  Its  first  pastor  was  Rev.  C.  Frincke,  whose  successors 
were:  Revs.  R.  Klinckenberg,  C.  II.  Juengel  and  G.  Markworth, 
the  present  pastor.  This  congregation  owns  a  large  brick  church 
building,  erected  in  1862,  a  brick  school  house,  a  parsonage,  and 
a  dwelling  for  the  teacher,  all  worth  at  least  $10,000.  A  paro- 
chial school  is  connected  with  this  congregation,  which  is  taught 
at  present  by  JNIr.  Vouder  Au,  and  contains  eightv-three  children 
to  whom  must  be  added  a  number  of  children  in  the  public  school' 
The  number  of  members  belonging  to  this  congregation  is  103,  the 
number  of  souls  558. 

The  congregation  beyond  Clifty  Creek  is  almost  as  old  as  the 
one  on  White  Creek.  Its  first  pastor  was  Rev.  C.  Frincke,  who 
was  succeeded  ])y  Revs.  J.  Rauschert,  A.  Zagel,  E.  Rolf,  G. 
Schumm, -Augustus  Heitmueller  (who  died  in  March,  1SS6)  and 
Martin  Mertz,  the  present  pastor.  lis  children,  numbering  sixty, 
are  taught  by  iNIr.  William  Menzendick,  who  teaclies  the  public 
and  the  parochial  school.  This  congregation  numbers  forty-three 
members,  216  souls.  In  18S7,  a  handsome  brick  church  edifice, 
with  a  capacity  for  seating   500,  was   erected  at   a  cost  of  about 


yAy'^--^^y^y\^ 


$.|.,000.      The  dill  (.Imrch  is  to  be  coiivctIihI  into   a   class    room    for 
tht:  jtrciiaiation  of  (.liiklrL-a  for  eonlirmalion. 

The  conn'regalion  in  Cohiiiibus  anil  vieiiiily  was  (>rnaiii>;ed  in 
llie  year  i*^5S,  byTI.  Fehiinir,  IC.  Kaiser,  A.  Geilker,  .V.  Kiel  and 
G.  Kiel,  anil  calkxl  '•  Si.  IV-ler's."'  Its  lirst  pastor  was  Rev.  (t. 
Kuechle,  suceeeded  in  the  year  1867  b}'  Re\'.  John  (i.  Nuetzel,  and 
he  in  1882,  In'  Rev.  Charles  A.  Trautnian,  the  pi'esent  pastor.  I'he 
church  maiiitains  two  parochial  schools,  one  in  Cohnnbus  wiih- 
eight3'-rive  children,  taught  by  ^^i'-  C.  Gotscli,  and  one  ll\e  miles 
west  of  Columbus  with  forty  children,  taught  by  ]Mr.  II.  Engel- 
brecht.  The  large  and  handsome  brick  church  on  the  corner  of  Fifth 
and  Sycanioi'e  streets,  with  a  capacity  for  seating  650,  was  erected 
in  1870,  at  a  cost  of  $9,000.  In  1883,  a  parsonage  was  purchased 
for  $2,000,  and  the  sum  of  $800  was  expended  in  repairing  and  re- 
modelling the  same.  In  1887,  a  two  story  brick  school  building 
near  the  church  was  erected  at  a  cost  of  $3,800.  The  member- 
ship January,  18S7,  was  150  families  or  900  souls;  and  the  schools 
have  become  so  large  that  the  present  intention  is  to  organize  an- 
other class  at  a  very  early  da}'.  The  Sabbath  School  under  the 
superintendence  of  the  pastor,  is  ver^'  prosperousa  and  large  in  num- 
bers. The  ministerial  work  of  Mr.  Trautman  has  been  remarkably 
successful.  AVhen  he  came  to  this  church  there  were  555  com- 
municants, and  last  3'ear  the  number  swelled  to  1,125. 

The  congregation  in  Waymanssille  was  organized  about  1870, 
by  Rev.  F.  Wendt,  who  continued  as  its  pastor  for  many  3-ears. 
The  present  pastor  is  J.  G.  Sliafer.  In  January',  1887,  it  had  fift}- 
six  voting  members,  284  souls.  There  are  fort\'  children  in  die 
parochial  school.  A  commodious  brick  church  costing  vver  $5,000, 
a  parsonage,  and  a  school  building  erected  in  18S5,  constitute  the 
church  propert}'. 

"St.  Prairs  "  congregation  at  Jonesville  was  organized  August 
16,  1877,  at  the  house  of  C.  F.  Scluefer  b}-  a  number  of  the  mem- 
bers of  Rev.  IT.  Juengcks  congregation,  who  severed  their  connec- 
tion with  the  mother  church  for  the  purpose  of  establishing  this  new 
society.  Among  them  were  M.  F.  Woesner,  C.  F,  Sch;ufer,  Lewis 
Donhost,  John  jNIoellencamp,  D.  Pardieck,  C.  Brandt  and  manj' oth- 
ers of  the  prominent  people  of  that  section.  In  the  same  year,  a 
15 


5^  I  i;.\irnif)iA).Mi:\\'  countv. 

lar<j;e  frame  churc  ^ting  abo.il  $::.ooo,  Avas   creeled,   and   on  the 

second  Sunday  in  ,  •mber,  1877,  was  dedicated  In-  t!ie  pastor. 
Rev.  llichard  Eirii.il,  who,  continiiino- to  serve  the  chun  h  to  the 
present  time,  lias  increased  its  stren«(lli  to  a  voting  membership  of 
forty-seven,  and  about  250  souls.  The  society  also  owns  a  parson- 
age and  intends  building  a  school  house  for  the  parochial  .scb.ool 
Avhich  now  has  about  fifty  children. 

These  live  congregations  are  connected  with  the  German 
Lutheran  Synod  of  Missouri,  Ohio  and  other  States.  They  accept 
the  Bible  as  the  inspired  word  of  God,  and  the  symbolical  books 
of  the  Lutheran  Church  as  the  true  explanation  of  the  Scripture. 
In  their  parochial  schools  are  taught  reading,  writing,  arithmetic, 
geography,  singing,  the  catecliism,  the  Bible  and  the  German  and 
English  languages.  The  entire  church  throughout  the  county,  and 
the  parochial  schools  attached  to  it,  are  in  a  very  prosperous  con- 
dition. 

English  Evangelical  Lu/hcraii  Church. —  St.  PanPs  church  of 
this  denomination,  in  Ohio  Township,  was  organized  by  Rev.  Jacob 
Keller  in  1S50,  and  in  three  weeks  from  the  time  of  organization 
a  hewed  log  church,  20x30  feet,  was  erected  by  the  energetic  mem- 
bers. Among  the  early  preachers,  following  ]Mr.  Keller,  were 
Revs.  Huffman,  Exline,  Brown,  and  Presley.  Rev.  Dolbear  wa-' 
the  la.st  to  minister  to  this  congregation;  at  present  there  is  no 
pastor  in  charge  and  the  membership  is  verv  small.  The  leadinf 
early  members  were  Bunis  Moore,  Abraham  Ilowbert,  Samuel 
Ogilvie,  William  Polen,  Solomon  Went,  Nathan' Went,  Thomas 
Earhart,  George  A¥.  Lucky,  and  their  waves.  In  the  latter  part 
of  the  6o"s  a  substantial  frame  church,  30x42  feet,  costing  $1,500, 
was  erected. 

German  Methodist  C///^;r//.— The  only  church  of  this  denomi- 
nation now  in  the  count}-  is  three  miles  east  of  Wa3-mans\ille  on 
the  Jonesville  road,  and  was  organized  in  1S46.  The  first  preacher 
was  Rev.  Frederick  ]3aker,  and  following  him  were  Re\-s.  Fred- 
«erick  G.  Miller,  John  H.  Huber,  Louis  Miller,  Mr.  Reinhart, 
Wesley  Freihoffer,  Henry  Gent,  John  H.  Leppert  and  George 
Stoll,  the  present  pastor.  There  are  now  133  members;  the  church 
property  consists  of  a   frame   church,  40x60  feet,  and  a  parsonage, 


RT"i  I'M'iTs  riK  roin".  515 

all  valued  at  v$2.5oo.'  Tlic  chuivli  Mas  crecU-d  durino-  tlie  able 
ministry^ of  Mr.  .Gcnl.  Tiic  ccinc'tcry  lu-ar  tin;  cluiixh  (.-oinpi-ises 
t  'O  acres.  Rev.  Fi-ederiek  Cr,  Miller  is  the  onlv  minister  buried 
there.  His  wilIow,  iNIrs.  Clara  ^Filler,  lives  in  the  neighborliood, 
and  is  still  a  devoted  member  of  the  ehuicli.  Amony-  the  iirst 
numbers  \',\;c  Frederick  \\Y'ichmann,  lleniv  Krubel,  William 
Tobroke,  their  families,  and  Mrs.  Charlotte  Krienha:4en.  Tiie 
membership  has  always  comprised  a  fair  proportion  of  tlie  best 
element  of  society  in  th.e  ncighborlioou  where  it  is  located. 

A  society'  of  this  denomination  was  formed  in  Cohuubus  about 
1861,  with  a  membership  of  ten,  to  which  twenty  additions  were 
made  in  the  ensuing  two  years.  The  ilrst  minister  was  Rev. 
George  wS}inn,  and  probabl}-  the  most  effective  earl}-  minister  was 
Rev.  F.  A.  Iluff.  B3'  rcmo\'-als  and  deaths  the  membership  was 
so  decreased  that  the  organization  was  abandoned  more  than  a 
dozen  3'ears  ago.  Mr.  Frederick  Ulrich  was  among  the  early 
members,  and  ever  faithful,  was  the  last  to  leave.  The  societ}^ 
bought  a  brick  church,  30x40  feet,  which  had  been  built  in  1853 
by  an  Fnglish  Lutheran  societ}',  which  subsecjuently  gave  up  its 
organization.  It  stood  on  Mechanic  Street,  between  Fourth  and 
Fifth  streets,  and  no^v  belongs  to  Mr.  Joseph  I.  Irwin. 

Chrislian  Union  Church. —  This  denomination  of  Christians 
was  organized  Ma}^  14,  1865,  under  the  nan-ie  of  "  The  Mount 
Pleasant  Congregation,"  with  fort^-five  members  and  the  follow- 
ing ofTicers  and  pastor:  Philip  Bambart,  chief  Elder;  Harper  T. 
Shields,  recording  Elder;  John  McClelland,  financial  Elder;  Rev. 
Oliver  II.  P.  Abbett,  pastor.  On  July  pth  following.  Harper  T. 
Shields  was  chosen  as  an  exhorter.  The  members  forminf  this 
organization  were,  prior  to  the  Civil  War  period,  connected  with 
the  Mount  Pleasant  Methodist  Episcopil  Church,  O.  li.  P.  Ab- 
bett, the  leading  spirit  in  the  new  orgaii.zation,  haA'ing  previously 
been  ;.  prominent  local  ])reacher.  W.  W.  Rundell,  then  on  the  t  ir- 
cuit  to  which  Mount  Pleasant  was  attached,  commenced  a  discus- 
sion of  the  war  is-  s  in  his  pulpit  and  so  vigorousl}-  attacked  and 
inmiercifully  denounced  the  views  held  by  a  large  part  of  his  con- 
gregation, that  dissensions  arose,  causing  the  ultimate  downfall  of 
the  iNTount  Pleasant  Methodist  Church  and  the  upbuilding  of  the 


5-^^  liARTIIOI.OMI.W    Ci)V\-iy. 

Christian    Union   con^^iv-ation.       From    tlic    oi -ani/.alion    to    llie 
resent  time  Kev.  O.  11.  P.  Al^bctt  has  been  pastor  of  llic  cliuroh. 
lininrdiately  aftei    h.:  organization  one  acre  of  land  was  donated 
to  tlie  eliurch,  upon  whicli  a  .i^'ood,  substantial,  frame  buildii),<;-,  cost- 
in:^^  $r,ooo,  was  erected,  havino-  a  seatin--  cajiacity  for  300  persons. 
The  chureh    government  is  democratic  in  form;  the  eon^-rei;a- 
tion  selects  its  pastor,  elects  its  ollicers,  and  makes  rules  and  regu- 
lations for  its  guidance  and  welfare,  each  member,  male  or  female  — 
in   the  election   t)f   oflicers,  selecting   a   pastor,   or   in    an\    matter 
relal'    ;■  to  the  affairs  of  the  chm-ch  — having  a  vote.     The   church 
property  is  held  by  Trustees.     The  principles   of  the   sect  as  de- 
clared at  the  organization,  are  as  follows: 

"  We  avow  our  true  and  hearty  faith  in  the  received  Scriptures 
of  the  Oi!  and  New  Testaments,  as  the  Word  of  God.  lliat  the 
said  Scr..,tures  constitute  our  only  rule  of  faith  and  practice,  and 
Ave  pledge  ourselves,  through  Chris!,  wlio  strengthens  us,  to  keep 
and  obser\'e  all  things  whatsoc\'er  He  has  commanded." 

MclJiodist  E-piscopal  C/iiiir/!,  Sonlh.—  ThQ  only  church  of  this 
denomination  was  located  in  the  southwest  corner  of  Ohio  Town- 
ship. Its  meetings  were  tlrst  held  in  a  public  school  building,  and 
afterward  at  the  residence  of  iMr.  Job  Sweeney,  never  being  strong 
enough  to  erect  a  meeting  house.  For  a  time  it  had  a  devoted 
membership,  composed  of  respected  residents  in  the  locality  named, 
probably  reaching  its  climax  under  the  efficient  ministry  of  the  Rev. 
Mr.  Ta3'lor,  \\-hen  there  were  perhaps  between  sixty  and  seventy 
members.  ]Mr.  Taylor  was  succe  ded  by  Rev.  Leroy  Herschberg, 
whose  labors  were  not  crowned  with  success.  While  in  his  charge, 
about  1881,  dissensions  arose  and  the  church  organization  was 
destro3'ed. 

yeii>is/i  Synao-oo-iic. —  The  citizens  of  Jewish  origin  residing  in 
Columbus  formed  themselves  into  an  organization  for  the  worship 
of  God  about  the  year  1S66.  The  first  minister  was  Rc\\  Solomon 
Le\i.  From  the  lirst  the  growth  of  the  church  was  commensu- 
rate with  the  growth  of  the  class  in  the  cit3',  from  whom  it  drew 
its  support,  until  its  membership  embraced  some  thirty  families  — 
probably  180  souls.  Within  the  last  few  years,  however,  by  rea- 
son of  removals  of  its  membe)-s  from  the  city  and  other  causes,  the 


)ti:i.u;i()i:s  iustorv.  517 

ine!ul)L-rshi])  has  been  reduced  until  uow  it  ineUidis  but  i\vc  families. 
I'he  last  resident  minister  was  the  Jiev.  Samuel  ^l.  J>aski,  wlio, 
thougli  rKSclu)l;u-ly  man,  was  not  popular,  and  under  him  dissen- 
sions arose  wliich  materially  interfered  with  the  prosperity  of  the 
church.  A  neal,  but  small,  frame  building  on  Mechanic  Street  be- 
tween Second  and  Third  .streets,  belcng.s  to  the  congregation,  in 
which  meetings  are  now  lield  about  once  or  twice  a  year,  con- 
ducted b}-  some  non-resident  rabbi  secured  for  the  occasion. 

J''rcshY(cn'an  Church.  —  Among  the  pioneers  of  Barl!.olome\v 
County  almost  cver\' Christian  denomination  wwa  represented.  The 
settler's  cabin  was  scarce!}''  completed  before  the  itinerant  or  nus- 
sionar}'-  was  there  with  oible  and  hymn  book  gathering  the  wideh' 
separated  families  together  for  worship.  T'o  those  pioneer  preachers 
and  their  self-sacriiicing  devotion  are  the  people  of  to-da}-  indebted 
for  the  planting  of  clnu-ches,  and  the  Christian  influences  that  are 
seen  and  felt  everywhere.  Without  the  hope  of  remuneration  they 
came  to  labor  in  the  wilderness,  foregoing  all  the  joys  of  home, 
onl}"^  to  be  instrumental  in  the  sah'ation  of  souls.  It  is  probable 
that  the  lirst  adherent  of  the  Presbyterian  faith  who  came  to  Col- 
umbus to  find  a  home  ^vas  Mrs.  Elizabeth  ITinkson.  She,  with 
her  husband,  emigrated  from  Ohio  early  in  the  20's,  and  settled 
in  what  is  now  the  southern  suburb  of  the  city,  so<;n  after  the 
organization  of  the  count}-.  Joseph  and  Mary  Hart,  who  settled  in 
what  is  now  Clay  Township,  were  also  Presb3-terians,  and  wer'. 
among  the  first  to  make  their  home  in  the  new  county.  Next 
came  the  Rogerses,  the  Hagers,  the  Mounts,  the  IIenr3-s,  the 
Browns  and  the  Miskimonses,  and  these  constituted  the  little  band 
that  for  the  first  few  j^eai-s  met  at  irregular  periods  at  the  cabin 
homes,  where  they  might  worship  according  to  the  teachings  of 
their  accepted  church.  The  date  of  the  first  meeting  is  unknown, 
but  1.  is  stated  upon  the  authorit}^  of  ^Nlrs.  Harriet  Jones  that  the 
first  meeting  over  which  a  minister  of  the  gospel  presided  was 
held  at  the  house  of  her  mother,  Mrs.  Elizabeth  Ilinkson,  and  is 
believed  to  have  been  as  early  as  the  summer  of  1S22  —  two  years 
pi-ior  to  the  organization  of  the  chmxh.  The  house  in  which  this 
and  other  meetings  were  lield  stood  south  of  the  public  square,  not 
far  from  the  present  site  of  the  Gcrmania  Hotel.     The  house  was 


5iS 


HAIvTIK)L().^iK^V    COr.XTV 


a  franu',  twf)  slorics  bio]),  a,ul  in  (In-  siuin--  room  on  llic  lowcr 
iloor,  on  jsucli  ocv;iMons,  an  aiulicncc  n)oni  was  iniprovisrd  l.v  the 
^u.sc  of  a  few  planks  rcslino-  on  chairs  at  eillicr  ..-nil.  I'Ir.  tir.sl  ser- 
inon  was  prcachcJ  by  Rev.  Jolin  M.  Dickcv,  of  the  oI,l  Salcin 
Presbytery,  and  a  missionary  of  llie  I'resbylerian  Hoaul  of  Domes- 
tie  iMissions.  I  le  was  a  man  of  scholarly  attainments,  and  a.ii  earnest 
and  conscientious  Christian  worker.  FoUowinjr  the  /h'st  mc..  lino- 
there  was  but  httle  aceompHshed  until  July  3,  i82.|,  the  date  of  the 
organization  of  the  lirst  Presbyterian  Church  in  PartholomeNV 
Count}-. 

The  number  of  members  at  the  organization  was  seventeen,  viz.- 
Joseph  Hart,  Mary  Hart,  Andrew  Rogers,  Sarah  Rogers,  David 
Hager,  Keziah  Tlager,  Betsy  Mounts,  John  Henrv,  Cvnthia  Browh, 
Elizabe,  .  Hinkson,  Ruth  Miskimons.  These  uerc  received  by 
letter.  Samuel  Miskimons,  Abncr  Mounts,  Mary  Ann  Rogers, 
Jane  Rogers,  Martha  Gabbard  and  Edwin  Brown  ^^'ere  vcctWed  on 
jirofession  of  faith.  Sarah  Snyder,  .Alaria  Wiles  and  Sarah  Faj-mer 
-ere  received  December  12,  1824,  nine  days  later.  Tlie  first 
building  in  which  worship  N\-as  held  was  an  old  church  and  school 
house  which  stood  on  Third  Street,  opposite  the  residence  of  Dr. 
Linton.  By  con-tesy  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church,  they 
worshipped  a  number  of  years  with  them  in  the  old  "  Classical  In- 
stitute "  as  it  was  afterward  called. 

Elders.—  Mr.  Joseph  Hart  was  the  first  ruling  Elder.  He  was 
converted  under  the  preaching  of  the  noted  Rev.  Gideon  Black- 
burn, and  united  with  the  church  under  his  care,  in  Maryville, 
Tenn.  For  many  years  he  was  the  only  ruling  Elder  of  this 
church,  and  while  he  lived  was  the  clerk  of  the  sessions.  Presby- 
terianism  in  this  region,  and  Christianit}-,  owe  a  great  deal  to  this 
godly  man.  Samuel  Miskimons,  one  of  the  original  members  of 
the  church,  was  the  second  Elder.  He  was  elected  and  ordained 
some  years  after  the  organization  of  the  church,  and  exercised  his 
ofTice  until  he  was  dismissed  in  1S36,  to  move  to  other  regions. 
The  third  ruling  Elder  was  John  Ritchey,  who  ^v■as  succeedt-d  in 
1832  by  Dr.  Joseph  Baxter.  Gideon  Blackburn  Hart,  a  son  of 
Joseph  Hart,  was  the  fifth  in  ofllce.  He  was  much  beloved,  and 
died,  greatly  lamented,  in  1854.     '^'l^e  sixth  Elder  was  Samuel  B. 


UKI.ICIOUS  IIISTORV.  519 

McKechaiu  lU-  was  clisnii.s.si'cl  to  the  cluiixli  in  I'rniiklin,  \\  here 
he  died  in  1^59.  J<^Ihi  llul^bcrt  was  the  seventh,  and  J^ewis  Cop- 
j.frfield  th^  eii^dillv.  Thev  were  followed  l)y  Nicholas  Cjilman  and 
Herman  Iiarber,  who  were  both  dismissed  to  otiier  churches.  Dr. 
Homer  T.  ITinman  was  the  next  ruling  Elder  chosen.  He  was 
ordained  by  Rc'\ .  James  Brownlee,  in  1850,  and  continued  in  ollice, 
being  several  times  re-elected,  until  his  lamenU-d  death  in  i860. 
He  was  a  genial,  well  educated  man,  popular  in  his  profession,  and 
an  cfllcient  Sabbath  School  teacher.  Randolph  Gi-illith  was  both 
an  Elder  and  a  Deacon.  He  was  installed  into  the  former  in  1855. 
He  deserves  much  praise  for  his  faitbiful  work.  October,  1858, 
John  Hofer  and  Thomas  Hart  were  elected  to  the  Eldership; 
the  former  was  in  pra3-er  meetings  and  in  the  Sabbath  School  in 
his  neighborhood,  four  miles  west  of  town,  a  faithful  w"orkex\ 
Mr.  Thomas  Hart  was  ordained  and  inducted  into  his  ofhce  in  the 
Sand  Hill  meeting  house,  four  miles  east  of  town,  near  which  he 
resided.  He  seldom  came  to  town  or  church,  as  he  maintained 
while  he  lived,  a  Sabbath  School  and  a  prayer  meeting  in  the 
branch  of  the  church  where  he  lived.  December,  1859,  ^^'^'  ^^'-  ^' 
Hoirue  and  A.  G.  Collier  were  elected  Elders.  Dr.  Collier  died  in 
1872.  One  of  the  last  official  acts  of  Rev.  N.  S.  Dickey  was 
to  ordain  in  1S70,  Prof.  Andrew  Graham,  a  ruling  Elder  in  the 
church.  JNIessrs.  James  Fisher,  Ezekiel  Boyd,  F.  Donner  and 
A.  S.  Rominger,  were  placed  in  ofTice  early  in  the  70's. 

Ot/icr  Mill ii^t CIS. —  In  1826,  Rev.  Samuel  Gregg  supplied  the 
church  regularly  once  or  twice  a  month.  The  sainted  Tremble, 
the  pastor  of  the  church  in  Madison,  preached  here  occasionally. 
His  successor  at  Madison,  Rev.  J.  II.  Johnston,  and  Rev.  Jolui  F. 
Crowe,  D.  D.,  of  Hanover  College,  often  preached  here.  Begin- 
ning in  the  fall  of  1829,  Rev.  E.  Kent,  novv'  residing  in  Slielby 
County,  supplied  the  church  two  Sabbaths  each  month  for  a  year. 
His  labors  w^ere  much  blessed,  and  the  roll  of  the  church  consider- 
ably enlarged  thereby.  In  1830,  Rev.  Hillery  Patrick  supplied  the 
church,  more  or  less  regularly.  Rev.  Henry  Little,  D.  D.,  the 
agent  of  the  Home-Missionary  Society,  more  than  any  other  man, 
preached  here  in  protracted  meetings  and  at  other  times,  and  not 
a  few  attribute  their  conversion  and  progressive  sanctitication  to  his 


5-20  r.Atri'llOLO.MI.W    COlX'l'V. 

labors.  In  1S3.1,  ''^<-'\-  IMichacl  A.  RlmuI^'  resided  here  and  sup- 
plied tlic  church,  working  carneslly  for  the  salvation  of  souls.  Rc\-. 
A\  illl;ii-u  Stinison  nlso  supplied  the  cluu-ch  six  m()nlhs.  Rev. 
David  Monf(r.-t,  of  I'ranklin,  preached  here  for  a  time.  llis  ser- 
mons were  rcpresenled  as  beinc;-  of  o-rcat  power.  Rev.  Joseph 
IMonfoit,  D.D.joftlic  Jfcrald  and  Prcd))ici\  at  Cincinnati,  prcaclietl 
here  for  six  months  or  a  3'^ear. 

About  the  year  1837,  Rev.  Windsor  A.  Smitli  took  charge  of 
the  church  and  supplied  it  for  two  and  a  lialf  years,  doing  a  good 
•work,  and  \vas  highly  esteemed  by  all.  Re\-.  Ilenr^-  Ward  Pjcechcr, 
>.  hile  pastor  of  the  Second  Church  in  Indianapolis,  pi-cached  here 
for  a  week  or  two  in  the  old  court  house.  [Perhaps  one  of  theproofs 
that  Columbus  was  realh'-  a  hard  place,  is  in  tlie  fact  that  he  could 
not  attract  more  than  a  dozen  or  \\  o  of  tlje  people  to  hear  hini 
preach,  though  elsewhere  the  multitudes  flocked  to  listen  to  his 
glowing  words.]  Rev.  Dr.  Babb,  then  of  Indianapolis,  also  preached 
here  occasionally,  and  during  a  protracted  meeting  dail}',  as  did 
also  Revs.  Drs.  Curtis  and  Brown,  of  jNIadison.  In  1S44,  Rev. 
Nyce,  a  teacher  in  the  Count}-  Seminar\'  became  pastor.  Me  re- 
mained in  charge  until  succeeded,  in  1849,  by  Rev.  Daniel  Lati- 
more,  of  Vernon,  who  sujiplied  the  pulpit  one  Sabbath  a  month 
for  half  the  j-ear. 

During  the  fall  of  1849,  R*-'^'-  Chas.  M'  rwin  was  called  to  sup- 
pi}'  the  pulpit.  For  one  year  he  labored  faithfully  and  was  blessed 
with  a  revival  season,  which  added  several  names  to  the  roll.  In 
the  fall  of  1850,  Rev.  James  Brownlee  was  inxited  to  sup|)ly  the 
church,  which  he  did  with  much  acceptance.  In  June,  1853,  Rev. 
N.  S.  Dickey,  a  son  of  the  founder  of  this  church,  became  pastor. 
He  served  the  church  for  more  than  seventeen  }'ears,  and  during 
the  time  preached  more  than  2,000  sermons.  For  a  considerable 
portion  of  the  time  he  served  the  county  as  school  examiner.  He 
was  a  man  of  much  learning,  ])lain  and  unostentatious  in  nianners, 
courageous  in  support  of  the  right.  lie  was  siu'ceeded  in  1871,  bv 
Rev.  Alexander  Parker,  who  serve;!  the  church  with  n;arked 
abilit}'  for  more  than  thirteen  3-ears,  and  is  remembered  by  the  mem- 
bers with  affectionate  tenderness.  Rev.  George  S.  J.  Brown  took 
pastoral    charge  of   the  congregation  in  188. |,  and  remained  about 


one  yoar  and  a  half.  lie  was  a  man  of  Inie  sov'ial  (jualities  wliicli 
cnalilc^  liiin  to  mix  \v1l1i  jK-op!e,  an-.]  in  tliis  \va\'  ]ii"ou^ht  iiian\'  to 
the  liousc  of  God  that  would  otherwise  have  been  beyond  the 
reach  of  the  influences  of  the  church.  Dining"  the  pastorate  of 
Ke\'.  Hrown,  he,  in  connection  with  Kev.  Hart,  conducted  one  of 
the  most  successful  meetings  in  the  history  of  the  church. 

Rev.  S.  ]<-.  Fra/ier,  the  present  acting"  pastor,  came  in  April, 
1S87.  His  literal'}'  education  was  comjileled  at  Washington  and 
Jefferson  College,  Washington,  Penn.  His  theological  training 
was  received  in  the  seminaries  of  Newburgh,  N.  Y.,  and  Alle- 
gheny City,  Penn.,  and  from,  the  latter  was  graduated  in  1877. 
The  same  AXar  he  received  a  call  to  the  United  Presbyterian 
Chu-  :  of  Cadiz,  Ohio,  where  he  was  ordained  to  the  ministr\- 
Dece.  ibcr  11.  In  1880,  he  received  a  call  to  the  pastorate  of  the 
United  Prcsb\'terian  Church  of  Oxford,  Oliio,  where  he  labored 
successfully  for  about  five  v-ears.  During  two  years  of  this  time 
he  was  ]-)rofcssor  of  mathematics  in  Oxford  Female  College,  and 
for  the  same  lengtli  of  time  was  chaplain  of  the  Western  Female 
Seminar}-  of  the  same  place.  Somewhat  broken  down  by  the  ar- 
duous duties  of  church  and  school,  he  accepted  a  call  tendered  in 
the  mean  time  b}'  the  United  Presbyterian  Church  of  Rushville, 
Ind.,  in  the  latter  part  t)f  the  year  18S5,  w'here  he  labored  tuitil 
April,  1887,  when,  b}-  invitation  of  the  ollkial  board  of  the  Presby- 
terian Church  of  Columjus,  he  began  the  duties  of  acting  pastor 
of  this  congregation,  having  been  received  into  the  Presbj'terian 
Church  b3-the  Indianapolis  Presb3'tery,  April  12,  1887,  then  in  ses- 
sion in  the  Fourth  Church  of  Indianapohs. 

The  first  buildiuij  erected  by  the  church  was  the  old  frame 
opposite  the  Pissell  Hotel,  riow  owned  by  B.  B.  Jones.  It  was 
begun  in  1844  or  1845,  and  completed  in  1846  or  1847.  Rev.  B.  M. 
Nyce  was  then  supplying  the  pulpit.  Assisted  by  some  ladies  he 
would  solicit  subscriptions  in  material,  labor  or  money,  and  then  go 
on  with  the  w  ork  till  the  means  were  exhausted.  Then,  after  rest- 
ing for  a  tinie,  the  same  process  would  be  repeated.  It  was  llnally 
completed,  free  of  debt,  having  cost  about  $1,200.  This  building 
was  occupied  till  December,  1874.  On  the  first  Sabbath,  Januar}-, 
1875,  the  present  building  was  used  for  the  first  time.     The  work 


522  HAli'i'IIOI.OMI-.W'  CO\l\rV. 

on  tlu'  new  buiUlinsj^  was  licguii  in  i^>7i,  laconlini;'  to  ]i!an,s  and 
specillcations  prepared  bv  Levi  L.  l-,e\ering,  architeet.  Tl\e  con- 
Ipact  foi-  die  erection  was  awarded  to  Kellar  &  Tiroekman,  and  was 
completed  at  a  cost  of  ^26,000.  It  is  a  niagnilicent  biick  edilice, 
of  niodein  st)lc  of  architecture,  ami  is  divided  into  t!\  e  apartments 
^iz. :  auditorium,  lectiux-  room,  infant  class  room,  Bible  class  ritom, 
and  study.  The  present  membership  of  the  clnu"ch  is  about  270. 
The  Presbyterian  Salibath  School  which  is,  and  always  has 
been,  one  of  the  principal  auxiliaries  of  the  church,  was  or- 
ganized early  in  the  30's,  at  the  house  of  Rev.  ]Michael  l^i'ml}^, 
^vho  was  at  that  time  pastor  in  charge.  It  was  the  first  Sabbath 
School  organized  in  Columbus,  and  for  several  years  it  was  attended 
by  the  members  of  all  denominations.  It  has  been  a  power  for 
good  and  its  influence  can  not  be  over  estimated.  Among  those 
who  deserve  prominent  mention  for  their  eOlcient  work  as  Superiu- 
dents  and  teachers  are :  Charles  C.  Ilart,  Charles  Hutchinson,  D.  D., 
A.  G.  Dunning,  Randolph  Griflith,  Lewis  Godden,  Prof.  David 
Graham.  ■  -.  Hogue,  JNIr.  Andrew  Graham,  J.  B.  Safford,  George 
IL  Friei  >  and  Mrs.  M.  F.  llinman.  The  last  named  was  teacher 
of  the  ir  L  class  for  nearly  eighteen  consecutive  3'ears,  and  for 
her  earnesLuess  and  unremiiiing  zeal  in  this  and  other  departments 
of  church  work,  she  deserves  conspicuous  mention. 

Chyistiu)!  Church. —  The  histor}'  of  the  lise  and  progress  of 
the  Christian  Cluirch  in  Indiana  is  but  a  rej^roduction  of  its  history 
in  this  countr}'.  In  order  that  the  readers  of  this  article  ma}'  have 
an  intelligent  understanding  of  its  growth  in  Bartholomew  Count}^ 
they  must  have  some  conception  r>f  the  spirit  and  genius  of  the 
movement  as  a  whole,  and  the  special  features  of  religious  work 
sought  to  be  emphasized  by  its  existence.  It  is  a  mistaken  idea  to 
suppose  that  it  was  begun  b}'  men  who  were  drawn  together  into 
a  sect  b}'  some  particular  theological  dogma.  In  fact,  it  began  in  a 
deep  hatred  of  all  sectism,  and  an  earnest  effort  to  banish  from  the 
general  Christian  world  the  evils  thereof. 

The  men,  w  ho,  in  God's  Providence,  were  the  principal  promot- 
ers of  it,  were  not  men  who  w^ere  out  of  sympathy  w'ith  the  vital 
doctrines  of  the  Protestant  world.  Those  things  held  as  sacred 
and  essential  to  the  irreat  relii-'ious  bodies  have  ever  been  so  held 


Ri:!.i<;ious  II.    'OKV.  52;? 

b}-  this  people.  Willi  all  iheir  power  they  ha\-e  souglit  to  gh-e 
prominence  to  the  incurnaiioii,  life  and  teaehini;s  of  Jesus  of 
Nazareth.  His  death  ;!S  a  >\n  offei-ing  for  the  world,  procuring;-  for 
lis  retlemption  through  Ilis  blood  e\  en  tin;  forgiveness  of  sins;  Ilis 
resurrection  from  the  dead,  ascension  to  heaven,  and  coronation  at 
the  riglit  \nd  of  God,  and  llis  lordship  of  all.  The  personal  and 
perpetual  mission  of  the  Holy  Spirit  —  the  alienation  of  the  race 
from  God,  the  necessit}-  of  faith  and  reformation  in  order  to  salva- 
tion; the  p.erj-jetuity  of  baptism  and  tlie  Lord's  Supper  —  the  obli- 
gation of  the  first  day  of  the  wec:.  as  a  da}'  of  convocation  and 
praise.  The  necessity  of  righteousness  and  true  holiness  on  the  part 
of  all  who  profess  the  name  of  Jesus  Christ  —  a  day  of  linal  judg- 
ment and  punishment —  with  the  above  broad  platform  they  have 
ever  been  in  close  sympaUiy.  What  then,  it  may  be  asked, 
rompted  them  to  form  a  new  sect?  The  forming  of  a  distinct 
body  was  not  their  original  intention.  The}'  looked  \\ith  alarm 
and  dislrust  upon  the  noisy  practices  and  teachings — purely  human 
—  that  had  crept  into  the  body  of  Christ,  and  sought  within  the 
various  bodies  to  which  the}'  belonged,  to  bring  about  a  reforma- 
tion of  these  evils,  or  rather  a  restoratiDn  of  the  spirit,  principles  and 
practices  of  the  New  Testament  church.  In  pressing  this  work  upon 
the  M.tention  of  the  religious  world,  they  were  somewhat  before 
the  time.  What  is  now  hailed  everywhere  by  Christian  people 
with  joy,  was  then  looked  upon  with  great  suspicion,  by  many  ei  -i- 
nent  Christians.  It  soon  became  evident  that  the  religious  world 
was  not  then  ready  for  such  a  work.  As  a  result,  those  farseeing 
men  were  turned  out  of  the  \'arious  bodies  with  which  the}'  were 
associated,  as  heretics.  They  naturally  enough  began  to  organize 
independently,  but  this  was  a  necessity  thrust  upon  them  by  their 
exclusion  and  was  not  of  their  own  seeking. 

Religious  communities  sprang  up  rapidly  all  over  the  west  and 
south,  which  had  for  their  object,  an  endeavor:  (i)  To  exalt 
Christ  above  party,  and  Ilis  word  aboA'e  human  creeds.  (2)  To 
illustrate  the  practicability  of  Christian  union,  New  Testament  faith 
and  practice.  (3)  To  build  a  church  of  Christ,  without  denomina- 
tional name,  creed,  or  other  barrier  to  Christian  unity,  whose  terms 
of  fellowship  should  be  as  broad  as  the  conditions  of  salvation,  and 


52-1  BARTlIor.()Mi;\\'    COl'NTV. 

identical  with  tlifin.  (4)  To  lead  alien  sinners  to  Christ,  in  the 
clear  li^•ht  of  New  Testament  teaching-  and  examjile.  (5)  'J\)\vork 
•Svith  all- other  Christian  workers,  as  far  as  pcjssible,' in  cxiending 
Chrisl's  reign  among  men,  while  seeking  to  promote  the  unity  for 
^vhich  the  Savior  prayed 

In  the  year  1829,  a  sei)aration   over  the   above   principles  took 
place  in  the  Hope  Baptist  Church,  lliree  miles  north  of  Columbus. 
A   new   organization   Avas   made   under   the    leadership   of  Joseph 
Fassett,  embi;    ing  the  names  of  ]>enjamin  Jrwin,  Joseph  Vannieter, 
William  S.  J,      s,  Samuel  Crittenden,  Daniel   Singer,  John  Irwin, 
Rufus  Gale,  Hu-am  Troutmati,  and  their  wives.     Soon   after  the 
number  was  increased  by  William  A.  Washburn,  John  H.*Terrell, 
Ilavilah  A.  Chenoweth,  Joseph  Robinson,  and  their  wives.     The 
first  church  edifice  A\'as  a  frame  structure  VAhich  ser\  cd  the  purpose 
of  the  congregation  until  it  was  replaced  in  1872  by  their  present 
beautiful  and  commodious  brick  structure.     Many  members  were 
added  to  this  body  from  the  town  of  Columbus   which  necessitated 
the  building  of  a  house  of  worship  in  the  town  ui  1841  A.  D.    The 
services  alternated  between  New   Hope  and  Columbus  from  that 
date  until  July  22,  1855,  when  a  separate  congregation  was  organ- 
ized, composed  of  about  sixty  members.     The  first  house   in   the 
town  Avas  destroA'ed  by  hre  in  1853,  and  was  immediately  replaced 
by  the  brick  structure  on  Jackson  Street,  in  which  the  congrega- 
tion worshipped   uiilll  it  removed  to  its  present  commodio   s  struc- 
ture, which,  in  many  respects,  is  the  most  handsome  church  ediiice 
in  southern   Indiana.     The   entire   cost  of  the   present  building  is 
about  $23,000.     The   congregation   has   been   under  the  pastoral 
cai-e  of  William  Edmonston,  W.  A.Washburn,  H.,R.  Pritchard, 
J.  B.  Cobb,  John  Brazelton,  J.  B.   Crane,  and  the  present  pastor, 
Z.  T.  Sweeney,  who  has  occupied  the  office  for  over  sixteen  years. 
The  Hartsville  congregation  was  organized  in  1S40,  and  among 
those   enrolled   as  charter  members  may  be  found  the  names  of 
Thomas  StephcTi  Bryant,   Elijah  Brady,  Samuel  Alley,  Eldridgc 
Hopkins  and   Horace  Jones,   with   their   wives.     Tlaeir  first  lilder 
was  Elijah  Brady,  and  first  preacher  James  Conner.    J.  B.  New, 
Joseph  Fassett  and  William  Irwin  were  among  the  most  prominent 
of  the  pi'      er  preachers  who  ministered  to  it;  and  these  were  sue- 


cccded  by  Jnmcs  Youiii;'  ami  John  IJra/.cllon,  ihc  lalter  of  whom 
has  scrvod  tlic  i;on<4"rcL;aiion  for  founccii  ^rars.  Tlicii"  [nc.^cnl. 
[lastor  is  Ji^UUt  WilHani  (jard.  Aiiioiil;"  the  proiiiiiicnL  laniih'os  in 
llu-  congregation  at  present  are  the  Hopkins,  Gallnwavs,  ik'cks 
antl  J^radleys.  Tlie  lirst  hou.^e  of  worsliij)  was  a  frame  IjnilL  in 
i8-i5,  32x50  feet.  Their  second  \vas  finished  in  J872,  and  is  a 
liandsome  liuiiding,  40x60  feet.  Jt  cost$2,roo,  and  was  tledieated 
1.1V  I'ylder  Z.  T.  Sweeney. 

The  cliurch  at  Jhnnsville  was  started  in  1S3S  b}'  l:^lder  J.  II. 
Terrell,  father  of  Gen.  W.  II.  11.  Terrell,  V\^  J.  iirown,  Will-am 
Bramwell,  James  Purvis  and  K..  J.  Burns.  In  1S40,  a  frame  build- 
ing was  erected.  In  iS55;  ^  second  house  was  built,  and  in  1887 
was  lefurnished  at  a  cost  of  several  hundred  dollars.  Thev  have 
at  present  105  members,  with  Samuel  Strickland,  Senior  Elder, 
and  several  other  helpers.  Among  the  prominent  families  are  the 
Springers,  Fultons,  Eddlemans,  Taskingtons  and  Bradfords.  They 
have  no  regular  pastor  at  present,  but  ai-e  occasionally  ser\'ed  by 
count}'  evangelist  James  Small. 

The  church  in  Elizabethtown  was  organized  in  1850,  under  the 
labors  of  Elders  IloUis,  Brazelton  and  Powers,  but  after  a  time  the 
organization  disbanded  and  was  revived  again  about  1879,  under 
the  labors  of  Elder  Z.  T.  Sweeney.  In  1880,  a  handsome  new 
t  "ucture  costi  ig  nearly  $2,000,  was  dedicated  by  Elder  Z.  T. 
Swcene}',  since  which  time  the  congregation  has  flourished.  They 
number  about  150  members  and  have  a  Sunda}^  School  of  140  pupils 
—  present  minister,  William  Gard.  Among  the  prominent  fami- 
lies represented  in  the  church  are  the  Springers,  Trents,  Vogles, 
Van  Wyes,  Gants,  Ilawleys  and  Wills. 

At  Inrush  Creek  the  cliurch  was  organized  in  1857?  under  the 
labors  of  Samuel  Stricliland,  A.  J.  Burns,  George  Myers,  "^i^hey 
do  not  at  present  have  any  regular  preaching  and  do  not  number 
over  sixt}'  members.  They  ha^•e  a  nice  brick  building  and  one  of 
the  best  working  Sunday  Schools  in  the  count}'.  The  church  at 
Newbern  was  begun  in  1S38,  by  Elder  Joseph  Fassett.  He  was 
succeeded  b\'  such  men  as  John  Brazelton  and  John  Campbell,  who 
have  been  followed  in  later  3ears  by  Elders  Young,  Grigsbj',  Ting- 
le}', Gard  and  Tritt,  the  last  ministering  to  them  at  present.  They 
have  a  irood  frame  house  built  in  i860  and  is  still  used. 


5-^  l'.AKTlIOI.OMi;w    COl-NTV. 

Tlic  cluiivli  at  Joncsville  was  or^aiii/.nl  as  early  as  iS^^:;,  and 
cmhr.wrd  anx.ii- tlic  cliarU-r  members,  "Jack  "Smith,  JoluiSinilh, 
^  W.  ]  I.  .Crump  and  I Jricc  Gatlicr.  Tlieir  iirst.  ])]aee  of  meclin-;  was 
the  old  school  buildin^r  that  stood  just  east  of  the  villa,i;-e.  For  sev- 
eral 3-ears  they  met  in  barns,  shops  and  llie  open  woods. 
.  In  1S40,  a  small  church  was  built  southeast  of  die  village,  but 
afterward  was  removed  to  its  present  location.  AmoiiLr  ih'e  earl^- 
preachers  were  Elders  Ilollis,  Edmondson,  Fassetl  ancrHramwcll. 
Many  of  the  members  luive  moved  away,  and  its  mcmbcrsln>  does 
not  number  over  125.  It  has  no  regular  preacher.  The  Shuni- 
ways,  Davises,  Wrights,  Kings  and  Gilberts,  are  among  its  present 
representatives. 

The  church  at  Moore's  \^ineyard  is  of  recent  origin,  holding  its 
first  meeting  in  the  new  house  Christmas  day,  iSS7,^it  xvhich  Ume 
it  Avas  dedicated  by  Elder  Sweeney.  The  meeting  was  continued 
for  several  weeks  by  Elder  James  Small,  county  cwangelist.  The 
church  is  not  yet  regularh'  organized  but  will  be  soon.  The  IMev- 
ritts,  Wagners,  Brewsters,  Snyders,  S\v-anks  and  others,  compose 
its  membership.     It  now^  has  about  sixty-jfive  membei's. 

The  church  at  Kansas  was  organized  by  Elder  A.  Elmore,  Au- 
gust 5,  1876.  It  began  with  about  twent^^-five  members,  and  was 
ministered  to  by  Elder  J.  M.  Brown.  In  1876,  they  erected  a  brick 
structure,  which  was  dedicated  by  Elder  Z.  T.  Sweeney.  Ii  was 
blown  down,  and  in  its  stead  was  erected  a  frame  structure,  at  a 
cost  of  $3,000.  The  present  membership  is  forty-five,  and  it  is 
served  by  Elder  J.  P.  Findlcy.  The  Deraings,  Wheatbvs  and 
Dry  breads  are  ail  members.  It  has  a  Sunday  School  of  some 
sixty  scholars. 

The  church  at  Bethany  was  organized  early  In  the  work  of  the 
disciples  in  this  country.  It  now  numbers  about  100  members. 
"While  not  rich  in  this  workFs  goods,  it  nevertheless  is  rich  in  faith 
and  good  works.  It  is  now  ministered  to  by  Elder  Clark,  and  em- 
braces the  names  of  the  Gates,  Smallwood  and  Stucky  families  on  its 
roll  of  membership.  It  has  a  good  Sunday  School,  and  also  a 
Society  of  Christian  Endeavor  among  the  young  folks  of  the  con- 
gregation. 

The  churches  in  the  county  have  a  co-operative  work,  and  at 


HISTOID  V. 


.■>-/ 


present,  arc  cinjiluN  ing  [\\o  evangelisL^.  Jann..^  aiul  Aialllu-w  Sin.ii!, 
\vlio  arc  nieetiiii;- witli  marked  success  in  ihcii-  work  \vhcre\cr  ll)c\- 
go.  T.'T^ic  association  lias  an  endowment  of  between  v^3,oooand  i|^.|,ooc) 
left  by  Elder  George  J").  ]<.oland,  wliieli  it  is  tlieir  intention  to  try 
and  increase  to  $iO,ooo,  at  an  early  (.lal  .  Tliis  beini;-  done  an 
evangelist  will  be  kept  in  tlie  liekl  all  the  time,  supported  bv  the 
interest  on  the  above  fund. 

T//C  Aforaviai!  Cluorh  of  Hope. —  Since  this  con;4iH\i;"ation 
of  the  Moravian  Church,  with  a  small  aililiated  charg-e,  situated 
southwest  of  Hope,  's  the  onl}^  congregation  of  this  denomina- 
tion in  the  State  of  1  liana,  and  as  a  consequence,  not  well  known, 
it  is  desirable  to  preface  this  sketch  with  a  statement  as  to  who  and 
what  the  Moravians  are. 

The  name  of  the  church  first  needs  explanation.  Its  original 
name  was  "United  Brethren,"  but  in  iSoo  another  denomination 
appropriated  the  title  of  "The  United  Brethren  in  Christ,"  which 
naturally  led  to  confusing  the  tv>o  bodies;  hence  the  adoption  of  the 
name  of  IMoravian,  because  the  church  was  founded  and  expanded 
in  Bohemia  and  Moravia.  It  is  a  Protestant  Episcopal  Church.  In 
faith  it  is  purely  e^'angclical  and  orthodox  in  the  strictest  sense  of  the 
term,  subscribing  to  the  Augsburg  Confession.  The  church  had  its 
origin  in  Bohemia,  in  1457,  anti-dating  the  Lutheran  Reformation  sixty 
years,  and  constitutes  a  fruitage  of  the  preaclnng  and  mart3frdom  of 
John  Huss,  of  Prague.  Noblemen  and  scholars  flocked  to  its  stan- 
dard, numerous  seminaries  of  theology  were  founded,  and  the  Bible 
translated  and  published  into  Bohemian,  b}-  i^-.  It  also  spread  rap- 
idty  throughout  Moravia  and  Poland.  At  the  time  of  the  great 
reform  ion  in  German}^,  the  church  already  numbered  200,000 
members,  and  over  '400  parishes.  But  a  dark  da}^  was  in  store. 
When  Ferdinand  of  Tyrol,  a  Roman  bigot,  ascended  the  throne, 
he  instituted  so  relentless  a  persecution  against  this  people,  that  in 
consequence  of  emigration  and  slaughter,  the  3^ear  1627  found  but 
a  small  number  of  them  left,  and  these  surviving  in  secrecy. 

For  ninet3--four  years  the  church  was  thus  continued,  until  in 
1722,  owing  to  a  revival  in  its  midst,  the  membership  left  home 
and  native  land,  finding  a  refuge  on  the  estates  of  Count  Zarzen- 
dorf,  a  wealth)'  and  pious   nobleman  of  Saxony,  where  they  could 


52S  llAli'JMIOLOMrCW   cor.NTV. 

worship  (nul  with  iuhk'  to  make  afraid.  As  the  resuU  of  aiviihor 
_l^"caL  re\i\'al,  in  1727,  so  ^rv-al  a  zeal  for  tlie  glory  of  (jikI  maiii- 
fcslod  itself,  ih.it  failiii:^-  to  liiul  a  conf^'eiiial  soil  for  its  orowih  in  its 
a(Io])tecl  eouiilrv,  owing  to  the  State  C'lmreh,  it  llowed  out  into  niis- 
sionar\'  cluannels.  The  ehnrcli  now  nuinln-rs  its  missions  among 
neai'ly  all  nations  of  the  gl^'he,  and  ^\■as  a  pioneer  of  the  later 
times,  in  lliis  work.  It  \\as  this  eonditlon  of  affairs  tliat  brought  it 
to  Ami;i-"e.i,  where  a  century  and  moi'e  ago  it  carried  on  a  lai'gc 
work  a.mong  the  Indians,  a  number  of  the  headtjuarlers  of  that 
woik  still  remaining  as  seats  of  iniluential  congregations.  An 
esteemed  member  of  the  Ilojie  congregation,  Mr.  John  Henry 
Kluge,  was  born  at  one  of  tliese  missions,  near  Muncie,  Ind.,  the 
child  of  th.e  missionaries  there,  over  eight3'-two  years  ago.  The 
Isloravian  Church  is  an  unbroken  unit  throughout  the  world,  ex- 
tending its  activities  into  three  directions:  i.  The  Home  Church. 
2.  Foreign  I\lissions.  3.  The  Dias]-)ora.  The  last  mentioned  is 
a  home  mission  work  among  the  members  of  tlie  State  Church  in 
Germany,  Avhere  the  church  ministers  spirituall}-  to  70,000  souls, 
who,  however,  are  not  expected  to  unite  ^^•ith  the  Moravian  Church. 
Including  these  three  fields  of  activity,  the  church  numbers  in  com- 
iUUTiicants,  according  to  the  statistics  of  iS86>  at  Home,  20,464;  in 
Foreign  Missions,  83,052,  and  in  the  Diaspora,  70,000,  making  a 
total  of  173,516  members.  The  enormous  drain  made  upon  the 
church  in  men  and  mon.-y  for  the  support  of  this  work,  readily  ex- 
plains its  smallness. 

We  now  proceed  to  the  istory  pi-oper  of  the  Moravian  Church 
at  Hope,  Ind.  It  is  a  result  of  the  Sunda}"  School  rcvi^■al  in  Korth 
Carolina,  about  the  year  1S24.  Among  the  converts  of  that  work 
\Tas  a  handsome,  tall  and  robust  j'oung  man  of  about  twentj-five 
years  of  age,  by  the  name  of  Martin  Ilauser.  Burning  with  zeal 
for  the  Lord,  he  sought  authority  to  establish  a  Moravian  Church 
among  the  emigrants  to  this  place,  quite  a  number  of  whom  had 
been  his  friends  and  neighbors.  Having  received'  permission  to 
carry  out  his  plan,  he,  with  his  wife  aul  children,  arrived  liere 
about  the  end  of  the  year  182c).  He  at  once  made  known  his  in- 
tentions, and  on  January  2,  1830,  held  a  meeting  as  an  initiatory 
ste]).     The  persons  present  at  this  meeting  were:  Martin   Ilauser, 


KlCLU.IOl^^^  niSTOKV. 


5^9 


Daiiirl  Zicglcr,  John  ICssl-x,  Saimul  Roir.inn'or  ami  ]osei>U  Sp;iii<;li, 
all  of  whom  are  now  dead.  It  ^vas  agreed  that,  tlie  Lord  willing, 
the}'  wcyild  at  oilre  begin  efforts  to  found  a  clnu\h.  The  next  step 
taken  was  to  secure  land  for  the  enterprise.  This  would  jM-ovide 
not  (jnly  a  site  for  a  ehiu-ch  cditice,  but  also  a  resource  for  the 
mainlena.nce  of  the  congregation  from  a  fiiianeial  point  of  view. 
Accordingly,  upon  their  request,  the  Rev.  Lewis  de  Schweinii/,  a 
member  of  the  Provincial  Church  Board,  residing  at  l^ethlehem, 
Pa.,  advanced  them  "$200  for  this  purpose,  \^''ith  tins  sum  160 
acres  of  land  were  at  once  purchased.  This  land  now  forms  the 
location  of  Hope.  Later,  eighty  acres  more  were  bought,  and 
after  a  few^  3'ears  sold  again,  j-ielding  an  amonnt  sufTicient  to  pay 
all  the  debts  previously  incurred. 

On  April  5th,  preparations  for  the  building  of  a  log  church  were 
begun,  and  the  first  tree  was  felled  in  Hope,  and  for  this  purpose, 
b}'  Hcnr\-  Clayton,  near  the  center  of  the  north  side  of  the  public 
square.  On  Ma^-  5th,  the  logs  were  gathered  at  the  site  selected 
for  the  building,  by  Daniel  Ziegler,  and  on  June  9th,  the  new 
church  was  raised  on  the  north  side  of  Jackson  Street,  directly-  oppo- 
site the  center  of  the  public  square.  June  17th  was  appointed  as 
the  da}'  on  which  the  first  meeting  was  to  be  held  witliin  its  walls. 
This  da}'  was  selected  as  it  is  memorable  in  the  history  of  the 
Moravian  Church,  as  it  w^as  on  June  17,  1722,  that  the  first  tree  was 
felled  for  the  building  of  Ilerrnhut,  the  first  home  of  the  Moravian 
brethren  in  Saxony.  Both  churches  built  later  by  this  congrega- 
tion, were  dedicated  to  the  worship  of  God  on  this  da}'. 

The  building  was  not  yet  finished  when  i.ie  day  for  the  meeting 

dawned,   still  lacking  a  roof,  but  the   weather   being   very    fine, 

boughs  were  cut  from  the  neighboring  trees,  and  were  soon  spread 

in  an  arbor-like  manner  over  the  top,   affording  protection   against 

the  sun.     The  meeting  was  presided  over  by  Martin   Hauser,  and 

opened  at  10  o'clock  in  the  morning,  by  singing  the  familiar   hvmn 

"  Now  let  us  praise  the  Lord,"  during  the  singing  of   wliich   many 

wept  tears  of  joy  and  gratitude.     In   the   afternoon  a  love-feast,  at 

which  cake  and  coffee  were  used,  was  held,  and  the  day  spent  in 

social  and  religious  enj03'ment. 

The  names  of  those  present  on  this  memorable  occasion  arc  the 
16 


530  UAKTIKILOMEW    COUXTV. 

following:  Martin  and  Susanna  ILuislt,  with  their  four  children, 
Edwin  .Theodore,  Susanna  Elizabeth,  Mai-ianna  faulina  ami  Sophia 
Theresa.  Daniel  and  jNlary  Ziey'ler,  with  their  ten  children,  De- 
lilah, Matilda,  JNIclvina,  Fiorina,  Alexander,  Caroline,  Melinda, 
Daniel,  Marianna  and  Solomon,  josejih  and  Elizabeth  Spaugh, 
\vith  their  five  children,  ''J'iinothy,  William,  Ilenriette,  Alexander 
and  J-lobert.  Henr\'  and  Mary  Clayton,  with  their  two  children, 
John  and  Margaret.  Tn  addition  t(^  these  families  there  were  also 
present,  Matthew  Chitty,  Margaret  Chilty,  Nathaniel  Snyder  and 
John  Essex,  Jr.,  in  all,  thirty-three  souls.  Of  these,  cxactl}'  one- 
third  are  still  living,  viz. :  Marianna  Paulina  ]  lauser,  now  Mrs. 
Daniel  Brunner,  of  Kansas;  Sophia  Theresa  Ilauser,  now  Mrs. 
Lewis  Levering,  of  Olnej^,  Illinois;  Edwin  Theodore  Ilauser,  of 
West  Salem,  Illinois;  Delilah  Ziegler,  now  the  widow  of  WiUiam  II. 
Chitt}',  residing  at  Hope,  Indiana;  Fiorina  Ziegler,  now  jNIrs.  Joseph 
Reed,  of  Kansas;  Marianna  Ziegler,  now  Mrs.  Philip  Gambold,  of 
Kansas;  Solomon  Ziegler,  of  Hope,  Indiana;  Robert  Spaugh,  of 
Hope,  Indiana;  Mar}' Clayton,  now  Mrs.  Howe,  of  this  State;  John 
Clayton,  JMatthew  Chitt}-.  Both  the  last  named  reside  in  this  State, 
but  onl}'  three  of  the  survivors,  in  Hope.  Before  dismissing  this 
part  of  our  subject,  two  incidents  narrated  by  the  historian  of  that 
time  and  connected  wdth  the  events  of  this  da}-,  are  interesting. 
During  the  interval  between  services,  at  noon,  Nathaniel  Snyder 
killed  a  large  deer  near  the  present  cemetery.  In  preparing  wood 
for  boiling  coffee  for  the  love-feast,  the  axe  of  one  of  the  young 
men  accidentally  slipped  from  its  handle,  and  inflicted  a  severe 
wound  upon  the  leg  of  Timothy  Spaugh.  This  for  a  time  cast  a 
distressing  cloud  upon  the  festivities,  but  was  removed  when  the 
blood  was  staunched,  and  the  young  man  found  able  to  ride  home. 
The  congregation  was,  however,  not  regularly  organized  until  a 
year  later,  although  this  day,  June  17,  1830,  is  celebrated  as  its  na- 
tal day.  On  that  day,  a  year  later,  the  Rev.  LewMS  de  Schweinitz, 
who  had  come  from  Pennsylvania  for  the  purpose,  organized  a 
church,  and  administered  the  sacraments.  Four  children  were  bap- 
tized, viz.:  INIelvina  Louisa  Ilauser,  Jonathan  Solomon  Ziegler, 
Nancy  Maria  Clayton,  and  James  Edward  Co]ieland.  Daniel  and 
INIary  Ziegler,  John  Essex.  Jr.,  and  Lewis  Reed,  were  added  to  the 


KKLIi.lOUS  HlS'I'OliV.  53T 

comnuiiiicriiit  membership  uf  ihc  church  b\-  ihc  rite  of  coniirmalion. 
Thi;  Lord's  Slipper  was  adiuiiiistered  at  the  close  of  the  services  to 
t\vent3-''sou]s. 

Alter  llie  oslahlishn\eiit  of  the  conL;"re_!J^.ilii)n  the  name  of  Goslieii 
Avas  ^ivei)  to  it.  and  tlie  little  \illaj4'e  now  surrouii(Hn^  the  church. 
The  lirjt  hou>e  is  still  stauAing.  Tiie  congreijjatioii  received  spirit- 
ual su])ervisiori  from  Martin  Ilauscr,  its  founder,  but  as  he  was  not 
ordained  to  the  ministr} ,  he  could  not  administer  the  sacramients. 
This  had  to  be  done  aiuiualh'  by  brethren  who  came  from  the  east 
for  the  pm-pose.  This  was  nalurall}'  very  unsatisfactorv,  and  made 
it  expedient  to  ordain  Martin  Ilauscr  to  the  regular  ministry-,  which 
Avas  done  at  Bethlehem,  Pa.,  in  Februar}-,  1833. 

Meanwhile  the  growth  of  the  town  and  vicinity  made  a  con- 
veniently situated  post  oilice  a  necessity,  and  Goshen  applied  for 
the  estabhshment  of  one  in  its  midst.  Ijut  a  rival  had  sprung  up 
in  a  village  called  St.  Louis,  situated  one  and  a  half  miles  north\vest 
of  Goshen.  However,  as  INLirtin  Ilauscr  was  a  personal  friend  of 
the  Postmaster  General  at  Washington,  Goshen  was  favored,  the 
Rev.  Martin  Ilauser  becoming  the  first  postmaster.  The  first  mail 
arrived  on  ^Larch  10,  1834.  This  event,  howcAer,  caused  the  name 
of  Goshen  to  be  exchanged  for  that  of  Hope,  as  there  was  already 
an  office  in  the  State  bearing  that  name. 

But  the  ever  increasing  immigration  revealed  the  fact  that  the 
meeting  house  was  growing  too  small,  and  a  new  and  more  com- 
modious place  of  worship  must  be  provided.  In  a  council  held 
Januar}!-  30,  1836,  this  was  determined  upon.  A  later  council  de- 
cided the  building  was  to  be  of  brick,  but  after  it  was  discovered 
that  the  bricks  burnt  for  the  p.urpose  were  unfit  for  use,  it  was  fi- 
nally resolved  to  build  a  new  church  of  frame,  with  a  front  of  thirty- 
three  feet,  and  a  depth  of  fift^'-three  feet.  It  was  also  to  be  two 
stories  high.  The  brethren,  Ilenrj'  Clayton,  Joseph  Holder  and 
Martin  Ilauser,  were  appointed  a  building  committ^,  and  faithfully 
carried  out  the  prescribed  plan.  This  building  is  still  standing,  and 
is  used  by  the  congregation  as  a  chapel.  But,  although  the  people 
had  multiplied,  mone}'  was  very  scarce.  Hence,  permission  was 
obtained  from  the  authorities  to  make  a  canvass  of  the  various 
churches  for  the  purpose  of  securing  the  needed  funds  for  the   en- 


t-^2  IlAUTUOl-OMP-W'    fOlN'rV. 

tcrprise.  This  \vas  done  by  the  Kcv.  Marliii  Ilaiiser,  w  ho  afu-r 
thrce  months'  labor,  rclunud  with  $>SoS,  all  cxivnsi-s  having;  been 
ck'ducli.'d.  This  .sum,  with  the  eonlributions  at  home,  i^uvided 
sullicieiit  i-esouiTCs  to  pay  entirely  foi'  the  new  chureh.  'Iliis  edi- 
fice was  dedicated  to  the  worship  of  the  Triune  God  on  June  17, 
1S3S.  Bishop  J'>enade  came  west  for  the  purpose,  and  the  occa- 
sion was  certainly  a  memorable  one.  This  event  also  marks  the 
close  of  the  first  pastorate,  as  the  ]\ev.  Martin  llauser  resi_L,med 
his  olTice  after  a  very  successful  career  of  eight  years,  thenceforth 
to  apply  himself  chiclly  to  Home  Mission  work.  But  this  step  de- 
manded not  only  a  new  pastor,  but  also  a  parsonage,  as  IJrother 
Ilauscr  had  resided  on  his  farm,  and  consequentl}-  anew  frame  par- 
sonage was  built  immediately. 

In  1841,  the  congregation  determined  upon  a  new  enterprise  in 
connection  with  its  work,  viz.:  the  estabhshment  of  a  parochial  and 
boar -ling  school.  An  acre  of  ground  opposite  the  church  was 
cleared  for  this  purpose,  and  a  school  on  the  plan  of  ^Moravian  in- 
stitutions of  the  kind,  provided  for  in  the  buildings  the  congrega- 
tion owned,  but  owing  to  lack  of  encouragement,  failed.  But  in 
1855,  this  subject  was  revived,  and  determined  upon  in  a  council 
held  on  March  i,  1856.  Success  crowned  this  effort  so  far  as  build- 
in"-s  and  the  establishment  of^  a  school  were  concerned.  Two  ex- 
cellent and  commodious  brick  buildings  were  erected  on  the  ground 
cleared  years  before,  and  Mr.  John  Henry  Kluge,  of  Lebanon,  Pa., 
appointed  principal.  Lack  of  funds  and  discouragements,  how- 
ever, again  proved  fatal  to  ultimate  success,  and  the  second  time 
the  school  enterprise  had  to  be  abandoned.  Nevc;rtheless,  a  third 
attempt  in  this  direction  was  made.  The  Province  was  induced  to 
buy  the  school  property  of  the  congregation,  and  after  the  expend- 
iture of  $30,000  for  additional  buildings,  under  the  principalship  of 
Rev.  F.  R.  Holland,  the  school  was  again  re-opened  in  November, 
1866.  For  fifteen  years  the  school  prospered  with  varying  success, 
when  it  was  closed  and  sold  by  order  of  the  synod.  Since  then  a 
Normal  school  and  business  college  have  occupied  the  buildings. 

The  congregation  having  again  outgrown  the  capacity  of  its 
house  of  worship,  it  was  decided  in  a  council  held  October  24,  1868, 
to  erect  a  new  and  large;-  building,  and  a  conunittee  was  appointed 


ri:mc;i"l;s  iiistokv.  533 

for  the  work.  But  owiuL;-  to  various  obstacles,  it  was  not  until  the 
spriuu-  of  1S74  that  the  buililing  was  be^un.  JJ)uring  this,  and  the 
llrst  Iialf  of  the  succeediuLr  yaw,  a  massive  and  commodious  brick, 
church,  accommodating  over  700  people,  was  erected  at  a  cost  of 
upward  of  $16,000.  This  third  church  was  dedicated  to  the  worship 
of  God  on  June  i/th,  1S75,  the  Rev.  Martin  Ilauser,  the  founder 
of  the  churcl),  participatinpj  in  the  services  of  that  occasion.  A 
year  later  a  beautifully  brick  parsonage,  costing  about  $3,200,  was 
erected  on  the  site  of   the  former  one,  and  occupied  in  July,  1S77. 

In  1S33,  ^^'^^  church  laid  out  a  burial  ground  on  a  bluff  on  the 
east  bank  of  Haw  Creek,  west  of  the  town,  and  made  the  first  in- 
terment on  July  1 2th,  of  that  year,  the  deceased  being  a  child  by 
the  name  of  William  Reich. 

This  ground  was  enlarged  from  time  to  time,  but  in  1879,  re- 
ceived an  addition  of  about  500  burial  lots,  artisticall}'  arranged  be- 
tween macadamized  and  gravelled  walks  and  drives,  which  arc 
skirted  with  hundreds  of  evergreen  and  forest  trees.  The  around 
is  connected  with  the  church  lawn  by  an  avenue  50  feet  in  width, 
and  nearly  300  yards  in  length,  extending  between  two  rows  of 
beautiful  Norway  spruce.  These  lots  are  sold  at  prices  ranging 
from  $15  to  $75,  and  the  cemeter}-  has  become  the  popular  bur}'- 
ing  ground  of  this  vicinit}'.  The  cemetery  is  owned  by  the  con- 
gregation, and  bears  the  name  of  "  Hope  Cemeter}^" 

The  activities  of  the  church  were  also  directed  beyond  its  im- 
mediate precincts,  the  Rev.  Martin  Hauser  conducting  a  quite  ex- 
tended home  mission  work.  Mr.  Charles  Phole  was  also  euiracred 
in  this  work  for  some  time,  although  but  one  result  of  all  these 
labors  remains  in  the  affiliated  charge  of  Enon.  This  is  situated 
nearly  five  miles  southwest  of  Hope,  and  was  founded  by  Rev. 
Martin  Hauser  and  Rev.  Herman  Titze,  the  pastor  at  Hope,  on 
March  29,1845.  A  new  church  was  soon  after  built,  and  dedicated 
to  Gov  II  April  19,  1846.  This  building,  somewhat  remodeled,  is 
still  used  as  the  chmxh  of  the  congregation,  which  numbers  thirty- 
seven  communicant  members,  and  is  supplied  semi-monthly  with 
preaching,  by  the  pastor  of  the  Hope  Church. 

Of  course  much  remains  to  be  said,  but  owing  to  the  limited 
space    necessarily  assigned  such  an  article,  greater  elaboration  is 


534  liARTllOT.OMKM'    COL^NTV. 

impossible.  The  congregation  at  Hope,  as  also  its  cluirge  at  Eiion, 
ag  is  natural  in  so  long  a  period  of  lime,  has  experienced  Iv.lh  tem- 
poral and  spiritual  (luctualion,  but  is  still  a  jirosperousand  pi.wer- 
ful  influence  for  good  in  the  conimunity  it  iiNliered  into  being.  ^L 
numbers  290  cc'miunicants,  and  a  total  meniberslnp  of  .113  souls. 

In  conclusioi  die  following  list  of  pastors,  and  their  time  of  ser- 
vice, is  appended.  Of  these,  one,  the  Rev.  Edwin  T,  Senseman, 
died  in  the  midst  of  a  most  successful  pastorate.  During  the 
nearly  tlft3--eight  years  since  its  organization,  this  congregation  has 
been  only  three  months  and  twenty  days  \vitliout  a  regularly  ap- 
pointed pastor  or  supply  —less  on  an  average,  than  two  days  for 
each  year  of  its  existence. 

List  of  Pastors. —  Martin  TIauser,  from  June  17,  1830,  to  No- 
vember 10,  1838;  William  Eberman,  from  November  15,  1S38,  to 
September  26,  1S41;  Herman  J.  Titze,  from  October  17,  1S41,  to 
September  19,  1S47;  Henry  C.  Bachman,  from  October  10,  1847, 
to  May  16,  1852;  H.  G.  Clouder,  from  May  30,  1S52,  to  June  17, 
1855;  E.  P.  Greider,  from  June  24,  1855,  to  January  13,  i86r; 
H.  C.  Bachman,  second  term,  from  June  9,  1861,  to  September  25, 
1864;  Edwin  T.  Senseman,  from  October  16,  1864,  to  February  8, 
1866;  WiUiam  L.  Lennert,  from  April  29,  1S66,  to  July  24,  1870; 
L.  R.  Huebener,  from  September  11,  1870,  to  August  10,  1873; 
Edward  J.  Regennas,  from  September  18,  1S73,  to  the  present 
time. 


SCHOOLS,  535 


CHAPTER  VIII. 


l.Y   liiIIX  M.  WAI.r.ACK. 


Schools — Nortiiwes'J'  Tkrritorv — Early  School  Lkgisla- 
TioN  —  CiLVMn:s   ln    tiii-:    Laws  —  Early    School  Days — ■ 

QUALTKICATIOX     OF     Tl.ACHICKS E\ A^HXATIOXS  —  Thi:    TjO- 

NLER  TliACHKR  RuLi:S     AND     CuSTOMS  OxHIiR    CuSTOMS 

—  ]>RAxciiES  Taught  —  City  of  Columbus  —  Its  Pub- 
lic Schools  —  Tonv.nsiup  Schools  —  Hartsyh^le  Umyer- 
siTY —  Progress  Uxdkk  the  Neay  Coxstitutiox. 


^^Tthe  close  of  the  ReYolutionaiy  AVar,  the  terriLor}-  now 
r^l^  embraced  within  the  limits  of  Ohio,  Indiana,  Illinois, 
Michigan  and  Wisconsin,  and  that  part  of  Minnesota 
which  lies  east  of  the  Mississippi  River,  belonged  to  the 
^^^^  State  of  Virginia.  On  the  first  da}-  of  March,  17S4,  the 
v^-^^W^  commonwealth  of  Virginia  ceded  all  her  right  and 
'  ^\V»^  title  to  this  vast  territor}'  to  the  Congress  of  the 
United  States,  for  the  benelit  of  the  people  of  the  States.  The 
deed  of  cession  was  made  through  her  delegates  in  Congress, 
Thomas  Jefferson,  Samuel  Hardy,  Arthur  Lee  and  James  Monroe, 
whom  she  had  authorized  to  make  the  transfer.  Liberal  provision 
was  made  by  the  General  Government  for  popular  education  in  all 
the  Northwestern  States,  l^efore  any  of  these  States  had  been 
laid  off,  and  while  the  entire  territory  was  an  luibroken  wilderness 
inhabited  onl}-  b}  savage  tribes  of  Indians,  with  here  and  there  a 
trading  post  occupied  b}'  white  people.  Congress  passed  an  ordi- 
nance on  the  20th  fif  May,  1785?  reserving  and  setting  apart  one 
square  mile  of  land  in  each  township  of  six  miles  square,  in  the 
Avhole  Northwest  Territory,  for  the  maintenance  of  public  schools. 
The  third  article  of  the  ordinance  of  17S7,  declares,  "  that  religion, 
moralit}'  and  knowledge  being  necessar}-  to  good  government  and 
the  happiness  of  mankind,  schools  and  the  means  of  education  shall 
be  forever  ei  ouraged."  In  the  assertion  of  this  great  principle 
and  the  settir.g  apart  of  the  basis  of  a  permanent  fund  for  the  sup- 


536 


i!AKTiioi-o:\ii;\v  rorxTV 


]K)rt  of  cdiKMtion,  \vn  iiiul  tlic  coriK-r  sloiu'  of  our  '•  Vrcc  Public 
Schools."  The  magnanimity  and  jialriotism  which  promptL-d  the 
^"  Old  Dominion  "  to  make  this  munificent  gift  for  the  benefit  of  the 
peo]>le  of  the  United  States,  was  only  ecpialed  by  the  wisdom 
shown  by  the  "  Old  Continental  Congress  "  in  its  wise  and  far 
reaching  provisions  for  the  government  and  education  of  the  future 
millions  of  this  vast  empire. 

Territorial  Act <^. —  The  Territory  of  Indiana  was  organized  by 
the  Governor  —  Gi^n.  ITr.  rison — January  lo,  1801,  and  from  that 
time  on  it  was  governed  by  the  Territorial  Council  until  the  meet- 
ing of  the  first  Legislature,  July  29,  1805.  In  1807,  an  act  was 
passed  by  the  Legislature  for  the  incorporation  of  a  University  at 
Vincennes,  and  a  Board  of  Trustees  was  named  in  the  act  of  in- 
corporation. The  objects  of  the  University  were  stated  bv  the 
Board,  to  be  for  the  instruction  of  the  3'outh  in  the  Latin,  Greek, 
French  and  English  languages,  mathematics,  natural  philosoph}-, 
ancient  and  modern  history,  moral  philosophy,  rhetoric,  and  the 
laws    tf  nature   and  nations. 

In  the  preamble  to  the  act  the  Territorial  Legislature  declared 
that  the  independence,  happiness,  and  energ}'  of  ever}-  republic 
depended  (under  the  influence  of  the  destinies  of  Heaven),  upon 
the  Avisdom,  virtue,  talents  and  energy  of  its  citizens  and  rulers  ; 
and  that  science,  literature,  and  the  liberal  arts  contributed  in  an 
eminent  degree  to  improve  those  qualities  and  acquirements;  and 
that  learning  has  ever  been  found  the  ablest  advocate  of  genuine 
liberty,  the  best  supporter  of  rational  religion,  and  the  source  of 
the  onh-  solid  and  imperishable  glor)-  that  nations  can  acquire.  It 
will  be  observed  that  the  founders  of  our  commonwealth  had  Hb- 
eral  ideas  of  what  an  education  should  be.  They  reflected  the  true 
spirit  of  the  frarners  of  the  ordinance  of   1787. 

An  act  of  the  Territorial  Legislature,  passed  October  26,  180S, 
made  it  the  dut}'  of  the  courts  of  Common  Pleas  to  lease  the  sec- 
tions of  land  which  had  been  reser\  ed  in  the  respective  counties 
for  the  use  of  the  schools,  upon  the  terms  best  calculated  to  pro- 
mote the  improvement  of  the  land,  and  to  appl}'  the  proceeds  for 
the  benefit  of  education.  B}^  an  act  passed  December  10,  iSio, 
the  Common  Pleas  Court  was  authorized  to  appoint  Trustees  of  the 


SCHOOLS.  537 

school  hni(h  in  the  sc\"eral  counties  to  take  ch;n\i;c  of  tlu'  same  and 
to  prc\ent  the  wasting"  of  sugar  trees  and  other  tiniher  thei-eon. 
No  furtTuT  important  legislation  was  had  on  the  suhject  of  schools 
dnrino-  the  existence  of  the  Ti^rritorial  Legislature.  The  great 
principle  hei<in  recognized  was  slow  in  heiiig  carried  out.  although 
there  was  from  the  hrst  a  class  of  puhlic-si>irited  men  Nvho  were 
the  frit-    Is  and  earnest  advocates  of  popular  education. 

The  Ilnl  Slalc  Coii^ti/ii/ioii. —  That  part  of  the  ninlli  ai'ticle  of 
the  Constitution  of  1816,  in  reference  to  common  schools,  is  as  fol- 
lows: "  Knowledge  and  learning  generally  diffused  through  a  com- 
munity, beint^  essential  to  the  preservation  of  a  free  government, 
and  spreading  the  opportunities  and  advantages  of  education 
through  the  various  parts  of  the  countr}' being  highl3'  conducive  to 
this  end,  it  shall  be  llie  duty  of  the  General  Assembly  to  provide 
by  law  for  the  im])rovement  of  such  lands  as  are  or  ma}'  hereafter 
be  granted  by  the  United  States  to  this  State  for  the  use  of  schools, 
and  to  ap]-»ly  any  funds  which  ma}'  be  raised  from  such  lands,  or 
from  anv  otl\er  (Quarter,  to  the  accomplishment  of  the  grand  object 
for  which  they  are  or  may  be  intended;  but  no  lands  granted  for 
the  use  of  schools  or  seminaries  of  learning,  shall  be  sold  by  au- 
thority of  this  State  prior  to  the  year  1820,  and  the  moneys  which 
may  be  raised  out  of  the  sale  of  any  such  lands,  or  otherwise  ob- 
tained for  the  pm-poses  aforesaid,  shall  be  and  remain  a  fund  for 
the  exclusive  purpose  of  promoting  the  interests  of  literature  and 
the  sciences,  and  for  the  support  of  seminaries  and  common  schools. 

"It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  General  Assembly,  as  soon  as  cir- 
cumstances will  permit,  to  provide  by  law  for  a  general  system  of 
education,  ascending  in  a  regular  gradation  from  township  schools 
to  a  State  University,  wherein  tuition  shall  be  gratis  and  equally 
open  to  all.  And  for  the  promotion  of  such  salutary  end,  the  money 
which  shall  be  paid  as  an  e(piivalent  by  persons  i-xempt  from  mili- 
tary duty,  except  in  times  of  war,  shall  be  exclusively,  and  in  equal 
proportion,  applied  to  the  support  of  county  seminaries;  also  all 
fines  assessed  for  any  breach  of  the  penal  laws  shall  be  applied  to 
said  seminaries  in  the  counties  wherein  they  shall  be  assessed." 

The  General  Assembly  passed  an  act,  December  14,  t8i6, 
providing  for  the  ap]K)intment  of  SujuM-interjdents  of  school  sections 


538  BARTHOLOMEW   COUNTY. 

in  the  several  townships,  who  were  authorized  to  lease  school  lands 
for  anj"^  term  not  exceeding  seven  years.  Every  lessee  of  such 
lands  was  required  to  set  out  each  year,  twenty-five  apple,  and 
twent3'-five  peach,  trees,  until  100  of  each  had  been  planted. 
Januar}'  9,  182 1,  the  General  Assembly  by  a  joint  resolution  ap- 
pointed a  committee  of  seven  members  to  draft  and  report  to  the 
next  Legislature  of  Indiana,  a  bill  providing  for  a  general  system  of 
education,  with  instruction  to  guard  particularly  against  "  any  dis- 
tinction between  the  rich  and  the  poor."  This  committee  drew  up 
and  reported  the  first  general  school  law  of  Indiana,  which  was  re- 
vised and  published  in  the  Revised  Statutes  oi  1824,  under  the  title 
of  "  An  act  to  incorporate  Congressional  Townships  and  providing 
for  public  schools  therein." 

This  law  required  the  inhabitants  of  each  township  to  meet  at 
the  sixteenth  section,  reserved  by  Congress  for  the  use  of  schools, 
or  at  some  place  convenient  thereto,  to  elect  three  pei"sons  of  their 
township  as  Trustees  who  were  vested  with  the  general  control  of 
school  lands,  with  power  to  divide  their  respective  Congressional 
Townships  into  geographical  districts,  appoint  sub-trustees  for 
the  same,  and  to  manage  the  school  lands  and  schools  generally. 
The  law  provided  for  building  school  houses  as  follows :  "  Every 
able  bodied  man  of  the  age  of  twenty-one  5-ears  and  upwards,  re- 
siding within  the  bounds  of  such  school  district,  shall  be  liable  to 
work  one  day  in  each  week  until  such  building  be  completed,  or 
pay  the  sum  of  thirty  seven  and  one-half  (37^)  cents  for  every 
day  he  may  fail  to  work." 

The  same  act  gave  directions  for  building  the  school  house,  in 
these  words :  "  In  all  cases  such  school  house  shall  be  eight  feet 
between  the  floors,  and  at  least  one  foot  from  the  surface  of 
the  ground  to  the  first  floor,  and  finished  in  a  manner  calculated  to 
render  comfortable  the  teacher  and  pupils,  with  a  suitable  num- 
ber of  seats,  tables,  lights,  and  everything  necessary  for  the  con- 
venience of  such  school,  ivhich  shall  be  forever  open  for  the  educa- 
tion of  all  children  within  the  district  ivithont  distinction^  When  the 
house  was  completed  it  was  examined  by  the  Township  Trustees, 
and  if  unsatisfactory  the  workmen  were  called  back  to  complete 
the  job.     When  accepted  it  was  numbered  and   named.     If   the 


SCHOOLS.  539 

<' Yoviiig  Anicrk-a"  of  lo-day  Avho  allciul  school  in  one  of  ovn"  latc:^; 
modern  shle  of  country  scliool  liouscs,  Iniilt  of  lirick  with  cut  stone 
foundalioh,  slate  roof,  plate  glass  windows,  and  linished  in  the  best 
style,  seated  with  modern  desks  and  furnished  with  everything- 
for  convenience  that  experience  can  suggest  or  art  devise,  \vith  a 
janitor  at  hand  to  su])ply  e\ery  want,  could  attend  school  for  a  few 
days  in  one  of  those  old-fashioned  log  cabins  built  in  regulation  style 
and  furnished  as  required  by  "  .Statute,"'  what  queer  notions  they 
would  obtain  of  "  ye  olden  time  "  ideas  of  being  "  made  comfort- 
able." For  many  years  after  the  adoption  of  the  first  Constitution, 
but  little  progress  was  made  toward  establishing  a  system  of  free 
schools  in  Indiana.  Some  of  the  difBculties  in  the  wa}-  of  the  earl- 
ier establishment  of  the  public  school  system,  Avere  the  want  of 
funds  to  build  school  houses  and  to  pay  teachers,  the  difficulty  of 
obtaining  teachers  properly  qualified,  the  sparseness  of  the  popu- 
lation in  school  districts,  the  mis-management  of  school  funds,  and 
the  prejudice  on  the  part  of  man}^  against  popular  education  under 
the  name  of  "Free  Schools."  Yet  amid  all  tht  e  difficulties  the 
friends  of  a  general  system  of  education  continued  to  work  and  to 
look  forward  with  hope  for  ultimate  success.  .Space  forbids  that 
we  enumerate  the  acts  passed  since  the  adoption  of  the  first  Consti- 
tution, 3'et  at  almost  every  session  some  la  w%  general  or  special,  per- 
taining to  education  in  some  form,  can  be  found  on  the  Statute 
Book,  for  the  incorporation  of  acadamies,  colleges,  universities  and 
public  libraries. 

Changes  in  School  Laws. — In  these  generally  wise  provisions 
we  ma}--  see  the  grain  of  mustard  seed  planted  by  patriotic  hands, 
which  has  since  grown  into  our  great  educational  tree.  We  have 
cited  these  acts  not  only  because  the  history  of  the  school  system 
of  the  State  is  the  history  of  the  county  system,  but  for  the  reason 
that  a  careful  ■  ludy  of  them  will  enable  us  to  understand  the  con- 
dition and  progress  of  public  opinion  in  the  development  of  our 
system  of  free  public  schools  as  nothing  else  can.  It  will  also  bring 
out  the  fact  that  our  fathers  builded  more  wisely  than  they  knew  or 
dreamed  of;  thus  laying  the  foundation  of  our  State  system,  now- 
acknowledged  to  be  the  simplest  and  the  best  in  the  great  Union  of 
States,  embodying  and  carrying  out  the  ideas  of  its  founders  to  es- 


540  nAUTii()i.o.Mi:\v  county. 

tablisli  a  S3'Slcm  of  free  schools  "ascending  in  rei;-ular  i^iadatioa 
from  townsliip  schools  to  the  State  University,*'  wlierein  tuition 
shall  l)e  gratis  and  c([ually  open  to  all.  It  is  now.  supported  by  a 
permanent  school  fund  of  nearly  $ro,ooo,ooo,  "  which  maybe  in- 
creased but  shall  never  be  diminished."  This  fund  is  now  larger 
than  that  of  any  other  State  in  the  Union  b}-  $2,000,000,  and  is  con- 
stantl}^  increasing. 

The  men  of  foresight  and  of  bioad  and  statesman-like  \'iews, 
in  the  Congress  of  the  United  States,  who  not  only  consecrated  this 
vast  Territory  of  the  North\Yest  to  freedom,  but  laid  the  foundation 
of  the  maintenance  of  free  schools  in  all  the  great  States  which 
ha\-e  been  carved  out  of  the  Territory,  are  deserving  of  the  grate- 
ful remembrance  of  all  generations  who  shall  inhabit  this  highly 
favored  region  of  country.  In  a  propoi'tionate  degree  are  those 
also  deserving  of  grateful  remembrance  who  have  borne  the  bm-- 
den  and  heat  of  the  da}'  in  the  contest  for  the  inestimable  princi- 
ples in  the  Territory  and  State  of  Indiana.  "The  laws  \vhich  have 
been  enacted,"  says  our  state  historian,  J.  B.  Dillon,  "are  memo- 
rials of  only  a  small  part  of  the  labor  that  has  been  performed  by 
the  friends  of  education  in  Indiana."  Many  perplexing  and  impor- 
tant questions  in  reference  to  school  laws,  school  funds,  etc.,  have 
been  decided  by  the  courts  and  the  Superintendents  of  public  instruc- 
tion. The  labors  of  Legislative  committees,  count}"  conventions, 
township  and  district  meetings.  Teachers'  Associations,  etc.,  must 
not  be  forgotten  in  taking  account  of  the  vast  amount  of  labor  per- 
formed in  perfecting  our  system  of  public  schools. 

We  have  now  brought  down  the  histor}^  of  school  legislation  to 
the  date  of  the  organization  of  Bartholomew  County.  Our  pur- 
pose shall  be  to  note  onl}^  the  more  important  acts  as  we  develop 
the  history  of  country  schools. 

Early  School  Days. — -Bartholomew  Count}"  was  organized  in 
1821.  Her  adult  population  of  less  than  1,000,  with  possibly  200 
children  of  school  age,  fell  heir  to  the  magnificent  heritage  of  more 
than  7,000  acres  of  school  lands  —  the  noble  gift  of  a  patriotic  Con- 
gress—  perpetually  devoted  to  the  cause  of  education.  Within  the 
memory  of  many  of  the  residents  of  our  now  beautiful  and  highly 
cultivated  county  it  was  an  unbroken  wilderness.     As  time  passed 


SfllOOI.S.  5.J.1 

on  llic  Ijardy  iiionocr  ffUcd  the  liiulxT  and  Iniill  his  calMii  here  and 
there.  The  forests  ga\'e  \vav  to  smiling;"  lli'Ids  of  _L;r;iin  and  tlie 
evidences  of  advancing  ci\'iH/-ation  A\'erc  seen  on  cver^-  liand. 
Coeval  with  this  state  of  affairs  tlie  old  log  school  house  made  its 
appearance,  willi  its  puncheon  iloors  anti  clap-board  roof,  '  its 
greased  paper  windows,  backless  seats,  "  cat  and  cla}"  chimney,  and 
its  broad  lire-place  —  being  the  first  seminaries  of  learning  dedi- 
cated b}-  those  noble  ]ii(^neers  to  the  cause  of  education  for  the 
benefit  of  their  children.  Ilut  there  were  no  funds  to  buiKl  school 
houses,  or  to  pay  the  teachers,  notwithstanding  the  State  owned 
about  600,000  acres  of  land  set  apart  for  the  use  of  schools. 
Hence  the  appropriateness  of  the  school  law  of  182^1,  already 
cited,  for  building  and  keej)ing  in  repair  school  houses.  As 
soon  as  the  house  was  finished  the  inhabitants  of  the  district  were 
called  together  by  the  Ti-ustees  to  determine  whether  a  tax  of 
mone}'  or  produce  should  be  levied  to  support  the  school,  also  to 
determine  its  length  and  what  proportion  of  the  tax  should  be  paid 
in  money.  A  report  was  made  to  the  Township  Trustees,  who 
made  a  record  of  the  proceedings  and  attended  to  the  collection  of 
the  tax,  as  well  as  the  rents  of  the  school  sections.  Next  in  order 
the  District  Trustees,  by  and  with  the  advice  of  the  inhabitants  of 
the  district,  selected  a  teacher.  An  "article  of  agreement  "  was 
drawn  up  with  the  teacher,  "  on  the  most  advantageous  terms," 
stating  what  part  of  the  amount  should  be  paid  in  produce,  and 
where  delivered,  what  part  should  be  paid  in  money  and  whether 
the  teacher  would  "  board  round  "  among  his  patrons.  A  cop}^  of 
the  contract  was  required  to  be  spread  upon  the  records  of  the 
Township  Trustees. 

Qualifications,  of  TcacJicrs. —  The  Township  Trustees  were  re- 
quired to  examine  the  teachers  in  reference  to  their  qualifications, 
and  particularly  as  respected  their  knowledge  of  "  English  Gram- 
mar, Writing  and  Arithmetic."  These  were  also  required  by  the 
statute  to  certify  whether  in  their  opinion  the  applicants  would  be 
useful  persons  to  be  emplo3'ed  as  teachers  in  the  schools.  In  1S31, 
the  language  of  the  Revised  Statutes  in  sj^eaking  of  the  legal 
branches,  was  changed  to  read  as  follows:  "  as  respects  their  knowl- 
edge of  reading,  writing  and  arithmetic."     Whether  this  chani-e  in 


542  BAKTUOLO.MI'W    COUNTV. 

.siihsliuiting  reading'  for  ICnglish  ^■rainmar  was  mack' because  of  the 
diiriciilty  in  procuriun'  Icaclicrs  \vlio  \n  cri'  (jualiiiccl  to  teach  the  sub- 
ject of'Knglisli  granunar,  or  because  of  a  ]->reju(lice  b\'  the  meni- 
bers  of  that  particular  Legishilure  agaiust  tlie  use  of  our  Mother 
Tongue  in  its  ]iuril\',  or  for  some  otlier  reason,  we  aie  unable  to  de- 
ternn'ne.  Whatever  may  have  1:ieen  the  reason,  we  are  certain  the 
day  of  tlie  three  1^'s  was  "  no  m}t!i,"'  but  a  realil\'  legally 
in  existence  until  near  the  achi  iit  of  tlie  new  Constitution  in  1851. 
We  may  remark  that  the  minds  of  the  pedagogues  who  held  sway 
for  a  brief  period  o\er  "  the  young  scions  of  royalty  "  within  those 
rude  \valls  were  often  as  rude  and  unpolished  as  the  rougli  logs  and 
boards  of  which  the  houses  were  built. 

The  simple  statement  that  the  country  was  new  and  sparsely 
settled  and  money  scarce,  and  the  grain  rents  received  b\'  the 
Township  Trustees  from  the  few  acres  of  school  lands  under  cultiva- 
tion for  a  score  or  more  years  after  the  organization  of  the  county, 
being  little  more  than  suflicient  to  pay  the  expense  and  trouble  of 
collecting  and  selling,  will  explain  the  meager  salary  of  teachers 
and  necessit}-  of  "boarding  round."  From  $10  to  $12  per  month 
was  the  maximum  price  paid,  except  in  rare  instances  in  favored 
localities,  during  the  continuance  of  the  llrst  Constitution.  Teachers 
being  poorl}-^  paid,  with  but  few  text-books  in  their  schools,  and 
those  of  a  poor  quality,  often  entirely  unsuited  to  the  age  and  re- 
quirements of  the  pupils;  with  no  training  schools  for  teachers,  it  is 
no  wonder  that  their  knowledge  was  hniited,  or  that  their  pupils 
failed  to  show  much  advancement.  It  will  be  remembered  by  those 
who  attended  school  forty  or  fifty  years  ago,  the  "school  master" 
who  could  take  his  pupils  through  the  single  rule  of  three  and 
could  give  them  a  smattering  of  fractions  and  simple  interest  in 
Pike's  Arithmetic,  stood  at  the  head  of  "the  profession."  The 
majority  of  the  patrons  believed  the  earth  to  be  as  flat  as  a  pan- 
cake, and  "  jography  "  was  voted  out  of  the  school  as  a  nuisance. 
It  was  only  taught  b}'  some  Yankee  from  down  east,  or  by  a 
teacher  from  the  old  woi'ld. 

The  law  touching  the  examination  of  teachers  was  changed  in 
1837  so  as  to  require  the  appointmen.  of  three  examiners  in  each 
county  to  examine  teachers,  thus  relic \ing  the  Township  Trustees 


SCHOOLS.  543 

from  this  iiiijMM-tant  work.  This  was  a  loni;-  step  in  advance  for 
the  teacliers.  Their  certificates  were  valid  in  any  part  of  the 
count}-. 

Exanii Hill  ion  of  Teachers. —  'J'he  w'riter  well  remembers-  his 
first  expi'rience  in  appearing  before  the  Hon.  Samuel  Goodnow, 
Examiner  of  Jefferson  County,  this  Slate,  more  than  forty  3-ears 
ago.  The  fear  and  trembling  of  the  applicant  as  he  approached 
the  august  presence  of  the  official,  a\  hom  he  found  engaged  in  sonie 
domestic  duties  at  his  home;  the  cordial  greeting,  the  words  of 
Avelcome  and  re-assurance  which  came  to  his  relief  ^vhen  the  intro- 
duction of  the  important  "business  was  over,"  an  hour  of  social  con- 
verse, the  simple  but  practical  questions,  especially  upon  the 
subjects  of  orthography  and  arithn)etic,  not  entirel}^  forgetting 
geography,  grammar  and  reading.  Then  came  the  first  class  cer- 
tificate, giving  a  permit  "to  teach  the  young  idea  how  to  shoot," 
the  starlight  ride  home  feeling  as  proud  as  any  youth  with  his  first 
r.air  of  bifurcated  garments,  all  pass  the  mind  in  rapid  review,  bring- 
ing up  many  pleasant  memories.  Barnabas  C.  Hobbs  came  from 
Salem,  Ind.,  to  Bartholomew  Count}'  in  1833  at  the  age  of  eighteen 
years,  and  taught  school  in  Sand  Creek  Township  near  the  present 
site  of  the  old  Friends'  Church.  At  this  school  five  families  fur- 
nished twenty-five  scholars — Willis  New^som,  Nathan  Newsom, 
AViUiam  Cox,  Isaac  Parker  and  Joel  Newsom.  The  school  was 
taught  in  a  new  frame  house  which  had  taken  the  place  of  the  old 
log  cabin.  His  experience  in  obtaining  his  first  certificate  as 
related  b}'  himself  is  as  follows:  "I  shall  never  forget  my  first  ex- 
amination. The  onl}'-  question  asked  was,  'What  is  the  product  of 
25  cents  by  25  cents?'  We  then  had  no  teachers' institutes,  nor- 
mal schools  nor  best  methods.  We  were  not  as  exact  then  as  now. 
We  had  onl}'  Pike's  Arithmetic  which  gave  the  rules  and  sums. 
How  could  I  tell  the  product  of  25  cents  by  25  cents,  when  such  an 
example  could  not  be  found  in  the  books  ?  The  examiner  thought 
it  was  6^  cents,  but  was  not  sure;  I  thought  just  as  he  did,  but 
this  looked  too  small  to  both  of  us.  We  discussed  its  merits  for 
an  hour  or  more,  when  he  decided  that  he  was  sure  I  was  qualified 
to  teach  school,  and  a  first  class  certificate  was  given  me." 

Francis  J.  Crump,   our  late   fellow  townsman,  often  related  to 


544  i;aktii()].omi:w  col-.ntv. 

tin-  writer  liis  cxperii'iicc  ;is  Sclioul  ICxaniiiui',  wIkmi  Townsliip 
"^rnistce  of  Town  (5)  i\\r,  Kangc  (9)  nine  north,  Cohnnbns 
♦*  'J'ownshiji,  tliis  count}';  ho  beiniij  tlie  only  one  of  the  three  'l^u.stees 
who  could  "  read,  write  and  cipher,"  it  became  his  duty  to  examine 
the  teachers,  and  certif}'  to  their  beinj;"  suitable  jiersons  to  pi. ice  in 
charge  of  a  school.  One  of  his  cpiestions  L;"i\en  to  an  aspirant  for 
peda|L;"og'ical  honors  was:  "Givi'ii  a  plank  1,800  feet  lon^^  and  oijc- 
half  inch  wide;  how  many  feet,  board  measure,  does  it  contain  ?" 
Or  again:  "What  is  the  -/jpart  of  16  ?*'  Or  some  ecjuall\-  puzzling 
question  with  which  he  was  familiar,  lie  stated  that  the  3'oung 
man  became  confused  and  could  not  answer. 

T//C  Pioneer  Teachers,  usually'  came  from  the  Eastern  states,  or 
from  England,  Ireland  or  Scotland.  Yet  wc  are  indebted  to  the 
old  North  State  for  x'er}-^  many  teachers  both  in  this  county  and  in 
others  in  the  State.  Barnabas  C.  Ilobbs  before  mentioned,  is  from 
North  Carolina.  His  name  and  fame  as  an  educator  and  philan- 
thropist is  known,  not  only  in  this  State,  but  throughout  the  Nation, 
and  even  across  the  waters  in  many  States  of  Europe.  The  main 
features  of  a  legal  school  room,  have  already  been  described,  and 
yet  some  points  of  interest  ma}^  be  noted;  and  as  this  was  the  best 
building  that  could  be  realized  or  hoped  for,  the  majority  of  the 
houses  were  far  below  the  model.  It  is  a  fact  that  the  first  schools 
were  taught  in  old  deserted  log  cabins,  which  had  been  built  and 
used  for  dwellings.  INIany  of  these  had  only  the  bare  earth  for  a 
floor,  or  at  most  a  floor  made  of  rude  puncheons,  with  a  log  out  on 
two  sides  of  the  house  to  admit  the  light.  Over  these  openings 
greased  paper  was  pasted,  which  kept  out  the  cold  and  let  in 
the  light.  The  flat  rails  or  puncheons  for  seats,. the  dunce  block 
in  one  corner  of  the  room,  the  backless  seats,  and  the  teacher's 
desks,  with  lt)ck  and  ke}',  to  hold'thc  copy  books,  and  the  ruler  and 
flattened  lead  j^encil  to  mark  them  off  with;  the  leather  spectacles 
for  bo3'S  whose  e^'es  wandered  around  the  room,  not  forgetting  the 
pins  on  the  wall  to  hold  the  long  whips,  which  often  fell  without 
warning  on  our  backs,  all  rise  up  before  the  mind  like  a  panorama 
of  bygone  days.  The  teachers  made  our  pens  of  quills  from  the 
sturdy  gander  and  the  old  gray  goose,  deftly  cutting  the  nibs  on  the 
thumbnail  of  his  left  hand.      He  ruled  our  cop}'  books   with  a   piece 


^ 


SCHOOLS, 


547 


of  bar  lead  flaltciied,  and  sot  llu'  copies  of  straii;ht  marks  or  pot 
hooks,  in  fine  hand,  coarse  hand  or  round,  as  t)ur  needs  required. 
And  Avoe  be  to  the  luckless  \vi_t(ht  who  mis-spelled  his  words  or 
blotted  his  copy  book.  The  writing  was  done  w  ith  ink  made  from 
ripe  elder  berries  or  maple  bark  bt)iled  down  to  the  consislencN"  of 
thick  paint;  we  dipped  this  ink  with  our  <^oose-ipiill  pens  ivom  ink- 
stands made  by  sawing  oil  a  section  of  a  cow's  horn  and  fitting  in 
a  wooden  bottom  so  as  to  liold  the  ink.  Our  slate  pencils  were 
often  made  from  a  soft  soapstone  found  in  the  caves  along  the  l.ianks 
of  rocky  streams. 

Jellies  and  Ciis/oiiis. —  At  some  schools  the  pupils  who  came  iirst 
in  the  morning  said  their  lessons  Iirst  and  took  the  head  of  the  class 
in  reading  and  spelling  for  the  da}'.  Some  teachers  cut  out  a  sec- 
tion of  writing  paper  in  circular  form  and  notched  it  all  around. 
On  this  they  would  write  "head  of  the  spelling  class,"  with  pupiFs 
name,  and  date.  This  certiiicate  was  high!}'  prized  by  the  pupil  to 
■whom  it  was  given. 

In  many  schools  it  was  the  custom  to  hang  up  a  paddle  by  the 
door,  in  eas}'  reach  of  all  pupils,  on  one  side  of  which,  in  small 
capitals,  was  cut  the  letters  O.  (J.  Zl-out;  on  the  other  side  the 
letters  /.  A^.-in.  B\'  rule,  only  one  pupil  was  allowed  out  of  the 
room  at  a  time;  he  was  recj^uired  to  turn  the  paddle,  showing  that 
he  was  out.  On  his  return  he  must  turn  the  paddle  to  show  that  he 
was  in.  It  was  customary  to  greet  the  teacher  with  a  polite  bow  on 
coming  in  the  morning,  and  when  school  was  dismissed,  each  pupil 
was  compelled  to  face  the  teacher  and  bid  him  good  evening,  the 
boys  making  a  low  bow,  the  girls  making  a  courtesy.  One  custom 
which  we  are  glad  to  note  has  rapidly  passed  away,  was  for  the 
larger  boys  to  take  possession  of  the  school  house  on  Christmas 
morning  and  bar  out  the  teacher  b}'  nailing  down  the  windows  and 
placing  the  long  benches  against  the  door.  In  this  way  they  would 
hold  the  fort  until  the  teacher  would  agree  to  stand  treat  to  apples 
and  cider,  or  give  them  a  holiday.  Those  who  have  read  the 
"  Iloosier  Schoolmaster "  know  that  sometimes  these  bo3'S  would 
be  outwitted  and  punished  for  their  rudeness. 

Ollivr  C//sro/)/.<, —  Loud  schools  were  common  among  the  early 
teachers.  The  writer  attended  one  in  1839.  Occasionally  silence 
17 


54'^  BARTHOl.OMKW    COUXTV. 

Avns  coinmamlcd,  bul  usuall}-  loud  lalkin;;,^  in  "<rcUini^'  lli  lessons, " 
and  "doing  ihc  sums"  was  heard  on  every  Jiand.  Wlu-u  the  time 
'•came  for  learnino-  the  spelling  lesson  we  had  confusion  confounded. 
The  les;on  was  rajiidly  spelled  over  many  times;  it  was  considered 
a  work  of  great  merit  to  spell  antl  jironouncc  the  words  a  dozen 
or  more  times.  As  spelling  was  considered  the  foundation  of  all 
learning  it  was  given  special  attention.  "  Head  marks "'  in  the 
spelling  class  were  held  in  higher  esteem  than  in  any  other  branch. 
Hence  everj^  jneans  to  become  a  good  speller  was  eagerlv  sought. 
Spelling  matches  on  Friday  afternoon,  or  spelling  bees  during  long 
winter  evenings,  were  common  in  pioneer  da3's. 

Sometimes  one  school  would  challenge  another  to  see  who 
should  wear  the  laurels,  the  entire  community  takino;  jrreat  inter- 
est  in  the  results. 

J^cadcrs. —  As  there  were  no  "  graded  readers  "  in  the  early 
days,  it  was  necessary  for  the  child  to  learn  to  call  all  the  long 
words  in  Webster's  spelling  book,  ending  in  os/fy  and  a/ioii,  at 
sight,  before  he  could  read  in  the  English  Reader  or  Moral  In- 
structor, It  was  a  very  difficult  task,  but  it  was  accomplished 
somehow.  The  New  Testament  was  used  in  almost  all  schools  as 
a  reading  book,  and  no  doubt  many  good  and  lasting  impressions 
were  made  by  its  teachings.  McGuffey's  readers  were  introduced 
about  183S  and  were  a  much  needed  improvement.  A  revolution 
in  the  methods  of  teaching  reading  and  spelling  was  the  result. 

Arithmetic. —  This  branch  was  given  greater  prominence  be- 
cause of  its  practical  value.  Pupils  were  not  classed  in  this  branch, 
each  one  bci  ig  left  to  learn  the  rules  and  work  all  the  sums  as 
rapidly  as  pi  ible.  At  the  second  time  in  going  through  the  book, 
the  pupil  was  required  to  copy  all  his  work  neatly  in  a  ciphering 
book.  As  books  were  scarce  and  expensive,  some  pupils  copied 
the  rules  and  tables  entire.  Pike's  arithmetic  was  the  first  in  use. 
Next  came  Smiley's,  which  was  but  a  little  improvement  over  the 
first  named.  About  1838,  Ray's  arithmetic  came  into  use  in  In- 
diana, and  did  much  to  systematize  the  work  of  teaching  this 
branch. 

Geography. —  The  text  books  in  use  on  this  branch  until  near 
1840  were  Morse's   and  Olney's.     Following  these  were  Smith's 


SCHOOLS. 


549 


and  iMilclieU's.  Each  had  an  atlas  containing  the  maps.  This 
science  was  rej^arded  with  much  prejudice,  and  in  some  schools  it 
was  voted  out  as  a  nuisance.  The  earth  was  believed  to  be  flat, 
and  it  was  also  thought  that  it  stood  still  while  the  sun  "  rose  and 
set  "  by  passing  entirely  around  it. 

Granuuar. —  This  branch  was  taught  only  b}-^  teachers  who  had 
enjo^'cd  .superior  advantages.  Murra3''s  Grammar  came  first  and 
was  regarded  as  a  standard  work.  It  was  in  general  use  up  to 
1830-35.  This  was  followed  by  Kirkham's,  which  was  written  in 
a  more  popular  style  and  did  much  to  encourage  the  study  of  this 
science.  Later  came  Smith's  and  Butler's,  and  a  host  of  others, 
each  in  turn  to  be  supplanted  by  some  more  popular  work. 

Comity  Sail /'nary. —  Certain  fines  which  were  assessed  by  Cir- 
cuit Court  for  breaches  of  the  peace  were  set  apart  b}'  an  act  of  the 
Legislature,  to  constitute  a  fund  for  the  establishment  of  a  County 
Seminar}-  in  county,  which  was  intended  as  a  sort  of  high  school  or 
connecting  link  between  the  common  schools  and  Slate  University. 
In  1838,  this  fund  had  increased  until  it  amounted  to  $2,516,  which 
sum  was  paid  over  to  Trustees  appointed  by  the  court,  to  manage 
the  fund.  A  lot  of  ground  adjoining  the  city  on  the  northwestj 
Avas  purchased  of  George  Doup  for  the  sum  of  $25,  on  which 
was  erected  a  brick  building,  60x24  feet,  and  two  stories  high, 
by  Samuel  Patterson,  contractor,  for  the  sum  of  $1,196.  School 
was  kept  in  the  seminar^'  building  occasionally  until  1853, 
when  under  the  new  Constitution  and  new  system  of  schools,  then 
inaugurated,  it  was  sold  to  William  Singleton.  It  is  now  owned  by 
Dr.  John  Wright,  of  this  city.  It  is  in  a  good  state  of  preservation 
and  constitutes  one  of  the  interesting  relics  of  "  ye  olden  time." 
William  F.  Pidgeon,  late  of  Vincennes,  was  probably  the  first 
teacher,  he  \\'as  followed  by  Thomas  F,  Thompson,  Mr.  Scott, 
Rev.  Benjamin  Nice,  and  others. 

City  of  Cotumbus. —  The  first  school  in  the  town  of  Columbus 
was  taught  by  Andrew  Wallace  in  1825.  Mrs.  Harriet  (Ilinkston) 
Jones  and  the  mother  of  Zach  Hauser  attended  this  school.  The 
teachers  boarded  at  "  Hinkston  Tavern."  About  the  year  1828, 
one  Redenbough  taught  in  a  log  cabin  at  the  cross  roads  south  of 
the  fair  grounds.     In  1830,  John  R.  Phillips  taught  in   a  new  log 


550  JJARTIIOLOMI'.W    COUXTY. 

liousc  soulheast  of  the  .same  cross  ruads.  J].  ]).  Jones  and  sister, 
now  Mrs.  Dr.  Ilitiiiian,  and  Dr.  J.  C".  I>eek,  of  CMneinnali,  were  pu- 
*'pi\s  of  tlic  .school.  The  wife  of  Dr.  Jolm  Ritchey  taught  in  this 
town  in  1S29.  The  Doctcjr  had  come  from  liiuler  County, 
Ohio,  early  in  1829.  His  wife  was  the  liisl  lady  teaclur  in  the  town 
of  Columbus  and  probably  the  second  in  the  count}-.  Next  came 
Robert  Gessie  who  taught  one  or  more  terms  in  the  old  Union 
Church  on  Tliird  Street,  which  was  used  both  as  church  and  school 
house  — Hon.  W.  II.  11.^  Terrell,  AVilliam  Washburn  and  B.  ]]. 
Jones  attended  this  school.  Mr.  Wa.shburn  says  that  ;he  whips 
stood  in  the  corner  or  la}- on  pegs  in  the  wall,  and  that  the  "cat 
o'  nine  tails  "  was  kept  in  the  teacher's  desk.  He  also  states  that 
the  whips  were  real  instruments  of  torture  in  the  hands  of  Gessie, 
but  the  "  cat  o'  nine  tails  "  frightened  the  pupils  and  did  little  real 
harm;  as  he  had  no  doubt  tested  the  good  points  of  each,  we 
lake  his  word  at  par.  Gessie  was  considered  a  good  teacher. 
Mrs.  Brough,  the  wife  of  Hippie  Brough,  an  Englishman,  taught 
school  and  needle  work  in  1830,  in  the  old  church  on  the  Third 
Street,  on  the  lot  now  owned  and  occupied  by  the  famil}'  of  Samuel 
Samuels.  This  was  probably  the  first  attempt  in  the  State  to  intro- 
duce manual  labor  b}^  a  school  teacher.  Hippie  Brough  was  the 
first  person  naturalized  in  Bartholomew  County. 

Cohinihus  Public  Sc/iooh. —  The  historj'  of  the  public  schools 
of  this  cit}'  begins  with  the  year  1859.  Pi'lor  to  that  time,  private 
schools  were  taught  in  different  places  in  the  town  and  in  the  old 
brick  building,  in  the  northwest  part  of  the  cit}',  now  known  as  the 
"  Old  Seminary."  These  schools  were  kept  up  by  private  dona- 
tion and  subscription,  assisted  by  public  funds.  Under  such  an  ar- 
rangement, the  education  of  the  children  was,  oftentimes,  sadly 
neglected.  In  the  3-ear  1.858,  a  movement  was  made  looking 
toward  the  erection  of  a  public  school  building.  Ralph  Hill,  now 
of  Indianapolis,  Col.  Simeon  Stansifer,  of  this  city,  and  Aquilla 
Jones,  now  postmaster  of  Indianapolis,  were  foremost  in  the  work. 
These  gentlemen  constituted  the  first  Public  School  Board  of  this 
city.  A  tax,  the  highest  allowed  by  law,*  was  levied,  a  site  se- 
lected, an  architect  consulted,  plans  submitted,  and  a  building, 
worthy  the  effort  it  had  cost,  was  completed  in  the  year  1859,  ^"^ 


SCHOOLS,  551 

was,  as  i.s  cxpi  esst-d  in  sloiu'  over  llic  front  door,  a  _£;ifl  "To  Our 
ChiUlrcn."  This  sloiic  also  l)oars  llic  names  of  "  William  l^inslc}', 
Architect,''  and  "  ]lo\vle\-  &  IJranham,  Builders."  The  shade  trees, 
now  oTown  so  large,  were  also  the  gift  f)f  cili/.ens,  the  donors 
themselves  selling  them  in  the  ground.  The  schools  o])ened  under 
favorable  circumstances.  Mr.  Theodore  P.  Marsh  was  chosen 
first  Superintendent,  and  continued  as  such  until  the  3'ear  1S61,  when 
he  was  succeeded  b}-  Prof.  J.  M.  Olcott.  He  reniained  in  that  po- 
sition till  1862,  and  was  succeeded  I)}'  Mr.  — .  Vance,  who  also  re- 
mained but  a  3'ear.  Mr.  Vance  was  followed  b}'  Prof.  David 
Shuck,  who  remained  in  charge  but  one  or  two  terms  of  the  year, 
when  the  work  was  taken  up  b}-  Mr.  Amos  Burns,  whose  superin- 
tendence continued  until  the  fall  of  1S65.  During  all  these  years, 
from  the  opening  of  the  schools  in  the  year  1859,  ^°  ^'""^  ^^^^  ^^  ^^^ 
3'ear  1865,  there  is  no  record  of  attendance  of  pupils  nor  a 
complete  list  of  the  teachers  emplo3'ed.  At  the  close  of  the 
schools  in  Ma}-,  1865,  the  number  of  pupils  in  attendance  was 
near  300.  David  Graliam,  then  Superintendent  of  the  Public 
School  of  Madison,  Ind.,  was  ernplo3-ed,  and  began  his  labor  in 
the  fall  of  1865.  He  continued  as  Superinl  ndent  until  tliC  sum- 
mer of  1869,  when  the  present  incumbent,  A.  H.  Graham,  suc- 
ceeded him. 

The  rapid  increase  in  the  attendance  kept  pace  with  the  growth 
of  the  town,  and  it  was  found  necessar}'  to  furnish  more  room.  It 
was  decided  to  enlarge  the  building  of  1S59,  and  during  the  sum- 
mer of  1873,  the  work  was  pushed  forward,  and  by  the  first  of 
Januar}',  1874,  a  building  containing  ten  (10)  school  rooms,  a  hall 
with  seating  capacit3'  of  600,  a  music  room  and  Superintendent's 
office,  was  completed,  and  the  children  of  the  cit37  took  possession 
with  glad  hearts,  on  the  morning  of  Januar}^  12,  1874.  This  build- 
ing is  now  known  as  the  Central  School.  Although  the  seating 
capacit3'  had  been  nearly  doubled  b}'  the  remodeling  of  this  build- 
ing it  was  all  occupied  the  first  3-ear,  and  the  crowded  condition  of 
the  rooms  was  again  temporarih-  relieved  b}'  the  Board  renting  the 
school  building  known  then  as  "Classical  Institute,"  now  occupied 
as  a  blacksmith  shop  near  the  grain  elevator.  In  the  year  1S77, 
the  First  Ward  school  buildin^"  was  erected  on  the  corner  of  Sec- 


552  I5ARTlI01.0Mi:W  COUNTV. 

oikI  and  Franklin  sliccls.  Il  was  hardh'  opened  imlil  its  desks 
were  all  occupied.  In  the  s]>rinL;'  of  the  year  iSSo,  the  School 
""Board,  keepini;-  pace  with  the  demands,  selected  a  site  in  the 
northern  part  of  the  city,  on  the  corner  of  Twelfth  and  Sycamore 
streets,  for  the  erection  of  another  wartl  building.  It  was  completed, 
and  on  the  15th  of  November,  18S0,  was  gi\en  to  the  children. 
Bc^th  of.  these  ward  schools  arc  handsome  and  substantial  brick 
buildings,  with  seating  capacit}-  of  200  pupils  each,  with  spacious 
hallways  and  cloak  rooms. 

In  the  summer  of  18S4  the  Central  School  had  become  too  small 
for  the  number  of  school  children  in  this  district  of  the  citv,  and  the 
Board  was  compelled  to  give  additional  room,  which  was  done  by 
erecting,  on  the  same  grounds,  a  frame  building  containing  two 
large  rooms  for  primary  grades.  The  manufacturing  interests  of 
Columbus  during  this  time,  and  for  several  years  following,  were 
greatly  prosperous  and  gave  such  a  stead}-  and  substantial  growth 
to  the  cit}-  that  it  was  but  a  short  time  until  the  problem  of  more 
school  room  was  again  presented  to  the  Board  for  solution.  It  was 
now  determined  to  erect  a  city  school.  The  work  was  begun  in 
June,  1886,  and  pushed  forward  with  all  possible  speed.  It  was 
completed  and  read}'  for  use  b}'  the  opening  of  the  schools  in  Sep- 
tember following.  The  building  stands  on  Pearl  Street  between 
Seventh  and  Eighth.  It  is  complete  in  all  its  appointments,  an  or- 
nament to  the  city,  and  an  honor  to  its  projectors.  It  has,  on  the 
first  floor,  two  large  recitation  rooms,  librar}'^  room  and  Superinten- 
dent's ofFice.  On  the  second  floor,  a  large  chapel,  used  also  as  a 
recitation  room,  an  apparatus  room  and  class  recitation  room. 
There  are  spacious  halls  and  cloak  rooms  on  both  floors.  For  the 
first  time  in  man}'  years  it  may  truly  be  said  that  Columbus  has 
room,  comfortable  and  ample,  for  all  her  school  children. 

The  present  enrollment  (March,  1888),  is  near  1,200.  In  the 
High  School  there  are  107  students.  The  following  are  the  officers 
and  teachers  of  the  public  schools:  School  Board,  John  H.  Long, 
President;  John  G.  Lay,  Treasurer;  William  F.  Kendall,  Secre- 
tary; Superintendent,  A.  H.  Graham.  High  School:  Miss  Eliza- 
beth Long,  Principal;  Miss  C.  D.  Laird,  Assistant;  Samuel  Wertz, 
Assistant.     Central   School:    Mrs.   Lou  M.   Summers,  Principal; 


SCHOOLS.  553 

Mrs.  M.  W.  Edson,  Miss  Jennie  Snyder,  INTiss  Anna  Nicol,  INIr.  S. 
M.  Glick,  Miss  Fannie  Pope,  Miss  Anna  G.  Watson,  Miss  Lois 
Wets,  Tsliss  Clara  Shull/,  Miss  Lottie  Gaston,  Miss  Zue  B.  Shirk, 
Miss  l\Lary  L.  Veach.  South  Sehool:  INIr.  R,  Beeker,  Prin- 
cipal; Miss  Minnie  B.  Keith,  Mrs.  Lina  S.  Reeves,  Miss  Mary  A. 
Clark.  North  School:  Mr.  John  L.  Rose,  Principal;  Miss  Helena 
Roesgen,  Miss  Ada  Ilofer,  Miss  Jennie  I  Lives. 

//azu  Creek  Tozi'iis/iiji. —  One  of  the  llrst  schools  taught  in  this 
township  was  b}-  a  Mr.  Maccabee  on  the  site  of  the  town  of  llarts- 
ville,.as  early  as  1833.  This  is  given  on  the  authority  of  Mrs. 
Rogers  who  lives  in  Hartsville  and  has  just  celebrated  her  one 
hundredth  anniversary.  The  first  school  at  Hope  was  taught  by 
L.  J.  Levering,  about  the  year  1830.  Tlie  Hon.  Thomas  Essex, 
who  has  been  already  mentioned,  began  teaching  in  this  township 
soon  after  the  last  date,  and  continued  for  a  number  of  years.  He 
was  an  excellent  teacher  and  did  much  to  inspire  in  his  pupils  a  de- 
sire to  live  noble,  patriotic  and  useful  Hves.  Philip  Essex,  one  of 
the  early  settlers  and  teachers  in  this  part  of  the  country,  no  doubt 
taught  in  this  township  previous  to  1840,  but  we  do  not  know  the 
exact  date.  Sandy  Spaugh  taught  several  schools  in  this  township 
along  in  the  40's,  and  later.  Robert  Spaugh  taught  near  old 
Saint  Louis  about  1845-47,  and  Rev.  Albert  Carter  taught  in  the 
same  neighborhood  from  1S47-50.  Prof.  Henry  J.  Kluge  was  one 
of  the  earlier  teachers  in  Hope  and  vicinity.  He  was  a  fine  scholar 
and  an  enthusiastic  educator.  He  was  the  first  principal  of 
the  Moravian  Female  Seminar^-,  which  was  opened  in  1859.  He 
continued  in  charge  of  that  institution  for  several  years.  He  also 
taught  in  the  public  schools  of  the  township.  Prof.  F.  R.  Holland 
has  been  identified  with  the  school  interests  of  this  township  and 
count}^  for  more  than  twenty  years.  He  became  principal  of  the 
Moravian  Seminary  for  Young  Ladies,  in  1866,  which  position  he. 
held  until  the  school  was  closed.  It  is  well  here  to  remark  that 
many  of  our  best  lad}'  teachers  have  been  pupils  of  this  seminar}'. 
Prof.  Holland  served  several  years  as  a  member  of  the  School 
Board  of  the  town  of  Hope,  and  one  term  of  two  years  as  Trus- 
tee of  Haw  Creek  Township.  Tn  all  these  positions  he  was  a  good 
counselor  and  an  ardent  supporter  of  the  common  school  S3-stem  of 


554  nARTIIOI.OMICW    COUXTV. 

his  ;ulo})tcd  State,  lie  is  a  man  of  broad  culture,  of  liberal  views, 
good  executive  ability,  and  takes  deej)  interest  in  the  education  and 
elevation  of  the  youlli  of  our  country. 

•*  Notwithstandini;-  a  sketch  of  Ilartsville  University  is  given  in 
another  place,  a  brief  reference  to  its  work  in  connection  with  our 
public  schools,  will  not  be  out  of  place.  The  school  was  organized 
in  1851,  as  Ilartsville  Universit\'.  The  charter  given  was  a  liberal 
one,  and  was  introduced  into  the  Legislature  by  Hon.  Thomas 
Essex,  of  this  count3^  Since  that  time  a  large  number  of  our  teach- 
ers have  received  more  or  less  education  within  its  walls,  many 
of  them  graduating  in  the  scientific  or  classical  course.  While 
man}'  of  them  have  continued  to  teach  in  this  and  adjoining  coun- 
ties, others  have  dropped  out,  and  some  have  taken  up  other  pro- 
fessions or  engaged  in  business.  Among  the  large  number  of 
teachers  who  deserve  honorable  mention,  we  can  onh'  find  space 
for  a  few  names:  W.  D.  Williams,  Albert  Wertz,  INIrs.  Lucretia 
(Shuck)  Armen  and  Miss  Tenie  Murphy,  of  Ilartsville  public 
schools.  S.  M.  Glick,  W.  T.  Strickland,  James  H.  Clark,  James 
C.  Black,  J.  Frank  Matson,  Mrs.  Lottie  (Holder)  Redman,  Misses 
Carrie  Rickseeker,  Florence  Jones  and  Ahce  Kluge,  of  Hope.  D.  A. 
Robertson,  John  L.  Rose,  William  F.  Barrett,  A.  B.  Clapp  and 
Misses  Jennie  Handle}-,  Alta  Renny,  Monta  Hopkins,  Susie  Shore 
and  Druzie  R.  Lytle. 

Flat  Roch  Township. —  Miss  Mary  Smith,  eldest  daughter  of 
Garland  Smith,  taught  the  first  school  in  the  county  in  182 1  in  a 
round  log  cabin  in  this  township  about  one  mile  west  of  Clifford, 
probably  on  land  owned  by  Samuel  Quick,  father  of  the  late  Judge 
Tunis  Quick.  Philip  Essex,  father  of  Mrs.  Albert  Carter  and 
Wells  Essex,  taught  a  school  in  a  cabin  near  the  Owens  school 
house  in  Hawpatch  about  1830.  Thomas  Essex,  a  brother  of 
Philip  and  of  thelate  Hon.  LewisEssex,'of  this  county,  taught  near  the 
south  line  of  the  township  in  1S29-30,  in  a  cabin  on  the  Jesse  Rud- 
dick  farm.  He  was  educated  in  North  Carolina,  and  was  said  to 
be  the  best  scholar  in  the  county  at  that  time.  William  Ruddick, 
M.  J.  Quick  and  the  Sims  boys,  Noah  and  Russell,  attended  this 
school. 

Robert  Louden  taught  several  terms;  one   at   Liberty  grave- 


SCHOOLS.  555 

yard  about  ]\'^3o-32.  Justin  Dudley  and  Mr.  Hlair  were  also  early 
teachers.  Major  William  N\e,  who  \Yas  born  and  educated  in 
Vermortt,  taught  in  Ilawpatrh  one  mile  west  of  Clifford,  about 
1838.  lie  continued  to  teach  in  this  township  perhaps  as  late  as 
1855.  He  was  a  good  teacher  and  was  qualified  to  teach  algelira, 
geometry  and  surveying.  The  families  of  Judge  Quick  and  Joshua 
McQuct-ii  were  among  his  pupils.  Sandy  Spaugh  taught  a  school 
in  the  northeast  part  of  the  township  in  1S44-45.  The  families  of 
Philip  Reed  and  John  Essex  attended  this  school.  Rev.  Amos 
Essex,  now  in  Cherry-vale,  Kan.,  taught  in  the  Quick  school  house 
about  1866.  Of  the  later  teachers  we  would  name  Isaac  Lucas, 
John  W.  McQueen,  Julius  Norton,  Dr.  James  L.  Carr,  Charles  !^. 
Meseke,  Oscar  D.  McQueen,  Misses  Mary  McFall,  Fannie  Fisher 
and  Amanda  Carter. 

Gcnu'.in  Tun'iiship.  —  The  first  school  in  this  township  was 
taught  by  WiUiam  Morris  as  earh-  as  1S24-25.  It  was  held  in  a 
small  log  cabin  one-fourth  mile  west  of  present  residence  of  Joseph 
Steinbarger.  Eli  Pence,  who  still  lives  in  the  township,  was  one  of 
his  pupils.  A  school  was  taught  by  a  Yankee  teacher  in  an  old 
deserted  cabin  on  Judge  Jones'  farm  at  an  early  date.  His  name 
was  More}'  Artie.  He  came  from  Vermont.  He  was  a  bright, 
wide-awake  teacher,  and  made  his  mark.  The  boys  of  Judge 
Jones  and  Samuel  Brown  were  among  his  pupils.  James  T.  Gar- 
rettson  taught  school  in  a  log  school  house  near  the  old  Union 
Church  in  1847.  Strander  and  George  Bozell  and  Benjamin 
Schuder,  were  patrons  of  this  school.  Among  the  later  teachers  — 
G.  W.  Chandler,  David  Stobo,  Jesse  M.  l^Iook,  H.  H.  Winn,  Mrs. 
Sue  W.  Buxton,  Mrs.  M3'ra  W.  Edson,  and  H.  S.  Struble,  deserve 
honorable  mention.  This  township  has  been  noted  for  long  terms 
of  school,  and  it  was  one  of  the  first  in  the  county  to  build  brick 
school  houses  in  each  district.  Taylorsville  has  a  commodious 
four-room  structure  —  neat  in  appearance  and  a  model  of  con- 
venience. Large  school  districts,  together  with  a  large  list  of  tax- 
able properl}'  and  wide-awake  school  officers,  supported  by 
generous-hearted  patrons  who  believe  in  the  education  of  their 
children  as  earl}'  in  life  as  possible,  will  account  for  their  valuable 
school  propert}'  and  long  terms  of  school.     Such  townships  who 


556  IJAKTIIOLOMF.M'    COUNT V. 

lia\-e  the  abilil}-  sliouUl  cstalilish  a  Towiisliip  Graded  Scliool  and 
cmiiloy  a  teacher  of  well  known  scholarsliip  and  large  e.\i)crience 
for  the  benefit  of  tlieir  yoiniL;-  men  and  yoiino-  women. 

C(>J//ii//iiis  Tozi'iisli/'p. —  hi  writing  U]i  the  earlv  school  hisior}' of 
the  cil}'  of  Columbus,  much  of  it  has  a  histor3'  of  townshiji  schools 
outside  of  the  present  city  limits.  Under  the  above  heading  any 
facts  pertaining  to  either  city  or  townsliip  not  alread\'  given  niay  be 
included.  After  the  adoption  of  the  new  Constitution  in  1S51,  n, 
s^-stem  of  graded  schools  was  adopted  b}'  the  Trustees  of  the  city 
of  Columbus,  and  the  schools  were  organized  in  1852,  by  James 
Brownlce,  in  the  "old  Seminary  building."  In  the  llrst  report  made 
b}'  State  Superintendent  Larabee,  in  1853,  special  mention  is  made 
of  the  graded  schools  of  Columbus.  The  number  of  children  then 
reported  was  200.  EHsha  P.  Jones  taught  a  school  as  earl}'  as  1827 
in  a  log  cabin  about  one-half  mile  north  of  the  old  Elias  Co^:  farm. 
He  afterward  taught  a  school  in  the  old  Libert}^  meeting  house  in 
Columbus.  John  S.  Foster  attended  this  school.  John  Bass  taught 
in  a  school  house  at  Jacob  Cook's  crossing  on  the  Cambridge  Rail- 
road, in  1838.  Prof.  John  S.  Hougham,  late  of  Franklin  College, 
Indiana,  taught  in  the  same  school  house  in  1841.  George  W. 
Aikens  and  Jacob  Cook  attended  these  schools.  John  D.  Fawcett, 
father  of  Mrs.  Laura  C.  Arnold,  taught  school  in  Columbus  as 
earl}-  as  1836,  and  probably  in  other  parts  of  the  township  as  late 
as  1843.  Silas  W.  Kelley  taught  in  the  Carter  settlement  about 
1836.  John  Boggs  came  from  Ohio  about  1839,  and  taught  in  the 
old  Liberty  Union  church  and  school  house  on  Third  Street.  He 
introduced  the  Eclectic  series  of  school  books,  which  was  a  great 
improvement.  This  was  a  mixed  school  of  girls  and  bo3'S.  The 
boys  turned  him  out  on  Christmas,  He  taught  for  several  years 
and  then  became  an  editor  of  a  periodical  published  at  Cincinnati. 
William  French,  Lyman  Dewe}-,  John  McNeal,  Lewis  P.  Wilkin- 
son, Mrs.  Martha  Hook,  D.  B.  Farrington  and  Mrs.  D.  B.  Farring- 
ton  were  teachers  in  the  city  and  township  from  1839  to  1844. 
Mrs.  Hook  was  afterward  married  to  Benjamin  Irwin,  of  New 
Hope.  Many  reminiscences  of  these  teachers  might  be  given  did 
space  permit.  We  can  only  name  some  of  the  later  teachers  of  the 
township:  John  R.  Owens,  Tunis  J.   Quick,  Frank  Ha3-s,  James 


SCHOOLS.  557 

Abbell,  ^Valle^  J.  Wallace,  William  II.  Turner,  William  Spuhkr, 
T.  C  Ahern,  A.  P.  Loii^',  Lulher  l>iiins,  Miss  jNlinnie  B.  Keith, 
Mrs.  Lena  (Anvine)  Riuldick  and  William  F.  Norton. 

Clijty  cnnl  Clay  Tii-.cii<./iip^. —  These  two  to\vn,sliij)s  havino-  been 
under  om-  ori(anazation  until  1842,  we  shall  consider  them  as  one  in 
giving  their  school  histor\ .  William  Morris,  a  young  teacher  from 
Penns^-Ivania,  taught  the  lirst  school  in  this  townshij)  in  1822^23, 
on  the  south  bank  of  Cliftv,  about  two  miles  west  of  Newbern, 
Avherc  General  Charles  Scott's  Arm}'  crossed  Clift}-  on  their  expe- 
dition against  the  Indians  in  May,  1791.  George  D.  Roland,  Mrs. 
Sail}-  Ilook,  Mrs.  Luke  Covert,  and  perhaps  others  yet  living,  at- 
tended this  school.  Mrs.  John  Morris,  mother  of  William,  taught 
three  summers  in  the  same  house.  The  old  log  house  where  these 
schools  were  held,  was  built  by  Samuel  Philhps  in  1819,  and  used 
first  as  a  dwelling.  The  cabin  of  the  first  settler  became  the  school 
house  a  few  years  later.  Joseph  Ilart,  great  grandfather  of  George 
Pence,  of  Pencecalla,  this  county,  taught  school  at  the  Sandhill 
Cemetery  about  1824-25.  He  continued  teaching  for  several  3-ears. 
Bond  Burnett,  John  S.  Foster,  William  Branham,  and  J.  Swain 
were  pupils,  llestin  Buchanan  taught  here  in  1832.  Joseph  Hart 
in  1833,  and  Justin  M.  Dudley  in  1836.  The  last  named  w  as  a 
classical  scholar.  Dr.  J.  C.  Beck,  of  Cincinnati,  attended  the  last 
three  schools.  John  Williams  taught  in  this  school  house  a  few 
v^ears  later.  It  was  then  called  the  Hart  school  house.  Aaron  Davis 
taught  the  first  school  in  Newbern  in  an  old  cabin,  in  the  summer 
of  1 83 1.  Rev.  Aaron  Farmer  taught  there  in  1836.  John  Ed- 
wards, a  lame  luan,  taught  school  in  his  own  house  in  Newbern, 
where  he  kept  "bachelor's  hall  "  in  1830.  A  hewed  log  school  was 
built  by  citizens  in  the  western  part  of  Newbern  in  1839.  This 
was  the  first  school  house  erected  in  the  neighborhood,  and  we  are 
at  libert\'  to  assume  that  it  was  built  in  regulation  style  "  according 
to  statute  "  made  and  provided.  Mr.  James  T.  Garrettson  was  the 
first  teacher  in  this  house.  He  continued  to  teach  there  for  8e\eral 
years.  Dr.  J.  C.  Beck,  who  was  a  pupil,  says  he  was  one  of  the 
best  teachers  of  the  early  day.  Dr.  W.  T.  Stott,  now  president  of 
Franklin  College,  taught  in  District  No.  6,  in  Clay  Township,  pre- 
vious to  i860.     Samuel  J.  Beck  taught  at  Newbern  in   1857,  and 


55^  ■  BARTHOLOMEW    COUNTV. 

several  years  befoPe  this  about  two  miles  east  of  the  village.  David 
Stobo  in. 1858,  and  Tlionias  Clap]i  in  1863,  ATrs.  Jane  Shepherd  as 
as  carl}' as  1864  to  1870.  Dr.  W.  11.  Beck  of  Ilartsvillt:  taui^ht 
several  terms  in  this  township  along-  in  the  50's.  Miss  E.  Nellie 
Beck,  now  assistant  editor  of  the  Advance  Courier,  published  at 
Bartow,  Florida,  taught  in  Newbern  in  186S. 

It  will  be  seen  by  reference  to  a  map  of  these  townships  in  con- 
nection with  the  early  settlements  which  were  made  along  or  near 
the  banks  of  Clifty  that  the  four  points  named  where  schools  were 
mainly  held,  at  least  up  to  1850,  were  located,  so  as  to  accommodate 
the  greater  number  of  the  children  in  these  townships.  Of  course 
the  children  had  to  walk  two  or  three  miles  through  an  unbroken 
forest  to  reach  these  "  seats  of  learning,"  and  it  is  no  wonder  then 
that  a  boy  who  had  mastered  the  three  R's  was  voted  a  ver^-  bright 
pupil,  and  the  master  a  successful  teacher.  None  of  the  pioneer 
teachers,  or  those  who  taught  during  the  first  quarter  of  a  century 
after  settlement,  now  remain.  But  few  of  the  second  quarter  are 
with  us.  Of  those  belonging  to  the  last  two  decades,  we  would 
mention,  W.  M.  Garrettson,  J.  W.  Bline,  Thomas  Clapp,  James 
Mahaffey,  Preston  R.  Redman,  now  of  Tacoma,  Oregon,  William 
J.  Beck,  N.  F.  Glick,  Edward  A.  Herod,  C.  W.  'Adams,  James 
Finkle,  George  H.  Glick,  Dr.  F.  D.  Norton,  Rev.  Charles  Boaz, 
F.  G.  Hecker,  J.  W.  Donaker,  George  A.  L3tle,  of  Illinois,  D.  A. 
Mobley  and  Edward  K.  Adams,  of  Shelb3-ville. 

Sand  Creek  Township. —  William  Parker,  grandfather  of  Willis 
and  Phineas  Parker,  taught  the  first  school  in  this  township  in 
1822,  near  the  site  of  the  present  Friends'  Seminar}^  He  was 
from  North  Carolina  and  settled  at  Salem,  Ind.,  in  1820,  coming 
to  this  count)'  in  182 1.  William  Knott  taught  near  the  same  place 
in  tlie  Old  Friends'  Church,  in  1831,  and  Horatio  Treakle  in  1832. 
Barnabas  C.  Hobbs  taught  his  first  school  in  1833,  on  or  near 
the  site  of  the  present  seminar)^  building.  He  was  then  only 
eighteen  years  of  age,  but  taught  a  very  successful  school.  He 
received  his  education  at  the  old  seminary  taught  b}-  James  G. 
May,  in  Salem,  Washington  County,  Ind.  Five  families  furnished 
twent3'-five  scholars  for  this  school  in  Sand  Creek.  Joel  Newsom, 
Willis  Parker,  Cader  Newsom,  Jesse  R.  Newsom,  Isaac  P.  Cox, 


SCHOOLS.  '  559 

and  perhaps  ollicrs  still  li\"in<;',  attended  this  scliool.  Man}'  jtleas- 
ant  jnemories  will  be  recalled  by  the  mention  of  the  names  of  these 
teachers*J  The 'first  lady  teachers  were  Miss  Abigail  Albertson, 
who  taught  in  1834,  and  Miss  Mary  Moore,  in  183S. 

The  first  school  house,  in  the  northwest  part  of  this  towpship,  was 
built  on  the  farm  now  owned  by  Jesse  R.  Newsom.  Harvey  Sloan 
taught  there  in  1S38,  and  Hawly  Chenowilh  in  1840.  The  house 
burned  down  while  Chenowith  was  teacher.  The  first  school 
kept  on  the  section  was  taiight  in  an  old  deserted  log  dwelling,  by 
William  Marshall  in  1841.  H.  Sloan  also  taught  one  term  in 
1843.  Jesse  R.  Newsom  taught  his  first  school  at  Azalia  in  1851, 
and  the  next  one  on  the  section  in  1852.  Joel  S.  Davis  taught  his 
first  school  on  the  section  in  1S55-56,  and  also  in  1857-58,  each 
term  being  three  months.  Hon.  W.  T.  Friedley  of  Jefferson 
Count}^  Ind.,  taught  a  school  at  Azalia  in  the  50's.  Joseph  Moore, 
ex-President  of  Earlham  College,  Miss  Linda  Mills,  L.  Estes,  Prof. 
R.  G.  Boone,  now  of  the  State  University,  L.  J.  Woodward,  J.  J. 
Mills,  President  of  Earlham  College,  O."  B.  Todhunter,  W.  N. 
Trueblood,  tin;  INlisses  Parker,  and  the  Misses  Armstrong,  and 
many  others  who  taught  at  the  seminary,  will  be  remembered  with 
pleasure.  We  also  mention  B.  F.  Owens,  Marshall  Hacker,  J.  B. 
Anderson,  Dr.  H.  M.  Connelly,  Ab.  Anderson,  at  Elizabethtown, 
and  T.  H.  Dunn,  C.  Ricketts,  W.  H.  Redman,  and  Charles  New- 
som, at  the  section.  Also  Pennie  Newsom,  L.  P.  Cox,  W.  J. 
Davis,  A.  H.  Morris,  and  Misses  Rhoda  Parker,  and  Ida  Davis, 
and  S.  E.  Nicholson  of  the  township. 

Nineveh  Township). —  John  W^ilson,  who  was  probably  the  first 
teacher  in  this  township,  taught  a  school  in  a  cabin  of  John  S.  Dry- 
bread's  farm  about  1832.  Mrs.  Jacob  Slack  was  a  pupil  in  his 
school  at  that  time.  Thomas  Lowry  taught  several  terms  in  dis- 
trict number  one,  in  the  northeastern  part  of  the  township,  previous 
to  1838.  •  WilHam  Lee  taught  in  the  same  house  in  1839,  and 
Henry  Barlow,  in  1840.  John  Ball  taught  one  or  more  terms  in 
the  western  part  of  the  township  near  the  village  of  Kansas.  Next 
came  Elzea  Matthews,  Hiram  Jackson  and  Z.  Y.  Bailey,  the  latter 
in  1 841.  John  S.  Dr\'bread,  who  is  still  living  on  a  farm  in  this 
neighborhood,  attended  these  schools,  and  still  retains  a  lively  inter- 


560  UAR'DIOI.OMKW    COUN'J'V. 

est  in  liis  log  cabin  school  days.  Tiic  veteran  tcaclici-,  Jacob  Slack, 
taught  his  lu'st  school,  which  was  a  subscription  school,  in  district 
*i'iuiiibci- one,  in  1841,  near  the  residence  of  J.  I).  Marsh,  a  pioneer 
of  this  township.  He  also  taught  the  two  winters  following  in  the. 
same  house  at  the  rate  of  forty  dollars  per  term  of  three  months. 
This  \vas  considered  good  wages  for  a  teacher  at  that  time.  Mr. 
Slack  continued  to  teach  each  year  in  different  parts  of  the  town- 
shi]-)  until  about  18S0 — a  period  of  forty  3ears'  continuous  service. 
His  record  in  this  respect  as  a  teacher  in  the  conuuon  schools  is  per- 
haps not  excelled  by  any  one  in  the  State.  He  is  still  living  and  is 
a  man  of  great  moral  worth.  It  is  probable  that  others  of  the  earl}- 
teachers  continued  to  teach  in  the  township  several  years  later. 
Jonathan  Hammond  commenced  teaching  in  this  township  about 
1856,  and  continued  until  his  death  in  1875.  He  was  a  good  teacher 
and  was  probably  the  best-posted  teacher  in  geography  in  the 
count}'.  We  can  only  find  space  to  mention  the  names  of  a  few 
of  the  many  good  teachers  of  this  township:  William  Beatt}',  J.  H. 
Beatty,  George  C.  Hammond,  George  C.  Hubbard,  John  IVr. 
Hicke}^  Jacob  Stucker,  James  H.  Clark  and  Elijah  S.  Carter,  will 
all  be  pleasant]}'  remembered  by  both  patrons  and  pupils. 

Rock  Creek  Toxuus/iip. — Jame  Burns  taught  the  first  school  in 
this  township,  in  1830.  His  daughter,  now  Mrs.  John  Callahan, 
and  William  T.  Strickland,  w^ere  among  his  pupils.  The  next 
teacher  was  David  Hill,  who  taught  at  the  same  place,  one  or  more 
terms.  These  w^ere  followed  by  Christian  Parker,  H.  St.  John, 
and  others.  But  few  persons  are  now  living  who  will  remember 
these  teachers,  who  gave  perhaps  all  the  education  that  man}-  of 
the  children  of  the  pioneers  received.  Later  came  James  K.  Pat- 
terson, a  student  from  Hanover  College,  who  taught  at  Burnsville, 
and  also  near  the  old  Donaldson  Church  about  the  year  1850. 
James  W.  Wells  and  David  Stobo  were  pupils  of  his,  and  bear  tes- 
timony to  his  high  character  and  standing  as  an  instructor  and 
scholar.  This  township  has  much  unwritten  history  in  connection 
with  its  earl}'-  school  days,  which  would  be  of  great  interest  to  the 
present  generation,  but  the  writer  has  been  unable  to  obtain  it. 

The  history  of  the  teachers  of  the  last  quarter  century  must  in 
the  main  be  left  for  the  future  historian,  who  with  facile  pen,  will 


SCHOOLS.  561 

write  during  llic  next  century  of  the  progress  of  education  in  the 
past.  This  township  is  well  sujiplied  with  good,  room}-,  hrick. 
school  buildings,  with  many  conveniences  in  doors  and  out,  to 
make  the  teacher  and  children  comfortable.  In  respect  to  furniture 
and  other  appliances,  such  as  blackboard  surface,  reference  books, 
maps,  charts,  globes,  etc.,  it  is  not  surpassctl  b}'  any  other  town- 
ship in  the  county.  Time  would  fail  us  to  speak  particularly  of 
W.  T.  Strickland  and  D.  B.  Clapp,  at  number  six;  of  A.  W,  Dean, 
James  Phillips  and  J.  R.  Callahan,  at  number  one;  James  W.  Wells, 
M.  Hacker  and  Birch  Barrett,  at  number  two;  W.  M.  Garrettson, 
at  number  three;  of  Joseph  Stevenson,  at  number  four,  and  John 
Petree,  at  number  five,  besides  a  host  of  others,  many  of  whom  arc 
equall}^  deserving  of  mention. 

Wayne  Townshif. — -Thomas  Winkler  taught  the  first  school  in 
this  township  near  the  present  site  of  the  village  of  Wa3'nesville,  in 
1824.  Mrs.  Silas  Thompson,  Sr.,  of  Columbus,  Ind.,  whose  maiden 
name  was  Lane,  was  a  pupil  of  this  school.  The  next  teacher  was 
Peter  Kinney,  who  owned  and  operated  one  of  the  old  time  copper 
distilleries  in  the  neighborhood.  He  taught  in  an  old  blacksmith 
shop  in  Waynesville.  This  was  a  winter  term  and  only  attended 
by  boys  and  young  men.  The  first  lady  teacher  in  this  township, 
and  probably  the  second  in  the  count}',  was  Miss  Nancy  Thompson, 
sister  of  Archie  F.  Thompson.  She  taught  in  an  old  house  in  or 
near  the  town  of  Augusta,  in  the  summer  of  1825  or  1826.  This 
school  was  onl}'  attended  by  the  smaller  bo3's  and  girls  of  the  neigh- 
borhood. This  village  was  a  short  distance  south  of  Waynesville, 
and  in  time  was  supplanted  by  its  rival.  During  the  summer  of 
1827  a  teacher  named  Myers,  who  had  only  one  arm,  taught  a 
school  which  was  attended  only  b}'  the  smaller  children  and  young 
ladies.  In  the  early  days  3'oung  men  and  young  women  past  school 
age  would  often  attend  school,  especially  during  the  winter  term, 
which  usually  lasted  three  months.  As  the  teachers  were  paid  by 
rate  bills  made  up  by  subscription,  it  made  no  difference  about  the 
age  of  pupils.  At  this  time  there  was  no  school  fund  in  Indiana, 
for  the  support  of  schools;  indeed,  no  general  school  laws  were  pub- 
lished until  1824,  and  no  revenue  was  derived  until  a  later  period. 
These  accounts  show  what  meager  opportunities  our  fathers  had 


5<^"  BARTIIOLOMi:\V    COUXTV. 

to  obtain  ancducalion,  and  yet  these  were  tlie  humble  beginning  of 
our  magnilicent  s3-,steni  of  schools.  A  large  parocliial  school  under 
charge  of  the  Lutheran  church,  has  been  in  successful  operation 
for  about  twent}'  (20)  years.  They  have  a  good  brick  school  house 
of  two  rooms,  located  about  four  miles  west  of  Jonesville,  with  an 
average  eiu-ollment  of  seventy-li\e  scholars.  Prof.  11.  T.  Bollman, 
of  Columbus,  Jnd.,  was  a  teacher  in  this  school  for  several  years. 
Mr.  II.  Lotz  is  principal.  There  is  a  parochial  school  in  Joncs\-il]e 
with  an  enrollment  of  twenty-live  scholars,  with  Rev.  II.  Eirich  as 
teacher.  Among  the  later  teachers  of  this  township  we  would 
mention  William  Hubbard,  Ben  F.  Kobbe,  William  J.  Thompson, 
F.  D.  Harger,  II.  F.  Eckelman,  Dr.  J.  S.  Clark,  James  W.  Over- 
man, II.  S.  Quick,  B.  W.  Parker,  Dr.  George  E.  Clark,  Misses 
Lizzie  R.  Parker,  Viola  Perry,  Mrs.  Flora  (Lowe)  Godfrey,  Mrs. 
Ella  (Clark)  Ensle}^,  Mrs.  Lucy  (Bush)  Sincebaugh  and  Lewis  H. 
Donhost. 

Ohio  Tozuusliip.  — -  One  of  the  first  schools  in  this  township,  of 
which  we  can  gain  any  information,  was  taught  by  Joseph  Rose 
about  1847.  He  continued  to  teach  in  different  districts  for  several 
years.  He  had  the  reputation  of  being  a  good  teacher.  He  is 
still  living  in  the  township  at  an  advanced  age,  and  is  one  of  the 
few  pioneers  remaining.  Josiah  Cooper  was  one  of  the  first  set- 
tlers, and  probabl}'  taught  the  first  school  in  the  township.  While 
our  knowledge  with  reference  to  the  early  teachers  is  very  meager, 
the  citizens  have  always  taken  a  deep  interest  in  the  education  of 
their  children.  They  have  enjoyed  the  distinction  for  a  good  many 
years  of  having  the  longest  terms  of  schools,  with  the  lowest  per 
cent,  of  school  taxes  of  any  township  in  the  count}'.  The  districts 
are  large  and  their  school  houses  few  in  munber.  This  causes  the 
children  to  travel  farther  to  school  with  the  advantajje  of  havinji' 
seven  or  eight  months  of  school  without  the  burden  of  heav}'-  tax- 
ation. Many  of  their  teachers  have  found  emplo3'ment  in  other 
townships  when  not  engaged  at  home.  Among  those  who  will  be 
remembered  for  their  success  and  faithfulness  in  teachintr,  we  would 
mention  the  names  of  Misses  Clara  E.  Moore,  Fannie  Ogilvie, 
Anna  Wint,  Rachel  Moore,  Julia  Ogilvie,  Parmelia  Winchester, 
and  Messrs.  V.  D.  Ault,  J.  M.  Davis,  RoUin  Brown,  C.  H.  Wright, 


SCHOOLS.  563 

Chris.   Hininger,   and   Rev.   Scott    Sims,    now    a    minister   of  the 
Methodist  Episcopal  Church,  Hving  in  Kentucky. 

yacl-soii  Toii'iis/iip. —  WilHam  Ilowbcrt  tauglit  the  first  schoo 
in  this  township  in  the  winter  of  1844 -.[5.  It  was  lield  in  an  old 
log  cabin,  which  had  been  used  as  a  dwellmi;'  liouse,  near  tlie  vil- 
lage of  Mount  Healthy.  As  it  Avas  the  only  school  in  the  town- 
ship, pupils  came  in  from  a  distance  of  three  or  four  miles.  This 
part  of  the  count}'  at  that  time  was  almost  an  unbroken  wilderness, 
with  here  and  there  a  small  clearing  surroundin<>-  a  dwellincf. 
Wolves,  deer  and  wild  turkey  were  still  abundant.  The  second  school 
was  held  near  the  present  town  of  Wa3-mansville  on  the  Wantland 
farm  about  1845.  It  was  taught  b}'  Gideon  Fitch,  father  of  Samuel 
Fitch,  of  Ohio  Township.  Soon  after  the  town  of  Mount  Healthy 
was  laid  out  an  effort  was  made  to  establish  a  school;  a  round  log 
cabin  was  erected  and  a  school  was  taught  in  1S47,  by  William 
Howbert.  This  house  was  replaced  in  a  few  years  by  a  large, 
roughly  made  frame  building,  which  was  called  the  Mount  Healthy 
Academy.  It .  was  advertised  by  means  of  a  circular,  but  on 
account  of  the  difficulty  of  access,  and  perhaps  the  lack  of  advant- 
ages, it  did  not  prosper.  But  few  persons  are  now  living  who  at- 
tended these  earty  schools,  and  hence  the  difficulty  of  obtaining 
information  regarding  them.  Mrs.  Donaker,  of  Columbus,  is  the 
only  one  whose  name  we  can  give.  She  retains  a  vivid  recollection 
of  her  early  school  da3's,  and  to  her  we  are  indebted  for  these 
items.  Perhaps  the  fact  that  many  of  the  earl^'-  settlers  were  from 
Ohio  and  other  States  where  they  had  good  school  privileges,  was 
the  cause  of  their  early  efforts  to  found  an  academy,  so  as  to  afford 
their  children  better  opportunities  for  education  than  is  usually 
found  in  a  new  country.  The  name  of  Rev.  Henry  Borchers  was 
so  well  known  in  this  township,  and  his  work  so  intimately  con- 
nected with  the  cause  of  education,  that  while  he  was  not  a  resident 
we  feel  that  he  deserves  a  brief  notice.  Mr.  Borchers  was  a  Luth- 
eran minister  who  opened  and  taught  a  select  school  just  over  the 
line  in  Jackson  County,  about  the  year  1848. 

This  school  was  continued  about  thirty  years,  during  which  time 
quite  a  number  of  young  men  from  this  township  enjoyed  the  bene- 
fits of  his  instruction  ii\„the  elements   of  the   German  and   English 
18 


5^4 


BAKTlIOT.O^rrAV    COUXTV. 


languaoes  and  some  of  tlu'  higlicr  brandies  of  study,  wliich  proved 
of  lastino-  value  to  them  in  after  life.  Among  the  teachers  whose 
names  we  recall,  as  his  pupils  are,  Charles  E.  Mcseke,  B.  F. 
Miller,  Thomas  J.  Kobbe  and  J>.  F.  Kobbe,  of  tliis  county,  and 
Henry  Mullenbrauo-h,  and  Henry  .Myers,  of  Kansas,  all  of  whom 
did  good  work  in  teaching-  p:ngli.sli  and  German  schools  in  this  and 
other  townships.  Rev.  Borchers  was  a  graduate  of  a  German 
university  and  could  read  and  translate  German,  English,  French, 
Latin,  Greek  and  Hebrew.  He  was  a  good  thinker  and  a  fluent 
writer.  Of  the  later  teachers  of  this  township  we  mention 
Meseke,  Miller,  Mellenbraugh,  Myers,  li.  G.  Chamberlain,  Henry 
Aufderheide,  Miss  Mary  Wichman  and  Miss  Julia  Ogilvie.  There 
is  a  parochial  school  at  the  village  of  Waymansville  established 
about  1865.  The  first  teacher  was  Rev.  Henry  Wendt,  who  held 
the  position  for  a  number  of  years.  At  present  Rev.  Schaffer,  pas- 
tor of  the  Lutheran  Church,  has  charge  of  the  school  which  has  an 
attendance  of  about  thirty  scholars. 

Harrison  Tozvnshif. —  The  pioneers  of  this  township,  and  we 
may  say  of  the  county,  have  passed  away  with  here  and  there  an 
exception.  The  little  we  can  learn  of  their  early  history  brinn-s 
out  man}^  noble  traits  of  character.  Prominent  among  these  was 
the  fact  that  as  soon  as  a  settlement  was  made  and  the  first  year's 
crop  housed,  provision  Avas  made  for  a  school,  in  which  their  chil- 
dren might  obtain  the  rudiments,  at  least,  of  an  English  education. 
The  cabin  was  erected,  the  rude  furniture  was  put  in  place,  and  a 
teacher  employed.  In  this  township  it  seems  they  did  not  always 
wait  to  find  a  deserted  cabin  or  to  build. a  school  house. 

As  early  as  1823,  one  Lemuel  Hedges,  employed  a  teacher  and 
opened  a  school  in  his  own  house  and  invited  his  near  neighbors  to 
send  in  their  children  and  §njoy  its  privileges.  This  school  was 
on  upper  Wolf  Creek,  near  that  old  pioneer's,  F.  L.  Whittington, 
who  is  still  liA'ing  and  to  whom  we  are  indebted  for  this  interesting 
item  of  school  history.  The  name  of  the  teacher  has  been  lost, 
but  the  fact  and  his  work  remain.  William  Franklin  taught  in  an 
old  deserted  log  dwelling  near  the  Magaw  hill,  in  1840.  Henry 
Rucker  was  the  first  teacher  after  this  township  was  organized  in 
1841.     He  taught  in  a  log  school  house,  west  of  the  Magaw  farm. 


sciiooi-s.  565 

Tlicse  scliools  \\fi"e  paid  by  subscrijHioii  at  a  very  low  rale.  San- 
ford  Jjarucy  followed  Rucker  in  the  same  school  house.  Daniel 
BaniharJ.,  Jk-njaliiin  Whillinglon  and  Soloni;>n  Walters  attended 
these  schools.  Schools  were  started  in  South  Bethany  and  in  the 
John  P.  Holt/,  neighborhood  jirobabh'  before  lliis  date,  but  we  can 
not  give  the  names  of  the  teachers.  Among  later  teachers  in  this 
township  who  deserve  honorable  mention  are  the  following :  Will- 
iam Daugherty,  John  \\\  Anil,  John  N.  Maring,  and  Bush  T. 
Haislup,  who  will  be  kindly  remembered  for  their  faithful  work  in 
the  school  room.  Still  later  came  F.  L.  Whittington,  Jr.,  S.  C. 
Daughert}-,  Charles  Bruce,  Robert  Hart,  A.  E.  Hart,  William 
Ta3-lor,  Oscar  Sherwood,  and  John  R.  Stewart. 

The  first  school  in  this  township  was  taught  by  Thomas  Edger- 
ton,  in  the  eastern  part  of  the  township,  about  1840.  A  few  years 
later  Jacob  Snyder,  Sr.,  who  was  afterward  elected  Treasurer  of 
the  county,  taught  several  terms  of  school  in  district  No.  i.  The 
first  lady  teacher  was  a  Miss  Singer,  a  sister  of  the  late  Harvey 
Singer.  She  taught  in  a  log  cabin  on  the  farm  now  owned  by 
Stephen  B.  Cook,  about  one  mile  southwest  of  Drybread's  mill,  as 
early  as  1845.  Phillip  Ports  taught  several  terms  previous  to  1850. 
He  came  from  Ohio  and  was  a  very  good  scholar  and  teacher. 
Reuben  Snyder  and  Jacob  Snyder,  Jr.,  taught  in  the  eastern  part 
of  the  county  in  the  50's.  Among  the  latter  teachers  whose 
names  will  be  remembered,  are:  A.  M.  Rhodes,  T.  J.  Guffey, 
Oscar  Evans,  A.  W.  Bolinger  and  Mrs.  K.  Smith.  Much  inter- 
esting histor}'^  in  this  and  other  townships  has  been  lost,  because  of 
the  removal  or  death  of  the  early  settlers,  and  the  fact  that  no 
record,  even  of  the  public  schools,  has  been  preserved. 

HartsviUc  College. — On  the  third  day  of  April,  1847,  the  vo- 
ters of  district  No.  7,  Haw  Creek  Township,  Bartholomew  County, 
Ind.,  met  at  their  school  house  in  the  town  of  Hartsville,  "  and 
after  cliscussing  the  matter  at  some  length,  the}^  concluded  to  build 
a  new  school-house  for  said  district."  The  building;  was  to  be  of 
wood,  25x50  feet,  and  two  stories  high,  and  to  be  located  in  the 
center  of  the  public  square,  in  the  town  of  Hartsville,  and  when 
completed,  to  be  used  for  school  purposes,  for  religious  worship, 
*'  and  for  all  lawful  public  meetings  of  the  citizens." 


5^6  HARTnoi.oMr.w  countv. 

Oil  the  25111  of  November  followinL,^.  the  job  of  ereclin^^  the 
buikhng-  "  was  solil  at  jnibhc  outcry,  to  tlie  lowest  bidder."  About 
4.he  same  lime,  the  Indiana  conference  of  the  church  of  the  United 
J3rethren  in  Christ,  stimulated  by  an  act  of  the  general  conference 
of  1845,  recommending"  the  establishment  of  educational  institu- 
tions in  the  church,  Avas  casting  about  for  a  location  where  the}'' 
might  establish  such  an  institution.  Hence,  at  a  meeting  held  in 
February,  1S49,  ^'^"^  voters  of  district  No.  7,  proposed  to  said 
Indiana  conference  to  surrender  to  them  all  claim  to  their  new 
building  upon  condition  that  said  conference  should  complete  it  and 
use  it  for  educational  purposes.  This  proposition  Avas  accepted, 
and  on  the  26th  day  of  May,  1849,  t^^'^  transfer  was  made.  On  the 
1 2th  of  January,  1850,  the  institution  was  chartered  under  the 
name  of  "  The  Hartsville  Academ}-,"  in  charge  of  a  board  of 
twenty-seven  Trustees,  with  power  to  fill  all  vacancies  occurring  in 
the  Board,  also  to  appoint  a  president,  professors  and  other  in- 
structors, who  together  should  constitute  the  facult}'  of  Hartsville 
Academy',"  who,  "  b}'^  and  with  the  consent  of  the  Trustees,  should 
have  power  to  grant  all  such  degrees  in  the  sciences  and  arts,  as 
are  customary  in  other  such  colleges,  universities  or  academies  of 
the  United  States." 

On  the  first  Monday  of  May,  1S50,  the  school  was  opened  with 
Professor  James  McD.  Miller,  A.  M.,  a  graduate  of  the  Indiana 
State  University,  class  1849,  in  charge.  Near  the  end  of  the  first 
year  in  school,  the  White  River  conference  agreed  to  co-operate 
with  the  Indiana  conference  in  building  the  school.  In  the  fall  of 
1852,  the  co-operation  of  the  Wabash  and  the  St.  Joseph  confer- 
•ences  was  secured,  thus  uniting  all  the  conferences  of  the  State  in 
support  of  the  school.  After  seven  years,  however,  the  two  latter 
conferences,  wishing  to  build  schools  in  their  own  territories,  with- 
drew, and  for  a  period  of  twenty-two  A-ears,  the  institution  was 
maintained  b}"  the  Indiana  and  White  River  conferences  aloiie.  In 
the  autumn  of  18S1,  the}'  were  joined  by  the  North  Ohio  confer- 
ence. It  was  followed  the  next  year  by  the  Michigan  conference. 
'These  four  conferences  embrace  the  territory  of  southern  and 
•eastern  Indiana,  northwestern  Ohio  and  southern  Michigan.  By 
.act  of  the  Legislature,  February  8,  1S51,  the  name  was  changed 


SCHOOLS.  567 

from  the  "Hartsvillo  Academy"  to  "The  Ilartsville  University," 
^vith  power  to  estabhsh  the  various  schools  of  a  university.  Bui 
failing  t<j  secm-e  the  co-o])eration  of  other  conferences  as  had  been 
expected,  the  institution  ^vas  continued  as  an  academv  until  about 
the  year  1865,  when  it  began  to  emploN'  professors  in  the  different 
departments  of  a  college.  March  5,  1882,  the  charter  was  again 
changed.  The  number  of  Trustees  was  reduced  to  sixteen,  four 
from  each  of  the  co-operating  conferences,  who  were  to  be  elected 
by  the  conference  and  to  continue  in  ofhce  four  }-ears,  and  the  insti- 
tution was  made,  in  name  what  it  Avas  in  reality  —  a  college. 

Prof.  Miller  was  succeeded  in  1852  by  the  Rev.  David  Shuck, 
A.  M.,  also  a  graduate  of  the  State  Universit}^  class  of  1846,  who 
for  thirteen  3'ears  had  charge  of  the  school,  most  of  the  tinie  em- 
ploying his  own  assistants.  Within  this  period  the  scholarship  en- 
dowment plan  was  instituted,  and  scholarships  amounting  to  near 
$200,000  were  sold,  also  the  present  building,  a  brick  structure, 
60x80  feet  and  three  stories  high,  was  erected  in  the  center  of  a 
beautiful  campus  of  seventeen  acres,  immediately  south  of  the 
town.  In  1865,  Prof.  Shuck  was  succeeded  b}^  Prof.  J.  Woodbury 
Scribner,  A.  M.,  of  Dartmouth  College.  Under  his  administration 
the  institution  took  on  the  form,  and  undertook  the  work  of  a  col- 
lege. S3'stem  was  introduced  and  the  school  took  rank  with  other 
colleges  in  the  State.  A  hall  was  also  erected  for  the  accommoda- 
tion of  lady  students,  which  was  consumed  by  fire  a  few  years  ago. 
In  1873,  Prof.  Shuck  was  again  called  to  the  presidency  of  the  in- 
stitution for  one  year,  when  he  was  followed  by  Rev.  W.  J.  Pruner, 
M.  S.,  of  the  class  of  1866,  also  a  graduate  of  Union  Biblical 
Seminary,  Dayton,  Ohio.  For  five  years,  with  Professors  J.  J. 
Rile}^  S.  Wertz,  L.  Mobley,  J.  L.  Funkhouser  and'W.  Fix,  as  his 
associates  in  the  various  departments,  he  carried  forward  the  work, 
when  the  present  incumbent,  Rev.  C.  H.  Kiracofe,  A.  M.,  an 
alumnus  of  Outterbein  University,  Ohio,  was  called  to  the  head  of 
the  institution.  Within  his  administration,  the  library  has  been 
largely  increased,  the  government  of  the  institution  and  its  courses 
of  study  have  been  radically  changed  and  improved,  and  the  insti- 
tution brought  into  more  complete  harmon}'  with  the  genius  and 
polity  of  the  United  Brethren  Church. 


568  BARTHOLOMEW    COUNT V. 

The  first  class,  consisting  of  two  members,  was  graduated  in 
1859,  ^^^^  next  in  1866.  At  the  present  time,  1888,  tlie  alumni  and 
*tilumn£e  of  the  institution  number  seventy-six,  of  whom  a  large  per 
cent,  are  ministers.  Others  are  professors  and  presidents  in  colleges, 
editors,  lawyers,  physicians,  teachers,  housekeepers,  farmers,  etc.  Of 
those  not  taking  a  full  course,  some  have  become  even  more  distin- 
guished than  the  graduates.  From  the  beginning  both  sexes  have 
been  admitted  to  the  institution  on  the  same  conditions  and  with 
like  privileges,  and,  doubtless,  many  an  interesting  reminiscence 
might  be  given  by  a  Pyramus  and  a  Thisby  making  love  under 
difficulties,  or,  of  marches  stolen  upon  an  unsuspecting  (?)  faculty, 
but  since  the  unwritten  part  of  histor}'  is  often  the  most  thrillingly 
interesting  part,  it  may  be  well  to  leave  this  portion  of  our  history 
unwritten,  or,  at  least,  for  the  pen  of  some  alumnus  or  alumna  who 
may  have  been  a  participant  of  the  events. 

The  financial  condition  of  the  institution  has  alwa3's  been  em- 
barrassing, and  has  militated  much  against  its  success.  The  his- 
tor}'  of  higher  education  in  the  State,  will,  possibly,  not  show 
another  institution  which  has  done  as  much  work,  and  done  it  so 
well,  at  so  little  expense.  In  this  respect  Hartsville  College  chal- 
lenges comparison. 

Its  courses  of  stud}'  are  such  as  are  offered  in  the  ordinary 
western  college.  It  has  been  and  will  continue  to  be  the  place 
where  many  a  poor  boy  or  girl  may  secure  an  education,  who,  for 
want  of  means,  could  not  secure  it  elsewhere.  To  all  such,  as  well 
as  to  the  more  wealth}',  the  doors  of  Hartsville  College  are  ever 
wide  open. 

Progress  Under  the  New  Constitution. —  We  have  already 
spoken  of  the  condition  of  things  previous  to  this  time,  when  there 
was  little  or  no  funds  to  pay  the  teachers,  and  none  to  build  houses 
or  provide  furniture  or  school  apparatus.  The  houses  were  built 
by  the  liberalty  of  the  citizens  of  the  district;  and  meager  school 
fund  was  supplemented  by  subscriptions  sufficient  to  satisf}'  the 
teacher.  There  was  no  sj'Stem  of  free  schools  in  Indiana  at  this 
time.  The  new  Constitution  was  adopted  in  185 1,  providing  for  a 
system  of  free  public  schools.  The  Legislature  carried  this 
provision   into   effect  in   June,   1852,   by   a   tax  levy  of    10  cents 


SCHOOLS.  569 

on  each  $100  worth  of  taxable  property,  for  the  support  of  the 
schools.  Also  for  the  building  and  repairing  of  school  houses; 
for  furnishing  fuel  and  apparatus  for  the  use  of  the  pupils.  The 
township  Trustees  were  charged  with  the  dut}'  of  carr3'ing  these 
provisions  into  effect.  With  this  advance  step  came  a  new  era. 
The  old  log  structure  passed  away  and  better  houses,  better  teach- 
ers, longer  terms  of  school,  and  better  attendance  were  the  results. 
In  1859  came  the  law  changing  the  number  of  Trustees  in  each 
township  to  one  instead  of  three  Trustees,  with  clerk  and  treasurer 
as  before.  A  few  years  later,  about  1865,  the  tax  was  increased 
to  16  cents  on  the  100,  to  meet  the  demands  of  an  increasing  popu- 
lation. 

Again,  in  1867,  in  obedience  to  an  advanced  public  opinion, 
came  the  law  allowing  the  Trustees  to  levy  an  amount  sufllcient,  if 
desired,  to  open  their  schools  from  eight  to  ten  months  each  3-ear. 
As  time  passed  on  still  higher  ground  was  taken.  Normal  schools 
were  established  for  the  training  of  teachers.  Teachers'  institutes 
and  associations  were  organized  in  ever};-  county  in  the  State. 
Principles  and  methods  were  discussed  as  never  before;  the  stand- 
ard was  elevated  and  culminated  under  the  lead  of  State  Superin- 
tendent M.  B.  Hopkins  in  the  count}^  superintendency  act  of  1873. 
With  it  came  another  step  in  advance  and  Indiana  came  to  the 
front  educationall}'.  This  act  brought  the  office  of  County  Super- 
intendent in  place  of  school  examiner  with  enlarged  duties  and 
greater  usefulness.  With  it  came  township  institutes  and  a  County 
Board  of  Education,  from  which  we  have  uniformity  of  text  books 
and  grading  of  our  town  and  countr}'-  schools.  The  S3'^stem  is  being 
perfected  and  the  standard  of  qualifications  for  the  teacher  is  being 
elevated  by  a  better  S3'^stem  of  examination  than  before.  The  lead- 
ing educators,  trustees  and  patrons  of  this  count}'-  have  always 
shown  a  disposition  to  keep  abreast  of  all  advanced  movements  in 
the  cause  of  education.  Hence  the  liberal  support  given  to  our 
public  schools  in  the  payment  of  special  and  tuition  taxes  for  the 
building  and  furnishing  of  all  needed  apparatus,  for  reference 
books,  and  the  pa^-ment  of  teachers'  salaries. 

This  spirit  is  further  shown  in  the  generous  support  given  to  the 
various  private  educational  institutions  already  mentioned  in  the 


570  IJARTJIOLOMinV    COUNTY. 

townsliip  histories.  The  Ilartsvillc  University  was  fouiuled  in  1850 
b}'  the  United  Bretliren  Church.  The  Moravian  Female  Semi- 
nary at  Hope  was  opened  in  1S66.  The  Friends'  Seminary  or  High 
School  in  Sand  Creek  Township  has  been  in  successful  operation 
for  more  than  twenty-five  3'ears,  wlule  our  Columbus  City  High 
School  which  was  founded  in  1859  lias  turned  out  more  than  one 
hundred  graduates,  besides  the  large  number  who  have  been  pre- 
pared for  business  or  have  finished  llieir  education  in  other  institu- 
tions of  learning. 

We  are  indebted  for  mucli  of  this  spirit  of  education  to  the 
leading  teachers,  educators  and  school  oflicers  within  our  own  bor- 
ders, many  of  whom  have  alread}^  been  mentioned,  others  will  fol- 
low. Gideon  B.  Hart,  uncle  of  George  Pence,  of  Columbus,  was 
school  commissioner  for  many  years,  indeed  almost  as  long  as  one 
was  needed.  He  was  a  wdde-awake,  noble-hearted  man.  He  re- 
signed the  office  in  1847  and  was  succeeded  b}^  the  late  William 
H.  H.  Terrell,  of  Indianapolis.  Rav.  N.  S.  Dickey  held  the  posi- 
tion as  school  examiner  for  man}'^  3'ears.  He  w^as  followed  by 
Prof.  Amos  Burns,  who  held  the  position  four  years  or  till  187  i. 
To  his  efforts,  perhaps,  more  than  to  any  of  his  predecessors  is  due 
the  careful  discrimination  in  reference  to  the  teacher's  character 
and  qualifications,  and  his  aptness  to  teach.  Prof.  Burns  was  a 
close  student  and  a  critical  scholar,  and.  his  habits  were  brought  to 
bear  upon  the  teachers'  work  in  the  school  room  as  well  as  upon 
his  manuscript.  Hence  there  was  a  corresponding  advance  in  the 
methods  of  instruction  in  the  school  room. 

J.  M.  Wallace  was  the  next  examiner,  and  held  the  position  for 
two  3'ears,  or  until  the  ofTice  was  merged  into  that  of  County 
Superintendent.  On  account  of  the  liberalit3'  of  the  count3'  com- 
missioners he  was  permitted  to  do  more  school  visiting  under  the 
law  than  any  previous  examiner.  In  June,  1873,  he  was  elected 
Count3'  Superintendent  b3'-  the  township  Trustees,  which  position  he 
held  for  ten  years,  or  until  18S3.  He  brought  a  rare  devotion  to 
the  cause  of  education,  and  a  conscientious  discharge  of  dut3'-,  ex- 
tending to  all  the  details  of  his  office.  This  united  with  good  ex- 
ecutive ability,  and  an. interest  in  his  work  which  never  flagged, 
contributed  to  produce  a  successful  administration. 


SCHOOLS.  571 

During  this  period  a  g-n.:ater  advance  educationally  was  made 
than  in  any  previous  decade.  This  was  owing  largely  to  an  in- 
creased effort  on  the  part  of  the  educators  of  the  State  to  elevate 
the  standard  of  education  preceding  and  following  the  adoption  of 
the  amcndmenls  to  the  school  law  known  as  the  "County  Superin- 
tency  Act"';  also  to  the  enlargement  and  extension  of  the  powers 
and  duties  of  the  County  Superintendent.  The  county  institutes 
were  better  attended,  and  more  enthusiasm  prevailed.  Township 
institutes  brought  the  Superintendent  in  direct  contact  with  the 
teacher,  which  enabled  him  to  see  his  weak  and  strong  points  and 
to  administer  "  a  word  in  season."  The  standard  of  examination 
for  teachers'  license  was  raised  and  better  teachers  was  the  result. 
A  graded  course  of  study  for  the  common  schools  was  prepared 
by  the  Count}'  Superintendent,  a  uniform  series  of  text  books  was 
adopted  by  the  count}^  board  of  education  and  immediately  intro- 
duced in  the  schools  of  this  count3\  A  system  of  monthly  and 
term  reports  was  placed  in  the  hands  of  the  teachers,  which  has 
been  kept  up  and  improved  each  year. 

These  amendments  have  been  opposed  and  their  repeal  attempted 
at  almost  ever}^  meeting  of  the  Legislature  since  their  passage. 
Yet  they  still  remain  on  the  statute  books,  and  during  the  fifteen 
years  since  their  passage  no  material  change  has  been  made  by 
friends  of  the  law  except  that  in  relation  to  an  extension  of  teach- 
ers' license.  W.  T.  Hacker  was  elected  in  18S3,  and  served  ac- 
.  ceptably  a  term  of  two  years.  Prof.  Amos  Burns  was  elected  in 
1885,  and  entered  upon  the  duties  of  his  office  with  the  same  care 
and  pains-taking  fidelity  that  had  characterized  his  work  fourteen 
years  before.  The  present  incumbent  is  James  W.  Wells,  elected 
in  1887.  He  is  now  devoting  his  time  faithfully  to  the  duties  of 
his  office.  During  the  last  five  years  much  good  work  has  been 
done  in  the  schools  of  the  count}'.  The  examination  for  teachers' 
license  has  been  made  more  diflicult.  The  number  of  pupils  who 
have  passed  through  the  graded  course  of  study  in  the  pubfic 
schools  of  the  county  and  graduated  therefrom  has  increased  each 
year.  The  first  examination  for  this  purpose  was  held  in  1882-3. 
A  reading  circle  has  been  established  for  the  county,  and  much  in- 
terest is  being  manifested  in  its  success.     We  may  add  also  that  in 


572  .    BARTHOLOMEW    COUNT V. 

addition  to  the  eight  common  scliool  branches,  most  of  the  town 
graded  schools  and  many  of  the  district  schools  teach  algebra, 
•German,  civil  government  and  elements  of  natural  philosophy.  We 
wish  here  to  remark  that  while  much  of  the  early  school  history  of 
our  county  has  been  lost  or  exists  only  in  the  mind  of  the  "  oldest 
inhabitant,"  yet  we  have  plenty  of  material  from  which  to  draw 
during  the  last  quarter  of  a  century.  But  we  leave  this  for  the 
future  historian.  We  are  largely  indebted  to  many  men  who  have 
held  high  official  positions  in  our  State  and  educational  institutions 
for  the  high  position  educationally  we  hold  as  a  county,  from  the 
early  labors  of  ex-State  Superintendent  Hobbs,  down  to  the  pres- 
ent State  Superintendent,  La  Follette,  and  especially  for  the  abund- 
ant labors  in  our  county  institutes  from  the  first  one  held  in  this 
county  by  Prof.  J.  M.  Olcott,  in  1S65,  clown  to  the  present  time. 

An  enumeration  of  the  names  of  the  distinguished  educators. 
State  Superintendents,  college  presidents,  professors  and  teachers 
in  normal  schools  and  colleges,  and  editors  of  school  journals  from 
whom  we  have  drawn  both  instruction  and  inspiration  at  our  annual 
gatherings,  would  make  a  list  of  which  an}-  county  might  be  proud. 

Our  earnest  desire  is  that  the  beginning  of  the  next  century 
may  witness  the  highest  ideal  of  a  perfected  county  school  system, 
beginning  with  the  kindergarten  and  ending  with  the  high  school, 
which  shall  give  an  education  perfectly  adapted  to  develop  our 
children  mentall}',  morally,  and  physically. 


^' 


TOWNS.  573 


CHAPTER  IX. 

1!Y   C.    RICKKTTS. 

Towns  —  Ciii'  of  Coiajmhus — When  and  How  FoundivD — • 
Prfvations  of  thk  Early  Settlicks  —  Earev  Taverns — ■ 
Pioneer  Doctors  - —  First  Merchants  —  Railroads  — 
Water  \Yorks,  Gas  and  Electric  Light — Public  Build- 
ings— Additions — Newspapers — FRATj^iNiTiEs — ^  Banking 
—  Manufactories  —  Hope  —  Elizabethtown  —  Harts- 
ville  —  Jonesnille  —  Etc. 

^RIOR  to  the  year  1818,  when  the  treaty  of  St.  Mary's 
extinguished  the  Indian  title  to  a  large  region  of 
countr}'  in  the  southern  half  of  Indiana,  and  opened  the 
land  to  settlement,  there  were  no  white  men  in  what  is 
now  Bartholomew  Count}',  unless  it  were  an  occasional 
hunter  or  trapper  such  as  always  hovers  on  the  frontier 
and  is  a  kind  of  "connecting  link"  between  savage  and 
civilized  life,  and  about  as  near  the  one  as  the  other.  This  barrier 
removed,  the  resistless  tide  of  emigration  moved  onward,  and 
within  the  next  three  years  settlements  were  made  at  a  number  of 
points  in  the  county,  and  much  of  the  land  was  surveyed  and 
"entered." 

The  land  on  which  Columbus  now  stands  was  bought  in 
August,  1820,  b}^  Gen.  John  Tipton  and  Luke  Bonesteel.  In  that 
year  Gen.  Tipton  erected  a  log  house  on  Mt.  Tipton,  the  most  ele- 
vated and  commanding  spot  in  several  miles  square,  and  the  site  of 
the  present  beautiful  residence  of  Mr.  J.  G.  Swartzkopf,  at  the 
west  end  of  Third  Street.  Luke  Bonesteel  built  one  a  little  further 
south  on  the  river  bank  near  where  the  water  works  now  stand, 
and  John  Lindsey  one  at  the  west  end  of  Fourth  Street  near  where 
it  is  now  crossed  by  the  railroad.  Early  in  1S21  a  legal  ferry  was 
also  established  at  this  point,  though  perhaps  one  had  existed  in 
fact  sometime  previous  to  that,  giving  the  place  more  local  promi- 
nence,.    In  that  early  day,  when  the  nearest  neighbors  were  usually 


574  BARTHOLOMEW    COUNTY. 

several  mifes  apaii,  this  constiliitcd  (j^uite  a  village,  which  took  the 
name  of  Tiptonia,  in  honor  of  Gen.  Tipton.  Jt  is  thought  that 
some  kind  of  plat  was  made  of  the  young  town,  but  this  is  not  cer- 
tain as  none  was  ever  placed  on  record. 

On  January  9,  1821,  by  act  of  the  Legislature,  Bartholomew 
County  was  organi^ed,  and  by  the  same  act,  W.  P.  Thompson, 
Edward  E.  Morgan,  John  E,  Clark,  and  James  Hamilton,  were 
appointed  Commissioners  to  select  and  lay  out  a  county  seat.  They 
proceeded  at  once  to  the  discharge  of  their  duty,  and  after  due 
consideration,  selected  Tiptonia  as  the  future  seat  of  justice  for  the 
new  count}'.  It  must  have  been  rather  a  forbidding  spot  at  that 
time  on  which  to  found  a  town,  as  it  was  covered  b^^  a  huge  growth 
of  forest  trees,  surrounded  by  swamps  and  bayous  from  which 
arose  rank  gases,  filling  the  air  with  malaria  and  rendering  it  pe- 
culiarly unhealthy.  It  is  not  known  what  influenced  the  Commis- 
sioners to  select  this  site,  but  we  may  presume  that  they  had  the 
sagacity  to  look  forward  to  a  time  when  the  forests  would  be 
cleared  away,  the  swamps  drained  and  the  county  become  rich  and 
salubrious  as  we  see  it  to-day.  At  that  time,  too,  flat-boating  was 
the  principal  means  of  shipping  produce  and  goods,  and  this  being 
at  the  junction  of  Flat  Rock  and  Blue  rivers,  the  head  of  naviga- 
tion, unless  during  high  water,  was  a  natural  shipping  point.  Per- 
haps, also,  the  donation  of  thirt}'  acres  of  land  by  Gen.  Tipton  was 
not  without  its  influence.  Luke  Bonesteel,  who  seems  to  have  had 
less  public  spirit  and  more  acquisitiveness  than  his  neighbor  Tipton, 
sold  the  Commissioners  thirty  acres  more  for  $2,000,  which  must 
have  been  rather  an  exorbitant  price  at  that  time.  They  appointed 
John  Newton,  County  Agent  to  survey  and  lay  off  the  town  and 
"dispose  of  the  lots  at  public  sale.  The  Commissioners  a  few 
weeks  later  changed  the  name  from  Tiptonia  to  Columbus,  which 
was  rather  an  ungracious  return  to  Gen.  Tipton  for  his  generous 
donation  of  land. 

The  original  plat  shows  that  the  town  —  on  paper  —  extended 
from  the  present  southern  boundary,  north  to  Harrison  (now  6th) 
Street,  and  from  the  river  east  to  Mechanic  Street.  The  public 
square,  exclusive  of  streets,  contained  a  httle  more  than  two  acres. 
The  width  of  Washington,  Jackson,  Merriam  (2)  and  Tipton  (3) 


TOWNS.  575 

streets  was  eighty  feet,  and  of  l^indsc}-,  Brown,  Franklin,  Me- 
chanic, Water,  Mulbeny  (i),  Walnut  (4)  and  Harrison  (5)  sixty 
feet,  an^J  the  alleys  were  twelve  feet.  The  lots  were  75  feet  front 
and  150  feet  deep,  and  were  222  in  number.  The  first  sales  were 
made  on  the  15th  day  of  June,  1821,  and  122  of  the  lots  disposed 
of;  John  Newton  having  in  the  meantime  been  removed  as  County 
Agent,  and  John  Dowling  appointed  in  his  stead.  The  terms  of 
sale  were  one-fiftli  cash,  the  remainder  in  three  annual  pa}-ments, 
with  eight  per  cent,  off  for  cash.  The  prices  ranged  from  $10  to 
$200  per  lot,  and  the  total  amount  realized  was  $6,289.  '^^^^  ^°^~ 
lowing  are  the  names  of  some  of  the  earhest  purchasers,  some  from 
the  agent  and  others  from  Luke  Bonesteel:  David  Stipps,  William 
McDonald,  Jacob  Kelly,  WiUiam  Beard,  Thomas  Maskal,  Jacob 
Rice,  Charles  Depauw,  William  Chipman,  Col.  John  C.  Vawter, 
James  McKinney,  Peter  B.  W^right,  John  McEwen,  James  Dun- 
lav}'-,  R.  H.  Jacob,  Joseph. Nicely,  Harr}'  Brown,  David  Hall, 
Thomas  Harrison,  James  Vanmeter,  Elizabeth  Grifhth,  Richard 
Fansher,  David  McEwen,  J.  B.  Fugit,  Patrick  Murphy,  John  Mc- 
Kinne}^  John  Young,  Daniel  Grant,  John  W.  Hallister,  Philip 
Switzer,  Ira  Grover,  Benjamin  Irwin,  Horace  Dow'ning,  David 
Hager,  Elijah  Ferry,  John  Herrick,  Julius  R.  Matson,  Jacob  Mc- 
Adoo,  Samuel  Mackinson,  Solomon  Stout,  Sophronia  Kent,  Eben- 
ezer  Ward,  James  Dunham,  Newton  C.  Jones,  Samuel  Crittenden, 
Jacob  Lain,  Henry  McBride,  John  Orr,  Jeremiah  Grover,  James 
Dueson,  John  Moffatt,  Philip  Redinbaugh,  Reuben  Henshaw^,  Jacob 
Lewis,  Hiram  H.  Lewis,  David  Dietz  and  Thomas  Hankson. 
While  some  of  these  purchasers  were  doubtless  non-residents  who 
bought  for  speculative  purposes,  most  of  the  persons  named  soon 
took  up  their  abode  in  the  village,  as  their  names  appear  on  the  tax 
list  and  other  public  records  at  intervals;  and  the  new^  town  seems 
to  have  assumed  quite  a  prosperous  air  for  a  backwoods  place,  la- 
boring under  so  many  disadvantages,  of  which  the  present  genera- 
ation  can  scarcely  form  a  conception. 

Judging  from  the  character  of  their  work  remaining,  and  from 
the  estimate  of  those  3'et  living  who  can  remember  them,  the  found- 
ers of  Columbus  must  have  been  men  of  great  energ}',  resolution 
and  strong  common  sense,  and  many  of  them  possessed  of  a  good 


576  BARTHOLOMEW    COUNTV. 

education.  The}-  proceeded  without  delay  to  organize  an  orderly 
communit}-,  elect  olTicers,  establish  courts  of  justice,  provide  (or 
-churches  and  schools,  and  put  in  operation  all  the  machinery  and 
aycncies  of  a  civilized  and  enlio-htened  government.  Many  of 
theii!  were  men  who  had  fought  in  the  War  of  iSi 2,  the  Indian 
wars,  and  some  even  in  the  Revolution;  they  were  inured  to  all 
manner  of  danger  and  hardships,  and  did  not  h(*sitate  at  diflicultfes 
that  would  have  been  insurmountable  to  men  of  less  experience 
and  resolution.  Tliere  were  also  quite  a  number  from  the  Eastern 
States,  endowed  with  more  education  and  refinement,  if  less  ex- 
perience in  the  rough  life  of  the  frontier,  and  they  exercised  an 
excellent  influence  in  moulding  the  character  and  shaping  the 
affairs  of  the  new  community. 

At  first  all  goods,  such  as  clothing,  salt,  sugar,  whisky,  nails 
and  such  indispensible  articles  were  carried  on  pack  horses  from 
some  point  on  the  river,  usually  from  Madison.  With  the  opening 
of  the  State  road  from  that  city  some  time  later,  wagons  came  into 
use  and  a  new  industr}-^  was  established,  some  persons  making  a 
business  of  hauling  goods  from  the  river.  Henry  Brown,  John 
Adams  and  Thomas  Dudle}^  were  among  the  most  noted  of  these 
old  teamsters.  A  stage  line  was  established  later  for  the  carrying 
of  passengers  and  the  mail.  The  roads  were  extremely  bad,  the 
streams  often  swollen,  and  it  sometimes  took  several  days  to  make 
the  trip  even  with  a  very  small  load.  The  most  of  what  was  ship- 
ped out  went  by  flat-boat  to  New  Orleans  or  other  cities  down  the 
river,  and  this  was  quite  a  business  for  a  good  many  j^ears  after 
the  town  was  settled.  It  was  not  until  some  time  in  182 1,  that  there 
was  even  a  postofiice  in  the  Hmits  of  the  county;  previous  to  that 
time  the  people  having  to  go  either  to  Vernon  or  Brownsto\yn,  two 
"days'  journey,  to  receive  or  send  their  mail  and  paying  as  high  as 
twent^'-five  cents  postage  On  a  single  letter.  But  as  they  handled 
but  little  mail,  this  was  one  of  their  minor  inconveniences.  In  1821 
a  postoffice  was  established  in  Columbus,  which  answered  for  the 
whole  county  until  1832,  in  which  year  offices  were  located  at 
Azalia,  Newbern  and  Hope. 

All  the  first  homes  were  primitive  log   cabins,   with   puncheon 
floors  and  doors  of  the  same  material,  hung  on  wooden  hinoes.     A 


TOWNS.  577 

man  who  could  afford,  a  house  with  two  rooms,  or  built  of  hewn 
logs,  was  regarded  as  an  aristocrat  —  even  the  Hrst  juiblic  buildings 
were  maHc  of  logs,  but  it  was  not  many  years  until  the  most  of 
these  gave  way  to  brick  or  frame.  The  public  s(]uare  was  in  a 
state  of  nature  and  on  tlie  first  Monday  in  Mav  after  the  town  was 
laid  out,  the  clearing  of  the  square  was  publicly  let  to  the  lowest 
bidder  feu-  the  sum  of  $46.62 ;<.  This,  however,  included  only  the 
cutting  of  the  trees  and  burning  the  brush.  The  smaller  logs  were 
used  in  building  cabins,  but  the  larger  ones  remained  on  the  ground 
until  the  summer  of  1822.  In  that  year  Ira  G.  Grover  came  from 
Cincinnati  with  a  stock  of  goods  and  opened  a  store  on  the  south- 
west corner  of  the  square.  He  was  a  public-spirited  man  as  well 
as  a  man  of  fine  taste,  and  could  not  long  brook  the  unseemly  sight 
of  the  great  logs  covering  the  square_  and  soon  raised  a  popular 
subscription  of  $55  and  had  them,  cleared  awa3^  Many  of  the 
large  stumps  remained  for  years  and  were  often  used  as  a  platform 
from  which  politicians  and  other  public  speakers  harrangued  the 
people,  made  "  stump  speeches  "  in  a  literal  sense.  At  the  same 
time  that  the  contract  was  let  for  cutting  the  timber  on  the  square,. 
a  contract  was  also  let  for  building  an  estray  pen,  price  $27,  and  a 
log  jail,  price  $112.  The  house  of  Lake  Bonesteel  was  used  for 
some  years  as  a  court  house. 

Early  Taverns. —  Small  as  the  town  was,  and  as  few  travelers 
as  there  naturall}'^  would  be  under  the  circumstances,  it  was  early 
supplied  with  a  number  of  taverns  —  they  did  not  have  hotels  in 
those  daj-s.  As  early  as  1821,  James  Dunston,  John  Lindsey  and 
David  Stipp,  are  recorded  as  "keeping  taverns,"  and  in  1822,  the 
names  of  Thomas  Hinkson,  Newton  C.  Jones  and  Samuel  Beck, 
are  added  to  these.  It  is  not  to  be  supposed,  however,  that  these 
taverns  were  very  imposing  structures,  elaborate  in  outfit,  or  that 
the  income  of  the  proprietors  was  calculated  to  make  "  bloated 
capitalists."  Under  the  law  at  that  time,  tavern-keepers  were 
licensed  to  sell  liquor,  and  a  number  of  these  taverns  had  no  ac- 
commodation for  man  or  beast,  the  license  merel}'^  serving  as  a 
cover  for  the  sale  of  liquor.  Afterward  the  law  permitted  "  gro- 
ceries" and  "  stores,"  to  sell  liquor  also,  and  many  of  these  estab- 
lishments had  about  the  same  outfit  as  the  "  taverns."     In  addition  to 


57^  BARTHOLOMEW    COUNTY. 

those  given  the  following  named  persons  were  engaged  in  the  same 
business  in  Columbus,  during  the  very  early  years  of  its  history: 
J.  F.  Jones,  Jerry  Grover,  Savern  Jones,  L.  M.  Hedges,  Dr.  W.  P. 
Kirger,  Aquilla  Jones,  John  B.  Hunter,  William  Wilkerson,  W.  P. 
Sims,  O.  Sims,  L.  Sims,  James  N.  Laine,  B.  B.  White,  James 
Hobbs,  Philip  Daily,  L.  D.  Jones,  John  McKinney,  John  Adams, 
John  C.  Hubbard,  Elias  Bedford,  and  John  Jacob.  I\Iost^)f  these 
were  only  temporarily  in  the  business,  but  a  few  of  them  continued 
in  it  until  a  comparatively  recent  date,  notabl}'  J.  F.  Jones,  or 
"Jack"  Jones,  as  he  was  familiarly  known.  He  kept  the  "Jones 
House,"  on  the  southeast  corner  of  the  square,  which  for  many 
years  was  the  leading  hotel,  and  was  at  the  height  of  its  popularity 
during  Jones'  administration.  A  histor}-  of  this  noted  house  under 
its  various  names  and  different  landlords  would  make  an  interest- 
ing volume  of  itself.  Although  shorn  of  its  former  glory  and  pres- 
tige by  more  pretentious  and  costly  hotels,  it  still  remains  and  does 
a  fair  business  under  the  name  of  "  Germania  Hotel."  Mr.  Jones, 
the  old  landlord,  afterward  removed  to  Greencastle,  Ind.,  where  he 
died  in  1886,  at  an  advanced  age.  One  pecuharity  about  him  was 
that  he  never  ate  a  bite  of  solid  food  from  the  time  he  was  a  mere 
child,  having  at  that  time  received  a  severe  injury  to  the  throat  by 
taking  a  drink  of  concentrated  lye  that  almost  closed  the  passage 
ever  afterward. 

Early  Mills.— Yox  a  number  of  3'ears  after  its  settlement  Col- 
umbus had  no  mills,  and  except  what  meal  and  flour  was  liauled 
in  b}'^  wagons,  the  dependence  was  on  several  primitive  mills  in 
the  country.  The  first  in  the  county  was  a  hand  mill  owned  by 
Daniel  Branbom,  about  two  miles  east  of  the  town,  which  was  kept 
going  day  and  night,  each  man  doing  his  own  grinding  and  paying 
no  toll.  Soon  after  a  horse  mill  was  established  at  the  INIcFall  set- 
tlement on  Clifty,  and  another  at  the  present  site  of  Dipper's  mill. 
Next  was  a  small  water  mill  that  ground  both  wheat  and  corn,  on 
Haw  Creek,  three  miles  northeast  of  Columbus,  owned  by  Joseph 
Cox  and  his  son  Thomas.  In  182 1,  mills  were  also  located  at 
Lowell  and  at  the  crossing  of  Clifty  on  the  State  road  southeast  of 
the  town.  In  1831,  Thomas  Cox  built  a  custom  mill  on  Flat  Rock, 
two   miles  north  of  the  town,  the  water  supply  in  Haw  Creek  hav- 


1 


-^^yi^^<^ 


(Z-j^  /^c^^^^— 


TOWNS.  581 

ing  grown  iiisufliciciit.  Tliis  mill  did  a  good  business  for  many 
years.  The  first  Columbus  mill  proper,  was  built  by  Isaac  Patter- 
son in  4835,  on-  Flat  Rock,  north  of  the  city.  He  experienced 
much  trouble  on  account  of  the  dam  washinf:  out,  and  after  ex- 
changing  hands  several  times,  the  mill  was  abandoned  in  1847. 
The  next  year  Banfill  &  Griflilh  extended  the  ra'ce  for  this  mill  and 
built  a  flouring  mill  near  it,  now  the  east  end  of  the  railroad  bridge. 
This  was  sold  to  Captain  Whitesides,  w)u)  ran  it  until  1858,  when 
it  was  burned.  A  temporary  custom  mill  was  erected  in  its  stead, 
which  ran  for  a  few  years,  when  the  water  power  and  site  were 
sold  to  the  woolen  mills  company  who  erected  a  large  woolen  mill, 
that  was  also  burned  some  years  later.  The  first  steam  mill  was 
built  in  1856,  by  Crane,  Gent  &  Bass,  on  the  present  site  of  the 
Caroline  Mills.  It  was  called  the  "  Railroad  Mill,"  and  did  a  pros- 
perous business  for  eighteen  years.  In  1863,  Carr  and  Upton 
built  an  extensive  mill  on  the  corner  of  Washington  and  Fifth 
streets,  which,  after  passing  through  several  hands,  was  burned  in 
1 87 1.  J.  V.  Stor}^,  in  1863,  erected  the  brick  mill  on  the  corner  of 
Franklin  and  Fifth,  which  in  1875  was  changed  into  a  homin}'  mill. 
A  large  steam  flouring  mill  was  built  by  Rominger  &  Banner  in 
1875,  which  did  an  extensive  business  until  1887,  when  it  was  also 
burned.  This,  we  believe,  includes  all  the  Columbus  grain  mills 
that  have  ceased  to  exist. 

Early  Doctors.  —  The  city  and  surrounding  countr}^  earty  af- 
forded a  fruitful  field  for  doctors.  The  man}'-  sluggish  streams, 
swamps,  bayous,  the  rank  and  decaying  vegetation  long  rendered 
the  "  Driftwood  bottoms  "  proverbial  for  unhealthfulness,  and  fevers 
and  malarial  diseases  of  all  kinds  here  found  a  home.  For  a  loner 
time  a  swamp  in  which  water  stood  the  year  round  covered  the 
northwest  corner  of  the  square  and  several  acres  of  adjoining 
land.  There  is  a  well  authenticated  tradition  that  at  one  time  in 
the  summer  of  1821  there  was  but  one  well  man  in  the  town  and 
he  was  soon  after  drowned  on  a  trip  down  the  river  with  a  flat-boat. 
F.  J.  Crump,  afterward  one  of  Columbus'  most  noted  citizens,  and 
the  weAlthiest  man  the  county  ever  produced,  was  then  a  coffin 
maker  and  was  kept  pretty  busy,  often  making  two  or  three  a  day. 
The  outfit  of  a  doctor  was  a  slight  knowledge  of  medicine,  a  horse, 
19 


582  BARTIIOLOMinV    COUNTY. 

and  a  lar<;e  pair  of  saddle-bags  in  wliicli  he  carried  liis  few  medi- 
cines and  surgical  instruments  —  such  a  thing  as  sending  a  prescrip- 

vtion  to  a  drug  store  \vas  unknown.  As  stated,  the  principal 
diseases  were  of  a  malarial  nature  and  the  chief  medicine  was 
calomel  —  quinine  came  later  —  and  this  was  dealt  out  in  copious 

■  doses,  and  many  an  unhappy  patient  suffered  more  from  the  medi- 
cine than  the  disease.  The  lancet  was  almost  as  indespensable  as 
calomel  and  a  patient  was  bled  on  the  slightest  provocation.  What, 
with  the  malarious  climate,  the  calomel  and  the  lancet,  the  settlers 
often  had  a  wretched  time  of  it  and  many  succumbed  to  the  accu- 
mulated burdens  and  found  but  a  grave  where  the}'  had  fondly 
hoped  to  establish  a  home.  Neither  was  the  life  of  a  physician  one 
to  be  envied;  they  bore  their  full  share  of  the  early  privations  and 
are  entitled  to  a  large  portion  of  the  honor  and  reverence  accorded 
other  pioneers.  They  were  expected  to  respond  to  all  calls,  day  or 
night,  and  often  made  long  journeys  through  the  wilderness  over 
almost  impassable  roads  or  no  roads,  forded  streams,  endured  wet 
and  cold,  faced  hardships  and  dangers  that  required  an  iron  consti- 
tution, nerves  of  steel  and  undaunted  courage.  Then,  too,  Hke  the 
pioneer  preacher  and  teacher,  they  had  to  take  their  pay  in  "  truck," 
a  sack  of  corn,  load  of  wood,  a  pig  or  whatever  their  patients  could 
spare.  The  first  doctors  were  not  noted  for  great  scientific  attain- 
ments, but  man}^  of  them  were  men  of  strong,  practical  common 
sense,  skillful  for  their  opportunities  and  indispensable  in  the  com- 
munity. They  were,  perhaps,  more  generally  known  and  are 
better  remembered  than  any  of  the  other  pioneers,  and  it  would  be 
a  pleasant  task  to  give  a  personal  sketch  of  each  did  the  scope  of 
this  article  permit. 

Dr.  Samuel  Ritchie  was  one  of  the  earliest,  belonged  to  the 
*' calomel  school,"  and  was  considered  a  safe  and  reliable  practi- 
tioner. He  lived  in  a  two-story  log  house  on  the  spot  where  Dr. 
,S.  M.  Linton's  house  now  is,  and  his  wife  was  the  first  woman 
teacher  in  Columbus.  Dr.  Samuel  Osborne  came  from  New  York, 
-was  very  popular  professionaly  and  socially,  but  was  unable  to 
withstand  the  hardships,  and  soon  died.  Dr.  William  L.  Wash- 
"burn  occupies  a  prominent  place  in  local  history.  He  was  an  in- 
fluential citizen  as  well  as  skillful  ph^-sician,  and  occupied   a  num- 


TOWNS.  583 

ber  of  public  positions  in  the  count}'.  His  descendants  still  reside 
here,  Mr.  William  Washbur.n,  Sr.,  being  his  grandson.  Dr.  Joseph 
A.  Baxter  was  also  an  eastern  man,  and  probabl}-^  the  best  educated 
of  the  earh'  pratitioners.  lie  was  successful  and  popular  among 
the  more  intelligent  and  relined  class,  though  it  is  said  that  the 
rougher  elements  did  not  take  kindly  to  his  genteel  manners.  He 
also  kept  the  first  drug  store,  or  apothecarj-'s  shop,  in  Columbus. 
Dr.  Tiffin  Davis  was  a  man  of  immense  energy  and  courage,  and 
attained  an  enviable  reputation,  especially  as  a  surgeon,  often  being 
called  to  attend  cases  of  that  branch  twenty  miles  away.  Dr.  Joseph 
Fasset  settled  at  Lowell  Mills,  but  his  practice  covered  the  same 
territor}'  as  the  Columbus  doctors.  He  belonged  to  the  "  botanic 
school,"  which  became  quite  popular  for  a  time  and  was  a  kind  of 
protest  against  the  inordinate  use  of  calomel.  He  was  also  a  Bap- 
tist preacher  and  teacher  as  well  as  physician,  and  withal  a  very 
useful  citizen  and  highly  esteemed.  Dr.  William  P.  Kizer  was  one 
of  the  earhest,  and  a  somewhat  noted  individual  in  the  community, 
but  was  regarded  as  a  kind  of  quack  in  the  profession. 

First  Merchants. —  Perhaps  the  first  store  established  in  Colum- 
bus was  by  John  Williamson  and  son  Frazier,  in  the  fall  of 
1 82 1.  They  had  about  $300  worth  of  stock  of  such  articles 
as  could  be  most  easily  transported  through  the  wilderness 
and  were  indispensable  to  the  settlers.  In  the  spring  of  1822, 
Ira  G.  Grover  erected  a  store  room  on  the  southwest  cor- 
ner of  the  square,  and  in  June,  brought  three  large  wagon 
loads  of  goods,  bought  in  Cincinnati  and  Philadelphia,  some 
$4,000  worth,  which  was  a  mammoth  stock  for  that  day.  He  ap- 
pears to  have  had  almost  a  monopoly  for  a  short  time,  but  the  cli- 
mate proved  too  much  for  him,  and  in  March,  1825,  he  removed  to 
Greensburg  w^here  he  lived  until  a  ver}'  recent  date,  a  prosperous 
and  honored  citizen.  Prior  to  1830,  a  number  of  stores  w:as  es- 
tablished, but  many  of  these  were  like  some  of  the  taverns,  onl}'  a 
cover  for  the  sale  of  liquor,  as  the  law  for  a  time,  permitted  the 
sale  of  this  article  by  store  keepers.  John  C.  Hubbard  had  a  store 
on  the  east  side  of  the  square,  w^here  Pape's  cigar  store  is  now,  and 
a  part  of  the  original  building  is  still  standing.  John  M.  Guinn  had 
a  brick  store  room  on  the  west  side  of  the  square,  about  the  pres- 


584  BARTIIOLOMICW  COUNTY. 

ent  site  of  the  Indiana  House,  and  Hager  &  Wilson  one  on  tlie 
nortluvest  corner.  Other  early  merchants,  some  perhaps  as  early 
i  as  lliose  nientionetl,  were  David  Dietz  recently  deceased,  Mitchell 
&  Jones,  Z.  Tannehill,  William  Chapman,  John  McKinne}',  Wilson 
&  Arnold,  William  Adams,  John  Jacobs,  Evan  Arnold,  Giles  Mitch- 
ell, Benjamin  Parker,  Thomas  M.  Weaver,  and  William  Singleton. 

It  was  not  until  1S35  ^'^''^'-  '■''"^  town  had  arrived  at  such  dignity 
as  to  think  of  being  incorporated.  May  6,  of  that  year,  a  petition 
was  presented  to  the  County  Commissioners  asking  to  be  incorpor- 
ated and  an  election  was  ordered  to  vote  on  the  question,  when 
the  proposition  was  voted  down,  chiefl}'  through  the  opposition  of 
John  McKinney.  It  was  revived  again  in  1837,  and  an  election  held 
on  the  15th  of  April,  when  the  friends  of  incorporation  had  a  ma- 
jority. But  thirty-five  votes  were  cast  at  this  election,  showing 
that  the  population  was  yet  very  small  or  that  comparatively  little 
interest  was  felt  in  the  subject. 

The  town  organization  continued  until  June,  1S64,  when  it  was 
concluded  that  the  dignity  and  population  of  the  town  justified  a 
city  government,  and  a  petition  was  presented  to  the  town  council 
asking  that  the  necessary  steps  be  taken  to  secure  a  city  charter. 
An  enumeration  was  made  and  an  election  ordered,  which  resulted 
in  favor  of  the  charter,  which  was  secured,  and  October  24  the 
first  city  election  was  held,  at  which  Smith  Jones  was  elected  Ma3-or. 

Early  in  1869,  the  present  gas  company  was  formed  and  cer- 
tain franchises  granted  it,  by  the  council;  also  a  contract  was  en- 
tered into  for  lighting  the  streets.  The  city  erected  and  owned  the 
posts,  while  the  company  furnished  the  light  at  so  much  per  post. 
On  November  6th,  1869,  the  city  was  lighted  with  gas  for  the  first 
time  amid  much  rejoicing.  More  posts  were  erected  from  time  to 
time  as  needed,  until  1887,  when  the  demand  for  a  better  light  in- 
duced the  company  to  put  in  an  electric  light  plant,  a  contract  hav- 
ing first  been  secured  for  lighting  the  city  for  two  years,  and  the 
gaslight  for  outdoor  purposes  has  been  abandoned. 

Continuing  the  line  of  improvement,  and  realizing  the  necessity 
of  better  protection  from  fire,  in  1870,  the  council  decided  to  con- 
struct water  works,  and  in  the  following  year,  the  present  system  of 
Holly  works  was  completed  at  a  cost  of  not  quite  $54,000,  though 


TOWNS.  585 

improvements  and  extensions  since  have  brouglit  the  total  cost  up 
to  near  $100,000,  At  first  there  was  no  regular  fire  company  and 
the  only  dependence  was  upon  volunteers  to  man  the  hose  when- 
ever the  necessity  arose,  and,  of  course,  the  work  was  ver}''  ineffi- 
cient. Several  severe  losses  soon  taught  the  necessity  of  a  regular 
company,  which  was  organized  in  1S73,  and  has  since  been  main- 
tained, and  soon  became  ver}^  efficient.  H.  C.  Davie  was  the  first 
chief,  and  held  the  position  for  thirteen  years,  when  A.  B.  Reeves 
became  the  head  of  the  force. 

About  this  time,  187 1,  the  cit}-  and  whole  community  suffered 
a  great  loss  in  the  failure  of  McEwen  &  Son's  bank.  This  com- 
pany had  done  an  immense  business  of  various  kinds,  and  their 
failure  for  nearly  half  a  million  dollars  was  crushing  in  its  effect,  and 
dragged  down  many  others  also.  The  bank  was  the  depository  of 
the  city  and  county  funds,  and  by  the  failure  the  former  lost  $17,000 
and  the  latter  $27,000,  only  a  small  portion  of  which  was  afterward 
recovered  from  the  assets. 

yails. —  In  May,  after  the  county  was  organized,  the  building  of 
the  first  jail  was  let  by  the  Commissioners  to  John  S.  McEwen  for 
the  sum  of  $112.  It  stood  on  or  near  the  southeast  corner  of  the 
public  square,  w^as  of  logs,  two  stories  high,  and  of  two  rooms. 
The  lower  room  contained  an  inner  lining  of  oak  wood,  dovetailed 
together  to  give  it  greater  strength.  Two  small  grated  windows 
at  the  top  and  at  opposite  sides  gave  light  and  ventilation.  The 
only  entrance  was  by  a  trap  door  in  the  floor  above,  through  which 
a  ladder  was  let  down  when  it  was  necessar}?^  to  descend  or  ascend. 
This  was  called  the  "dungeon,"  and  was  used  for  the  more  dan- 
gerous class  of  prisoners.  The  upper  room  was  less  secure  but 
more  comfortable,  and  was  known  as  the  "debtor's  room,"  impris- 
onment for  debt  not  having  been  abolished  at  that  time.  It  was 
entered  by  a  stairway  outside.  This  jail  becoming  unfit  for  use,  in 
1832,  a  new  one  was  'built  on  the  corner  of  Brown  and  Walnut 
(4th),  This  was  of  brick,  but  in  other  respects  was  a  duplicate  of 
the  first  one.  It  was  insecure  and  unhealthy  from  the  first,  and  in 
1844,  it  was  torn  down  and  another  built  on  the  same  spot,  of  Ver- 
non limestone,  with  a  brick  residence  adjoining.  This  appears  to 
have  been  a  bad  job  also,  and  the  prisoners  soon  had  the  walls 


586  BARTHOLOMEW    COUNTY. 

almost  picked  to  pieces  in  tlicir  attempts  to  escape,  and  it  was  torn 
down  and  rebuilt  with  heavy  stone  fl'tgging  in  the  dungeon,  and 
gtrung  iron  bolts  inserted  between  all  the  courses  in  the  walls. 
Like  its  predecessors,  this  proved  to  be  unsafe  and  unhealth}',  and 
the  building  and  ground  was  sold  by  the  county,  and  in  1S70,  the 
present  splendid  jail  completed  at  a  cost  of  about  $43,000. 

Loitrt  Houses.  -  As  has  been  stated,  the  residence  of  Luke 
Bonesteel  was  first  used  as  a  court  room,  and  on  June  14,  1821, 
the  Commissioners  bought  the  house  for  $SO,  and  it  continued  to 
be  used  for  the  same  purpose  until  1S28.  At  the  November  term 
of  1821,  the  Commissioners  contracted  with  Col.  Giles  Mitchell  to 
build  a  brick  court  house  to  be  completed  in  eight  years.  Just  why 
so  much  time  was  given  is  uncertain;  perhaps  it  was  partially 
owing  to  the  difficulty  of  obtaining  the  material,  and  also  to  give 
the  county  more  time  in  which  to  pay  for  it.  The  building  was 
forty  feet  square,  two  stories  high,  the  first  story  thirteen  feet  be- 
tween the  floors ;  the  second  stor}^  ten  feet.  It  stood  near  the  cen- 
ter of  the  square.  This  continued  to  be  the  seat  of  justice 
until  1838,  when  the  Commissioners  decided  that  "  the  requirements 
of  the  people  demanded  the  erection  of  a  new  court  house,"  and  a 
committee  was  appointed  to  report  upon  the  propriety  of  the  same. 
The  report  being  favorable,  a  second  committee,  consisting  of  John 
Knapp,  John  Oglesby,  and  EHsha  P.  Jones,  was  appointed  to  draft  a 
model  and  make  report  at  next  meeting,  and  in  May,  1839,  the 
contract  was  let  to  John  Elder,  for  the  price  of  $8,500.  John  M. 
Guinn,  Lewis  F.  Coppersmith,  John  F.  Jones,  John  C.  Hubbard 
and  John  H.  Terrell  were  appointed  to  superintend  the  work. 
This  building  occupied  the  center  of  the  public  square,  was  brick, 
and  was  considered  at  the  time  a  marvel  of  grandeur  and  magnifi- 
.cence. 

But  in  the  course  of  years  the  pubHc  business  of  the  county 
outgrew  this  also,  and  in  1870,  the  County  Commissioners,  Louis 
Essex,  John  P.  Holtz  and  John  W.  Welmer,  decided  to  erect  one 
on  a  scale  that  would  answer  for  generations.  The  work  was  let 
to  McCormack  &  Sweene}',  home  contractors,  for  the  sum  of 
$139,000.  The  work  was  completed  and  turned  over  to  the  county 
near  the  end  of  1874.     The  extra  work  on  the  building,  the  furni- 


TOWNS.  587 

ture,  clock,  Iicating  apparatus,  fence,  etc.,  brought  the  total  cost  of 
tlae  improvement  up  to  near  $250,000,  it  being  at  the  time  of  its 
completion,  the  finest  court  liouse  in  the  State  with  one  or  two  ex- 
ceptions. It  was  dedicated  on  the  29th  of  December,  1S74,  with. 
a  great  banquet  and  ball,  wliich  was  attended  by  many  of  the  most 
prominent  men  of  the  State,  and  some  from  other  States.  A  few 
old  men  were  also  present  who  could  remember  when  court  was 
held  in  the  old  log  house  on  the  river  bank  and  the  site  of  the 
present  structure  was  covered  with  forest  trees,  and  to  them  the 
change  must  have  appeared  little  less  than  marvelous. 

Additions. —  No  addition  was  made  to  the  town  as  first  platted, 
until  1848,  when  Doup's  addition  was  platted.  This  consisted  of 
a  stnp  of  ground  lying  west  of  Washington  Street  and  north  of 
the  Madison  Railroad.  The  next  was  in  March,  1851,  by  Lewis 
Sims  and  Mary  F.  Finley,  contained  two  squares  and  extended 
north  and  east,  from  the  corner  where  the  Catholic  Church  stands. 
In  August,  1 85 1,  Jones,  Irwin  &  Mounts'  addition  was  made.  This 
adjoined  the  original  plat  and  extended  from  Washington  Street 
east  to  Chestnut.  After  this  no  further  additions  were  made  until 
Januar}'",  1862,  when  Irwin's  first  addition  was  recorded.  This 
was  followed  by  Lewds  Sim's  addition,  in  April,  1862,  and  by 
Irwin's  second  addition,  in  July,  1862.  In  November,  1863,  the 
city  cemetery  was  platted  and  recorded  as  an  addition,  by  James  I. 
Irwin.  Keith's  addition  was  made  in  April,  1864,  and  in  Decem- 
ber of  the  same  year,  Hege  &  Hill  still  further  extended  the 
boundaries.  Hunt's  addition  was  made  in  February,  1865,  and 
Irwin's  third  addition,  November,  1866. 

By  petition  of  the  tax-payers  and  action  of  the  County  Commis- 
sioners, several  different  pieces  of  ground  lying  in  various  parts  of 
the  cit}'^  were  platted  and  added  to  its  area,  and  February,  1S73,  by 
the  same  process,  the  boundaries  were  extended  in  almost  every 
direction.  A  small  addition  was  platted  by  Karrenbach,  in  July, 
1870,  and  by  Keith  &  Keith,  October,   1870. 

September,  1875,  Hay's  addition  was  recorded,  and  many  of 
the  lots  sold  at  public  sale.  This  is  a  large  and  important  addition 
lying  between  Tenth  Street  and  the  Cambridge  Railroad.  Feb- 
ruary,   1879,  the  Columbus  Wheel  Company  and  M.  T.  Reeves 


5^8  BARTHOLOMEW    COUXTV. 

added  a  considerable  porlion  wlierc  the  Reeves  manufactoiy  stands. 
In  March,  iSSo,  a  few  lots  were  added  by  William  Manion,  and  in 
December,  iSSo,  a  few  more  by  S.  B.  Samuels.  A  large  plat 
was  added  by  Graham  (!vr  Tompkins,  May,  1881,  consisting  of  sev- 
eral acres  of  land  lying  east  of  Washington  Street  and  south  of  the 
road  that  forms  the  present  northern  boundary  of  the  city.  The 
next  addition  was  by  George  W.  Cooper,  in  May,  1881,  of  grounds 
adjoining  the  Graham  &  Tompkins'  addition  on  the  south.  August, 
18S1,  R.  Whipker  made  a  small  addition,  and  in  March,  1S82, 
Charles  Whipker  still  further  enlarged  this. 

Amos  Burns,  in  May,  1S83,  platted  a  piece  of  land  just  south 
of  the  Cambridge  Railroad  and  between  Washington  and  Franklin 
streets.  This  completed  the  platting  the  entire  length  of  Wash- 
ington Street.  In  July,  1884,  the  large  addition  of  Crump's  heirs 
was  recorded,  consisting  of  twenty  acres  northeast  of  the  city  and 
extending  north  to  the  Cambridge  Railroad,  and  the  addition  of 
Quick's  heirs,  directly  north  of  this,  in  the  following  November, 
completed  the  platting  east  and  north  to  the  corporation  lines,  and 
opened  a  large  and  beautiful  section  for  building  purposes  that  had 
hitherto  been  used  only  for  agriculture.  In  1886,  a  considerable 
addition  was  made  to  the  city  cemetery  by  Horn  &  Pfuffer,  and  in 
June,  1886,  John  A.  Keith  Place,  consisting  of  a  half  a  square 
just  east  of  the  Central  School  building,  was  subdivided  and  placed 
on  record  as  an  addition  to  the  city.  The  last  addition  is  Swengel's 
Park  Place,  three  acres  lying  east  of  the  city  proper,  which  was 
platted  and  recorded  November,  1878.  There  is  a  measure  pend- 
ing before  the  city  council  at  this  time  to  extend  the  boundary  line 
from  the  river  north  of  the  city  entirely  around  until  it  touches  the 
river  on  the  south,  and  which,  if  accomplished,  will  add  some  2,500 
acres  to  the  area  within  the  corporation. 

A^ai/roads.— July  ist,  1844,  marked  an  important  epoch  in  the 
history  of  Columbus,  as  on  that  date  the  Madison  &  Indianapolis 
Railroad  reached  this  point.  This  was  the  first  road  in  the  State, 
was  crude  in  construction  and  equipment,  but  the  first  whisde 
sounded  the  death  knell  of  the  freight  wagon,  the  flat-boat  and  the 
stage  coach.  .  The  Jefferson  Railroad  was  finished  to  Columbus  in 
the  spring  of   1852,   and  the   Columbus   &  Shelbyville   roacj  was 


TOWNS.  589 

commenced  in  June,  1853,  and  finished  the  same  year.  These 
lines  were  afterward  all  leased  b}'  the  Penns^'lvania  Company  and 
operated  as  a  part  of  that  SN'Stem.  For  man)'  years  the  city  suf- 
fered great  disadvantage  for  lack  of  railwa}'  competition,  and  many 
schemes  were  proposed  to  secure  it,  but  without  effect,  until  1SS5, 
the  Columbus,  Hope  &  Greensburg  road,  a  branch  of  the  Cincin- 
nati, Indianapolis,  St.  Louis  &.  Chicago  was  completed.  The  rail- 
road facilities  cf  tliis  city  are  now  equal  to  those  of  any  cit}-  of  its 
size  in  the  country. 

JVc-wsJ>apcrs. —  A  true  and  full  histor_v  of  the  newspaper  ven- 
tures of  Columbus,  would  make  a  varied  and  interesting  chapter, 
full  of  vicissitudes,  humor  and  pathos,  occasional  success  and  man}' 
failures.  Tlie  first  paper  was  the  Columbus  Chronicle^  Lamson  L. 
Dunkin,  publisher.  Dunkin  and  his  father  published  a  paper  at 
Charlestown,  Clark  County,  but  when  Bartholomew  became  more 
thickly  populated,  there  appeared  to  be  an  opening  for  a  paper,  so 
father  and  son  divided  the  material,  and  the  younger  man  came  to 
Columbus.  The  first  number  was  issued  Januar)^  i,  1831,  and  it 
was  predicted  that  it  would  be  short-lived.  But  Dunkin  was  a 
practical  printer,  a  man  of  business,  tact,  popular,  and  succeeded  in 
building  up  a  paying  business,  but  his  health  failed,  and  he  died 
in  1834.  At  Dunkin's  death  it  passed  into  the  hands  of  Williamson 
Terrell  and  James  McCall,  the  latter  a  printer  in  the  office.  Terrell 
was  a  merchant  at  that  time,  afterward  a  minister  in  the  Methodist 
Church,  and  one  of  the  most  noted  pioneer  preachers  of  the  State. 
At  first  the  paper  was  neutral  in  politics,  but  Terrell,  who  was 
neutral  in  nothing,  soon  converted  it  into  a  red-hot  Whig  organ, 
and  changed  the  name  to  Western  Herald.  He  was  a  man  of 
positive  views  and  combative  disposition  which  led  him  into  many 
difficulties  during  his  short  journalistic  career,  but  his  personal  cour- 
age and  great  physical  strength  stood  him  in  good  stead  on  such 
occasions.  After  about  a  year  Terrell  sold  out  to  his  partner,  who 
ran  it  another  year,  but  not  ver}'  successfully,  when  the  material 
was  sold  and  removed  to  Bloomington,  Ind. 

The  next  paper  launched  on  the  new  community  was  the  Advo- 
cate^ a  year  or  two  after  the  demise  of  the  Herald.  Lewis  F.  Cop- 
persmith, a  la\\-yer  and  writer  of  ability,  was  the  editor,  and  his 


59°  BARTHOLOMEW    COUNTY. 

partner,   Samuel  P.  Farley,  was  a  ]iractical  printer.     It  was  coa- 
ductcd  with  extraordinary  dignity  and  ability  for  a  local  paper  of 
tiiat  day,  and  while  Whig  in  politics,  was  conservative  and  mild, 
too  mild  for  many  of  its  fiery  Whig  readers.     In  1840,  Mr.  Cop- 
persmith sold  his  interest  to  R.  L.  Howell,  a  shrewd  Yankee  ad- 
venturer, for  an  interest  in  a  patent  shingle    machine.     Howell, 
while  not  possessed  of  the  same  abilil)-  as  his  predecessor,  was  caus- 
tic and  rasping,  and  made  it  hot  enough  for  his  political  opponents. 
He  controlled  the  paper  but  a  short  time,  when  it  passed  into  the 
hands  of  the"  firm  of  Schofield   &  Farley,   who   employed    W.  F. 
Pidgeon  as  editor.     The  financial  condition  of  the  country  was  bad 
at  this  time,  and  the  Whig  party  in  the  country  was  also  in  a  bad 
way,  and  although  Mr.  Pidgeon  was  a  gentleman  and  scholar,  he 
was  not  a  success  as  a  newspaper  man  and  the  paper  went  into  a 
decline  and  expired  in  1842. 

Undaunted  by  these  failures,  in  1842  or  1843,  a  young  man 
named  Samuel  H.  Kridelbaugh  started  the  Wecl:/j  Ledger,  em- 
ploying Hosea  B.  Hai-n  to  edit  it  while  he  set  the  type.  During 
the  wmter  of  1844-5,  it  was  issued  semi- weekly ;  but  the  publisher 
was  without  experience  and  the  editor  was  eccentric,  what  in  these 
days  would, be  called  a  "crank,"  and  in  the  spring  of  1845,  the 
Ledger  went  the  way  of  its  predecessors. 

Soon  after  the  death  of  the  Ledger,  two  papers  of  opposite  poli- 
tics were  started,  the  Hoosier  Revicio  and  the  Columbus  Gazette. 
The  former  had  been  published  at  Rushville,  but  failed,  and  the 
owner,  Corydon  Donovan,  moved  the  material  to  Columbus,  and 
re-issued  it  under  the  above  tide.  Donovan  was  an  enthusiastic 
supporter  of  Polk,  also  had  a  good  opinion  of  himself,  and  when  his 
favorite  had  been  inaugurated,  went  on  to  Washington  to  claim  his 
reward.  Modesty  was  not  one  of  his  cardinal  virtues,  and  he  first 
asked  the  French  mission,  then  demanded  some  second-class  mis- 
sion, but  being  ignored,  kept  reducing  his  demands,  until  his  ene- 
mies said  he  finally  asked  for  a  suit  of  the  President's  cast-off  cloth- 
ing, and  this  being  refused  he  cam^  home  in  disgust  and  sold  his 
paper  to  Kridlebaugh,  late  of  the  Ledger.  Henry  C.  Childs  was 
editor  and  proprietor  of  the  Gazette,  and  published  it  a  year,  when 
George  E.  Tingle,  a  lawyer  and  vigorous  writer,  was  employed  as 


TOWNS.  591 

editor.  Soon  after  this  the  two  papers  were  consolidated  and  pub- 
lished a  short  time  under  the  name  of  Iloosicr  and  Gazette,  but  the 
combinc-ttion  did  not  last,  and  in  a  few  months  the  publication  of 
each  was  resumed,  the  Tfoosicr  soon  going  the  way  of  so  many 
others.  Mr.  Childs  associated  with  himself  Mr.  D.  Petit,  an  ex- 
perienced editor  of  Frankfort,  Ky.,  who  soon  made  the  Gazette 
the  best  paper  that  had  yet  been  published  in  the  town.  But  Mr. 
Petit  could  not  stand  the  climate,  and  died  in  1846,  and  William  B. 
Stuckey  bought  an  interest  in  the  paper.  In  the  fall  of  1S47,  Mr. 
Childs  sold  his  interest  to  W.  H.  H.  ("Buck")  Terrell,  afterward 
Adjutant-General  of  Indiana,  and  right  hand  man  of  Gov.  Morton. 
In  Februar}'^,  1848,  Childs  again  purchased  an  interest  in  the  paper, 
Terrell  remaining  editor.  He  was  a  brilliant  writer  but  unacquainted 
with  newspaper  work,  and  the  business  did  not  prosper,  and  in  June, 
1848,  the  office  was  sold  and  taken  to  Lafayette,  and  after  a  check- 
ered existence  of  four  3'^ears,  the  Gazette,  too,  gave  up  the  ghost.  Gen. 
Terrell,  the  last  editor,  was  a  man  of  much  note  and  great  force  of 
character.  At  the  time  of  his  death  he  was  compiling  a  history  of 
the  county,  and  from  his  writings  much  of  the  material  for  this  his- 
tory has  been  obtained.  It  is  a  matter  of  great  regret  that  it  was 
not  completed,  as,  owing  to  his  ability  in  that  line,  and  long  ac- 
quaintance with  all  the  affairs  of  the  count}',  would  have  enabled 
him  to  produce  a  better  history  than  an}"-  one  now  living  can  pos- 
sibly do. 

The  next  paper  was  the  Columhiis  Democrat,  founded  in  1848 
by  John  R.  Tinkle,  who  published  it  until  1850,  when  it  was  bought 
by  Aquilla  Jones  and  W.  F.  Pidgeon,  the  latter  giving  way  soon 
after  to  W.  C.  Stateler,  who,  in  1852  became  sole  proprietor,  and 
changed  the  name  to  Indiaiia  Democrat.  I.  C.  Dillie  became  the 
owner  in  1854,  who  continued  the  publication,  with  Dr.  Nathan 
Tompkins  as  editor,  until  1861,  when  it  was  sold  to  Rev.  William 
Howe.  In  1868  it  again  changed  hands,  Judge  N.  T.  Carr  becom- 
ing editor  and  proprietor,  who  changed  the  name  to  Coliimbics 
Btdletin.  Carr  sold  it  in  1872  to  John  D.  Lyle,  who  gave  it  the 
original  name  of  Bartholomczu  Democrat.  George  E.  Finney  was 
employed  as  editor  and  soon  obtained  an  interest  in  the  property. 
In   1876  the  name  was  changed  once    more,  now   being   called 


592  BARTHOLOMEW   COUNTY. 

CoIiDiibus  DonocraL  In  1S78,  Finne}-  sold  his  interest,  but  it  was 
not  long  until  he  resumed  his  old  position  as  editor.  In  this  same 
5«ar  J.  N.  Marsh  bought  the  paper.  Marsh  continued  the  publi- 
cation until  1880,  when  it  was  bought  by  J.  A.  Arnold,  local  editor 
at  the  time.  Mrs.  Laura  C.  Arnold,  mother  of  the  proprietor,  and 
a  writer  of  some  note,  was  made  chief  editor.  But  the  business 
did  not  prove  profitable  under  their  management,  partly  owing  to 
a  heavy  load  of  debt  and  partly  to  the  establishment  of  the  Herald^ 
a  paper  of  the  same  political  faith,  which  divided  the  patronage. 
Col.  Thomas  C.  Woodburn  obtained  an  interest  in  it  and  was  the 
editor  at  the  last,  but  it  did  no  better,  and  in  1885  the  publication 
was  suspended  after  a  period  of  thirt3'-seven  years.  A  dail}^  edition 
was  published  with  the  exception  of  a  few  months,  from  1876 
until  the  paper  suspended.  ^ 

The  Spirit  of  the  West  was  established  in  1848  also,  by  W.  C. 
Stateler  and  Columbus  Stebbins.  It  was  Whig  in  politics,  and  re- 
mained so  until  the  party  itself  expired,  when  it  espoused  the  Peo- 
ples' Part}'  and  changed  its  name  to  Cohnnbus  Independent.  Upon 
the  organization  of  the  Republican  part}'  it  became  a  Republican 
paper,  but  in  1858,  the  office  was  taken  to  Hastings,  Minn.,  by  Mr. 
Stebbins,  who  was  then  sole  proprietor. 

The  Western  Union  was  a  literary  paper,  established  by 
Alonzo  Hubbard,  in  1858,  but  the  community  was  not  equal  to  the 
task  of  sustaining  a  literary  paper,  neither  was  the  editor,  perhaps, 
and  in  less  than  two  years  its  character  changed,  also  its  name,  and 
it  was  called  the  Weekly  Union,  which  lived  about  one  year.  Mr. 
Hubbard,  or  "Lon,"  as  he  was  usually  known,  was  an  inveterate 
newspaper  starter.  He  had  decided  literary  talent,  but  was  reck- 
less and  dissipated,  failing  in  everything  he  undertook  in  the  way 
of  business,  but  still  as  happy  as  Mark  Tapley,  and  liked  by  ever}'- 
one.  He  commenced  the  publication  of  a  paper  called  the  Coliun- 
bus  Republican  in  1S63,  but  in  a  few  months  sold  it  to  George  W. 
AUison,  who  removed  it  Nashville,  Brown  County.  "  Lon's  "  last 
venture  was  a  little  sheet  called  the  City  JVews,  which  was  pub- 
lished, as  he  said,  "  semi-occasionally,"  during  1876,  the  publisher 
himself  dying  in  August  of  that  year. 

In  1870,  W.  B.  Ryan  commenced  the  publication  of  the  Inde- 


TOWNS. 


593 


■pendent,  Ryan  was  a  talented  writer  but  a  poor  business  man;  be- 
sides the  people  did  not  take  kindly  to  an  independent  paper,  and 
were  afso  tired  of  aiding  papers  that  could  not  be  made  to  live,  and 
the  Independent  lasted  but  a  few  months. 

The  Cohinibiis  Rcpidjiiean  was  the  first  paper  of  that  political 
faith  to  develop  "staying  qualities."  It  was  founded  in  April,  1872, 
by  Isaac  T.  Brown  and  Frank  W.  Lantz,  the  former  as  business 
manager,  the  latter  as  editor.  Mr.  Lantz  sold  his  interest  in  1873, 
to  C.  C.  Brown,  and  the  publication  was  continued  b}'  Brown  Bros., 
with  their  father,  Isaac  M.  Brown,  as  editor.  The  Browns  were 
all  practical  printei's,  and  succeeded  in  firmly  establishing  their 
paper,  although  beginning  with  a  very  small  capital  and  in  a  most 
uninviting  field.  In  1877,  I.  T.  Brown  became  sole  proprietor,  and 
in  May,  of  the  following  year,  I.  M.  Brown  retired  from  the  edi- 
torial chair  and  was  succeeded  by  C.  Ricketts  and  M.  Hacker,  at 
that  time  practicing  attorneys.  In  one  year  Mr.  Hacker  retired, 
since  which  time  Mr.  Ricketts  has  been  the  managing  editor.  In 
November,  1877,  the  publication  of  a  daily  edition.  The  Ezxning 
Kepiiblican^  was  commenced,  and  has  since  been  maintained,  being 
twice  enlarged  during  the  time.  The  following  cit}'  editors  have 
been  connected  with  the  Republican :  John  F.  Pape,  Mel.  S.  Ro- 
land, John  J.  Schrack,  S.  L.  Tarkington,  J.  A.  Arnold,  Sep.  Stan- 
sifer,  George  E.  Finney,  Henry  M.  Linton,  G.  Walter  Barr,  W.  W. 
Smith,  P.  C.  Watts,  William  L.'  McCampbell  and  F.  J.  Beck. 

In  1878,  George  E.  Finney  began  the  publication  of  a  non-par- 
tisan paper  called  the  Columbian,  but  at  the  end  of  six  months  the 
office  was  bought  by  J.  A.  Arnold,  and  the  material  incorporated 
with  the  Democrat,  and  the  debt  incurred  helped  to  drag  that  paper 
down  to  its  final  doom. 

In  the  fall  of  1881,  the  Herald  was  established  by  George  E. 
Finney  and  Charles  H.  Lacy,  but  later  the  Herald  Co.  was  formed 
to  continue  the  publication,  though  Finney  and  Lacy  continued  in 
control.  A  year  after  the  paper  was  founded  a  daily  edition  was 
issued,  called  The  Evening  Herald,  which  has  since  been  maintained 
and  enlarged.  The  Herald  is  Democratic  in  politics,  and  since  the 
death  of  the  old  Democrat,  the  only  organ  of  the  party  in  the  county. 
John  Doup  has  been  the  city  editor  during  the  time  it  has  been 
published. 


594  BARTHOLOMEW    COUXTV. 

The  last  journalistic  venture  was  b}'  Henry  Holt  and  John  Holt, 
who  rented  the  old  Democrat  office,  and  in  August,  i8S6,  com- 
menced the  publication  of  the  A^czi's.  It  lasted  onl}^  one  year,  a 
penn}'  daily  edition  being  published  for  a  short  time  at  the  close. 
The  material  was  soon  after  sold  at  sheriff's  sale,  then  re-sold  and 
removed  to  Washington  Court  House,  Ohio. 

Fraternities. —  St.  Jo/ill's  Lodge  Xo.  20^  F.  &  A.  J/.,  has  had 
rather  an  eventful,  and  at  times,  stormy  history.  On  March  29, 
1822,  a  dispensation  was  granted  to  organize  a  lodge,  by  John 
Sheets,  Grand  Master  of  the  State,  and  designated  the  following 
officers:  Hiram  Smith,  Master;  "William  A.  Washburn,  Senior 
Warden;  Luke  Bonesteel,  Junior  Warden,  and  at  the  next  session 
of  the  Grand  Lodge,  October  8,  1822,  a  charter  was  granted  in 
due  form.  The  lodge  at  that  time  contained  fourteen  members; 
but  it  soon  fell  into  a  decline,  and,  in  1826,  William  A.  Washburn, 
Master,  surrendered  the  charter,  stating  that  he  had  not  been  able 
to  secure  a  meeting  for  a  3^ear,  that  several  members  had  been 
guilty  of  unmasonic  conduct,  and  a  further  continuance  would  not 
be  productive  of  good  to  the  order.  A  new  charter  was  granted 
in  1 83 1,  but  no  re-organization  was  effected  under  it,  and  it  was 
again  stricken  from  the  roll  in  1835.  Through  the  efforts  of  Cap- 
tain Francis  Lytle  and  a  few  other  zealous  Masons,  a  third  charter 
was  granted  in  May,  1843,  and  the  lodge  was  re-organized  with 
the  original  name  and  number,  and  since  that  time  the  organization 
has  been  maintained,  and  it  has  long  been  recognized  as  among 
the  best  lodges  of  the  State.  The  first  hall  owned  by  the 
lodge  was  on  the  ground  where  the  old  Seeger  House  now  stands. 
It  was  a  two-story  log  house,  with  business  room  below  and  hall 
aboAC,  the  ground  having  been  donated  by  Gen.  John  Tipton,  a 
prominent  Mason,  for  that  purpose.  The  next  regular  place  of 
meeting  was  in  the  upper  part  of  the  building  on  the  corner  of 
Washington  and  Third  streets,  the  present  site  of  Irwin's  store 
and  bank.  In  1884,  the  lodge  erected  a  three-story  brick  on 
their  present  location  on  Washington  Street,  which  stood  until  1883, 
when  it  was  remodeled  into  the  present  magnificent  temple,  per- 
haps the  best  appointed  in  the  State.  Present  officers  are:  M. 
Hacker,  W.  M.;  R.  M.  Jackson,  Sr.  W.;  Charles  Hege,  Secre- 
tary, and  J.  F.  Snyder,  Treasurer. 


TOWNS.  595 

CoJumhu$  C/iaptcr  JVo.  lo.  Royal  Arc/i  Jlfcrsons,  was  granted  a 
charter  May  26th,  1849,  by  Albert  C.  Pepper,  Grand  High  Priest, 
on  petition  of  Francis  Lytle,  Burns  Moore,  N.  O.  Herman,  John  W. 
SuUivan,  I.  E.  Hauser,  W.  W.  Hannaway,  H.  F.  Hinman,  B.  F. 
Myers  and  H.  H.  Barkalow.  The  principal  officers  at  present,  are: 
J.B.  Safford,  High  Priest;  John  Scott,  King;  Frank  Stateler, Scribe ; 
M.  T.  Reeves,  Treasurer,  and  M.  P.  Alden,  Secretary. 

yo/in  B.  Grave  Council  No.  5/,  Royal  and  Select  Masons^ 
was  granted  a  charter  October  19,  1883,  on  petition  of  Thomas 
Newb)'^,  John  H.  Hess,  William  F.  Coats,  Amos  Burns,  John  S. 
Arwine,  William  Gilgour,  W.  F.  Kendal,  A.  R.  Piper  and  Gero. 
Pence.  It  was  named  in  honor  of  the  late  Dr.  John  B.  Grav6,  a 
ver}'-  zealous  and  influential  Mason.  The  first  officers  installed 
were:  Thomas  Newby,  111.  Grand  Master;  J.  B.  Safford,  Grand 
Chaplain;  David  Newsom,  Grand  Marshal,  and  Amos  Burns, 
Grand  Recorder.  The  present  officers  are :  *  W.  F.  Kendall,  111. 
Master;  J.  A.  Trotter,  Deputy;  R.  M.Jackson,  Principal  Conduc- 
tor; WilHam  Henderson,  Treasurer;  L.  M.  Guernsey,  Recorder. 

Cohimhis  Commander y  No.  /^,  Knights  Templar,  is  an  or- 
ganization of  which  the  members  are  justly  proud.  It  includes 
many  of  the  leading  men  of  the  city  and  surrounding  country  with- 
in its  jurisdiction.  In  efficiency,  it  ranks  second  in  the  State.  A 
dispensation  for  its  organization  was  granted  December  17th,  1867, 
on  petition  of  J.  H.  Hess,  John  D.  Mathes,  John  D.  Lyle,  Richard 
Thomas,  J.  S.  Arwine,  William  H.  Jennings,  Caleb  Schmidlap, 
David  Marcellus  and  W.  W.  Snyder.  On  December  i8th,  1867, 
the  Commandery  was  organized  by  Eminent  Com.  Hazelrigg  in 
person,  assisted  by  a  number  of  other  prominent  Knights  from 
different  parts  of  the  State.  The  first  officers  were :  John  H.  Hess, 
Eminent  Commander;  John  D.  Mathes,  Generalissimo;  Richard 
Thomas,  Captain  General.  A  charter  was  granted,  April  8th, 
1868.  The  present  officers  are:  A.  P.  Charles,  Eminent  Com- 
mander; William  Henderson,  General;  W.  T.  Strickland,  Captain 
General;  Z.  T.  Sweeney,  Prelate;  M.  Hacker,  S.  W.;  W.  T. 
Davies,  J.  W.;  J.  S.  Arwine,  Treasurer;  Charles  Hege,  Recorder. 

Lodge  No.  //,  Knights  of  Pythias,  has  a  large  membership, 
dispenses  a  great  deal  in  the  way  of  charity,  and  is  one  of  the 


59^  '  BAKTIIOLOMEM'   COUNTY. 

most  iiopular  and  jM-ospcrous  onlers  of  tlie  city.  It  was  organized 
Decenihcr  2 2d,  187 1,  with  the  followin<j^  charter  members:  II.  C. 
■1)avie,  Anson  Froman,  S.  I).  Ilelman,  P.  F.  Weber,  T.  ]}.  I'rather, 
Jose  Newsom,  W.  T.  Davis,  N.  T.  Carr,  J.  D.  Lyle,  Al.  Ilrooks, 
W.  R.  Snipes,  II.  M.  lilounts,  C.  A.  Hubbard,  Levi  Hege,  J.  H. 
Stevens,  W.  C.  Heaton,  Isham  Keith,  Ricliard  Carter,  R.  M.  Jack- 
son and  D.  W.  Adams.  In  1887,  a  uniform  rank  was  organized, 
which  is  a  fine  body  of  men,  and  makes  an  excellent  appearance  on 
public  occasions.  The  present  olHcers  are:  George  Pense,  P.  C; 
Walter  J.  Quick,  C.  C;  John  Schuyler,  V.  C;  J.  O.  Connor,  Pre- 
late; James  Kearns,  M.  of  A.;  W.  T.  Davis,  K.  of  R.  S.;  Charles 
Lacy,  M.  of  F. ;  Alex  Tirtel,  M.  of  E. 

Cohinihus  Lodge  A^o.  5S,  I.  O.  O.  F.,  is  one  of  the  oldest  and  most 
popular  fraternities  of  the  city,  and  probably  leads  them  all  in  the 
amount  of  charit}^  and  benefits  dispensed.  Its  organization  dates 
from  July  13,  1848,  Tmd  the  charter  members  were:  John  H.  Brad- 
ley, W.  N.  Skinner,  Samuel  Hege,  William  Sullivan,  Jacob  P.  Mc- 
Chesne}'-"  and  I.  P.  Chapman.  Present  officers  are :  M.  M.  Reeves, 
N.  G. ;  Herman  Carr,  Vice  N.  G. ;  Frank  Stateler,  Recording  Secre- 
tar};-;  John  L.  Banhan,  Pernanent  Secretary;  C.  M.  Keller,  Treas- 
urer. 

Kidgxiey  Encainfnient  jVo.  26,  I.  O.  O.  7^,  was  organized 
Jul}'-  17,  1851.  The  charter  members  were:  John  W.  Sullivan, 
B.  F.  Jones,  C.  H.  Hays,  Benjamin  W.  Smith,  George  W.  White, 
Alex  Harper,  Charles  Richardson,  Joseph  Todd,  L.  C.  Bon  well 
and  J.  Mortimer.  Present  officers :  William  Mitchell,  High  Priest; 
Nathan  Stader,  Chief  Patriarch;  John  Stucke}',  Senior  Warden; 
Smith  Abbett,  Junior  Warden;  Benjamin  May,  Scribe. 

Isham  Ktith  Post  No.  /j,  G.  A.  R.,  was  granted  a  charter 
January  15,  1880,  and  at  this  time  includes  the  greater  part  of  the 
ex-soldiers  of  the  city  and  surrounding  countr3\  At  first  it  was 
called  Columbus  Post,  but  afterward  changed  to  the  present  name 
in  honor  of  Lieut.  Col.  Isham  Keith,  a  gallant  young  officer  from 
this  city,  who  was  killed  at  the  battle  of  Perr}- ville,  K}'.  It  has  an 
established  reputation  as  one  of  the  most  active  and  efficient  posts 
in  this  department.  The  principal  officers  are:  George  II.  Clutch, 
Commander;  Daniel  Judd,  Senior  Vice  Commander;  Ward  Sal- 
mond.  Junior  Vice  Commander,  and  S.  M.  Glick,  Adjutant. 


TOWNS. 


597 


As  auxiliarv  to  this  post.  Lookout  Canip  No.  32,  Sons  of  Vet- 
erans, was  organized  in  Fcbnuuy,  1S87,  whicli  is  a  growing  order, 
and  has  enrolled  many  of  the  best  young  men  of  the  city.  The 
olhcers  are:  J.  II.  Arnold,  Captain;  J.  \V.  Smith,  First  Lieutenant, 
and  William  Stevens,  Second  Lieutenant. 

The  WowaiCs  Relief  Corps.  JS^o.  6p,  of  h/iain  Keith  Post,  was 
not  organized  until  August,  1887,  but  already  numbers  some  fifty 
members  and  is  growing  in  strength  and  influence.  The  officers 
are:  Mrs.  Ward  Salmond,  President;  Mrs.  N.  C.  Spurgin,  First 
Vice  President;  Mrs.  C.  N.  Spencer,  Second  Vice  President;  Miss 
Maggie  Hopkins,  Treasurer,  and  Mrs.  I.  M.  Brown,  Secretary. 

Indiana  Council  JVo.  78,  C  'ited  States  Benefit  Association,  is  a 
new  order,  but  has  gained  coi..  lerable  strength  and  popular  favor, 
and  is  regarded  as  one  of  the  most  practical  among  the  benevolent 
orders.  It  was  organized  April  20,  1886,  with  fifty-three  charter 
members,  and  has  fifty-six  at  this  tiriie.  Wiley  Rominger  is  Presi- 
dent; Michael  Unger,  Vice  President;  J.  F.  Tormehlen,  Treasurer; 
L.  C.  Griffith,  Financial  Secretary,  and  Daniel  Crow,  Secretary. 

Castle  Columbus  A^o.  rig.  Knights  and  Ladies  of  the  Golden 
Riile,  is  also  a  new  order,  the  charter  being  granted  Ma}''  23,  1884. 
It  is  also  one  of  the  few  fraternities  that  admits  ladies  to  member- 
ship. It  meets  weekly.  The  officers  are:  Jacob  Be3'l,  Com- 
mander; Mollie  SpaiTell,  Vice  Commander;  Lena  Schnurr,  Pre- 
late; Rebecca  Rosenheim,  Recording  Secretary;  Mary  Moreledge, 
Herald;  C.  F,  Ford,  Master  at  Arms;  Thomas  Reeves,  Sentinel; 
B.  F.  Moreledge,  Treasurer;  W.  H.  Jones,  Warden,  and  W.  H. 
Butler,  Medical  Examiner. 

Ernest  Duderc  Lodge  JVo.  g2,  United  Order  of  Honor,  was 
chartered  September  11,  1884,  and  named  in  honor  of  Ernest  Du- 
dere,  Secretar}'^  of  the  Grand  Lodge,  and  one  of  the  founders  of  the 
order.  It  also  admits  ladies,  and,  while  the  membership  is  not 
large,  it  is  active,  and  a  large  amount  has  been  paid  out  in  benefits 
since  its  organization.  Present  officers:  James  McCammon,  Presi- 
der:'.;  S.  H.  Linson,  Vice  President;  Frank  McNeal,  Secretary; 
D.  M.  No}',  Treasurer;  W.  C.  Bruce,  Chaplain. 

Phoenix  Lodge  A^o.  1374,  Knights  of  Honor,  was  organized 
in  1879.  The  membership  is  not  large,  but  it  is  practical  in  its 
20 


598  ISAUTIIOI.O^rEW    COUNTY. 

work,  and  as  a  benelicial  and  insurance  order  is  will  liked  by  the 
members.  The  officers  are:  Ward  Sahnond,  Dictator;  Henry 
"*Straussner,  Vice  Dictator;  John  Schu\-ler,  Assistant  Dictator;  J.  N. 
Marsli,  Reporter;  E.  II.  Kinney,  Financial  Repoiter;  J.  R.  Dun- 
lap,  Treasui-er. 

A/izpah  Council,  J^oyal  Arcaiiiiin,  was  organized  in  1880,  with 
thirt\'-tive  charter  members,  the  present  number  being  forty-five. 
It  is  maintained  chiefly  on  account  of  the  insurance  feature  of  the 
order,  which  is  cheap  and  practical.  R.  B.  Busch  is  Regent;  J.  B. 
Safford,  Vice  Regent;  John  W.  Morgan,  Collector;  John  Bonham, 
Secretary,  and  H.  C.  Davie,  Treasurer. 

Banking: — The  first  attempt  at  an3'thing  like  banking  in  Col- 
umbus, was  about  1833,  when  John  M.  Guinn  and  William  Gab- 
bert  opened  an  office  for  loaning  money  and  buying  "  cash  notes," 
or  "shaving"  notes,  and  it  is  said  that  they  shaved  deep.  The 
partnership  lasted  some  three  years  when  Guinn  withdrew  and 
Gabbert  carried  it  on  a  few^  years  longer  alone.  Francis  J.  Crump, 
at  this  time  a  thrifty  farmer  who  always  had  plenty  of  mone}',  did 
a  similar  business,  though  he  opened  no  office,  but  about  1849  he 
advertised  in  the  Democrat  that  he  would  purchase  good  cash 
notes,  and  that  his  office  was  in  his  hat.  Mr.  Crump  was  afterward 
one  of  tlie  founders  and  principal  stockholders  of  the  First  National. 
Bank,  and  Vice  President,  at  the  time  of  his  death,  which  occurred 
April  30,  1881,  having  during  his  long  life  amassed  great  w^ealth. 
When  the  old  State  Bank  was  re-chartered,  an  earnest  effort  was 
made,  headed  by  Col.  John  Vawter,  Senator  from  this  district,  to 
secure  a  branch  at  Columbus,  but  it  finally  went  to  Bedford.  In 
1853,  B.  F,  Jones  and  William  F.  Pidgeon  opened  a  private  bank 
under  the  free  banking  law  of  Indiana,  recently'  enacted.  The 
firm  name  was  B.  F.  Jones  &  Co.,  and  they  received  deposits  on 
which  they  paid  interest,  and  they  also  "  inflated  the  currency  "  by 
issuing  "  shinplasters"  of  $1,  $2  and  $3,  like  bank  notes  in  appear- 
ance, and  w^hich  were  redeemed  in  gold  or  gold  currency  when 
presented  in  sums  of  $50  and  over.  As  they  cost  nothing  and 
were  based  on  nothing  but  the  credit  of  the  firm,  they  were  a 
source  of  considerable  profit. 

The  business  continued  for  a  year,  when  William  McEwen 


TOWNS.  599 

joined  the  ilnn,  and  the  KcnLucky  Stock  Bank  was  organized.  It 
had  a  capital  of  $50,000,  liascd  on  Kentucky  State  bonds,  and 
other  iirterest  bearing  bonds  deposited  with  the  Auditor  of  State. 
The  circulation  was  at  first  $45,000,  but  after\\ard  increased,  and 
at  one  time  amounted  to  $100,000,  but,  in  time  this  was  all  with- 
drawn, and  it  became  a  strictly  private  bank.  In  i860,  Pidgeon 
retired,  and  in  1865,  Jones  also,  and  tlie  bank  took  the  name  of 
McEwen  &  Sons,  though  Jones  remained  with  it  as  cashier  until 
1870.  The  IMcEwens  operated  largely  in  real  estate,  live  stock, 
pork,  manufacturing,  and  other  enterprises.  Large  deposits  were 
made  b}-  city  and  count}-  officials,  and  others,  on  which  a  high  rate 
of  interest  was  paid,  and  a  great  d-eal  was  borrowed  from  Eastern 
capitalists,  ai  d  the  accumulated  burdens  crushed  the  firm  and  they 
were  forced  into  bankruptcy  b}'-  creditors.  It  was  the  greatest 
business  failure  the  county  ever  sustained,  and  for  a  time  almost 
paraWzed  the  business  of  the  whole  communit}^,  and  brought  loss 
and  ruin  to  many  others.  This  occurred  in  September,  1S71,  and 
WiUiam  McEwen,  the  head  of  the  firm,  and  a  ver}'  remarkable 
man  in  many  respects,  died  in  October,  1876,  before  all  the  busi- 
ness was  finally  adjusted. 

Mr.  Randolph  Griffith,  afterward  president  of  the  First  National 
Bank,  did  a  private  banking  business  between  1862  and  1S64,  and 
stiU  more  firml}'-  established  his  already  good  reputation  as  a  safe 
and  sagacious  man  of  business. 

W.  B.  Whitney,  young,  energetic,  and  brilliant,  carried  on  an 
extensive  pork-packing  business  for  several  years.  He  con- 
trolled large  suhis  of  money,  was  an  honorable  dealer,  public- 
spirited,  and  very  popular.  To  facilitate  his  enterprises,  he,  in 
1874,  organized  the  Farmers'  Bank  with  a  capital  of  $100,000, 
the  greater  part  being  held  by  the  Whitney  family, E.  G.  Whitney, 
president  of  the  First  National  Bank  of  Madison,  and  father  of 
W.  B.  Whitney,  being  a  large  holder.  W.  B.  Whitney  was  presi- 
dent and  John  Harris,  cashier.  It  received  large  deposits  and  did 
a  flourishing  business,  but  the  president  had  acquired  a  mania  for 
sjieculating  in  pork,  lard  and  grain,  and  used  all  the  resources  of 
the  bank  and  the  packing  house  for  that  purpose,  and  lost,  and  the 
bank  had  to  suspend  in  less  than  two  years.     The  depositors  were 


600  KARTHOT.OMl'.W    COUNTY, 

4 

paid  in  full,  but  the  stockholders  were  bankrupted.  Whitney,  the 
^■iresident,  went  to  Cliicago,  continued  to  sjieculate,  got  on  his  feet, 
lost  again,  and  coniniitted  suicide. 

The  First  National  Bank  commenced  business  in  1865,  under 
the  National  Bank  Act  of  Congress.  The  otlkers  were :  R.  Griffith, 
president;  F.  J.  Crump,  vice  president,  and  F.  JNI.  Bonfill,  cashier. 
The  capital  stock  was  $100,000,  which  has  never  been  changed. 
It  has  always  done  a  strictly  legitimate  banking  business,  conducted 
in  a  safe  and  conservative  manner,  such  as  to  command  public  con- 
fidence, and  is  understood  to  have  been  very  profitable  to  the  stock- 
holders. The  present  officers  are:  William  J.  Lucas,  president, 
and  L.  K.  Oug,  cashier. 

Irwin's  Bank  was  estabhshed  by  Joseph  I.  Irwin,  in  1871,  under 
the  private  banking  laws  of  Indiana.  It  is  a  bank  of  discount 
and  deposit,  and,  owing  to  the  well  known  financial  ability  and  in- 
tegrity of  its  owner,  it  commands  general  confidence,  does  a  large 
and  profitable  business  and  for  a  number  of  years  has  been  the  de- 
pository of  the  city  and  count}^  funds  as  well  as  of  many  private 
parties. 

The  cit}'  has  had  some  bitter  and  costly  experience  with  her 
banks,  but  those  now  doing  business  here,  by  3'^ears  of  careful  and 
conservative  management,  have  established  general  confidence,  and 
having  plenty  of  capital,  are  equal  to  evgry  -lemand  upon  tliem,  and 
fully  meet  the  requirements  of  the  business  public  in  their  line. 

JMonufactories. —  To  give  anything  like  a  detailed  description  of 
all  the  business  interests  of  the  city  would  be  beyond  the  scope  and 
object  of  this  work,  but  even  a  brief  history  will  necessaril}-  in- 
clude a  glance  at  the  standing  at  which  the  cit}'^  has  now  arrived, 
and  this  can  not  be  better  done  than  by  a  short  notice  of  her  various 
manufacturing  industries.  Manufactories  are  the  life  of  a  city,  and 
few  in  Indiana  of  the  same  population  can  make  a  better  showing 
in  this  respect,  or  do  a  larger  aggregate  amount  of  business.  This 
review  will  include  only  the  more  important  enterprises. 

First  in  importance  and  magnitude  of  the  industrial  establish- 
ments of  the  city,  is  the  great  Cerealine  Manufacturing  Compan3\ 
The  firm  manufactures  a  product  called  Cereahne  from  Indian  corn, 
which  is  used  in  very  many  culinary  preparations,  also  largel}'  in 


TOWNS.  60 1 

making  beer.  Ir  is  made  by  a  process  of  which  Joseph  F.  Gent, 
one  of  the  fifm,  is  patentee,  and  this  is  the  only  establivshment  of 
the  kind^in  the  world.  The  business  has  grown  to  immense  pro- 
portions in  a  few  3'ears,  the  plant  and  appurtenances  are  worth 
probabl}"^  $2,000,000,  and  large  additions  are  still  being  made. 
From  200  to  300  hands  are  emplo3'ed  about  .  he  mills,  which  have 
a  capacit}-^  of  7,000  bushels  of  corn  per  day.  There  is  an  immense 
demand  for  the  Cerealine,  orders  being  received  from  all  parts  of 
the  civilized  \\orld  faster  than  they  am  be  filled.  The  compan}'  is 
also  supplied  with  printing  presses  and  material,  box  machinery  and 
everything  nccessar}-  for  packing,  labeling  and  distributing  the  pro- 
duct. The  aggregate  amount  of  business  will  annualh'  reach  into 
the  millions,  and  is  rapidly  increasing,  and  has  not  only  enriched  the 
owners,  but  made  the  name  of  Columbus  familiar  far  and  wide. 

Another  of  the  industries  that  greatly  benetits  Columbus  at  home, 
and  gives  her  reputation  abroad,  is  that  of  Reeves  &  Co.,  manufac- 
turers of  agricultural  implements.  They  make  the  noted  M.  T. 
Reeves  straw-stacker,  Hoosier  Boy  cultivator,  Reeves  stalk  cutter, 
and  various  other  implements,  most  of  which  are  their  own  inven- 
tions, and  on  which  the}''  hold  patents,  but  the  principal  article 
made  is  the  straw-stacker.  They  commenced  in  a  small  way  in 
1875,  being  limited  in  both  experience  and  capital.  They  laboretl 
along  under  man}'  difficulties  and  discouragements  for  several 
years,  but  by  pluck  and  perseverance  gradually  built  up  a  profita- 
able  trade.  The  stacker  is  probably  the  best  of  its  kind  made, 
and  the  demand  for  it  has  lapidty  increased,  and  in  1887,  1,200 
"were  made  and  sold,  and  that  number  will  be  doubled  this  3'ear 
(1888).  The  works  are  being  greatly  enlarged  and  new  facilities 
added  to  meet  the  increasing  demand  for  the  implements.  From 
150  to  200  hands  are  emplo3'cd,  and  the  annual  amount  distributed 
in  wages  will  reach  $125,000,  and  the  aggregate  amount  of  busi- 
ness $240,000. 

T/ie  American  Starch  Company  was  incorporated  in  April, 
1880,  with  a  capital  stock  of  $200,000.  The  first  officers  were: 
F.  M.  BonfiU,  President;  John  H.  Rush,  Secretar}-,  and  Henry 
Lang,  Treasurer.  Substantial  buildings  were  erected  during  the 
year,  covering  several  acres  of  ground,  and  supplied  with  the  latest 


602  HARTIIOLOMEW   COUNTY. 

improved  machii)cry,  making,  perhaps,  the  most  complete  plant  of 
the  kind  in  the  country,  with  a  capacity  of  4,000  busli,els  of  corn 
j)er  day.  In  1882,  James  E.  Mooney  was  elected  President,  and 
F.  M.  Bonfill,  Secretary  and  Treasurer,  by  the  Board  of  Direc- 
tors. In  1885,  to  better  accommodate  the  growing  business,  the 
ca}>ital  stock  was  increased  to  $100,000,  which  was  taken  by 
various  prominent  business  men  and  capitalists,  and  John  L.  Brad- 
ley became  President,  and  Edmund  Mooney,  Secretar}'  and  Treas- 
urer. The  company  gives  emplo^'ment  to  about  100  hands,  and 
the  starch  has  an  established  reputation  for  excellence  and  has  a 
large  sale  all  over  the  United  States  and  in  Europe.  The  resi- 
dual product  makes  an  excellent  food  for  cattle  and  hogs,  a  large 
number  of  which  are  fattened  at  the  company's  yards  annuall}', 
while  the  farmers  of  all  the  surrounding  country  haul  the  feed  away 
to  use  at  home,  and  stock  raising  in  the  county  is  increasing  in  con- 
sequence. 

One  of  the  oldest,  most  successful  and  important  industries  is  the 
tannery  of  W.  W.  Mooney  &  Sons.  Edmund  Moone}-  &  Sons 
commenced  a  small  business  in  Nineveh  Township  in  1837,  and 
continued  there  until  1863,  when  it  was  removed  to  Columbus,  the 
firm  at  that  time  being  W.  W.  &  J.  E.  Mooney,  brothers.  In  1876, 
J.  E.  Mooney  retired,  Edmund  and  Thomas  Mooney  taking  his  in- 
terest, and  the  firm  became  W.  W.  INIooney  &  Sons,  and  in  1S86, 
William  A.  Moone}'',  another  and  younger  son,  also  became  a  part- 
ner. The  business  has  steadily  grown  until  it  is  now  one  of  the 
largest  in  the  city,  and  the  largest  of  its  kind  in  the  State.  A  su- 
perior oak  tanned  harness  leather  is  made  from  packer  hides  bought 
in  Chicago,  Kansas  City,  St.  Louis  and  other  packing  centers. 
Sevent3'-five  hands  are  employed,  30,000  hides  used,  and  over 
1,000,000  pounds  of  leather  produced  annuall3^  The  business 
reaches  between  $300,000  and  $400,000  annaall}',  of  which 
$30,000  is  paid  out  in  wages. 

Hege  &  Co.,  contractors  and  lumber  dealers,  is  one  of  the  oldest 
firms  in  the  city.  The  business  was  established  in  1857  by  Hege 
&  Keller,  afterward  changed  to  Hege  &  Mathes,  then  Samuel  Hege 
alone,  and  in  1880  the  present  firm,  consisting  of  Samuel  Hege,  the 
founder,  Charles  Hege,  his  son,  and  W.  F.   Kendall.     They  do  a 


TOWNS.  603 

large  business  as  contractors,  also  run  an  extensive  saw  mill  and 
planing  mill.  About  11%  hands  are  employed  who  receive  in 
wages  Jrom  $25,000  to  $30,000,  and  the  aggregate  amount  of  busi- 
ness reaches  $65,000. 

Keller  &  Brockman,  contractors  and  lumber  dealers,  is  also  an 
old  and  well  known  firm.  Adam  Keller  and  William  Brockman 
are  the  members.  It  was  founded  in  1866,  the  firm  name  being 
Perkinson,  Brockman  &  Co.,  in  1868  it  became  Brockman,  Keller 
&  Co.,  and  in  1870,  Keller  &  Brockman.  Thej-own  and  operate  a 
large  planing  mill,  as  well  as  erect  all  classes  of  buildings  and 
other  work  in  their  line.  The}'  average  twenty  hands  continuously, 
who  are  paid  $10,000,  and  the  contracts  will  reach  $50,000  annually. 
J.  R.  Dunlap  and  William  F.  Coats  compose  the  contracting 
firm  of  Dunlap  &  Coats,  also  own  their  own  planing  mill,  which 
does  a  large  business  aside  from  their  building  operations.  The 
firm,  as  originally  established  in  1878,  was  Perkinson,  Dunlap  & 
Coats,  soon  after  changed  to  Gilmore,  Dunlap  &  Coats,  and  in 
1886  to  the  present  name.  During  the  building  season  they 
employ  forty  hands,  and  average  twenty  continually,  whose  \vages 
amount  to  $10,000,  the  whole  business  reaching  $50,000  per 
year.  This  firm  has  risen  rapidly,  the  partners  are  young,  ener- 
getic, thorough-going  business  men,  and  destined  to  play  an  im- 
portant part  in  the  future  affairs  of  the  city. 

Moore  &  Tilton  are  extensive  dealers  in  staves  and  hoop-poles, 
some  of  which  they  manufacture,  others  are  shipped  in  a  raw  state. 
The  business  w^as  commenced  in  1883,  by  J.  A.  McGregor,  know^n 
as  the  "stave  king,"  who,  in  1886,  sold  out  to  the  Moore-Tilton 
Company,  which  in  1887,  became  Moore  &  Tilton,  several  of  the 
partners  retiring.  They  ship  eight3'-five  car  loads  of  stuff  per 
quarter,  worth  $250  per  car,  employing  from  twenty  to  thirty 
hands,  distributing  $8,000  in  wages  and  doing  an  annual  business 
of  $85,000. 

George  Schinnerer,  cooper,  has  been  in  the  business  since  1866, 
and  from  a.verj^  humble  beginning  has  risen  until  he  furnishes  em- 
ployment to  from  twenty  to  twenty-five  men,  makes  8,000  tight 
barrels  per  annum  and  a  much  larger  number  of  slack  barrels. 
His  pay  roll  reaches  $7,000  and  his  business  $35,000  annually. 


60.\.  BARTHOLOMEW   COUNTY. 

Perhaps  .the  oldest  manufaotory  in  Columbus  is  tlie  furniture 
establishment  of  William  Brinkley.  The  nucleus  of  it  was  formed 
as  far  back  as  1S53,  when  William  Brinkley,  George  W.  Pain,  r, 
Theodore  Kratts  and  Daniel  May,. established  a  small  sash  and 
door  factory,  which  in  two  j-ears  \vas  changed  to  a  furniture  man- 
ufactory, the  site  being  in  the  woods  at  that  time,  and  the  founders 
cleared  awa}'  the  timber  to  make  room  for  the  buildings.  Kratts 
and  IMay  retired  at  the  end  of  the  Jlrst  year,  and  the  business  was 
carried  on  for  several  years  by  Palmer  &  Brinkley.  But  Mr. 
Palmer  was  elected  County  Treasiu-er,  began  to  speculate,  and 
finalh^  bankrupted  himself  and  wrecked  the  firm.  McEwen  & 
Jones,  bankers,  came  into  possession,  and  employed  the  old  firm 
to  run  the  business,  but  in  1861,  Palmer  retired  and  Brinkley  man- 
aged the  business  until  the  bankuptcy  of  McEwen  in  1871.  The 
firm  of  W.  O.  Ilogue  &  Co.  was  then  formed  to  conduct  the  busi- 
ness, Mr.  Brinkle}'  being  a  silent  partner  and  manager.  About 
1880,  the  firm  of  Brinkley  &  Basse  was  formed,  and  this  lasted 
until  1887,  when  Basse  retired,  leaving  Mr.  Brinkley  sole  pro- 
prietor. 

Notwithstanding  all  the  tribulations  and  difficulties,  an  excel- 
lent representation  has  been  established  for  the  wares  and  man}'- 
orders  are  received  from  all  surrounding  towns  and  cities,  and  a 
large  and  profitable  business  is  now  done.  The  amount  of  sales 
will  reach  $20,000  a  year,  and  some  $5,000  is  paid  to  the  fifteen 
employes.  Mr.  Brinkley  is  an  old  man  who  has  done  much  for 
the  city  and  richly  deserves  his  present  prosperity. 

The  steam  flouring  mill  of  J.  R.  Gent  &  Co.  is  fully  equipped 
with  the  best  modern  milling  machinerj-,  and  produces  an  excellent 
quality  of  flour.  The  present  capacity  is  125  barrels  per  da}^  about 
sixty  per  cent,  of  which  is  sold  to  local  consumers,  most  of  the  re- 
mainder being  shipped  to  southern  markets.  It  was  erected  and 
operated  by  the  veteran  miller  of  Bartholomew  Count}-,  Thomas 
S.  Gent,  and  his  son,  John  R.  Gent,  who,  since  the  death  of  the 
elder,  in  January,  1888,  has  been  sole  propiietor. 

F.  Banner  &  Son  some  months  after  the  burning  of  their  mill, 
mentioned  heretofore,  purchased  the  large  el'::vator  of  H.  Griffith 
on  Fifth  Street,  and  converted  it  into  a  first-class  flouring  mill, 


TOWNS.  605 

with  a  capacity  of  125  barrels  per  da}-,  which  at  this  date  has  just 
gone  into  operation. 

Shcij  Bros,  are  dealers  in  line  meal,  feed  of  various  kinds,  also 
bii}'  and  sell  grain.  They  are  the  only  dealers  in  diis  line  in  die 
city  who  manufacture  their  own  products.  They  are  energetic 
3'oung  men  widi  a  growing  business  which  has  already  '-cached  an 
aggregate  of  $30,000  annually,  although  established  on  a  very 
small  scale  but  five  years  ago. 

R.  M.  Jackson,  carriage  maker,  founded  his  business  in  1865, 
and  his  work  has  long  had  an  established  reputation  throughout  a 
large  section  of  country,  and  has  played  no  small  part  in  the  up- 
building of  the  city.  The  business  is  not  carried  on  quiie  so  exten- 
sively as  a  few  5^ears  since,  but  some  seventy-five  new  vehicles  are 
made  annually,  more  than  double  that  number  repaired,  giving  em- 
ployment to  about  fifteen  skilled  workmen,  who  earn  $7,000  in 
wages  and  turn  out  an  aggregate  of  $15,000  worth  of  work  per  year. 

Gaffney  &  Mason,  carnage  makers,  have  been  in  business  but 
three  years,  and  are  the  successors  of  Hellar  &  Bruck.  They  are 
young  men  and  are  steadil}''  building  up  a  good  business.  They 
employ  seven  workmen,  make  about  twenty-five  new  vehicles  per 
year,  and  do  an  immense  amount  of  repairing.  The  annual  amount 
of  business  will  reach  $4,000  or  $5,000. 

Duffy  &  Cook  is  a  new  firm,  and  has  established  a  new  busi- 
ness, the  manufacture  of  staves  and  heading,  that  bids  fair  to  soon 
become  one  of  the  leading  industries  of  the  place.  It  has  been  in 
operation  but  a  few  months,  but  emplo3'-s  twenty  hands,  a-id  has  a 
capacity  of  thirty-five  cords  of  lumber  per  day,  which  is  to  be  in- 
creased. 

T//e  Colnnibus  Machine  &  Supply  Company  is  another  new  busi- 
ness. The  firm  is  cdmposed  of  T.  L.  Faust,  E.  E.  Frost,  and 
W.  O.  Hogue,  the  first  two  practical  machinists.  They  deal  in 
steam,  gas  and  water  fittings,  iron,  lead  and  soil  pipes,  and  do  a 
general  plumbing,  blacksmithing  and  repair  business.  The  busi- 
ness has  increased  rapidly  during  the  short  time  it  has  been  in  oper- 
ation, and  now  requires  fi'oni  fifteen  to  twenty  skilled  workmen. 

Besides  those  enumerated  above,  there  are  a  large  number  of 
smaller  enterprises  employing  from  one  to  half  a  dozen  hands,  such 


^°^  BARTIIOLOMIvW    COUXTY. 

as  tinners  sl.oeniakers,  broom  makers,  etc.,  wliich  turn  out  a  lar-^e 
amount  of  ooods  in  the  course  of  a  year,  and  add  largelv  to  the 
jDusiness  of  the  city.  " 

Columbus  has  never  had  a -boom"  in  tlie  modern  sense,  but 
steaddy  gro^yn  to  city  of  some  8,000  inhabitants,  vvitli  good  raih-oad 
a.id  turnpike  facilities,  electric  and  gas  light,  excellent  water  works 
and  hre  department,  good  schools,  churches,  abundance  of  stores 
ot  all  kinds,  all  the  modern  improvements  usually  found  in  much 
iarger  ciUes.  Her  pri.K:ipal  manufactories  are  comparatively  new 
and  yet  m  their  infancy,  and  all  the  indications  are  that  her  future 
growth  and  prosperity  will  greatly  exceed  that  of  the  past,  and  her 
citizens  now  enjoying  all  the  privileges  and  advantages  afTorded  by 
modei-n  times  can  scarcely  realize  that  the  city  ever  passed  through 
the  vicissitudes  sketched  in  this  chapter. 

•      ^^^i^^—  ^^^^'^  story  of  this  town>  inception  and  growth  is  almost 
inseparably  connected  with  that  of  the   Moravian  Cluirch.     More 
than  a  hundred  years  ago  Moravian  colonies 'were  distributed  in 
various  parts  of  North  Carolina,  many  of  the  members   bein-  emi- 
grants from  Bethlehem  and  Nazareth  in  Pennsylvania.     In^'a  his- 
tory of  these  people,  by  Rev.  Levin  T.  Reichel,  published  in  i8s7, 
Tinder  the  heading,   "New  Congregations,"  the  following  is  re- 
corded:  "Previous  to  1830,  the  'western  fever '  had  spread  amono- 
many  of  the  settlers  on  the  Wachovia  tract.     Hearing  of  the  rich 
soil  of  the  far  west,  and  looking  upon  their  own  poor,  worn-out  fields 
and  the  innumerable   gullies  washed   out  by  the  rains,  crradually 
overspreading  the  arable  land,  many  desired  to  better  their  tem- 
poral condition,  and  forgetting  for  a  while  the  higher  wants  of  the 
soul,  sold  their  plantations  and  bent  their  steps  to  the  untrodden 
wilderness  of  the  far  west.     Thus,  especially  the  congregations  of 
Hope  andFnedland  were  considerably  reduced  in  numbers.    Amono- 
the  wanderers  was  Br.  Martin  Hauser,  a  descendant  of  the  first  sett 
tiers  of  Bethama,  hence  often  called  Hausertown.    After  five  weeks' 
toilsome  journey  he  reached  Bartholomew  County,  in  Indiana,  in 
1829,  and  found  there  some  of  his  former  neighbors,   who,  settling 
near  each  other,  naturally  desired  to  hear  the  preaching  of  the 
Gospel  again,  now  more  valuable  to  them  than  formerly  when  within 
tlie  sound  of  a  chiu-ch  bell.     After  some  correspondence  with  the 


TOWNS.  607 

ProviiK  ial  Helpers  Conference  at  Salem,  Br.  Ilauscr  was  ap])ointed 
to  hold  ineetint;s  for  tlie  settlers. 

"  In  1830,  a  tract  of  two  hundred  and  forty  acres  was  bought,  and 
the  town  of  Hope  laid  out.  Br.  L.  D.  de  Schweinitz,  then  living  at 
Bethlehem,  visited  the  settlers  in  the  same  year,  and  on  June  17, 
organized  them  into  a  Moravian  Congregation."  Familiar  to  those 
living  in  and  about  Hope  are  man}'  of  the  names  recorded  in  the 
history  from  which  the  above  extract  is  taken  as  belonging  to  the 
first  settlers  in  the  North  Carolina  villages^  a  few  of  which  are 
here  given:  At  Bethania,  founded  in  1759,  Balthaser  Hege,  Adam 
Kramer,  Frederick  Shore,  Henry  Shore,  George  Hauser,  Michael 
Hauser  and  Martin  Hauser,  who  was  "born  in  1696,  in  Mumpol- 
gard,  Switzerland,  came  to  North  Carolina,  in  1753,  died  in  1761, 
in  Bethania";  at  Salem,  founded  in  1766,  George  Holder,  Michael 
Ziegler,  Charles  Holder;  at  Friedberg,  founded  in  1772,  Adam 
Spach  "  from  Pfaffenhofen,  Alsace,  who  came  to  North  Carolina, 
in  1754,'and  died  in  1801,  leaving  nine  children";  at  Friedland 
founded  in  1780,  the  Voglers  and  Romingers. 

Martin  Hauser,  the  zealous  pioneer  who  founded  Hope,  was 
born  in  Salem,  North  Carolina,  September  23,  1799;  Jlnd  in  the 
fullness  of  A-ears  was  called  to  the  bosom  of  the  INTaster,  whom  he 
had  served  long  and  well,  October  25,  1875.  From  1829  to  1847, 
he  was  the  most  prominent  figure  in  the  secular  and  religious 
affairs  of  Hope.  In  the  3-ear  last  named  he  emigrated  to  Edwards 
Count}',  111.,  there  laid  out  the  town  of  West  Salem,  organized  a 
]\Ioravian  Congregation  and  built  several  churches.  In  1868,  he 
returned  to  Hope,  and  there  spent  the  remainder  of  his  days. 

In  the  summer  of  1829,  a  Methodist  society  had  been  organized 
in  the  neighborhood,  about  one  and  a  half  miles  northwest  of  Hope, 
which  brought  into  existence  the  little  town  of  St.  Louis.  A  spirit 
of  rivalry  early  developed  between  the  two  places,  which  culminated 
in  a  contest  for  the  establishment  of  a  postofTice,  to  be  supplied 
from  a  mail  route  then  existing  between  Columbus  and  ShelbyA-ille, 
which  resulted  favorably  to  the  latter  settlement.  Prior  to  this  time 
the  Moravian  village,  had  'cn  called  Goshen,  but  because  of 
the  existence  of  another  postoilice  in  the  State  by  that  name,  it  be- 
came necessary  to  otherwise  designate  the  new  office,  and  looking 


6o8 


BARTHOLOMEW    COUNTY. 


back  to  the  villni^^es  of  North  Carolinia,  founfled  by  their  fore- 
fathers, the  settlors  here  selected  Hope,  which  name  the  town  itself 
§oon  assumed;  but  this  struggle  for  the  postofficc  did  not  occur  till 
1833,  the  first  mail  was  received  March  10,  1834,  and  for  eleven 
years  thereafter,  Martin  Mauser  was  the  postmaster. 

Tradition  says  that  Henry  Clayton  cut  down  the  first  tree  that 
fell  before  the  pioneer's  axe  on  the  present  site  of  the  town,  and 
that  Martin  llauser,  Thomas  Essex  and  others  laid  out  the  town 
and  erected  the  first  log  house  in  1829  or  iS;-;i>,  In  1831,  there 
were  three  cabins,  all  on  the  west  side  of  the  present  public  square, 
occupied  by  John  Hager,  the  first  merchant,  John  Bruske^^  a  shoe- 
maker, and  John  Leinback,  a  cooper. 

The  first  business  place  was  a  small  general  store  opened  by 
John  Hager  in  a  little  log  house  on  the  corner  of  what  are  now 
Main  and  Jackson  streets,  at  present  the  site  of  Stipp  &  Son's 
drug  store.  One  of  the  first  buildings  erected  was  a  school  house, 
for  some  time  used  as  a  place  of  worship  by  the  Moravian  Church. 
The  interests  of  Mr.  Hager  were  early  purchased  by  Martin  Hauser; 
and  for  a  period  the  energetic  young  man  devoted  a  portion  of  his 
time  to  mercantile  pursuits.  For  several  years  the  thinly  settled 
country  demanded  no  greater  cniveniencies  from  the  village  than 
its  postoiiice,  its  small  general  store  and  a  blacksmith  shop,  but  as 
the  country  filled  with  setders,  the  village  natural!  grew.  A  sec- 
ond store  was  opened  in  1836  by  a  Mr.  \/aterbury,  who  built  a 
house  for  the  purpose  —  that  now  occupied  b}^  Reed  &  Son,  gro- 
cers. Several  log  houses  had  been  raised  in  the  village,  but  this 
was  the  first  of  the  frame  houses,  which  soon  became  common. 
After  four  or  five  years  of  active  trade,  this  merchant  died;  and  in 
the  same  house  Flenry  Shirtin,  a  German,  opened  the  next  store. 
When  he  vacated  the  place  it  was  occupied  early  in  the  50's  by 
by  S.  F.  Eaton  and  William  Ramsey,  who  afterward  built  the  first 
brick  house  —  that  now  occupied  as  a  butcher  shop  by  C.  F.  Neigh- 
bors. A  harness  maker,  Keel  by  name,  erected  the  next  brick 
house,  and  as  the  town  increased  in  size  and  importance,  brick  and 
stone  became  generally  used.  Samuel  Spaugh,  Lewis  Spaugh  and 
Levi  Rominger  came  early,  and  in  1857  a  partnership  was  formed, 
the  firm  name  being  Rominger  &  Spaugh,  and  a  business  house  es- 


TOWNS.  609 

tablislicd  which  continues  to  the  ])rc,sent  day.  Upon  Mr.  Sixuigh's 
dealli,  Mr.  Roniinger  becanu'  sole  proprietor  and  .successful I3'  con- 
ducted an  ever  increasing  business  until  his  sons,  as  wortliy  suc- 
cessors, became  able  to  take  his  phxce  and  permit  him  to  retire. 
•Where  the  hirge  and  handsome  stone  house  of  the  Romingcrs  now 
stands,  the  first  public  house  in  the  village  was  kept.  It  was  called 
"  L.  J.  Rominger's  tavern,"  and  was  one  (^f  the  hospitable  inns 
known  onl}-  to  early  times.  Provisions  were  cheap  then  and  the 
landlord  made  money  when  keeping  boarders  at  the  low  rate  of 
$1.25  per  week. 

Surrounded  b}'  rich  and  inviting  lands  which  attracted  the  at- 
tention of  intelligent  and  industrious  farmers,  beinir  the  seat  of  an 
institution  of  learning  early  established,  and  the  meeting-place  of  ;; 
devoted  religious  sect,  the  town  became  the  objective  point  of  a 
high  class  of  immigrants  from  the  older  States,  and  its  growth  was 
rapid.  Ever}-  business  of  which  the  communit}'  has  stood  in  need 
has  been  represented,  and  at  times  there  have  been  manufactur- 
ing industries  of  moderate  size.  In  1S64,  a  woolen  factory  was 
established  by  Hiram  Solomon  and  Solomon  Ziegler,  being  the  first 
enterprise  of  the  kind.  It  was  operated  about  five  or  six  years, 
when  unfortunately  the  building  was  destroyed  by  fire.  In  1856 
Samuel  and  Sandford  Rominger  built  a  flouring  mill,  the  ownership 
of  which  afterward  frequently  changed,  for  the  last  four  years 
being  successfully  operated  by  Simon  Nading.  Supplied  with  the 
latest  improved  machinery,  its  capacity  is  eight}'-  barrels  per  day, 
and,-though  not  constantly  at  work,  consumes  about  30,000  bushels 
of  wheat  per  year.  For  twelve  years  past  George  W.  Norman 
has  operated  a  planing  mill,  which,  doing  only  a  local  business,  is 
extensive  enough  for  the  demands  made  upon  it.  Specht  & 
Spaugh,  contractors  and  builders,  also  own  a  planing  mill  which  is 
principally  engaged  upon  their  own  work.  Miller,  Reed  &  Norman 
are  now  operating  a  saw  mill  which  was  built  about  twelve  3'ears 
ago,  since  which  time  it  has  passed  through  several  hands.  A  tile 
factory,  started  by  Robert  M.  Rosencranz,  and  now  owned  by 
Miller  &  Rominger,  is  doing  an  extensive  business.  The  making 
of  carriages  and  light  wagons  has  constituted  a  paying  industry  for 
several  3'ears;  there  are  in  the  business  now  John  Albright,  Sher- 


6lO  BARTIIOI.O.MP.W    COUNTV. 

man  Neli<^fh,  and  L.  Albrighl.  Of  smaller  industrk-s  thorc  arc  two 
blacksmith  sliops,  one  wagon  shop,  four  shoe  shops  and  two  har- 
"»ness  shops.  Other  present  business  interests  are  as  follows:  Dry 
goods,  Rominger  Bros.;  groceries,  Reed  &  Son,  C.  G.  ]\richael, 
II.  F.  Rominger,  W.  L.  Reit/,,  A.  R.  Blume;  confectionery,  George 
Ilass;  boots  and  shoes,  Shields  &  Thompson;  undertaking  and 
furniture,  George  Carruthers,  Spaugh  &  Norman;  jewehy  and 
Avatcli  making,  J.  T.  Schaub,  J.  13.  Miller;  meat  markets,  Sherman 
■  Bittrieh,  Adam  Fox,  Charles  Neighbors;  agricultural  inipk'ments, 
Ilai-ker  &  Ray;  hardware  and  stoves,  G.  D.  Weinland,  L.  S. 
Fishel  &  Brc,  B.  Stapp;  drugs,  Stapp  iS:  Son,  W.  T.  Newton,  E.  T. 
Porter;  hotels,  E.  B,  Fishel,  L.  I.  Chapman;  livery,  Shirley  & 
Shirley,  L.  Carmichael;  saloons,  E.  Woehler,  L,  Spaugh. 

A  novel  and  important  industry  most  successfully  carried  on 
here  is  that  of  poultry  farming.     The  pioneers  in  the  business  were 
Fishel  Bros.,  who  are  said  to  be  the  most  extensive  breeders  of 
Langshan  fowls  in  the  United  States.      They  began  business  in 
1879  ■\\'itJ^  ^  capital  of  one  dollar,  and  now  own,  in  addition  to  their 
costly  fowls,  yards  containing  three  and  one-half  acres  and.  thirteen 
buildings,  one  being  20x60  feet  and  two  stories  high.     The  excel- 
lence  of  their  birds  is  attested  by  the   fact  that  they  have  w^on 
prizes  wherever  exhibited,  successfully  competing  at  Indianapolis, 
Chicago,  St.  Louis,  Atlanta,  New  Orleans,   Dallas,  Tex.,  Battle 
Creek,  Mich.,  and  elsewhere.     Among  their  noted  birds  is  a  most 
perfect  Langshan  cock,  valued  at  $200,  and  responding  to  the  eu- 
phonious name,  "Ching-Ching";  others  are  "He-No"  and  "Prin- 
cess," the  pair  being  imported  from  England  at  a  cost  of  $350. 
Connected  with  the  j'-ards  is  a  kennel  of  handsome  and  valuable 
dogs,  some  of  which  are  valued  at  from  $500  to  $1,000.     These 
gentlemen  devote  their  entire  attention  to  fancy  breeds,   while  the 
later  firm  of  G.  B.  &  M.  B.  Stapp,  established  in  1886,  make  a 
specialty  of  earl}-  broilers  for  market,   though  their  yards  contain 
some  line  Plymouth  Rocks,  Light  Brahmas  and  Black  Javas.      On 
Javas,  which  have  been  shown  at  Indianapolis,  St.  Louis,  New  Or- 
leans and  elsewhere,  they  have  never  been  beaten  in  a  contest  for 
prizes.     Their  yards  contain  five   acres  and  numerous  buildings, 
representing  a  capital  of  at  least  $700.     Among  their  best  fowls  is 
an  especially  fine  Plymouth  Rock,  "Sid,"  valued  at  $50. 


TOWNS.  6ll 

P/a//iiio-  of  the  TiKcn. —  Hope  was  nol  survej-ed  and  platted 
until  November  17,  1836,  when  it  was  laid  out  by  John  Essex, 
Ilcnry  "Clayton,  and  William  Chilty,  into  thirty-seven  lots  and  a 
public  park,  330  feet  s(|uarc;  the  streets  surroundinf,'  the  park  were 
sixt}'  feet  wide,  elsewhere  forty  feet  wide.  The  following  addi- 
tions have  been  made:  first,  November  19,  1839,  ^^y  Trustees  of 
the  Moravian  Church,  fifteen  in-lots  and  six  out-lots;  second,  JNIay 
15,  1844,  by  Trustees  of  Moravian  Church,  thirt3'--two  lots;  third, 
October  8,  185 1,  by  Samuel  Rominger,  forty  lots;  fourth,  April  18, 
1856,  by  Samuel  Rominger,  forty  lots;  fifth,  April  18,  1856,  by 
William  D.  Cook,  fifteen  lots;  sixth,  b}'  Robert  Spaugh,  sixtv-nine 
lots;  seventh,  November  12,  1S56,  by  Trustees  of  the  Moravian 
Church,  fort}-  lots;  eighth,  December  8,  1856,  by  A.  C.  Remy, 
twent3'-four  lots;  ninth  and  tenth,  November  10,  1877,  b}^  Trustees 
of  the  Moravian  Church,  twenty-seven  lots  and  sixteen  lots,  respect- 
ively; eleventh,  October  4,  1S83,  by  J.  E.  Robbins,  Horace  Scott 
and  William  H.  Aikin,  ninet3'-nine  in-lots  and  twenty-seven  out- 
lots. 

Incorporation, —  A  public  meeting  was  held  January  8,  1859,, 
to  discuss  the  propriety  of  incorporating  the  village,  as  a  result  of 
which  an  election  was  ordered  to  be  held  April  2,  1859,  to  ascer- 
tain the  wish  of  the  people,  at  which  seventy-five  votes  were  cast . 
in  favor  of  incorpt  ration  and  thirty-six  votes  against  it.  The  town 
was  soon  thereafter  incorporated  by  the  lawful  authorities.  At  the 
first  election  of  officers,  held  June  25,  1S59,  ^^  following  were 
chosen:  E.  T.  Porter,  William  Jacobsor  Jeremiah  George,  David 
Larimore,  Philip  Gombold,  Trustees;  A.  Butner,  Treasurer;  J.  A. 
Butner,  Clerk;  S.  Jones,  Marshal.  The  present  officers  are:  C.  G. 
Michael,  John  A.  Miller,  C.  M.  Handle}^  Trustees;  T.J.Gates, 
Clerk;  J.  B.  Millei-,  Treasm-er;  James  A.  Miller,  Marshal.  There 
have  been  no  public  buildings  erected,  except  a  small  calaboose  for 
confinement  of  petty  offenders  against  the  laws,  now  standing  on 
the  south  end  of  the  public  square. 

Financial  Instiiutions. —  Banking  facilities  were  first  afforded 
the  business  men  by  the  incorporation  of  the  Citizens'  Bank, 
JNIarch  15,  1883,  with  James  P.  Kenned}^,  President;  John  E. 
Roberts,  Vice  President,   and  William  Kenned}',  Cashier,  as    its 


012  nAKTHOLOMEW   COUNTY. 

'viicers,  who  continue  to  manage  the  affairs  of  the  institution.  Its 
capital  stock  is  $25,000.  Hope  Building  and  Loan  Association 
Avas  incorporated  March  31,  1SS3,  with  a  capital  stock  $50,000 
divided  into  250  shares  of  $200  each.  Its  first  olFicers  were: 
W.  H.  Aikin,  President;  Jolm  A.  Miller,  Vice  President;  li.  Auf- 
derhide,  Secretary,  and  Ch.irles  Neligh,  Treasurer.  The  presi- 
dent and  vice  president  remain  the  same,  and  the  other  olficers  now 
are:  W.  T.Newton,  Secretary,  and  Williani  Kennedy,  Treasurer. 
The  association  is  prosperous,  and  has  done  mucli  to  advance  the 
welfare  of  the  town. 

uYrzi'spa_pcrs. —  In  the  spring  of  1868,  W.  H.  Ougley,  now  of 
Louisville,  Ky.,  commenced  Lhe  publication  of  a  six-column  folio 
called  T/ie  Watchman,  which  was  neutral  in  politics  and  devoted  to 
local  interests  entirel3^  The  enterprise  was  unsuccessful,  and  after 
a  trial  of  about  twent}-  months,  was  abandoned,  the  proprietor  mov- 
ing to  Edinburgh.  October  5,  1872,  The  Hope  Enterprise,  simi- 
lar to  The  Watchman  in  size  and  the  interests  it  intended  to  serve, 
was  established  by  S.  L.  Hiichcock,  who,  after  continuing  its  issue 
for«about  one  year,  sold  his  intf'rests  to  Jacob  Clouse  &  Sons. 
These  gentlemen  at  once  started  The  Chronicle,  which  in  the 
course  of  another  3-ear  was  merged  into  The  Independent  by  L.  E. 
Clouse,  from  whom,  March  4,  iSSi,  S.  L.  Hitchcock  leased  the 
property  and  continued  the  Independent  till  March  25th  following, 
when  the  name  was  changed  to  The  Philomathcan,  under  which 
title  it  Avas  continued  until  December  of  the  same  A^ear,  when  Mr. 
Hitchcock,  failing  to  receive  the  cordial  support  he  expeciied,  re- 
tired from  the  newspaper  business  permanenth'.  The  material 
still  belongs  to  the  elder  Mr.  Clouse,  and  is  stored  .awa}^  unused. 
The  Hope  Champion,  a  live-column  quarto,  independent  in  politics, 
and  issued  w^eekh',  was  established  November  15,  1883,  bj-  Mc- 
Pheeters  &  Bradbury,  who  continued  its  publication  until  April  16, 
1885,  when  it  passed  into  the  hands  of  D.  B.  Baldwin,  the  present 
owner,  wlio  subsequent!}'-  changed  the  name  to  th(?  A'civs  yonrnal. 
Under  the  management  of  Mr.  Baldwin,  the  paper  has  been  en- 
larged, its  business  increased  rapidly,  and  its  cnxulation  more  than 
trebled. 

Secret  Societies. —  Hope    Lodge  No.    150,  F.    &   A.    M.,  was 
granted   a  dispensation,  September   18,  1852,  and  chartered  May 


.<m! 


■   t^ 


^07C&J^^ . 


TOWNS.  615 

26,  1S53,  with  c'ight  members  and  the  following  oOlcers:  II.  B. 
Smawiey,  W.  ^L;  S.  F.  Eaton,  S.  W.;  J.  J3.  Johnson,  J.  W.; 
J.  Morwon,  Secretary;  T.  Vauy;hn,  Treasurer;  A.  C.  Remy,  S.  D.; 
B.  G.  Severance,  J.  1).;  N.  \'aa  Skike,  Tyler.  The  present  oHl- 
cers  are:  John  A.  Miller,  W.  M.;  E.  G.  Reginnas,  S.  \V.;  J.  R. 
Thompson,  J.  W.;  Adam  Fox,  Treasurer;  E.  T.  Porter,  Secretary; 
William  Vogler,  S.  D.;  L.  D.  Reed,  J.  D.;  T.  M.  Vinnedge  and 
11.  L.  Miller,  Stewards,  and  James  A.  Miller,  Tyler.  In  1859,  a 
building  belonging  to  the  lodge  in  which  its  meetings  were  held, 
was  totall}'  destroyed  by  fire,  the  records  only  being  saved.  It  now 
has  a  membership  of  fifty-three,  and  is  very  properous,  occupy- 
ing, though  not  owning,  a  well  furnished  hall,  about  60x22  feet. 
Of  its  charter  members,  the  last  li\'ing  was  Capt.  S.  F.  Eaton,  who 
died  December  9,  1S85.  John  H.  Kluge  is  the  oldest  living  mem- 
ber. E.  T.  Porter  has  held  office  in  the  lodge  for  twenty-five 
years. 

iNIizpah  Lodge  U.  D.,  Eastern  Star,  H.  A.  M.,  was  consti- 
tuted ISiovember  3,  1S87,  with  the  following  officers:  Mrs.  Mary 
Hopkins,  W..  M.;  J.  W.  Vfomack,  W.  P.;  Miss  Addie  Reed, 
A.M.;  Mrs.  Kate  M.  Robertson,  Secretary;  Mrs.  Sarah  Blodes, 
Treasurer;  Mrs.  Mary  J.  Womack,  C;  Mrs.  Mary  Pangburn,  C; 
A.  R.  Kluge,  S.;  Miss  Alice  Kluge,  W.  The  lodge  has  now 
thirty-eight  members. 

Byron  Lodge  No.  108,  K.  of  P.,  was  instituted  May  24,  1883, 
with  sixteen  members.  The  first  officers  were:  E.  A.  Jones,  C.  C; 
H.  Aufderhide,  V.  C:  J.  E.  Shipman,  P.;  J.  F.  Burcham,  M.  of  E.; 
G.  D.  Weinland,  M.  of  F.;  Frank  Stapp,  K.  of  R.  &  S.;  E.  E. 
White,  M.  at  A.;  J.  C.  Rominger,  I.  G.;  H.  McCalip,  O.  G.  The 
present  membership  numbers  about  50,  it  occupies  a  hall  about 
50x22  feet,  and  its  available  resources  amount  to  $700.  The  present 
ofiicers  are:  L.  I.  Chapman,  P.  C;  A.  F.  Ma}-,  C.  C;  J.  E.  Mc- 
Cartney, V.  C;  William  J.  Porter,  P.;  G.  D.  Weinland,  M.  of  E.; 
J.  W.  Bevis,  M.  of  F.;  J.  C.  Rominger,  K.  of  R.  &  S.;  L.  Dillman, 
M.  at  A.;  S.  W.  Fitchpatrick,  I.  G.;  H.  F.  Rominger,  O.  G. 

Charles  Porter  Post  No.  469,  G.  A.  R.,  was  organized  July  22, 
1886,  with  eighteen  charter  members  and  the  following  officers: 
John  A.  .AliUer,  P.  C;  F.  D.  Warner,   S.  V.  C;  William  Jelf, 
21  ' 


"MiTHOrXWIEW   COUNTV. 


J.  V.  C.;J,    ,i>l,    Carter,    Adjt.;  John   M.   )  alten,   Q.  M-  C    S 

■     1"m";,  ^'"f  ^^^''"■■-'"   ""'.  Chaplain;  E.  Stavley,  O.  ofD 

-J.  1  .  >r.IIer,  O.  „£  U. ;  G.  .Miller,  S.  M. ;  J.  Brannen,  Q  M.  S     The 

pos  was  named  in  honor  of  Charles  II.  Porter,  who  enli,steci  fron, 

Hope  ,n   Con,pa„y  I,  Thirty-third   Indiana   Volunteer  Inf.ntry,  in 

I86i  and  at  the  organization  of  hi,,  company  was  made  Third  Ser- 

Mu   ;'",'s/"^'t'"'''^",'•■  P™'""'"'  '°  ^^■'^°""   Lietttenant,  and  on 
action  .„Ke'       ''\f  <'J"'""'   °'  '"-^   -S""«>t-     "e  was  killed  in 
acfon  at  Kenesaw  Mounta.n,  June  2a,  1864.     At  present  the  post 
has  twenty  five  members,  and  its  officers,  in  the  ord 'r  above  „  med 
/p".rn''""'  ^™^''  S""*>-'  O-'il  Everro„,d,  F.  D.  w!r- 

Colli„;   H         ''^•'°''"  ^"'^^''  ®°'°™°"  ^"'"''  E"  "™"-k,  John  M. 
Colhns,  Henry  Cnsman,  and  Charles  Bittrich 

Fd/f7p"'f  ^'■''■'"■''•"'^■'■''''■'"''■'""■-'"   "Tl-'-'  Circuit   Rider" 
Edward  Eggleston  says:    "I.  is  a  singular  tribute  to  the  value  of 
a  horse,  that  antong  barbarous  or  half-civilized  peoples  horse-steal- 
.ng  ,s  accounted  an  offense  more  atrocious  than  homicide.     In  such 
a  community,  ,0  steal  a  man's  horse  is  the  grandest  of  larcenies  _ 
s    o  rob  h„n  of  the  stepping  stone  to  civilization."     The  matrni- 
tude  of  the  offense  has  been  properly  diminished  to  a  just  propor- 
tion w,th  other  offenses  against  the  law,  but  only  after  the  iLe  of 
many  years.     Respecting  the  crime  the  Indiana  Territorial   Code 
provided  as  punishment  for  it,  first  conviction,  the   pavment  of  the 
antmal  s  value  and  costs  with  not  lessthan  fifty  nor  m^re  than  two 
hundred  str-pes  at  the   whipping  post,  and  for  the  second  convfc- 
tton,  death!    The  only  other  capital  crimes  were  .reason,  „  n"d  r 
arson,  ano  rape.     The  detection  of  guilt  in  crimesof  this  characttx 
was,  ,n  early  ttmes,  deemed  a  matter  in  which  every  good  citizen 

^htch  aU  posstble  assistance  ought  to  be  rendered.     On  January 
29,  1844,  a  number  of  at.zens  of  Haw  Creek  and  adjoining  town- 
ships   met    ,n    the   town  of  Hope  and  after  serious    deliberation 
adoptc-d  articles  of  association  with  rules  and  bv-laws,  by  which  aU 

—•;  :r  "'■  "■'■"'"  ''■™''  "^^  *  horse  st^el  tosha 
ZT^A  ;      •7'"?'   """""^  '"  '"P'"""S  ••'"d  prosecuting  the 

In  18,2  the  Stale  Legislature  passed  an  ac,  authorizing  the  forma- 


TOWNS.  617 

tioii  of  horsi'-lliief-calihing  associations.  At  llu'  preseiil  time  then.- 
are  two  such  associations  at  Hope,  their  presidents  being  Daniel 
Gates  and  Edward  Jones. 

The  census  of  18S0  shows  the  population  of  IIo]ie  to  liave  been 
at  that  time,  830..  It  is  now  estimatetl  to  be  between  1,000  and 
1,200.  The  most  important  of  recent  events  affectiiiy  the  welfare 
of  the  town  was  the  construction  of  the  C,  11.  &  G.  Railroad, 
■which  reached  here  in  the  fall  of  iSS.]..  It  had  lieen  connected 
previously  with  the  surrounding  country,  and  neighboring  towns 
and  cities,  by  well-kept  turnpikes  which  were  ver}'^  influential  in  ad- 
vancing the  material  interests  of  the  town.  The  expectations  — 
based  on  the  construction  of  the  rail wa}'- — of  the  citizens,  have  not 
generally  been  realized,  but  as  3''et  those  controlling  capital  have 
hardly  learned  how  to  use  the  new  facilities  placed  at  their  com- 
mand, and  efforts  such  as  might  profitably  be  made  have  not  been 
put  forth. 

Elizabctlitown. —  This  town  on  the  Madison  branch  of  the  J.,  M. 
&  I.  R.  R.,  situated  in  the  southwest  quarter  of  Section  13,  Town- 
ship 8,  of  Range  6  east,  was  laid  out  June  11,  1845,  b}^  George  W. 
Branham,  into  fifty  lots,  with  streets  forty  feet  wide,  and  named  by 
him,  in  honor  of  Elizabeth,  his  wife.  The  following  additions  have 
been  made:  March  7,  1848,  by  G.  W.  Branham  and  John  Snipes, 
thirty- four  lots ;  August  7,  1S66,  b}'  Oliver  Judd,  thirty-seven  lots; 
March  24,  1871,  and  continued  February  5,  1872,  by  Charles  Dan- 
torth,  fort\^-six  lots.  George  W.  Branham  was  a  railroad  con- 
tractor, who  bought  the  land  upon  which  E'izabethtown  now  stands, 
built  the  lirst  house  there,  opened  a  general  merchandise  store  and 
laid  out  the  town.  He  was  succeeded  in  business  by  Danville 
Branham.  Edward  Springer  was  early  associated  with  the  Bran- 
hams,  and  from  that  time  to  the  present  has  been  more  prominently 
identified  with  the  business  interests  of  the  town  than  any  other 
individual.  About  1847,  George  W.  Branham  and  Mr.  Springer 
built  the  first  saw  mill,  and  about  1852,  Danville  Branham  and  Mr. 
Springer  built  the  first  flouring  mill,  which  was  destroyed  by  fire, 
rebu'lt  by  Augustus  Vaught  and  now  owned  and  operated  by  Voyles 
&  Son.  At  present  the  othi-r  business  interests  are:  Edward 
Springer  &  Son,  Adams  &  Phillips,   R.   C.   Newsom,  and  W.   II. 


6l^  BARTHOLOMEW    COUNTV. 

15 uxton,  general  merchandise;  Wills  &  Reynolds,  drugs;  liudden- 
bohm  &  Ludon,  and  James  Oieni,  blacksmiths;  Allison  Elzea  and 
^Scott  Elzea,  wagonmakers;  Mrs.  A.  Waught,  furniture  and  under- 
taking. Evidencing  the  enterprising  spirit  of  tlie  citizens  is  the 
fact  that  the  only  natural  gas  wells  in  the  county,  excepting  those 
at  Columbus,  have  been  bored  at  this  place.  The  (Irst  well,  998 
feet  deep,  was  sunk  by  the  Elizabethlown  Natural  Gas  and  Oil 
Company,  incorporated  in  1887,  with  a  capital  stock  of  .f  1,500, 
J.  C.  Vo3les,  President;  the  work  being  done  by  R.  Bussard  &  Co., 
a  Penn^j-lvania  firm.  The  flow  of  gas  is  not  yetsuflicient  for  prac- 
tical use.  The  second  well  is  being  bored  by  the  Elizabethtown 
Union  Gas  Compan}',  incorporated,  E.  Springer,  President. 

The  town  never  aspired  to  being  more  than  a  good  trading 
point  for  a  Hmited  but  very  prosperous  farming  community.  Fi-om 
the  first  its  grow'h  has  been  gradual  and  constant  with  the  devel- 
opment of  the  countr}^.  The  population  numbers  about  550;  there 
is  a  large  church  membership;  intelligence,  sobriet}'-  and  moralit}- 
are  characteristics  of  the  communit)^ 

Incorporation. — In  Februar}-,  1871,  a  public  meeting  was  held 
to  discuss  the  propriety  of  incorporating  the  town,  at  which  Dr. 
A.  G.  Boynton  presided.  The  incorporation  was  effected  soon 
thereafter.  H.  C.  Branham  was  the  first  President  of  the  Board 
of  Trustees;  I.  E.  Pearson  was  first  Clerk.  The  present  officers 
are:  Ellison  Elzea,  President;  Henry  Buddenbohm  and  McClure 
Branham,  Trustees;  John  Anderson,  Clerk. 

Secret  Orders. —  x\n  account  of  the  secret  orders  here  will  form 
no  small  part  of  the  town's  general  history: 

/.  O.  O.  F. — Terrell  Lodge  No.  192,  named  in  honor  of 
W.  n.  H.  Terrell,  who,  as  deput}',  organized  it  June  22,  1857, 
met  with  serious  reverses,  and  worked  only  three  or  four  j-ears,  when 
discouraged  by  loss  of  all  its  property  b}^  fire  and  by  a  large  de- 
crease in  its  members,  due  to  the  enlistment  of  its  members  in  the 
United  States  Army,  surrendered  its  charter.  F'or  about  eleven 
^-ears  Odd  Fellowship  was  at  a  standstill.  The  lodge  was  re- 
organized May  22,  1872,  the  charter  members  being:  W.  C. 
Adams,  M.  D.  Long,  Edward  Springer,  Augustus  Vaught,  Will- 
iam A.  Parker,  Washington  Polen,  Woods  Ilerod  and  II.  C.  Bran- 


TOWXS.  619 

luim.  Tlie  present  oincei-.s  arc:  Jacob  II u^f lies,  P.  G.;  Augustus 
Ekca,  N.  G.;  W.  C.  Davis,  V.  G.;  E.  II.  Wiggs,  Warden;  A.  J. 
Mull,  Recording  Secretary;  C.  W.  Criffen,  Per.  Secretary;  C.  L. 
Thomas,  Conductor.  There  are  now  sixty-two  members,  and  t!  ■,• 
lodge  is  very  prosperous.  It  owns  a  substantial  two-slor}-  brick 
business  building  with  a  well  furnished  hall  on  the  second  floor, 
90x24  feet,  recently  erected  at  a  cost  of  about  $3,500,  and  a 
frame  busine>  hous*:,  24x30.  The  lodge  suffered  a  second  severe 
loss  b}^  fire  November  22,  i<S83,  ^^t  was  not  seriously  embarrassed 
thereby. 

EUzahcth  Lodge  A'o.  16 j,  Daughters  0/  Rebecca,  was  chartered 
November  18,  1S75,  charter  members  being:  Edward  Springer, 
William  C.  Ailams,  Alonzo  P>utler,  V.  M.  Carr,  John  Boston,  Will- 
iam Anderson,  XL  IT.  Trent,  H.  H,  Adams,  Mrs.  Sarah  Boston, 
Mrs.  Lancy  E.  Springer,  Mrs,  Sarah  Adams,  Mrs.  Louisa  Carr, 
and  Mrs.  Mar}--  J.  Trent.  The  lodge  ■  is  unfortunate  and  for  a 
time  did  not  prosper.  In  Jul}',  1887,  it  .was  re-organized  and  is  now 
in  a  flourishing  condition,  with  twent3'-eight  members.  The  preseit 
officers  are:  Mrs.  Priscilla  Ekea,  N.  G.;  Mrs.  Nannie  Buxton,  V.  G 
Mrs.  Cai-rie  Hull,  Secretary;  Mrs.  Catherine  Reapp, Treasurer;  Mrs. 
Jane  Elzea,  Chaplain;  Mrs.  Sarah  I.  Burns,  Recording  Secretary. 

J^.  d'  A.  AT. —  A  dispensation  was  granted  July  21,  1865,  to 
Elizabethtown  Lodge  No.  249,  F.  &  A.  M.  The  first  meeting  was 
held  July  31,  1S65,  at  which  the  following  officers  were  chosen:  Dr. 
A.  G.  Boynton,  W.  M.;  Alexander  R.  Wilson,  Sr.  W.;  W.  T. 
Strickland,  Jr.  W. ;  William  E.  Herod,  Sr.  D. ;  Daniel  Burns,  Jr. 
D. ;  Moses  A.  Remy,  Secretary;  John  J.  Phillips,  Treasurer;  John 
Stansbury,  Tyler.  The  charter  was  granted  Ma}'-  31,  1866,  in 
which  the  following  officers  were  named:  William  T.  Strickland, 
W.  M.;  Alexander  W^ilson,  Sr.  W.,  and  William  E.  Herod,  Jr.  W. 
The  lodge  occupies  a  nicely  furnished  hall,  64x22,  is  out  of  debt 
and  in  a  prosperous  condition,  with  thirt3--two  members.  It  owns  a 
full  set  of  jewels  of  solid  coin  silver,  of  which  it  is  justly  proud. 
The  present  ofl^icers  are:  P.  J.  Sater,  W.  M.;  C.  E.  Durland,  Sr.  W.; 
William  Jackson,  Jr.  W.;  Cader  Gant,  Treasurer;  W.  E.  Springer, 
Secretary;  J.  S.  Huffman,  Sr.  D.;  B.  Burns,  Jr.  D.;  J.  H.  Bradford, 
Tvler. 


620 


IIAKTIIOI.OMKW    COUXTV. 


K.  of  P. —  Modd  Li.dgc  No.  ii6,  K.  of  P.,  was  organized  Au- 
.misl  13,  1S85,  through  tlK-  inslrumeiil.i  ityof  IVtor  E.  Wills,  under 
the  direction  of  W.  L.  Ileiskell,  Special  D.  D.  G.  C,  wiili  tlic  fol- 
lowing ofTicers  and  additional  members:  P.  E.  Wills,  P.  C,  on 
card  from  Rolla  Lodg(^  No.  17;  W.  E.  Springer,  C.  C;  P.  J. 
.Sator,  V.  C;  II.  Stephenson,  P.;  A.  L.  Bateman,  K.  of  R.  cS: 
S.;  A.  W.  Dean,  M.  of  E.;  H.  11.  Trent,  M.  of  F.;  M.  Branham, 
IM.  at  A.;  L.  Connor,  I.  G.;  O.  Hammond,  O.  G.;  J.  Stephenson, 
I.  Bonner,  J.  M.  Manley,  J.  13.  Hull,  J.  Huffman  and  D.  Walker. 
The  roster  now  contains  forty  names  with  future  prospects  bright- 
The  lodge  occupies  a  spacious  and  elegant  hall  in  the  handsome 
brick  business  building  belonging  to  P.  E.  Wills.  The  present  offi- 
cers are :  enry  Stephenson,  P.  C. ;  W^  E.  Springer,  C.  C. ;  Jona- 
than Carter,  V.  C;  Jefferson  Huffman,  P.;  P.  E.  Wills  M.  of  E.; 
Eewis  Conner,  M.  of  F.;  A.  AV.  Dean,  K.  of  R.  &  ..:  Harvey 
Crittenden,  M.  at  A.;  A.  R.  Hatt,  I.  G.;  Charles  Redding,  O.  G. 

G.  A.  R. — James  Moffctt  Post  No.  223,  was  organized  August 
12,  1883,  with  thirty  charter  members.  John  Anderson  was  the 
first  Post  Commander,  followed  b}^  D.  A.  Thompson,  K.  D.  Haw- 
ley,  and  Jefferson  Huffman,  the  present  Commander.  The  post  has 
constantly  grown  in  strength  since  its  organization,  there  being  now 
-sev-enty-four  members.  Fort  Donaldson  Camp  No.  66,  Sons  of 
Veterans,  was  first  mustered  in  Juhv  1887,  and  organized  Novem- 
ber 28,  1887,  with  t\yent3'-three  charter  members,  under  Capt. 
Waher  I.  Trent,  now  commanding  thirt^'-eight  members. 

/.  O.  G,  T. —  A  lodge  of  Good  Templars  existed  here  as  earlv 
as  1857;  and  twice  since  that  time  organizations,  now  extinct,  have 
existed.  Eclipse  Lodge  No.  61,  w^as  organized  Februaiy  9,  1886, 
with  fifty-three  charter  members,  through  the  instrumentality  of 
jNIr.  W^illiam  Adams.  The  first  officers  were:  Mrs.  M.  M.  Bie- 
ber,  W.  C.  T.;  Miss  Ida  Newsom,  V.  T.;  E.  J.  Newsom,  Secre- 
tary. It  now  has  about  fort}''  members,  the  officers  being:  Miss 
Ida  Newsom,  W.  C.  T.;  Mrs.  Lizzie  Adams,  V.  T.;  Robert  B. 
Anderson,  Secretaiy.  Clear  W;;  or  Temple  No.  29,  Juvenile 
Templars,  was  organized  August  11,  1886,  with  about  twenty 
charter  members.  This  noble  band  has  grown  rapidly,  ninety-two 
members  now  adorning  their  lives  with  the  practice   of  its   good 


TOWNS.  021 

princij^l.  s.     The  prcsc-nL  ..llkiTS  arc:     Robert  B.  Anderson,  C.  T.; 
Miss    May   Wills,    V.  T.;  Miss  Dollic   Erwood,   Secretary. 

The  •  ,n  has  a  well  conducted  school,  Methodist,  I'^piscopal 
and  Christian  churches,  each  with  lar^e  con<^regations.  These  are 
elsewhere  mentioned  in  detail. 

IlartsviUc. — This  town   was   perha^-s   named  in   honor  of  the 
fai'.er  of  Gideon  B.  Hart,  remembered  as  a  noble   leader   amon<^- 
I'      jMoneers,  but  this  is  not  certain.     Some  sa}-   it  was  named   for 
Joiii  Everhart,  an  early  land  owner  and  merchant,  but  tuis  idea  is 
not  countenanced  by  those  best  informed.     The  venerable  Eldridge 
Hopkins,  who  is  the  only  one  left  of  the  pioneers  who  helped  to 
raise  the  tirst  log  cabin  on  the  present  site   of  the  town,  says  it 
stood  wliere  the  Philipy  House   now  stands.     The  records  show 
that  June  15,  1S32,  Andrew  Calloway  laid  out  the  town  into  fifty- 
six  lots,  with  a  public  park  296  feet  S(|uare.     The   following  addi- 
tions hav^e  been  made:    July  27,  1S32,  by  A.  Calloway,  30  lots; 
September  24,  1S60,  by  the  Board  of  Trustees  of  Hartsville  Uni- 
versit}-,  51  lots  and  a  campus   560x1312   feet;  June  15,  1866,  by 
"William  Fix  and  Shelb}'  FuUen,  30  lots  and  a  block  for  the  use  of 
the  district  school;   June  23,  1866,  b}'-  Lewis  Mobley  and  Thomas 
Apple,  16  lots.     John  Everhart  and  Jacob  Rhodes  came  on  foot 
through  the  woods  on  the  day  the  first  cabin  was  being  raised,  and 
the  following  fall  a  stock  of  general  merchandise  was  put  into  this 
house   and  a  store   opened  by  John  Everhart  and  M.  M.  Hook. 
For  a  time  the  place  was  very  rough,  socially  as  well  as  otherwise; 
these  three  men,  Hook,  Everhart  and  Rhodes,  who  were  brothers- 
in-law,  were  the  most  prominent  citizens  and  encouraged  morality. 
Thc}'  owned  all  the  land  about  the  present  site  of  the  town  and 
started  it  for  the  convenience  of  a  postoffice  and  the  benefits  of 
trade.     Jacob  Rhodes  raised  a  cabin  on  the  north  side  of  the  public 
square  and  about  two  years  after  his  coming  kept  a  little  store  in 
the  first  cabin,   already  vacated  b}--  Everhart  &  Hook.     Shortly 
afterward  Dunn  and  Painter  opened  a  store  in  a  house  erected  a 
little  south  of  the  first  cabin,  and  were  succeeded  by  Judge  Joseph 
Hiner.     The   next  who  sold  goods  was  Elijah  Brady,  who  occu- 
pied a  house  standing  on  the  lot  where  Dr.  W.  H.  Beck  now  lives. 
After  Brady,  came  John  R.  Morledge,  who  commenced  early 


6.: 


n  MiTHOLOMinV    COUXTV. 


in  the  40's,  aii.i  before  many  ^voars  elapsed  James  I^iedv  and  Jolin 
E.  Galloway  tormed  a  partnership  and  went  into  business.  They 
Avcre  the  most  extensive  merchants  of  early  da^-s  at  this  point,  sup- 
plying a  very  large  territory  and  doing  a  considerable  business  an- 
nually. Through  the  instrumentalil\-  of  John  R.  Morledgc;  and 
others,  the  frame  building  now  standing  in  the  public  square  was 
erected  and  offered  to  the  United  Brethren  Church,  on  condi- 
tions that  an  institution  of  learning  should  be  established  and  main- 
tained in  the  village.  The  terms  were  accepted  and  the  history  of 
the  school  which  forms  so  great  a  part  of  the  town's  history,  is 
elsewhere  given.  Because  of  the  educational  facilities  offered,  and 
the  enterprising  spirit  of  such  men  as  Morledge,  the  town  rajjidly 
grew.  At  present  the  following  exhibits  its  business  interests: 
John  C.  Smith,  general  merchandise;  T.  C.  Clapp,  and  J.  B.  Clapp, 
grocers;  Gabriel  Philipy,  grocer  and  hotel;  J.  T.  Wright,  restaur- 
ant; A.  F.  Garriott,  Bradey  &  Lisk,  drugs;  M.  A.  Galbreath,  mil- 
liner and  postmaster;  Miss  Lois  K.  Graham,  milliner;  John  Wertz 
&  Co.,  E.  Pittman,  furniture;  B.  F.  Robinson,  meat  market; 
O.  Williams,  livery.  There  are  also  two  blacksmiths,  one  wagon- 
maker,  two  shoemakers  and  a  harnessmaker. 

Between  forty  and  lift}'  years  ago  a  carding  machine,  operated 
by  a  treadmill,  was  conducted  by  Silas  Forbes.  It  continued  till 
about  1867,  when  Mr.  Forbes  died  and  the  business  went  down. 
About  the  same  time  Andrew  Green  had  a  tan  3-ard  here,  and 
Louden  Williams  a  still  house  and  "corn-cracker"  near  the  town, 
but  both  were  earh'  abandoned.  In  recent  years  a  grist  mill  was 
built  by  Long  &  Miller  and  operated  till  it  burned  in  1884.  For 
several  years  a  planing  mill  owned  by  Scudder,  Lawrence  &  Phil- 
lips, and  a  saw  mill  owned  by  Rominger  &  Rogers,  have  been  c- 
cessfully  operated. 

lucorporation. —  In  the  summer  of  1867,  the  village  was  incor- 
porated. The  first  election  held  September  28,  of  that  year,  re- 
sulted in  the  choice  of  the  following  officers:  W'illiam  Fix,  O.  L. 
Moulder,  Hardy  Wray,  Elias  Clapp,  and  Noah  Elrod,  Trustees; 
N.  B.  Hamilton,  Clerk;  James  F.  Hiner,  Treasurer;  G.  Philipy, 
Marshal.     The  present  officers  are:  A.  B.  Clapp,  David  Clark  and 


TOWNS.  (',2^ 

Thomas  Roniin^cr,  Trustees;  Andrew  ( '.irler,  Marshal:  A.  F. 
Garriott,  Clerk  and  Treasurer. 

jY('zc's/>(if>ri-s. —  As  early  as  [846,  Samuel  Kricl!cnaii.t;h,  at  one 
time  well  known  in  Columbus  journalism,  eommenced  the  jHiblica- 
lion  of  an  almanac  and  small  paper  devoted  to  local  interests  en- 
tirely, but  the  enterprise  was  soon  abandoned.  In  1854,  L.  N. 
Countryman,  then  a  student  and  teacher  in  the  University,  bouL,dit 
a  new  press  and  printing-  outfit,  and  undertook  the  publication  of  a 
magazine  —  "a  mondily,  literarv,  scientilk  and  religious  journal," 
called  T/ic  Wcslcrn  Lilcrary  Jczi^cJ,  the  first  number  of  which  was 
issued  in  November  of  the  year  named.  It  was  made  up  princi- 
pally of  essa3^s  on  various  topics,  prominent  among  them  being 
those  of  slaveiy  and  intemperance.  After  the  second  issue  the  en- 
terprise failed  and  the  material  was  subsequently  sold  to  Columbus 
Stebbins,  who  was  then  publishing  the  Independent,  at  Columbus. 
In  the  latter  part  of  the  70's,  a  small  paper  was  published  for  about 
a  year  by  John  Hobson.  It  purported  to  be  a  religious  organ,  and 
was  devoted  chiefly  to  anti-secrec}'. 

Secret  Orders. —  Ilartsville  Lodge  No.  547,  F.  cK  A.  M.,  was 
chartered  May  22,  1877.  ^ts  first  officers  were:  John  A.  Miller, 
W.  M.;  W.  M.  Robinson,  S.  W.;  W.  J.  Herron,  J.  W.;  John  M. 
Tobias,  Treasurer;  N.  D.  Long,  Secretary;  Alex  M.  Stewart, Jr.  D. ; 
Jacob  Miller,  Sr.  D.;  B.  Davis,  Tyler.  The  lodge  now  has  a  mem- 
bership of  about  forty,  and  meets  in  Hamilton  Hall,  owning  no 
property.  The  present  officers  are:  T.  F.  McCallie,  \V.  M.;  A.  N. 
Graham,  S.  W.;  James  L.  Tomson,  J.  W. ;  John  Rogers,  Treasurer; 
F.J.  Beck,  Secretary;  J.  H.  Miller,  S.  D.;  P.  GiUiland,  J.  D.;  Andrew 
Carter,  Tyler.  Hartsville  Lodge  No.  152,  K.  of  P.,  was  instituted 
January  21,  1887,  with  tvvent)--two  charter  members.  The  first 
officers  were:  James  A.  Pumphrejs  P.  C;  George  W.  Sisk,  C.  C; 
C.  E.  Galloway,  V.  C;  A.  N.  Philip}^  P.;  D.  C.  Smith,  M.  of  Ex.; 
F.  I.  Galbreath,  M.  of  F.;  A.  Wertz,  K.  of  R.  &  S.;  George  B. 
Hiner,  M.  at  A.;  J.  B.  Philipy,  I.  G.,  and T.  Mobley,  O.  G.  There 
are  now  fifty-two  members,  the  lodge  is  prosperous,  and  meets  in  the 
public  hall.  The  present  officers  are :  C.  E.  Gallowa}',  P.  C. ;  A. 
Wertz,  C.  C;  J.  T.  Wright,  V.  C;  C.  B.  Utter,  P.;  G.   \'.  Sisk, 


<^-4  JiAUTIIOLOMl-.W    COUNTY. 

]\r.  of  Ex.;  E.  Wluilon,  'SI.  of  F.-U.  V.  Rubcrlson,  K.  of  R.  iK:  S.; 
Felix  Williams,  I.  G.;  A.  Barnes,  O.  G. 

^  Ilartsville  Assembly  No.  9,285,  K.  of  L.,  was  chartered  Janu- 
ary 12,  18S7,  with  twenty-three  members,  and  the  following  olFi- 
cers:  F.  J.  Beck,  M.  W.;  C.  C.  Clapp,  W.  F.;  T.  A.  Russell, 
Recordin*,^  Secretary;  C.  J.  Utter,  Finaneial  Secretary;  B.  Clapp, 
Treasurer;  W.  E.  Anderson,  S.;  T.  W.  Rominger,  V.  S.;  S.  A. 
B'ttorff,  U.  K.;E.  E.  Clapp,  W.  1.;  G.  P.  Ritner,  O.  E.;  J.  F. 
1  ;nlip3',  J.  E.;  J.  W.  Parkinson,  A.  In  the  order  above  named  the 
present  officers  are:  F.  J.  Beck,  S,  A.  Bottorff,  O.  J.  Mobley, 
C.  J.  Utter,  B.  Clapp,  G.  N.  Ritner,  T.  W.  Rominger,  C.  C.  Clapp, 
C.  B.  Beck,  W.  E.  Anderson,  B.  Flora,  and  J.  W.  Parkinson. 
There  are  now  fifty-three  members. 

James  T.  Chittenden  Post  No.  473,  G.  A.  R.,  was  chaitered 
August  10,  1886,  with  a  membership  of  nineteen,  which  has  now 
grown  to  fifty-nine.  Its  first  officers  were:  V.  IN'.  Carr,  P.  C;  J.  L. 
Crisler,  S.  V.  C;  J.  Huffer,  J.  V.  C;  A.  O.  Merrick,  Adjutant; 
B.  F.  Robertson,  O.  of  D.;  H.  H.  Crist,  Q..M.;T.  W.  Rominger, 
O.  of  G.;  M;Redd,  Q.  M.  Sergeant;  A.  Carter,  Sergeant  iMajor. 
The  present  officers  are :  J.  L.  Crisler,  P.  C ;  J.  Huffer,  S.  V.  C. ; 
T.  C.  Clapp,  J.  V.  C;  L.  J.  Scudder,  "Adjutant;  A.  N.  Graham, 
P.  of  D.;  Andrew  Carter,  Sergeant  Major;  B.  F.  Robertson,  Q.  M. 
Sergeant. 

About  fifteen  years  ago,  a  Workingmen's  League  with  a  small 
membership  was  sustained  for  about  one  year,  and  a  short  time 
later  a  lodge  of  I.  O.  G.  T.,  of  fair  size,  was  organized  and  worked 
for  a  brief  period. 

Clifford. —  On  Flat  Rock,  inearl3-days,JacobCorman,a  progres- 
sive pioneer^  built  a  grist  mill  and  woolen  factory,  making  cloth 
and  blankets  and  em  'lo3nng  a  number  of  laborers.  A  village 
formed  above  the  mill  grew  until  it  had  a  population  of  about  100, 
and  supported  two  stores,  conducted  by  Mr.  Corman  and  Thonias 
Bass.  The  completion  of  the  railroad  changed  the  condition  of  af- 
fairs. September  2,  1853,  Isaac  P.  Watson  and  Thomas  Markland 
laid  out  the  town  of  Clifford  into  thirty-three  lots,  with  streets  fifty 
feet  wide,  locating  it  on  the  railroad  in  the  northwest  quarter  of  Sec- 
tion 28,  Town  10,  Range  6   east,  to  which  an  addition  of  thirteen 


TOWNS.  625 

lots  \v;is  innle  April  15,  iSs^J,  by  Martin  and  Samuel  Quick;  the 
latter  had  previously,  June  r,  1855,  added  fifteen  lots  to  the  town, 
and  lat«r,  August  7,  1864,  added  six  lots. 

Mr.  Watson  built  a  business  house  near  the  railroad  track  and 
opened  a  general  store;  the  building  is  now  occupied  by  T.  M. 
Newton.  Very  soon  thereafter  Dr.  W.  II.  D3'e  and  Martin  Quick 
opened  another  store  and  commenced  a  competition  for  the  business 
of  the  country.  Mr.  Watson  continued  merchandising  about  one 
or  two  years,  and  sold  his  interests  to  Edward  Stoughton.  A  jiost- 
office  had  been  established  at  the  cross  roads  about  one-fourth  of 
a  mile  west  of  CHfford,  in  early  days,  when  the  mail  was  carried 
through  on  horseback  about  once  a  week,  which  was  presided  over 
by  I.  P.  Watson.  But  Clifford  so  prospered  that  the  ofTice  at  the 
cross  roads  was  abolished  and  one  was  established  in  1S55  at  the 
new  town,  with  S.  S.  Quicl;  as  postmaster.  Mr.  Quick  built  a 
house  and  stocked  it  with  a  small  assortment  of  goods,  but  did  not 
continue  in  business.  The  mill  at  Cormantown  was  destroyed  b}- 
fire  and  Mr.  Corman  moved  his  store  into  the  building  erected  by 
Mr.  Quick.  Gradually  the  villagers  forsaking  Cormantown,  moved 
to  the  more  prosperous  Clifford,  whose  growth  was  continued  as 
an  agricultural  town  with  the  rapid  settlement  of  the  countr3% 
Throughout  the  histor}^  of  the  place  its  most  prominent  business 
men  have  been:  Dj'e  &  Quick,  Boyd  &  Linke,  M.  D.  Lee  &  Co., 
Thomas  Newton,  and  Linke  &  Norton,  the  two  last-named  houses 
being  now  the  only  general  stores.  Henry  Foust,  grocer;  W.  H. 
Butler,  photographer;  Hill  &  Newton,  proprietors  of  a  saw  mill, 
are  also  at  present  in  business  here.  A  blacksmith,  a  shoemaker, 
wagonmakcr,  etc.,  may  be  found.  Jonathan  Ba;  0,  the.  wagon- 
maker,  is  the  oldest  resident  of  the  place.  Dr.  C.  H.  Butler  is 
probably  the  next  oldest;  for  many  years  he  has  enjoyed  the  con- 
fidence of  the  people  and  a  lucrative  practice. 

The  village  was  incorporated  in  April,  1SS3,  tlie  lirst  ofliccrs 
being:  J.  W.  Thayer,  J.  D.  iMcQueen  and  Simeon  Cox,  Trustees; 
W.  H.  Butler,  Clerk  and  Treasurer;  E.  B.  Kennedy,  Marshal. 
Mr.  Butler,  an  efHcient  and  popular  ofEcei",  still  holds  the  office  of 
Clerk  and  Treasurer.  The  other  officers  are:  John  Ilaworth, 
Marslial;  E.  K.  Pond,  W.  L.  Linker  and  C.  IT.  Butler,  Trustees; 


620  u.\irnioi.o.Mi:^\'  coi'ntv. 

Tlioinas  NcwHcmi,  poslmnslcr.  Tlic  ivijuihition  of  Ihc  town  is  over 
200. 

Cainon  Lodj^e  No.  34.?,  F.  &  A.  M.,  was  instituted  May  29, 
1S67,  witli  seven  charter  nicmbers.  The  first  odicers  weri;:  Josiali 
FuUs,  W.  M.;  R.  H.  Roope,  S.  W.;  C.  II.  Butler,  J.  W.;  J.  D. 
IV[cQuocn,  S.  D.:  A.  l\  Bone,  J.  I).;  J.  Norton,  Secretary;  J.  S. 
Carter,  Treasurer.  The  lodge  now  has  eighteen  members,  is  part 
owner  of  a  frame  building  2^xt,(\  in  the  upper  story  of  which  its 
meetings  are  held,  and  is  prosi)erous.  The  officers  now  are:  C.  II. 
Butler,  W.  M.;  J.  D.  McQueen,  S.  W.;  J.  Trembly,  J.  W.; 
J.  Hitch,  S.  1).;  W.  Wilson,  J.  D.;  W.  L.  Klipsch,  Secretary; 
J.  Newton,  Treasurer. 

From  about  1868  to  1872  a  strong  lodge  of  I.  O.  G.  T.  existed 
here;  the  leading  spirit  in  its  work  was  Dr.  S.  T.  Quick. 

Taylorsvillc. —  This  town  was  brought  into  existence  by  the 
bui  ing  of  the  J.,  M,  &  1.  Railroad,  on  which  it  is  situated,  in  the 
northwest  quarter  of  Section  23,  Township  lo,  of  Range  5  east. 
The  pioneer,  Samuel  H.  Steinbcrger,  built  the  first  business  house 
on  the  present  site,  a  two  storj^  frame  near  -the  railroad;  and 
erected  a  number  of  dwellings  and  a  grain  warehouse.  He  became 
the  principal  merchant  and  grain  buyer  in  this  section.  In  its  early 
days  considerable  shipping  of  corn  and  live  stock  was  done  here. 
The  place  was  first  called  Herod,  in  honor  of  the  distinguished 
citizen  whose  name  was  so  closely  interwoven  into  the  county's 
early  histor}-;  but  when  a  postofTicc  was  established  arid  the 
naming  of  it  was  under  disctission,  it  was  found  that  when  the  town 
grew  to  be  a  city  whose  fan..-  extended  beyond  the  limits  reached 
b\'  that  of  the  lawyer  and  statesman,  the  outside  world  might  think  its 
founders  had  been  desirous  of  doing  honor  to  Herod  of  old,  who 
murdered  the  innocents,  and,  as  a  result,  at  the  suggestion  of 
Judge  William  S.  Jones,  the  memory  of  the  heroic  Zachary  Tay- 
lor was  perpetuated  in  the  name.  The  town  w'as  platted  October 
II,  1849,  by  S.  H  Steinberger,  Richard  AL  Cox  and  John  Wallace, 
Jr.  The  streets  were  50  and  100  feet  wide;  there  were  thirty- 
seven  lots.  The  followinr>-  additions  and  chancres  have  been  made: 
August  20,  1850,  b}' J.  Wallace,  Jr.,  nine  lots;  June  16,  1S51,  by 
S.    II.  Steinberger,  twenty  lots;  November  5,  1851,  by  William 


TOWNS.  627 

Mc\vhirt(.T.  thirty  lots;  November  k\  i^:,i,  by  J()sei>li  Struble, 
eighteen  lots;  June  16,  1S52,  by  R.  M.].  Cox  and  j.  WaHace,  Jr., 
twenty-^wolots:  Septeml-'ir  4,  1852,  by  William  Mr  ■  hirler,  .seven 
lots;  April  9,  1S55,  by  Jes.SL- Riiddiok,  Jr.,  foi  y-one  lots;  May  21, 
1886,  b}'  l^hilip  Rhoads,  lots  from  9  to  22,  in  ^Nfewhirter's  llrst  addition, 
and  lots  from  t  to  7,  in  ^^lewhirter-s  .seeond  addition,  consolidated 
into  one  block. 

Through  its  early  history  Samuel  J^teinberger,  it.s  founder,  con- 
tinued to  be  the  leading  spirit  in  all  public  matters,  and  through  his 
efforts  chielly  the  growth  of  the  town  was  effected.  For  twent}- 
fivc  years,  at  least,  he  was  the  agent  for  the  railroad  company 
and  continued  to  transact  business  here  until  about  four  j'ears  ago, 
whei!  he  moved  to  Kansas,  where  he  died  June  4,  1887.  Among 
other  early  merchants  were:  R.  M.J.  Cox,  N.  Humphrej'  &  l^ro., 
and  A,  French.  At  present  the  business  interests  are  as  follows: 
Tilmon  Fulp,  general  merchandise;  J.  W.  Green,  drugs  and  grocer- 
ies; B.  McE\-enue,  saloon.  E.  Bolinger,  the  postmaster,  also  carries 
a  small  stock  of  groceries.  There  are  no  manufacturing  industries. 
For  many  years  there  was  a  saw  and  grist  mill  here,  owned  b}' 
S.  H.  Steinberger,  which  was  blown  to  atoms  by  an  explosion  of 
its  boiler  about  1873  or  TS74.  ^^^'  some  time  before  and  during 
the  Civil  War  period,  D  d  Bevis  conducted  a  cooper  shop  here, 
and  employed  a  number  ol  men,  but  nothing  of  importance  has  been 
done  in  this  line  for  over  twenty  years.  About  twelve  years  a<. 
Taylorsville  was  incorporated,  but  its  government  as  an  incorpor- 
ated village  continued  only  a  few  years.  Its  population  is  now 
about  300. 

Augu.st  10,  1854,  Ta3dorsville  Lodge,  I.  O.  O.  F.,  was  estab- 
lished here.  Among  the  charter  members  were :  S.  H.  Steinber- 
ger, W.  B.  Oard,  N.  S.  Jones,  Robert  Chase,  S.  R.  Quick  and 
T.  G.  Quick.  The  lodge  prospered,  having  at  one  time  about 
eighty  members,  but  by  removals  from  the  locality  of  some  of  its 
prominent  members,  it  was  weakened,  and  by  the  neglect  of  tho.se 
remaining,  it  was  allowed  to  go  out  of  existence  about  186S.  The 
leaders  in  this  lodge  were  instrumental  in  establishing  in  d)out 
1S55,  a  lodge  of  F.  &  A.  M.  Both  orders  used  the  same  haji,  and 
during  their  continuance  had  the  same  prominent  members,  though  its 


^-'^  BARTJIOl-OMI.W    COUNTY. 

members  prob.il)lv  never  exceeded  fifty.  Inlenial  dissensions  caused 
^ts  abandonment,  about  i86S.  Ik^fore  either  of  tliese  lod-es  were 
chartered,  the  I.  O.  G.  T.  had  a  strong-  ,M-nanization  here,"probably 
over  loo  members,  and  continued  its  work  about  live  years.  No 
attempts  to  revive  any  of  these  lodges  liave  been  made." 

Jc»icsvmc,—  A.houi  1850,  N.  T.  Parker  opened  the  first  store 
on  the  present  site  of  this  town.     At  that  time  there  existed  in  the 
community  an  organization  of  the  Sons  of  Tempera.ice  to  whom 
Parker  advanced  money  for  tlie  building  of  a  two  story  house,  the 
upper  portion  to  be  used  as  a  lodge  room  and  the  lower  portion  for 
business  purposes.     About  this  store  as  a  nucleus  a  few  houses  be- 
gan  to  cluster,  and  thus  originated  the  town  which  was  named  in 
honor  of  Benjamin  Jones,  who,  March  10, 1851,  laid  it  out  in  twenty- 
four  lots  with  streets  sixty  feet  wide.    It  is  located  on  the  J.,  M.  &  I. 
Railroad,  in  the  west  half  of  the  southwest  Section  8,  Township  7  north. 
Range  6  east.     September  28,  T852,  the  original  proprietor  laid  out 
an  addition  to  the  town  containing  forty-eight  lots,  a  church  lot  and 
a  cemetery.     A  second  addition  of  twenty-four  lots  was  made  by 
WilHam  E.  Rogers,  June  20,  1854.     Shortly  after  the  building  of 
Parker's  house,  Smith  Jones  opened  the  second  store.    The  town  is 
surrounded  by  a  fine  farming  countr}^  and  has  been  a  very  lively 
shipping  point.     Its  mercantile  interests   have   at  times  been  quite 
extensive.     Its  early  growth  was  rapid,  but  its  nearness  to  Colum- 
bus precludes  the  thought  that  it  may  ever  be  more  than  the  supply 
depot  for  a  limited   agricultural   community.     Several   saw   mills 
have  from  time  to  time  been  successfully  operated  here;  and  it  has 
always   been  well  supplied  with  blacksmith  and  wagon  shops  and 
such  other  conveniences   as   are  usually  found  in  a  village  of  its 
size.     Some  time  during  the  Civil  War,  G.  \V.  liayse  erected  a 
fiour  mill  here  which  was  subsequently  destroyed  by  fire;  a  second 
mill  was  built,  but  soon  fell  a  victim  to  the  same  consuming  ele- 
ment; a  third  took   its   place    and   flourished  for  a  period  of  ten 
years   or  more,  but  at  length,  with  a  sort  of  fatality,  it  too,  was 
burned  to  the  ground.     The  three  mills  occupied  the  same   site, 
but  were  owned  at  various  times  by  many  different  proprietors. 
Since  the  destruction  of  the  third  mill   efforts  to  re-build  have  not 
been   made.     T]v:   present  business   interests    are   general    stores 


TOAVNS. 


62r) 


owned  by  Gossett  Bros,  and  EliMarqiu-ll;  L^rocery,  hy  William 
Bess;  drugs,  by  II.  O.  JNIennctt;  grain  warLlioiisc,  by  Grillilh  & 
IMarciiieTt. 

Early  in  the  history  of  the  town  a  posloHlcx-  was  establishcil; 
the  first  postmaster  was  J.  D.  vStcwart.  About  1S65  the  town  was 
incorporated  and  has  since  that  time  be  .  governed  by  the  laws 
applicable  to  the  government  of  incorporatod  villages.  Its  pojnila- 
tion  is  about  300. 

The  only  secret  order  rcpresciitcil  is  ihc  ."Masonic.  Jiayles 
Lodge  No.  216,  F.  &  A.  M.,  was  chartered  in  1858.  The  first 
ofllcers  were :  John  Bell,  W.  M.;  Joseph  Wilson,  S.  W.;  R.  M. 
Kelley,  J.  W.  Other  members  were  Edward  03"Ier,  Ileni-y  Smith, 
A.  F.  Thompson,  Martin  Keller,  Robert  Little,  Silas  Thompson 
and  James  Thompson.  This  lodge  was  established  at  Waynes- 
ville  and  was  subsequently  moved  to  Jonesville,.  its  first  meeting  at 
the  latter  place  being  held  April  12,  1862.  It  now  owns  and  uses 
as  a  lodgt;  room  the  first  house  built  in  the  town.  Its  building  and 
fixtures  are  valued  at  about  $350.  Its  membership  numbers  seven- 
teen. 

Azab'a. —  The  founders  of  this  town  were  pious  people,  devoted 

)  the  advancement  of  religion  and  morality,  naming  the  village  for 

flower  and  hoping  it  might  ever  be  pure  and  undefiled,  and  thus 

a  worthy  namesake.     On  the  original  town  plat  are   these  lines, 

proof  enough,  perhaj^s  of  the  founders'  desires: 

Arise!     Azalia  arise! 

May  thy  walks  be  unknown  to  the  sluggard,  the  gaivibler  and  the  drunken  sot. 

The  town  was  laid  out  by  Joel  Newsom,  April  i,  1S31,  in  the 
east  half  of  the  southwest  Section  34,  Town.ship  8,  Range  6  east,  into 
sixty-four  lots,  with  a  public  square,  264x264  feet,  and  with  streets 
fifty-live  feet  wide;  but  it  was  again  platted  and  enlarged  by  the 
same  proprietor,  Jul}'-  7,  1S4S. 

John  C.  Hubbard  probably  conducted  the  first  general  store;  other 
early  merchants  were :  Benjamin  Ellis,  David  Newsom,  S.  W.  Kelley, 
Hugh  Kelley,  Thomas  C.  Parker,  Kelley  &.  McHenry,  Washing- 
ton Polen,  David  Deitz,  W.  G.  Prather  and  Grafton  Johnson.  In 
1859,  Little  &.  Newsom  opened  a  general  store,  ever  since  which 


630  I'.ARTIIOT  OMliW    COUNTY'. 

liiuc  Mr.  Joel  Xewsom  has  contiiuictl  in  business  here,  llioii^h  liav- 
ing  other  interests  elscw.iere.     Mr.    Xcwsom  has  been  postmaster 
nof  theviUage  since  1  S59,  his  length  of  service  being  probal.tl}'  ex- 
ceeded by  that  of  no  other  postmaster  in  the  State. 

Tlie  present  business  interests  are:  Joel  Newsom  &  Son,  gen- 
eral store;  William  Tuttle,  saw  mill,  which  has  been  in  o]>oration 
about  the  years:  Benjamin  Fodrea,  blacksmith,  and  C  II.  Over- 
man, wagonmaker.  The  town  is  surrounded  by  rich  lands  owned 
by  progressive  and  intelligent  farniers;  from  the  beginning  it  has 
had  only  an  agricultural  support,  though  at  times  manufacturing 
industries  on  a  small  scale  have  been  inaugurated.  There  were 
.some  early  saw  mills,  and  from  about  1S30,  to  about  1S60,  a  woolen 
mill  was  successfully  operated,  o\vned  for  a  long  time  by  Joseph 
Newb^■,  and  finally  by  Parker  &  Peel.  It  was  simply  a  carding 
machine,  making  rolls  and  yarn,  but  no  cloth,  and  perhaps  repre- 
sented a  capital  of  not  more  than  $1,000.  The  chief  industry  in 
earl}-  da3's  was  hog  fattening,  corn  of  fine  qualit}'  being  plentiful. 
There  has  not  been  a  saloon  in  the  place  for  forty  years,  and  conse- 
quently little  need  of  organized  effort  in  temperance  work.  How- 
ever, about  thirty  years  ago  a  strong  lodge  of  I.  O.  G.  T.  was 
formed  and  continued  its  work  for  three  or  four  years,  when  it  went 
out  of  existence.  No  other  lodges  have  been  established  here. 
There  are  now  about  125  residents  in  the  village.  It  has  always 
been  the  stronghold  of  the  Quaker  settlement,  and  its  leading  citi- 
zens have  been  those  of  the  sect  who  came  as  pioneers,  and  their 
descendants. 

In  1839  or  1840,  the  cultivation  of  the  silk  worm  was  advocated 
in  various  parts  of  the  county  as  a  profitable  indu.-  -y;  the  plan 
probably  had  its  chief  support  among  the  people  in  and  about 
Azalia.  The  preparations  made  were  not  extensive;  a  number  of 
mulberry  trees  were  planted  by  indi\iduals,  but  the  only  worms  im- 
poni:d  were  probably  by  Dr.  Handy  T.  Davis,  who  was  enthusi- 
astic on  the  subject,  and  had  been  made  president  of  a  company 
that  proposed  to  engage  in  the  enterprise.  The  project  was  soon 
abandoned. 

A'^czi'dcrn. —  When  Bartholomew  County  was  about  ten  years 
old,  and  her  original  dense  forests  had  given  way  to  some  extent  to 


TOWNS.  631 

productive  fields,  several  villages  sprang  into  existence  when  there 
were  no  especial  advantages  or  demands  for  them  beyond  those  of 
furnishing  a  postothce  and  a  small  trading  house  to  the  farmers. 
Newliern  was  one  of  th(!se.  It  was  laid  out  by  Aaron  Davis  and 
Aarop.  P.Taylor  into  slxly-eight  lots  on  July  14,  1832,  is  situated 
in  the  west  half  of  the  southeast  quarto-  Section  9,  Town 
9,  Range  7  east,  and  was  named  for  Newbcni,  N.  C,  to 
which  town  of  his  native  State  old  Mr.  Da\'is  was  alwa3'S 
devoted.  The  only  addition  to  the  town  was  that  made 
by  Samuel  Dillman,  Januar}-  7,  1S50,  of  seven  lots.  Aaron 
Davis  was  a  pious  and  1:  mored  clergyman  from  his  j'outh  to  old 
age,  and  tlied  about  eight  years  ago,  leaving  a  large  family,  and  a 
great  circle  of  friends.  Ransom  Davis  started  the  first  store,  and 
carried  a  small  stock  of  general  merchandise.  He  was  succeeded 
b}^  M.  M.  Hook,  afterward  the  venerable  judge.  Activity  and 
enterprise  were  not  characteristics  of  the  early  merchants  here. 
There  were  never  more  than  two  stores  at  a  time.  Before  and 
duf'ing  the  Civil  War  period,  Daniel  McClintic  was  in  business  here, 
and  probably  kept  the  largest  and  best  assorted  stock  of  goods 
ever  offered  for  sale  in  the  town.  Subsequenth'  the  principal 
merchants  were  Thomas  McCallic  and  Anderson  Jones.  At  pres- 
ent J.  L.  Jones,  general  store,  William  Scott,  drugs,  and  S.  Davis, 
poultr}'  dealer,  represent  the  business  interests  of  the  place. 

More  than  fifty  ^^ears  ago  Aaron  P.  Taylor  and  Aaron  Farmer 
built  a  null  here,,  a  little  water  power  corn-cracker,  which  passed 
into  the  possession  of  J.  K.  Lawrence,  and  then  of  Christian  Mdee, 
who  sold  it  to  Ezra  Robinson,  a  progressive  and  enterprising  man^ 
who  re-built,  re-modeled,  and  introduced  the  use  of  steam  in  it. 
From  Robinson  the  mill  went  to  R.  Dunlap,  then  to  J.  H.  Braden, 
and  from  him  to  James  Shea,  who,  while  engaged  ai  his  work,  was 
caught  in  the  machinery  and  drawn  to  his  deatli,  being  horribly 
mangled.  William  H.  Shea,  after  this  sad  accident,  took  posses- 
sion of  the  property  and  managed  it  until  about  four  years  ago, 
when  it  Avas  destroyed  by  fire. 

Judge  M.  M.  Hook,  Esq.,  Ransom  Davis  and  Capt.  Samuel  Beck, 
father  of  Dr.  John  C.  Beck,  of  Cincinnati,  and  of  Dr.  W.  H. 
Beck,  of  Hartsville,  were  prominently  identified  with  the  town  from 
22 


^32  BARTUOf.OMI-W    COUNTV. 

its  early  days.  Dr.  Marliii  M.  :S))cphcrtl,  \\  iiosc  widow  and  two 
claxighters  still  reside  at  Newbern,  came  to  the  village  about  iS.^6. 
This  family  were  relined  and  intelli<;cnt,  and  did  much  lo  inspire 
others  to  intellectual  development  and  culturt;.  Hr.  ^V.  M.  Mer- 
rick was  also  jM-ominent  for  a  period. 

S/.  Lonls  Cross/// o;  situated  on  the  Cainb ridge  City  branch  o£ 
tlie  J.,  M.  «&  I.  Railroad,  in  the  east  half  of  the  southwest  quarter 
of  Section  lo,  Township  lo,  Range  6  east.  This  town  was  laid 
out  January  30,  1864,  '"to  twenty-three  lots,  with  streets  forty  feet 
wide,  by  Isaac  White,  wlio  added  twenty  lots  to  the  original  plat, 
May  19,  following.  The  first  merchants  were  two  Germans  who 
came  from  Madison,  built  a  small  house  and  opened  a  store,  but 
did  not  remain  in  business  long  enciigh  to  identify  themselves  with 
the  town's  history.  They  disposed  of  their  interests  to  William 
Zeigner,  who  continued  in  business  only  a  short  time,  when  he  died. 
Then  Nading  &  Bardwell  started  a  general  store  and  built  a  mill, 
which  was  destroyed  by  fire  subsequently  while  owned  by  White  & 
Cox.  Bardwell  sold  his  interest  in  the  store  to  Nading,  who  con- 
ducted the  business  until  a  few  years  ago,  when  he  was  succeeded 
by  J.  A.  Newton  iS:  Bro.,  now  the  only  merchants,  except  H  Scha- 
fer,  grocer.  A  turnpik'  was  early  built  from  this  place  to  Hope  to 
provide  an  outlet  for  the  j;rain  of  that  productive  country,  a  great 
deal  of  which  was  shipped  from  here,  especially  before  the  build- 
ing of  the  C,  H.  &  G.  Railroad  through  Hope.  John  Nading  is 
the  proprietor  of  the  only  grain  elevator,  which  w^as  built  about 
four  years  ago.  J.  A.  Newton  is  postmaster.  There  are  about 
150  inhabitants. 

SL  Loii/s.— This  is  one  of  the  villages  founded  in  early  days 
by  sanguine  men,  whose  hopes  were  not  destined  to  be  realized. 
In  the  northeast  quarter  of  Section  18,  and  southeast  quarter  of 
Section  7,  Town  10,  Range  7  east,  it  was  laid  out  July  13,  1836,  by 
Lewis  Reed  and  Abraham  Zeigler.  There  were  thirty-eight  lots ;  a 
public  square  60x60  feet,  and  the  streets  were  sixty  feet  wide. 
There  was  u  struggle  for  the  postotfice  between  this  town  and 
Hope,  then  Goshen,  which  resulted  in  favor  of  the  latter  place,  and 
fixed  the  doom  of  St.  Louis,  the  ofiice  here  being  discontinued. 
The  first  and  only  important  merchant  was  John  Dronbcrger,  who 


TOWNS.  633 

coniiiKjn.cd  ;U  li-isi  tliiit\--fi\\'  years  ;i;^fO,  and  o  nliiincd  live  or  six 
ycar.s  doini;-  a  lat  40  business  amoiij;  the  [armers,  but  at  last  failed. 
Jolin  Calvin  ha<l  a  small  t-unu-ry  her.  lato  in  the  30's,  which  j^ass- 
iiig  thi()U';h  the  hantls  ol  liurket  ..  .1  I)o;^don,  soon  went  down. 
The  village  now  has  no  coinniercial  importance*.  It  is  the  seat  of 
a  i)ioneer  Methodist  Church,  elsewhere  more  fiillv  iiu-iitimu'd. 
\\hich  gives  it  more  than  usu;',!  interesi. 

Waynesi-i'llc. —  A  village  called  Augusta  grew  up  about  om- 
mile  south  of  the  present  site  of  AVayn'-.sville  in  early  days,  but  it 
was  not  platted.  The  only  general  merchandise  store  was  that  of 
James  Thompson,  Josci)h  Jackson  opened  a  drug  store;  Joint 
St-.  :er  a  grog  shop;  a  blacksmith,  a  shoemaker  and  others  openeil 
such  shops  as  are  usualK'  found  in  a  country  town.  When  the 
railroad  \  as  built,  Thompson  moved  his  stock  to  Waynesville,  and 
Augusta  was  practically  abandoned.  Wajaiesville  is  in  Sections  19 
and  20,  Township  9,  of  Range  6  east,  and  was  laid  out  October  9, 

1851,  b}-  James  G.  Thompson,  into  seventy  lots,  with  streets  thirty- 
three  and  sixty  feet  wide.  The  principal  business  transacted  has 
been  don*  in  .the  Thompson  store  house,  though  it  has  many  times 
changed  hands,  being  at  present  owned  by  Smith  Goshorn.  The 
town  is  on  the  J.,  M.  &  I.  Railroad,  and  has  a  postofTice.  In  1858, 
a  lodge  of  the  F.  &  A.  M.  was  established  and  continued  to  work 
here  till  about  1862,  when  it  was  moved  to  Jonesville,  and  is  more 
full}'  mentioned  in  the  history  of  this  town.  There  have  been  one 
or  two  small  flour  mills  here,  but  none  are  now  operated.  The 
surrounding  territory  is  rich  and  productive. 

WaymansviUe  was  laid  out  in  the  northwest  quarter  of  Section 
12,  Township  7,  of  Range  4  east,  by  Charles  L.  Wa3'man,  No- 
vember 24,  1849,  into  thirty-two  lots,  with  streets  sixty  and  eighty 
feet  wide.     William  Tobroke  built  a  saw  and  grist  mill  here  in 

1852,  which  was  destroyed  by  fire  in  1885.  Ow  the  site  of  the  old 
mill  a  new  building  was  erected  wliich  contains* the  new  roller  pio- 
cess  machinery  for  making  fifty  barrels  of  Hour  per  day.  Mr.  To- 
broke  is  at  present  sole  proprietor,  though  at  various  times  he  has 
had  partners  associated  with  him.  At  present,  John  W.  Behrman 
and  Louis  Von  Stroke  conduct  a  general  store;  Henry  Aldenhagen, 
an  agricultural  implement  house;  William  Trimpe,  furniture  and  un- 


634  HARTIIOLO.MRW    COUNTY. 

dertaker's  istahlisIitiKMil;  William  IV-hniian,  shoe  sloro:  John  IV-r^- 
doll,  drii^^  sLoio.  There  arc  also  two  blacksmith  shops  and  a 
^.arpcn-ter  shop.  In  1S82,  a  G.  A.  R.  Post  was  ori^anized,  with 
twenty-three  cliarter  members,  Herman  Von  Stroke  being  the  first 
Commander.  The  town  has  about  roo  inhabitants,  mosth"  friij^al, 
induslrious  Germans. 

ir(T/cs/>firo,  situated  in  •  e  east  half  of  the  southeast  quarter  of 
Section  1 2,  Township  8,  of  Kauf;-e  5  east.  This  town  was  laid  out  by 
John  P.  Wales,  June  26,  1S51,  into  thirtj'-four  lots,  with  streets 
thirty-iwo  and  one-half,  fifty  and  sixty  feet  wide,  to  which  were 
added,  November  24,  185 1,  by  the  same  proprietor,  thirty-four 
lots.  The  Wales  famil}-  was  (^uite  large  and  had  settled  in  this 
neighborhood  in  very  earl}'  days,  but  soon  after  establishing  this 
town  they  went  west,  most  of  them  settling  in  Iowa.  For  many 
3-ears  the  principal  store  of  the  place  was  kept  by  William  Dough- 
erty, and  is  now  owned  by  Charles  Stone.  The  town  is  on  the 
J.,  M.  &  I.  R.  R.,  about  four  miles  from  Cohunbus,  and  from  it 
large  quantities  of  stave  and  hoop  poles  ar--  annually  .shipped.  It 
has  a  postollicc,  a  blacksmith  shop  and  such  other  convenienC'-s  as 
are  required  of  a  small  town  b\-  a  limited  farming  district.  About 
twentv  or  t\vent\'-five  families  ar-^  residents  of  the  place,  and  it  is 
^^^nrounded  b}'  fertile  lands. 

AfooKc's  Vineyard  is  a  village  of  about  fifty  inhabitants,  in  Ohio 
Township,  not  laid  oxit  in  lots,  where  J.  C.  and  J.  H.  Tax-lor  owi) 
and  operate  a  grist  and  saw  mill,  and  Isaac  Wantland  conducts  a 
general  store.  William  Cox  is  the  pustmaster.  Burns  Moore 
started  the  place  by  building  a  mill  about  1850,  and  was  its  first 
postmaster.     The  first  merchant  was  ]M.  J.  Patterson. 

Bctho'iy^  in  the  southeast  quarter  of  Section  34,  Township  9, 
of  Range  4  east,  was  laid  out  May  22,  1849,  ^3'  Jesse  Spriggs, 
into  forty-eight  lots  with  streets  sixty-six  feet  wide.  Its  mercantile 
interests  ha'  !  never  been  very  extensive.  John  Mason  kept  the 
first  store;  generally  there  have  been  two  or  three  stores;  now 
John  Hawkins  and  James  Howard  are  the  only  merchants.  There 
are  no  lodges  of  secret  orders  here.  The  I.  O.  G.  T.  once  estab- 
lished a  lodge  which  flourished  for  a  time,  but  is  now  extinct.  In 
and  near  it  are  three  churches,  the  Methodist  Episcopal,  Baptist, 
and  Christian,  elsewhere  mentioned  more  ]:>articularly. 


TO  WAS. 


'^.■> 


Aaiisijs. —  Thiv;  villas,'^,  nuw  oi"  no  commercial  importance,  w  as 
laid  out  February  15,  1855,  in  tlie  south  half  o[  Section  r,  Town- 
ship 10,  of  Ranoc  4  east,  by  William  A.  Ergenbright,  into  tliirt\  -one 
lots  witii"%treets  f!ft3--tliree  links  wide.  Albertus  Erjrenbriirht  estab- 
lished  a  store  there  but  did  notcontinue  long  in  business.  In  1837,  Kil- 
mund  Mooney  located  a  tannery  about  two  miles  southwest  of  where 
Kansas  now  is,  and  the  business  was  conducted  there  by  the  origi- 
nal owner  and  his  sons,  until  1863.  The  village  is  surround(^l  by 
surpassingly  fertile  lands,  and  is  connected  by  turnpike  with  Edin- 
burg.  Janett  Deming,  E.  Wheatley,  Collin  McKinney,  the  Ergen- 
brights,  Tannehills,  and  Drybreads,  have  been  the  leading  peoj>le 
in  the  neighborhood  of  the  town. 

Bnrnsvilk. —  This  A-illage  was  laid  out  in  the  northwest  (Quarter 
of  Section  3,  Town  8,  Range  7  east,  on  October  i,  1845,  by  Brice 
Burns,  into  seventeen  lots  with  streets  forty  feet  wide.  George  W. 
Mcintosh  was  the  first,  and  for  souie  time  the  only,  merchant  in  the 
place.  He  was  succeeded  by  Joseph  Stevens.  Wesley  White  es- 
tablished a  general  merchandise  store  soon  after  Stevens  went  into 
business,  and  for  a  while  the  town  supported  the  two  stores. 
Other  merchants  were:  James  Rem}'-,  Reuben  Leach  and  John  C. 
Cunningham.  At  present  the  only  store  is  that  of  Jeffei  ;on  Huff- 
man. Soon  after  the  town  was  laid  out  a  saw  mill  was  built  by 
H.  Ruby.  At  this  time  Frank  Emmons  owns  and  operates  a  saw 
lill,  which  is  the  onh'  enterpr!-.e  of  the  kind.  There  are  aljout 
200  inhabitants. 

Pelcrsvillc,  located  in  the  northu'est  quarter  of  Section  1 3  and 
northeast  quarter  of  Section  14,  in  Township  9,  of  Range  6  east, 
was  laid  out  November  6,  1874,  ^y  Peter  S.  Blessing,  into  fifteen 
lots  with  streets  fort}"-  feet  wide,  to  wiiich  ten  lots  were  addexl  No- 
vember 6,  I'jS,  by  Peter  T.  Blessing,  Mary  M.  Glick,  Caroline 
Blessing  and  Sarah  Aspy.  Peter  Blessing  kept  the  first  and  only 
store  in  the  place  for  some  time;  and  for  him  the  town  was  named. 
At  present  general  stores  are  conducted  by  George  Glick  and 
James  Henson.  There  is  a  postofBce,  a  blacksmith  shop  and  other 
like  conveniences  for  its  supporting  farming  commimity.  There 
are  about  100  inhabitants.  The  chief  thoroughfare  is  Blessing 
Avenue;  hence  the  founder's  name  entire  is  perpetuated. 


6;\6  "nARTiioi.oMinv  corxTV. 

J//,  //(-(/////v,  in  the  southwest  quiirlor  of  Section  36,  Town  S, 
of  Range  4,  was  laid  out  by  Williani  Ilowbert,  April  14,  1851,  into 
eigliteen  lots,  with  streets  eighty-eight  feet  wide.  The  lirst  store  was 
probably  keptby  Isaac  Wantland.  John  Igel  is  the  present  postmaster 
and  only  merchant  in  the  place,  which  is  without  commercial  import- 
ance. The  site  of  the  village  is  elevated  far  above  the  surrounding 
country.  Tlie  locality  is  exceptionally  healthful,  and  free  from  mias- 
matic vapors.  The  town  was  establislied  when  the  chills  and  fever 
were  still  disturbing  the  whole  people.  1  -nee  the  nanie.  ll  now 
has  about  fifty  inhabitants. 

Tn  early  days  at  several  points  in  the  county  efforts  to  establish 
villages  were  made.  The  idea  prevailed  that  by  convert!'  g  corn 
iields  into  town  lots  and  disposing  of  them  in  small  quantities,  a 
more  handsome  price  could  be  realized  than  was  otherwise  possible. 
In  some  cases  the  lots  were  found  to  be  unsalable,  were  vacated, 
and  again  became  familiar  with  the  plow.  jYezf  Lchamm  in  Haw 
Creek  Township,  near  the  Decatur  County  line,  in  Section  24, 
Town  10,  Range  7  east,  was  laid  out  September  25,  1829,  into  lift}' 
lots,  with  streets  sixty-six  feet  wide,  and  a  public  square  containing 
two  acres,  Camden  was  founded  \>\  George  Craig,  Ma}'  14,  1832, 
with  thirty-six  lots  and  a  public  square.  JVcvj  Warsaiv^  in  the 
northeast  quarter  of  Section  10,  Town  10,  of  Range  6  east,  w-as 
established  by  Obadiah  Sims,  April  28,  1835,  with  sixty  lots,  and 
streets  forty  feet  wide;  and  Mt.  Sidney  by  Heniy  Smock,  Ma}'  2, 
18.353  with  thirty-seven  lots  and  a  pubhc  park  148x396  feet.  Fol- 
lowing this  period  there  was  a  lull  in  tow'n  building  until  the  rail- 
road had  traversed  the  county.  January  25,  1850,  John  W.  Sand- 
ifer  laid  out  Taylor slmrg^  in  Section  22,  Township  9,  Range  4, 
in  Harrison  Township,  near  the  Brow^n  County  line;  February  22, 
i£  'I,  John  C.  Hager  k.-d  out  HagersvUle  in  the  southeast  quarter 
of  Section  16,  Township  10,  Pv.ange  6  east,  into  ninety-six  lots  and 
a  public  park  300  feet  square;  August  6,  185 1,  in  the  northwest 
quarter  of  Section  29,  Township  8,  Range  6  east,  W.  C.  Jones,  es- 
tablished Banncrsvule;  and  February'  14,  1S55,  in  the  northeast 
quarter  of  Section  5,  Township  9,  Range  6  east,  Henry  Lambert 
and  Joseph  Paffenbarger  founded  luirnicrs  Tmjn.  All  of  these 
were  subsequent!}'  vacated. 


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