JAMBS K.MOFFITT
PAULINE FORE MOFFITT
LIBRARY
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA
GENERAL LIBRARY, BERKELEY
A HISTORY OF THE
CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS
15211921
CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS
C. F. CLAY, MANAGER
LONDON: FETTER LANE, E.C. 4
NEW YORK : THE MACMILLAN CO.
BOMBAY )
CALCUTTA [ MACMILLAN AND CO., LTD.
MADRAS J
TORONTO : THE MACMILLAN CO. OF
CANADA, LTD.
TOKYO : MARUZEN-KABUSHIKI-KAISHA
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
A HISTORY OF THE
CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY
PRESS
1521-1921
BY
S. C. ROBERTS, M.A.
SOMETIME SCHOLAR OF
PEMBROKE COLLEGE
CAMBRIDGE
AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS
1921
PREFACE
A S may be inferred from the title-page, this book
A\* has been written to mark the four hundredth
anniversary of Cambridge printing.
Of the original authorities used in its compilation
the most valuable has been the large collection of
documents relating to the Press which are preserved
in the Registry of the University. Access to this col-
lection has enabled me to glean some fresh informa-
tion concerning the careers of the university printers
and a series of accounts and vouchers from 1697 to
1 742 has brought to light several new titles of books
printed at Cambridge during that period.
The making of this book, however, would not
have been feasible, in the limited time at my disposal,
had I not been free to use the work of the pioneers,
from Christopher Wordsworth and Henry Bradshaw
onwards, and the chief items of this work are re-
corded in the short bibliography on page xiii.
In addition, my personal obligations are many:
Mr Francis Jenkinson, University Librarian, Mr
Charles Sayle, Mr A. T. Bartholomew, and many
other members of the Library staff have helped me
ungrudgingly, both in putting their own special
knowledge at my command and in guiding me to the
vi PREFACE
proper authorities; the Registrary (DrJ. N. Keynes)
and his staff have similarly given me ready access to
the documents in their charge; Mr J. B. Peace,
University Printer, provided me with the picture
which serves as frontispiece and with the revised
plan of the Press buildings; Mr G. J. Gray cor-
rected several of my statements in proof and gave
me the benefit of his own latest researches into the
career of John Siberch before they were published;
to many other friends (including my colleagues
in the several departments of the Press) I am in-
debted for items of advice and help too many to be
enumerated.
I have also to thank the Master of Trinity Col-
lege for leave to reproduce the portrait of Bentley;
Messrs Bowes and Bowes for the blocks used on
pp. 6 and 14; and the Cambridge Antiquarian
Society for leave to make use of the papers on Cam-
bridge printing published in their Proceedings.
Those who are familiar with the Catalogue of
Cambridge Books and the Biographical Notes on
Cambridge Printers will appreciate the measure of
my debt to the work of the late Robert Bowes.
When, in 1913, I sent him a copy of a magazine
article on the University Press, he wrote:
I am by it carried back to my pleasant work of 25 to
30 years ago, and I am very glad in my 7 8th year to
see younger men interesting themselves in the subject.
PREFACE vii
Time has robbed me of the pleasure of offering him
a work which owes much to his research.
Finally, it should be stated that the book attempts
to trace the general history of Cambridge printing
and not to enter into the finer points of biblio-
graphical technique. Similarly, only the briefest
sketch is given of the growth of Cambridge pub-
lishing in the last 50 years; to do more would be
to cross the border-line between history and adver-
tisement. In Appendix n I have carried on the
work begun by Mr Jenkinson for another 100
years. The list of books, though it may claim some
new tides, makes no pretension to finality; it is
rather a starting-point for the professed biblio-
grapher.
S. C. R.
i August 1921.
CONTENTS
PAGE
PREFACE . . . . /* ... "..'-. V v
BIBLIOGRAPHY . . ... . . xiii
I JOHN SIBERCH . I
II THE CHARTER THOMAS THOMAS AND
THE STATIONERS . . . . . . 15
III FROM JOHN LEGATE TO ROGER DANIEL . 30
IV PRINTERS OF THE COMMONWEALTH AND
RESTORATION. V . . . . . 62
V RICHARD BENTLEY THE FIRST PRESS SYN-
DICATE . 74
VI EIGHTEENTH CENTURY PRINTERS . .-. 101
VII THE EARLY NINETEENTH CENTURY . .120
VIII THE LATEST AGE .142
APPENDIX , . .
I UNIVERSITY PRINTERS, 1521-1921 . . 152
II CAMBRIDGE BOOKS, 1521-1750 . -153
INDEX 1 88
ILLUSTRATIONS
THE PITT PRESS BUILDING . . . FRONTISPIECE
(From a water-colour attributed to R. B. Harraden)
PAGE
PART OF HAMOND'S PLAN OF CAMBRIDGE, 1592 6
A PAGE FROM HENRICI BULLOCI ORATIO, THE
FIRST CAMBRIDGE BOOK 9
TITLE-PAGE OF THE SECOND CAMBRIDGE BOOK
FACING IO
TITLE-PAGE OF FISHER'S SERMON . . FACING 13
TRADE-MARK OF JOHN SIBERCH . . y . 14
ORNAMENT USED BY THOMAS THOMAS . . 29
PETITION OF THE UNIVERSITY TO JAMES I, 1 62 1 37
THE REPLY TO THE PETITION .... 39
PRINTING HOUSE OF THOMAS BUCK . . FACING 50
(Cole MSS. XLIII. 260)
TITLE-PAGE OF THE FIRST CAMBRIDGE EDITION
OF THE AUTHORISED VERSION . . FACING 54
TITLE-PAGE OF THE TEMPLE, 1633 57
A PAGE OF LTCIDAS WITH CORRECTIONS IN
MILTON'S HAND 59
ORNAMENT USED BY BUCK AND DANIEL . . 61
IMPRIMATUR FOR A BIBLE, 1662 . . . . 66
ALMANACK, 1675 . . . . . . \ ' . 71
xii ILLUSTRATIONS
RICHARD BENTLEY FACING 74
(From the portrait in the Master's Lodge, Trinity College)
PAGE
TITLE-PAGE OF BENTLEY'S EDITION OF HORACE,
1711 . .83
KUSTER'S RECEIPT FOR A PORTION OF HIS FEE 90
A COMPOSITOR'S RECEIPT, 1705 . . . .93
TITLE-PAGE OF CHRISTIAN MOR4LS, 1716 . . 94
TITLE-PAGE OF BENTLEY'S BOTLE LECTURES,
1735 ....... FACING 99
JOHN BASKERVILLE FACING 106
(From an engraving, after the portrait by Miller, reproduced in
Straus and Dent's John Baskerviile)
A PAGE OF BASKERVILLE'S PRAYER-BOOK, 1762 no
RIVINGTON'S ACCOUNT WITH THE UNIVERSITY
PRESS, 1767 114
THE SENATE HOUSE, THE NEW LIBRARY, AND ST
MARY'S CHURCH. . . > . .119
(From Cantabrigia Depicta, 1763)
A PAGE FROM ISAAC MILNER'S NOTE-BOOK, 1800 121
PLAN OF THE PRESS BUILDINGS , FACING 128
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Cole MSS. British Museum.
Minute Books of the Syndics of the Press.
Registry MSS. relating to the Press.
University Press Accounts.
ALDIS, H. G. The Book-Trade, 1557-1625 (Camb. Hist, of
Eng. Lit. iv). Cambridge, 1909.
ALLEN, P. S. Opus Epistolarum Des. Erasmi. 3 vols. Oxford,
1906-13.
ARBER, E. A Transcript of the Registers of the Company of
Stationers of London, 1554-1640. 5 vols. Privately printed,
1875-94-
BARTHOLOMEW, A. T. Catalogue of Cambridge Books be-
queathed to the University by J. W. Clark. Cambridge,
1912.
BARTHOLOMEW, A. T. and CLARK, J. W. Richard Bentley, D. D.
A Bibliography. Cambridge, 1908.
BOWES, R. Biographical notes on the University printers (C.A. S.
Proc. v. 283-363). Cambridge, 1886.
Catalogue of Cambridge Books. Cambridge, 1894.
Note on the Cambridge University Press, 1701
1707 (C.d.S. Proc. vi. 362). Cambridge, 1891.
On a copy of Linacre's Galen de Temperamentis
(C.4.S. Proc. ix. i).
BOWES, R. and GRAY, G. J. John Siberch : bibliographical notes,
1886-1905. Cambridge, 1906.
BRADS HAW, H. Henrici Bulloci Oratio. With bibliographical
introduction. Cambridge, 1886.
Cambridge Historical Register to 1910. Ed. J. R. TANNER.
Cambridge, 1917.
CARTER, E. History of the University of Cambridge. London,
1753-
COOPER, C. H. Annals of Cambridge. 5 vols. Cambridge,
1842-1908.
xiv BIBLIOGRAPHY
COOPER, C. H. Athenae Cantabrigienses. 3 vols. Cambridge,
1858-1913.
CRANAGE, D. H. S. and STOKES, H. P. The Augustinian
Friary in Cambridge and the History of its Site (C.d.S.
Proc. xxn. 53). Cambridge, 1921.
DARLOW, T. H. and MOULE, H. F. Historical Catalogue of the
printed editions of Holy Scripture. 4 vols. London, 1903-11.
DUFF, E. G. The English Provincial Printers, Stationers and
Bookbinders to 1557. Cambridge, 1912.
DYER, G. Privileges of the University of Cambridge. London,
1824.
GED, W. Biographical Memoirs of. London, 1781, and New-
castle, 1819.
Grace Book A. Ed. S. M. LEATHES. Cambridge, 1897.
B. Parts I, II. Ed. MARY BATESON. Cambridge,
1903, 1905.
F. Ed. W. G. SEARLE. Cambridge, 1908.
A. Ed. J. VENN. Cambridge, 1910.
GRAY, G. J. Bibliography of the works of Sir I. Newton. Ed. 2.
Cambridge, 1907.
Index to the Cole MSS. Cambridge, 1912.
John Siberch. Cambridge, 1921.
The earlier Cambridge stationers and bookbinders,
and the first Cambridge printer. Oxford, 1904.
GRAY, G. J. and PALMER, W. M. Abstracts from the Wills of
Printers, Binders, and Stationers of Cambridge, 1504-1699.
London, 1915.
HART, H. Charles, Earl Stanhope and the Oxford University
Press (Collectanea III). Oxford, 1896.
HERBERT, W. Typographical antiquities. Begun by Joseph
Ames. 3 vols. London, 1785-90.
JENKINSON, F. J. H. On a letter from P. Kaetz to J. Siberch
(C.4.S. Proc. vn. 1 88). Cambridge,
1890.
On a unique fragment of a book printed
at Cambridge early in the sixteenth
century (C.A. S. Proc. vn. 104). Cam-
bridge, 1890.
BIBLIOGRAPHY xv
LOFTIE, W. J. A Century of Bibles. London, 1872.
MONK, J. H. The Life of Richard Bentley, D.D. London,
1830.
MULLINGER, J. B. The University of Cambridge. 3 vols.
Cambridge, 1873-1911.
NEWTH, S. On Bible Revision. London, 1881.
NICHOLS, J. Literary Anecdotes of the Eighteenth Century.
6 vols. London, 1812.
POLLARD, A. W. Fine Books. London, 1912.
REED, T. B. A history of the old English letter foundries.
London, 1887.
ROBERTS, W. The Earlier History of English Bookselling.
London, 1889.
SAYLE, C. E. Early English printed books in the University
Library, Cambridge (1475-1640). 4 vols. Cambridge,
1900-7.
STOKES, H. P. Cambridge Stationers, Printers, Bookbinders, sfc.
Cambridge, 1919.
The Esquire Bedells of the University of Cam-
bridge (C.4.S. Publications, 8 Series, XLV).
Cambridge, 1911.
STRAUS, R. and DENT, R. K. John Baskerville. London, 1907.
WILLIS, R. and CLARK, J. W. Architectural History of the
University of Cambridge. 4 vols. Cambridge, 1886.
WORDSWORTH, C. The Correspondence of Richard Bentley.
2 vols. London, 1842.
Scholae Academicae. Cambridge, 1877.
I
JOHN SIBERCH
EXCURSIONS into the realm of legend
have long served as the traditional method of
approach of the academic historian to his subject.
True, the story of the foundation of the university
of Cambridge by "one Cantaber, a Spaniard, about
370 years before Christ," or, as Fisher described
him in 1 506, " Cantaber, a king of the East Saxons,
who had been educated at A thens,' ' is now definitely
rejected as unhistorical; but it was only in 1914
that the name of Sigebert, King of the East Angles,
was removed from the list of royal benefactors 1 .
University printing, like the university itself, has
its Apocrypha. Edmund Carter, writing in 1753,
includes a short section on University Printers:
Printing had not been long used in England before
it was brought hither, but by whom it is difficult to
ascertain, tho' it may be supposed that Caxton, (who is
said to be the first that brought this curious art into
England, and was a Cambridgeshire Man, born at Caxton
in that County, from which he takes his Name) might
Erect a Press at Cambridge, as well as at Westminster,
under the care of one of his Servants ; (for it is Con-
jectured, he brought several from Germany with him).
The first Book we find an Account of, that was Printed
here, is a Piece of Rhetoric, by one GulL de Saona, a
Minorite; Printed at Cambridge 1478 ; given by Archbp.
Parker to Eennet College Library. It is in Folio, the
Pages not Numbered, and without ketch Word, or
Signatures.
i Cambridge Historical Register ', pp. I, 1 68.
R.
2 JOHN SIBERCH
Alas for Carter's pious suppositions! Caxton, ac-
cording to his own testimony, was born in Kent and
Cambridge can claim only to be the place of com-
pilation of the Rhetorica; the phrase at the end of
the book, Comptlata in Universitate Cantabrtglae^ no
doubt led to the entry being made in the catalogue
in the form Rhetorica nova, tmpressa Cantab -, fo.
1478, and the mistake persisted for two centuries.
Nor is Oxford without a controversial prologue
to the story of its printing. In the first Oxford book
the date appears in the colophon as MCCCCLXVIII
and for long it was sought to establish the claim
that Oxford printing preceded Caxton. But though
it has been contended that the ground for the
claim "has not yet entirely slipped away,' 1 it is
now generally accepted by bibliographers that the
printer omitted an x from the date, which should
in fact be MCCCCLXXVIII.
"The oldest of all inter-university sports," said
Maitland, "was a lying match."
To return to Cambridge,weareonfirmer, though
not very spacious, ground, when we come to the
name of John Siberch, the first Cambridge printer.
"True it is," says Thomas Fuller, "it was a great
while before Cambridge could find out the right
knack of printing, and therefore they preferred to
employ Londoners therein. . . .but one Sibert, Uni-
versity Printer, improved that mystery to good per-
fection."
Of the life of Siberch, either at Cambridge or
elsewhere, we know little. He was the friend of
JOHN SIBERCH 3
several great humanists of the period, including
Erasmus; he was in Louvain, evidently, in 1518.
"I was surprised, " writes Erasmus to John Cae-
sarius on 5 April of that year, "that John Siberch
came here without your letter."
The earliest appearance of his name on a title-
page is in 1520, when Richard Croke's Introduc-
tiones in rudiment a Graeca was printed at Cologne
"expensis providi viri domini loannis Laer de Si-
borch." 1 His full name, then (of which there are
many forms), is John Lair and his place of origin
Siegburg, a small town south-west of Cologne.
A discovery made by Mr Gordon Duff in the
Westminster Abbey Library in 1889 makes it al-
most certain that Siberch was already in England
when Croke's book was printed; for in a copy of
a book bound by Siberch there was found, besides
two printed fragments and a letter from Petrus
Kaetz 2 , a portion of the manuscript of the Rudi-
ment a Graeca. It seems clear, therefore, that Siberch
was in England when proofs and 'copy' of the work
were sent to him.
Richard Croke (afterwards the first Public Ora-
tor) was at this time the enthusiastic leader of Greek
studies in Cambridge. He had earned fame as a
teacher at Cologne, Louvain, Leipzig, and Dresden
and, in succession to his friend Erasmus, was
appointed Reader in Greek to the university in
1519. His text-book could not be printed in
England, because there was as yet no Greek fount
i The binding of a copy of this book in Lincoln Cathedral is
almost certainly the work of Siberch. 2 See below, p. 14.
I 2
4 JOHN SIBERCH
owned by an English printer; and it is quite prob-
able, as Mr Duff suggests, that John Siberch,
himself settled in Cambridge, had undertaken to
have Croke's work printed by a friend, possibly by
his old master, in Cologne. Possibly, too, Croke
may have previously met Siberch in Germany and,
with Erasmus, have been responsible for his coming
to Cambridge. This, of course, is conjectural, but
of the friendship between Erasmus and Siberch
there is no doubt, since, in a letter from Erasmus
to Dr Robert Aldrich, written on Christmas Day
1525, there is a message sent to "veteres sodales
Phaunum, Omfridum, Vachanum, Gerardum, et
Joannem Siburgum, bibliopolas."
From this it would naturally be inferred that
Siberch was still in Cambridge in 1525, but his name
does not appear in the Subsidy Roll of 1 523-24 and
it is probable, therefore, that, unknown to Erasmus,
he left in the early part of 1 523*.
Siberch, then, probably lived in Cambridge from
1520 to 1523, a period during which the labours
of the first Cambridge humanists were beginning to
bear fruit. In 1497, the Lady Margaret, mother
of Henry VII, had appointed as her confessor John
Fisher,Master of Michaelhouse; and "to the wealth
and liberality of the one/' in Mullinger's words,
"and the enlightened zeal and liberality of the other
the university is chiefly indebted for that new life
and prosperity which soon after began to be per-
ceptible in its history."
To the Lady Margaret were due the foundation
i See G. J. Gray, John Siberch (1921).
JOHN SIBERCH 5
of St John's and Christ's Colleges and the Professor-
ship and Preachership which bear her name; Fisher,
afterwards Bishop of Rochester and President of
Queens' College, was the first holder of the Divinity
chair and it was at his invitation that Erasmus, who
had taken a degree in divinity in Cambridge in
1 506, came to live, in 1 509 or 1 5 1 o, in the turret-
chamber of Queens'. Though it is, perhaps, as the
first teacher of Greek (himself for the most part
self-taught and not, as Gibbon says, the importer of
Greek from Oxford) that Erasmus is most famous,
the result of his first lectures was disappointing:
So far I have lectured on the grammar of Chrysoloras,
but to few hearers; perhaps I shall have a larger
audience when I begin the grammar of Theodorus,
perhaps I shall take up a theological lectureship.
This last hope was fulfilled in 1511, when Eras-
mus was elected to the Lady Margaret's professor-
ship of divinity. His letters are full of petulant
complaints which may be taken as seriously as
those of Gray in later years. He sees no hope of
lecture-fees since his conscience will not let him
rob 'naked men,' and only by touting does it ap-
pear possible to get pupils. The college beer is bad
and the townsmen boorish. So he retires to his
garret in Queens' and applies himself to his work
on the New Testament (Novum Instrumentuni) and
his edition of St Jerome, both of which were to
play an important part in preparing the way for
the Reformation in England.
When weary of study, "for lacke of better exer-
cise he would take his horse and ryde about the
6 JOHN SIBERCH
Market Hill." But he has words of praise for the
Cambridge school of theology:
In the University of Cambridge instead of sophistical
arguments, their theologians debate in a sober, sensible
manner and depart wiser and better men.
PART OF HAMOND'S PLAN OF CAMBRIDGE, 1592
(showing Siberch's house]
It was to this Cambridge and, probably, to this
patron in Cambridge that John Siberch came. The
single reference to his place of residence and to his
position in the university occurs in the Annals of
Dr Caius:
The space (he writes) between the gate of humility
and the gate of Virtue was formerly occupied by a
JOHN SIBERCH 7
tenement called the King's Arms. This was once the
residence of John Sibert, alias Siberch, the University
Printer, who printed some books of John Lydgate and
others, and of Erasmus when he was residing at
Cambridge.
The "tenement called the King's Arms" explains
the use by Siberch of the royal arms as a printer's
device; but although cum gratia et privilegio ap-
pears on the title-page of several books printed by
him, there is no official confirmation of his having
held the office of university printer 1 .
There are entries, however, in Grace Books and
in the Audit Book of the university which show that
in 1520 or 1521 the university advanced to him
the sum of twenty pounds:
Obligatur doctor Manfeld loco et vice magistri Norres
pro summa pecunie quam recepit Johannes bibliopola
ab universitate 2 .
Probably, Mr Duff suggests, this sum of money
a larger amount than a university stationer's fee
may have been advanced with a view to helping
Siberch in the establishment of a press.
The debt is entered in the proctors' accounts
until the year i 524-25 and in Grace Book B it is
recorded under the date 1538-9 that John Law,
an alien priest, with Drs Ridley, Bulloke, Wake-
field, and Maundefelde owed 20 sterling to the
university, for which they had given a bond with
their signature and seals; reference is made to
1 John Tabor, Registrary from 1600 to 1645, wrote in 1620:
"John Seberch a printer of the University of Cambridge was the
first that printed in England in greeke letter" (Registry MS
33- 2. 17).
2 Grace Book F, p. 1 96.
8 JOHN SIBERCH
this bond in the Audit Book under the dates 1 546,
1 549, and 1 553. From the description of Siberch
as "presbiter alienigena" Mr Duff infers that Si-
berch eventually forsook printing for the Church.
Such are the fragmentary references that have
survived concerning the career of the first Cam-
bridge printer.
Fortunately, however, eight complete specimens
of his book-printing have been preserved:
i The first Cambridge book (of which a page
is shown in facsimile) reflects the atmosphere of
the time. It is the Oratio delivered by Henry
Bullock, D.D., Fellow of Queens' College and after-
wards Vice-Chancellor, in honour of the visit of
Cardinal Wolsey to the university in the autumn
of 1520. The 'frequentissimuscetus' before whom
the oration was given included the imperial am-
bassadors and several bishops.
The cardinal was lodged at Queens' College and
both town and university delighted to honour him,
as may be seen from the following items from the
proctors' accounts:
To the Vicechancellor for expences in going round
the town with the mayor, to cleanse the streets against
the coming of the Cardinal, is id.
Gifts to the Cardinal: for wine 3 6* %d\ for carrying
the same to Queens coll. \ld\ for 2 oxen, 3 js %d; for
6 swans, 28* %d\ for 6 great pikes, 335 4^; for 6 shell
fish, 4* ^d\ for a river fish called a breme, 6s %d.
For repairing the streets on the Cardinal's coming,
To 2 scholars who carried an altar on the coming of
the Cardinal, 4^.
DOCTISSIMI VIR1 HENRICI
Bulled theologixdocflorisoratio^abita Cantab ri
gte,in frequentiffimo cetu,prae{entibus Cad&ris ora
toribus* & nonnullis alqs epifcopis 5 ad rcuerendifs r
D* Thomam Cardinalem titulo fen (fee Ce*
die , L^atu a lacere 5 Archfepifcopu
Eboracenfem , & Aiiglte fu*
premum Caned araim,
O Nexpetffabis miilro omnium felkifll
N me Cardinalis , quod hac brcui orariuiK
cula > immenlam iflam laudum tuarum are
am udimus ingtedi , ud tanailo uerborum numero
uir utum tuarum omnium (ummam perftringere,
quandoeas uixingenri uolumine,tantumabeit,uc
fomone non dico diumo , led ne (emcftri quidem
aut aimuo uel connumerare quifpia poffit* Nos uer
bafacfturiftimusdehiiceduntaxat rebus perpaucis
iHis quidem^led quse ob earunde magnitudinem e(^
fent omnibus,nedu adftanribus^cognitaCquod hos
meos (pinais nonmcdiocriterrecreaouiderentfor^
taffis incredibfliajnecdtra aflentatiorus notamreferri
poflc, ccteru tantii abcrit hie nofter fo mo ab aflen^
tarione,quatum abeft a nece(I?tate. Quippe huiufce
modifimrprocereshumaniflimijhiaus ampliffi'mi
Pr<e(uKs
A PAGE FROM HENRICI BULLOCI ORATIO, THE FIRST
CAMBRIDGE BOOK
10 JOHN SIBERCH
The style of the oration is even more lavish than
the ceremonial preparations. "Scarcely from the ob-
sequious senates of Tiberius and Domitian did the
incense of flattery rise in denser volume or in coarser
fumes." 1
Bradshaw pointed out that the type used for the
printing of the Oratio appears to be quite new.
Many of the lines are wavy and irregular and there
are no woodcut initials or ornaments of any kind.
The second imprint, at the end of the book, runs:
Impressa est haec orattucula Cantabrtglae^ per me
loannem Siberch^ post natum saluatorem^ Millesimo
quingentesimo uicesimoprimo. Mense Februario. A
second impression was printed a few months later
and issued with Siberch's third book.
Four libraries possess copies: the British Museum;
the Bodleian Library; Lambeth Palace; and Arch-
bishop Marsh's Library, St Patrick's, Dublin.
Cambridge unfortunately has no copy.
ii The second Cambridge book is the rarest of
all those printed by Siberch, only one copy (John
Selden's, bequeathed to the Bodleian Library in
1659) having been preserved.
It contains a letter addressed by a 'certain faith-
ful Christian' to 'all Christians' and a sermon of
Augustine De mlseria ac brevitate vitae, of which
the full title may be read in the facsimile. In addi-
tion to its uniqueness, the book has afurtherinterest
in that the Greek motto on the title-page was printed
from the first genuine moveable Greek type used
in England. Woodcuts depicting scenes from the
i Mullinger, i, 546.
&23S35I
CuiufciSficfelis Chrifha?
ni epiftob, ad chriftianos
oes^cos ialubriter admo^
neos^atcpad poenitenna
falutare adhortads.Subfe
quioir & diui Auguftini
de miieria^ac breuitate hu
ius mortalis uitx 3 fermo
deuotiflimus^ & ad mun \
di contempoi efFicacifli^!
mus*
Apuctpraxlaram Canta
br^iam* Anno XXI*
1
TITLE-PAGE OF THE SECOND CAMBRIDGE BOOK
JOHN SIBERCH n
Last Judgment and probably copied from a German
Book oj Hours are also used on the title-page.
in The next book contains Lucian wepl Su//aSwi>
translated by Henry Bullock, together with a re-
issue of the Oratio, On the title-page there appears
for the first time the elaborate border with the
Arma Regia (the sign of the house in which Siberch
lived) at the foot. No other ornament is used, but
Greek type appears on the title-page, in the dedi-
cation, and at the end of the book.
Four copies are known: two in the British
Museum, one in St John's College, Cambridge,
and one at Lambeth Palace.
iv The fourth book, Archbishop Bald win 'sSermo
de alt arts sacramento (1521), contains for the first
time a woodcut initial and the Arma Regia in
another form. The book is dedicated to Nicholas
West, Bishop of Ely, and in the dedication Siberch
claims to be the first printer to use Greek type in
England "loannes Siberch primus utriusque lin-
guae in Anglia impressor."
Nine copies have survived: two in the Bodleian,
two in the University Library, Cambridge, one
in Trinity College, Cambridge, one in Magdalene
College, Cambridge, one in All Souls' College,
Oxford, one in Lincoln and one in Peterborough
Cathedral Library 1 .
v The next book has many points of interest.
In the first place, it is by the printer's friend,
Erasmus, and its title gives a brief survey of the
manner of its composition: Libellusde Conscribendis
i The Bury St Edmund's copy is now lost.
12 JOHN SIBERCH
iS) Autore D. Erasmo, opus olim ab eodem ccep-
^ sedprima manu^ mox expoliri cceptum^ sed inter-
missum, Nunc pr'tmum prodit in lucem ____ MDXXI.
Secondly, it is the first book of any size under-
taken by Siberch. " Ignosces," he pleads, "candide
lector iam primum experienti mihi." Further, the
phrase Cum gratia et privilegio is now used on the
title-page for the first time; for this leave had
probably been obtained through Bishop Fisher,
in a dedication to whom the printer calls himself
'Cantabrigiensis typographus.'
Four copies are known: two in the British Mu-
seum, one in St John's College, Cambridge, and
one in Corpus Christi College, Cambridge; the last
has an additional interest in that it was bound by
Nicholas Speryng.
vi The sixth of the books printed by Siberch
is the commonest. It is a translation of Galen by
Thomas Linacre: Calent Per game nsis de Tempera-
mentis^ et de tnaequali intemperie librt tres Thoma
Linacro Anglo interprete.
It is described on the title-page, which has the
same border-device as in, as "opus non medicis
modo, sed et philosophis oppido c\uam necessariuw";
it is dedicated to Pope Leo X and printed "cum
gratia et privilegio."
The existing copies of the book are in two states;
a copy in the first state was found by the late
Mr Robert Bowes in the library of Trinity College,
Dublin, containing only the De Temper amentls
and having on the last leaf but one a woodcut of
the Adoration of the Shepherds. The copy in the
ONTIO QVAM AN*
iGLICE HABVIT RE=
VERENDVS PATER
IOANNES ROFFEN*
SIS EPISCOPVS IN
|celcberrimo Nobih'um Con ?
uent LI Londini , co dic,quo Martini Luthcri fcris-
pta publico apparatu in ignem coniedla (unt,uer*
(a in Latinu per Richardum Pacaeum a Screnidi:
mi REGIS ANGLIE Secretis,verum Gtece
& LatinePcnnffimuni .
CVM GRATIA ET PRIVILEGIO,%
TITLE-PAGE OF FISHER'S SERMON
JOHN SIBERCH 13
Royal College of Physicians consists of this first
issue with the second essay added. The remaining
ten copies University Library, Cambridge (2);
Bodleian Library (2); British Museum; Trinity
College, Cambridge; All Souls' College, Oxford;
Hunterian Museum, Glasgow; the Duke of Devon-
shire; Mr Bowes are in the second state, containing
both the De Temper amenth and the De inaequali
intemperie^ the last two leaves of the former essay as
they appear in the first state being cancelled.
vn The full title of the seventh Cambridge book
may be read in the facsimile here shown. It is a
Latin translation of the sermon delivered in London
by Fisher when Luther's books were publicly burned.
Siberch has now discarded his ornamental title-
border, but at the end of the book there appears a
new device, embodying his trade-mark and initials.
The book was printed late in 1521 and probably
issued early in the January of the next year.
Five copies are known: two in the Bodleian
Library; onein the University Library, Cambridge;
one in Magdalene College, Cambridge; and one in
the John Rylands Library, Manchester.
vin The last of the eight books printed by
Siberch of which complete copies survive is Papyrii
Gemini Eleatis Hermathena^ seu De Eloquentiae Vic-
toria^ printed on the 8th December, 1522. There are
three different states of the title-page and six com-
plete copies are known: University Library, Cam-
bridge ; British Museum ; S t John's College, Oxford ;
Archbishop Marsh's Library, St Patrick's, Dublin;
Duke of Devonshire; Lincoln Cathedral Library.
14 JOHN SIBERCH
To these eight books must be added the De octo
partium oratlonls constructione libellus of Lily and
Erasmus, two leaves of which were found in the
book bound by Siberch which Mr Duff discovered
at Westminster. This libellus ^ originally written by
William Lily and revised, at Colet's suggestion, by
Erasmus, was a popular school book of the period.
It was in the binding of the same book that the
letter from Petrus Kaetz, a Dutch printer, was also
found. This letter has many points of interest.
Kaetz sends Siberch "25 prognostications and 3
New Testaments small," as well as a parcel to be
delivered to Niclas [Speryng] and we may fittingly
conclude our notice of Siberch with the tribute of
a contemporary to his prospects as a printer:
Know, Jan Siborch (writes Petrus Kaetz) that I have
received your letter as [well as specimens] of your type,
and it is very good; if you can otherwise... and conduct
yourself well, then you will get enough to print.
(Translation by Dr Hessels, Jenkinson, C.A.S. vin, 186.)
TRADE-MARK OF JOHN SIBERCH
II
THE CHARTER THOMAS THOMAS
AND THE STATIONERS
H O U G H it may not be clear to what extent
John Siberch was officially recognised as
printer to the university, it is evident that no
successor to him was immediately appointed. Uni-
versity stationers and bookbinders, however, had
been for some time established in a privileged posi-
tion. As early as 1276 we find a reference to the
"writers, illuminators, and stationers, who serve
the scholars only," and in a note on this phrase
Fuller defines the stationarii as "publicly avouch-
ing the sale of staple-books in standing shops
(whence they have their names) as opposite to such
circumforanean pedlers (ancestors to our modern
Mercuries and hawkers) which secretly vend pro-
hibited books."
In 1350 John Hardy, procurator of the Corpus
Christi Gild , is described as " sta tionarius of the Uni-
versity " and we learn something of the stationers'
duties from the prohibition by Convocation in 1 408
of the use in schools of " any book or tract compiled
by John Wiclif, or any one else in his time or since
or to be compiled thereafter" unless first examined
by the universities and afterwards approved by
the Archbishop. After the book had been finally
sanctioned, it was to be delivered "in the name and
by the authority of the University to the stationers
to be copied; and a faithful collation being made,
1 6 UNIVERSITY STATIONERS
the original should be deposited in the chest of
either University, there to remain for ever."
In his edition of Grace Book A (1454-88) Sir
Stanley Leathes summarises the position of the
Stationaries as follows:
They were not students, nor were they exactly
servants or tradesmen. They were the official agents of
the University for the sale of pledges, and official valuers
of manuscripts and other valuables offered as security.
They seem to have received an occasional fee from the
Chest Like the servants and tradesmen dependent on
the University they were under the University juris-
diction.
Many of the stationers were binders as well and
the keeping of the university chest was included
in their duties; from the will of Petrus Breynans
(c. 1 504) it also appears that they were provided
by the university with a distinctive gown 1 .
At the beginning of the sixteenth century, we
find the stationers involved in one of the many dis-
putes between university and town, damaging alike
to study and to business. In 1 502 both parties be-
sought the "amicable interference" of the Lady
Margaret, who counselled arbitration; the result
was an "indenture of covenant" executed by uni-
versity and town "pursuant to the award of Sir
Thomas Frowy eke and the other arbitrators." One
clause in the indenture runs:
ITEM, yt ys covenanted, accorded, and agreed bitwene
the said Parties, accordinge to the said Award, that all
i See also Grace Book A, p. 1 1 7, where there is the following
item in the proctors' accounts for 1476-7:
Item stacionario pro toga xiij 8 iiij d
GARRETT GODFREY 17
Bedells of the said Universitie, and all Mancipills,
Cooks, Butlers, and Launders of everye Colledge,
Hostell, and of other places ordeyned for Scolers,
Students, and places of religion in the said Universitie,
and all appotycares, Stacioners, Lymners, Schryveners,
Parchment-makers, Boke-bynders, Phisitions, Surgeons,
and Barbers in the sayd Universitie... shall be reputed
and taken as Common Ministers and Servants of the
said Universitie, as longe as they shall use eny such
occupacion, and shall have and enjoye lyke privilege as
a Scolers Servant of the same Universitie shall have and
enjoye.... 1
In the list at the end of the award containing the
names of those privileged by the university, the
last entry is "Garreit Stacioner." This "Garreit"
is the stationer and binder generally known as
Garrett Godfrey. When he first began business in
Cambridge is not known, but more than fifty speci-
mens of his binding, dating from 1499 to 1535,
have survived. We know also that he was church-
warden of Great St Mary's in 1516 and again in
1521 and that he died in I539 2 .
Erasmus refers to him in 1516 as his "old host,
Garrett the bookseller" (which suggests that he
stayed in his house during his first visit to Cam-
bridge), and in 1525 sends a message, already
quoted, to Garrett and other booksellers.
Another stationer and bookbinder of the period
is Nicholas Spierinck (Speryng), whose name first
appears in Grace Book B under the date 1505-6.
1 Cooper, Annals, i, 262.
2 "Garard et spierinck" were sureties for Jerome Leonard,
the Carmelite, in 1520-1 (Grace Book B, p. 91). In the same
volume it is recorded that Garrett Godfrey bound a book for
Cardinal Wolsey in 1528-9 (p. 152).
1 8 UNIVERSITY STATIONERS
Little is known of him as a stationer. He was a
Dutchman by birth and, like Garrett Godfrey,
was a friend of Erasmus and a churchwarden of
Great St Mary's. His will, of which he appointed
Thomas Wendy, the royal physician, as supervisor,
shows him to have been a man of property, since
he bequeathed to Nycholas Spyrynke, his "sonnes
sonne," the "howse of the Crosse Keyes" a
brewery in Magdalene Street 1 ; of his work as a
binder nearly fifty examples remain.
The third of the Cambridge stationers of this
period whom we must consider is Segar Nicholson.
He also came from Holland, and, as Mr G. J. Gray
remarks, affords an early example of a member of
the university engaging in business, being a pen-
sioner of Gonville Hall from 1520 to 1523. His
career has more varied features than those of his
fellow-stationers.
In 1529 he was charged with holding Protestant
views and further with the unlawful possession of
Luther's books and other heretical works. Now
Luther's books had been publicly burnt in Cam-
bridge eight years before and the ceremony had,
as we have seen, been the occasion of a notable ser-
mon by Bishop Fisher. About this time, however,
there had grown up a small society of members
of the university who were sympathetic towards
Lutheran doctrine. They met in secret in the White
i The oak panelling and carved mantelpiece belonging to this
ancient house have recently been removed to the new Combina-
tion room at Magdalene College (A. B. Gray, Cambridge re-
visited, p. 46).
SEGAR NICHOLSON 19
Horse inn, which stood where are now the back
buildings of the Bull Hotel a place chosen so
that members might enter unobserved by the back
door and nicknamed ' Germany' by the orthodox 1 .
Among the heretics who frequented these meetings
was Segar Nicholson.
Foxe, in his Acts and Monuments ^ gives a sad ac-
count of the treatment of Nicholson: "The hand-
ling of this man," he says, "was too too cruel."
After his release from prison, Nicholson remained
a stationer till the age of 60, when he was ordained
deacon by the Bishop of London.
In the meantime the university had taken steps to
ensure the suppression of heretical books. In 1 529 a
petition was presented to Cardinal Wolsey, begging:
that for the suppression of error, there should be three
booksellers allowed in Cambridge by the King, who
should be sworn not to bring in or sell any book which
had not first been approved of by the censor of books
in the University, that such booksellers should be men
of reputation and gravity, and foreigners, (so it should
be best for the prizing of books,) and that they might
have the privilege to buy books of foreign merchants 2 .
It was, no doubt, as a result of this petition that
five years later Cambridge printing was formally
established by royal charter on 20 July, 1534,
when Henry VIII by letters patent gave licence to
the Chancellor, masters, and scholars
to assign and elect from time to time, by writing under the
seal of the Chancellor of the University, three stationers
.and printers, or sellers of books, residing within the
1 See G. F. Browne, C.A.S. Proc. in, 407
2 Cooper, Annals y i, 329.
2 2
20 THE CHARTER
University, who might be either aliens or natives, and
hold either their own or hired houses. The stationers or
printers thus assigned, and every of them, were em-
powered to print all manner of books approved of by the
Chancellor or his vicegerent and three doctors, and to sell
and expose to sale in the University or elsewhere within
the realm, as well such books as other books printed
within or without the realm, and approved of by the Chan-
cellor or his vicegerent and three doctors. If aliens, these
stationers or printers were empowered to reside in the
University, in order to attend to their business, and
were to be reputed and treated as the King's faithful
subjects and lieges, and to enjoy the same liberties,
customs, laws, and privileges; and to pay and con-
tribute to lot, scot, tax, tallage, and other customs and
impositions as the other subjects and lieges of the King.
Provided, that the said stationers or printers, being
aliens, paid all customs, subsidies, and other monies, for
their goods and merchandizes imported or exported, as
other aliens 1 .
This is the Magna Carta of Cambridge printing
and Fuller quotes with quiet pride the opinion of
Sir Edward Coke that "this University of Cam-
bridge hath power to printwithin the same 'omnes '
and 'omnimodos libros' which the University of
Oxford hath not."
We should now expect to see a steady continu-
ance of university printing. But, in spite of the
King's letters patent, the history of Cambridge
printing for nearly fifty years is a blank. It is true
that the university immediately availed itself of
i Abbreviated translation quoted from Cooper, Annals ^ i, 368.
Cooper, however, has " Chancellor and his vicegerent or three
doctors" in one place, and Wordsworth (Scholae Academicae^
p. 378) copies his mistake.
THE CHARTER 21
the privilege conferred upon it, and the "three
stationers and printers or sellers of books residing
within the university" who were appointed were
Nicholas Speryng, Garrett Godfrey, and Segar Nich-
olson, whose careers have been sketched above.
That two of these were bookbinders and church-
wardens, that one owned a brewery, and that one
took holy orders we have evidence, but of printing
there is no trace. The strangest appointment is
that of Nicholson, since the aim of the university
in petitioning Wolsey for the control of printing
and book-selling was the suppression of those Lu-
theran doctrines for which Nicholson had recently
been imprisoned.
But it is clear that, for a time at any rate, the
university, while showing no desire to encourage
the art of printing, was quick to establish its con-
trol and censorship of books.
Some idea of a university bookseller's stock at
this time may be obtained from the will of Nicholas
Pilgrim 1 , appointed in 1539 as successor to Garrett
Godfrey, from whom he inherited a "furryd gown
and iij presses with a cutty nge knife." Of the 7 1 7
books of which an in ven tory is given in Pilgrim's will
2 1 6 were bound and 50 1 unbound, the whole stock
being valued at 26 i is 6d. Most of the books are
either editions of the classics or theological works, but
there are a few on medical and botanical subjects.
But like Richard Noke, appointed in 1 540, and
Peter Sheres (1545-6) Pilgrim appears to have
been university printer only in name,
i Gray and Palmer, Wills of Cambridge Printers, pp. 1 0-30.
22 JOHN KINGSTON
At the beginning of Elizabeth's reign, when all
unlicensed printing was prohibited, the powers of
the chancellors of the universities to license books
were duly recognised and in 1576, when John
Kingston was appointed as printer, the university
seems definitely to have contemplated the estab-
lishment of a printing-press:
On the 1 8th of July, Lord Burghley wrote from
Theobalds to Dr Goad Vicechancellor and the Heads,
with reference to their intention of bringing the exercise
of printing into the University, for which purpose they
had engaged one Kingston of London, whom they
purposed to protect with the University privilege to
print Psalters, Books of Common Prayer, and other
books in English, for which the Queen had already
granted special privileges to William Seres, Richard
Jugge, John Day, and others. His Lordship dis-
approved of any attempts to prejudice the Queen's
grants, but thought they might employ an artificer for
printing matters pertaining to the schools &C. 1
In the light of this pronouncement it is easy to
understand why John Kingston, who was well-
known as a London stationer, printed no books in
Cambridge.
At last, in 1583, we come to the name of a
university printer who in fact printed books at
Cambridge: Thomas Thomas, Fellow of King's
College, was appointed University printer by grace
of 3 May, 1583, and in the same year began to print
a work by William Whitaker.
The Stationers' Company of London quickly
seized his press and declared that his attempt was
i MS Baker xxix, 374, quoted in Cooper, Annals^ u, 357.
THOMAS THOMAS 23
an infringement of their rights. In a letter to
Burghley, dated i June, 1583, the Bishop of
London wrote:
There was alsoe found one presse and furniture which
is saide to belonge to one Thomas a man (as I heare)
utterlie ignoraunte in printinge, and pretendinge that
he entendeth to be the printer for the universitie of
Cambridge.
The Vice-Chancellor and Heads, however, took
up the cause of their printer and in reply to a letter
from Burghley suggesting a conference with the
Stationers, wrote as follows:
Our most humble duties to your honour remembred.
Whereas we understand by your honours letters, that
certain of the company of the stationers in London have
sought to hinder the erecting of a print within the
university of Cambridg, and to impugne that antient
privilege, granted and confirmed by divers princes for
that purpose, to the great benefit of the university and
augmentation of learning: these are in most humble
manner to desire your honour, not so much in respect of
Mr Thomas, who hath already received great injury and
dammage at their hands, as in behalf of the university;
which findeth itself very much aggrieved with the
wrongful detaining of those goods, wherewithal, as we
are persuaded, in right and equity they ought not to
meddle, to continue our honorable patron, and to direct
your favourable warrants to the warden of the stationers,
that he may have his press delivered with speed; lest
that by their means, as he hath been disappointed of
Mr Whitakers book, so by their delays he be prevented
of other books made within the university, and now ready
for the press.
As for the doubts which they caused, rather in respect
of their private gain and commodity, and to bring the
universities more antient privileges in this behalf than
24 THOMAS THOMAS
theirs under their jurisdiction at London, than for any
other good consideration, the deciding or peril whereof
also pertaineth not to them; we dare undertake, in the
behalf of Mr Thomas whom we know to be a very godly
and honest man, that the press shall not be abused,
either in publishing things prohibited, or otherwise in-
convenient for the church and state of this realm. And
this we promise the rather, for that his grace (whereof
we have sent a copy to your honour by himself) was
granted unto him upon condition that he should stand
bound from time to time to such articles as your honour
and the greatest part of the heads of colleges should ty
him unto.
And for the conference, whereunto your honour
moveth us, if it shall be your honours pleasure, wee, as
desirous of peace and concord, (the premisses con-
sidered,) shall be ready to shew our willingness there-
unto, if it shall please the company of stationers in
London to send hither some certain men from them with
sufficient authority for that purpose. Thus most humbly
desiring that the press may no longer be stayed, and
hoping that your honour will further our desire herein,
we do in our daily prayer commend your lordship to the
blessed tuition of the Almighty.
From Cambridge, this I4th of June 1 .
This letter has been quoted in full partly because
it is the first of a long series of protests, partly
because it is a good example of the attitude con-
sistently adopted by the university in regard to
printing a dutiful desire not to abuse their privi-
lege coupled with a dignified determination not
to be bullied by the Stationers.
As a result of the appeal contained in the letter,
the charter of 1534 was submitted to the Master
i Cooper, Annals, n, 393.
THOMAS THOMAS 25
of the Rolls, who concurred in the opinion that it
was valid; and on 24 July, 1584, Thomas entered
into a recognizance in 500 marks before the Vice-
Chancellor.
Books now began to issue from Thomas's press
and some of them quickly excited the odium
theologicum; when, for instance, a work by Walter
Travers in support of Presbyterianism was printed,
the greater part of the edition was confiscated.
Ever sens I hard that they had a Printer in Cambridg
(wrote Archbishop Whitgift to Lord Burghley), I did
greatlie fear this and such like inconveniences wold
followe, nether do I thingk that yt wyll so stay, for
althowgh Mr Vicechancellor that now ys, be a verie
careful man and in all respectes greatlie to be com-
mended, yet yt may fawle owt hereafter, that some such
as shal succeade hym wyll not be so well affected, nor
have such care for the publike peace of the Church, and
of the state, but whatsoever your Lordship shall thingk
good to be done in this matter... I wyll performe yt ac-
cordinglie. I thingk yt verie convenient that the bokes
should be burned, beeing verie factius and full of un-
truthes : and that (yf printing do styll there continew)
sufficient bonds with suerties sholdbe taken of the printer
not to print anie bokes, unlesse they be first allowed
by lawfull authoritie, for yf restrante be made here and
libertie graunted there, what good can be done 1
From this time forward, indeed, Cambridge
printing was for many years continually harassed by
two disturbing forces theological suspicion and
by commercial jealousy. Thus, in 1585, when it
was discovered that London printers had printed
various books already printed by the universities, a
i Cooper, Annals, ir, 400.
26 THOMAS THOMAS
grace was passed forbidding Cambridge booksellers
to sell, and Cambridge students to buy, "any book
printed at London or elsewhere in England, which
had been or thereafter should be printed at
Cambridge or Oxford," always provided that the
university printers did not sell their books at a
higher price than that fixed by the Vice-Chancellor
and the others named in Thomas's articles.
In the next year the archbishop was again
growing anxious; in June, 1586, it was laid down
by a Star Chamber ordinance that no book was to
be printed without either his own or the Bishop of
London's approval, and a few months la terWhitgift
wrote to hisvery loving friend the Vice-Chan cellor:
Salutem in Christo. I understand that there is now
in printing by the printer of that university, a certain
book, called Harmonia Confessionum Fidei, in English,
translated out of Latin ; which book, for some special
causes, was here [i.e. in London] rejected, and not
allowed to be printed. These are therefore to require
you, that presently upon receipt hereof you cause the
said book to be stayed from printing any further; and
that nothing be don more therein, until you shall receive
further direction from me. And whereas there is order
taken of late by the lords of the council, that from hence-
forth no book shall be imprinted either in London or in
either of the universities, unless the same shall be
allowed and authorized by the bishop of London or my
self, I do likewise require you to take special care, that
hereafter nothing be imprinted in that university of
Cambridge but what shall be authorised accordingly.
And so not doubting of your diligent circumspection
herein, I commit you to the tuition of Almighty God 1 .
i Cooper, Annals, n, 425.
THOMAS THOMAS 27
As the Harmony of Confessions was duly published
in the same year, it would appear that it eventually
received the archbishop's approval; Macaulay's
view of Whitgift as a "narrow-minded, mean, and
tyrannical priest" would certainly have been con-
firmed had he considered him in the light of his
censorship of Cambridge books.
Thomas Thomas's greatest achievement, perhaps,
was the compilation and printing of his Latin
Dictionary and when the London stationers began
to publish editions of this and other Cambridge
books, the university made another long protest
to the Chancellor, pointing out that it was a " verie
hard matter" either for the university to maintain
its privilege or for the printer to do any good by
his trade and begging of him "to become a meanes
to her highnes in this behalf... to graunt a speciall
lycence to this our Universitie."
As the Star Chamber decree of 1586, to which
reference has been already made, ordained that
"none of the printers in Cambridge or Oxford for
the tyme being shal be suffered to have any moe
apprentices then one at one tyme at the most," it
is not to be expected that the output from Thomas's
press should be very large. But we know that
before his death at the early age of 3 5 he printed
at least twenty books 1 . Many of these reflect the
theological controversies of the time as, for
instance, Two Treatises of the Lord His holie Supper
. . .written in the French tongue by Tues Rousseau and
lohn de FEspine. . .translated Into English ("a very
i See Appendix II.
28 THOMAS THOMAS
elegant type, and as carefully printed/' according to
Herbert) and Antonii Sadeelis viri clarissimi vereque
Theologi de Rebus Grauissimis controller sis Disputa-
tiones accuratae Theologice et scholastice Tractatae,
both printed in 1 584. In the inventory of his will
it is interesting to note that, with one exception,
Thomas had stock, at the time of his death, of all
books printed by himself; he left, too, 39 Reames
of pott paper in the garret (8) and 8 skynnes of
parchment ruled with read ynck (2s 8^). His
serviceable type, consisting of long primer, pica,
and brevier (Roman and Italique), together with
some "greeke letter," amounted to 1445 lb and
was valued at ^d a lb. In his "necessaries for
pryntinge" are included "one presse with the
furneture" (66s %d), "iiij or payer of chases "
(13^ 4</), "ij great stooles" (12^), "iiij or gallies"
(i6d) and "the wasshing troufhe" (i2d) 1 .
But it is on his Latin Dictionary that the fame
of Thomas Thomas chiefly rests. "In hoc opere"
he writes on the title-page, "quid sit praestitum ad
superiores Xefifcoypa^ovs adjectum, docebit epistola
ad Lectorem " and in the epistola we learn how the
work came into being:
Precibus enim Ludimagistrorum ac studiosorum
victus, quibus t accessit etiam amicorum frequens postu-
latio, ex immense Lexicorum pelago nostrum contraxi,
quod trivialibus saltern ludis inserviret.
The last words of this same address to the reader
show that, like Johnson's, the dictionary was not
i Gray and Palmer, Wills of Cambridge Printers^ pp. 70, 71.
THOMAS THOMAS 29
compiled "in the soft obscurities of retirement, or
under the shelter of academick bowers":
Cantebrigiae ex nostris aedibus, carptim inter opera-
rum susurros, Tertio Nonas Septembres, Anno salutis
per Christum Dominum partae, 1587.
In the eleventh edition, printed by Thomas's
successor in 1619, the following tribute is paid to
him in the dedication to Francis Bacon:
He was about 30 years ago a famous Printer among
your Cantabrigians ; yes something more than a Printer
such as we now are, who understand the Latin that we
print no more than Bellerophon the letters he carried,
and who sell in our shops nothing of our own except the
paper black with the -press's sweat. But he, a companion
of the Stephenses and of the other, very few, printers of
the true kind and best omen, was of opinion that it was
men of learning, thoroughly imbued with academic
studies, who should give themselves to cultivating and
rightly applying that illustrious benefit sent down from
heaven and given to aid mankind and perpetuate the
arts. Accordingly what more fit than that when he had
wrought what was worthy of type, he should himself,
needing aid of none, act as midwife to his own progeny.
Thomas's printing-office was in the Regent Walk,
immediately opposite the west door of Great St
Mary's; his death is said to have been hastened by
the labours of the dictionary, and in 1588 he was
buried in the churchyard of Great St Mary's.
ORNAMENT USED BY THOMAS THOMAS
Ill
FROM JOHN LEGATE TO
ROGER DANIEL
NO time was lost, after the death of Thomas
Thomas, in appointing a successor, for John
Legate was elected by grace of 2 November, 1588,
"as he is reported to be skilful in the art of printing
books"; and almost immediately the new printer
became involved in disputes with the Stationers'
Company.
The corporate existence of the London Stationers
dates back to 1407, but their first charter was
granted by Mary in 1557. The result of this charter
of incorporation was that no one, except the holders
of special licences or privileges, could print books
for sale; by the rules of the company a member who
wished to print a book and claim the ownership of
it was required to enter its name in the register of
the company. Thus he obtained the only kind of
'copyright' which then existed.
On her accession, Elizabeth confirmed the Sta-
tioners' charter, but shortly afterwards, Injunctions
were issued which required all books to be licensed
either by the Queen herself, or six members of the
Privy Council, or the Archbishops, or the Bishop
of London, or the Chancellors of the Universities,
or the bishop of the diocese.
It was, however, found to be impossible to en-
force such a stringent regulation and in 1577 we
THE STATIONERS' COMPANY 31
find a number of printing licences issued to private
persons. Thus John Jugge became Her Majesty's
printer of Bibles; to Richard Tothill was given the
" prin tinge of all kindes Lawe bookes " ; to John Day
the monopoly of the ABC and Catechism ; to
Thomas Marshe " Latin books used in the grammar
schools'*; to William Seres "salters, primers and
prayer books."
As we have already seen, it was these grants
which, in spite of the confirmation of the uni-
versity's licence at the beginning of the reign,
effectually stood in the way of the establishment of
a press at Cambridge by John Kingston.
The London Stationers also took alarm and
petitioned the Queen. At first they were merely
rebuked for daring to question the royal prerogative
but, "approaching her Majesty a second time more
humbly than before," the Company was granted
a monopoly of both printing and selling psalters,
primers, almanacks, ^fSC's, the little Catechism,
and Nowell's English and Latin Catechism.
Of all such monopolies the university, by the
power given to it in the charter of 1534 to print
omnimodos libros^ had been made nominally inde-
pendent, and it was therefore inevitable that
disputes should arise; furthermore, there being as
yet no regularised law of copyright, such disputes
were likely to be most violent when there was
competition in the sale, as well as in the printing,
of a text-book.
Thus when John Legate, himself a freeman of the
Stationers' Company, prin ted an edition of Terence
32 JOHN LEGATE
for the use of scholars in 1589 and sent copies to be
sold in London, the Stationers quickly confiscated
them; on their part, the Stationers were at the
same time contemplating another pirated edition of
Thomas's Dictionary. The university made its usual,
dignified complaint to Lord Burghley.
Again, in 1591, Legate, who had in that year
produced the first English bible printed at Cam-
bridge, was accused of infringing the monopoly of
Barker and Day, the privileged printers. In their
reply to the charge, the Vice-Chancellor and Heads
of Houses whilst hinting that the doctrine " that the
prince by virtue of prerogative may, by a later
grant, either take away or abridge a former" is not
only "against the rule of natural equity" but also
" dangerous to all degrees, opening a way to the
overthrow of all patents and privileges," base their
appeal upon an ad misertcordiam^ with a final re-
minder of the charter and its ratification; in par-
ticular, they emphasise the plight of the printer
himself:
The suit which they [the Stationers] have made unto
your lordship for the stay of our printer until the next
term, is so prejudicial to the poor man, as if they should
prevail therein, it could not but tend to his utter un-
doing; especially Sturbridge-fair now drawing near;
being the chiefest time wherein he hopeth to reap
greatest fruit of this his travail 1 .
Similarly, in 1596, Legate was charged this
time by the Ecclesiastical Commissioners with
infringing the right of the Queen's patentees by
i Strype, Annals of the Reformation, iv, 51, quoted in Cooper,
Annals, n, 491.
JOHN LEGATE 33
printing the Grammar and Accidence. The Vice-
Chancellor was required to collect all copies printed
at Cambridge and to take bond with surety in 1 oo
of each of the university printers not to print
either book without leave. Some months later the
Vice-Chancellor reported to the Archbishop that
search had been made "by honest men sworn who
said upon their oath that there were no such books
printed here." This is the last we hear of such
disputes for some time, but it is clear that the
university jealously guarded its right of selling, as
well as of printing, books, since in 1592}. Tidder,
of London, was sued in the Vice-Chancellor's Court
for selling books in the Cambridge market 1 .
In the later part of his career Legate became
intimately associated with the London stationers.
An entry in the Stationers' Registers under the
date i August, 1597, shows that his official position
was then recognised:
WHEREAS John legat hathe printed at Cambridge by
Aucthoritie of the vniuersitie there a booke called the
Reformed Catholike: This seid booke is here Registred
for his copie so that none of this Company shall prynt
yt from hym. PROVIDED that this entrance shalbe voyd
yf the seid booke be not Aucthorised by the seid
vniuersitie as he saieth it is, vj d . 2
Legate married the daughter of Christopher
Barker and became Master of the Stationers'
Company in 1604. He left Cambridge in 1609
and after that date all books printed by him have
London on the title-page; the title, however, of
R.
1 Registry MS 33. 2. i.
2 Arber, Stat. Reg. in, 88.
34 JOHN LEGATE
"printer to the university" he retained until his
death in 1620.
In Cambridge he rented a shop for $s per
annum in St Mary's parish from 1591 to 1609,
probably the same house in the Regent Walk as
that in which Thomas had lived, and was the first
printer to use the device Alma Mater Cantabrigia
with the motto Hinc Lucem et Pocula Sacra sur-
rounding it.
In partnership with Legate was John Porter.
There is no record of his appointment, but it is
evident that he was one of the university stationers
appointed under the charter. In 1593 we find
him associated with Legate in the prosecution of
John Tidder and several books of 1595 and other
dates are described as printed for him and John
Legate 1 .
In the Register of the Stationers' Company it is
recorded under the date 26 April, 1589:
Cantrell Legge sonne of Edwarde Legge of Burcham
in the Countie of Norffolk Yoman, hathe put himself
apprentize to John Legat Citizen and Stacioner of
London for Eighte yeres from midsomer nexte 2 .
This Cantrell Legge was appointed one of the
university printers in 1606 and appears to have
issued many books in co-operation with the Sta-
tioners. Later, however, difficulties again arose,
for in 1620 Legge was prosecuted by the company
for printing Lily's Grammar. The university ve-
1 The Foundation of the Christian Religion^ by W. Perkins
(1601), was printed for John Porter only.
2 Arber, Stat. Reg. n, 157.
CANTRELL LEGGE 35
hemently protested to the Archbishop of Canter-
bury:
Ferunt enim Londinenses Bibliopolas suum potius
emolumentum quam publicum spectantes, (quae res et
naturae legibus et hominum summe contraria est) mo-
nopoliis quibusdam inhiare, ex quo timemus librorum
precia auctum iri, et privilegia nostra imminutum. Nos
igitur hoc metu affecti, ubi sanguis solet in re dubia ad
cor festinare, ita ad Te confugimus primariam partem
ecclesiastici corporis
and to Lord Chancellor Bacon:
Ecquid permittis Domine?...Aspicis multitudinem
Librorum indies gliscentem, praesertim in Theologia,
cujus Libri si alii aliis (tanquam montes olim) impo-
nerentur, veri simile est, eos illuc quo cognitio ipsa
pertingit ascensuros. Quod si et numerus Scriptorum
intumescat, et pretium, quae abyssus crumenae tantos
sumptus aequabit? Jam vero miserum est, pecuniam
retardare illam, cui naturae spintum dederit, feracem
gloriae, et coeleste ingenium quasi ad metella damnari.
Qui augent precia Librorum, prosuntvendentibuslibros
non ementibus, hoc est cessatoribus non studiosis x
Evidently the high prices charged by the Sta-
tioners for books of which they held, or claimed to
hold, a monopoly were the source of bitter com-
plaints amongst teachers and students and the uni-
versity authorities set up a spirited opposition: "As
to ye poore printer," wrote Dr Gooch, Master of
Magdalene, to the Registrary (James Tabor) : "there
is no waye but one, the universitie must stand upon
our Charter/' 2
Tabor prepared a list of comparative prices show-
i Herbert's Remains^ 217, 2 1 8, quoted in Cooper, Annals^ in,
2 Registry MS 33. 2. 23.
32
36 CANTRELL LEGGE
ing that while the Stationers charged 4^ a sheet for
Aesop's Fables the Cambridge printer sold them at
3*/, that Ovid's JLptstles cost %d a sheet in London
and only $d in Cambridge and so on 1 .
Finally, the university seized the opportunity
offered by the King passing through Royston on
1 6 December, 1 62 1 , to bring the matter before the
supreme tribunal.
Dr Mawe, the Vice-Chan cellor, was in London
at the time but, leaving his own business unfinished,
he hastened back and with Dr Warde, Dr Beale, the
Registrary, and Legge himself "went to Royston to
deliver a Letter and Petition to the King in ye be-
half of ye Universitye." 2 The King, having heard
the complaint against the Stationers' monopoly of
"ye cheife vendible books in the land," against their
high prices, their bad paper, and their inaccurate
printing, referred the matter to a committee com-
1 Registry MSS 33. 2. 19, 95.
2 Tabor kept a careful account of the expenses of the visit. The
following is a typical extract:
Sunday night supper
Brest of mutton xviijd
Salletts iiijd
Pullett xxiid
Larkes xviijd
Cheese ijd
Wine and tobacco xvjd
bred and bere xxd
sum viijs iiijd
Buttord Alle ijs
Suger iiijd
bere xd
fyre ijs vid
vs xd (Registry MS 33. 2. 29)
i
=4 f
I*
"C bo
Jff
r-*-| ^
1 do
t>"
r>?%
II
. 2^i 1| ^If
^ O ol
m '
-- ev**- "*
S ^^ o ^ o o j
iwkin-t
^h|J4.iS
iift
HvjnB
4*^1^1
a s-S a S- ^-5
= =H .ScS ej- ~
^1M
-.f^
^co
*a c
O nj~9
9
'Js'-*
J^
>"i
S^ -C5
? |
'#&
5-. CJJ
4 Hi
! ,,^
. tf O
7if35l
- 'it sSLI
ttsBrfc
soj |ct e
*a!git
* * p a.3^t
IBJH
i * is i
itjsjte
KfijBl
^ijit
iiy**
C M eS^9s r ^ *r oJ3 ^ ?? ^-
^6 3^^J^^ ="-i r -="^- SJ-Js'
Uc5> ^"6 C'^I-^ i -c-5?- g^
o^R S^ :c = ^j v -n ^ -*-. ^ _ v fe , u .
38 CANTRELL LEGGE
posed of the Archbishop of Canterbury, the Bishop
of Lincoln, Lord Maundeville, and the Lord Chief
Justice.
This committee, however, by reason of "several
and distracted imployments" had no time to discuss
the case and, acting on its recommendation, the King
himself directed that the university printer might
continue to sell his Grammars without the let or dis-
turbance of any person whomsoever.
But a trade dispute of long standing was not
settled, even in the seventeenth century, by a royal
injunction. The leading London booksellers com-
bined to keep the Cambridge edition of Lily's
Grammar ("though sold at the cheapest price")
out of the market and by intimidation compelled
other booksellers to follow their lead; the university
retaliated by a grace of the Senate which forbade
Cambridge booksellers to deal with the hostile
London group and ordered all members of the
university "who should desire any author, of
whatsoever language, or any composition of his
own, to be printed, wheresoever he should live in
England," to offer his work to the university
printer in the first instance and further, if he
should become a schoolmaster, "to use the books
printed in the university which may be for the
profit of his boys, and not suffer others than those
printed in the university in his school, whilst the
same books should be printed and sold here at a
moderate and fair price by the royal authority."
That the university authorities became impatient
of the continual disputes both between Cambridge
*2f ^ *&**&&+&Sf*3(l*.
Can-i :
THE REPLY TO THE PETITION
(With the signatures of James I, the Archbishop of Canterbury,
the Bishop of Lincoln, and Lord Maundeville)
40 CANTRELL LEGGE
printers themselves and between the Cambridge
printers and the London stationers is shown by the
appointment in 1622 of a syndicate to examine
"what charters orders and decrees have heretofore
been granted and made concerning the govern-
ment of the University presses and the printers and
the stationers and how they have been observed
and when broken and by whom." 1
The next award of the Privy Council, made on
29 November, 1623, embodied a compromise: the
Cambridge printers were authorised to comprint
with the Stationers all books save bibles, books of
common prayer, grammars, psalters, primers or books
of common law; they were to have one press only
and to print only those almanacks of which the first
copy was brought to them. A later order similarly
forbade the printing of prayer-books, "and as to
books whereof the first copy was brought to the
University printer, he was to have the sole printing,
as the London printers were to have of all books
whereof the first copy was brought to them."
From the rather wearisome history of this con-
stantly recurring dispute 2 , two main facts seem to
emerge: the difficulty, in the absence of any fixed
law, of establishing copyright in a printed book
and the incompatibility of the wide powers con-
ferred on the university by the charter of 1534
with the Stationers' claim to a trade monopoly.
1 Registry MS 33. I. 6.
2 Registry MSS 33. 2. 2-67. See also Scintilla^ a tract of 1641
reprinted in Arber, Stat. Reg. (iv, 35), and Darlow and Moule
(i, 189) and containing "a remarkable testimony to the never-
ending competition in the book trade."
CAMBRIDGE BOOKS, 1588-1625 41
A study of the list of books printed between
1588 and 1625 will show that there was by this
time a slow, but steady, output of Cambridge
books. Prominent among them are the works of
that voluminous theologian, William Perkins, "the
Learned, pious, and painfull preacher of God's
word in S t Andrewes in Cambridge " whose virtues
are celebrated by Fuller in the second book of The
Holy State (1642):
His Sermons were not so plain but that the piously
learned did admire them, nor so learned but that the
plain did understand them He would pronounce the
word Damne with such an emphasis as left a doleful Echo
in his auditours ears a good while after. And when
Catechist of Christ-Colledge, in expounding the Com-
mandments, applied them so home, able almost to make
his hearers hearts fall down, and hairs to stand upright.
Perkins's works, dealing with such subjects as
A Direction Jor the government of the Tongue ', Sa/ve
for a Sicke man, A Reformed Catholike, and The
Damned art oj witchcraft, and other theological
matters were collected into three folio volumes.
Thomas's Latin Dictionary was regularly re-
printed, reaching its tenth edition in 1610.
In 1603 there appeared Threno-thriambeuticon.
Academiae Cantabrigiensis ob damnum lucrosum, &
infoelicitatem foelicissimam, luctuosus triumphus, a
symposium of classical expressions of grief and joy
on the death of Elizabeth and the accession of
James I. Amongst the contributors were Phineas
Fletcher, Matthew Wren (afterwards Bishop of
Ely) and Dr Stephen Perse. Similar anthologies
of loyalty were published in celebration of the
42 CAMBRIDGE BOOKS, 1588-1625
return of the Prince of Wales from Spain in 1623
and of his accession in 1625, and the practice was
continued throughout several reigns; a poem in
Latin hexameters (In homines nefarios) was also
provoked by the Gunpowder Plot. Two works of
James I were printed at the Press: A Princes
Looking Glasse, translated by W. Willymot ( 1 603),,
and A Remonstrance for the Right of Kings ( 1 6 1 6
and 1619).
In 1 6 1 o there appeared the first work of Giles
Fletcher: Christs Victorie and Triumph in Heaven
and Earth over and ajter death^ with a dedicatory
epistle to Nevile, the Master of Trinity:
My opinion of this Island hath always been, that it
is the very face, and beauty of all Europe, in which both
true Religion is faithfully professed without superstition,
and (if on earth) true Learning sweetly flourishes without
ostentation : and what are the two eyes of this Land, but
the two Universities... and truly I should forget myself,
if I should not call Cambridge the right eye.
In the same year there was printed for David
Owen, Fellow of Clare Hall, a controversial work
entitled Herod and Pilate reconciled. This led
Ralph Brownrigg (Fellow of Pembroke and after-
wards Bishop of Exeter) to invite Owen to his
rooms and to catechise him as to whether a king
breaking fundamental laws might be opposed. The
Vice-Chancellor thereupon summoned Brownrigg
to Trinity and after reminding him that Owen's
book had received official sanction to be printed,
suspended him from his degrees both for questioning
the university's privilege of printing and for pro-
pounding seditious questions to Owen. Brownrigg
CAMBRIDGE BOOKS, 1588-1625 43
recanted shortly afterwards and was restored by
the Vice-Chancellor, but the incident is interesting,
as showing the jealousy with which the privilege
of university printing was guarded and the limita-
tions imposed upon free speech even in college
rooms.
More serious trouble arose out of the publica-
tion of a controversial work entitled The Interpreter
by John Cowell, Master of Trinity Hall. It was
suppressed by royal proclamation in 1 6 1 o and all
copies were ordered to be brought to the Chancellor
or Vice-Chancellor.
In 1623 Legge printed the first Cambridge book
which contained music The Whole Booke of Psalmes
.... with apt notes to sing them.
Upon the methods and costs of printing at this
time an interesting light is thrown by a document
of 1622 entitled A direction to value most Bookes by
the charges of the Printer and Stationer as paper
was sould*.
The finest paper is reckoned at 5^ 6d, the lowest
quality at 3^ 4^ the ream; the former was used for
Bibles and Psalms in 8vo, for which the charge of
printing and paper is estimated at 1 3 s ^.d the ream,
the cheaper kind for grammars and school books,
printed for Ss the ream ("though the Londiner
giveth but 6s %d at the most").
Evidently the writer is seeking to show that the
London Stationers were making exorbitant profits
on the sheets they bought from the Cambridge
printers, for he goes on:
i Registry MSS 33. 6. 8 and 33. 2. 95.
44 THOMAS BROOKE
If upon the first sight of any booke printed in England
you desire to knowe the chardge of the printer for paper
and printinge, Looke in the Alphabet* what letter the
last sheete beareth, then reckon to that... for example
take Legg's Grammer, the letter is O, so there are 14
sheetes in that booke... if you will allow them IDS a
Reame, that is J^/the sheete, it is ^\d for the Grammer
in Quires, and now the Stationers sell them for %d in
Quires and so they get 4^ in every eight pence.
Similarly the Stationers are accused of buying
the Psalms at I2J-, and selling them at a price
equivalent to i ijs the ream.
Cantrell Legge died in 162^. Thomas Brooke,
Esquire Bedell, had been appointed some time
before 1608; he evidently printed in partnership
with Legge, as is shown by the title-page of Perkins's
Exposition of the Sermon in the Mount (1608) and
the document containing his resignation may be as-
signed to the years between 1621 and 16252.
Leonard Greene, admitted a member of the
Stationers' Company in 1606, had been appointed
by grace of 3 i October, 1622. He had a shop "at
the south side of the steple" of Great St Mary's
and was in partnership with Thomas and John
Buck; thus on the title-page of Pietro Sarpi's His-
tory of Italy under Pau/, translated into Latin by
W. Bedell ( 1626), the three names appear together.
Thomas Buck of Jesus, afterwards Fellow of
St Catharine's College and Esquire Bedell, was one
of the most distinguished Cambridge printers of the
seventeenth century. He had many partners, with
1 Registry MS 33. 6. 15.
2 Ibid. 33. I. 6.
THE CHARTER OF 1628 45
most of whom he quarrelled, and he produced
many fine books.
Charles I had come to the throne a few months
before Buck's appointment and on the occasion of
the new king's proclamation loyal Cambridge had
spent qs \d for "a gallon of sacke and 2 gallons of
Clarrett," 5^ "for sugercakes" and 6s "for a bone
fier that night." Immediately after his accession
Charles issued a proclamation "to inhibit the sale
of Latin books reprinted beyond the seas, having
been first printed in Oxford or Cambridge" a
further illustration of the evils which arose out of
the laxity of copyright. But a document of much
greater importance in the history of Cambridge
printing was the charter granted to the university
in 1628: the King, in an attempt to settle the con-
troversy once and for all, ratified the grant made
by Henry VIII and declared that the university
stationers and printers might print and sell any
books which he or his two predecessors had licensed
any person or body of persons to sell; and, further,
that they might print and sell all books which had
been, or should be, allowed by the Chancellor,
"any letters patent, or any prohibition, restraint,
clause, or article, in any letters patent whatsoever,
notwithstanding."
In spite of this, we find an order of the Privy
Council in 1629 recognising the right of the
university to print bibles which should contain
the liturgy and the psalms, but not to print "these
alone without the bibles"; further, the university's
outputof Lily's Grammar was limited to 3 ooo copies
46 LEONARD GREENE
a year and a few years later the university appears
to have surrendered its right to print bibles, alma-
nacks, and Lily's Grammar for three years in lieu
of an annual payment from the London Stationers.
Meanwhile, Thomas Buck was vigorously ex-
tending the activities of the Cambridge Press. His
first partner was Leonard Greene with whom in
1625 he bought the whole of Cantrell Legge's
printing-house from Legge's executrix 1 ; Greene's
complaints throw an interesting light on the dif-
ficulties of co-operation between the Cambridge
scholar and the London man of business:
That whereas L. Gr. beinge acquainted with the
matter of bookes and printinge by reason of his trade
therein for the space of thirtie yeeres almost, and
Mr Bucke being unexperienced, haveing lead a students
life, the said L. Gr. did hide nothing and conceale
nothing from the said Mr Bucke nor spare any paines
(although to the hindrance of his owne busines divers
from this) whereby the common benefite of the presse
might be furthered.
That for divers copies the sole printinge whereof the
said L. Gr. might have had for his owne profite as he is
of the Company of Stationers of London, he hath ever
brought to this presse, notwithstandinge he hath but a
third part therein (and some of them and the best were
his before ever Mr Bucke came into the place), and
besides the charge of printinge at Cambridge is deerer
then at London.
One of Greene's further complaints was that
Buck deserted the old printing-house in Regent
Walk ("which Thomas and Legatt had successivelie
all their time hired") and took instead a lease of
i Registry MS 33. 6. 15.
THE BROTHERS BUCK 47
<c the Angell," an inn which faced Market Hill on
the site now occupied by Messrs Macintosh 1 .
For all the time (Greene complained) since the presse
went to the Angell his [Thomas Buck's] behaviour was
to me not as to a Partner but as to a stranger or servant;
when ever we came to debate any matter betweene us
if I did not yeeld to him he would put me off in this
manner that I came to trouble him ; whereas the business
concerned me as well as himselfe
Now last of all he hired a house soe farre from me as
possiblie I could not be there in partnership with him.. . .
Beinge thus wearied with uncertainties and havinge noe
bonds either for partinge or continueinge whereby I
might either get or save, I thought it the safer of two
evills to chuse the lesse, although with great losse for
the time past and hope for time to come, besides the
partinge with the deerest favour of the Universitie
priviledge, which I never would have doone till my
death, had it not beene for the danger I was in for debt.
Finally, Greene claims "a part in the profite of
the presse for the time accordinge to rate knowne
by workmen for 1275 Remes printed " 2 as well as
his " third part in the Bishops booke, in Almanacks,
schoole bookes etc."
How far Greene was able to substantiate his
claim before the university is not recorded; he
died in October, 1630.
Thomas Buck's other partner w r as his brother
John, appointed in 1625. Though he, like all
1 Oak panelling, formerly part of this inn, has been preserved.
(See A. B. Gray, Cambridge revisited^ p. 102.)
2 This amount is also referred to in Registry MSS 33. 2. 95 and
33. 6. 9 as having been printed between September, 1625, and
February, 1626. From the same documents it appears that the
normal output of a press at this time was 900 reams per annum.
48 THE BROTHERS BUCK
Thomas's colleagues, afterwards found cause of
dispute with him, it is interesting to note how, on
Leonard Greene's death, the brothers quickly co-
operated to secure the vacant office of printer for
another member of the family. The following letter 1
was written by John to Thomas on 24 October,
1630:
Brother Thomas,
I pray returne with all speede to Cambridge.
Leonard Greene is dead, there's a patent void and within
14 dayes a third man must be chosen. I pray be not
dissartoned att it. For I have the Vice-Chancellor and
ten Heads and Presidents sure to us, and they have all
(I humbly thank you) promised me faithfully to prick
whomsoever you and I shall desire ; I think my brother
ffrancis would be a fitt man to commend unto you ; but
if you know it to bring in Mr Barker 2 would prove more
advantagious to us, I desire you to intreat him to come
downe with you, or any other in London whom you best
like of. This in hast. I remitt you to God and rest,
Your very loving brother,
John Buck.
Francis Buck was accordingly elected in 1630,
but seems to have taken no active share in the
printing business. When he resigned two years
later he claimed nothing for his patent and after-
wards declared:
I only did beare the name of it to do them [Thomas
and John] a pleasure or benefitt; and likewise when I
did give it over to Mr Daniel I thought it would be a
benefitt to my brothers.
From this it seems clear that the appointment of
Roger Daniel as printer on 24 July, 1632 (three
1 Registry MS 33. i. 21.
2 The king's printer.
THE BROTHERS BUCK 49
days after the resignation of Francis) was in ac-
cordance with the plans of the brothers Buck 1 .
Another family arrangement, made earlier (3 i
May) in the same year, was one by which John
Buck demised the "benefitt of his patent of Printer
to the Universitie for the terme of vii yeares to
Thomas Buck, he paieing yearely the summe of
Ivi 11 for the same and John Buck should exercise
his brother Thomas Buck's place of Bedell during
the said terme." 2
With two bedellships and two printer's patents
in the family, Thomas evidently felt it better that
each brother should specialise in one department.
By his first agreement with Thomas Buck Daniel
promised to take
that Capitall messuage and tenement called the Augustine
Fryers wherein the said Thomas Buck now dwelleth to-
gether with the printing house and all other houses
yards orchards closes wayes and all other easements
and commodities thereunto belonging. Except.. all that
chamber over the parlor commonly called the great
chamber together with the green chamber and cole
house thereunto adjoyning, as also two studies in the
correcting roome 3 .
This paragraph has a special interest in that it
describes the only one of the early printing-houses
1 Before his election at Cambridge Daniel was already acting
for Thomas Buck. The Articles of Agreement between the
Bucks and Edmund Weaver (see p. 51) were written by him and
the payments made by Weaver to him (Registry MS 33. i. 13).
2 Registry MSS 33. i. 15 and 33. 6. 15. The "gathering of
mulcts and the arresting Masters of Artes in his walke and trans-
cribing of combinations for his said walke" were excepted from
the duties which John took over from his brother.
3 Registry MS 33. i. 19.
R.
50 THE BROTHERS BUCK
of which a pictorial record has been preserved.
The sketch here shewn is described by Cole as
The West Prospect of what remains of the Priory of
St Austin in Cambridge, late the Dwelling House of
Mr Buck, and now the House belonging to the Curator
of the Botanic Garden. It was taken Jan. 19, 1770 by
Mr Tyson, Fellow of Benet College, from a Chamber
Window in that College, and just opposite to it. It is
drawn rather too short at the North end 1 .
The building was "just behind the East End of
St Benedict's Church and Corpus Christi College."
The inventory of the goods, of which Daniel was
to enjoy the free use, shows something of a seven-
teenth century printer's stock-in-trade:
Six printing presses, five copper plates, six bankes,
seven great stones, one muller, thirteen frames to set
cases on, all the poles for drying of bookes... twelve
candlesticks for the presses, two frames to put cases in,
six and fifty paire and an halfe of cases for letters made
of mettle and one case for wooden letters, five and
twenty chases, twenty gallies, fifty paper and letter
bords, two tressell tables, four tables with drawers, two
troughs of lead and all the shelves and formes of deal
in the wool-house.
Daniel, on his part, agreed to pay an annual rent
of i 90, to employ but three presses at a time, and
to use paper, ink, and letter "very commendable
and good so as the University may receive credit
and honour thereby."
i MSS Cole, xliii, 260. For other pictures of the house see
Cranage and Stokes, The Augustinian Friary in Cambridge
(C.A.S. Proc. xxu. 53). The house was used as the headquarters
of the King's army in 1 647 (Extract from certain papers of intelli-
gence from Cambridge^ 1647). "The report is" says the writer of
the letter "that it will be this night [7 June] the King's quarters."
ROGER DANIEL 51
Like others, Daniel quickly found cause of com-
plaint against Thomas Buck. By the second deed
of partnership (1633) he was to receive one- third
of the profits, but in the next year protested that
Buck had insisted upon impossible conditions.
One of the features of Thomas Buck's career is his
close association with the London Stationers. Thus
in 1631 he entered into a contract with Edmund
Weaver to supply him with certain quantities of
books and almanacks for three years. By this
agreement Buck tied himself to print only for the
Stationers for this period, Weaver "sending paper
and paieing London price for the printinge," and
Buck being allowed to retain as many books and
almanacks as were required for sale in Cambridge.
The following summary shows the type of school
book most in demand and the number of books
supplied during the three years:
Aessop's Fables 12,000 Ludovic vir. Dialog. 3,000
Virgills 3,ooo Epitome Colloquiorum
Mantuans 6,000 Ovid, Epistles 3,ooo
Castalians Dialogues 4,250 Stuvenius Epist. 3,ooo
Apthonius 2,000 Ovid, Tristia 3,ooo
Pueriles Sententiae 18,000 Corderius 3,ooo
Confabulationes 6,000 Almanacks
For Buck's business the arrangement was no
doubt a profitable one, but the Cambridge sta-
tioners complained that, when they wanted school
books printed at the Press, either they could not
have them "because alreadie they were sent up to
London," or else they were obliged to pay the
high prices demanded by the London Stationers 1 .
i Registry MS 33. 6. 15*.
42
52 ROGER DANIEL
At the time of the agreement with Weaver,
Daniel had evidently been acting for Buck in Lon-
don, but after three years' experience of partner-
ship with Buck he had begun to look at the matter
in a new light.
In 1635 he presented a petition to the Vice-
Chancellor in which Buck is attacked as a grasping
monopolist:
At y e petitioner's first entrance to be printer to the
University, Mr Thomas Buck tyed him by covenants
and bonds of a thousand pounds to performe and keep
such Covenants as he had formerly made with the Sta-
tioners of London... it will appeare that the University
Presse is servant to the said Stationers and the University
and commonwealth deprived of that benefit which is
intended by our Priviledge
He perceiving that I was able to goe on with y e
printing Psalmes without his helpe, and that I was
forward and willing to print other bookes which would
more honour the Universitie Presse then those schoole
books which he had agreed to print for y e Londoners
He is continually defaming chyding and brawling
with your petitioner, often fighting with, beating,
threatning and vexing your petitioners servants, so
your petitioner and they are weary of their lives 1 .
Daniel then proceeds to show that it will be more
honourable for the university, more beneficial to
scholars, and more agreeable to the charter to have
two or three printing-houses instead of one:
For so the books printed in the University shall not
be monopolised but freely vented.
The parting of the Printers will beget in them a
laudable emulation which of them shall deserve best
Whereas it is a common complaint that when schollars
i Registry MS 33. i. 22.
ROGER DANIEL 53
have taken great paines in writing usefull bookes, they
cannot get them printed but at their own great charges,
It is probable that there will be cause of the like complaint
here in Cambridge, if there be but one printing house,
which likewise will be taken away, for it is likely if one
Printer will not, another will 1 .
The result of this petition is not recorded; but
it certainly did not lead to the dissolution of the
partnership, for in 1639 we find an elaborate agree-
ment 2 between Thomas Buck and Roger Daniel
on the one side and six London stationers (Robert
Mead, John Parker, Miles Flesher 3 , Robert Young,
Edward Brewster, John Legate 4 ) relating to the
sale of bibles, service books, singing psalms, gram-
mars and other school books. The large stock of
these books printed at Cambridge was bought by
the London syndicate, who guaranteed to leave
sufficient copies in Cambridge to supply the needs
of the university, whilst Buck and Daniel under-
took not to print further copies of the books for
the space of ten years without the consent of the
Stationers.
From the preamble of this agreement it also
appears that John Buck had assigned his rights as
printer to Roger Daniel.
However difficult, not to say tyrannical, Thomas
Buck's dealings with his various partners, and how-
i Registry MS 33. i. 23. 2 Ibid. 33. I. 24.
3 Arber (Stat. Reg. v, xxx) notes that "in Charles Fs reign
there came a new development in the trade: Robert Young, Miles
Flesher and John Haviland formed themselves into a Syndicate,
and became privately the real owners of Printing businesses
carried on ostensibly in other people's names."
4 Afterwards university printer (see p. 62).
54 CAMBRIDGE BIBLES
ever questionable some of his dealings with the
Stationers may have been, his name stands high in
the annals of Cambridge typography. The first
Cambridge edition of the Authorised Version was
printed by him in 1629, a fine book with an
elaborately engraved title-page. In the next year
two quarto editions were produced, and these were
followed by several other editions during the next
ten years. Buck and Daniel were so well satisfied
with their folio of 1638 (" perhaps the finest bible
ever printed at Cambridge") that they posted a
notice on the door of Great St Mary's Church
challenging scholars to find a mistake in it, and
offering a free bible to anyone who should do so.
"The Bible" says a document of about 1655,
"was never better printed than by Mr Buck and
Mr Daniel" 1
It was about this time, too, that the encourage-
ment of the study of Arabic in the university
began. In 1 626 Archbishop Usher had endeavoured
to obtain from Leyden matrices of Syriac, Arabic,
Ethiopic, and Samaritan letters for the use of the
University Press, but was forestalled by the Elzevirs 2 .
Thomas Adams (afterwards Sir Thomas Adams,
Bart., Lord Mayor of London) had in 1632
1 Humble Proposals (Registry MS 33. 6. 25). The bible of
1 638 remained the standard text until 1762 (Darlow and Moule,
i, 182). Isaac Barrow also paid a tribute to Buck in his Mathe-
matic Lectures'.
He, with the loss of his health and money, took the greatest care of
!he University Press, out of regard to the honour of it: and with what
types he printed, especially the sacred writings, all posterity will admire
(Stokes, Esquire Bedells, 97).
2 Parr, Life of Usher, pp. 342, 343.
THE HOLY
BIBLE
CON1AINING THE
Appointed
jn CKu relies.
x
H jmnters to the ITntver/ity of
* c?
, '
TITLE-PAGE OF THE FIRST CAMBRIDGE
EDITION OF THE AUTHORISED VERSION
BUCK'S TYPOGRAPHY 55
founded a professorship of Arabic and some years
later (probably in 1645) the Senate decreed, that
having established a press and such other apparatus
as should be required, they should devote their
attention to the production of books in Arabic, in
order that the fruits of the Adams benefaction
should be handed down to posterity and diffused
throughout the world 1 . There is, however, no
record of Arabic printing at Cambridge until a
much later date 2 .
Buck was a scholar as well as a printer 3 ; the edi-
tion of Poetae Graeci Minor es printed by him in
1635, which has a title-page engraved by William
Marshall, was described, though with some exag-
geration, as "the most elegant book of the Canta-
brigian press delivered to the public"; Mede's
Gl avis Apocalyptic a (second edition, 1632) is also
notable for its fine Hebrew type.
Apart from the typographical interest of the
work of Thomas Buck and his partners, there are
some famous names amongst the authors whose
works they printed. Those of Giles and Phineas
Fletcher, the two brothers who "head the line of
poets who were divines of the English church,"
are prominent in the list. The former's Christ's
1 Registry MS 33. 6. 16.
2 Bowes, in a note on Pietas A cad. Cant. mfunere...Carolinae
(1738), says: "This appears to be the first occasion on which
Arabic types were available at the Univ. Press, as up to 1736 all
verses in that language were printed in Hebrew characters"
(Catalogue, p. 1 2 1 ).
3 He was I7th in the Or do Senior it atis of 1612-13; George
Herbert was 2nd in the same year.
56 GEORGE HERBERT
Victorle was reprinted in 1632 and 1 640 and under
the name of Phineas (who, like his brother, had
contributed to Sorrowes Joy in 1603) we find
Locust ae, vel pie t as Jesuitic a (1627), the poem
which is said to have contributed to the inspiration
of Paradise Lost; and, in 1633, Sylva Poetica, The
Purple Island, and Elisa or An Elegie Upon the
Unripe Decease of Sir Antonie Irby.
A more famous work of the period is that of
George Herbert, Public Orator from 1619 to
1627, during which time, according to Walton, he
managed the office "with as becoming and grave a
gaiety, as any had ever before or since his time;
for he had acquired great learning, and was blessed
with a high fancy, a civil and sharp wit, and with a
natural elegance, both in his behaviour, his tongue,
and his pen." From his deathbed he sent a manu-
script to "his dear brother Ferrar," describing it as
"a picture of the many spiritual conflicts that have
passed betwixt God and my soul, before I could
subject mine to the will of Jesus my Master; in
whose service I have now found perfect freedom."
This was the manuscript of The Temple, pub-
lished in 1633, and reprinted many times in the
following ten years.
Another of the 'sacred poets' whose works were
printed at Cambridge at this time is Richard Cra-
shaw (Epigrammatum Sacrorum Liber, 1634).
John Donne is represented by a volume of Six
Sermons upon several! occasions, preached before the
King, and elsewhere, posthumously published in
1634; and Thomas Fuller, that loyal son and
THE
TEMPLE
SACRED POEMS
AND
PRIVATE EJA-
CULATIONS,
. GEORGE' HERBERT.
PSA t. 29,
his Temple doth evtry
manfpeak of his honour 9
CAMBRIDGE:
Printed \>y?hom. Buck,
'Darnel, >dntcrs.
to the
1633
TITLE-PAGE OF THE TEMPLE, 1633
58 LTC1DAS
historian of the university, by The Historic of the
Holie War re (1639).
But the most famous name of all is that of John
Milton, for at Cambridge was printed the first edi-
tion of Lycidas. It was included in the Obsequies to
the memorie of Mr ILdward King (I638) 1 and the
University Library copy contains corrections in
Milton's own hand.
These few titles, selected from the long list of
Cambridge books of this period, are themselves a
justification of Bow r es's conclusion that "the press
was in a condition of great activity during the
period that Buck was connected with it."
Buck, moreover, was active in university and
college affairs as well as at the Press; he was Esquire
Bedell from 1624 to 1670* and was a benefactor
both to Jesus and St Catharine's Colleges 3 .
Roger Daniel, as has been seen above, repre-
sented the business side of the partnership and kept
a bookshop in London. Thus on the title-page of
a bible of 1638 we read: "to be sold by Roger
Daniel at the Angell in Lumber Street, London.'*
Though Buck retained his interest in the Press
until 1668, Daniel's name appears by itself on
title-pages printed between 1640 and 1650.
1 Reprinted at the Dublin University Press, 1835.
2 His two colleagues in this office were his brother John
(elected 1626) and Francis Hughes (elected 1629). By a grace
of 5 December, 1664, the three bedells, "being all old and
infirm," were allowed a deputy. The number of bedells was
^reduced to two in 1858. See also p. 49.
3 For details of Buck's activities outside the Press, see StokeSj
Esquire Bedells^ 96-99. He had a special pew in St Edward's
and was buried in that church.
Sttnkjhough he be beneath
So fnks the day-flarre in the Ocean bed*
Andyet anon repairs hit drooling heady
And tricky his beams> and with new ff angled ere
flames in the forehead of the mornin
So Lycida funkjow, but mounted high
Through the dear might of him that w
Where other groves, and other fir earns along
With Netlar pure his ofzie locks fre laves,
And hearts the unexfrejjive nHpiallfon^
There entertain him all the Saints above
Jn folemn trotips and facet focieties,
Thatjing t andjinging in theirglorj
tears for ever from his eyes.
>y Lycidaty thefbephcrds weep no more,
Henceforth thott art the Genius of the (bore
Inihj large recompefe 9 and {bait be good
To aU that wander in that pertllousftotid.
That fang the uncouth fvain to tti oaks and rittt,
While the ft ill morn went out with fandahgraji
Be touch' d the tender ftof 5 of various qttillf,
With eager thought warbling bis 'DoritkJ*)?
dnd now thcfunne hftdftretch^dout all the hills,
Andnovt was dropt into the wftern bay^
At la$ herofe> and twitch* d hu mantle blew>
Tomorrow tofrejb woods and faftures new.
J.
A PAGE OF LTCIDAS WITH CORRECTIONS IN MILTON'S HAND
60 CAMBRIDGE BOOKS, 1640-1650
Among the authors may be noted the names of
some of the Cambridge Platonists: Henry More's
^v^wSta Platonicavras printed in 1642, his Demo-
critus Platonissans in 1646 and his Philosophic all
Poems (second edition) in 1 647; Ralph Cudworth's
Sermon before the House of Commons was printed in
the same year.
Thomas Fuller's most popular work, The Holy
State i appeared in 1642 a small folio with an
engraved title-page on which the portrait of
Charles I is characteristically flanked by the em-
blematic figures of Truth and Justice. A second
edition of the book appeared in 1 648. Other note-
worthy books are the Sermons of Lancelot Andrewes
(1641), the second edition of Francis Quarles's
Emblemes (1643), Bede's Historiae Ecclesiasticae
Gen t is Anglorum Libri T 7 " (1643) and William
Harvey's Exercitafio Anatomica de Circulatione
Sanguinis (1649). A. less important medical tract
is Warme Eeere (1641), a treatise in which are
expounded "many reasons that Beere so qualified
is farre more wholesome then that which is drunke
cold." In 1645 Daniel printed Tachy-graphy, a
work which claimed to be "the most exact and
compendious methode of short and swift writing
that hath ever yet been published by any." It was
compiled by Thomas Shelton, " Authour and Pro-
fessour of the said Art," and a special interest is
attached to the book in that the principles of
^shorthand expounded in it were those adopted by
repys in the writing of his Diary.
It was, however, the printing of political tracts
PARLIAMENT AND THE PRESS 61
that brought Daniel's name into greatest pro-
minence. In 1642, "by his Majesties speciall
command," he printed His Majesties answer to the
Declaration oj both Houses oj Parliament, Con-
cerning the Commission oj Array and on 23 August
of the same year he was summoned to appear before
the House of Commons, which enjoined him "not
to print anything concerning the Proceedings of
Parliament, without the Consent or Order of one
or both Houses of Parliament." A few months later
the House of Commons again took offence at a
book printed at Cambridge (The Resolving oj Con-
science ^ by Henry Fern); this time Daniel was
arrested, but was subsequently released on bail,
after Dr Holdsworth, the Vice-Chancellor, had
been specially summoned to the House of Commons,
under the escort of Captain Cromwell.
By an ordinance of 1649 Parliament recognised
the universities (together with London, York, and
Finsbury) as privileged printing-places; Daniel's
printing patent, however, was cancelled, on the
ground of neglect, in 1650.
He continued to print books in London after
that date, but the petition for his restoration to the
position of university printer in 1660 does not
seem to have borne fruit.
ORNAMENT USED BY BUCK AND DANIEL
IV
PRINTERS OF THE COMMONWEALTH
AND RESTORATION
printer who succeeded Roger Daniel,
A John Legate the younger, has already been
mentioned in connection with the agreement of
1639 between Buck and the Stationers. Admitted
freeman of the Stationers' Company in 1619, he
took over several of the books printed by his father,
including Thomas's Dictionary. For many years
before his appointment he had described himself
as printer to the university and shortly after the
grace for his election (5 July, 1 650) he and William
Graves, another Cambridge stationer, "entered into
recognisances with two sureties of 300 each not to
print any seditious or unlicensed books, pamphlets,
or pictures, nor suffer their presses to be used for
that purpose" a pledge similar to that given by
the brothers Buck in the previous year.
Perhaps the most interesting feature of Legate's
short tenure of the office of printer is the fact that
Thomas Buck, without resigning his patent, made
an agreement with him and Octavian Pulleyn by
which he undertook to hand over his printing rights
to the Stationers' Company of London:
The said Mr Buck shall surcease to print in Cam-
v. bridge, and soe long as he shall forbeare to exercise his
\printing place there, that the said Companie of Stationers
. . .shall pay unto the said Mr Buck the summe of twenty
pounds per Annum....
JOHN LEGATE THE YOUNGER 63
Neither the said Thomas Buck nor his brother John
Buck shall resyne their... Patents for the Printers place,
without the consent of the aforesaid John Legate... soe
as the said Mr Legate may enjoy the sole exercise of
Printing in the University of Cambridge
In regard Mr Buck hath many Bookes which he hath
lately printed in Cambridge now lieing upon his hand
(some whereof he hath lately printed whilst he freed
Mr Legate from takeing the share of the Presse in
Cambridge whereunto he had otherwise been obliged)
the said Companie of Stationers shall really, and bona
de, use the utmost of their best indeavours to sell all
the said bookes
For all the letter in the Printinge house of Cambridge
(mentioned in founders* Bills and bought since Mr
Legate was first chosen to be a Printer in Cambridge,
as also the long Primmer and Pica-greeke...) the
Companie of Stationers shall pay unto the said Thomas
Buck two full third parts of the several prices they cost
The said John Legate shall oblige himself soe to
exercise the Priviledge of Printing in the University of
Cambridge as may be most for the honor, and reputation
of the said University, soe as the said Mr Thomas and
John Buck may noe wayes be injured in their reputation,
but may safely forbeare the exercise of their severall
printinge Places in the said University 1 .
This last obligation, however, does not appear
to have been fulfilled, since Legate's patent was
cancelled for neglect in i655 2 .
John Field, who followed him, was in close
touch with the Parliamentary party. Before his
1 Registry MS 33. I. 27. Cf. Bowes, Biog. Notes,p. 303, "He
[Buck] is said to have resigned in 1 653." This agreement makes it
clear that Buck sold, but did not resign, his printing rights in 1653.
2 Legate's only benefaction to the university seems to have
been the gift of Annotations upon the Bible (a two-volume work
printed by him in London in 1651) to the University Library.
64 JOHN FIELD
appointment by grace of 12 October, 1655, he
had been "printer to the parliament" and had
produced several editions of the bible, as well as
a number of political tracts.
The London Printers Lamentacon^ or, the Press
opprest, and overprest (? 1660) contained a violent
outburst against him:
Who printed the pretended Act of the Commons of
England/0r the setting up an High Court of Justice ', for the
try all of his Martyred Majesty in 1648 ? Or, the Acts for
abolishing King-ship, and renouncing the Royall Line and
Title of the Stuarts ? Or, for the Declaring what Offences
should be adjudged Treason ?. . .or, the Proclamation 0/13.
of September 1652 after the fight at Worcester, offering^
One Thousand pound to any person^ to bring in his Majesties
person^, but only John Feild Printer to the Parliament
of England (and since by Cromwell was and is con-
tinued Printer to the University of Cambridge !). . .Have
they 1 not invaded and still do intrude upon His Maiesties
Royall Priviledge, Praerogative and Praeeminence
Have they not obtained, (and now keep in their actual!
possession) the Manuscript Copy of the last Translation
of the holy Bible in English (attested with the hands of
the Venerable and learned Translators in King James
his time) ever since 6 March 16552?
On receiving his appointment Field built a "large
shop or printing-house" in Silver Street, the land
being leased to the university by Queens' College.
The new press stood on part of the site now occu-
pied by the master's lodge of St Catharine's Col-
lege, and served as the university printing house
until about 1827.
Between 1650 and the year of Field's death
1 Field and Hills, another Republican who was his partner
2 Arber, Stat. Reg. in, 27.
JOHN FIELD 65
(1668) there was, as may be seen from Appendix n,
a considerable output of books from the press. Not
many are of intrinsic importance, but the titles
show considerable variety and a further point of
interest is that the printer's copies of a large number
of imprimaturs of books printed between 1656 and
1 692 have been preserved 1 . Orders "for the better
government of the presses and Printers" were re-
affirmed by the Vice-Chancellor and Heads in
1655 and it is clear that the university at this time
exercised a closer supervision over its press than
in the days when Buck conducted his independent
negotiations with the London Stationers. The
specimen Imprimatur which is reproduced overleaf
shows the care with which Field preserved his
authority for printing any particular book.
One of the first books printed by Field was The
History of the 'University of Cambridge by Thomas
Fuller (1655), who, in spite of his Royalist con-
victions, appears to have raised no objection to his
work being printed by one who styled himself "one
of his Highness's Printers."
Cromwell's death in 1658 called forth the
customary Musarum Cantabrigiensium Luctus &
Gratulatio^ containing a Hebrew poem by Cud-
worth; whilst two years later Field, with fine
impartiality, printed Academiae Cantabrigiensis
2H2TPA, as well as two editions of the speech de-
livered by Richard Love in honour of the return of
Charles II and a sermon by John Spencer on the
same happy theme. Several bibles were printed
i Registry MS 33. 6. 22.
R.
c^
-. W& fo
IMPRIMATUR FOR A BIBLE, 1662
JOHN FIELD 67
during this period, including a folio "with Choro-
graph Sculps by T. Ogilby" (I66O) 1 . Field, how-
ever, did not (in the earlier years of his career, at
any rate) maintain the high reputation of Cambridge
bibles established by Buck and Daniel; for in 1656
William Kilburne presented a statement to the Vice-
Chancellor showing a long list of errata in bibles
printed by Field in 1653, 1655, and 1656. These
errata were based upon an examination only of a
few sheets and in a note at the end of the list it is
stated:
If those severall Bibles were read over throughout,
they would be found egregiously erroneous, without all
question; And of the severall Impressions, there were
about fower score Thousand printed, And all, or the
greatest part of them sold by Mr Field and dispersed,
to the great scandall of the Church 2 .
Amongst the editions of classical authors printed
during this period may be noted Statius (1651), Poe-
tae Minores Graeci (1652, 1661, 1667), Terence
(1654), Cicero, de Officiis etc. (1660), Homer (1664),
Sophocles (1665, 1669), Sallust (1665).
Editions of Euclid appeared in 1655 and 1665,
the former by Isaac Barrow, afterwards Lucasian
Professor and Master of Trinity College.
A work which has a special interest in the history
of the study of botany in Cambridge is Catalogus
pi ant arum circa Cantabrigiam nascentium ( 1 660) to
which ("in gratiam tyronum") various indexes
1 A copy was brought to Samuel Pepys in quires by his
bookbinder on 27 May, 1667. "But," writes Pepys, "it is
like to be so big that I shall not use it."
2 Registry MS 33. 6. 27.
52
68 JOHN FIELD
were added. The author was John Ray , of St Catha-
rine's, afterwards Fellow of Trinity College.
Controversial theology is, of course, prominent;
Ichabod: Or Five Groans of the Church (1663)
prudently foresees and passionately bewails the
Church's Second Fall and on the title-page is a
mournful female figure holding a church in her
lap.
A work of lighter fancy is University Queries, In
a gentle Touch by the By (1659). One of the queries
propounded runs:
Whether if the Universities of Cambridge and Oxford
should be annihilated, and the revenues imployed to the
publique affairs of this Commonwealth, (Religion being
now out of date, and learning of no use, where men are
so generally inspired,) it is not fitting that Brasen Nose
College in Oxford should be exempted from that general
devastation, as a memorial of the Respect they bore to
Oliver late Lord Protector.
This period was not free from disputes between
the university and the London Stationers. Field and
his partner had in 1655 bought from Christopher
and Matthew Barker "ye Manuscript Coppie of the
Bible," and the right of printing it, for .1 200. In
August 1662 two letters were received by the Vice-
Chancellor from Charles II, ordering the university
to "forbeare to print the Bible and new Testament
otherwise than according to the Orders of 1623 and
1 629." The university appealed against this and Lord
Clarendon appointed a day for hearing both parties
\the King's printers and the university. Field under-
took not to publish any prayer-books until further
orders; Clarendon proposed "an accommodation
JOHN FIELD 69
by way of agreement/' and John Pearson, Bishop
of Chester, advised the university to make a com-
position with its rivals. From another correspon-
dent, who signs himself W. D. 1 , the Vice-Chancellor
received very different advice:
The University's priviledge is looked upon as a trust
for the publick good, and theire printing of these bookes
will force the Londoners to print something tolerably
true... who otherwise looking meerly at gaine will
not care how corruptly they print, witness the 200
blasphemy's w ch Mr B. found in theire bibles; & the
millions of faults in their schoolbookes, increasing in
every edition, so long as Mr B's composition with the
stationers held... whence it was that often errors were
drunk in in grammer schooles scarcely after to be cor-
rected at the University, unlesse schoolm rs were so care-
ful as to correct bookes by hand before they lett theire
boys have them. It being therefore the University's
interest to have youths well and truly grounded in school
bookes & the interest of the whole nation to have true
bibles, I cannot but think the University trustees in
both respects, & feare they would afterwards rew the
betraying of so great a trust if they should sell it by
farming 2 .
The university appears to have taken this ad vice and
a NewTestament printed by Field appeared in 1 666.
Field's name is found in the St Botolph's parish
books from 1657 to 1668, and in 1660 he was
churchwarden.
He died on 12 August, 1668, and no successor
was immediately appointed, a letter being received
by the Vice-Chancellor from the King requesting
that the office should not be filled for a time.
1 Probably William Dillingham, Master of Emmanuel College.
2 Registry MS 33. 2. 106.
70 JOHN HAYES
At this point the names of Thomas and John
Buck re-appear. In a petition to the Vice-
Chancellor they repeat accusations, made against
Field in 1665, both of false printing and of failure
to pay sums due to the two brothers 1 . Whether the
claim against Field's estate was substantiated does
not appear, but it is evident that Thomas and John
Buck still held their printer's patents in 1 668.
The first election made after Field's death was
that of Matthew Whinn, Registrary, in March,
1669; this seems, however, to have been a purely
formal appointment and Field's successor was in fact
John Hayes, who was elected in October of the same
year, the printing having previously been leased to
him for 100 a year, on the condition that there
should be no further treaty with the London Sta-
tioners.
The books printed during the earlier part of
Hayes's tenure of office are similar in general cha-
racter to those of his predecessor John Field. Dyer
describes the Andronicus Rhodius of 1679 as an
e ditto optima and among the other books of the
period will be found the usual congratulatory, or
lachrymatory, symposia evoked by the funeral of
Henrietta Maria, the marriage of William and Mary,
the death of Charles II; several university and
assize sermons; editions of Homer, Sophocles, Eu-
ripides, Terence, Lucretius, Ovid, Livy, Sallust;
Crashaw's Steps to the Temple and the second edition
\pf Poemata et Epigrammata (1670); John Ray's
Collection oj Proverbs ( 1 670 and 1678); editions of
i Registry MS 33. I. 26.
*5^
< S W A thC S?
<&$ V^ ifM^
A NEW g^
ALMANACK gr
For the year of our
LORD GOD
Being ibc tbird after Biffcxtilc of Leap-year,
and from the Creation of the World Cat the
Spring) 5*7* years coaspleat.
Wherein is ftewed the principal Afpcfts of
the PlaDCt$,with other Celeftulobfervations,
chc beginning & ending of Cambr'dge Ternns^
with other things of note in the Univerfity .
Calculated properly for the Famous Univerfity
and Town ot Camhi, where the Pole
is elevated sidegr. andi/min.
above the Horizon.
Dixii autem Dtus,fAnt Lttminaria in firmamen-
- to Cxli, C5 1 livifanl Diem ac Nafttm: & fvt in
14.
.
Trintcd by John Haytt> Printer to
Univerficy. 1675.
ALMANACK. 1675
72 JOHN HAYES
a Kempis, De Christo Imitando (1685), of Eras-
mus, Enchiridion (1685), and of North's Plutarch's
Lives (1676); as well as bibles, prayer-books, and
almanacks. The almanacks are an interesting feature
of Cambridge printing at this period. Every year,
under a pseudonymous heading (Dove, Swallow,
Pond, Swan, etc.), a number of these attractive little
books were issued.
The title-page of Swan ( 1 675) is reproduced here
and in A Brief Chronology included in the book
the history of the world is summarised from the
Creation (40043.0.) and the Flood (23476.0.) to
the building of Cambridge (635 A.D.) and the peace
with the Dutch (1674 A.D.).
At this time the printing of Hebrew seems to
have fallen into disuse, as Isaac Abendana, writing
from Cambridge in 1673, complains:
Paravi nuperrimeversionem. . . sed hie desunt charac-
teres Hebr. 1
Hayes probably remained as printer in name,
at any rate until his death in 1705, since there is
in existence a bond of 1703, by which John Hayes
and John Collyer (a London stationer) promised to
pay the university i 50 a year so long as Hayes
continued as printer 2 .
A pleasant description of the printing-house in
1 689 is preserved in the diary of Samuel Sewall, an
American judge who visited Cambridge in that year:
By it [Katharine Hall] the Printing Room, which is
^about 60 foot long and 20 foot broad. Six presses. Had
\ i Steinschneider Festschrift^ p. 90, brought to my notice by
Mr Israel Abrahams.
2 Registry MS 33. i. 32.
JOHN HAYES 73
my cousin Hull and my name printed there. Paper
windows, and a pleasant garden along one side between
Katherine Hall and that. Had there a print of the
Combinations 1 .
During Hayes's lifetime several other appoint-
ments to the office of printer were made: John Peck
(1680), Hugh Martin (1682), James Jackson (1683),
Jonathan Pindar ( 1 686), H. Jenkes ( 1 693), another
Jonathan Pindar (i697) 2 . All these appointments
seem, however, to have been merely formal. They
were, presumably, the last to be made in accord-
ance with the original provision of the charter of
1534, by which the university was empowered to
elect three printers simultaneously. Far more im-
portant was the arrival of Cornelius Crownfield. As
early as 1694 his name appears on the title-page of
Joshua Barnes's edition of Euripides of which Dyer
says: "the magnificence and typographical excel-
lence. . . .form an epoch in the History of Greek
Printing at Cambridge. It reminds us of the blooming
infancy of this useful art, and the Harlem press";
and Crownfield 's appointment, in 1698 or earlier,
as Inspector of the Press, was part of an energetic
movement to establish Cambridge printing on a new
basis.
1 Massachusetts Historical Society, 1878, quoted in Bowes,
Biog. Notes, p. 309.
2 In 1 699 The Tablet of Cebes was printed by Crownfield for
Pindar, who held one of the printer's patents until 1 730, receiving
a salary of 5 per annum. See p. 95.
I
RICHARD BENTLEY THE FIRST
PRESS SYNDICATE
>N the movement for the revival of Cambridge
typography at the end of the seventeenth cen-
tury the most prominent name is that of Richard
Bentley.
The renovation of the University Press (writes his
biographer, Monk), which had continued in decay since
the Usurpation, was projected by him, and mainly
accomplished through his agency. New buildings, new
presses, and new types were all requisite; and the Uni-
versity itself being destitute of funds, a subscription
for these purposes was procured principally by his ex-
ertions; and the deficiency was made up by the Senate
borrowing a thousand pounds. The task of ordering
types of every description was absolutely committed to
his discretion by a grace in very complimentary terms ;,
and the power of attorney given him on this occasion is
the most unlimited I recollect ever to have seen 1 .
The reference to the continuous decay of the
Press during fifty years savours of exaggeration.
The typographical inaccuracies in Field's bibles, it
is true, became notorious; but it was Field who built
the new printing-house and from 1655 onwards there
is no year in which the continuity of book-produc-
tion is broken.
On the other hand, it is clear that the old system
Inaugurated by the charter of 1534 had broken
down. Under that system the university simply
i Monk, Life of Bentley^ p. 56.
RICHARD BENTLEY
RICHARD BENTLEY 75
licensed tradesmen (who might, or might not, be
members of the university) to print and sell books;
and the proper working of the Press was dependent
on the capabilities of the individual printer. He might
be bullied by the London Stationers, as were
Thomas Thomas and John Legate (the elder), and
involve the university in a long series of petitions
and counter-petitions; on the other hand he might
make commercially profitable arrangements with
the Stationers' Company, as did Thomas Buck, and
disregard the interests of the university; he might
accept the office with no intention of printing,
but simply in the interests of a family monopoly, as
did Francis Buck; or he might neglect his duties
altogether, as did John Legate, the younger.
Consequently, the standard of typography, the
expansion of the Press buildings, and the purchase
of new type were at the mercy of the commercial
fortunes of the holders of the patents.
It was with the object of bringing the Press directly
under the control of the university and, at the same
time, of making it worthier of Cambridge scholar-
ship that the movement associated with Bentley's
name began.
The formal initiative came from the Chancellor
himself. On 29 June, 1 696, the Duke of Somerset
wrote to the members of the Senate:
GENTLEMEN
As I have y e honour to be a servant to you all,
soe am I ever thinking of w* may be most for y r interest,
and for y e support of that reputation, and great character
w ch y e University have soe worthily deserved in y e
76 RICHARD BENTLEY
opinion of all good, and of all learned men : & in my
poore thoughtes, noe way more effectual, than the
recovering y e fame of y r own printing those great, and
excellent writinges, yt are soe frequently published from
y e Members of y r own body; w ch tho* very learned,
sometimes have been much prejudiced by y e unskillful
handes of uncorrect printers. Therefore it is, yt I doe
at this time presume to lay before you all, a short, and
imperfect Scheame (here enclosed) of some thoughtes
of mine, by way of a foundation, for you to finishe, and
to make more perfect; w ch tho' never soe defective at
present, yett they have mett with aprobation among
some publick spirited men (much deserving the name
of friends to us) who have freely contributed eight
hundred pounds towards y e Carying on this good, and
most beneficiall worke.
Now, Gentlemen, their is nothing wanting of my part,
to endeavour the procuring the like sufne againe from
others, but y r aprobation, and consent, to have a Presse
once more erected at Cambridge: and when that shall
bee resolved on, then to give a finishing hand (like great
Masters as you are) to my unfinished thoughtes, that I
may be proude in having done some thing, y i you think
will bee for your service; w ch I doe hope will bee a
meanes to procure mee a general pardonn from you all,
for laying this Matter before you, having noe other
ambition, than to bee thought your most obedient and
most faithfull humble servant. SOMERSET.
The duke himself lent the university the sum of
200 -towards the cost of the scheme 1 and the Senate
quickly acted on his letter, for on 10 July a grace
was passed authorising Bentley to act on behalf of
Xthe university and the power of attorney, referred
to by Monk, gave him
i This was paid back by 10 Dec. 1697 (P ress Accounts^ 1697).
THE FIRST SYNDICATE 77
potestatem generalem et mandatum speciale omnimoda
literarum et characterum genera ab exteris gentibus
comparand! et omnia ad idem negotium spectantia et
pertinentia pro arbitratu suo perquirendi et sumptibus
Academiae in nostrum usum coemendi.
"The commission," says Monk, "was executed
with promptitude and judgment: he procured to
be cast in Holland those beautiful types which
appear in Talbot's Horace, Kuster's Suidas,
Taylor's Demosthenes, &C." 1
The next step was a grace of the Senate for the
appointment of the first Press Syndicate:
Placeat vobis, ut D nus Procancellarius, Singuli Col-
legiorum Praefecti, D ni Professores, M r Laughton Coll.
Trin. Academiae Architypographus, D r Perkins Regin.
M r Talbot and M r Lightfoot Trin. M r Nurse Joh.
M r Beaumont Petr. M r Moss CCC. M r Banks Aul.
Pemb. M r Leng Aul. Cath. M r Pierce Eman. M r
Wollaston Sidn. M r Gael Regal, aut eorum quinque ad
minus, quorum semper unus sit D nus Procancellarius,
sint Curatores Praeli vestri Typographici
lect. & concess. 21 Jan. 169!.
Though Hayes retained his position as printer,
the active part in the renovation of the Press was
taken by Crownfield in his capacity as Inspector.
Crownfield is described by Ames as "a Dutchman,
who had been a soldier, and a very ingenious man " ;
and the earliest orders of the newly-appointed
Curators seem to have been carried out by him.
A new printing-house, facing Queens' Lane, was
built to the north of that established by John Field;
i "52 Alphabetts, or Setts of Printing Letters, Call'd Types"
for the University Press were brought to Harwich in the
Bridgeman Sloope from Brill on 28 January, 1698 (Press
Accounts, 1698).
78 ORDERS OF THE CURATORS
and for some years it appears that both may have
been in use 1 . But in 1 71 6 a grace was passed allot-
ting the new printing-house (as being Academiae
alioquin injructuosum) to the use of the Professors of
Chemistry and Anatomy for lectures and experi-
ments, and the printing was carried on at the older
press at the corner of Queens' Lane and Silver Street.
The Curators' activities may be illustrated by
some extracts from the first Order Book 2 :
Aug. 23rd 1698
1 Agreed then at a meeting of y e Curators of y e Uni-
versity-Press, y* M r Jacob Tonson have leave to print
an edition of Virgil, Horace, Terence, Catullus,
Tibullus and Propertius in 4 to with y e double Pica
Letter : he paying to such persons as shall be appointed
by y e said Curators 12 s p. Sheet for y e impression of
500 copies: 14* for 750; and so in proportion for a
greater Number: and y<= D r Mountague, D r Covell,
M r Leng, M r Laughton and M r Talbot shall sign ye
Articles of y e agreement above mentioned, on y e part
of y e University.
2 Agreed at y e same time, y* M r Edmund Jeffries have
leave to print an Edition of Tully's works in I2 mo
with the Brevier Letter: he paying i*. io s . y e sheet
for 1000 Copies.
3 That Cornelius Crownfield have leave to send to
Roterdam for 300* weight of y e double Pica letter
in order to y e Printing of Virgil, Horace, &c in y e
manner above mentioned.
i See Carter, 469 ; Willis and Clark, in, 133; Bowes, Biog. Notes^
314. Some of the items of expenditure upon the new Press have
been preserved in remarkable detail. Robert Smith's account of
~^\i 2 October, 1 696, for carpenter's work, consists of about 80 items.
\ 2 This book is, most unfortunately, not now to be found. The
extracts, therefore, are necessarily taken from Wordsworth,
Scholae Academlcae (Appendix ix).
ORDERS OF THE CURATORS 79
The next extract shows the executive arrange-
ments made by the Curators; clearly the whole body
(including the Heads of Houses and Professors) was
too large to handle the details of administration and
committees of delegates were appointed to take
monthly tours of duty.
Provision was also made for the reading of proofs
by competent scholars to be nominated by the editor
and approved by the delegates.
Octob. 17. 98.
Present D r James Vicechancellour, D r Covell,
D r Blithe, D r Roderick, D r Smoult, D r Perkins,
M r Barnet, M r Laughton, M r Leng, M r Beaumont,
M r Pearse, M r Wollaston, M r Talbot, M r Bennett.
1 Agreed y* all resolves made at any meeting of y e
Curatours for the press be entered in y e Register for
y e Press.
2 That y e Major part of y e Curatours present at any
meeting shall determine who shall write y e resolves
then made into y e said Register.
3 That all graces granted by y e Senate relating to y e
Press be entered into y e said Register.
4 That there shall be a general meeting of y e Curatours
upon y e first Wednesday in every month.
5 That y e general monthly meeting shall determine, w*
persons shall be delegates for y e said Month.
6 That the s d delegates appointed by them shall meet
weekly on Wednesdays at 2 of y e clock in y e afternoon.
7 That every Editour shall appoint his own inferiour
Correctour to attend y e press.
8 That no Editour shall have power to appoint any
inferiour Correctour to attend y e Press, but such as
shall be approved by the delegates, & y* y e allowance
for y e Correctours labour be set by y e delegates.
The delegates for this month are M r Vice-Chan-
cellour, M r Peirse, M r Leng, M r Talbot, M r Bennett.
8o ORDERS OF THE CURATORS
Wednesday Octob. 26. 1698
1 Ordered, y* M r Cornelius Crownfield do go to
London to procure an Alphabet of Box flourish't
Letters, and to retain Workmen for the Press, and
to take care for y e Carriage of M r Tonson's Paper:
and to hasten y e return of y e double Pica Letter from
Holland.
2 Upon y e proposall of M r Talbot of D s Penny 1 to be
his correctour for y e edition of Horace with y e
approbation of y e delegates; agreed, y* the said
D s Penny be spoken to to undertake y e said office of
Correctour.
January y e 4 th 169!-.
At a meeting of Eight of y e Curators
Ordered that Mr Talbot have full power to treat about
& procure a Rolling press fit for y e service of y e Printing
house the charges thereof to be defrayed out of such
money as he shall receive upon subscriptions to y e press
at London.
Agreed also that 4 pence p week for copy money be
allowed to y e workmen at y e Press and half a crown
Quarter for cleaning y e Press 2 .
The three following entries show that in their
first few years of office, at any rate, the Curators
approached their duties in a business-like way:
March 4 1698
i Orderd, that a particular account of each Body of
Letter, & of all Tooles & Moveables belonging to
y e New Printing House be taken in writing in y e
presence of the Delegates for y e weekly meetings of
this Month, and y* it be entered into y e Journal Book
by y e person appointed to keep that Book : and y* y e
1 This D s Penny had been placed second in the Ordo
Senioritatts of 1697-98 and was paid 9 d per sheet (i.e. one sixth
of the compositor's allowance) for his revision of the proofs.
2 Copy-money was the money granted in lieu of copies of
books, to which the workmen were originally entitled.
ORDERS OF THE CURATORS 81
said account be sign'd by y e Delegates, & Mr Crown-
field y e Printer....
3 Order'd, That all Combinations, Verses, and other
exercises upon Public Occasions be printed only at y e
University's New Printing House.
May 3 rd 1699
Ordered that 400 Ibs weight of Paragon Greek
Letter be sent for to the Widow Voskins in Holland.
At a general meeting of the Curators June 7 th 1699
Order'd that D r Green & D r Oxenden or either of
them do examine D r Bentley's account in relation to our
Press, and upon his delivery of the Vouchers relating to
it, and all other things in his hands belonging to the
University Press; give him a full discharg; and like-
wise take a discharg of him for the Summ of four
hundred and thirty three pounds received by him of the
University.
1 At a General Meeting of the Curat rs Septeb r y e 6 th
1699 'twas then agreed y* Mr Crownfield be order'd
to buy twelve Gallons of Linseed Oyle and a rowl of
Parchment.
2 Order'd y* y e Sashes be renew'd.
3 Order'd y* twenty shillings per annu be allowed to
Printers for their weigh-goes.
This last entry refers to the printers' annual holi-
day of which Randall Holme, writing in 1 688, says
It is customary for all journeymen to make every year,
new paper windows about Bartholomew-tide ', at which
time the master printer makes them a feast called a way-
goose to which is invited the corrector, founder, smith,
ink-maker, etc., who all open their purses and give to
the workmen to spend in the tavern or ale-house after
the feast. From which time they begin to work by candle
light 1 .
i Hone, Everyday Book^ i, 1 1 33.
82 NEW TYPES
By 1701 Bentley's activities had begun to bear
fruit.
Already (says Monk) some handsome editions of Latin
Classics had been printed Terence had been edited by
Leng, of Catharine Hall, afterwards Bishop of Norwich;
Horace by Talbot, the Hebrew Professor; Catullus,
Tibullus, and Propertius by the Hon. Arthur Annesley,
Representative for the University; and Virgil by J.
Laughton of Trinity.
Nor was it only in Holland that search was made
for beautiful types. In 1700 Matthew Prior was
sent, on behalf of the university, to procure Greek
type (the famous Grecsdu Roi) from the Paris press.
The negotiations, however, fell through owing to
the demand of the French that on the title-page of
any book for which their type was used there should
be added after the words typis Academicis^ a full ac-
knowledgment in the form Caracteribus Gratis
e typographeo regio Parisiensi. Correspondence
passed between Prior, the Earl of Manchester, the
Chancellor, and the Abbe Bynon, but the university
refused to comply with this condition 1 .
Of the books printed about this time we may
ftote first the works edited by Bentley himself.
The title-page of the famous edition of Horace
(171 1) is reproduced here and a full account both
of its compilation and of its reception may be read
in Monk's Life:
This publication had been long and anxiously expected ;
and its appearance excited much sensation and surprise.
\ There were found between seven and eight hundred
i Notices et Extraits des Manuscrits de la Bibliotheque du Roi^
1787, i, xciii ff.
Q. HORATIUS
F L A C C U S,
Ex RECENSIONE : cum N o T i s
A T Q u
EMENDATIONIBUS
RICHARD! BENTLEII.
;ANTABRIGIAE, MDCCXI.
TITLE-PAGE OF BENTLEY'S EDITION OF HORACE, 17:1
6 2
84 BENTLEY 'S WORKS
alterations of the common readings of Horace; all of which,
contrary to the general practice of classical editors, were
introduced into the text.... This book was, it must be
confessed, unlike any edition of a Latin author ever before
given to the world.
Especially characteristic of the atmosphere in
which Bentley lived and worked is "the important
affair of the dedication." Having discovered that
the Earl of Oxford was "anxious that the world
should know, that his ancestors were related to the
Veres and Mortimers of former centuries, and that
his family estate in Herefordshire had been in pos-
session of the Harleys since the reign of Edward
the First," Bentley took particular pains that these
glories should be "fully and accurately displayed."
"Good taste" comments Monk "had not yet abol-
ished the fashion, which demanded from every dedi-
cator, whether classical or vernacular, the most un-
sparing praise that language could supply."
Bentley's edition of Terence (1726) was designed,
characteristically, to supplant and extinguish that
of Francis Hare, Dean of Worcester. The text was
corrected "in not less than a thousand places" and
in every line the first accented syllable of every di-
podla was marked with an acute accent "a laborious
task, which must have vastly increased the trouble
of correcting the press." Included in the first half
of the volume were a Schediasma or dissertation upon
the metres of Terence and Bentley's Commence-
ment Oration of 1725, on the occasion of the crea-
\tion of seven Doctors of Divinity. The second half
of the book consisted of an edition of Phaedrus and
Publius Syrus, the Phaedrus being undertaken to
BENTLEY'S WORKS 85
anticipate an edition projected by Hare containing
emendations "of the most daring class."
A Sermon upon Popery ', preached by Bentley before
the university on 5 November, 1715, and printed
in the same year, is of interest not only as an ex-
pression of the vigorous No-Popery spirit of 1 71 5,
but as supplying material and phraseology for the
sermon recited by Corporal Trim in the second book
of Tristram Shandy.
It was Bentley, too, who arranged for the publi-
cation of a second edition of Newton's Principia
in 1713. "The first impression being entirely ex-
hausted/' says Monk, "the lovers of philosophy
were, in a manner, debarred access to the fountain
of truth" and Bentley engaged Roger Cotes to
supervise the new edition.
Into the history of Bentley's many controversies
it is fortunately unnecessary to enter, but one of his
pamphlets, which brought the university printer
into the Vice-Chancellor's court on a charge of
libel, must be mentioned.
In 1 72 1 there appeared a pamphlet, written by
Conyers Middleton, but published anonymously
in London, entitled Remarks, Paragraph by Para-
graph^ upon the Proposals lately published by Richard
Bentley, for a New Edition of the Greek Testament and
Latin Version, and full of "sheer personal malice."
Bentley's proposals were described as "low and
paltry higgling to squeeze our money from us,"
reminiscent of "those mendicants in the streets, who
beg our charity with an half sheet oj proposals pinned
upon their breasts."
86 BENTLEY'S WORKS
Bentley's reply was prompt and vigorous; he
chose to assume that the author of the pamphlet
was Dr John Colbatch, the Casuistical Professor 1 ,
and answered him in what Monk describes as
the vocabulary of Billingsgate. "Cabbage-head/'
"Maggot," " Gnawing-rat/' "Mountebank" were
some of the terms used. "He never/ 'wrote Ben tley,
" broaches a piece of mere knavery, without a preface
about his conscience; nor ever offers to us down-
right nonsense, without eyes, muscles, and shoulders
wrought up into the most solemn posture of gravity."
This was too much, even for academic contro-
versy of the eighteenth century; Colbatch, having
first disavowed the authorship of the Remarks, ap-
pealed to the Heads of Colleges. This body declared
the book to be "a most virulent and scandalous
libel" and Crownfield was prosecuted in the Vice-
Chancellor's Court for having sold it. Dr Crosse,
the Vice-Chancellor, was a "quiet and timid man"
and after hazarding a judgment in Crownfield's
favour, adjourned the case. In the next year Bendey
was cited to appear in the Vice-Chancellor's Court
to give evidence concerning the libel. "There was
no difficulty," says Monk, "in obtaining the cita-
tion, but a great one in getting it served upon the
Master: the Esquire-beadles... were all as averse to
such perilous service, as the mice in the fable were
to undertake the office of belling the cat." One of
the beadles, however, was bribed with a double
i The Knightbridge professorship, founded in 1683, was
originally described as that of "Moral Theology or Casuisticall
Divinity."
THE SUIDAS LEXICON 87
fee, and Bentley offered no resistance. Instead,
he contrived, by an exchange with a brother-
chaplain, to be on duty at St James's during the
month in which the Court was to assemble and
eventually the proceedings against him were aban-
doned.
The most ambitious work which the University
Press undertook about this time was an edition of
the Suidas Lexicon in three volumes folio. For this
enterprise Bentley was chiefly responsible. Ludolf
Kuster, a professor from Berlin, had collated three of
the Suidas manuscripts at Paris and was invited by
Bentley to take up his residence at Cambridge
and to publish his edition of the lexicon at the
Press. Accordingly on 4 October, 1701, the
university made an agreement with John Owen,
an Oxford stationer, by which Owen undertook to
purchase an edition of 1500 copies (150 on large
paper) of Suidas in three volumes at the price of
i IOJ- 6d per sheet 1 .
The exact relation of Owen to Cambridge is
not quite clear. Evidently, he was a protege* of
Bentley and though there is no record of his
official appointment as a Cambridge printer, several
books bear his imprint as Typographies, including
Cellarius, Geographia 1703; Ockley, Introductto
1706; Caesar, 1706; Minucius Felix, 1707; Sal-
lust, 1 71 o 2 . Thewordtypograp/ius,zs Bowes pointed
out, is used rather loosely and Owen seems only to
have been the publisher of the books quoted; on the
1 Registry MSS 33. 6. 31, 32.
2 Bowes, C. A. S. Proc. vi, 362 and Biographical Notes (Errata).
88 JOHN OWEN
other hand, there are among Crownfield's vouchers
for 1705 the following:
June 2 3. 1705
Then received of Mr Corn. Crownfield (for the use
of Mr Davies, and for correcting Caesars Commentary)
the summe of thirty seven shillings and four pence,
being for 28 sheets at i6d the sheet from A to Ee,
inclusive by me
s d JOHN OWEN
01 17 4
Compos 'd in Caesar 's Commentary's the sheets Ccc,
Ddd, Eee, Fff at 8s the sheet li 12s od
Sept 17. 1705
Received by JOHN OWEN
These receipts appear to show that Owen actually
was at work as a compositor upon Davies's edition
of Caesar which appeared with the imprint Im-
pensis Joannis Oweni, Typography*
From passages in Bentley's correspondence it
also appears that Owen travelled in Holland on
Bentley's behalf in I7o6 2 .
But long before this Owen had found himself
unable, "through great poverty and being im-
prisoned on the amount of debts contracted," to
carry out the Suidas agreement, and on 8 May, 1703,
a new contract was made with Sir Theodore Janssen,
who had already supplied Owen with large quanti-
ties of paper, for the completion of the work at the
joint expense of the university and of Janssen him-
self, the editor's fee being fixed at 200 3 .
^\ i Crownfield had also purchased a press from Owen in 1703
I0r the sum of 1 1 i6s 6d (Press Accounts, 1702-3).
2 Correspondence of Bent/ey y ed. Wordsworth, i. 245.
3 Registry MS 33. 6. 33.
JOHN OWEN 89
As has been noted above, however, the Press con-
tinued to print certain other books for Owen. Thus
Janssen writes to Crownfieldon 19 October, 1704:
I have sent you to-day 1 50 Reams of fine genoa paper
which is to be for y e use of M r Jft Owen when he hath
signed an agreement such as D r Bentley doth require. . . 1 .
In later years Owen seems to have laid his mis-
fortunes at Bentley's door, since, in a dedication
written by him to "Elias Abenaker of London,
Gent." and prefixed to Ockley's translation of Mo-
dena, History of the present Jews (ed. 171 1), he
writes:
I... want Words to tell the World how much I am your
Debtor, how often you have rescued me and my whole
Family from the Jaws of Destruction ; what noble Assist-
ances you have supplied me with, to raise my Fortune
in the World, and put my Affairs into a prosperous and
flourishing Condition, had not a Person of an high Cha-
racter, and a pretending Encourager of Arts and Sciences,
and Printing in particular, (by the Encouragement of
whose specious Promises I was induced to leave Oxford)
been as Sedulous and Industrious to ruine and destroy
me, by such Injustice and Cruelties, which if I should
particularize, would gain Credit with few but those of the
University of Cambridge, where the Fact is notoriously
known 2 .
In the meantime Kuster's edition of Suidas had
duly appeared in 1705:
Kuster (writes Monk) having now, by means of his
[Bentley's] patronage, completed the three noble volumes
of his Suidas, their appearance raised the fame of the
editor, while it excited public admiration at the spirit
and liberality of the University of Cambridge in under-
taking so magnificent a publication.
i Registry MS 33. 6. 35. 2 Bowes, C.A.S.Proc. vi, 364.
90 JOHN OWEN
Correspondence between Janssen and Crownfield
throws some interesting side-lights on business de-
tails the fixing of the price and the choice of selling
agents 1 :
Now that y e hurry of treating her Majty is over 2
(writes Janssen) I hope y e University will come speedily
to a resolution at what rate to sell Suidas, I would not
have them to think of too high a price and I believe 3^
will be rather too much hoever I leave it to them but I
hope they will not exceed 3^ which is 2os a volume.
KUSTER'S RECEIPT FOR A PORTION OF HIS FEE
D r Bentley had told me you would write to some book-
sellers in HolK Since we refused M r Mortier's offers
it might perhaps be of service but I think we could not
pitch on a fitter person for disposing of a good quantity
of Suidas beyond sea.
Bentley's financial negotiations with the Dutch
booksellers were apparently not successful, since
1 Registry MSS 33. 6. 36, 37.
2 The university and town entertained Queen Anne on
1 6 April, 1705, when the conduits ran with wine and Isaac
Newton was knighted (Cooper, iv, 71, 72).
FATE OF THE LEXICON 91
copies of the Lexicon were disposed of to foreign
booksellers by the method of exchange:
Feby 12 th I7of. Agreed then also y* foreign book-
sellers be treated with for an exchange of an hundred 1
Suidas's, for a number of bookes w ch shall be esteem'd
of equal value, & y* Catalogues of proper bookes w th
their respective prises, be procur'd from them to be ap-
prov'd of by y e University.
The succession of troubles encountered by the
university both in the production and distribution
of this book illustrates the difficulties of the Curators
in attempting to grapple with the details of stock-
keeping and accountancy. By 1732 "part of y e
impression was in y e University warehouse and y e
rest was got into M r Innys's 2 hands in London, but
in such manner, y* neither had a perfect book."
After some two or three years of negotiation for
the mutual purchase of sheets at \d a piece, the uni-
versity, having bought the whole of Innys's stock
for 400, acquired 410 complete sets of the work
and appointed a Syndicate to dispose of them. The
Syndics, however, found remaindering difficult:
It were well (says the writer of a memorandum of
1 749) if we could get some one to take them all off our
hands at almost any rate. I have tried Knapton and
Whiston in vain. They durst not venture on the whole:
but advise to advertize them at 30* a Book, and let y e
Booksellers have them at 25 s
1 This number seems to have been increased to "3 or 400"
(Registry MS 33. 6. 83).
2 William Innys, referred to by Hume as "the great book-
seller in Paul's Churchyard." Samuel Johnson, in his will, left
j200 to be paid to his representatives. The Thomas Johnson who
assisted in the negotiations between Innys and the university
(Registry MS 33. 6. 77) may have been Johnson's cousin.
92 FATE OF THE LEXICON
I have hopes y i Vailliant may take them all at 25* a
book, especially if he be allowed time for payment of the
money, & y e University would take some of it in books,
which we really want for y e Rustat Library 1 .
Eventually, in 1752, 75 sets were disposed of to
T. Merrill (a Cambridge bookseller) at one guinea
each and the rest seem to have been exchanged 2 .
So ended the most ambitious of the early publishing
enterprises of the university.
Amongst the other books printed during this
period, editions of the classics are prominent. The
titles of these will be found in Appendix n and
Davies's editions of Cicero, Barnes's Anacreon
(1705) and Homer (171 1), Taylor's Lysias(i74o)
may be specially noted. The edition of the Medea
and Phoenissae of Euripides by W. Piers (1703)
contains, in its preface, an interesting tribute to the
renovation of Cambridge typography:
Si Typorum elegantiam mireris, gratias merito ingentes
habeto Illustrissimo Principi Carolo Duct Somersetensium
munificentissimo nostrae Academiae Cancellario^ cui Cordi
est nostrum imo suum denuo revixisse Typographeum.
Mathematics is represented primarily by the
second edition of Newton's Principia (1713), by
Le Clerc's Physica (1700 etc.), by Robert Green's
Principles of Natural Philosophy (1712 an anti-
Newtonian treatise) and by the Praelectiones ( 1 707
and 1710) and other works of W. Whiston; bio-
graphy by Knight's Life of Erasmus (1726); Ori-
ental studies by Ockley's Introductio ad Linguas
"\Orientales (1706) and Lyons's Hebrew Grammar
(1735).
i Registry MS 33. 6. 83. 2 Ibid. 33. 6. 86.
CAMBRIDGE BOOKS, 1700-1740 93
A work of more general interest is the first edition
of Sir Thomas Browne's Christian Morals, pub-
lished from the MS of the Author by John Jeffery
and printed by Crownfield in 1716.
A COMPOSITOR'S RECEIPT, 1705
(Among the items may be noted one of Sir Isaac Newton's works and the
Vice-Chancellor's order putting Sturbridge Fair out of bounds)
These, of course, are only a few titles selected
from the bibliography of the period.
Between 1725 and I73f there are no entries
in the Curators' minute-book; the driving power of
Bentley's energy and enthusiasm was flagging and
CHRISTIAN.
MORALS,
B Y
S r THOMAS BROWN,
Of NORWICH, M. <D.
And AUTHOR of
RELIGIO MEDICI.
Published from the Original and Cor-
red: Manufcript of the Author ;
by JOHN JEFFERT, D, D.
ARCH-DEACON of NORWICH,
CAMBRIDGE:
Printed at the UNIVERS ITY-PRE s s,
For Cornelius Crovnfeld Printer to the UNIVERSITY ;
And are to be Sold by Mr. Knaptart at the Crown
in St. P^afs Church yard; and Mr. MorfivsD near
Stationers-Hall, LONDON, 1716.
TITLE-PAGE OF CHRISTIAN MORALS, 1716
WILLIAM FENNER 95
the Press had become a source of pecuniary loss to
the university. The agreements of 1706 and 1727
with the Stationers, by which the university sur-
rendered the right of printing a large number of
school books in return for money payments, no doubt
represent an attempt to meet this difficulty 1 .
Similarly in December, 1730, it was resolved to
lease the university's right of printing bibles and
prayer-books to "Mr James & Company " for the
sum of 100 per annum, an additional 5 per an-
num to be paid during the life-time of Jonathan
Pindar, whose formal resignation had been arranged
by a grace of 28 August 2 .
This arose out of an application which has a
special interest in the history of printing.
About the beginning of 1 730 William Fenner, a
London stationer,
did bring up from Edinburgh a Scotsman named W m
Ged; who had or pretended to have found out the Art
of casting, upon Plates, whole Pages of Letters... w ch
'twas thought would be of great advantage to the pub-
lick, as well as to the proprietors of the Invention.
This invention came to the notice of a type-
1 Registry MSS 33. 6. 39, 44. Cf. also the Memoranda of
Thomas Sherlock (B.M. Add. MSS 5822. 237):
They have now let their Right of printing Bibles, Almanacks etc.
to the Company of Stationers for aio/ per annum. The money is
constantly and well paid by the Clerk of the Company. There is
likewise an uncertain Revenue arising from our Press at home, the
accounts of which are audited at the general audit.
2 Registry MS 33. 6. 45. The Jonathan Pindar referred to is
the second printer of that name. (See p. 73.) He also worked
at the University Library and his account for 1713 includes
charges for pens, ink, paper, mops, brooms, cleaning books,
scouring the brass gloab, ringing St Mary's bell, weading, and
Printer's Place
96 STEREOTYPE EXPERIMENTS
founder named Thomas James who was so much
struck by its possibilities that he was
of opinion that the Design of printing by such plates
would in short time be brought to such perfection as
would greatly injure if not wholly ruine the business of
letter-founding, by w ch he then made shift to support a
large family.
Accordingly a partnership was formed between
Ged, Fenner, and Thomas James. The design, it
was alleged, "had at that time all imaginable ap-
pearance of Success"; Thomas James, being unable
to get any help from his father ("a Clergyman then
living upw ds of 85 years of age, who had, upon
a small Endowm 1 in Hampshire, brought up a
numerous family"), applied to his brother John, an
architect at Greenwich, for financial assistance. John
James came into the partnership, paying an entrance
fee of 100, and, as the invention of stereotype plates
was likely to be used with most advantage for the
printing of bibles and prayer-books, undertook to
apply for a licence to the University of Cambridge
"the only one at that time unemploied." 1
This application was successful and the lease was
granted to Fenner on 23 April, 1731; Fenner's
name was used as that of the only member of the
partnership who was a stationer, and John James
gave a bond for 100.
The plates were at first made in London, at a
house in Bartholomew Close, but in the summer of
^\ i Ged had previously won a wager from William Caslon, the
famous type-founder; each had been given a page of type and
allowed eight days to produce a plate, and the umpire had decided
in Ged's favour.
STEREOTYPE EXPERIMENTS 97
1732 a house was hired in Cambridge and all the
materials and implements moved thither. "For y e
better prosecuting the Affair/' a certain James
Watson was sent to Holland "as well as to hire
Men, as to buy Presses" and several Dutchmen
were employed in printing the nonpareil bible
and the small book of common prayer by the new
process.
But the business did not prosper. Ged quarrelled
with Fenner and "left the whole business at a stand,
Secreting or taking with him several Tools and other
things to which he had no Right" 1 ; Basket!, the
king's printer, filed a Bill in Chancery against Fen-
ner for printing bibles; the injunction was subse-
quently withdrawn, but meanwhile John James was
losing confidence in the scheme and growing anxious
about his money; he urged Fenner to "go on with
the Cambridge Patent Work in common Type Way
by the Assistance of Mr Watson, and have nothing
J art her to do in the Plate Way." "As far as I can
learn," wrote James in another letter (28 Nov. 1732),
"the Booksellers all agree that the Prayer-Book that
is done will by no means pass. So that to proceed
farther in this Way will but run us more and more
out of Pocket." Finally, Fenner died in debt in
1734; four specimens of his work in Cambridge
have survived: an octavo Book of Common Prayer,
Thomas Johnson's Letter to Mr Chandler^ John
Colbatch's Examination of the marriage treaty of
i Ged's edition of Sallust, printed at Edinburgh non typis mobi-
libus, ut vulgo fieri solet, sedtabellts seu lamtnis fusis, was published
in 1739.
98 MARY FENNER
Charles //, and A Collection of Poems, by the Au-
thor of A Poem on the Cambridge Ladies.
His widow, Mary Fenner, carried on such busi-
ness as was left and a bitter controversy, recalling
the days of Thomas Buck, arose between her and
her deceased husband's partners. The brothers
James declared that they were i ooo out of pocket
and had received not a penny in return; that Fenner
had taken a grossly unfair advantage of the lease
being in his name. Mrs Fenner, in reply, main-
tained that her husband had borne the brunt of many
business difficulties alone and that his appeals to his
partners for help and co-operation had been neg-
lected.
In their complaints to the Vice-Chancellor Tho-
mas and John James did not mince their words:
I humbly request (writes Thomas) that my Brother and
I may be heard; that so the Scene of Iniquity carried on
by Mr Fenner and now prosecuted by his Widow may be
laid open. . .for I do not find the change of Mrs Fenner's
Religion has made any alteration in her morals.
As to what Fenner's wife (writes John) (who I fear is
of as bad a principle as he was) may alledge, I can only
say, she has no other cause of complaint, than that I
refused to throw away all I had in y e world, for the Knave
her husband to make Ducks and Drakes with.
The details of the controversy need not be ex-
amined here 1 , but one short letter from Mrs Fenner
to the Vice-Chancellor is worth preserving:
i There is a series of 26 documents (Registry MSS 33. 6. 47-72)
dealing with the Fenner- James dispute and the account given
\here is mainly based on them. Access to these has made it
possible to supplement and correct one or two points in Bowes' s
Notes (pp. 315, 316). The account of the partnership given in
EIGHT
SERMONS
Preach'd at the Honourable
ROBERT BOYLE's
LECTURE,
In the Fi R s T Y E A R MDCXCIL
By RICHARD BENTL&T, M. A.
The SIXTH EDITION.
To which are added,
THREE SERMONS : One at the Public
Commencement, July 5. 1696. when he pro-
ceeded Doftor in Divinity ; another before the
Univerfity, Nov. 5. 1715. and one before his late
Majefty King GEORGE!. Feb. 3. 17^
CAMBRIDGE,
Printed by M. FENNER, for W. THVRLBOURN,
over-againit the Senate-kQufe. MDCCXXXV.
TITLE-PAGE OF BENTLEY'S BOTLE LECTURES, 1735
MARY FENNER 99
Hon rd London 19 Jun. 1735
S r
these wates on you to beg the favour you will be
so good as to stay three weeaks & then will wate on you,
in that time will Do my indaver to See M r James & if it
is possable to bringe him to Some agreament I Rely upon
your Goodness till that time & then Shall have an opper-
tuneyty to inform your worship of my case & will do
wat is in my power to make you eassey as to the Deate
is oing to the university
I am S r your
Dutyful Sarvant
Mary Fenner
Only one book bearing the imprint of Mary Fen-
ner (the sixth edition of Bentley's Boyle Lectures,
1 73 5) has been preserved and her association with
the university came to an end in 1738. In that
year she relinquished her lease and John James
agreed to pay i 50 in settlement of the university's
claim upon the ill-fated partnership.
The chief cause of the failure of the Press to fulfil
the high hopes of 1696 appears, in Monk's words,
to have been the want of a permanent committee of
management, a measure which, however obvious, was
not adopted till many years afterwards. In the mean-
time, the receipt and disbursement of large sums of
money, as well as the necessary negotiations with persons
of business, were entrusted to the individuals holding
the annual office of Vice-Chancellor, who in many cases
possessed no previous acquaintance with the concern;
Nichols, Literary Anecdotes^ n, 721, is inaccurate in some details.
Ged's own story of his career (which it is difficult sometimes to
reconcile either with that of Fenner or of the brothers James) is
given in Biographical Memoirs of William GW, London, 1781,
and Newcastle, 1819.
72
ioo THE DRAWBACK ON PAPER
a system which inevitably led to injurious and almost
ruinous consequences.
This state of affairs is reflected in the preamble of
the grace of 1737:
Cum prelum typographicum in usum et commodita-
tem Academicam olim destinatum per quadraginta retro
annositanegligenterfueritadministratum,utAcademiam
oneraverit sumptu ultra bis mille et trecentas libras
A Syndicate was accordingly appointed with
plenary powers over the Press for three years.
This Syndicate "took the State of the Press into
Consideration" purchasing new types, presses and
other materials; and "that they might be able to
retain good Hands there, by securing them con-
stant Employment, began to print an Impression
of the Bible in I2 mo ."
The further measures taken for the development
of the bible trade will be recorded in the next chap-
ter. Here it may be noted that one important modi-
fication of the Copyright Act, which had been finally
passed in 1710, was made in 1739; in that year a
new act repealed the clause which empowered the
Vice-Chancellors of the two universities to set and
reform the prices of books.
In 1 71 2, 1 73 5, and subsequent years clauses were
also included in the acts imposing duties on paper
by which, "for the Encouragement of Learning"
the University Presses were allowed a "drawback"
on paper used "in the printing any Bookes in the
Latin Greek Orientall or Northern Languages." 1
v i In 1794 "Bibles, Testaments, Psalm-books, and Books of
Common Prayer" were added to this list (Cooper, Annals^ i v, 45 1 ).
VI
EIGHTEENTH CENTURY PRINTERS
/OROWNFIELD retired from the office of
\~it printer in 1740 and received a pension from
the university until his death in I743 1 . He was a
bookseller as well as a printer and seems to have
done some binding as well 2 . His bookselling busi-
ness was carried on after his death by his son James,
and a book of 1 744 is described on the title-page as
"printed for J. Crownfield."
His successor was Joseph Bentham, appointed
first by the Curators as 'Inspector' on 28 March,
I740 3 , and elected printer on 14 December of the
same year.
Bentham was the son of Samuel Bentham, Vicar
of Wichford, near Ely; one of his brothers was
James Bentham the historian of Ely and another,
Edward Bentham, of Oxford, author of Funebres
Orationes and other works.
1 He was buried in the chancel of St Botolph's. His name
appears many times in the parish book and in 1715 there is the
following entry:
Received of Mr Crownfield from y e year 1708 seven shillings for a
piece of ground commonly called ye round O in his garden which
should have been paid at I shilling the year for ye use of ye poor.
The "round O" was a paschal garden which supported the
Easter candle. The annual rent of one shilling was paid by Hayes
up to 1 703. (F. R. and A. W. G[oodmanJ, Notes on St Botolph's
'Church.)
2 Thus in 1706 he supplied six books to the University
Library, the gift of Mr Tomlinson. In his account there is an
item "for y 6 binding and putting y e Donor's Name in each book."
3 A condition of this appointment was that if the profits
should not reach 60 per annum, the university should make
good the deficiency.
102 JOSEPH BENTHAM
Joseph Bentham was free of the Stationers' Com-
pany and Carter, the historian of Cambridge, refers
to him as "allowed by all Judges to be as great a
Proficient in the Mystery as any in England-, which
the Cambridge Common Prayer Books and Bibles
...printed by him, will sufficiently evince." 1
Before Bentham's appointment, steps had already
been taken by the university to revive the business
of printing and selling bibles. Thus, in December,
1740, the Curators agreed to print small bibles
(9000) price 2s and 1000 on large paper at 2s 6d,
and six months later 1 1,000 small nonpareil bibles
and 1000 on large paper.
The services of Charles Bathurst, of London, were
secured as agent and from 1738 to 1744 he was
engaged in "buying, procuring, and expediting
Paper, Types, Servants, and other necessaries."
Bathurst's memorandum of 1751, though an
ex parte statement, throws an interesting light on
printing conditions at Cambridge:
The Insolvency (he writes) of the University's late
Lessees for Bibles and the wishes and power of the King's
Printer considered, it was then a prevailing opinion, that
no advantage could well be made by printing Bibles and
Com. Prayers: therefore the Syndics were very diffident
and cautious in undertaking other Impressions 2 .
However, having previously passed a resolution
that Bentham was to sell no bibles without authority
from one of themselves, the Syndics in March, 1 74!,
covenanted with Bathurst that he should be the sole
\ i The most important bible printed by Bentham was that of
1762, the 'standard' edition prepared by Dr T. Paris.
2 Registry MS 33. 7. 7.
JOSEPH BENTHAM 103
selling agent for all books printed at Cambrid ge. Several
editions of the bible and prayer-book were put in
hand and subsequently reprinted, "but not near so
fast as they were sold." Bathurst grew impatient: "If
two presses will not do/' he wrote to the Vice-Chan-
cellor, " [I hope that] three shall [be] employ'd in it:
for truly the jests People make here of the negligence
of our Advantage and Honour are very irksome."
The university, on the other hand, found itself un-
able to make the necessary outlay of money for paper.
Bathursthad,accordingtohisown account, spent con-
siderable sums in the purchase of type and had made
a six weeks' voyage to Holland in 1 747 to procure
a good stock of paper. One parcel was duly received
by Bentham at Cambridge, but by the time that the
second consignment arrived, a new Vice-Chancellor
(Dr Parris, Master of Sidney Sussex College) had
taken office and the paper was promptly returned.
I have returned your paper again (wrote the Vice-
Chancellor) which yet I would not have done, if we had
either wanted it, or had money left to have paid for it
The Welsh Bible is paid for within a trifle: works of
authors bring in but a trifle : our chief dependance must
be on what our books in your hands produce I am
reduced to y e necessity of either returning your paper,
or, what is still worse, putting an intire stop to y e press 1 .
A fresh arrangement was therefore proposed by
which Bathurst should pay ready money for books
printed and the university should not be required to
advance money to carry on the business.
Another source of trouble both to the Press and
to Bathurst during this period was a second attack
i Registry MS 33. 7. 4.
104 JOSEPH BENTHAM
made by Baskett, the king's printer, upon the rights
of the university.
In 1741 the Syndics had printed for Bathurst an
Abridgement of the Laws of Excise, and on its pub-
lication Baskett obtained an injunction to stop its
sale. Litigation dragged on until 1758, when the
Court of King's Bench decided in favour of the
university, declaring that it was entrusted with
"a concurrent Authority to print Acts of Par-
liament and Abridgements by letters patent of
K. Hen. VIII and K. Charles I."
Dyer says of Bentham that "he was not eager
after money in the way of business, but rather am-
bitious of printing Works that would do him credit.
He had a great taste for Gardening and a turn for
humour. He was an amiable man, as all the Ben-
thams were; and was the only Bentham of the family
that was not in orders. There were six brothers, who
all used to assemble at the Prebendal-house in Ely
at Christmas." 1 Joseph was an alderman of Cam-
bridge and lived in a house adjoining the Press in
Silver Street, the whole group of buildings forming
"a sort of Quadrangle or Square." This house had
belonged to Matthew Stokes, Registrary from 1558
to 1591, and Cole refers to the arms ("carved very
handsomely and very large ") over the chimney-
piece in the parlour 2 .
Of the books printed by Bentham the most sump-
tuous is The History of Ely Caf/iedra/by his brother,
N, i Nichols, Literary Anecdotes, vin, 451.
2 MSS 5809. 38. The coat of arms to which Cole refers now
hangs in the University Press.
JOSEPH BENTHAM 105
James Bentham, a large volume illustrated with many
engravings and published in 1765.
Other illustrated works of some interest are Zachary
Grey's edition of Samuel Butler's Hudibras (1774)
with a "set of new cuts" by Hogarth and Cantabrigia
Depicta(ij6^) 1 . There may also be noted a Latin
version of Pope's Ode on St Cecilia s Day and a
succession of Seatonian prize poems by Chris-
topher Smart ; a volume of Odes ( 1 756) by William
Mason; Roger Long's Astronomy (1744); Robert
Masters's History of the College of Corpus Christi
(1752); a Latin version (anonymously published)
of Gray's Elegy by Christopher Anstey and W. H.
Roberts, Provost of Eton: and many editions of the
classics, including Squire's Plutarch de Iside et O si-
ride (1744), Taylor's Demosthenes (various years) and
Richard Kurd's Horace (1757).
In 1715, when James Gibbs presented his design
for "the Publick Building at Cambridge," his plans
included provision for the printing-house above the
Registrary's office in the southern wing; and it has
been therefore inferred that the printing-house in
Silver Street was not adequate to the needs of the
university 2 . Only a portion of Gibbs's scheme (the
Senate House) was carried out and in 1762 the
Syndics of the Press, seeking fresh accommodation,
1 Cambridge is depicted in rosy colours:
The Air is very healthful, and the Town plentifully supplied with
excellent Water... Nor is it better supplied with Water, than it is with
other Necessaries of life. The purest Wine they receive by the Way of
Lynn... Firing is cheap; Coals from Seven-pence to Nine-pence a Bushel.
2 Willis and Clark, in, 1 34. Gibbs's complete design is shown
on the tide-page reproduced opposite p. 99.
io6 JOSEPH BENTHAM
purchased a house, called The White Lion, which
probably stood on the south side of Silver Street,
facing the old Press. This was the first step taken in
the acquisition of the present site.
Bentham continued in office until 1766 and well
maintained the typographical reputation of the Press,
but a more famous name is that of John Baskerville.
Originally a writing-master at Birmingham where,
from 1733 to 1737, he was teaching at a school in
the Bull Ring, he afterwards took up, with great
success, the trade of japanning and in 1750 began
his experiments in type-founding. He set his mind
to the improvement of type, press, paper, and
method of printing:
It is not my desire (he wrote in the preface to his
Milton, 1757) to print many books, but such only as
are books of Consequence, and which the public may be
pleased to see in an elegant dress, and to purchase at
such a price as will repay the extraordinary care and
expense that must necessarily be bestowed upon them
If this performance shall appear to persons of judgment
and penetration in the Paper, Letter, Ink, and Work-
manship to excel; I hope their approbation may con-
tribute to procure for me what would indeed be the
extent of my Ambition, a power to print an Octavo
Common-Prayer Book, and a Folio Bible.
This ambition was fulfilled by Baskerville's getting
into touch with the university. In 1757 he sent a
specimen of type to a friend at Cambridge, explain-
ing that
the size is calculated for people who begin to want
^pectacles but are ashamed to use them at Church.... If
I find favour with the University, & they give me a
Grant to print an Edition of a prayer book according to
JOHN BASKERVILLE
JOHN BASKERVILLE 107
the specimen I would... send to Cambridge two presses,
Workmen & all other requisites, but should be glad to
take the chance of the Edition to my self, & make the
University such Considerations as they should think fit
to prescribe My highest Ambition is to print a folio
Bible, with the same letter of the inclosed Specimen.
The application was successful and on 1 5 Decem-
ber, 1 758, an agreement was made with the univer-
sity by which Baskerville was to have leave to print
a folio bible and two octavo common-prayer books,
and on the following day Baskerville was duly elected
to be "one of the Stationers & Printers'* of the uni-
versity for ten years, securities for 500 each being
given by Baskerville himself and by John Eaves, a
toymaker of Birmingham.
The conditions imposed upon the new printer were
strict: he was to print in Cambridge only such books
as the Syndics gave him leave to print; on the title-
page of no other book was he to describe himself as
Printer to the University; inspectors appointed by
the Syndics were to have free access to his printing-
office; and Baskerville was to pay the university 20
for every 1000 of the 8vo common-prayer. On
3 i May, 1759, Baskerville wrote from Birmingham
to the Vice-Chancellor:
Sir,
I have at last sent everything requisite to begin
the Prayer Book at Cambridge. The Bearer M r Tho.
Warren is my Deputy in conducting the whole. I have
ordered him to inform you of every step he takes, and
to desire you would appoint a person to tell out the
number of sheets before they go to press and again before
they are packed up for Birmingham. M r Bentham will
inform you how many sheets per 1000 are allowed for
io8 JOHN BASKERVILLE
wast. I have attempted several ornaments, but none of
them please me so well as the specimen ; which I hope will
be approved by you and the Gentlemen of the Syndick.
I propose printing off 2000 the first impression, but only
1000 of the State holidays &c which the patentee has
left out. The paper is very good and stands me in 27 or
28 shillings the Ream.
I am taking great pains, in order to produce a striking
title-page & specimen of the Bible which I hope will be
ready in about six weeks. The importance of the work
demands all my attention ; not only for my own (eternal)
reputation ; but (I hope) also to convince the world, that
the University in the honour done me has not intirely
misplaced their Favours.
You will please to accept & give my most respectful
duty to the University, particularly to the Gentlemen of"
the Syndick. I should be very happy if I could make an
Interest to a few Gent n . to whom the work would not be
disagreeable, to survey the sheets, after my people had
corrected them as accurately as they are able, that I
might, if possible, be free from every error of the press ;
for which I would gladly make suitable acknowledge-
ments. I procured a sealed copy of the Common prayer
with much trouble and expense from the Cathedral of
Litchfield, but found it the most inaccurate and ill printed
book I ever saw: so that I returned it with thanks 1 .
Evidently neither the university nor Bentham was
willing to give Baskerville a free hand. Bentham
was naturally jealous of his own position and the
Syndics' previous experience of leases granted to
outside printers had been unfortunate. Reed's criti-
cism is therefore a little too harsh: "This learned
body," he writes, "appear to have been influenced
n the transaction more by a wish to fill their own
coffers than by a desire to promote the interests
i Registry MS 33. 7. 17.
JOHN BASKERVILLE 109
of the Art; and the heavy premiums exacted from
Baskerville for the privilege thus accorded effectually
deprived him of any advantage whatever in the un-
dertaking." 1
By a further agreement of 3 July, 1761, Baskerville
undertook to pay 12 i os od per i ooo for the 4000
copies to be printed of the 1 2 mo Common Prayer
and in a letter of 2 November, 1762, he wrote in a
dismal strain to Horace Walpole:
The University of Cambridge have given me a Grant
to print there 8vo. & 12 mo. Common prayer Books;
but under such Shackles as greatly hurt me. I pay them
for the former twenty, & for the latter twelve pound ten
shillings the thousand, & to the Stationers Company
thirty two pound for their permission to print one Edition
of the Psalms in Metre to the small prayer book: add to
this the great Expence of double and treble (Carriage, &
the inconvenience of a Printing House an hundred Miles
off. All this Summer I have had nothing to print at
Home. My folio Bible is pretty far advanced at Cam-
bridge, which will cost me near 2000 all hired at 5 p
Cent. If this does not sell, I shall be obliged to sacrifice
a small Patrimony which brings me in [74] a Year to
this Business of printing ; which I am heartily tired of
& repent I ever attempted. It is surely a particular
hardship that I should not get Bread in my own Country
(and it is too late to go abroad) after having acquired the
Reputation of excelling in the most useful Art known to
Mankind ; while every one who excels as a Player, Fidler,
Dancer &c not only lives in Affluence but has it [in]
their power to save a Fortune.
However, four prayer-books (two with long lines
and two in double column) were produced by Bas-
i Reed, Old English Letter Foundries, p. 276 (quoted in Straus
and Dent, John Baskerville, p. 46).
The L I T A N Y.
keeper, giving him the
viclory over all his ene-
mies;
X We befeech thee to hear us,
good Lord.
That it may pleafe thee
to blefs and preferve her
Royal Highnefs the Prin-
ce fs Dowager of Wales,
and all the Royal Fami-
A We befeech thee to hear us,
good Lord.
That it may pleafe thee
to illuminate all Bifhops,
Pr iefts, and Deacons, with
jL true knowledge and un-
derftandingof thy Word;
and that both by their
preaching andliving they
may fet it forth, and (hew
it accordingly;
* We befeech thee to hear us,
That it may pleafe thee
to endue the Lords of the
Council, and all the No-
bility, with grace, wif-
dom, andunderftanding;
to hear us,
good Lord.
That it may pleafe thee
| to blefs and keep the Ma-
giftrates; giving them
grace to execute juftice,
x and to maintain truth;
^ We befeech thee to hear us, v
good Lord. A
That it may pleafe thee ^
to blefs and keep all thy $
people; *
We befeech thee to hear us, "
good Lord.
That it may pleafe thee
to give to all nations
unity, peace, and con-
cord;
We befeech tKee to hear us,
good Lord.
That it may pleafe thee
to give us an heart to love
and dread thee, and di-
ligently to live after thy
commandments; ,
We befeech thee to hear us* -
good Lord.
That it may pleafe thee -f
to give to all thy people
increafe of grace, to hear
meekly thy Word, and to
receive it with pure af-
feclion, and to bring
forth the fruits of the
Spirit;
We befeech thee to hear us, $?
good Lord.
Tha t it may pleafe thee
to bring into the way of
truth,
A PAGE OF BASKERVILLE'S PRAYER-BOOK, 1762
JOHN BASKERVILLE in
kerville in 1760 and of these two were reprinted in
the following year; the folio bible appeared in 1 763.
In spite of their failure from the commercial point
of view, Baskerville's prayer-books and bible were
recognised as something finer than, or at any rate
as something different in kind from, what had been
produced before. Dibdin called the bible "one of
the most beautifully printed books in the world " and
called special attention to the tide-page as having "all
the power and brilliancy of copper-plate." The con-
trast, too, between the dignified design of Baskerville's
tide-pages and the conventionally crowded title-page
of the period has also been duly emphasised 1 .
On the other hand, Baskerville's type has been
criticised as being modelled too closely upon his own
mastery of penmanship the upstrokes very thin, the
downstrokes very thick, the serifs very fine 2 . Con-
troversy apart, Baskerville's is without doubt the most
distinguished typographical work associated with the
University Press in the eighteenth century.
Depressed by the financial failure of his bible, Bas-
kerville printed no more in Cambridge after 1 763 3 ;
when he died twelve years later, a French society
bought his types and used them for an edition of Vol-
taire and other works.
Bentham continued to hold the office of printer
until 1766. On 13 December of that year he resigned
and John Archdeacon, an Irishman, was elected in
his place, his salary being fixed two years later at 140
i Straus and Dent, p. 50. z Pollard, Fine Books^ p. 300.
3 Mr G. J. Gray has discovered that Baskerville lived in the
Old Radegund Manor House in Jesus Lane.
ii2 JOHN ARCHDEACON
a year. Archdeacon had been appointed Inspector
of the Press two months before, and, as appears from
certain passages in Nichols's Literary Anecdotes^^ had
been associated with a scheme by which Bowyer had
contemplated taking over the management of the
University Press:
In consequence (writes Nichols) of overtures from a
few respectable friends at Cambridge, M r Bowyer had
some inclination, towards the latter end of 1 765, to have
undertaken the management of the University Press,
by purchasing a lease and their exclusive privileges, by
which for several years they had cleared a considerable
sum. To accomplish this he took a journey to Cambridge;
and afterwards sent the Compiler of these Anecdotes to
negotiate with the Vice-Chancellor. The treaty was fruit-
less ; but he did not much regret the disappointment.
Evidently it was intended that Archdeacon should
be the printer under Bowyer's management, since
Nichols wrote to Bowyer in September, 1765:
I write to you now from the house of M r Labutte 2 ,
with whom I have dined, and who has most obligingly
shewn me all in his power. M r Archdeacon is not at
home. I have opened to M r Labutte my plan, who is of
opinion something may be done. I have talked also
with a Compositor ', who is sensible, and who now works
in the house. Six hundred a year I believe may carry
it. They talk of ten having been offered. For 7 years last
past the University have cleared one-thousand-three-hun-
dred founds annually; besides farming the Almanack
1 Vol. n, pp. 458 ff.
2 Rene La Butte, one of Bowyer's printers who came to
Cambridge with Walker and James, the founders of The
Cambridge Journal^ the first Cambridge newspaper; through the
^influence of Conyers Middleton, La Butte was established as a
French teacher in Cambridge; Bentham printed his French
Grammar (2nd ed.) in 1790.
JOHN ARCHDEACON 113
(200 1. more). This might at least be doubled by opening
the trade in new channels. If any bookseller of reputa-
tion would enter into a scheme with you, an immense
fortune would certainly be raised. . . .
and Bowyer, in his reply, wrote:
M r Archdeacon, as you observe, must be a leading
person, and there is some delicacy necessary to be shewn
to him.
This proposal, however, came to nothing, and no
university documents relating to it have been pre-
served.
From the business point of view, the printing and
selling of bibles and prayer-books no doubt con-
tinued to be the most important branch of Arch-
deacon's activities. In a collection of agents' accounts
for the years 1 766 and 1 767 the well-known names
of Edward Dilly, John Rivington, James Waugh,
T. and J. Merrill appear. One of these accounts,
made out in Archdeacon's own hand 1 , is repro-
duced here as showing the numbers and prices of
bibles supplied to Rivington during the period of
six months and also the way in which the accounts
were examined and approved by the Syndics of the
Press.
In the year following that of Archdeacon's ap-
pointment a contract, similar to those of 1706 and
1727, was made with the Stationers' Company by
which the Stationers, in return for an annual pay-
ment of 500, were granted the right of printing a
large number of books (including school editions of
classical authors, Lily's Grammar, Almanacks, Gra-
i Archdeacon requests Mr Rivington to return it after
examination, as it will save him "much trouble in transcribing."
R.
1.8 X
.^ 7 x
S 1<> ^
- _ .w/0 * S 3 * - pi .
> .> *A * i ji 3 . o ~s $ i^
-** ^.. * *- ^^
x / . ' ~ I A f ' ^
3^6
* . 9 14
x 3 n
7
/t
>~- , , ,
ID
5 -.
- ^
* 1 \
^
1
RIVINCTON'S ACCOUNT WITH THE UNIVERSITY PRESS, 1767
ALMANACK COMPENSATION 115
dus ad Parnassum, Horn Book prints and Psalters)
for the term of 2 1 years 1 .
Later, in 1775, an Act of Parliament secured to
the universities the perpetual copyright of all school-
books bequeathed to them; but in the same year it
was ruled in the Court of Common Pleas that the
right of printing almanacks was a common law right
over which the Crown had no control, and the
Stationers' Company thereupon discontinued their
payments to the universities.
However, in 1 78 1 a new almanack duty act granted
to each university the sum of 5 per annum as
compensation. At Cambridge this sum was placed at
the disposal of the Syndics of the Press for the pub-
lication of works of learning by the following grace
of 1 1 June, 1782:
Cum ad graves librorum imprimendorum sumptus
sublevandos omnigenaeque adeo eruditionis studium
promovendum, annuo quingentarum librarum reditu
Academiam nuper auxerit munificentia publica; ne aut
nostra negligentia deflorescat tantus publice habitus literis
honos, aut in alios usus transferatur quod doctrinae am-
plificandae sacrum esse oporteat; placeat vobis ut Typo-
graphici Preli Curatores in hac etiam parte Syndici vestri
constituantur, atque ut quingentae quotannis librae, si
ipsis necessarium videatur, vel in novas veterum scrip-
torum editiones apparandas, vel in recentiorum opera
divulganda insumendae iis hoc nomine e Communi Cista
erogentur
Since the abolition of the paper duty and the con-
sequent loss to the university of the advantage of
drawback, this grant constitutes the single subsidy
i Registry MS 33. 7. 20.
82
n6 CODEX BEZAE
which the Syndics of the Press receive from an out-
side source.
About this time the competency of the Syndics was
called into question. It was alleged, for instance,
that one Syndic did not know the difference between
collating and collecting MSS; a more serious charge
was that the warehouse in Silver Street, acquired in
1 672, was damp and that great injury had been done
to the stock of sheets kept there. In reply, Dr Plump-
tre asserted that the damage done amounted only to
20. Archdeacon remained in office till the year of
his death, 1 795; in 1 793 John Surges was elected prin-
ter and acted in partnership with him for two years.
Of the books printed in the last thirty years of the
eighteenth century one of the most ambitious was
Thomas Kipling's facsimile edition, in two folio
volumes, of the Codex Bezae (1793), "the very
crown of the Cambridge Press/' Kipling was the
leader of the prosecution of William Freind, author
of Peace and Union recommended to the associated
bodies of Republicans and Anti-Republicans (2nd ed.
1793), an d refused to allow Gilbert Wakefield's Sifoa
Critica to be printed at the Press on account of the
author's unorthodoxy 1 .
Gray's Commemoration Ode., set to music by Dr Ran-
dal, was printed in I76g 2 ; Samuel Ogden's Sermons
on the Efficacy of Prayer and Intercession (Boswell's
1 Wakefield had published a Latin version of Gray's Elegy in
1775 and a volume of Latin poems in 1776, but left the Church
of England ten years later. He was afterwards imprisoned for a
ibel on Bishop Watson.
2 Cf. Cole's diary, I July, 1769: "Mr Gray's ode exceedingly
elegant and well set to music."
CAMBRIDGE BOOKS, 1770-1800 117
favourite reading during his tour to the Hebrides)
were published in 1 770 and were followed by other
volumes of sermons in 1777; the Parker MSS were
catalogued by James Nasmith and published in 1 777,
the Baker collection by Robert Masters in 1784;
Thomas Martyn, Professor of Botany, published a
Catalogus Horti Botanici in 1771 and Elements of
Natural History in 1 775 ; the second edition of John
Wesley's Duty and Advantage of early rising was
printed in 1785 and the changing spirit of the age
is reflected in a sermon of 1788 entitled Slavery in-
consistent with the Spirit of Christianity and a Sermon
on Duelling^ by Thomas Jones (1792).
The beginnings of the study of modern languages
in Cambridge are seen in La Butte's French Grammar
(2nd ed. 1790) and in various editions of Tasso and
other Italian authors by Agostino Isola, a teacher
who, at different times, could reckon Thomas Gray,
William Pitt, and William Wordsworth among his
pupils 1 .
Ten Minutes' Advice to Freshmen by A Questionist,
printed by Archdeacon for J. Deighton in 1785,
deserves a few lines of quotation:
It is not reckoned fashionable to go to St Mary's on a
Sunday. But I know no harm in going, nor that it is
any reproach to a man's understanding to be seen pub-
lickly in the same place with the most dignified and
respectable persons of the University. To say nothing
about the regularity of the thing, and its being approved
of by people whose good opinion you may be desirous to
obtain.
i Wordsworth, Scholae Academtcae^ p. 153. See also Stokes,
Esquire Bedells^ pp. 116, 117.
n8 CAMBRIDGE BOOKS, 1770-1800
It is neither my business nor my inclination to prose
to you upon the usefulness of Mathematical learning
it is sufficient that it has its uses
Of the standard of mathematical printing at this period
a circumstantial complaint is preserved by Nichols in
a letter from William Ludlam, author of Rudiments
of Mathematics (2nd ed. 1787) and other works 1 :
For my own part, I am sometimes forced to make
types, which are commonly brass, of which I here send
you a specimen ( a b c). It is called plus-minus .
I printed my first tracts at Cambridge when Archdeacon
(not Bentham) was their printer. I was very sick of it;
the University meanly provided with mathematical types
insomuch that they used daggers turned sideways for
-plus's. They were sunk into arrant traders, even to print-
ing hand-bills, quack-bills, &c., which they then for the
first time permitted for Archdeacon's profit. As to table-
work of which I had a deal, they knew nothing of it; and
many a brass rule was I forced to make myself. ... I com-
plained of this to Mr Bowyer, and would have had him
print my essay on Hadley's quadrant 2 ; but he was too
full of more important work. I remember I told him I
had marked all Archdeacon's damaged letters; which
were not a few, especially in the italic. To which the old
gentleman replied *I don't like you the better for that.'
One of the last books printed by the Archdeacon-
Burges partnership was a translation of a Latin poem,
The Immortality of the Sou/, by Isaac Hawkins Browne
who, "one of the first wits of this country," according
to Johnson, "got into Parliament, and never opened
his mouth."
John Burges continued as sole printer after the
death of Archdeacon in 1795. Two large diction-
1 Literary Anecdotes^ viu, 414.
2 Published in London, 1771.
CAMBRIDGE BOOKS, 1770-1800 119
aries were, amongst other works, printed during his
term of office: Ladvocat's Historical and Biographical
Dictionary ( 1 800-1801) and Hoogeveen's Diction-
arium Analoglcum ( 1 800) ; academical works of ref-
erence, such as Cambridge University Calendar^ 1 796)
and the Graduati Cantabrigienses (1800), also begin
to appear; the Calendar , however, was not regularly
printed at the Press until 1826, and it is only since
1914 that the Syndics have been responsible for its
publication 1 .
Finally, there maybe noted Relhan's Flora Canta-
brigiensis (and ed. 1802) and Harraden's Picturesque
Views of Cambridge (1800) containing 24 views
from original drawings by Richard Harraden, a
London artist who came to Cambridge in 1798.
i See Cambridge Historical Register^ p. vii.
THE SENATE HOUSE, THE NEW LIBRARY, AND
ST MARY'S CHURCH
(From Cantabrigia Depicta, 1763)
VII
THE EARLY NINETEENTH CENTURY
^ [| ^ H E immediate official successor of Burges as
-1L university printer was John Deighton, elected
on 28 April, 1802; he, however, held office only till
1 1 December of the same year and seems to have
served the Press as publishing agent rather than as
printer. Thus in 1803 he, with Francis Hodson of
Cambridge and Richard Newcomb of Stamford,
undertook to purchase the whole stock of royal
octavo bibles belonging to the university (amounting
to 5627 copies in all) for the sum of 2323 ios.
Deighton had begun business in Cambridge about
1777 and removed to London in 1786; in 1795 he
appears to have returned to Cambridge, where he es-
tablished the bookselling firm that has since become
Deighton, Bell and Co.
About this time the Syndics seem to have taken
counsel of, or at any rate to have compared notes
with, the Oxford University Press; a rough note-
book, kept by Isaac Milner, one of the most active
of the Cambridge Syndics, contains various memo-
randa concerning the Oxford method of manage-
ment. Milner seems particularly to have discussed
with Mr Dawson, of the Clarendon Press, the proper
percentage of profit on the printing and selling of
^bibles. One of Milner's notes is reproduced here as
being of interest not only in the history of Cam-
bridge printing, but also in the history of business;
ISAAC MILNER
121
it should be added that there is a note appended to
the calculation explaining that "the 25 per cent.,
it is supposed, will nearly leave the proposed profit
/,
- 3-
A PAGE FROM ISAAC MILNER'S NOTE-BOOK, 1800
of 10 per cent, and pay all the wear and tear and
salary of superintendence."
122 EARL STANHOPE
Richard Watts, the printer elected at Cambridge
to succeed John Deighton in December, 1802, also
appears to have had previous experience in Oxford,,
where he had conducted, and had a share in, a paper
under Dr Manor, called the Oxjord Mercury ., in op-
position to Dr Jackson's Oxford Journal. Immedi-
ately before his election he seems to have been agent
for Mr Hamilton, a printer of Falcon Court, London.
A little more than a year after this appointment
Cambridge received another offer of a secret for the
process of stereotype printing. The inventor was the
third Earl Stanhope, a remarkable man who, besides
being prominent in political life, was a Fellow of
the Royal Society, the author of Principles of Elec-
tricity, and the inventor of many devices including
a microscopic lens, a new kind of cement, a calcu-
lating machine, an artificial tile for keeping out
rain, a cure for wounds made in trees, an instrument
for performing logical operations, and several im-
provements in the art of printing. Of these last the
most important were the Stanhope press and an im-
proved process of stereotyping: the Stanhope press
was made of iron instead of wood and an ingenious
mechanism made it possible to print a sheet twice
as large as on the old wooden presses; the university
bought two of these new presses, which are still in
use at the present day.
The offer of the stereotype secret came to the
university from Andrew Wilson, the London printer
employed by Earl Stanhope. By a preliminary agree-
ment of 20 April, 1804, Wilson was to receive for
the space of 14 years one-third of the savings re-
ANDREW WILSON 123
suiting from the employment of the stereotype pro-
cess and was to act, in conjunction with Watts, as
agent for the Syndics' bibles and prayer-books. The
savings were to be calculated by arbitrators appointed
by the respective parties.
This not very business-like arrangement naturally
led to a dispute before long. As early as October,
1805, Milner seems to have had misgivings both
about the scheme and about Wilson's competency,
as the following entries in his note-book show:
Qy whether Wilson's declaration of 30,000 profits in
8 years be not a proof want of judgm*.
Qy whether Wilson be not an advent r without judg-
ment.
Hints to new Vice-C r .
i . The system of talking before them viz. Watts and
Wilson.
The absolute necessity of others being informed in the
stereotype art.
Watts talks of going to London again by Wilson's
directions to see what chases and things he wants and
when I say he should not leave them, he says, Oh, there
is no more in leaving them now than when he was ill
they are to be trusted.
Qy Quid cogitant ille and Wilson.
Qy x to agree with Oxf d ? as a Stereotyper ?
The supposition contained in the last cryptic note
was well justified, as Wilson had in March, 1805,
proposed to the Clarendon Press "to put the Uni-
versity in possession of the Art of Stereotype Print-
ing "; later in the same year the Delegates, having
resolved that "the University of Cambridge being in
possession of the Art, it seems not only expedient,
but necessary, that Oxford should be possess'd of the
124 ANDREW WILSON
same ad vantages, " entered into an agreement by which
Wilson was to instruct their representatives in the
stereotype processes for the sum of ^ooo 1 .
In 1806 Wilson claimed that, as the introduction
of stereotyping had enabled the Syndics to convert
a warehouse into a printing-office for the sum of
1 500 instead of building a new one at a cost of
4500, he was entitled by the agreement to his share
of the saving of 3000 thu* effected.
On 6 March, 1807, the university agreed to pay
Wilson the sum of 865 i6s yd for the composi-
tion and two sets of plates of a bourgeois testa-
ment, a brevier testament and a nonpareil Welsh
testament 2 ; it being provided that the university
should make for Wilson (from type supplied by him-
self) so many perfect plates towards octavo editions
of Ainsworth's Dictionary and Johnson's Dictionary
as should amount in value to the aggregate of Wilson's
bill. Later in the same year the university definitely
acquired the stereotype secret by a further agree-
ment: 2000 was to be paid immediately, 1000
which had been previously advanced to Wilson was
to become his property, and further sums were to be
paid in accordance with the amount of the sales of
bibles, testaments and prayer-books 3 .
The following extracts, describing the outline of
1 Collectanea, vol. in, Part vn (Oxford Historical Society],
where a full account (by Horace Hart) of Stanhope's invention
and of his connection with the Clarendon Press will be found.
2 Details of Wilson's bill may be seen in Registry MS 33.
7\ 24, and have been printed in Bowes, Biographical Notes,
P- 327.
3 Registry MS 33. 7. 26.
THE STEREOTYPE SECRET 125
the stereotype process, are taken from Milner's note-
book:
1 . The pages as they come from the composers have
been first well cleansed with a solution of American
Potash 14 Ib in 3 buckets of water.
2 . They must then be gently dried by the fire and then
cool and a little oil of Turpentine is put on a plate with 2
parts sweet oil.... This mixture gets thick by time: The
plate is then well done over with a little of this mixture
by one of the small soft brushes like a painter's brush
3. Then a copper measure of the powdered calcined
gypsum is taken viz. about J or f pint and the same
quantity of soft water and they are put into a copper
vessel and shaken exceedingly well together: and then
the mixture is to be poured upon the types, there being
first placed upon them an iron frame to form an Edge to
sustain the fluid Gypsum and water.
4. Immediately, and without the least loss of time the
short square brushes are now to be taken and you
must work the Air out quickly with them and continue
working till the gypsum is too fixed to allow of more
working.
5. When so fixed that you can easily make an im-
pression, that is, while the Plaster is softish, take of? the
upper frame and scrape clean all the elevated plaster. It
will rise again above the level by and by; scrape again
and lastly as soon as it is so fixed that it is not easy to
make a mark with y r nail, then lay it carefully upon a soft
frame (covered with a sort of cloth) and then take a piece
of wood that nearly fits the cake, and gently thrust it so
as to make it quit the frame; and then dress it with a
knife and lay it between two pieces of marble to keep
it from warping.
6. The types must now be cleaned by picking out any
bits of gypsum left in the Interstices... and lastly they
must be brushed; and then done over again for a new
mold.
126 THE STEREOTYPE SECRET
7. The artist, Mr Austen, Engraver can dress and
cure any little imperfection in the plates when cast.
8. The Gypsum requires about 2 hours for calcina-
tion ; and is known to be right when you break the pieces,
and see them moulded quite thro* Matter of Ex-
perience.
9. The Gypsum should be broken with small bits
about 2 ounces each.
10. and when calcined they are to be ground on a
Stone
1 1 . When the moulds are made, and placed between
the marbles... they will be ready in 2 or 3 hours for
baking
12. They are to be baked being placed upright on
stands like those for toasted bread raised a little from
the bottom of the furnace About 2 hours or 2| hours
will take the moulds
Casting
The metal is precisely the Type metal. The Pots must
be made quite as hot as the metal or rather more
Then the floating plate must be placed in the frame
and the cake or mould directly upon it with its face down-
wards : Then place upon the top the cover of the frame,
and screw it down : and dip the whole in metal melted so
that a match will light at it. The melted metal will run
in at those places made in the mould by the bits of brass
till all be full and then remove the whole to be cooled
on a tile in water with lime upon it and as it cools and
shrinks, supply with fresh melted metal.
The acquisition of this secret did not end the dis-
putes with Wilson; the university in 1 8 1 1 protested
against payment of the bill referred to in the agree-
ment of March, 1807, on the ground that Wilson
iiad not supplied them with the type for Ainsworth's
and Johnson's Dictionaries and that they were so pre-
vented from selling the plates to him. No documents
THE STEREOTYPE SECRET 127
have been preserved to show how the case ended, but
the following hypothetical case on which the uni-
versity invited the opinion of counsel about this time
may be quoted in conclusion:
Whether supposing A.B. to be acquainted with the
secret mode of making stereotype plates, and supposing
C.D. to know the mode now in general use, and whereas
it is conceived that the secret is now no secret. Sup-
posing A.B. to inquire of C.D. his (C.D.'s) mode of
making the plates, and by his answers it appeared that
he (C.D.) was acquainted with all the peculiarities of
the secret, would A.B. be justified in telling C.D. that
such was the secret?
Meanwhile, the Press buildings were growing. On
the site of the White Lion Inn, bought in 1762, a
warehouse had been built in 1 786 and on 20 April,
1804, the Syndics instructed Mr Watts, with the
assistance of Mr Humphreys, to "prepare a plan
for altering the Warehouse into a Printing office."
This building was described by Dyer, writing in
1809, as "a commodious brick building, situated
in Silver Street, with a stereotype foundry adjoining"
and, as has been already seen, it was claimed that
this economical conversion was made possible by the
introduction of stereotype printing.
The Syndics' relations with their printer at this
time were not altogether happy. In 1808 two of the
Syndics (Dr Milner and Mr Wood) were appointed
to examine the Press accounts, since it was alleged
that, in contrast to the average annual profit of i 500
for a number of years before 1802, Watts had shown
no profit at all for five years. These charges were set
128 RICHARD WATTS
forth in a pamphlet entitled Facts and Observations
relative to the state of the University Press, to which
Watts wrote a Reply. Watts resigned as soon as the
enquiry was instituted and, when the examination of
the accounts was completed in the next year, it was
decided to elect a new printer. Apart from the various
stereotype editions of the bible and prayer-book no
books of great importance seem to have been printed
by Watts.
His successor, John Smith, was elected in 1809
and held the office of printer for 26 years.
It was during this period that the University Press
began to assume its present appearance 1 . By 1820
the existing buildings had become quite inadequate
to the growing business of the Press and the Syndics
recommended the university to purchase Mr James
Nutter's estate in Silver Street for the sum of 5060.
The following grace was accordingly passed by the
Senate on 24 January, 1821:
Quum in Typographeo vestro, ex angustiis loci, multa
detrimenta atque incommoda subinde exoriri soleant;
quumque, in remedium mali istius, Preli Typographic!
Curatores pactionem inierint cum Domino Nutter, ut
facilitate a vobis impetrata, quasdam domos illius quin-
que mille et sexaginta librarum pretio redimerunt : Pla-
ceat Vobis, ut pactio ista rata ac firma habeatur, atque ut
summa praedicta e cista communi, usibus istis destinanda,
erogetur.
The property thus acquired was on the site of the
ancient inn known as The Cardinal's Cap. Its boun-
i The provision of refreshment at meetings of the Syndicate
j^ad also been introduced by this time. A receipt for tea, coffee,
muffins, and toast provided during the years 1815 and 1 8 1 6 is
preserved at the Press.
PLAN OF THE PRESS BUILDINGS
(Based on Willis & Clark, in. 132. Recent additions are marked )
NEW BUILDINGS 129
daries are marked on the plan and in 1824,
the Syndics of the Press, having taken the advice
of an "eminent London Printer" (Mr Hansard),
recommended that, as the existing buildings were
"so dilapidated and so inadequate to the effectual
conducting of the business," immediate steps should
be taken towards extension. In the next year plans
by James Walter for a new printing-house on the
west side of the quadrangle and a printer's house in
Mill Lane were approved by the Senate. These
buildings were completed in January, 1 827, the fitting
of them being superintended by Thomas Hansard 1 .
A more famous addition to the Press buildings is
that associated with the name of William Pitt.
On 25 May, 1824, the following letter was ad-
dressed to the Vice-Chancellor (John Lamb, Master
of Corpus Christi College) by the Marquess Cam-
den, chairman of the London Pitt Club Committee:
Sir,
I have the Honor to inform you that I am just re-
turned from a Meeting of the Committee appointed to
consider of the disposal of the surplus of Money sub-
scribed, many years ago, for the Erection of a Statue to
the memory of M r Pitt.
I am, now, authorized by that Committee to state to
you, Sir, that which I had the Honor of personally com-
municating to you at Cambridge : * the disposition of that
Committee to recommend to a general Meeting of Sub-
scribers to the Fund above-mentioned the Disposal of a
considerable Sum of Money for the Erection of an hand-
some Building connected with the University Press at
i In recognition of his services Hansard was presented by the
Syndics with "a handsome silver inkstand with an appropriate
inscription."
130 THE PITT PRESS BUILDING
Cambridge;' but, as it will be necessary to state to the
general Meeting how far the University is disposed to
find and provide a proper Scite for the erecting such
Building, near or opposite to Pembroke College, I now
trouble you on that subject, and I request you will have
the goodness to inform me how far I may be authorized
to inform the General Meeting of the Disposition of the
University to find and provide a proper Scite as above-
mentioned for the erecting of an handsome Building,
which the Committee is desirous should be erected on
such a scale as to be a distinguished Ornament to the
University, and tend to perpetuate the Name and Mem-
ory of M r Pitt
I have the Honor to remain, Sir,
Your most obedient humble Servant,
CAMDEN.
A favourable reply having, no doubt, been received
from the university, the Committee, at a meeting
held at the Thatched House Tavern on 1 8 June,
1 824, unanimously passed the following resolution:
That the surplus of the Fund, after defraying the
Expense of the Statue in Hanover-Square, as resolved
at the former meeting on the 1 1 th instant, be applied to
the Erection of a handsome and appropriate Building at
Cambridge, connected with the University Press; such
to bear the name of M r Pitt. That the Committee be
desired to take the necessary steps for carrying into
execution this Resolution.
The university, on its part, appointed a Syndicate
with authority to expend the sum of 8000 in pur-
chasing "houses or leases of houses for the purpose
of making exchanges with the Proprietors of the
x houses between Silver Street and Mill Lane fronting
towards Trumpington Street."
After some years of delay the Committee approved
THE PITT PRESS BUILDING 131
the designs submitted by Edmund Blore, who came
to Cambridge with a letter of introduction from the
Marquess Camden in 1 829. In this letter the desire
of the Committee for an imposing central chamber
and staircase is evident:
It is necessary to premise, that the Committee is
desirous that an handsome Room should be included in
the Design, together with a staircase leading to it, but
that the Committee would be most desirous any Accom-
modation could be given to the Press in the Building to
be erected which did not interfere with those parts which
they think should be ornamented.
Subsequently the university obtained the whole
frontage between Mill Lane and Silver Street a
larger site than that on which Blore's original design
had been based. Furthermore, the Pitt statue in Han-
over Square cost more than had been anticipated.
The Pitt Memorial Committee, therefore, undertook
to erect the main building in Trumpington Street at
a cost of 9000, while the university authorised an
expenditure of not more than 2000 upon the build-
ings (also designed by Blore) which form the north
side of the Press quadrangle.
The first stone of the Pitt Press building was laid
by the Marquess Camden on 1 8 October, 1831, and
the work was completed in about eighteen months,
the total cost being 10,71 1 8.r 9^.
It consists of three floors with a square central
tower containing a lofty room designed for the Press
Syndicate, but now used as the Registry of the Uni-
versity. As to the architectural style of the building,
comment may best be confined to the repetition
of Willis and Clark's laconic description: "The
92
1 32 THE PITT PRESS BUILDING
style of the building is Late Perpendicular." Some
extracts from the account of the opening on 28 April,
1 83 3, abridged from The Cambridge Chronicle ( i May,
1833), may also be given in conclusion:
The Pitt Press having been completed, Tuesday last
was appointed for the Vice-Chancellor to receive the key
of the building from the Marquis Camden and a deputa-
tion of the Pitt Committee.... Having arrived at the build-
ing the Marquis Camden, accompanied by the members
of the Committee, proceeded into the grand entrance hall,
and having invited the Vice-Chancellor to the door, spoke
as follows:
"Mr Vice-Chancellor and Gentlemen of the Univer-
sity of Cambridge : The idea of connecting the name of
Mr Pitt with the Press of that University to which he
owed his education and so much of his fame, was met
by all parties with enthusiasm. The University have
displayed an activity and liberality in providing this mag-
nificent site which could only have been prompted by
an admiration for the character of Mr Pitt. The Com-
mittee, animated by a personal respect and affection to-
wards their contemporary, have endeavoured to cause to
be erected on this site, such a building as might prove
an addition to the other great improvements already per-
fected in this place and which, from its peculiar destina-
tion, will unite the name of Mr Pitt with all those works
of religion, morality, and science, which will in future
emanate from it, and diffuse throughout the world the
connexion of his name with erudition and learning
Sir, you have caused this ceremony to be attended by
all the undergraduates as well as by the dignitaries of the
University. Let me call the peculiar attention of all to
this ceremony, and allow me to impress on the under-
graduates that we, Mr Pitt's contemporaries, have been
\ witnesses of his uniting the closest study with the utmost
cheerfulness, and, when not employed in solving the
most abstruse problems, he has engaged the admiration
THE PITT PRESS BUILDING 133
of his friends and companions, by the liveliest sallies of
wit and imagination. Let his example stimulate you to
the greatest exertion during your residence in this place,
so well calculated to provide for your instruction in every
department of literature and science." 1
The key was then presented to the Vice-Chan-
cellor , who grew eloquent in his reply:
What more appropriate monument then could be
erected to the memory of Pitt than this building, the
chief purpose and object of which is to send forth to the
world the Word of God; and could he, with prophetic
eye, when residing in yon neighbouring college, whose
proudest boast is to number him among her sons could
he have beheld such a structure, bearing his name, raised
for such a purpose, and erected by such friends, even his
own eloquence would have scarce sufficed to express the
feelings of his heart. My Lord, the edifice with which
you have adorned this University, and the illustrious
name it bears, will add a fresh stimulus to our exertions
in the dissemination of truth, the extension of science,
and the advancement of religious knowledge; and I
humbly trust that nothing will ever issue from these walls
but such works as may conduce to the furtherance of
these important objects 1
After which, the company, having printed off copies
of the inscription on the foundation-stone from a
press specially setup for the occasion, " went upstairs
into the Syndicate Room, where they partook of a
cold collation given by the Press Syndicate."
In the early part of his career, John Smith laboured
under the difficulties arising out of the "dilapidated
and inadequate ' ' condition of the old Press buildings.
The chief source of business continued to be the
sale of bibles and prayer-books and agencies were
i Quoted in Willis and Clark, in, 142.
134 JOHN SMITH
arranged with Rivingtons, Baldwin & Co., and
other London booksellers.
Of the books printed by Smith the most notable
are the editions of classical authors for which the
"Great Porson Greek" type was used. This fine
fount had been cut under Person's direction by Austin,
of London, with the assistance of Richard Watts and
was used for various editions of the Greek trage-
dians by Blomfield, Monk, and Scholefield.
In 1 824 the King expressed his gracious pleasure
that the newly discovered MS of Milton should be
printed at the University Press and a new fount of
pica type (weighing 1 2 cwt.) was specially ordered
from Messrs Millar, of Edinburgh, for the purpose 1 .
In 1827 the Syndics, having again taken counsel of
eminent London printers and booksellers (Charles
and John Rivington, Mawman, Baldwin, Hansard,
Gilbert) , resolved upon the expediency of appointing
"a Superintendent of the concerns of the Press in
all its departments, immediately under the Vice-
Chancellor and General Syndicate," and, while no
charges were brought against the technical quality of
Smith's printing, there seems to have been a general
feeling that he was not adequate to the control of the
whole business. Smith's Observations relating to the
Affairs of the Press (16 March, 1829) throw an
interesting light on the difficulties with which he had
to contend. He begs to observe, for instance,
that many of the works brought to the Press are in the
most unprepared state possible... the consequence is, that
\
i Syndics' Minute Book 1 823-43, from which various extracts
are quoted in the later part of this chapter.
JOHN SMITH 135
when proof-sheets are sent to the respective Authors, the
work is much cut-up, and subject to continued Over-
runnings and Corrections The Authors, for the most
part being Gentlemen of the University engaged with
Pupils during Term-time, furnish their Copy in detail
loosely written and frequent suspensions of MS, which
necessarily occasions great delay and inconvenience
The Gentlemen of the Press Syndicate must be aware
(tho* a London Printer cannot, unless he witnessed the
operation) that the Examination-Papers which of late
years have abundantly increased, must from their nature
have retarded all regular work in the Composing Room.
These papers could only be executed by Workmen com-
petent and accustomed to Mathematical and Greek Com-
position; and my best Mathematical Compositors are
those who have been brought up and trained in our own
Office: London Workmen having in several instances
left the Office, rather than undertake the Composition
of such Works 1 .
Smith also claims a development of the bible
business:
I had the honour of being elected Printer at the close
of 1809 at that time the number of Presses employed
did not exceed eight : the number increased in 1812 and
1 8 1 3 to thirteen. At this period, and on to 1815 and 1 7
increased and increasing Orders flowed in from the British
and Foreign Bible Society and also (through Messrs
Rivingtons) from the Society for Promoting Christian
Knowledge....
The fact is, that from 1813 to 1815 the demand for
Bibles etc was such, that had the same quantity of work
to be executed been required to be finished in the manner
in which the same books are now printed, they would
not possibly have been done with the means the Press
then possessed "Send up the Books in gatherings" (i.e.
divisions) was the repeated order of the Bible Society
i Registry MS 33. i. 46.
136 JOHN WILLIAM PARKER
"and we will spare you the trouble of booking off etc,
etc." Many thousand copies were thus supplied which
were never properly dried....
Finally, a statement is presented showing an average
annual profit of 3191 from 1809 to 1827.
The Syndics, however, adhered to their view and
invited Mr Clowes, of London, to examine the Press;
Clowes sent his overseer, John William Parker, and
in February, 1829, was appointed Superintendent
of the Press at a salary of 400 a year on the under-
standing that, while he himself should execute the
London business which the appointment involved,
the actual superintendence at Cambridge should be
deputed to Parker.
Parker infused new life into the business: he in-
troduced improved methods of book-keeping, bought
new types and hydraulic presses, installed an appa-
ratus "for warming the Press buildings by means of
heated air," and in 1832 established a depository
for the sale of Cambridge bibles and prayer-books
at his house in the Strand.
When John Smith retired with a pension in 1836,
Parker was appointed printer in his place, visiting
Cambridge for two days every fortnight; the bible
business continued to expand and in 1838 Parker
could offer fifty-six different editions of the bible
and prayer-book. One bible calls for special com-
ment: on i o January, 1835, King William IV wrote
to the Marquess Camden from the Pavilion, Brighton,
^suggesting that there should be printed at Cambridge,
as at Oxford, a certain number of bibles for pre-
sentation to sovereigns visiting the country. The
JOHN WILLIAM PARKER 137
Chancellor conveyed the suggestion to the Syndics
who unanimously agreed "that in obedience to His
Majesty's command a quarto Bible with marginal ref-
erences be immediately put to press "; 250 copies,
printed on Imperial paper, were to be reserved for
purposes of presentation and one copy was to be
struck off on vellum for the King himself; larger
editions were to be printed on ordinary paper for
general sale and Parker was instructed to order a
special fount of English type.
Reductions in the cost of bibles were also effected
and the Royal Commission of 1850-52 remarked
upon the great reduction of price between 1830 and
1850 "attributable to improved machinery and to
better arrangements in the establishment." One of
the most important of these improvements was the
introduction of steam-power for printing, the Syn-
dics resolving on 13 June, 1838, "that it appears
expedient to introduce machinery into the Pitt Press."
For many years, however, the Bible Society stoutly
refused to purchase books printed by steam presses.
Apart from the great advances made in the actual
processes of printing during this period, Parker's
work is also of great importance in the development
of Cambridge publishing.
As has been already noted, Parker established a
publishing house in the Strand in 1832 and besides
acting as agent for Cambridge bibles, he included
in his catalogue the greater part of the educational
books printed at the Press. The stock-books kept
at Cambridge show that the bulk of the editions were
delivered to Parker's warehouse in London or to
138 JOHN WILLIAM PARKER
Deighton's in Cambridge and the names of both firms
frequently appear on title-pages. University pub-
lications, together with classical, mathematical, and
theological text-books and treatises, predominate in
the list and the names of such scholars as Blomfield,,
Babington, Colenso, Donaldson, Hare, Monk, Paley,
Scholefield, Shilleto, Trench,and Whewell are to be
found amongst the authors.
In 1 844 it was proposed to reprint a number of
standard works in theology and general literature "in
order to provide against the loss which the want of
full employment for the Workmen frequently oc-
casions." It was hoped that by such an undertaking
"the University would not only be enabled to secure
regular occupation for their Printing Establishment,
but would, also, acquire a copyright-interest in certain
important Works which would ultimately prove a
permanent source of income." Out of a long list
three titles were chosen for publication: Stilling-
fleet's Conferences and Tracts, Cosin's History of the
Canon, and Knight's Life of Erasmus.
Not all the books printed, of course, can be re-
garded as the publications of the Syndics of the Press.
Somewere printed to the order of an author or book-
seller or society (e.g. the Parker Society); others
were private ventures of Parker himself (such as his
series of Popular Literature including Linnaeus and
Botany, Smeeton on Lighthouses, Cuvier and Natural
History, Sir "Joseph Banks and the Royal Society); but
Bothers were definitely the property of the university,
a^ the following minute of the Syndics of 25 May,
1838, shows:
JOHN WILLIAM PARKER 139
At a meeting of the Syndicate held this day it was
agreed, that the following be the form of an imprint for
the New Edition of Wilson's Illustrations etc of the New
Testament and that the same be adopted as the imprint
in all such editions of books as shall be retained as the
property of the University
Cambridge, printed at the Pitt Press,
by J. W. Parker, Printer to the University
and again in 1 850 it was ordered that it should be
stated on the title-page whether the book was
printed for the author, editor, or publisher.
Towards the end of Parker's career in Cambridge,
there was a distinct decline of business; the extension
of the right of printing bibles to the Scottish printers
in 1842 led to "the forced production of inferior
editions which gradually lowered the prices of those
of better quality produced in England/' The Syn-
dics, in a report to the Senate in 1849, while de-
claring the management of the previous 20 years to
have been most satisfactory, found themselves faced
by two alternatives for the fature: either a large outlay
upon new types and stereotype plates, or the placing
of the establishment upon a reduced footing and the
second course was recommended.
The condition and extent of the Press in 1852 is
summarised in the statement prepared by the Syndics
for the Royal Commission.
There were at this time eighteen Syndics, who
met once a fortnight during term; by a grace of 1 752
five (of whom one must be the Vice-Chancellor or
his deputy) constituted a quorum and the average
attendance was 7^.
The printing-office contained frames for 70 com-
140 THE PRESS IN 1852
positors, presses for 56 press men, and 8 printing
machines, requiring about 50 men and boys to work
them; a lo-horse steam-engine, 2 boilers, twining
lathe, forge, and circular saw; one steam power
milling machine, hydraulic and screw hot presses
employing about 100 men and boys in all. The
machinery was claimed to be "good of its kind."
There was provision also for "any number of
Readers, Observers, Warehousemen and Boys, ne-
cessary to carry on, get up, complete, and deliver
the greatest amount of work which could at any
time be done."
The two financial privileges enjoyed by the Press
were the 'drawback' of i J*/alb. on the paper duty
and the Government annuity of 500, less income
tax 1 .
The business of the Press was defined as consisting
of the printing of bibles, testaments, and prayer-
books; of printing work for the university and col-
leges; of printing books edited for the Syndics; of
book and job printing for the members of the uni-
versity; of printing works published by the Parker
and other learned societies; and of "such Book work,
as, subject to the 'Imprimatur' of the Vice-Chan-
cellor, may be offered by Publishers and other con-
nexions of the Press."
Finally, the Syndics declared that it did not appear
to them that any change of management could pro-
duce greater profits than were at that time realised.
x Parker retired in 1854 and, in spite of the serious
fluctuations in the bible trade, the first half of the
i See pp. 100, 115.
THE PRESS IN 1852 141
nineteenth century must be regarded as a period of
expansion in building, in machinery, and in business.
For the first time the chief servant of the Syndics
was a man with an intimate knowledge of the book
trade, who served the university as publisher as well
as printer. The assumption by the Syndics themselves
of the full responsibilities of a publishing firm was
reserved for the later half of the century.
VIII
THE LATEST AGE
IN spite of the statement of the Syndics quoted at
the end of the preceding chapter, the University
Commissioners of 1850-52 reported their opinion
that
it is only by associating printers or publishers in some
species of co-partnership with the University, or by
leasing the Press to them, that any considerable return
can hereafter be expected from the capital which has been
invested in it... we are satisfied that no Syndicate, how-
ever active and well chosen, can replace the intelligent
and vigilant superintendence of those whose fortune in
life is dependent upon its success.
Accordingly, on the resignation of Parker, the
Syndicate recommended that the university should
enter into partnership with "Mr George Seeley of
Fleet Street, London, Bookseller, and Mr Charles
John Clay, M.A. of Trinity College and of Bread
Street Hill, London, Printer," and the grace for
the deed of partnership was passed on 3 July, 1 8 54.
The control of the printing thus came into the
hands of Mr Clay, whilst Mr Seeley received the sole
agency for the sale of Cambridge bibles and prayer-
books; Mr Seeley, however, retired two years later
and Mr Clay entered into a fresh agreement with
the university.
The period of Mr Clay's management was one of
great expansion. At the end of his first ten years of
office it was estimated that the Press produced about
four or five times as much as when he first undertook
MODERN PRINTERS 143
the management; in 1876, and again in 1886, the
Syndics reported to the Senate that the business had
attained a considerable magnitude and that large ad-
ditions had been made to the machinery and plant.
Increase of business naturally demanded increased
accommodation and in 1863 a foundry was built
upon the site of some old cottages in Black Lion
Yard. Eight years later new machine-rooms and
warehouses were built on the site of Diamond Court,
leading out of Silver Street, and a still larger addition
was made in 1 877-78, when a three-storied building
was erected in the south-west corner of the quad-
rangle. The most recent additions are the extensions
of the warehouse and machine-room on the Silver
Street side and the red brick building (containing the
syndicate room and secretarial offices), which forms
the south side of the quadrangle 1 .
In 1 882 Mr John Clay, son of Mr C. J. Clay, was
admitted into the partnership with the university and
from 1886 to 1904 Mr C. F. Clay was also associ-
ated with it. Mr John Clay became university printer
on his father's retirement in 1895 and held the office
until his death in 1916, when the partnership was
dissolved and the present printer, Mr J. B. Peace,
Fellow of Emmanuel College, was appointed. From
1 9 1 7 to 1919 the Syndics also employed the services
of Mr Bruce Rogers, whose distinguished work
as a printer is well known on both sides of the
Atlantic. One of the best known figures in the Press
in the later half of the nineteenth century was
that of Alfred Mason. His remarkable personality
i See plan, facing p. 128.
144 THE PRESS TO-DAY
dominated the counting-house for a long period
and when he died in 1919 he had been for 65
years in the service of the Press.
The present buildings of the Press include ma-
chine-rooms, containing large quad royal and quad
demy perfectors, revolution presses, and single cylin-
der machines; a foundry comprising a stereotyping
department, an electro-moulding room, an electro-
battery room, and two finishing rooms; type store-
rooms, composing-rooms, and monotype-rooms; an
art department for lithographic, half-tone, and other
process work; and the warehouse, where the fin-
ished sheets are stored ready to be sent away for bind-
ing. Every month an average of 40 tons of printed
matter leaves the Press to be delivered to London
binders.
Printing is done in a wide variety of languages,
including Hebrew, Arabic, Pali, Coptic, Sanskrit,
Hausa, Syriac and Amharic, and the type catalogue
makes a volume of about 200 pages.
Perhaps the greatest fame of the Cambridge Press
rests upon its mathematical typography. To glance
at a page, say, of Princifia Mathematica is to realise
a little but only a little of the minute care and skill
required of the compositor, the press-reader, and the
machine-minder in the production of such a book.
It may be permissible here, perhaps, to quote one
recent tribute from the preface to Professor E. W.
Brown's Tables of the Motion of the Moon, printed
in 1918 for the Yale University Press:
The reading of the proof has been almost entirely
directed to the detection of errors in the manuscript.
THE SYNDICS AS PUBLISHERS 145
That this has been possible is due to the remarkable
record of the Cambridge University Press which in set-
ting up over five hundred quarto pages of numerical
tables has allowed less than a dozen printer's errors to
pass its proof-readers and has, in addition, frequently
queried our own mistakes. Few sheets have required a
second proof and in the actual use of the Tables, as finally
printed, for the calculation of the ephemeris for two years,
no error of any kind has been detected.
On the retirement of Mr George Seeley in 1856,
Messrs Hamilton, Adams & Co. , of Paternoster Row,
were appointed as agents for the Syndics' books 1 . This
arrangement, however, does not seem to have been
satisfactory, as the name of a new agent George
Cox appears in the following year; a further change
was made in 1862 when the firm of Rivingtons be-
came agents for Cambridge books; finally, when this
agreement came to an end, ten years later, the Syn-
dics reported to the Senate that "acting on the advice
of Mr Clay' 'they had decided "not to appoint other
Agents, but to conduct their London business in an
office of their own, under the superintendence of a
paid Manager" and that they had agreed "to take a
Lease of convenient premises in Paternoster Row.'*
The beginning of the Syndics' career as London
publishers in the strict sense of the term must
therefore be assigned to the year 1 872. At that time
the number of books published by the Syndics
apart from bibles and prayer-books was very small.
Among them, however, may be noted the first
volume of Mullinger's The University of Cambridge,
i The catalogue of Works edited for the Syndics (1857) con-
tained about 25 titles.
10
146 THE PITT PRESS SERIES
published in 1873, tne ^ rst instalment of a monu-
mental work which remained uncompleted at the
author's death in 1917.
In 1 874 an important step was taken, the Syndics
deciding to publish a series of editions of Greek,
Latin, French, and German authors designed for use
in schools and especially for candidates for the Local
Examinations. This was the beginning of the Pitt
Press Series, which now includes over 300 volumes,
and such editions as Sidgwick's Firgi/and Mr Verity's
Shakespeare to name but two out of many have
become familiar to many generations of schoolboys.
The Syndics' catalogue for 1875 ( a pamphlet
of 1 6 tiny pages) reflects the beginnings of school-
book publishing: it opens with some nine volumes
in the Pitt Press Series; then follow Scrivener's
Paragraph Bible, Scholefield's GreekTestament and
several theological works including Isaac Barrow's
Works in nine volumes; there are five editions of
Greek and Latin authors, among them being Paley
and Sandys's Private Orations of Demosthenes and
Heitland's Cicero pro Murena; mathematics and phy-
sics claim nine books, including Kelvin and Tait's
'Elements of * Natural Philosophy; history is represen-
ted by Mullinger's first volume, already referred to,
and Mayor's edition of Baker's History of St Johns
College; of law books there are three, including
Whewell's edition of Grotius de lure Belli ac Pads;
and the list ends with a few catalogues and university
examination papers.
In 1877 the publication of another important series
was begun The Cambridge Bible j or Schools. The
THE REVISED VERSION 147
general editor was Dr J. J. S. Perowne, afterwards
Bishop of Worcester, and the first volume to appear
was Maclear's St Mark,
Originally designed for school use, the series soon
attained a wider public. It was begun before the
publication of the Revised Version and at the very
time when the controversy was raging in Scotland
which resulted in the suspension of Robertson Smith
from his professorship at Aberdeen; when the series
was finally completed by Sir George Adam Smith's
Deuteronomy in 1918, many of the older volumes
had already been replaced or revised. On the death
of Bishop Perowne in 1 904 The Times referred to the
series as one which had "done more to spread accu-
rate Biblical knowledge among English-speaking
people than any book except the Revised Version."
The agreements between the university presses and
the two companies of revisers for the publication of
the Revised Version had been completed, "after
much careful consideration as well as protracted ne-
gotiation/' in 1873.
Three years earlier the New Testament company
had held the first of its 407 meetings in the Jerusalem
Chamber of Westminster Abbey. The company in-
cluded the most distinguished theologians of the time
Hort, Westcott, Lightfoot, Ellicott, Scrivener,
W. F. Moulton and at first an average of only
seventeen verses was revised in the daily session.
Later, however, progress became a little more rapid
and the revision was completed on 1 1 November,
1880. The Revised New Testament was published
jointly by the university presses in 1 88 1 and the Old
10 2
148 SCIENTIFIC BOOKS
Testament three years later. The secretary of the
Old Testament company was W. Aldis Wright, for
more than 3 o years a Syndic of the Cambridge Press.
By 1 890 the catalogue of the Syndics' publications
had grown considerably, not only by additions to
the Pitt Press and other Series, but by the publication
of largerworks on literary and scientific subjects, such
as Robertson Smith's Kinship and Marriage in early
Arabia, Willis and Clark's Architectural History of
the University oj Cambridge, Maitland's edition of
Bractons Note Book, and Jebb's Sophocles.
Cayley's Collected Mathematical Papers, in thir-
teen volumes, were published between 1889 an< ^
1897, and have since been followed by similar col-
lections of the mathematical and scientific work of
Kelvin, Rayleigh, Reynolds, Stokes, Sylvester, Tait,
and other scholars. Meanwhile, larger publishing
premises were found to be necessary, and in 1884
the London office was moved to Ave Maria Lane;
with the growth of business these premises similarly
became inadequate and the lease of the present offices
in Fetter Lane was bought by the university in 1 904.
One of the most important of the Syndics' under-
takings towards the end of the last century was
The Cambridge Modern History. Lord Acton had
been elected Regius Professor of Modern History in
1895 and early in 1896 the Syndics approached him
with a view to the compilation of a great English
universal history. In his report of 15 July, 1896
Lord Acton wrote:
Universal history is not the sum of all particular his-
tories, and ought to be contemplated, first, in its dis-
THE CAMBRIDGE MODERN HISTORT 149
tinctive essence, as Renaissance, Reformation, Religious
Wars, Absolute Monarchy, Revolution, etc. The several
countries may or may not contribute to feed the main
stream, and the distribution of matter must be made
accordingly. The history of nations that are off the line
must not suffer; it must be told as accurately as if the
whole was divided into annals
and later in a more detailed report:
It will be necessary to prescribe exact limits and con-
ditions, and to explain clearly what we desire to obtain,
and to avoid. We shall avoid the needless utterance of
opinion, and the service of a cause. Contributors will
understand that we are established not under the meri-
dian of Greenwich, but in longitude 30 West; that our
Waterloo must be one that satisfies French and English,
Germans and Dutch alike Ultimate history we cannot
have in this generation; but we can dispose of conven-
tional history and show the point we have reached on
the road from the one to the other If History is often
called the teacher and the guide that regulates public
life, which, to individuals as to societies, is as important
as private, this is the time and the place to prove the
title. . . .
The essential elements of the plan I propose for con-
sideration are these:
Division of subjects among many specially qualified
writers.
Highest pitch of knowledge without the display.
Distinction between the organic unity of general his-
tory and the sum of national histories, as the principle
for selecting and distributing matter.
Proportion between historic thought and historic fact.
Chart and compass for the coming century.
Lord Acton, however, did not live to carry out the
work and the editorship was entrusted to Sir A. W.
Ward, Sir G. W. Prothero, and Sir Stanley Leathes.
150 CO-OPERATIVE HISTORY
The first of the volumes of text appeared in 1 902
and the whole work was completed by a general index
published in 1912.
This plan of co-operative history has been adopted
by the Syndics in several other branches of learning:
The Cambridge History of English Literature was
completed under the editorship of Sir A. W. Ward
and Mr A. R. Waller in 1916, and other works in
progress are The Cambridge Medieval History, The
Cambridge History of India ^ The Cambridge History
of British Foreign Policy ^ and The Cambridge Ancient
History.
Another important undertaking was the publica-
tion of the eleventh edition of the Encyclopaedia
Britannica in 1911.
Short of summarising the forty-five main subject-
headings of the current catalogue, it would be difficult
as well as invidious to enter into further detail
concerning the modern publications of the Cam-
bridge University Press. It may suffice to note that
in the years immediately preceding the war the
average annual output of new books, exclusive of
journals, was 1 50. This figure excludes, of course,
the various editions of Cambridge bibles and prayer-
books: at the present time there are, apart from the
various styles of binding, 26 different editions of the
Authorised, and 19 of the Revised Version; 19
editions of the English, and 6 of the Scottish prayer-
book; of the latter, as of the new Canadian prayer-
Dook, the Syndics are the sole publishers.
During the war both the printing and publishing
THE SYNDICS OF THE PRESS 151
businesses suffered from shortage of personnel, of
metal, and of paper. Two hundred and fifty-two
servants of the Syndics joined His Majesty's forces
and of these forty-one were killed, or died, on
service.
In conclusion, it may be remarked that the method
of the government of the Press by a body of Syndics
appointed by the Senate of the university has, with
certain important modifications, persisted since 1 698.
The constitution of the Syndicate has been more
than once revised notably in 1782 and 1 8 5 5 and
the length of a Syndic's tenure of office varied from
time to time. The present body consists of the Vice-
Chancellor (ex officio} and fourteen Syndics; the
term of appointment is seven years and two Syndics
retire each year. The first permanent secretary,
Mr R. T. Wright, formerly Fellow of Christ's
College, was appointed in 1892; on his retirement
in 1911 he was succeeded by the present secretary,
Mr A. R. Waller, of Peterhouse.
The Syndics employ a staff of about 280 in Cam-
bridge and of no, under the management of Mr
C. F. Clay, at their publishing office in Fetter Lane;
their current catalogue contains the titles of some
2500 books bearing the Imprimatur of the uni-
versity.
Such, in brief summary, is the measure of the de-
velopment of Cambridge printing since John Siberch
set up his press at the sign of the Arma Regia in
1521.
APPENDIX
I. UNIVERSITY PRINTERS, 1521-1921
The names of those who are not known to have printed
anything in Cambridge are underlined
1521. JOHN SIBERCH He disappears after 1522
1534. NICHOLAS SPERYNG
GARRETT GODFREY
SEGAR NICHOLSON
1539. NICHOLAS PILGRIM
1540. RICHARD NOKE
1546. PETER SHERES
1577. JHN KINGSTON
1583. THOMAS THOMAS, M.A. D. 1588
1588. JOHN LEGATE D. 1620
? JOHN PORTER (before 1593)
1606. CANTRELL LEGGE D. 1625
? THOMAS BROOKE, M.A. (before 1608)
Resigned (?) 1625
1622. LEONARD GREENE D. 1630
1625. THOMAS BUCK, M.A At least till 1668
JOHN BUCK, M.A. At least till 1668
1630. FRANCIS BUCK Resigned 1632
1632. ROGER DANIEL Patent cancelled 1650
1650. JOHN LEGATE (the younger) Patent cancelled 1655
1655. JOHN FIELD D. 1668
1669. MATTHEW WHINN
1669. JOHN HAYES D. 1705
1680. JOHN PECK, M.A.
^1682. HUGH MARTIN, M.A.
^683. JAMES JACKSON, M.D.
1683. JONATHAN PINDAR
1693. H. JENKES
UNIVERSITY PRINTERS 153
1697. JONATHAN PINDAR At least till 1730
1705. CORNELIUS CROWNFIELD Pensioned 1740
1730. WILLIAM FENNERA
MARY FENNER | Lease relinquished by MrsFenner
THOMAS JAMES f 1 73%
JOHN JAMES J
1740. JOSEPH BENTHAM Resigned 1766
I 75^' JOHN BASKERVILLE Nothing after 1763
1766. JOHN ARCHDEACON D. 1795
1793. JOHN BURGES D. 1802
1802. JOHN DEIGHTON Resigned 1802
1802. RICHARD WATTS Resigned 1809
1804. ANDREW WILSON (?)i8n]
1809. JOHN SMITH Pensioned 1836
1836. JOHN WILLIAM PARKER Resigned 1854
1854. GEORGE SEELEY Retired 1856
1854. fCHARLES JOHN CLAY, M.A. Retired 1895
1882. J JOHN CLAY, M.A. D. 1916
1886. [CHARLES FELIX CLAY, M.A. Retired 1904
1916. JAMES BENNET PEACE, M.A.
II. CAMBRIDGE BOOKS, 1521-1750
The list of books from 1521 to 1650 is reprinted, with some
additions, from that compiled by Mr F. Jenkinson and included
in Bowes's Catalogue of Cambridge Books
There is some doubt about the books printed in italics
1521
Bullock (Hen.). Oratio. 40.
Augustinus de miseria vitae. 4.
Lucianus rrept 8i\^d8a)v. Bullock. 4.
Balduinus de Altaris sacramento. 4.
Erasmus de conscribendis epistolis. 4.
Galenus de Temperamentis. Linacre. 4.
Fisher (Joan.). Contio. Latin by R. Pace. 4.
1522
Geminus (Papyrius). Hermathena. 4.
154 APPENDIX
Date not known (J. Siberch)
[Lily, Wm.]. De octo orationis partium constructione libellus. 4.
1584
Bright (Tim.). In physicam G. A. Scribonii animadversiones. 8.
Martinus (Jac.). De prima corporum generatione. 8.
Ovidius. Fabularum interpretatio a G. Sabino. [Ed. T. T.]
Ramus (Petr.). Dialecticae libri duo, scholiis G. Tempelli. 8.
Rouspeau (Yves) and J. de 1'Espine. Two Treatises, translated. 8.
Sadeel (Ant.). [La Roche de Chandieu (Ant.).] Disputationes. 40.
[Stokes (M.).j Catalogus Rectorum et Cancellariorum.
1585
Pilkington (Jas.) and Rob. Some. Exposition on Nehemiah etc. 4.
Two treatises on Oppression. 8.
Ramus (P.). Latin Grammar, in English. 8.
[Stokes (M.).] Catalogus procancellariorum.
Ursinus (Zach.). Doctrinae christianae compendium. 8.
Whitaker (W.). Answer to a book by W. Rainolds. 8.
Willet (Andr.). De animae natura et viribus. 8.
1586
Clarke (Wm.). Treatise against the Defense of the Censure. 8.
Harmony of Confessions. 8.
1587
Carmichael (Jas.). Grammaticae Latinae liber II. 4.
Plato. Menexenus. 4.
Thomas (Tho.). Dictionarium linguae Latinae. 8.
Ursinus (Zach.). Explicationes catecheticae. Ed. 2. 8.
1588
Whitaker (W.). Disputatio de sacra scriptura. 4.
Sine anno (J. Legate)
Achilles Tatius. De Clitophontis et Leucippes amoribus. 8.
Bastingius (J.). Exposition upon the Catechism. 8.
Beza (T.). Job expounded. 8.
Ecclesiastes. 8.
New Testament. (Genevan Version.) 24. [Cotton gives 1589.]
Willet (Andr.). Sacrorum emblematum centuria una. 4.
1589
Bastingius (J.). Exposition upon the catechism. 4.
Cicero. De oratore libri tres. 16.
Terentius. Comoediae sex. 12.
Thomas (Tho.). Dictionarium linguae Latinae. Ed. 2. 8.
1590
Greenwood (John). Syntaxis et prosodia. 8.
Holland (Hen.). Treatise against Witchcraft. 4.
Perkins (Wm.). Armilla Aurea. Edd. i and 2. 8.
Willet (Andr.). De generali Judaeorum vocatione. 4.
CAMBRIDGE BOOKS 155
1591
Bible (Genevan version). 8.
Perkins (W.). A Golden Chaine. 8.
1592
L'Espine (Jean de). A very excellent Discourse (trs. by E. Smyth). 4.
Lipsius (Justus). Tractatus ad historiam Romanam. 8.
Perkins (W.). Prophetica. Ed. 2. 8.
Armilla Aurea. Ed. 3 (n.d.).
A Golden Chaine. Ed. 2. 8.
Sohn (Georg). A briefe and learned Treatise (trs. by N. G.). 8.
Thomas (Tho.). Dictionarium. Ed. 3. 4.
Zanchius (H.). Spirituall mariage. 16.
1593
Bell (Thomas). T. Bels Motives. 40.
[Cowell (John).] Antisanderus. Edd. i and 2. 4.
Lysias. Eratosthenes, praelectionibus illustrata A. Dunaei. 8.
More (John). Table from the beginning of the world. 8.
Perkins (W.). Direction for the government of the tongue. 8.
Two Treatises. 8.
1594
Danaeus (Lamb.). Commentarie upon the twelve small Prophets. 4.
G[reaves] (P.). Grammatica anglicana. 8.
Hawenreuter (J. L.). Svvo^is rrjs (pviriKrjs TOV 'ApiororfAous. 8.
The Death of Usury. 4.
Thomas (Tho.). Dictionarium. Ed. 4. 8.
Whitaker (W.). Adv. T. Stapletoni defensionem duplicatio. F.
1595
Bastingius (J.). Exposition of the [Heidelberg] Catechism. 8.
C. (W.). Polimanteia. 40.
Lycophron. 'AXem>Spa. 12.
Perkins (W.). Two Treatises. 4.
Two Treatises. Ed. 2. 8.
Exposition of the Creed. 4.
A Salve for a Sicke man. 8.
A Golden Chaine (trs. by R. H.) Ed. 2. 4.
A Direction for the government of the Tongue. 4.
Plutarchus. Ilept TOV aKoveiv. 8.
R[acster] (John). De hypocritis vitandis. 4.
1596
G. (C.). A Watchworde for Warre. 40.
Perkins (W.). Exposition of the Creed. Ed. 2. 4.
Some (R.). Three questions. 8.
The Apocalypse with exposition by F. Du Jon [trs. by T. B.]. 4.
Thomas (Tho.). Dictionarium. Ed. 5. 4.
1597
Pacius (Julius). Institutiones Logicae. 18.
Perkins (W.). A Reformed Catholike (159 ).
156 APPENDIX
Perkins (W.). A Golden Chaine. Ed. 2. 40.
Exposition of the Creede. 8.
Salve for a Sicke man (and other tracts). 4. Edd. i and 2.
Praecepta in monte Sinai data. (Latine) per Ph. Ferd. Polonum. 4.
Spiritual epistles. 4.
1598
Bird (S.). Lectures upon Hebrews XI and Psalm XXXVIII. 8.
Lectures upon II Cor. VIII and IX. 8.
Chemnitius (Mart.). Exposition of the Lords Prayer. 8.
F[letcher]., I. Causes of urine. 8.
Lincoln. Visitation Articles in the xl. yeare of Elizabeth. 4.
Perkins (W.). De Praedestinatiohis modo. 8.
A Reformed Catholike. 8.
Specimen Digesti sive Harmoniae etc. [by W. Perkins]. F.
Stoughton (Tho.). General Treatise against Popery. 8.
Terence in English, by R. B[ernard]. 4.
Wilcox (Tho.). Discourse touching the Doctrine of Doubting. 8.
1599
Dillingham (Fra.). A Disswasive from Poperie. 8.
Polanus (Amandus). Treatise concerning Predestination. 8.
Whitaker (W.). Praelectiones. + Cygnea Cantio. 4.
Zanchius (Hieron.). Confession of Christian religion. 8.
1600
Perkins (W.). A Golden Chaine (and 10 other works). 4.
A Treatise tending. 12.
Thomas (T.). Dictionarium. Ed. 6. 8.
Whitaker (W.). Praelectiones de conciliis. 8.
Tractatus de peccato originaii. 8.
1 60 1
An Ease for Overseers of the Poor. 4.
Hill (Rob.). Life everlasting. 40.
Perkins (W.). How to live and that well. 12.
A warning against the Idolatry etc. 8. (2 eds.)
[ ] The True Gaine. 8.
Foundation of Christian religion. 8.
1602
Cogan (Tho.). Epistolarum Ciceronis epitome. 8.
DiUmgham (Fra.). Disputatio adv. R. Bellarminum. 8.
Pagit (Eusebius). The Historic of the Bible. 12.
[Perkins (W.).] Treatise of Gods free grace and mans free will. 8.
Willet (A.). A Catholicon on Jude. 80.
1603
Dillingham (Fra.). A Quartron of reasons prooved a quartron of follies. 4.
Tractatus in quo ex Papistarum confessione etc. 8.
Heydon (Sir Christ.). Defence of Judiciall Astrologie. 4.
James I. A Princes Looking Glasse (trs. by W. Willymot). 4 (
/lO
CAMBRIDGE BOOKS 157
Perkins (W.). Works in one volume. F.
A Direction for the Tongue. 12.
A Treatise of Vocations. 8.
A Treatise of Christian Equitie,
The True La<we of Free Monarchies. 12.
Playfere (Tho.). Power of praier. 8.
Heart's delight. 8.
Sharpe (Leonell). Sermon before the University, 28 March. 8.
Dialogus inter Angliam et Scotiam. 8.
Smith (J.). The bright morning star.
Son-owes Joy. 4.
Threnothriambeuticon. 4.
Willet (A.). Ecclesia triumphans. 8.
1604
Bownde (Nich.). The Holy Exercise of Fasting. 8.
Gibbon (Cha.). The Order of Equalitie. 4.
Manning (Jas.). A New Booke intituled I am for you all. 4.
Oliver (Tho.). De sophismatum praestigiis cavendis. 4.
Perkins (W.). Problema de Romanae fidei ementito catholicismo. 4.
Commentarie on Galatians. 4.
First Part of the Cases of Conscience. 8.
1605
Bell (Thomas) T. Bels Motives. Ed. 2. 4.
Cowell (John). Institutiones juris Anglicani. 8.
Dillingham (Fra.). Spicilegium de Antichristo. 8.
Sermon. 8.
In homines nefarios. (Gunpowder Plot.) 4.
Leech (J.). Plaine and Profitable Catechisme for Householders. 8.
Perkins (W.). Works. Vol. I. F.
Playfere (Tho.) The Sick Man's Couch. 8.
Willet (A.). Hexapla in Genesin. F.
1606
A Supplication of the Family of Love examined. 4.
Dillingham (Fra.). Disputatio de natura Poenitentiae. 8.
Progresse in Pie tie. 8.
Hieron (Sam.). Truths Purchase. 8.
Perkins (W.). Cases of Conscience. 8.
Thomas (T.). Dictionarium. Ed. 7. 4.
1607
Bernard (R.). A Double Catechisme. 8.
Terence. Ed. 2. 4.
Cowell (John). The Interpreter. 4.
Hieron (Sam.). Three Sermons. 4.
The Dignity of the Scripture. 4.
Lipsius (Just.). Tractatus ad historiam Rom. cognoscendam. 8.
Perkins (W.). A Treatise of Man's Imaginations. 12.
[Rogers (Tho.).] The Faith of the Church of England. 4.
158 APPENDIX
Walsall (Sam.). Sermon before King at Royston. 4.
Willet (A.). Loidoromastix. 4.
Harmonic upon Samuel I. 4.
1608
Bownde (N.). The unbeleefe of S. Thomas the Apostle. 8.
Hieron (S.). Sixe sermons. 4.
Perkins (W.). A discourse of the damned art of witchcraft. 8.
A treatise tending unto a declaration. 12.
The whole treatise of the Cases of Conscience. 8.
A godly exposition of Christs Sermon in the Mount. 4.
Works. Vol. i. F.
Walkington (T.). Salomons sweet harpe. 8.
1609
Hieron (S.). Three sermons: A Remedie for securitie etc. 4.
Perkins (W.). Works. Vol. n. lohn Legat. F.
Works. Vol. in. Cantrell Legge. F.
Playfere (T.). [Four Sermons.] 4.
1610
Anthonie (Fr.). Medicinae, chymicae, et veri potabilis auri assertio, etc. 4
Ely Visitation Articles. 4.
Fletcher (Giles). Christs Victorie. 4.
Owen (D.). Herod and Pilate reconciled. 4.
Perkins (W.). A discourse of the damned art of witchcraft. Ed. 2. 8.
Playfere (T.). Ten sermons. 8.
Thomas (T.). Dictionarium. Ed. 10. 8.
Willet (A.). Hexapla in Danielem. F.
1611
Perkins (W.). A godly exposition of Christs Sermon in the Mount. 4.
Willet (A.). Hexapla upon Romans. F.
1612
Cambridge University Act Verses.
Collins (S.). Increpatio Andreae Eudaemono-Johannis Jesuitae. 4.
Epicedium Cantabrigiense. 2 eds. 4.
Nethersole (Sir F.). Laudatio funebris. 4.
Playfere (T.). Nine sermons. 8.
Pownoll (N.). The young divines apologie. 8.
Taylor '(T.). Commentarie upon the epistle of Paul to Titus. 4.
Japhets first publique perswasion into Sems tents. 4.
1613
Despotinus (Caspar). Hirci Mulctra disceptatio medica. 4.
Perkins (W.). Works. Vol. in. F.
Robartes (Foulke). The Revenue of the Gospel is tythes. 4.
^$\mith\ (S.). Art. Mag. Aditus ad Logicam.
1614
Kilby (R.). The Burthen. 8.
Mosse (Miles). Justifying and Saving Faith distinguished. 4.
CAMBRIDGE BOOKS 159
Willet (Andr.). Harmonic upon the first booke of Samuel. F.
Harmonic upon the second booke of Samuel. F.
Ecclesia Triumphans. 3 pts. F.
1615
God and the King, a dialogue. 8.
Melanthe. Fabula Pastoralis. 4. [By Mr Brookes.]
Yates (John). God's arraignment of Hypocrites. 4.
1616
Farley (Henry). The Complaint of Paules to all Christian soules. 4.
Gostwyke (Roger). The Anatomic of Ananias. 4.
James I. Remonstrance for the Right of Kings. 4.
Office of Christian parents. 4.
Perkins (W.). Exposition of the Creede. 4.
Stirbridge Fair Passes.
Yates (J.). God's arraignment.
1617
Collins (Sam.). Epphata to F. T. 4.
Hieron (Sam.). David's Penitential Psalm opened in 30 several lectures. 4.
1618
Perkins (W.). Works. Vol. in. F.
Taylor (Tho.). Christ's Combate and Conquest. 4.
1619
Angelos (Christopher). 'EyKoo/zioi/ MeydXrjs Bperrai/ta?. 4.
yxttpiiov, Ilepi rrjs Karaorao-ewy rail/ '
Gurnay (Edm.). Corpus Christi, a sermon. 12.
James I. Remonstrance for the Right of Kings, z eds. 4.
Lacrymae Cantabrigienses in obitum Annae. 4.
Norwich Visitation Articles. 4.
Sympson (W.). Full and profitable interpretation of proper names. 4.
Taylor (Tho.). Commentarie upon the Epistle to Titus. 4.
l620
Willet (Andr.). Hexapla upon Romans. F.
l62I
Playfere (Tho.). Nine Sermons. 8.
Short Introduction of Grammar. 8.
l622
Owen (David). Anti-Paraeus. 8.
1623
Crakanthorpe (Ric.). De providentia Dei. 4.
Gratulatio de S. P. reditu ex Hispaniis. 4.
Herbert (G.). Oratio de Principis Caroli reditu ex Hispaniis. 40.
The Whole Booke of Psalmes with apt notes to sing them. 8.
160 APPENDIX
1624
Chevalier (Guillaume de). The Ghosts of the deceased Sieurs de Villemor. 8
1625
Almanack. Sheet c. 8.
Cantabrigiensium Dolor et Solamen. 4.
(with additions). 4.
Epithalamium Caroli Regis et H. Mariae Reginae. 4.
Novum Testamentum Graecum. 8.
1626
Almanack (Strof). 8.
Holland (Abr.). Hollandi Post-huma. 4.
Sarpi (Paolo). Interdicti Veneti historia (trs. into Latin by W. Bedell). 40.
1627
Almanacks (Dove, Frost, Lakes, Rivers, Strof, Waters). 8.
Bishop's Book.
Davenant (Joh.). Expositio epistolae Pauli ad Colossenses. F.
Fletcher (Phineas). Locustae. 4.
Lincoln Visitation Articles. 4.
Mede (Jos.). Clavis Apocalyptica. 4.
Perrot (Rich.). Jacob's Vowe, or the true historic of Tithes. 4.
Sudbury Visitation Articles. 4.
Winterton (R.). Gerhard. Meditations. 12.
Wren (Matth.). Sermon before the Kings Majestic. 4.
1628
Bedell (Wm.). Examination of certaine motives to Recusansie. 8.
Carter (John). Winter evenings communication with young novices. 8.
Dent (Daniel). Sermon against drunkenness. 40.
New Testament. 24.
Sternhold (T.). Psalms in metre. 8<>.
12.
1629
Almanacks (Pond, Rivers). 8.
Bible. FO.
Common Prayer. F.
Short Introduction of Grammar. 8.
Sternhold (T.). Psalms in metre. F.
1630
Bible. IS. ft. 40.
Roman Letter. 4.
Cicero de officiis etc. 8.
Common Prayer. 4.
\Davenant (John). Expositio epistolae ad Colossenses. 2nd ed. F.
Lincoln Visitation Articles. 4.
[Sarpi (Paolo).] Quaestio quodlibetica. [Trs. by W. Bedell.] 40.
Sternhold (T.). Psalms in metre. 4.
CAMBRIDGE BOOKS 161
1631
Aesopus. Fabulae. 8.
Aphthonius. Progymnasmata. 8.
Audomarus Talaeus. Rhetorica. 8.
Castalio (Seb.). Dialogorum sacrorum libri IV. 8.
Cicero. Epistolarum libri IV, a Jo. Sturmio. 8.
Davenant (Jo.). Praelectiones. F.
Genethliacum Caroli et Mariae. 4.
Hippocratis aphorismorum liber primus, Gr. et Lat. 4.
Moses Maimonides. Canones poenitentiae, Latine a G. N. 4.
Ovidius. Metamorphosees. 12.
Seton (J.). Dialectica. 8.
Winterton (R.). Gerhard. Meditations. Ed. 2. 12.
1632
Anthologia in Regis Exanthemata. 4.
Baptista Mantuanus. Adolescentia. 8.
Cruso (John). Militarie instructions for the Cavallerie. F.
Dalechamp (Caleb). Christian Hospitalitie. Harrisonus honoratus. 4
Fletcher (Giles). Christs Victorie. Ed. 2. 4.
Heywood (Tho.). Englands Elisabeth. 12.
Mede (Jos.). Clavis apocalyptica. Ed. 2. 4.
Novum Testamentum, graece. 8.
Randolph (Tho.). The Jealous Lovers. 4.
Schonaeus (Corn.). Terentius Christianus. 8.
Winterton (R.). Gerhard. A Golden Chaine. 12.
Meditations. 12.
1633
Bible. IS. it. 4.
Bible (2 states). 4.
Castalio (Seb.). Dialogorum sacrorum libri iv. 8.
Cicero, de Officiis. 12.
Corderius (Matt.). Colloquiorum scholasticorum libri mi. 8.
Ducis Eboracensis fasciae a Musis Cantabrig. raptim contextae. 4.
Fletcher (Giles). De literis antiquae Britanniae etc. 8.
Fletcher (Phineas). The Purple Island, etc. 4.
F[letcher] (P)[hineas] . Sylva Poetica. 8.
Foebrooke (Joh.). Six sermons. 4.
Hausted (Peter). Senile Odium, comoedia. 8.
Herbert (George). The Temple. 12. (State A and State B.)
Ed. 2. 12.
Hippocrates. Aphorismi, graece, + Epigrammata Reg. Med. Professorum. 8.
Kellet (Edw.). Miscellanies of Divinitie. F.
Nowell (Alex.). Christianae pietatis prima institutio. 8.
Peterborough Visitation Articles. 13. It. 4.
Psalms with apt notes. 15. H. 4.
Rex redux. 4.
Scot (Tho.). Assize Sermon at Bury St Edmunds. 4.
Scott (J.). Broadsheet containing list of officers etc. Fragments.
R.
162 APPENDIX
Vives (Joan. Lud.). Linguae Latinae exercitatio. 8.
Winterton (R.). Dionysius de situ orbis. 8.
1634
Almanacks (Clark, Dove, Kidman, Rivers, Swallow, Turner, Winter). 8.
Baptista Mantuanus. Adolescentia. 8.
Cantebrigia (Map).
Crashaw (R-)- Epigrammatum sacrorum liber. 8.
Davenant (John). Determinationes quaestionum theologicarum. F.
Donne (John). Six sermons. 4.
Erasmus. Epitome colloquiorum. 8.
Garth waite (H.). Movorecrarapov. The Evangelicall Harmonic. 4.
Gerhard (John). Meditationes Sacrae. 24.
Golius (Theophilus). Epitome doctrinae moralis ex decem libris Aristotelis. 8.
Hawkins (Will.). Corolla varia. 8.
Herbert (Geo.). The Temple. Ed. 3. 12.
Lessius (Leonardus). Hygiasticon + Cornaro's Treatise. Edd. i and 2. 12.
[Lily (Wm.).] A short introduction of Grammar. 8.
Psalms. 4.
Randolph (Thos.). The Jealous Lovers. 4.
Russell (John). The two famous pitcht battles of Lypsich and Lutzen. 4.
1635
Almanack. Broadsheet.
Anianus. Fabulae. 8.
Aphthonius. Progymnasmata. 8.
Audomarus Talaeus. Rhetorica. 12.
Bible. 4.
13. ft. 4-
Carmen natalitium ad cunas principis Elizabethae. 4.
Common Prayer. 4.
Cuique suum. 'Ai/TooS?) contra Cathari cantilenam. 4.
Dalechamp (Caleb). Haereseologia tripartita. 4.
Erasmus. Epitome Colloquiorum. 12.
Herbert (Geo.). The Temple. Ed. 4. 12.
Hill, J. Schrevelius, Lexicon. 8.
Kellet (Edw.). Miscellanies of Divinitie. F.
Lincoln Visitation Articles. 4.
Ovidius. Heroides, Amores, De arte amandi. 8.
Ravisius (Joannes). Epistolae. 8.
Schonaeus (Corn.). Terentius Christianus. 8.
Shelford (Rob.). Five pious and learned discourses. 4.
Swan (John). Speculum mundi. 4.
Winterton (R.). Poetae minores Graeci. 8.
Gerhard. Meditations, Ed. 4 + Prayers, Ed. 5. 12.
1636
Benlowes (Ed.). Sphinx Theologica. 8.
Cade (Ant.). Sermon of the Ceremonies of the Church. Appendix. 4.
Dalechamp (C.). Haeresologia Tripartita. 4.
Dugres (Gabriel). Grammaticae Gallicae compendium. 8.
Hodson (William). Credo resurrectionem carnis. Ed. 2. 12.
CAMBRIDGE BOOKS 163
Lessius (Leonardus). Hygiasticon. Ed. 3. 12.
Manutius (Aldus). Phrases linguae Latinae. 8.
[Nowell (Alex.).] Christianae pietatis prima institutio. 8.
Saltmarsh (John). Poemata sacra, latine et anglice scripta. 8.
Simson (Edw.). Mosaica. 4.
Winterton (R.). Drexelius. Considerations upon Eternitie. 12.
l6 37
Bible. (Colophon 1638.) 40.
. H. 4-
8.
Burgersdicius (Fr.). Institutionum logicarum libri duo. 8.
Cicero. Epistolae.
Common Prayer. F.
8.
D[uport] (J.). Qprjvodpiafjiftos, seu liber Job graeco carmine. 8.
Morton (Tho.). Antidotum. 4.
Peterborough Visitation Articles. 4.
Sternhold (T.). Psalms in metre. 13. ?i. 4.
80.
Roman Letter. 4.
t'a sive Musarum Cantabrigiensium concentus. 4.
1638
Bible. FO.
4-
Common Prayer. F.
-
80.
Directions for musters. 4.
Herbert (Geo.). The Temple. Ed. 5. 12.
Isocrates. Orationes et Plutarchus. 8.
Justa Edouardo King... + Obsequies. 4.
Norwich Visitation Articles. 40.
Ovidius. De tristibus. 8.
Panegyricon inaugurale Praetoris Regii. 4.
Psalms in metre. F.
4.
Winterton (R.). Gerhard. Meditations (Ed. 5) + Prayers (Ed. 6). 12.
1639
Bible. 13. H. 40.
Cade (Anthony). Sermon on Conscience. 4.
Cicero de Officiis. 8.
Davenant (Jo.). Expositio Epistolae ad Coloss. F.
Determinationes...Edd. 2 and 3. F.
Du Praissac (Sieur). Military Discourses. Englished by J. C[ruso]. 8.
Short method for the easy resolving etc. 8.
Fuller (Tho.). The Historic of the Holie Warre. F.
Gurnay (Edm.). Towards the vindication of the Second Commandment. 24.
H[odgson] (W.). The Holy Sinner. 120.
Psalms in metre. 13. H. 4.
II 2
1 64 APPENDIX
1640
Almanacks (Rivers, Swallow). 8.
Ball (J.). A friendly trial of the grounds tending to Separation. 4.
B[enlowes?] (E.). A Buckler against the fear of death. 8.
Bible. B. it. 40. (N.T. title 1639.)
Common Prayer. 13. H. 4
Davenant (J.). Ad fraternam communionem adhortatio. 12.
Downame (G.). A Godly and learned treatise of Prayer. 4.
Drexelius (H.). The School of Patience. 12.
Endeavour (An) of making the principles of the Christian religion plain. 8.
Eustachius (Fr.). Summa philosophiae quadripartita. 8.
Fenner (W.). The Souls Looking-glasse. 8.
Fletcher (Giles). Christs Victory. 4.
Fuller (Tho.). Historic of the Holy Warre. Ed. 2. F.
Gerhard (Joh.). The Summe of Christian Doctrine. 24.
Gower (J.). Ovids Festivalls. 8.
Heinsius (Dan.). Sacrarum exercitationum libri XX. 4.
H[odgson] (W.). The Divine Cosmographer. 12.
[Lily (W.).] A short introduction of grammar. 8.
Morton (Tho.). Decisio controversiae de eucharistia. 4.
Posselius (Joh.). Syntaxis graeca. 8.
Ramus (P.). Dialecticae libri duo. 12.
Randolph (T.). The Jealous Lovers. 8.
Rohan (Henri de). The Complete Captain: trs. by John Cruso. 8.
Voces votivae. 4.
Winterton (R.). Gerhard. Meditations (Ed. 6)+ Prayers (Ed. 7). 12.
1641
Andrewes (Lancelot). Nineteen sermons concerning Prayer. 12.
Christian's Pattern, The. 12.
Davenant (John). Animadversions upon a treatise (of S. Hoard). 8.
Dury (J.). On Peace ecclesiastical. 4.
Gataker (T.). Defence of Anthony Wotton. 8.
Herbert (G.). The Temple. Ed. 6. 12.
Heywood (T.). England's Elisabeth. 12.
Irenodia Cantabrigiensis. 4.
Layer (John). Office and Duty of Constables. 8.
L'Estrange (Hamon). Gods Sabbath etc. 4.
Maisterson (Henr.). Sermon on Hebr. xiii. 18. 4.
Manuell, A, or a Justice of Peace his Vade-mecum. 12.
Munning (Humphry). A Pious Sermon etc. 4.
Salernitanus, B. De Fontibus Artium. 12.
Sherman (J.). A Greek in the Temple. 4.
Sternhold (T.). Psalms in metre. 12.
Thorndike (H.). Of the Government of Churches, a Discourse etc. 8.
Warme Beere, or, A Treatise. 12.
1642
Almanacks (Dove, Swallow). 8.
Demosthenes. Orationes Selectae. Gr. et Lat. 12.
Du Praissac (Sieur). Military Discourses. Englished by J. C[ruso]. 8,
Fern (Henry). Resolving of Conscience. 4. (Two states.)
CAMBRIDGE BOOKS 165
Fuller (Tho.). The Holy State [and the Profane State]. F.
His Majesty's Declaration to all His loving Subjects. Aug. 12, 1642. 4.
Answer to Declaration of Parliament of July 1.4.
Holdsworth (Ri.). Sermon in St Maries upon Mar. 27. 4.
Kempis of the following of Christ. 8.
Love (Ri.). The Watchman's Watchword. 4.
Magirus (Jo.). Physiologicae Peripateticae libri vi. 8.
More (Hen.). Vvx>8ia Platonica. 8.
Novum Testamentum (Beza). 2 states. F.
Petition of the Commons of Kent. 4.
Petition of Lords and Commons, and His Majestie's Answer. 4.
Proclamation. That no Popish Recusant shall serve. 4.
[Spelman (Sir H.).] A Protestant's Account of his Orthodox Holding. 4.
Thorndike (Herbert). Of Religious Assemblies. 8.
Torriano (G.). Select Italian Proverbs. 12.
Watson (Ri.). Sermon touching Schisme. 4.
1643
Beda. Historia Ecclesiastica. F.
Catalogue of remarkable mercies conferred upon the seven counties. 4.
Fenner (W.). The Souls Looking-Glasse. 8.
Introductio ad Sapientiam. 24.
Jackson (Art.). Help. 4.
Minucius Felix (M.). Octavius. 16.
Quarles (Fra.). Emblemes. Ed. 2. 8.
Revindication of Psalme 105. 5, Touch not mine Anointed. 4.
Swan (John). Speculum Mundi. Ed. 2. 4.
1644
Beda. Historia Ecclesiastica. F.
Burgersdicius (Fra.). Institutionum Logicarum libri 11. 8.
Crofts (J.). The Copy of a letter. 4.
Dering (Sir Edw.). A Discourse of Proper Sacrifice. 4.
A Discourse etc. 4 with different tide.
Grimston (Sir H.). A Christian New Years gift. 16.
Lambarde, W. 'Ap^aioi/o/Ata. F.
Military Instructions for the Cavallrie. F (see Cruso 1632).
Swan (J.). Speculum Mundi. 4.
Totius Rhetoricae adumbratio in usum Paulinae Schol. 8.
Winterton (R.). Gerhard. Meditations and Prayers. 12.
1645
Bible. 12. (N.T. title 1646.)
Bythner (Victorinus) . Lingua Eruditorum. 8.
Chronometra aliquot memorabilium rerum his certis annis gestarum etc. 4.
Crofts (J.). The copy of a letter. Ed. 2. 4.
Howell (James). Aei/SpoXoym. Dodona's Grove or the Vocal Forest. 12.
Psalms in metre. 4.
Sarson (L.). Analysis of i Tim. i. 15; Chronologia Vapulans. 4
Shelton (T.). Tachygraphy. 8.
Stahl(D.). Axiomata Philosophica. 12.
Torriano (G.). Directions for the Italian Tongue. 4 (n. d.).
(O.
1 66 APPENDIX
1646
Ames (W.). Philosophemata. 12.
Bible. 8o.
Britannicus his blessing (in verse). 4.
Buxtorf (Jo.). Epitome Grammaticae Hebraeae. 8.
Duport (J.). Tres libri Solomonis Graeco carmine. 8.
Hall (John). Poems. 8.
Heinsius (Daniel). Crepundia Siliana. 12.
Jackson (Art.). Annotations. 4.
More (Henry). Democritus Platonissans. 8. '
Quarles (F.). Judgment and Mercy for afflicted souls. 8.
Sleidan (J.). De quatuor summit Imperiis libri tres. 24.
Sternhold (T.). Psalms. 12.
Valdesso (John). Divine Considerations. 8.
1647
Animadversions upon proceedings against the XI members. 4.
Bible. 12.
Bolton (Sam.). Fast Sermon. 4.
Burgersdicius (F.). Institutiones Logicae. 8.
Cudworth (R.). Sermon before the House of Commons. 4.
Declaration from Sir Thomas Fairfax and his Councell of Warre. 4.
Fuller (Tho.). Historic of the Holie Warre. Ed. 3. F.
Graecae Grammatices compendium... Westm. 8.
Hammond (H.). Five propositions to the Kings Majesty. 4.
H[austed] (P.). irpoa-a-o) KOI oiriWa>. A Sermon at St Maries, 1640. 4.
Heads of a Charge delivered in the name of the Armie.
Introductio ad Sapientiam. 24.
J. (H.). Modell of a Christian Society + Right hand of Christian love. 8.
Letter from the Court at Oatelands. 4.
Manifesto from Sir T. Fairfax June 27. 4.
More (Henry). Philosophicall Poems. Ed. 2. 8.
Papers of Intelligence from Cambridge. 4.
Proclamation by his Excellency Sir Thomas Fairfax. 4.
Representation from Sir Tho. Fairfax. 4.
Shelton (T.). Tachygraphy. 8.
Short introduction to Grammar... Westminster. 8.
Solemn Ingagement. 4.
Stierius (Joh.). Praecepta doctrinae tabellis compacta. Ed. noua. 4.
The Kings majesties declaration and profession.
Two petitions of the Counties of Buckingham and Hertford. 4.
[Vigerius (Fra.).] De praecipuis Gr. dictionis idiotismis. 8.
1648
Anacreon. Odae s Gr. Lot. (ab H. Stephano). 8.
Beaumont (Jos.). Psyche. F.
Bible. 12. (6eds.)
NBythner (Victorinus). Clavis Linguae Sanctae. 8.
Catechisms (Greek). 12.
Caussin (N.). Christian Diary. 12.
Eustachius (Fr.). Summa Philosophiae Quadripartita. 8.
Fuller (Tho.). Holy and Profane State. Ed. 2. F.
CAMBRIDGE BOOKS 167
Hill (Tho.). The best and worst of Paul. 4.
Homerus. Ilias. Gr. et Lat. 8.
New Testament. 12.
Wendelin (M. F.). Admiranda Nili. 4.
Contemplationes Physicae. 4.
White (Thos.). The smoak of the botomlesse pit. 8.
Wollebius (J.). Compendium Theologiae Christianae. 12.
1649
Dickson (D.). A Short Explanation of the Ep. of Paul to the Hebrews. 8.
Eustachius. Summa philosophica quadripartita. 8.
Harvey (Wm.). Exercitatio Anatomica de Circulatione Sanguinis. 12.
Jacchaeus (Gilb.). Summa Philosophiae. 12.
Mede (Jos.). Clavis Apocalyptica ex innatis. 4.
Thorndike (H.), Of the Right of the Church in a Christian State. 8.
Torriano (G.). Select Italian Proverbs. 24.
1650
Burgersdijck (Fra.). Collegium Physicum. Editio tertia. 12.
Davenant (John). Dissertationes duae. F.
Pemble (W.). Tractatus de origine formarum. (n. d.) 12.
Thorndike (Herb.). Two Discourses. 8.
Winterton (R.). Drexelius. Considerations upon Eternity. 24.
1651
Castalio (S.). Dialogorum Sacrorum Libri III. 8.
Cold well. Regulae morum. F.
Culverwell (N.). Spiritual Opticks.
Dillingham (W.). Sir H. Vere, Commentaries of War. F.
Stephens (T.). Statius. Sylvae. 8.
Achilleis. 8.
The Second Lash of Alazonomastix. 8.
1652
Beza (T.). Novum Testamentum. F.
Gataker (T.). Antonini Meditationes. 4.
Mede (J.). Opuscula Latina ad rem Apocalypticam. 4.
Nicols (T.). A Lapidarie. 4.
Winterton (R.). Poetae Minores Graeci. 8.
1653
3uport] (J.). 0pr)vo0piappos, sive liber Job Graeco carmine. Ed. 2. 8.
y (W.). Brevissima Institutio. 8.
Scattergood (A.). Annotationes in Vetus Testamentum. 8.
Smith (T.). Daille, Apology for the Reformed Churches. 8.
1654
Cambridge Victuallers License (Single leaf).
Dove. Prognostication. 8.
Eustachius. St Paulo: Ethica. 8.
Jacchaeus (T.). Onomasticon Poeticum. 8.
Muretus (H. A.). Terentius. 8.
1 68 APPENDIX
Oliva Pacis ad Oliverum. 4.
Smetius. Prosodia. 12.
Winterton (R.). Drexelius, Considerations upon Eternitie. 12.
1655
Barrow (I.). Euclid. 8.
Epictetus. Enchiridion. 8.
Fuller (T.). History of the University of Cambridge. F.
Lucas Holstenius. Porphyrius de Abstinentia. 8.
Officium Concionatoris. 4.
1656
Aesopus. Fabulae. 8.
Dillingham (W.). Two Sermons. 4.
[ ] Confessio fidei. 8.
Muretus (M. A.). Terentius. 8.
1657
Arrowsmith (J.). Tactica Sacra. 4.
Bible. 8.
(N.T. title 1 66 1.)
Corderius (M.). Colloquia. 8.
Dillingham (W.). Sir F. Vere's Commentaries. F.
Dorislaus (I.). Proelium Nuportanum. F.
Frost (J.). Select Sermons. F.
New Testament. 8.
Stephanus (H.). Statius, Opera. 8.
Sternhold (T.). Psalms. 2 eds. 8.
1658
Aesopus. Fabulae. 8.
Atwell (G.). The faithfull Surveyor. 40.
Bible. 16.
Corderius (M.). Colloquia. 8.
Frost (J.). Select Sermons. FO.
Lightfoot (J.). Horae Hebraicae in Chorographiam. 4.
in Evang. Matth. 4.
Musarum Cantabrigiensium Luctus and Gratulatio. 2 eds. 4.
Spencer (W.). Origenis contra Celsum. 4.
1659
Arrowsmith (J.). Armilla Catechetica. 4.
Aylesbury (T.). Diatribae de aeterno decreto. 4.
Bible. FO.
Cicero. De Officiis, de Amicitia, de Senectute. 8.
[Dillingham (W.).] Confessio Fidei in Latinum versa. 8.
Ivory (J.). A Continuation.
New Testament. F.
University Queries. 4.
1660
Academiae Cantabrigiensis 2G2TPA. 2 eds. 4.
Bible. (N.T. title 1659.) FO.
Burgersdicius (F.). Institutionum Logicarum Libri duo. 8
CAMBRIDGE BOOKS 169
Cicero de Officiis, de Amicitia etc. 8.
Common Prayer. F.
Dunconus (E.). De Adoratione Dei versus Altare. 12.
Duport (J.). Evangelicall Politic. 4.
Homeri Gnomologia. 4.
Gardiner (S.). De efficacia gratiae convertentis. 4.
H[acon] (J.). A Review of Mr Horn's Catechisme. 8.
Love (R.). Oratio post regem reducem. 2 eds. 4.
[Ray (J.).] Catalogus plantarum circa Cantabrigiam nascentium. 8.
Smith (T.). The Life and Death of Mr William Moore. 8.
Spencer (J.). The Righteous Ruler. 4.
1661
Almanacks (Pond, Swan). 8.
Bible. 80.
Colet (J.). A Sermon of Conforming and Reforming. 8.
Lily (W.). Short Introduction of Grammar. 8.
New Testament. 8.
Nye (P.). An exact concordance to the Bibk.
Poetae Minores Graeci. 8.
Psalms. 80.
Savonarola (H.). The Truth of the Christian Faith. 12.
Stephens (T.). Three Sermons. 12.
Sternhold (T.). The Whole Book of Psalms. 8.
Threni Cantabrigienses in funere Henrici et Mariae. 4.
1662
Anticlassicus (P.). Vindication of the Inner Temple. 8
Atwell (G.). The Faithfull Surveyour. 40.
Common Prayer. 8.
Duport (J.). Epithalamia Sacra. 8.
Epithalamia Cantabrigiensia Caroli II et Catharinae. 4.
H[acon] (J.). A Vindication of the Review. 8.
Hyde (E.). The true Catholick's Tenure. 8.
Muretus (M. A.). Terentius. 8.
[Newman (S.).] Concordance. F.
New Testament. 8.
Psalms. 8.
1663
Aesopus. Fabulae.
Almanacks (Dove, Pond, Swan).
Bible. 40.
8. (N.T. title 1662.)
Common Prayer. 4.
Fortrey (S.). England's Interest. 8.
Heerebord (A.). Logica ('Eppji/eia) seu Synopseos. 8.
Ichabod. 4.
Le Franc (J.}. The Touchstone of Truth.
Lightfoot (J.). Horae Hebraicae. 4.
[Ray (J.).] Appendix ad Catalogum. 8 and 12.
Spencer (J.). A Discourse concerning Prodigies. 4
Sternhold (T.) etc. The Whole Book of Psalms. 4^.
170 APPENDIX
Vossius (G. J.). Element a Rhetoric a.
Winterton (R.)- Epigrammata Therapeutica. 8.
1664
Almanacks (Dove, Pond, Swallow, Swan).
Bible. 12.
Homerus. Ilias. 8.
Odyssea. 8.
Psalms (Greek). 12 and 80.
Salmasius (C.). L. Annaeus Florus.
Whear (D.). Methodus legendi historias. 8.
1665
Almanacks (Dove, Pond, Swallow, Swan). 8.
Beaumont (J.). Observations upon the Apologie of Dr Henry More. 4 C
Bellum Belgicum Secundum. 4.
Castalio (.). Biblia Sacra.
Common Prayer (Greek). 12 and 8.
Duhamel (J. B.). Elementa Astronomica. 12.
Edwards (J.). The Plague of the Heart. 4.
Fournier (G.). Euclid. 12.
Hoole (C.). Terminations of Declensions. 8.
New Testament (Greek). 2 eds. 12.
Old Testament (Greek). (2 states.) 12.
Sallustius. 12.
Sophocles. Tragoediae. 8.
Swan (J.). Speculum Mundi. Ed. 3. 4.
1666
Almanacks (Dove, Pond, Swallow, Swan). 8.
Bible. 40.
Burgersdicius (F.). Institutionum Logicarum Libri duo. 8.
Synopsis. 8.
Common Prayer. 40.
Concordance.
Drexelius. Considerations upon Eternitie. 12.
Duport (J.). Psalms in Greek verse. 4.
Heereboord (A.). 'Epprjvfia Logica. Ed. 2. 8.
New Testament. 4.
Pachymerius ((?.). Epitome Logices Aristotelis. 8.
Sternhold (T.). The Whole Book of Psalms. 4.
1667
Almanacks (Dove, Pond, Swan). 8.
[Bullokar (John).] An English Expositour. 12.
Dillingham (T.). Visitation Articles. 4.
Salmasius (C.). Annaeus Florus. 12.
interton (R.). Poetae Minores Graeci. 8.
1668
Almanacks (Dove, Pond, Swallow). 8.
Bible. 40.
CAMBRIDGE BOOKS 171
Bible. (N.T. title 1666.) 4.
Galtruchius (P.). Mathematicae totius Institutio. 8.
Hill (J.). Schrevelius, Lexicon. 4.
Jackson (J.). Index Biblicus. 4.
Kemp (E.). University Sermon. 4.
Sophocles. Scholia. 8.
Starkey (W.). The divine obligation of human ordinances. 4.
1669
Aesopus. Tabulae. 8.
Almanacks (Dove, Pond, Swan, Whiting). 8.
Casaubon (M.). Letter to P. du Moulin. 4.
Dictionarium etymologicum. 4.
Ellis (J.). Clavis Fidei. 8.
Gouldman (F.). Dictionary. Ed. 2. 4.
Heereboord(A.}. Logica. 8.
Livius. 8.
Protestant Almanack. 8.
Scargill (D.). Recantation. 4.
Sophocles. Tragoediae. 8.
Spencer (J.). Dissertatio de Urim et Thummim. 8.
Threni Cantabrigienses in exequiis Henriettae Mariae. 4.
1670
Almanacks (Dove, Pond, Swallow, Swan). 8.
Barne (M.). Sermon at Newmarket. 4.
Bible. 4.
Cato. Disticka de moribus cum Scholiis Erasmi. 8.
Common Prayer. 4.
Crashaw (R.). Poemata et Epigrammata. Ed. 2. 8.
Steps to the Temple. 8.
Culmann (Z/.). Sententiae Pueriles. 8.
Dillingham (T.). Visitation Articles. 4.
Callus (E.}. Pueriles Confabulatiunculae. 8.
Hume (^.). Character of a heavenly conversation,
Johnson (J.). The Judges Authority. 4.
Nature inverted. 4.
Lacrymae Cantabrigienses in obitum... Henriettae. 4.
Molinaeus (P.). Poematum libelli tres. 8.
New Testament. 4.
Ovid. Tristia. 8.
R[ay] (J.). Collection of Proverbs. 8.
Seignior (G.). Sermon at Saxham. 4.
Sheringham (R.). De Anglorum gentis origine. 8.
Spencer (J.). Dissertatio de Urim et Thummim. Ed. 2. 8.
Sternhold (T.) and others. The Whole Book of Psalms. 4.
Sturm (J.). Cicero, Epistolarum Libri iv. 8.
Threnodia in obitum Georgii Ducis Albaemarlae. 4.
Winterton (R.). Gerhard. Meditations. 12.
1671
Almanacks (Dove, Pond, Swallow, Swan). 8.
B[ullokar] (J.). An English Expositour. 12.
172 APPENDIX
Drexelius. Considerations. 12.
Epicedia in obitum Principis Annae. 4.
Gale (T.). Opuscula Mythologica. 8.
Laney (B.). Ely Visitation Articles. 4.
Lily (W.). Short Introduction of Grammar. 8.
North (J.). Sermon before King at Newmarket. (2 eds.) 4.
Winterton (R.). Poetae Minores Graeci. 8.
1672
Almanacks (Dove, Pond, Swallow, Swan). 8.
Foundation of the University. Broadsheet.
Homer, Iliad.
Njewman] (S.). Concordance. Ed. 2. F.
Ovid. Metamorphoses. 8.
Pearson (J.). Vindiciae Epistolarum Ignatii (with Vossius, Epistolae). 4.
Puffendorf (S.). Elementa Jurisprudentiae. 8.
Ramus (P.). Dialectic. 8.
Ravisius (J.). Epistolae. 8.
Schrevelius (C.). Hesiod. 8.
Sophocles (Greek and Latin). 8.
Varenius (B.). Geographia Generalis. Ed. I. Newton. 8.
'673
Almanack. 8.
Barclay (J.). Argenis (engraved title 1674). 8.
Bible. 4.
Catechesis in usum scholae Buriensis. 8.
Common Prayer. 4.
Fortrey (S.). England's Interest. Ed. 2. 8.
Friendly Vindication of Dryden. 4.
Grotius. De principiis juris naturalis. 8.
Lily (W.). Short Introduction of Grammar. 8.
North (J.). Plato, Dialogi Selecti. 8.
Smith (J.). Select Discourses. Ed. 2. 4.
Sophocles, Tragoediae. 8.
Sternhold (T.) and others. The Whole Book of Psalms. 4.
Varenius (B.). Descriptio Japoniae. 8.
1674
Almanack (Dove). 8.
Bible. F.
Casimir (M.). Lyricorum Libri. 24.
Cicero. De officiis, etc. 8.
Crashaw (R.). Poemata et Epigrammata. Ed. 2. 8.
Gouldman (F.). Dictionary. Ed. 3.
Lightfoot (J.). Horae Hebraicae. 4.
Olivier (P.). Dissertationes Academicae. 8.
id. Heroides. 8.
1675
Almanack (Swan). 8.
Bible. 4.
Common Prayer. 4.
^Ovid
CAMBRIDGE BOOKS 173
Faber (T.). Lucretius. De Rerum Natura. 12.
Ivory (J.). A Continuation. Bds.
Jackson (W.). Of the Rule of Faith. 4.
Magna et antiqua charta Quinque Portuum. 8.
M[arvell] (A.). Plain Dealing. 12.
[Rogers (T.).] Faith professed in the xxxix Articles. 4.
1676
Beza (T.). Novum Testamentum. 12.
Briggs (W.). Opthalmographia. 8.
B[ullokar] (J.). An English Expositour. 12.
Common Prayer. 4.
D[uport (J.).] Musae Subsecivae. 8.
Miiretus (M. A.). Terentius. 8.
North (Sir T.). Plutarch's Lives. F.
Rhodokanakis (C.). Tractatus de resolutione verborum. 8.
Robertson (W.). Thesaurus Graecae Linguae. 4.
Scattergood (S.). Sermon before king at Newmarket. 4.
Simon (M.}. Opera Theologica.
Templer (J.). Visitation Sermon. 4.
1677
Beza (T.). Novum Testamentum. 32.
Bible. 4.
(N.T. title 1675.)
Epithalamium in nuptiis Gulielmi-Henrici Arausii et Mariae. 4.
Spencer (W.). Origen, Contra Celsum. 4.
W[alker] (W.). Plea for Infant Baptism. 8.
Winterton (R.). Poetae Minores Graeci. 8.
Wittie (R.). Gout Raptures. 4.
1678
Almanacks (Dove, Pond, Swallow, Swan). 8.
Babington (H.). Mercy and Judgment. 4.
Eadius (J-)- Baptista Mantuanus. 8.
Gouldman (F.). Dictionary. Ed. 4. 4.
Ray (J.). English Proverbs. Ed. 2. 8.
1679
Almanacks (Dove, Pond, Swallow, Swan). 8.
Bible. 4.
Common Prayer. 4.
Crashaw (R.). Poemata et Epigrammata. 8.
Heinsius (D.). Andronicus Rhodius, Ethicorum Paraphrasis. 8.
Livius. Historia. 8.
Sallustius. 12.
Sternhold (T.). Psalms. 4.
1680
Almanacks (Culpepper, Dove, Pond, Swallow, Swan). 8.
B[ullokar] (J.). An English Expositour. 12.
Burgersdicius (F.). Institutionarum Logicarum libri duo. 8.
174 APPENDIX
Florus, Pontanus, Ampelius. 12.
Heerebord (A.). 'Ep^veia Logica. Ed. nova. 8.
New Testament. (Engraved table 1683.) 4.
1681
Almanack (Wing). 8.
Hill (J.). Schrevelius, Lexicon. 8.
Lily (W.). Short Introduction of Grammar. 8.
Robertson (W.). Phraseologia Generalis. 8.
[Rogers (T.).] Faith professed in the xxxix Articles. 40.
Varenius (B.). Geographia Generalis (ed. Sir Isaac Newton). Ed. 2. 8.
1682
Almanacks (Culpepper, Dove, Pond, Swallow, Swan, Wing).
Barne (M.). Two University Sermons. 4.
Bible. 4.
(N.T. title 1680.) 40.
( 1666.) 40.
N[ewman] (S.). Concordance. Ed. 3. F.
Pindarick Poem to Duke of Albemarle. F.
Puffendorf (S.). De officio hominis et civis. 8.
Schuler (J.). Exercitationes ad principiorum Descartes primam partem. 8.
1683
Barne (M.). University Sermon (large paper). 4.
Bible. 4.
(N.T. title 1680.) 4.
( 1666.) 40.
Common Prayer. 4.
Davenant (j*.). De morte Christi. 12.
Eusebius, etc. F.
Hymenaeus Cantabrigiensis. (2 issues.) 4.
Jewel (J.). Apologia Ecclesiae Anglicanae. 12.
North (J.). Plato, Dialogi selecti. Ed. 2. 8.
Robertson (W.). Manipulus Linguae Sanctae et Eruditorum. 4.
Sternhold (T.) and others. Psalms. 4.
1684
Barne (M.). Assize Sermon, Hertford. 4.
Baronius (R.). Metaphysica. 12.
Beda. Historia Ecclesiastica. F.
Bullokar (J.). An English Expositour. Ed. 7. 8.
Cambridge University Statuta. 8.
Casimir (M.). Sarbievii Lyricorum libri iv. 24.
Euripides. F.
Naudaeus (G.). Bibliographica politica. 8.
Stephanus (H.). Anacreon. 12.
Whear (D.). De ratione et methodo legendi utrasque historias. 8.
Winterton (R.). Poetae Minores Graeci. 8.
1685
Academiae Cantabrigiensis Affectus, decedente Carolo II. 4.
Almanacks (Culpepper, Dove, Fly, Swallow). 8.
CAMBRIDGE BOOKS 175
Baron (R.)- Metaphysica Generalis. 8.
Castalio (S.). a Kempis, De Christo imitando. 12.
Concordance.
Erasmus (D.). Enchiridion Militis Christiani. 12.
Faber (T.). Longinus.
Gostwyke (W.). Sermon for victory over rebels. 4.
Gower (H.). Discourse after death of Peter Gunning. 4.
Hill (J.). Schrevelius, Lexicon. Ed. 6. 8.
Lactantius. Opera. 8.
Prayers for use in Trinity College Chapel. 4.
Ray (J.}. Second Appendix ad Catalogum.
Rhodokanakis (C.). De resolutione verborum.
Robertson (W.). Liber Psalmorum (Hebrew). 12.
Spencer (J.). De legibus Hebraeorum. F.
Statuta Academiae Cantabrigiensis. 8.
1686
Almanack (Wing). 8.
Articles of Enquiry. 4.
Homer. Iliad. 8.
Lucretius. 12.
[(?) Newton (Sir I.).] Tables for renewing College leases. 8.
Novum Testamentum.
Robertson (W.). Manipulus Linguae Sanctae. 8.
Schuler (J.). Exercitationes ad primam partem...Philosophiae. 8.
Sleidan (J.). De Quatuor Monarchiis. 12.
Tertullianus, Apologeticus; Minucius Felix. 12.
Thurlin (T.). Necessity of Obedience to Spiritual Government. 4.
Turner (F.). Letter to Clergy of Ely. 4.
Wolf(H.). Isocrates, Orationes et Epistolae. 12.
1687
Almanacks (Fly, Pond). 8.
Ovid. Metamorphoses. 8.
Vincentius Lirinensis. Commonitorium. 12.
1688
Almanacks (Culpepper, Dove, Pond, Wing). 8.
Barnes (J.). History of Edward III. F.
Browne (T.). Concio ad Clerum. 4.
B[ullokar] (J.). An English Expositor. 12.
Castalio (S.). a Kempis, De Christo imitando. 12.
Illustrissimi Principis Ducis Cornubiae Genethliacon. 4.
Musae Cantabrigienses. Wilhelmo et Mariae. 4.
Sanderson (R.). Casus Conscientiae Novem. 8.
[Saywell (W.).] The Reformation justified. 4.
The Office of a Chaplain. 4.
Valla (L.). De linguae Latinae elegantia. 8.
Widdrington (R.). Adrrvov KOI 'ETr/SftTri/ov. 12.
1689
Almanacks (Dove, Pond, Wing). 8.
Fleetwood (W.). Sermon in King's College Chapel. 4
176 APPENDIX
Homer. Iliad. 4.
Launoius (J.). Epistolae. F.
Musae Cantabrigienses. 4.
1690
Fuller (S.). Canonica successio. 4.
Hypomnemata didactica. 8.
Milner (J.). De Nethinim sive Nethinaeis. 4.
1691
Hanbury (N.). Supplementum analyticum ad aequationes Cartesianas. 4.:
Heyrick (T.). Miscellany Poems. 4.
Submarine Voyage. 4.
Power (T.). Paradise Lost I (Latin). 40.
Walker (T.). Divine Hymns. 4.
1692
Almanacks (Swallow, Wing). 8.
Anatomy of a Jacobite. 4.
De Meronwik (P. C.). Cicero. Orationes Selectae (Delphini). 40.
Edwards (J.). Enquiry into four remarkable texts of the N.T. 40.
Eusebius, etc. F.
Minellius (J.). Terentius, Comoediae. 4.
Say well (W.). The necessity of adhering to the Church of England. 4,
1693
A new dictionary in five alphabets. 4.
Jeffery (J.). Sermon at Norwich. 4.
Knatchbull (Sir N.). Annotations upon difficult texts of N.T. 8.
Robertson (W.). Phraseologia generalis. 8.
Russell (J.). Sermon. 40.
Walker (T.). Assize Sermon. 40.
1694
Almanacks (Pond, Swallow). 8.
Barnes (J.). Euripides. F.
Elis (J.). Articulorum xxxix Defensio. 12.
Milner (J.). Defence of Archbishop Usher. 8.
1695
Almanacks (Dove, Swallow). 8.
Censorinus. De die natali. 8.
Concordance. 12.
Lacrymae Cantabrigienses in obitum Mariae. 4.
Lily (W.). Short Introduction of Grammar. 8.
Whitefoot (J.). A discourse on the power of charity. 8.
l6 9 6
Almanacks (Culpepper, Dove, Pond, Wing). 8.
Aristotle. De Poetica. 8.
Busteed (M.). Orationes duae funebres. 12.
CAMBRIDGE BOOKS 177
1697
Aesop Naturaliz'd. 8.
Prognostication (Fly). 8.
1698
Almanack (Fly). 8.
Hutchinson (F.). Commencement Sermon. 4.
N[ewman] (S.). Concordance. Ed. 4. F.
Nourse (P.). Commencement Sermon. 4.
Ovid. Metamorphoses. 8.
Patrick (J.), Brady, and Tate. Psalms in metre. 8.
l6 99
Almanacks (Culpepper, Dove, Fly, Pond, Swallow, Wing). 8.
Cicero. Orationes (Delphini). 8.
Edwards (J.). Commencement Sermon. 4.
Leeds (E.). Methodus Graecam Linguam docendi. 8.
Leng (J.). Sermon before the King at Newmarket. 4.
Marsh (R.). Sermon at St Mary's. 4.
Talbot (J.). Horatius. 4.
Warren (Robt.). The Tablet of Cebes. 12.
1700
Almanacks (Dove, Pond). 4.
Bennet (T.). An Answer to the Dissenters' Pleas. Ed. 2. 8.
Blackall (O.). Commencement Sermon. 4.
Dillingham (W.). Vita Laurentii Chadertoni. 8.
Edwards (J.). Contio et Determinatio pro gradu Doctoratus. 12.
Gaskarth (J.). Commencement Sermon. 4.
Concio ad Clerum. 4.
Hare (F.). Sermon at St Mary's. 4.
Le Clerc (J.). Physica. 12.
New Testament (Greek). 12.
[? Newton (Sir I.).] Tables for leases. Ed. 2. 8.
Philips (A.). Life of John Williams. 8.
Syntaxis et Prosodia. 8.
Winterton (R.). Poetae Minores Graeci. 8.
1701
Alleyne (J.). Sermon at Loughborough. 4.
Almanacks (Culpepper, Dove, Fly, Pond, Swallow, Wing). 8.
Annesley (W. A.). Catullus, Tibullus, Propertius. 4.
Bennet (T.). Confutation of Popery. Edd. i and 2. 8.
Answer to the Dissenters' Pleas. Ed. 3. 8.
Cornwall (J.). Sermon at St Mary's. 4.
Kettlewell (J.). Help to worthy communicating. Ed. 4. 8.
Kuster (L.). De Suida Diatribe. 40.
Laughton (J.). Vergilius, Bucolica, Georgica et Aeneis. 4.
Leeds (E.). Veteres poetae citati ad P. Labbei sententiam. 12.
Leng (J.). Terentius. Comoediae. Ed. 2. 12.
Marsden (R.). Concio ad Clerum. 4.
Milner (j'.). Animadversions upon Le Clerc' s reflexions.
Puffendorf (S.). De Officiis Hominis et Civis. Ed. 6. 8.
Talbot (J.). Horatius. Ed. 2. 12.
R. 12
178 APPENDIX
1702
Almanacks (Culpepper, Dove, Fly, Pond, Swallow, Wing). 8.
Archbishop of Philippolis' Speech.
Beaumont (J.). Psyche. Ed. 2. F.
Bennet (T.). A Discourse of Schism. Edd. i and 2. 8.
Curcellaeus (S.). Synopsis Ethices. 8.
Descartes (R.)- Ethice, in methodum et compendium. 8.
Gassendus (P.). Institutio Astronomica. Ed. 6. 8.
Laughton (J.). Vergilius, Bucolica, Georgica et Aeneis. Ed. 2. 4
Patrick (J.), Brady, and Tate. Psalms in Metre. 8.
Stillingfleet (E.). Origines Sacrae. Ed. 7. F.
Verses on the death of the King.
Whiston (W.). Chronology of the Old Testament.
Harmony of the Four Evangelists. 4.
Bennet (T.). Defence of the Discourse of Schism. 8.
Answer to Mr Shepherd's considerations. 8.
Cellarius (C.). Notitia orbis antiqui. 4.
Crispinus (D.). Ovidius de Tristibus. 8.
Davies (J.). Maximus Tyrius. 8.
Grotius de jure Belli et Pacis, Epitome. Ed. 2. 8.
Piers (W.). Euripides, Medea et Phoenissae. 8.
Whiston (W.). Tacquet, Elementa Geometriae. 8.
1704
Bennet (T.). A Discourse of Schism. Ed. 3. 8.
Answer to Mr Shepherd's considerations. Ed. 2. 8.
Defence of the Discourse of Schism. Ed. 2. 8.
Cassianus Bassus. 8.
Le Clerc (J.). Logica. Ed. 4. 12.
Leeds (E.). Lucian. 8.
Leng (J.). Sermon at consecration of St Catharine's Chapel. 4.
Needham (P.). Geoponica. 8.
Savage (J.). Sermon at Welwyn. 4.
Assize Sermon at Hertford. 4.
Sherwill (T.). Sermon on SS. Simon and Jude. Ed. 2. 4.
University Sermon. 4.
Willymot (W.). Peculiar use of certain Latin words. 8.
1705
Barnes (J.). Anacreon. 12.
Anacreon Christianus. 8.
Bennet (T.). Confutation of Quakerism. 8.
Cambridge Poll Book. F.
\ Cicero. Epistolae Selectae. 8.
Dawes (Sir W.). University Sermon. 4.
Jeffery (J.}. Sermon.
Kuster (L.). Suidas. Lexicon. F.
Le Clerc (J.). Physica. Ed. 2. 8.
CAMBRIDGE BOOKS 179
Ovid. Tristia (Delphini). 8.
St John (P.). Quatuor Orationes. 4.
Stephens. Sermon.
Tixier (J.). Epistolae. 8.
Whiston (W.). Sermon at Trinity Church. 4.
Willymot (W.). Peculiar Use of certain words in Latin Tongue. Ed. 2. 8.
Woolston (T.). Old Apology revived. 8.
1706
Bennet (T.). Confutation of Popery. Ed. 3. 8.
Bouchery (W.). Hymnus Sacer e libro Judicum V. 4.
Cicero. Orationes (Delphini). 8.
Davies (J.). Caesar (Gr. and Lat.). 4.
Dawson (J.). Lexicon to Greek Testament. 8.
Ockley (S.). Introductio ad Linguas Orientales. 8.
Snape (A.). Sermon before the Princess Sophia. 4.
[Tudway (T.).] Anthems used in King's College Chapel. 8.
Whiston (W.). Essay on Revelation of St John. 4.
1707
Alleyne (J.). Sermon at Leicester. Ed. 2. 4.
Almanacks (Dove, Pond, Wing). 8.
[Bennet (T.).] Answer to the Dissenters' Pleas. Ed. 4. 8.
Necessity of Baptism. 8.
Bentley (R.). Visitation Articles. 4. (170 .)
Cannon (R.). Sermon before the Queen at Newmarket. 4.
Davies (J.). Minucius Felix. 8.
Horatius cum lectionibus warns. 12.
[Jenkins.] Defensio S. Augustini. 8.
Laughton (R.). Sheet of questions on Newtonian philosophy.
Newton (Sir I.). Arithmetica Universalis [ed. W. W.]. 8.
Snape (A.). Commemoration Sermon in King's College Chapel. 4.
Virgilius ex edit. Emmesiana.
Webb. Table of University Officers.
Whiston (W.). Praelectiones Astronomicae. 8.
1708
Bennet (T.). Joint Use of precompos'd Forms of Prayer. Edd. i and 2. 8.
Discourse of Schism. Ed. 2. 8.
Christian Manual of Devotions.
Johnson (T.). Sophocles, Antigone et Trachiniae. 8.
Le Clerc (J.). Physica. Ed. 7. 12.
Waller. Sermon at Bishop Stortford.
Whiston (W.). Accomplishment of Scripture Prophecies. 8.
New Theory of the Earth. Ed. 2. 8.
1709
Bennet (T.). A Confutation of Quakerism. Ed. 2. 8.
Bentley (R.). Emendationes ad Ciceronis Tusculanas. 8.
Davies (J.). Cicero, Tusculanae Disputationes. 8.
Needham (P.). Hierocles. 8.
12 2
i8o APPENDIX
Sherwill (T.). Monarchy the best establishment. 4.
Verses on the death of the Prince.
Walker. Divine Essays.
1710
Hughes (J.). Chrysostom de Sacerdotio. 8.
Laugh ton (R.). Philosophical Questions.
N. (J.). Compendium of Trigonometry. 12.
Wasse (J.). Sallustius. 4.
Whiston (W.). Praelectiones Physico-Mathematicae. 8.
Tacquet, Elementa Geometriae. Ed. 2. 8.
I7II
Barnes (J.). Homer. 4.
Bentley (R.). Horatius. 4.
Brome (E.). Christian Fasting. 8.
Green (R.). Demonstration of the truth of the Christian Religion. 8
Herodotus, Vita Homeri. 4.
Laugh ton (R.). Mathematical Lectures.
1712
Davies (J.). Minucius Felix et Commodianus. 8.
Duport (J.) and Needham (P.). Theophrastus, Characteres. 8.
Green (R.). Principles of Natural Philosophy. 8.
Hughes (J.). Chrysostom de Sacerdotio. Ed. 2. 8.
Ockley (S.). Oratio Inauguralis. 4.
Peck. Essay on Study.
Quaestio Me die a.
Thirlby (S.). Answer to Whiston's 17 Suspicions. 8.
Varenius (B.). Geographia generalis. 8.
[Bentley (R.).] Emendationes in Menandri et Philemonis Reliquias. 8.
Epistola de Johanne Malela. Ed. 2. 8.
Bentley (T.). Notes on Bentley's Horace. 8.
Drake (S.). Castilionis de Curiali sive Aulico. 8.
Jesus College Statutes.
Massey (E.). Plato, de Republica. 8.
Newton (Sir I.). Principia Mathematica. Ed. 2. 4.
Oldham (G.). Sermon at Bishop's Stortford. 4.
Pycroft (S.). Enquiry into Freethinking. 8.
Thirlby (S.). Defense of the Answer to Whiston. 8.
Verses upon the Peace.
Waterland (D.). Assize Sermon. Edd. i and 2. 4.
Whiston (W.). Reflexions. Ed. 2. 8.
1714
Acad. Cant. Carmina Funebria et Triumphalia. F.
Bachelors' Statutes. 8.
Potter (E.). Vindication of our Saviour's Divinity. 8.
Pycroft (S.). Reflections on the Nature of Contentment. 8.
Quaestiones una cum carminibus. 8.
CAMBRIDGE BOOKS 181
Statutes of the University. 8.
Varenius (B.). Geographia. 8.
Waller (J.). University Sermon. 4.
1715
Acts of Parliament.
Aspinwall (E.). Preservative against Popery. 8.
Bentley (R.). Sermon on Popery. 8.
Clemens Alexandrinus.
Green. Sermon at Canterbury.
Innocency of Error. Ed. 2.
Puffendorf(S.}. De Officio Hominis et Civis. 8<>.
[S. (J.).] Herodotus, Clio. 8.
Sherlock (T.). Sermon (20 Nov. 1715). 4.
Tydall. Sermon.
Wright. Sermon (5 Nov. 1715).
1716
Browne (Sir T.). Christian Morals. 12.
Fleet-wood (W.). Charge to the Clergy. Edd. i and 2. 4.
Lyng (W.). Sermon at Yarmouth. 4.
Needham (P.). University Sermon. 8.
Pearce (Z.). Cicero de Oratore. 8.
Sturmy (D.). Discourses. 8.
[Wake (W.).] Archbishop of Canterbury's Letter. 4.
Waterland (D.). Thanksgiving Sermon. 8.
Waterland (T.). Sermon on anniversary of King's accession. 8.
1717
Bentley (R.). Boyle Lectures etc. 8. (n.d.)
Laughton (R.). Sermon before the King at King's College Chapel. 2eds. 8.
1718
Bentley (R.). Boyle Lectures. 8<>. (n.d.)
Bentley (T.). Cicero de Finibus, Paradoxa. 8.
Colbatch (J.). Commemoration Sermon in Trinity College Chapel. 8.
Crossinge (R.). Sermon (Peace and Joy). 8.
Davies (J.). Cicero de Natura Deorum. 8.
Cicero de Finibus. 8.
Lactantius. Epitome. 8.
Whitfield (J.). Assize Sermon at Ely. 8.
Wotton (H.). Clemens Romanus. 8.
1719
Booth. Friendly Advice to Anabaptists.
Elegiac Tristes ad pudicitiam exhortantes. 8.
Needham (P.). Hierocles. 8.
Plaifere (J.) and others. Tracts concerning Predestination. 8.
Waterland (D.). A vindication of Christ's divinity. Edd. i and 2. 8.
1720
Cambridge Concordance. F.
Descartes (R.). Ethice. 8.
i8 2 APPENDIX
\Gastrell (F.).] Bishop of Chester's Case.
Reading (W.). Valesius, Eusebius, etc. F.
Waterland (D.). An answer to Dr Whitby's reply. 8.
Eight sermons. Edd. i and 2. 8.
Vindication of Christ's divinity. Ed. 3. 8.
1721
Barnes (J.). Anacreon. Ed. 2. 12.
Davies (J.). Cicero, De Divinatione. 8.
Maichelius (D.). Introductio ad Historiam Literariam. 8.
Waterland (D.). Arian Subscription. Edd. i and 2. 8.
Vindication of Christ's divinity. Ed. 4. 8.
Sermon at St Paul's. 8.
1722
Cotes (R.). Harmonia Mensurarum. 4.
Covel (J.). Account of Greek Church. F.
Davies (J.). Cicero, De officiis. 8.
Jortin (J.). Lusus Poetici. 4.
King (J.). Epistola ad J. Friend. 8.
Smith (J.). Beda, Historia Ecclesiastica. F.
Waterland (D.). Supplement to Arian Subscription. 8.
Whiston (W.). Tacquet, Elementa Geometriae. Ed. 3. 8.
Whitfield (J.). Visitation Sermon at Ely. 8.
1723
Davies (J.). Cicero, Tusculanae Disputationes. Ed. 2. 8.
De Natura Deorum. Ed. 2. 8.
Hare (F.). Cicero (Manutit).
Leng (J.). Terentius. Ed. 3. 12.
Markland (J.). Epistola critica ad F. Hare. 8.
Middleton (C.). Bibliothecae Cantabrigiensis Ordinandae Methodus. 4.
Piers (W.). Euripides, Medea et Phoenissae. Ed. 2. 8.
Short Introduction to Grammar, for the use of Bury School.
1724
Bentley (R.). Boyle Lecture Sermons. Ed. 5. 8.
Doughty (G.). Sermon in King's College Chapel. Edd. i and 2. 4.
Drake (S.). Concio ad Clerum. 4.
[Gooch.] Caius College Statutes. 8.
Harding (C.). Via" a, Poetic a.
Hennebert (C.). Terence in French and Latin.
Newcome (J.). University Sermon. Edd. i and 2. 4.
Parne (T.). Sermon at Bedford. 4.
Rolfe (T.). Syllabus of Anatomy.
Shuckford (S.). Sermon at Norwich. 4.
Waterland (D.). Critical History of Athanasian Creed. 8.
Whitfield (J.). Sermon at St Mary's. 8.
1725
Bentley (R.) Remarks upon a late Discourse of Free-Thinking. Ed. 6. 8.
Davies (J.). Cicero, Academica. 8.
Dawson (J.). Lexicon to Greek Testament. Ed. 2. 8.
CAMBRIDGE BOOKS 183
Harris (S.). Oratio Inauguralis. 4.
Poll for Knights of the Shire of the County of Cambridge.
Whitfield (J.). University Sermon. 8.
1726
Arnald (R.). Sermon at Bishop Stortford. 4.
Bentley (R.). Terentius, Phaedrus, Publilius Syrus. 4.
Davies (J.). Curae Secundae in Caesaris Commentaries. 8.
King (J.). Euripides, Hecuba, Orestes, Phoenissae. 8.
Knight (S.). Life of Erasmus. 8.
Paris (J.). Miscellanea Practico-Theoretica. 8.
1727
Academiae Luctus in Obitum Georgii I. F.
Chappelow (L,). Spencer, De legibus Hebraorum. F.
Davies (J.). Cicero, De legibus. 8.
Caesar, Opera. 8.
Green (R.). Expansive and Contractive Forces. F.
Inglis (A.). Bentivoglio's Lettres in Italian. 8.
Stebbing (H.). Polemical Tracts. F.
1728
Aristotle, Poetic a (Ed. Goulstoniana 2).
Battie (W.). Aristotelis Rhetorica. 8.
Blomfield (B.). University Sermon. 8.
Davies (J.). Cicero, De finibus. 8.
Edwards. Poem on Copernican System.
Hough (T.). Sermon at St Paul's School. 40.
Long (R.). Commencement Sermon. Edd. i and 2. 4.
[Newcome (S.).] Enquiry into evidence of Christian Religion. 8.
Objections against Book of Daniel considered.
Waterland (D.). Critical History of Athanasian Creed. Ed. 2. 8.
1729
Baker (W.). Sermon preached at Lichfield. 4.
Battie (W.). Isocrates. 8.
Cicero, Orationes (Delphini). 8.
Disney (J.). View of Ancient Laws against Immorality. F.
Knight (S.). Spittall Sermon at St Bridget's. 4.
Stebbing (H.). Defence of Confirmation. 4.
Warren (M.). Epistle on Abuse of Bark in Fevers. 4.
Davies (J.). Cicero de Divinatione. Ed. 2. 8.
Tusculanae. Ed. 3. 8.
Philosophica. 8.
Kent (N.). Excerpta ex Luciani operibus. 8
Quaestiones una cum carminibus. 8.
[Waterland (D.).] Advice to a young student. Ed. 2. 8.
1731
[Chapman (J.).] Remarks on a letter to Dr Waterland. 8.
[Gretton (P.).] Concio ad Clerum. 8.
1 84 APPENDIX
Johnson (T.). On Moral Obligation. 8.
University Sermon. 8.
Law (E.). King's Origin of Evil. 4.
Mounteney (R.). Demosthenes, Selectae orationes. 8.
Trevigar (L.). Conic Sections. 4.
[Waterland (D.).] Scripture Vindicated. Pt. II. 8.
Welchman (E.). Tertullianus de Trinitate Liber. 8.
1732
[Chapman (J.).] Remarks on Christianity as old as Creation. 8.
Common Prayer. 8.
Cotes (R.). Harmonia Mensurarum. 4.
Crossings (.). Sermon before King William at Newmarket, z eds. 4.
Davies (J.). Cicero de Natura Deorum. 8.
Gretton (P.). Conciones duae. 8.
[Johnson (T.).] Quaestiones Philosophicae. 12.
Pearce (Z.). Cicero, De Oratore. Ed. 2. 8.
University Statutes. 8.
'733
Chapman (J.). Remarks on Christianity as old as Creation. 8.
Colbatch (J.). Marriage-treaty between Charles II and Catherine. 4.
Collection of Poems. 8.
Common Prayer. 8.
Davies (J.). Cicero, De Natura Deorum. Ed. 3. 8.
Gratulatio Acad. Cantab. Principis Auriaci nuptias celebrantis. F.
Maryland (J.) and Hare (F.). Epistola Critica. 8.
Chapman (J.). Examination of Sykes on Phlegon. 8.
Clarke (Joseph). Further Examination of Dr Clarke on Space. 8.
Clarkson (C.). Visitation Sermon at Melton Mowbray. 4.
Guarini (G. B.). II Pastor Fido. 4.
Johnson (T.). Letter to Mr Chandler. 8.
Law (E.). Enquiry into the ideas of Space, Time, etc. 8.
Mason (C.). Oratio Woodwardiana. 4.
Rowning (J.). Natural Philosophy. Pt. I. 8.
1735
[PArbuthnot (J.).] Critical Remarks on Gulliver's Travels. 8.
Bentley (R.). Boyle Lecture Sermons. Ed. 6. 8.
Chapman (J.). Re-examination of Phlegon. 8.
Johnson (T.). Puffendorf de Officiis. 12.
Quaestiones Philosophicae. Ed. 2. 12.
Kerrich (S.). Commencement Sermon. 8.
Kynnesman. Latin Grammar. Ed. 2.
.Lyons (I.). Hebrew Grammar. 8.
^Middleton (C.). Origin of Printing in England. 4.
Pastoral poem on the death of Lord How at Barbados. F.
Rowning (J.). Natural Philosophy, Pt. n. 8.
Waterland (D.). Discourse of Fundamentals. 8.
CAMBRIDGE BOOKS 185
1736
Davies (J.). Cicero, Academica. Ed. 2. 8.
Gratulatio Acad. Walliae Principis nuptias celebrantis. F.
Pigg (T.). Assize Sermon at Thetford. 4.
Warren (R.). Answer to Plain Account of Sacrament [by B. Hoadly]. 8.
X 737
Arnald (R.). Sermon at Leicester. 4.
Bentley (R.). Remarks upon a late Discourse of Free-Thinking. Ed. 7. 8
Catalogue of Mr Johnson's books.
Muscut (J.). Visitation Sermon at Bedford.
Warren (R.). Appendix to Answer. 8.
Waterland (D.). Review of Doctrine of Eucharist. 8.
1738
Catalogue for a sale of books by Thurlbourn.
Davies (J.). Cicero, Disputationes Tusculanae. Ed. 4. 8.
Lyons (I.). Hebrew Grammar. Ed. 2. 8.
[Newcome (S.).] Nature and end of the Sacrament. 8.
Pietas Acad. in funere Principis Wilhelminae Carolinae. F.
Smith (R.). Compleat System of Opticks. 4.
Williams (P.). University Sermon. 4.
1739
Chapman (J.). Eusebius or the true Christian's Defense. 8.
[Colbatch (J.).] Treatise for altering the present method of letting leases. 8.
Cradock (J.). University Sermon. 4.
Dunthorne (R.). Astronomy of the Moon. 8.
Law (E.). King, Origin of Evil. Ed. 3. 8.
Weston (W.). Two Sermons. 8.
1740
Saunderson (N.). Elements of Algebra. 4.
Taylor (J.). Lysias. 8.
Appendix to Suidas.
1741
Chapman (J.). De aetate Ciceronis de legibus. 8.
Colbatch (J.). The Case of Proxies. 8.
Davies (J.). Cicero de Finibus. Var. Ed. 2. 8.
de Divinatione. Ed. 3. 8.
de Legibus. 8.
Davies (R.). Memoirs of Dr Nicholas Saunderson. 4.
Garnett (J.). Assize Sermon. 4.
Johnson (T.). Quaestiones Philosophicae. Ed. 3. 8.
Keill (J.). Introductio ad veram Physicam. Ed. 6. 8.
Squire (S.). Defense of the Antient Greek Chronology. 8.
] The Ancient History of the Hebrews. 8.
Taylor (J.). Demosthenes. Vol. in. 4.
The Inward Call to the Holy Ministry.
Tunstal (J.). Epistola ad C. Middleton. 8.
1 86 APPENDIX
1742
Abridgement of Acts of Parliament relating to Excise. 8.
Catalogue of Duplicates in Royal Library. 8.
Long (R.). Astronomy. Vol. i. 4.
Taylor (J.). Commentarius ad Legem Xviralem. 4.
J 743
Bally (G.). Solomon de Mundi Vanitate. 4.
[Bentley (R.)-] Remarks on a late discourse of Free-thinking. Ed. 8. 8.
Bible. 12.
Common Prayer. 8.
12.
3 2 -
Law (E.). Assize Sermon, Carlisle. 8.
Newcome (J.). Sermon before the House of Commons. 4.
Richardson ( ). Godwin. De praesulibus Angliae. F.
Rutherforth (T.). Ordo Institutionum Physicarum. 4.
Smart (C.). Carmen Alex. Pope in S. Caeciliam. F.
Taylor (J.). Demosthenes in Midiam et Lycurgus contra Leocratem. 8.
Marmor Sandvicense. 4.
Wesley (S.). Poems. Ed. 2. 8.
1744
Butler (S.). Hudibras. 2 vols. 8.
Davies (J.). Cicero de Natura deorum. Ed. 4. 8.
Grey (Z.). Review of Neal's History of the Puritans. 8.
Rutherforth (T.). Nature and obligations of virtue. 4.
Squire (S.). Plutarchus de Iside et Osiride. 8.
Sternhold (T.). The Whole Book of Psalms. 32.
1745
Bennet (P.). University Sermon. 8.
Common Prayer. F.
Davies (J.). Cicero de Legibus. Ed. 2. 8.
Dawes (R.). Miscellanea Critica. 8.
Elstobb (W.). Pernicious consequences of replacing Sluices. 8.
Garnett (J.). Commemoration Sermon. 4.
Law (E.). Considerations on the state of the world. 8.
Tryal ofjeroms and footman, 8.
Warner (M.). Sermon on the present rebellion. 8.
Fast Sermon. 8.
Williams (P.). Sermon at Starston. 8.
1746
[A Divine.] Nature and Necessity of Catechising. 8.
Bateman (W.). Concio ad Clerum. 4.
ible (Welsh), go.
Kerrich (S.). Thanksgiving Sermon. 8.
Knowles (T.). The existence and attributes of God. 8.
Mays (C.). Thanksgiving Sermon. 8.
CAMBRIDGE BOOKS 187
[Powell.] Heads of Lectures in Experimental Philosophy. 8.
Psalms (Welsh). 8.
Rutherforth (T.). Determinatio Quaestionis Theologicae. 4.
Sermon before the House of Commons.
Smart (C.). Carmen Alex. Pope in S. Caeciliam Latine redditum. Ed. 2. 4.
Warner (M.). Thanksgiving Sermon. 8.
Warren (Rich.). Mutual duty of minister and people. 4.
Weston (W.). Rejection of Christian Miracles by Heathens. 8.
Moral impossibility of conquering England. 8.
*747
Bible. 12.
Cotes (R.) Hydrostatical and Pneumatical Lectures. Ed. 2. 8.
Heathcote (R.). Historia Astronomiae. 8.
Taylor (J.). Demosthenes. 8.
Brooke (Z.). Defensio Miraculorum. 4.
Common Prayer. F.
12. (2 eds.)
Goodall (H.). Duties attending a proper discharge of the Ministry. 4.
Gratulatio Acad. Cant, de reditu Georgii II. F.
Rutherforth (T.). System of Natural Philosophy. 2 vols. 4.
Sternhold (T.). The Whole Book of Psalms. 12. (2 eds.)
Weston (W.). On the remarkable wonders of antiquity. 8.
Beaumont (J.). Poems. 4.
Bennet (P.). Two University Sermons. 8.
Fauchon (J.). A publick lecture to La Butte. 4.
Green (J.). Commencement Sermon. 4.
Law (E.). Considerations on the state of the world. Ed. 2. 8.
Discourse upon the life of Christ. 8.
Mason [W.]. Installation Ode. 4.
Moody (S.). Concio Academica. 8.
[Ross (J.).] Cicero, Epistolae. 8.
Smith (R.). Harmonics. 8.
Sternhold (T.). The Whole Book of Psalms. 12.
Taylor (J.). Sermon at Bishop-Stortford. 4.
1750
Chapman (T.). On the Roman Senate. 8.
Common Prayer. 12.
[Grey (Z.).] Historical account of Earthquakes. 8.
Hubbard (H.). Sermon at Ipswich. 4.
Knowles (T.). Existence and Attributes of God. 8.
[Masters (R).]. List of... members of Corpus Christi College. 4.
Michell (J.). Treatise of artificial magnets. 8.
Rutherforth (T.). Defence of [Sherlock's] discourses. Edd. i and 2. 8.
Smart (C.). On the Eternity of the Supreme Being. 4.
INDEX
Abendana, I., 72
Acton, Lord, 148, 149
Adams, Sir T., 54
Aldrich, R., 4
Andrewes, L., 60
Anstey, C., 105
Archdeacon, J., in-n8
Bacon, Francis, 29, 35
Baker, T., 146
Baldwin, Archbp., n
Barker, C., 32, 33, 68
Barker, M., 68
Barnes, J., 73, 92
Barrow, I., 67, 146
Baskerville, J., 106-111
Baskett, J., 104
Bathurst, C., 102 ff.
Beale, J., 36
Bede, 60
Bentham, E., 102
Bentham, James, 101-105
Bentham, Joseph, loi-in
Bentley, R., 74~93
Blomfield, C. J., 134
Blore, E., 131 ff.
Bowes, R., 12, 13, 55, 59, 63
Bowyer, W., 112
Brewster, .,53
Breynans, P., 16
Brooke, T., 44
Brown, E. W., 144
Browne, I. H., 118
Browne, Sir T., 93
Brownrigg, R., 42
Buck, F., 48, 75
Buck, J., 47-53, 59, 62, 63, 70
Buck, T., 44-59, 62, 70, 75
Bullock, H., 8, 1 1
Burges, J., 116-119
Burghley, Lord, 23, 32
Caius, Dr, 6
Camden, Marquess, 129 ff., 136
Cantaber, r
Carter, E., i, 2
Caxton, W., i, 2
Cayley, A., 148
Charles I, 45
Charles II, 65, 68, 70
Charters, Printing, 19-20, 45
Clarendon, Lord, 68
Clark, J. W., 148
Clay, C. F., 143, 151
Clay, C. J., 142, 143, 145
Clay, J., 142, 143
Clowes, W., 136
Coke, Sir E., 20
Colbatch, J., 86
Cole, W., 50, 104
Colet, J., 15
Collyer, J., 72
Cotes, R., 85
Cowell, J., 43
Cox, G., 145
Crashaw, R., 56, 70
Croke, R., 3, 4
Cromwell, O., 61, 65
Crosse, T., 86
Crownfield, C., 73-101
Crownfield, J., 101
Cudworth, R., 60, 65
Daniel, R., 48-61
Davies, J., 88, 92
Day, J., 31, 32
Deighton, J., 117, 120
Dillingham, W., 69
Dilly, E., 113
Donne, J., 56
Duff, E. G., 3, 4, 7, 8, 14
Dyer, G., 73, 127
Elizabeth, 30, 31, 41
Erasmus, 3 ff., 17, 72
Fenner, M., 98, 99
Fenner, W., 95-99
Field, J., 63-70, 74
Fisher, J., i, 4, 5, 12, 13
Flesher, M., 53
Fletcher, G., 42, 55
Fletcher, P., 41, 55
Freind, W., 116
INDEX
189
Fuller, T., 2, 15, 20, 41, 56, 60, 65
Galen, 12
Ged, W., 95 ff.
Gibbs, J., 105
Godfrey, G., 17, 21
Gooch, B., 35
Graves, W., 62
Gray, G. J., 4, 18, in
Gray, T., 5, 105, 116, 117
Green, R., 92
Greene, L., 44, 46, 47
Grey, Z., 105
Hamilton, Adams & Co., 145
Hansard, T., 129, 134
Hardy, J., 15
Hare, F., 84, 138
Harraden, R., 119
Harvey, W., 60
Hayes, J., 70-73
Heitland, W. E., 146
Henry VIII, 19, 45
Herbert, G., 56
Hodson, F., 120
Holdsworth, R., 61
Holme, R., 81
Hurd, R., 105
Innys, W., 91
Isola, A., 117
Jackson, J., 73
James I, 36, 37, 39, 42
James, J., 96 ff.
James, T., 96 ff.
Janssen, Sir T., 88
Jebb, Sir R. C., 148
Jenkes, H., 73
Jones, T., 117
Kaetz, P., 3, 14
Kelvin, Lord, 146, 148
Kilburne, W., 67
Kingston, J., 22, 31
Kipling, T., 116
Knight, S., 92
Kuster, L., 77, 87 ff.
La Butte, R., 112, 117
Lamb, J., 129
Leathes, Sir S., 16, 149
Le Clerc, J., 92
Legate, J. (the elder), 30-34, 75
Legate, J. (the younger), 53, 62, 63, 75
Legge, C., 34 ff.
Lily, W., 14, 34, 38, 45, 46, 113
Long, R., 105
Love, R., 65
Ludlam, W., 118
Luther, M., 13
Lyons, L, 92
Maclear, G. F., 147
Maitland, F. W., 2, 148
Margaret, The Lady, 4, 5, 16
Marshe, T., 31
Martin, H., 73
Marty n, T., 117
Mason, A., 144
Mason, W., 105
Masters, R., 105, 117
Maundeville, Lord, 38
Ma we, L., 36
Mayor, J. E. B., 146
Mead, R., 53
Merrill, T., 92, 113
Middleton, C., 85
Milner, I., 120 ff.
Milton, J., 58
Monk, J. H., 74 ff., 134, 138
More, H., 60
Mullinger, J. B., 4, 10, 145, 146
Nasmith, J., 117
Nevile, T., 42
Newcomb, R., 120
Newton, Sir I., 85, 90, 92, 93
Nichols, J., 112
Nicholson, S., 18, 19, 21
Noke, R., 21
Nutter, J., 128
Ockley, S., 92
Ogden, S., 116
Owen, D., 42
Owen, J., 87 ff.
Oxford, Printing at, 2, 120, 123
Parker, J., 53
Parker, J. W., 136-141
Parris, F. S., 103
Peace, J. B., 143
Pearson, J., 69
Peck, J., 73
INDEX
Pepys, S., 60, 67
Perkins, W., 41, 44
Perowne, J. J. S., 146, 147
Perse, S., 41
Piers, W., 92
Pilgrim, N., 21
Pindar, J. (i), 73
Pindar, J. (ii), 73, 95
Pitt, W., 117, i29ff.
Plumptre, R., 116
Porter, J., 34
Prior, M., 82
Prothero, Sir G. W., 149
Pulleyn, O., 62
Quarles, F., 60
Randal, J., 116
Ray, J., 68, 70
Rayleigh, Lord, 148
Reynolds, O., 148
Rivington, J., 113, 114, 134,
Robert*, W. H., 105
Rogers, B., 143
Sandys, Sir J. E., 146
Scholefield, J., 134, 146
Scrivener, F. H. A., 146, 147
Seeley, G., 142, 145
Seres, W., 31
Sewall, S., 72
Shelton, T., 60
Sheres, P., 21
Siberch, J., 2-14, 15, 20
Sidgwick, A., 146
Sigebert, i
Smart, C., 105
Smith, Sir G. A., 147
Smith, J., 128-136
Smith, W. Robertson, 147, 148
Somerset, Duke of, 75, 76
Spencer, J., 65
Speryng, N., 12, 14, 17, 1 8, 21
Spierinck. See Speryng
Squire, S., 105
Stanhope, Earl, 122
Stationers' Company, 22 ff., 30 ff.,
43, 44, 51, 53, 62, 65, 68, 69, 95,
"3
Stationers, University, 15 if.
Stokes, Sir G. G., 148
Stokes, M., 104
Sylvester, J. J., 148
Tabor, J., 7, 35, 36
Tait, P. G., 146, 148
Talbot, J., 77
Taylor, J., 77, 92, 105
Thomas, T., 22-29, 3*> 34> 4* 75
Tidder, J., 33, 34
Tothill, R., 31
Travers, W., 25
Usher, Archbp., 54
Verity, A. W., 146
Wakefield, G., 116
Waller, A. R., 150, 151
Walpole, H., 109
Ward, Sir A. W., 149, 150
Warde, $.,36
Watts, R., 122-128, 134
Waugh, J., 113
Weaver, E., 49, 51
Wendy, T., 18
Wesley, J., 117
West, N., n
Westminster Abbey, 3, 14, 147
Whewell, W., 146
Whinn, M., 70
Whiston, W., 92
Whitaker, W., 22, 23
Whitgift, Archbp., 25-27
William IV, 136
Willis, R., 148
Wiilymot, W., 42
Wilson, A., 122-127
Wolsey, Cardinal, 8, 17, 19, 21
Wordsworth, W., 117
Wren, M., 41
Wright, R. T., 151
Wright, W. A., 148
Young, R., 53
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