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LIBRARY 

1HVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA 


^9^5>V 


c 


ONE   HUNDREDTH   ANNIVERSARY 


FRAMING   OF  THE   CONSTITUTION 


UNITED    STATES. 


HISTORY  OF  THE  CELEBRATION 


OF   THE 


ONE  HUNDREDTH  ANNIVERSARY 


OF   THE   PROMULGATION    OF   THE 


Constitution  of  tijr  Unite* 


EDITED    BY 

HAMPTON    L    CARSON, 

SECRETARY   OF  THE  CONSTITUTIONAL  CENTENNIAL  COMMISSION. 


IN  TWO  VOLUMES. 

VOL.  II. 


WITH    ILLUSTRATIONS. 


PUBLISHED  UNDER  THE  DIRECTION 
AND  BY  THE  AUTHORITY  OF  THE  COMMISSION,  BY 

J.   B.   LIPPINCOTT    COMPANY, 

PHILADELPHIA. 
1889. 


CONTENTS    OF  VOLUME    II. 


PAGE 

Civic  AND  INDUSTRIAL  PROCESSION,  SEPTEMBER  15,  1887.     REPORT  OF  A.  LOUDON  SNOW- 
DEN,  CHAIRMAN  AND  MARSHAL i 

APPENDIX  TO  THE  REPORT  OF  THE  CHIEF  MARSHAL 167 

MILITARY  DISPLAY,  SEPTEMBER  16,  1887.     REPORT  OF  CLINTON  P.  PAINE,  CHAIRMAN 

OF  THE  MILITARY  COMMITTEE 195 

MEMORIAL  DAY,  CEREMONIES  IN  INDEPENDENCE  SQUARE,  SEPTEMBER  17,  1887    ....  251 
BREAKFAST  TO  THE  SUPREME  COURT  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES,  BY  THE  BAR  OF  PHILA- 
DELPHIA, SEPTEMBER  15,  1887 303 

DINNER  OF  THE  HIBERNIAN  SOCIETY,  SEPTEMBER  17,  1887 335 

BANQUET  GIVEN  BY  THE  LEARNED  SOCIETIES  OF  PHILADELPHIA,  SEPTEMBER  17,  1887  .  351 
DINNER  GIVEN   BY  THE  CITIZENS  OF  PHILADELPHIA  TO  THE  HON.  JOHN  A.  KASSON, 

PRESIDENT  OF  THE  CONSTITUTIONAL  CENTENNIAL  COMMISSION,  OCTOBER  13,  1887  .  415 
PLANS  FOR  THE  UNION  OF  THE  BRITISH  COLONIES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA,  1643-1776. 

Compiled  by  Frederick  D.  Stone 439 

INDEX 505 


LIST  OF  ILLUSTRATIONS  TO  VOLUME  II. 


Banner  carried  at  the  head  of  Civic 

and  Industrial  Procession    .  Frontispiece. 
Head  of  Column  of  Civic  and  In- 
dustrial Procession Facing     19 

Patriotic  Order  of  Sons  of  America, 

— Valley  Forge "  21 

Patriotic  Order  of  Sons  of  America  "  22 

The  Carpenters'  Company    ....  "  24 

Agricultural  Machinery  Exhibit  .    .  "  26 
The   Printers'  and  Paper  Makers' 

Exhibit "  35 

Indians  from  Indian  Territory     .    .  "  40 
Indians    from     Carlisle    Training- 
School     "  42 

The  Lumbermen's  Exchange  .    .    .  "  50 

Stone-Masons'  Exhibit "  52 

The  Brickmakers "  53 

The  Clay  Assembly, — Brickmakers  "  54 

The  Roofing  Exhibit "  58 

The  Plumbers'  Exhibit "  66 

Doors,  Sash,  and  Mill  Work   ...  "  60 

Metal  Works "  6* 

Painters'  Exhibit "  66 

The  Saw  Makers'  Exhibit    ....  "  72 

The  Firemen "  79 


97 
105 


Facing  119 


United  States  Mint  and  Ice  Exhibit.  Facing     94 
Float  of  the  Knights  of  the  Golden 

Eagle 

Textile  Exhibit 

Pennsylvania  Railroad  Exhibit : 
The  Pack  Train, 
The  Passenger  Packet  Boat, 
Laying  the  Track, 
One    of    America's    First 

Locomotives, 

Pennsylvania  Railroad  Exhibit : 
The  Conestoga  Wagon, 
The  Old  Way  by  Water, 
The  Concord  Coach, 
The  Present  Way, 
United  States  Naval  Exhibit    .    .    .  Facing  125 
Exhibit  of  the  Baldwin  Locomotive  Works : 
Second     Floor,    Hamilton 

Street  Shop, 
Second      Floor,      Willow 

Street  Shop, 
Modern    Locomotive    and 

Tender, 

Sewing-Machine  Exhibit  and  Brick- 
making  Machines Facing  141 


Facing  121 


Facing  131 


Facing  133 


Vlll 


LIST  OF  ILLUSTRATIONS  TO  VOLUME  II. 


Photography Facing  151 


General  Philip  H.  Sheridan  .  .  . 
"  The  Atlanta,"  United  States  Navy 
General  Sheridan  and  Staff .... 
First  City  Troop  National  Guards  of 

Pennsylvania 

The  Naval  Contingent 

Battalion   of    Four   Hundred   Ma- 
rines   

Governor  Biggs,  of  Delaware,  and 

Staff 

Governor  Beaver,  of  Pennsylvania, 

and  Staff 

General  Hartranft  and  Staff     .    .    . 
First    Regiment    National    Guards 

Pennsylvania 

Battery  A,  National  Guards  Penn- 
sylvania   

Eighth  Regiment  National  Guards 

Pennsylvania 

Girard  College  Cadets 

Third   Regiment   National  Guards 

New  Jersey 

Governor  Gordon,  of  Georgia,  and 

Staff 

First  Governor's  Foot-Guards  Con- 
necticut . 


195 
199 


204 


The  Boston  Cadets Facing  226 

Fifth    Regiment    National    Guards 


Maryland 


206 
207 

208 
209 

211 


214 


22O 


224 


225 


Officers  and  Privates  of  Butler 
Guards  South  Carolina  .... 

The  Virginia  Contingent 

Twenty-second  Regiment  National 
Guards  New  York  .... 

Twenty-third    Regiment     National 


Guards  New  York 


Governor  of  Ohio  and  Staff    . 
Uniform     of     First     Regiment  "j 

Rhode        Island        National 

Guards, 
Sergeant  of  First  Maine  Battery 

Light  Artillery, 
Governor  Larrabee,  of   Iowa,  and 


228 

229 
230 

232 

"        233 
"        234 

Facing  235 


Staff 


Ritchie  Guards  West  Virginia, 
Washington   Cadet   Corps  Dis- 
trict of  Columbia, 
Post  2,  Grand  Army  of  the  Republic 
Memorial  Day.     Ceremonies  in  In- 
dependence Square    


President  Cleveland 

r.  Justice  Miller 
Chief- Justice  Waite 


Plan  of  Formation  of  Military  Parade 

Plan  of  Platform  in  Independence  Square 

Plan  of  the  Banquet-Table  at  the  Academy  of  Music 


Facing  236 
Facing  237 
238 

"  251 

"  259 

"  262 

"  312 

Facing  248 
"  252 
"  360 


ONE  HUNDREDTH  ANNIVERSARY 

OF  THE 

PROMULGATION  OF  THE  CONSTITUTION 

OF   THE 

UNITKD    STATKS. 


CIVIC   AND    INDUSTRIAL    PROCESSION, 

SEPTEMBER    15,  1887. 


REPORT   OF  A.  LOUDON   SNOWDEN, 

CHAIRMAN   OF   COMMITTEE  AND   MARSHAL. 

HON.  JOHN  A.  KASSON, 

President  of  the  Constitutional  Centennial  Commission: 

DEAR  SIR, — In  making  my  final  report  as  requested  on  the 
creation  and  organization  of  the  Civic  and  Industrial  Proces- 
sional Display  of  September  15,  1887,  which  was  intended  in 
part  to  celebrate  the  centennial  anniversary  of  the  promulgation 
of  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States,  and  which  report  will 
remain  as  an  enduring  official  record  of  that  event,  it  is  proper 
that  I  should  begin  by  giving  the  correspondence  that  created 
the  official  relation  between  the  Constitutional  Centennial  Com- 
mission and  myself,  which  was  as  follows  : 


VOL.  II. — 2 


2  CIVIC  AND  INDUSTRIAL  PROCESSION. 

CONSTITUTIONAL  CENTENNIAL  COMMISSION, 
No.  907  WALNUT  STREET, 

PHILADELPHIA,  June  15,  1887. 

COLONEL  A.  LOUDON  SNOWDEN: 

DEAR  SIR, — You  are  hereby  duly  appointed  and  commissioned  to  act 
as  chairman  of  the  committee  in  charge  of  the  preparations  for  the  civic 
and  industrial  processional  display,  to  be  held  in  Philadelphia,  on  the 
fifteenth  day  of  September  next,  as  a  part  of  the  ceremonies  commemorative 
of  the  framing  and  promulgation  of  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States, 
and  to  act  as  Chief  Marshal  of  the  same. 

You  are  also  fully  empowered  to  organize  and  appoint  your  own  com- 
mittee, to  call  to  your  aid  all  necessary  assistants,  to  arrange  all  details, 
and  to  prepare  estimates  of  the  probable  expense,  which  are  to  be  sub- 
mitted to  the  Executive  Committee  of  the  Constitutional  Commission  for 
action. 

Awaiting  a  favorable  reply,  we  are,  with  sentiments  of  great  respect, 
your  obedient  servants, 

JOHN.  A.   KASSON, 

President  Constitutional  Centennial  Commission. 
AMOS   R.   LITTLE, 

Chairman  Executive  Committee, 
HAMPTON   L.   CARSON, 
Secretary. 

HAVERFORD  COLLEGE  STATION, 
MONTGOMERY  COUNTY,  PA.,  June  24,  1887. 

GENTLEMEN, — I  have  to  acknowledge  the  receipt  of  your  polite  favor 
of  the  1 5th  inst,  requesting  my  acceptance  of  the  "Chairmanship  of  the 
Committee  in  charge  of  the  Preparation  of  the  Civic  and  Industrial  Pro- 
cessional Display,  to  be  held  in  Philadelphia,  on  the  fifteenth  day  of  Sep- 
tember next,  as  part  of  the  ceremonies  commemorative  of  the  Framing 
and  Promulgation  of  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States,  and  to  act  as 
Chief  Marshal  of  the  same." 

Whilst  I  am  duly  sensible  of  the  honor  conferred  in  my  designation 
to  serve  in  this  important  position,  I  am  also  fully  aware  of  the  labor 
and  time  that  must  be  bestowed,  and  of  the  grave  responsibility  assumed 
in  its  acceptance. 

I  only  accept  as  a  public  duty,  and  from  a  conviction  that  we  may 


REPORT  OF  THE  CHIEF  MARSHAL.  3 

confidently  rely  upon  the  cordial  and  earnest  support  of  our  patriotic  and 
public-spirited  citizens  in  the  effort  to  properly  commemorate  the  estab- 
lishment of  constitutional  government  on  this  continent,  which  is  esteemed 
by  many  thoughtful  men  not  to  be  second  in  its  beneficent  results  to  the 
great  Declaration  itself. 

I  am,  gentlemen,  your  obedient  servant, 

A.   LOUDON  SNOWDEN. 

Hon.  JOHN  A.  KASSON,  President  Commission ;  Mr.  AMOS  R.  LITTLE, 
Chairman  Executive  Committee;  HAMPTON  L.  CARSON,  Esq.,  Secre- 
tary. 

In  consenting  to  assume  the  grave  duties  conferred  on  me 
by  the  generous  confidence  of  the  Commission,  I  determined  to 
devote  my  whole  time  and  energies  to  the  work  committed  to 
my  hands. 

In  seeking  for  comfortable  quarters  my  attention  was  directed 
to  the  spacious  rooms  occupied  by  the  Supreme  Court  of  Penn- 
sylvania in  the  City  Hall,  facing  south  on  Broad  Street.  On 
application  to  the  Building  Commission  permission  was  promptly 
and  generously  given  for  their  occupancy,  and  during  the  whole 
period  of  my  work  every  facility  was  granted  me,  not  only  by 
the  Building  Commission,  through  its  accomplished  president, 
Mr.  Samuel  C.  Perkins,  and  its  superintendent,  Mr.  William  C. 
Macpherson,  but  by  Colonel  Charles  S.  Greene,  prothonotary  of 
the  court,  and  his  assistants.  I  took  possession  of  the  rooms 
on  the  twenty-fifth  day  of  July  and  occupied  them  until  the  early 
part  of  November,  the  period  from  September  15  to  November 
being  taken  up  in  closing  accounts,  settling  bills,  etc. 

On  taking  possession  of  the  rooms  referred  to  I  appointed 
Brigadier-General  J.  William  Hofmann  as  my  chief  of  staff. 
General  Hofmann  occupied  the  same  position  under  me  when 
arranging  for  the  demonstration  in  honor  of  General  Grant  on 
his  return  from  his  trip  around  the  world  (December  16,  1879). 


4  CIVIC  AND  INDUSTRIAL  PROCESSION. 

General  Hofmann's  painstaking  care  and  methodical  manner  of 
discharging  the  duties  assigned  him  on  that  occasion  gave  me 
confidence  in  the  aid  he  would  render  in  the  much  more  trying 
duties  thrown  upon  me,  and  in  this  I  was  not  disappointed. 
My  force  was  completed  by  the  appointment  of  Mr.  E.  O. 
Thomas  as  general  clerk,  Miss  Hannah  Cooper  as  type-writer, 
and  Frank  De  Correvont  as  messenger.  Subsequently,  when 
the  pressure  became  very  great,  I  secured,  through  the  courtesy 
of  the  Pennsylvania  Railroad,  the  services  of  Mr.  Stapleton,  a 
most  excellent  stenographer.  With  this  very  limited  force  I 
prosecuted  the  work  assigned  me. 

The  first  question  that  presented  itself  for  solution  was  as  to 
the 

CHARACTER  OF  THE   PROCESSIONAL   DISPLAY. 

I  had  no  difficulty  in  settling  in  my  own  mind  as  to  what 
that  should  be ;  but  the  serious  question  growing  out  of  that 
was  whether  I  could  impress  this  thought  upon  the  demonstra- 
tion and  find  the  public  willing  to  sustain  me  in  so  high  a  pur- 
pose. This  purpose  I  had  formed  on  reading  an  account  of 
the  display  of  1788  as  given  by  Francis  Hopkinson,  who  was 
chairman  of  the  committee  and  marshal  of  the  display,  which 
was  intended  not  alone  to  celebrate  the  adoption  of  the  Consti- 
tution by  ten  of  the  States,  but  also  to  stimulate  the  adoption 
of  the  same  by  the  three  remaining  States. 

On  reading  the  glowing  account  given  by  the  gifted  and 
patriotic  Hopkinson,  which  I  did  whilst  holding  under  consider- 
ation the  acceptance  of  the  position  you  had  tendered,  I  made 
up  my  mind  that  if  the  conditions  of  a  century  ago,  in  education, 
the  arts,  industries,  modes  of  travel,  comforts  of  the  people, 
etc.,  could  be  contrasted  with  those  of  to-day,  thus  illustrating 
our  marvellous  advance  and  the  present  power  and  glory  of  the 
republic,  a  lesson  might  be  taught  that  would  be  valuable  to 
the  people.  The  hope  of  being  able  to  accomplish,  through  the 


REPORT  OF  THE  CHIEF  MARSHAL.  5 

position  you  offered  me,  some  public  good  determined  not  only 
my  acceptance  of  the  trust,  but  also  the  character  of  the  dem- 
onstration. From  that  moment  I  determined,  that  whether  the 
processional  display  was  to  be  large  or  small,  it  should  illustrate 
from  the  first  to  the  last  division 

THE  PROGRESS  OF  A  CENTURY  UNDER  CONSTITUTIONAL  GOVERNMENT. 

The  mode  of  illustrating  PROGRESS  was  often  difficult,  but 
by  individual  effort  and  personal  appeal  the  result  was  sub- 
stantially attained.  It  will  be  readily  seen  that  this  thought 
impressed  upon  the  demonstration,  whilst  it  did  not  exclude 
legitimate  advertisement  when  it  came  from  an  exhibit  of  prog- 
ress in  methods,  machinery,  appliances,  etc.,  did  prevent  the 
degeneration  of  the  display  into  a  mere  medium  for  advertising. 
From  this  fact  much  difficulty  was  experienced  in  awakening 
that  personal  interest  which  generally  comes  from  the  hope  of 
immediate  gain  from  an  outlay  of  money.  In  the  end,  however, 
those  who  met  the  expense  necessary  to  properly  illustrate  the 
advance  in  the  last  century,  in  the  business  or  interest  they  repre- 
sented, found  not  only  a  personal  pleasure  but  a  pecuniary 
return  which  could  not  have  been  had  under  any  other  form  of 
display. 

In  the  beginning,  however,  as  before  stated,  the  comprehensive 
character  which  it  was  determined  to  impress  upon  the  display 
made  the  work  exceedingly  difficult  by  dampening  the  ardor  of 
many  who  would  not  meet  the  expenses  of  an  exhibit  where  the 
general  object  seemed  to  be  purely  for  a  public  purpose,  instead 
of  a  display  in  which  an  immediate  advantage  would  be  returned 
to  the  exhibitors.  The  pressure  by  such  to  change  the  character 
of  the  demonstration  was  very  great,  and  never  ceased  whilst 
there  was  hope  that  a  change  could  be  effected.  Such  appeals 
were,  however,  never  heeded  except  in  so  far  as  it  led  to  renewed 
effort  to  mould  the  minds  of  such  to  a  proper  and  true  con- 


6  CIVIC  AND  INDUSTRIAL  PROCESSION. 

ception   of    the   duty   devolving   upon    those   in    charge    of    the 
celebration. 

Having  determined  the  character  of  the  demonstration,  the 
next  and  indeed  the  great  difficulty  encountered  was  the  entire 
absence  of  any  interest  or  general  sentiment  in  favor  of  the 
proposed  celebration  on  the  part  of  the  public  at  large.  This  was 
quite  natural  not  only  owing  to  the  season  of  the  year  when  our 
preparations  were  commenced,  and  when  a  large  portion  of  our 
most  enterprising  and  public-spirited  citizens  were  enjoying  an 
absence  from  the  heat  of  the  city,  either  among  the  mountains, 
by  the  sea,  or  in  Europe,  but  because  there  was  nothing  in  the 
object  of  the  celebration  that  especially  awakened  the  interest 
of  the  people.  The  proposed  demonstration  was  purely  intel- 
lectual in  its  purpose,  and  appealed  neither  to  passion  nor  preju- 
dice, as  would  have  been  the  case  had  it  been  in  honor  of  some 
distinguished  public  man,  or  of  a  striking  national  event  of 
recent  occurrence.  In  this  respect  the  contrast  in  the  interest 
taken  by  the  public  in  this  celebration  in  its  inception  with  that 
manifested  when  it  was  proposed  to  appropriately  celebrate  the 
return  of  the  great  hero  of  Appomattox  from  a  protracted  absence 
from  his  country  was  most  striking.  On  that  occasion  all  our 
citizens  without  regard  to  party  divisions  vied  with  each  other  in 
prompt,  enthusiastic,  and  vigorous  participation  in  the  proposed 
demonstration  in  his  honor.  All  that  was  required  was  to  classify 
those  who  were  eager  to  participate,  arrange  them  in  divisions, 
and  place  the  same  in  order  to  move  from  divisions  into  column 
in  our  streets. 

In  the  preliminary  arrangements  for  the  demonstration  of 
September  15  it  was  quite  different.  There  was  no  public  spirit 
or  sympathy  manifested  for  the  celebration,  and  but  few  appli- 
cations for  position  were  made  in  the  first  month,  and  many  of 
those  who  applied  for  space,  on  learning  that  the  display  was  not 
to  be  one  for  mere  advertisement,  abandoned  their  expressed 


REPORT  OF  THE  CHIEF  MARSHAL.  J 

intention  to  participate.  I  was  quite  aware  that  the  processional 
display  would  have  to  depend  for  its  success  almost  exclusively 
upon  the  enterprise,  public  spirit,  and  patriotic  impulse  of  the 
citizens  of  Philadelphia  or  those  in  its  immediate  vicinity.  To 
awaken  this  public  spirit  and  sympathy  was  my  first  effort. 
Indeed,  I  may  say  that  every  effort  from  the  first  to  the  last  was 
in  this  direction.  Without  the  hope  of  securing  a  single  exhibit 
from  another  State  I  opened  correspondence  with  the  executives 
of  the  several  States  and  Territories,  asking  co-operation  in 
making  the  industrial  demonstration  illustrate  a  century's  progress 
and  worthy  of  the  nation's  grandeur  and  power.  This  corre- 
spondence was  in  proper  allotments  given  to  the  public  through  the 
local  press,  to  assist  in  awakening  attention  and  in  stimulating 
interest.  All  the  correspondence  with  each  of  the  executives, 
asking  co-operation  and  assistance,  was  sent  to  each  paper  in 
every  State  with  a  request  for  its  gratuitous  publication.  In 
nearly  every  case  this  was  done,  and  frequently  accompanied  by 
editorials  directing  attention  to  the  correspondence  and  to  the 
important  historical  event  which  was  to  be  celebrated.  These 
newspaper  comments  were  reproduced  here,  with  other  details, 
so  that  each  day  was  made  to  contribute  its  quota  of  interesting 
or  suggestive  items  in  relation  to  the  exhibits  offered,  the  modes 
of  illustration,  the  awakening  of  the  public  interest  in  other 
States,  the  steps  taken  by  individuals  and  societies  to  participate, 
etc.  The  gloomiest  day  in  our  office  had  frequently  the  brighest 
report  in  the  daily  journals.  And  so  step  by  step  and  day  by  day 
we  were  enabled  gradually  but  surely  to  awaken  that  spirit  in 
Philadelphia  which  means  abundant  success  to  every  worthy,  well- 
directed  movement.  Whilst  the  press  was  thus  generously,  in- 
telligently, and  enthusiastically  meeting  our  highest  expectation, 
I  was  from  early  in  the  morning  until  frequently  late  in  the  night 
meeting  individuals  and  organizations,  urging  co-operation  and 
participation,  and  pointing  out  modes  of  illustration.  After  public 


g  CIVIC  AND  INDUSTRIAL  PROCESSION. 

interest  had  been  aroused,  each  day  found  committees,  some  luke- 
warm, needing  to  be  stimulated  and  enthused,  sometimes  contrary 
as  to  purpose  and  modes  of  illustration  requiring  to  be  moulded 
to  the  general  uniform  purpose.  Each  exhibit  or  illustration  had 
to  be  carefully  discussed  and  definitely  agreed  upon.  Each  in- 
terest, forming  part  of  a  comprehensive  plan,  had  to  be  carefully 
moulded,  individual  prejudices  overcome,  inharmonious  elements 
reconciled.  All  this  required  time  and  great  patience  to  give  the 
result  I  attained. 

The  time  and  means  at  my  disposal  were  inadequate  to  pro- 
duce all  that  was  hoped  for.  There  was,  however,  sufficient  to 
indicate  the  marvellous  advance  we  have  made  in  the  last  cen- 
tury, to  illustrate  the  glory,  the  strength,  and  the  industrial  inde- 
pendence of  the  republic. 

I  cannot  close  without  an  expression  of  my  regret  that, 
owing  to  unexpected  numbers — in  men,  floats,  etc. — that  arrived 
during  the  closing  forty-eight  hours  after  the  divisions  had  been 
located,  as  well  as  the  unwillingness  of  certain  organizations  to 
obey  orders  as  to  the  width  of  sections  and  distances  to  be  ob- 
served, the  column  was  unduly  lengthened  and  time  consumed 
which  resulted  in  delaying  the  movement  of  certain  important 
and  interesting  divisions  several  hours  beyond  the  time  at  which 
they  were  expected  to  move.  This  was  especially  to  be  re- 
gretted in  the  case  of  the  fifteenth  and  sixteenth  divisions,  in- 
cluding the  United  States  Navy  exhibit,  the  Pennsylvania  Rail- 
road's interesting  and  instructive  illustration  of  the  progress  in 
transportation,  Baldwin's  superb  exhibit,  and  the  beautiful  coal 
illustration  of  Coxe  Brothers,  of  Drifton,  Pennsylvania.  These 
should  have  moved,  on  a  careful  estimation  of  the  movement 
of  preceding  divisions,  at,  say,  12.30,  whereas  they  did  not  move 
for  three  hours  thereafter.  This  was  owing  to  causes  beyond 
the  control  of  myself  or  of  my  chief  of  staff,  and  was  much  to 
be  regretted. 


REPORT  OF  THE  CHIEF  MARSHAL.  9 

In  this  want  of  obedience  to  orders  is  illustrated  one  of  the 
great  difficulties  to  be  met  in  a  civic  demonstration  quite  in  con- 
trast with  a  military  movement  of  men.  Even  with  the  unex- 
pectedly large  increase  in  the  number  of  men  and  vehicles  which 
crowded  into  columns  after  they  had  been  definitely  arranged 
and  assigned,  there  would  not  have  been  more  than  an  hour's 
delay  had  the  order  as  to  the  number  of  men  in  each  section 
and  the  distance  between  sections  been  observed. 

Among  my  many  regrets  was  the  failure  to  properly  illus- 
trate our  progress  in  education.  I  appealed  to  the  representa- 
tives of  education  in  our  city  and  elsewhere,  had  committees 
appointed  and  meetings  for  discussion,  etc.,  all  of  which  in  the 
end  failed  to  produce  a  representation,  which,  if  made,  would 
have  been  one  of  the  most  striking  features  of  the  demonstration, 
illustrating,  as  it  would,  the  marvellous  progress  our  country  has 
made  in  every  branch  of  education.  Besides  representatives  of 
the  colleges,  academies,  and  schools,  there  could  have  been  illus- 
trated by  floats  statistics  giving  the  number  of  colleges,  schools, 
teachers,  and  appliances  of  a  hundred  years  ago  in  contrast  with 
the  conditions  of  to-day.  If  the  Indian  exhibit  was  striking  and 
suggestive,  how  much  more  so  would  have  been  a  proper  pres- 
entation of  our  collegiate,  academic,  and  common-school  systems, 
including  Girard  College,  with  illustrations  indicative  of  the  ad- 
vance that  has  been  made. 

My  disappointment  was  also  great  that  there  was  no  illus- 
tration of  the  advance  made  by  the  colored  population  of  the 
United  States.  Early  in  my  work  I  appealed  to  its  most  dis- 
tinguished representatives,  pointed  out  by  letter  and  personal 
interviews  the  opportunity  presented  for  making,  perhaps,  one 
of  the  most  striking  contrastive  exhibits  of  the  demonstration, 
which  would  illustrate  the  marvellous  advance  of  the  race  from 
bondage  to  freedom,  from  ignorance  to  intelligence,  from  poverty 
to  comfort,  with  all  the  blessings  coming  from  political  freedom, 

VOL.  II. — 3 


I0  CIVIC  AND  INDUSTRIAL  PROCESSION. 

education,  and  equality  under  the  law.  The  small  exhibit  made 
in  connection  with  the  colored  people  was  prepared  within  a  day 
or  two  of  the  demonstration  by  a  few  zealous,  earnest  persons,  to 
whom  credit  is  due  for  what  was  accomplished. 

Although  the  demonstration  was  not  all  that  I  hoped  it  would 
be,  nevertheless  it  was  creditable  to  the  country  at  large,  and 
especially  honorable  to  the  citizens  of  Philadelphia,  whose  gen- 
erous public  spirit  and  patriotic  enthusiasm,  when  properly 
aroused,  can  at  all  times  be  relied  upon  to  second  any  effort 
calculated  to  promote  the  public  welfare,  revive  patriotic  memo- 
ries, or  enhance  the  glory  of  the  republic.  The  honorable  part 
Philadelphia  took  in  the  great  International  Exhibition  of  1876, 
the  vast  amount  of  energy,  labor,  and  money  she  contributed  to 
make  that  Exhibition  the  pronounced  success  it  was,  will  ever 
remain  an  enduring  monument  to  the  character  of  her  people. 

In  a  less  degree,  but  none  the  less  striking,  did  she  present 
the  same  qualities  in  the  Centennial  Celebration  that  began  on 
the  1 5th  and  ended  on  the  i;th  of  September  last.  No  effort, 
skill,  or  genius  in  organization  or  management  could  have  pro- 
duced the  striking  results  witnessed  on  our  streets  in  the  Civic 
and  Industrial  Demonstration  unless  supported  by  the  cordial,  in- 
telligent, patriotic,  and  generous  spirit  of  a  noble  people. 

The  cost  of  the  demonstration  to  the  Commission,  including 
all  expenses,  was  about  fifteen  thousand  dollars,  whilst  the  illus- 
trations and  exhibits  cost  over  two  hundred  and  fifty  thousand 
dollars,  all  of  which  was  contributed  by  those  representing  the 
exhibits.  This  sum  does  not  include  the  time  generously  be- 
stowed by  hundreds  of  persons,  nor  for  the  cost  of  erecting 
stands  and  decorating  the  streets,  which  caused  a  vast  outlay  of 
money. 

Another  century  in  the  march  of  time  will  roll  around  and 
another  great  celebration  will  doubtless  be  held  in  the  streets  of 
this  great  American  city,  and  if,  on  that  occasion,  through  the 


REPORT  OF  THE  CHIEF  MARSHAL.  II 

smiles  of  Divine  Providence,  our  successors  are  enabled  to  indi- 
cate as  much  progress  in  the  arts  of  peace,  national  strength,  and 
glory  as  we  were  permitted  to  illustrate  in  the  last  century,  then 
indeed  may  the  American  of  that  day  thank  God  and  be  proud 
of  his  country. 

Before  I  conclude  I  desire  to  thank  the  Commission  through 
you  for  the  unstinted  confidence  bestowed  from  the  time  of  my 
appointment  until  the  close  of  our  labors.  At  no  time  did  you 
seek  to  know  my  plans  as  to  the  character  or  scope  of  the  demon- 
stration, but  generously  and  confidingly  intrusted  all  to  my  judg- 
ment. If  the  demonstration  of  September  15  was  the  success  you 
are  pleased  to  say  it  was,  then  am  I  more  than  repaid  for  the 
months  of  incessant  labor  and  constant,  anxious  effort  bestowed 
in  its  creation  and  organization. 

In  this  connection  I  desire  to  recognize  the  valuable  services 
rendered  in  our  work  by  persons  not  officially  connected  with  the 
celebration.  Among  these  I  may  name  the  Hon.  W.  C.  Whitney, 
Secretary  of  the  Navy,  whom  I  visited  at  Bar  Harbor,  and 
who  cheerfully  gave  me  such  aid  as  was  in  his  power  towards  a 
proposed  exhibit  from  the  Navy  Department.  Through  his 
actions  and  the  hearty  co-operation  of  the  Acting-Secretary,  Com- 
modore Harmony,  of  Commander  B.  H.  McCalla,  of  the  Bureau 
of  Navigation,  of  Constructors  Hitchburn,  Webb,  and  Steel,  of 
Captain  Edwin  E.  Potter,  commanding  Philadelphia  Navy- Yard, 
of  Medical  Director  Cleborne,  of  Lieutenant  Stewart,  and  the 
intelligent  and  untiring  energies  and  marked  ability  of  Lieutenant 
Nixon,  the  Navy  exhibit  was  an  honor  to  the  country  and  a  credit 
to  the  department. 

I  desire  to  render  special  thanks  to  our  local  newspaper  press, 
without  whose  generous  support  all  our  efforts  would  have  been 
in  vain,  and  also  to  Mr.  William  J.  Latta,  of  the  Pennsylvania 
Railroad,  who  was  one  of  the  earliest  to  proffer  assistance,  and 
who  gave  intelligent,  willing,  and  valuable  services.  In  this  con- 


12  CIVIC  AND  INDUSTRIAL  PROCESSION. 

nection  I  may  name  the  cheerful  and  valuable  help  afforded  by 
Mr.  Charles  H.  Cramp  and  his  partners  in  the  ship-building  firm 
of  William  Cramp  &  Sons.  The  firm  at  its  own  cost  constructed 
at  my  request  the  model  of  the  John  Fitch  steamboat,  the  first 
vessel  propelled  by  steam. 

My  thanks  are  also  due  to  Mr.  Charles  McCall,  builder,  who 
for  a  month  practically  abandoned  or  neglected  his  important 
building  contracts  to  give  voluntary,  unpaid,  and  invaluable  ser- 
vices to  the  Commission.  I  cannot  too  highly  commend  his  patri- 
otic public  spirit,  or  too  strongly  express  my  appreciation  of  the 
obligation  he  placed  me  under  by  his  generous,  intelligent,  and 
laborious  discharge  of  self-imposed  and  trying  duty. 

To  Mr.  George  F.  Parker,  who  organized  the  printing  ex- 
hibit; to  Mr.  B.  P.  Obdyke,  chairman  of  the  joint  committee, 
representing  the  Master  Builders'  and  Lumbermen's  Exchange; 
to  Mr.  William  H.  Thomas,  representing  the  Building  Trades 
Council ;  and  to  the  representative  of  the  Carpenters'  and  Join- 
ers' Association,  the  Bricklayers'  Association,  and  kindred  organi- 
zations;  to  Mr.  Gill,  superintendent  Western  Union  Telegraph 
Company,  for  the  free  use  of  that  company's  wires,  for  the  free 
service  of  many  telegraph  operators  and  messengers  on  the  day 
of  the  display;  to  the  city  officials,  I  am  indebted  for  cordial 
sympathy  and  support. 

Special  mention  should  be  made  of  the  splendid  and  costly 
exhibit  of  the  old  Carpenters'  Company.  This  historical  organi- 
zation had  the  distinguished  honor  of  reproducing  the  Temple  of 
Liberty  borne  through  our  streets  by  the  society  a  hundred 
years  ago,  representing  the  ten  States  of  the  Union,  in  contrast 
with  a  temple  representing  the  thirty-eight  States  now  comprising 
our  nation.  This  honored  society  promptly  responded  to  the 
personal  appeal  made  to  its  patriotism,  and  in  doing  so  did 
honor  to  the  founders  of  the  society  and  a  lasting  honor  to  its 
present  membership. 


REPORT  OF  THE  CHIEF  MARSHAL.  13 

The  brewers'  combined  exhibit  was  a  voluntary  contribution 
of  many  thousand  dollars  on  the  part  of  the  Brewers'  Associa- 
tion of  this  city,  and  was  highly  creditable  to  the  taste,  skill, 
and  public  spirit  of  those  interested  in  the  illustration  of  progress 
in  that  important  branch  of  business. 

There  are  other  meritorious  individuals  and  firms  whose  gen- 
erous assistance  I  should  like  to  record  did  time  and  space 
permit. 

Before  proceeding  to  the  details  of  the  demonstration,  I  may 
say  that  in  order  to  carry  out  the  plan  of  organization  adopted 
by  the  Commission  I  appointed  the  following  gentlemen  a  com- 
mittee, under  authority  conferred  by  the  Commission,  and  of 
which  I  was  chairman,  to  wit :  Dr.  William  Pepper,  Thomas 
Dolan,  James  Dobson,  Hamilton  Disston,  William  M.  Singerly, 
Charles  H.  Cramp,  Joel  J.  Baily,  Justus  C.  Strawbridge,  and 
Thomas  Cochran. 

This  committee,  composed  of  some  of  our  most  prominent 
citizens,  was  appointed  in  deference  to  the  wishes  of  the  Com- 
mission, but  was  never  called  together.  First,  because  as  active 
business  and  professional  men  their  time  could  not  well  be  given 
to  such  an  extent  as  to  insure  efficient  results,  and  second,  be- 
cause such  results  as  the  Commission  desired  could  only  be  intelli- 
gently and  satisfactorily  accomplished  by  one  man  in  whom  all 
power  and  responsibility  must  be  lodged.  To  divide  authority 
and  responsibility  would  be  to  weaken  executive  power  and 
destroy  effective  administration.  Fully  impressed  with  the  truth 
of  this,  I  accepted  the  position,  determined  to  give  my  whole 
time  and  energies  to  the  work,  neither  sharing  with  others  the 
labor  or  responsibility, — assuming  both  for  the  success  which 
I  felt  satisfied  could  only  be  attained  through  one  man's  efforts. 

The  committee  I  appointed  would  gladly  have  given  assistance 
if  it  was  required,  but  each  one  felt  that  upon  my  shoulders  should 
be  placed  the  responsibility  not  only  of  indicating  the  character 


14  CIVIC  AND  INDUSTRIAL  PROCESSION. 

the  demonstration  should  possess,  but  of  carrying  the  plans  into 
execution.  The  result  has  more  than  satisfied  me  of  the  soundness 
of  this  conclusion. 

In  the  preliminary  work  of  creating  public  sympathy  with  the 
proposed  celebration,  there  were  issued,  in  addition  to  thousands 
of  circulars,  over  one  thousand  personal  letters  relating  to  every 
subject  appertaining   thereto.     Hundreds   of  these    letters   were 
personal    appeals   to   individuals   and   firms    urging  co-operation 
and  appealing  for  assistance  in  the  work  committed  to  my  hands. 
A  few  of  these  letters  are  inserted  in  the  Appendix  to  indi- 
cate one  of  the  methods  employed,   although   personal  appeals 
were  found  to  be,  as  is  always  the  case,  much  the  more  effica- 
cious in  creating  sympathy  and  hearty  co-operation 
I  am,  very  respectfully,  yours, 

A.   LOUDON  SNOWDEN, 
Chairman  of  Committee  and  Chief  Marshal. 


REPORT  OF  THE  CHIEF  MARSHAL.  15 


CIVIC   AND   INDUSTRIAL   PROCESSION. 

The  procession  was  formed  in  compliance  with  the  following  order, 
and  moved  south  on  Broad  Street  to  Moore  Street,  then  countermarched 
north  on  Broad  Street  to  Dauphin  Street,  where  it  dismissed. 

Total  distance,  nine  miles. 

Order  No.  6. 

The  Civic  and  Industrial  Processional  Display,  to  take  place  in  this  city 
on  September  15,  incidental  to  the  Celebration  of  the  Centennial  of  the 
Promulgation  of  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States,  will  be  formed  as 
follows : 

Marshal  and  Staff. — At  intersection  of  Diamond  and  Broad  Streets. 

Band  and  Banner. 

First  Division. — Assistant  Marshal,  CHARLES  M.  STOCKLEY.  Patriotic 
Order  Sons  of  America.  Will  form  in  column  by  sections,  of  fronts 
of  twelve,  single  rank ;  distance  between  sections,  ten  feet ;  carriages, 
three  abreast,  on  Dauphin  Street,  east  of  Broad  Street.  Head  of 
column  at  Broad  Street. 

Second  Division. — Assistant  Marshal,  CHARLES  M.  BETTS.  Carpenters' 
Company  of  Philadelphia,  in  Carriages,  on  west  side  of  Broad 
Street.  Head  of  column  two  hundred  feet  north  of  Diamond 
Street. 

Third  Division. — Assistant  Marshal,  S.  L.  WILSON.  Agricultural  and 
Milling  Machinery  and  Implements.  On  Broad  Street,  west  side. 
Head  of  column  two  hundred  feet  north  of  Dauphin  Street. 

Fourth  Division. — Assistant  Marshal,  G.  F.  PARKER.  Printers'  Exchange. 
Form  on  Diamond  Street  east  of  Broad  Street.  Head  of  column 
at  Broad  Street. 

Fifth  Division. — Assistant  Marshal,  Captain  R.  H.  PRATT.  Educational 
Exhibit.  Institutions  of  Learning.  Form  on  Norris  Street  east 
of  Broad  Street.  Head  of  column  at  Broad  Street. 

Sixth  Division. — Assistant  Marshal,  JOHN  J.  WEAVER.  Building  Trades 
of  Philadelphia,  under  the  auspices  of  the  Master  Builders'  and 
Lumbermen's  Exchange.  Form  on  Berks  Street  east  of  Broad. 
Head  of  column  at  Broad  Street. 

Seventh  Division. — Assistant  Marshal,  HAMILTON  DISSTON.  Henry 
Disston's  Saw  Works.  Form  on  Montgomery  Avenue  east  of 
Broad  Street.  Head  of  column  at  Broad  Street. 


l6  CIVIC  AND  INDUSTRIAL  PROCESSION. 

Eighth  Division.— Assistant  Marshal,  ALBERT  H.  LADNER.  Volunteer 
Firemen's  Association;  Philadelphia  Fire  Department;  Philadelphia 
Police  Department;  Philadelphia  Insurance  Patrol.  Form  on  Co- 
lumbia Avenue  east  of  Broad  Street.  Head  of  column  at  Broad 
Street. 

Eighth  Division  A.— Assistant  Marshal,  J.  F.  MORRISON.  Volunteer 
Firemen's  Convention.  Form  on  Eleventh  Street.  Head  of 
column  at  Columbia  Avenue. 

Ninth  Division.— Assistant  Marshal,  JOHN  WELDE.  Brewers'  Combined 
Exhibit.  Form  on  Oxford  Street  east  of  Broad  Street.  Head  of 
column  on  Broad  Street. 

Tenth  Division. — Assistant  Marshal,  FRANK  P.  LEECH.     Government  De-v 
partments;    United   States    Post-Office ;    Mint;    Internal    Revenue, 
etc.     Form   on   Jefferson   Street   east   of    Broad   Street.     Head   of 
column  at  Broad  Street 

Eleventh  Division. — Assistant  Marshal,  JOHN  T.  SPITTALL.  Knights  of 
the  Golden  Eagle,  etc.  Form  on  Master  Street  east  of  Broad 
Street.  Head  of  column  at  Broad  Street. 

Twelfth  Division. — Assistant  Marshal,  J.  Z.  BATTEN.  Textile  Combined 
Exhibit.  J.  T.  Bailey  &  Co.,  Cordage  Works,  etc.  Form  on 
Diamond  Street  west  of  Broad  Street.  Head  of  column  at  Broad 
Street. 

Thirteenth  Division. — Assistant  Marshal,  ALONZO  SHOTWELL.  Straw- 
bridge  &  Clothier;  Brainard,  Armstrong  &  Co.,  Dresses  and  Dry 
Goods,  Silks,  etc.  Form  on  Norris  Street  west  of  Broad.  Head 
of  column  at  Broad  Street. 

Fourteenth  Division. — Assistant  Marshal,  Captain  CHAS.  BERGER.  Cloth- 
ing. Wanamaker  &  Brown.  Form  on  Norris  Street  west  of  Fif- 
teenth. Head  of  column  at  Fifteenth  Street. 

Fifteenth  Division. — Assistant  Marshal,  WM.  HAMMERSLEY.  Transporta- 
tion, Pennsylvania  Railroad;  Adams  Express  Company.  Eckley  B. 
Coxe,  Exhibit  of  Coal  Mining  Machinery.  Form  on  Montgomery 
Avenue  west  of  Broad  Street.  Head  of  column  at  Broad  Street. 

Sixteenth  Division. — Assistant  Marshal,  Lieutenant  D.  D.  V.  STEWART. 
Exhibit  of  United  States  Navy;  Life-Saving  Service.  Form  on 
east  side  of  Broad  Street.  Head  of  column  two  hundred  feet  north 
of  Dauphin  Street. 

Seventeenth  Division. — Assistant  Marshal,  S.  M.  VAUCLAIN.  Baldwin's 
Locomotive  Works.  Form  on  Montgomery  Avenue  west  of  Fif- 
teenth Street.  Head  of  column  at  Fifteenth  Street. 


REPORT  OF  THE  CHIEF  MARSHAL.  IJ 

Eighteenth  Division. — Assistant  Marshal,  JAMES  T.  GREEN.  Journeymen 
Bricklayers'  Protective  Association.  Form  on  Columbia  Avenue 
west  of  Broad  Street.  Head  of  column  at  Broad  Street. 

Eighteenth  Division  A. — Assistant  Marshal,  JAMES  F.  WRAY,  Jr.  Catholic 
Total  Abstinence  Archdiocesan  Union.  Form  on  Columbia  Avenue 
west  of  Sixteenth  Street.  Head  of  column  at  Sixteenth  Street. 

Nineteenth  Division. — Assistant  Marshal,  JOSEPH  MALATESTA.  Civic  So- 
cieties. Form  on  Jefferson  Street  west  of  Broad  Street.  Head  of 
column  at  Broad  Street. 

Twentieth  Division. — Assistant  Marshal,  CHAS.  MENDENHALL.  American 
B.  H.  O.  S.  Sewing  Machine  Company,  etc.  Form  on  Master 
Street  west  of  Broad  Street.  Head  of  column  at  Broad  Street. 

Twenty-First  Division. — Assistant  Marshal,  GEO.  G.  EVANS.  F.  Gute- 
kunst's  and  others'  display  of  Photography,  Mirrors,  Picture  Frames, 
Upholstery,  etc.  Form  on  Thompson  Street  west  of  Broad  Street. 
Head  of  column  on  Broad  Street. 

Twenty-Second  Division. — Assistant  Marshal,  L.  L.  MANN.  Carriages, 
Wagons,  Life-Boat,  etc.  Form  on  Stiles  Street  west  of  Broad. 

o  ' 

Head  of  column  at  Broad  Street. 

Twenty-Third  Division. — Assistant  Marshal,  FRANK  BOWER.  Packers' 
Exhibit.  Home  Made  Bread  Company ;  Vienna  Bread  Company ; 
Grocers'  Association.  Form  on  Girard  Avenue  west  of  Broad 
Street.  Head  of  column  at  Broad  Street. 

The  formation  of  all  Divisions  will  conform  to  what  has  been  prescribed 
for  the  formation  of  the  First  Division. 

Assistant  Marshals  will  be  at  the  intersection  of  Broad  Street  and  the 
street  upon  which  their  Division  will  form,  at  9  A.M.  on  the  I5th  of  Septem- 
ber, and  receive  the  Sub-Marshals  upon  their  arrival ;  see  that  their  Sub- 
Divisions  are  properly  formed,  and  assign  them  their  place  in  the  Division 
Column. 

Assistant  Marshals  will  see  that  such  of  the  larger  Floats  as  belong  to 
their  Divisions,  and  may  have  been  parked  on  Broad  Street  north  of 
Diamond,  will  be  brought  to  the  intersection  of  Diamond  Street  and  Broad 
Street  in  time  to  take  their  proper  places  in  the  Division  when  it  arrives  at 
that  point. 

The  column  will  move  from  Diamond  and  Broad  Streets  at  10  A.M., 
proceed  south  along  the  west  side  of  Broad  Street,  passing  by  the  west 
of  City  Hall.  At  Moore  Street  a  change  of  direction  will  be  made  over 
the  plank  road  constructed  for  the  purpose,  and  countermarch  north. 

VOL.  II. — 4 


1 8  CIVIC  AND  INDUSTRIAL  PROCESSION, 

After  the  column  has  been  on  the  march  for  twenty  minutes,  it  will  be 
halted  for  five  minutes,  to  allow  citizens,  cars,  and  other  vehicles  to  cross 
the  line  of  the  march.  Assistant  Marshals  and  Sub-Marshals  and  their 
Aides  will  see  that  every  facility  is  offered  to  this  end.  The  column  will 
be  halted  at  the  end  of  every  twenty  minutes'  march.  These  halts  will 
be  made  irrespective  of  any  halts  that  may  become  necessary  during  the 
march,  and  will  therefore  take  place  at  10.20;  10.40;  11.00;  11.20;  11.40; 
12;  12.20;  12.40;  i;  1.20 ;  1.40;  2;  2.20;  2.40;  3;  3.20;  3.40;  4;  4.20. 

In  addition  to  the  time  indicated  by  regulation  of  watches,  taking 
Pennsylvania  Railroad  time,  signal  stations  will  be  erected  at  intervals  of 
a  quarter  of  a  mile,  from  which  the  time  of  starting  and  halting  will  be 
indicated.  A  white  flag  for  starting,  a  red  flag  for  halting. 

By  direction  of  Marshal  A.  LOUDON  SNOWDEN. 

J.  W.  HOFMANN, 

Chief  of  Staff. 


REPORT  OF  THE  CHIEF  MARSHAL. 


ORDER   OF  THE   PROCESSION. 
Cordon  of  Twenty  Mounted  Police. — Lieut.  ERODE. 

MARSHAL, 

COL.  A.  LOUDON  SNOWDEN. 

CHIEF   OF   STAFF, 

GEN.  J.  W.  HOFMANN. 


AIDES   TO 

Gen.  CHAS.  L.  LEIPER. 

"     E.  D.  LOUD. 
Col.  CHAS.  H.  BANES. 

"     THEO.  E.  WIEDERSHEIM. 

"     ROBT.  ADAMS,  Jr. 

"       S.    BONNAFFON,   Jr. 
"       P.    L.    GODDARD. 
"       O.    C.    BOSBYSHELL. 

"     A.  J.  SELLERS. 
"     JOHN  P.  NICHOLSON. 
"     W.  P.  BOWMAN. 
"     E.  O.  SHAKESPEARE. 
"     CHAS.  S.  GREENE. 
"     B.  W.  HARPER. 
Major  R.  S.  HUIDEKOPER. 

"       JAS.  W.  COOKE. 

"       S.  S.  HARTRANFT. 
WM.  HOWELL,  Jr. 

"       L.  W.  MOORE. 
Capt.  CLARENCE  A.  HART. 

"      HENRY  PENNINGTON. 

"      F.  M.  WALTON. 

"      CHAS.  LAWRENCE. 


MARSHAL, 

Capt.  WM.  C.  BARNES. 
"      M.  C.  STAFFORD. 
W.  R.  LEEDS. 
WM.  G.  HUEY. 
J.  W.  LOPER. 
E.  F.  BEAL,  Jr. 
H.  P.  CROWELL. 
CHAS.  MARSHALL. 
M.  O.  RAIGUEL. 
A.  G.  BALL. 
W.  H.  H.  CLINE. 
JOHN  Y.  HUBER. 
CHAS.  McCALL. 
J.  C.  WALLACE. 
CHAS.  W.  DAVIS. 
Lieut.  Louis  NIXON 
ALEX.  KINNIER. 
GEO.  A.  SINGERLY. 
CHAS.  RANDOLPH  SNOWDEN. 
.  JOHN  L.  McKiNLAY. 
JAMES  R.  YOUNG. 
CHAS.  S.  HIRST. 
Col.  W.  B.  CROOKS. 


Trumpeter. 


Standard  Bearer. 
Orderly. 


Trumpeter. 


20  CIVIC  AND  INDUSTRIAL  PROCESSION. 

United  States  Marine  Band. 
Forty-two  musicians.     JOHN  PHILIP  SOUSA,  Director. 

GRAND   BANNER. 

This  banner  was  drawn  on  a  richly-decorated  car  by  four  white  horses, 
each  led  by  a  groom.  The  banner  was  of  large  size,  nine  feet  by  twelve 
feet  in  height,  and  bore  upon  the  face  a  fine  painting,  by  C.  V.  ATKINSON, 
representing  Columbia  pointing  to  the  past  with  one  hand  and  with  the 
other  to  the  present,  the  former  represented  by  old  implements  and  con- 
ditions, the  latter  by  those  of  to-day,  indicating  progress.  It  was  placed 
in  the  special  charge  of  an  aide  to  the  marshal. 

FIRST   DIVISION. 

Assistant  Marshal. — C.  M.  STOCKLEY. 

Aides.— C.  W.  ROBERTS,  ROBERT  M.  BOYD,  W.  A.  KIRK,  F.  B. 
STOCKLEY. 

The  Division  was  composed  of  an  organization  known  as  "  The  Patri- 
otic Order  Sons  of  America''  This  Order  was  first  formed  in  Philadelphia 
in  1847.  Upon  the  commencement  of  the  Civil  War,  in  1861,  almost  every 
able-bodied  man  in  it  volunteered  his  services  in  defence  of  the  Union,  in 
consequence  of  which  the  operations  of  the  Order  were  almost  entirely 
suspended.  At  the  close  of  the  war  it  was  reorganized,  and  to-day  its 
camp-fires  are  burning  brightly  and  its  standards  are  waving  in  nearly 
every  State  and  Territory. 

The  Order  has  for  its  object  the  inculcation  of  pure  American  prin- 
ciples and  reverence  for  American  institutions ;  the  cultivation  of  fraternal 
affection  among  American  freemen ;  the  opposition  to  foreign  interference 
with  State  interests  in  the  United  States  of  America,  and  to  any  form  of 
organized  disregard  of  American  laws  and  customs ;  the  preservation  of  the 
Constitution  of  the  United  States,  and  the  advancement  of  our  free  public- 
school  system.  Its  immediate  benefits  are  home  benevolence,  the  care  of 
its  sick,  the  burial  of  its  dead,  the  protection  of  and  assistance  to  all  con- 
nected with  it  who  may  be  in  need.  It  has  no  partisan  political  claims, 
obligations,  or  intentions. 

The  Division  marched  in  the  following  order : 


Jl 
a 

M 

i 

5 

8 


22  CIVIC  AND  INDUSTRIAL  PROCESSION. 

FLOAT 

With  the  tableau,  "  Liberty  and  the  Law,"  which  were  represented  by  six 
young  women,  one  of  whom  was  attired  as  the  Goddess  of  Liberty,  while 
another  bore  the  Scales  of  Justice.  On  the  structure  of  frame  and  canvas 
that  enclosed  the  tableau  was  painted  an  arch,  with  a  stone  for  each  of  the 
thirteen  original  States,  Pennsylvania  being  the  keystone.  Upon  each  stone 
was  inscribed  the  date  of  the  acceptance  of  the  Constitution  by  that  par- 
ticular State.  The  inscription  was,  "  Ratified  by  three  million  of  people  in 
1787 — enjoyed  by  sixty  million  in  1887." 

FLOAT 

Drawn  by  four  horses  and  bearing  two  structures,  one  representing  a  log 
cabin  school-house  of  old  time  and  the  other  a  handsome  modern  stone 
building  for  school  purposes.  On  each  side  of  the  float  was  inscribed, 
"  Education  is  the  basis  of  National  Freedom."  This  float  contained  a 
number  of  children,  to  represent  a  school  in  session. 

FLOAT 

Drawn  by  four  horses,  with  a  tableau  of  "  Uncle  Sam,  the  Goddess  of 
Liberty,  and  the  Thirteen  Original  States."  It  was  the  typical  Uncle  Sam 
who  doffed  his  big,  furry,  yellowish-white  hat,  and  smilingly  bowed  his 
respects  to  applauding  crowds.  The  young  woman  representing  the 
Goddess  of  Liberty  wore  a  red  cap,  a  white  skirt  with  gold-embroidered 
borders,  and  a  red  wrap  over  the  shoulders.  The  thirteen  original  States 
were  represented  by  thirteen  young  women  wearing  white  dresses,  lace 
caps,  and  red,  white,  and  blue  sashes,  with  the  name  of  a  State  on  each 
sash.  The  float  was  profusely  draped  with  red,  white,  and  blue  bunting. 

Three  carriages,  handsomely  trimmed  with  national  colors,  containing 
the  following:  First,  National  Vice-President,  F.  L.  Murphy;  National 
Secretary,  Dr.  F.  W.  Hendley;  National  Master  of  Forms  and  Ceremo- 
nies, B.  F.  Dilley;  ex-National  President,  H.  J.  Stager.  Second,  State 
President,  R.  T.  S.  Hallowell ;  State  Secretary,  William  Weand ;  ex-State 
President,  S.  M.  Helms.  Third,  Colonel  Theodore  W.  Bean,  State  Trea- 
surer ;  I.  S.  Smith,  Mayor  of  Reading ;  James  R.  Kenney ;  and  State  Vice- 
President  John  Arble. 

Lansford  Camp  Company,  thirty-six  strong,  wearing  red  helmets,  blue 


REPORT  OF  THE  CHIEF  MARSHAL.  23 

coats,  white  leggings,  swords,  and  the  regular  red,  white,  and  blue  regalia 
of  the  Order,  and  commanded  by  Captain  J.  H.  CRESSMAN.  This  most 
excellent  company  executed  some  fine  movements  on  parade. 

Pennsgrove  Band,  twenty  pieces,  preceded  a  body  of  five  hundred 
men,  representing  numerous  Camps  in  Philadelphia  and  elsewhere,  wearing 
a  special  uniform  consisting  of  dark  soft  hats,  white  sack  coats,  and  dark 
pantaloons.  The  Camps  represented  were:  No.  34,  Philadelphia,  Captain 
SAMUEL  BEIDLER  ;  No.  50,  Roxborough,  Captain  HARRY  RAWLEY  ;  No. 
105,  Philadelphia,  Captain  JOSEPH  D.  FREED  ;  No.  94,  Frankford,  Cap- 
tain A.  W.  WRIGHT;  and  Camps  7,  77,  83,  in,  243,  and  270,  Philadel- 
phia, also  an  excellent  delegation  from  Camp  108,  Mauch  Chunk. 

Then  came  uniformed  representatives  of  the  Philadelphia  Commandery 
on  foot,  under  command  of  N.  A.  Ross,  black  suit,  chapeau,  regalia, 
sword,  and  belt. 

BULLOCK   BAND. 

Montgomery  Commandery,  No.  15,  of  Conshohocken,  Commander  E. 
EIDELMAN  ;  Lexington  Commandery,  No.  2,  Reading,  Commander  O.  B. 
WETHERBOLD. 

NEW    CASTLE   (DELAWARE)   FIFE   AND   DRUM   CORPS 

Preceded  the  Continental  Club  of  Wilmington,  thirty-five  men  in  Conti- 
nental uniform,  carrying  swords,  and  commanded  by  Captain  William  S. 
Alexander.  They  carried  a  banner  inscribed,  "  The  first  State  to  adopt 
the  Constitution  of  the  United  States,  September  17,  1787." 

Following  the  suggestion  of  the  marshal,  there  was  no  effort  on  the 
part  of  this  organization  to  have  large  numbers  of  men  in  line,  their 
energies  being  devoted  more  especially  to  the  faithful  representation  of 
events  in  the  history  of  the  country  and  the  war  of  the  Revolution  from 
its  inception  to  the  end. 

Aggregate  number  of  men  in  line        .         .         .         .750 
"    ladies      "  ....       25 

"    horses    "  .         ...       55 


CIVIC  AND   INDUSTRIAL  PROCESSION. 


SECOND    DIVISION. 

Assistant  Marshal. — CHARLES  M.  BETTS. 

Aides. — EDWARD  CUBBERLY,  JOHN  CATANACH,  CHARLES  E.  DEVITT. 

CARPENTERS'   COMPANY   OF   PHILADELPHIA. 

"The  Carpenters'  Company  of  the  City  and  County  of  Philadelphia" 
was  instituted  in  the  year  1724,  by  master  carpenters  of  Philadelphia,  "for 
the  purpose  of  obtaining  instruction  in  the  science  of  architecture,  and 
assisting  such  of  their  members  as  should  by  accident  be  in  need  of  sup- 
port, or  the  widows  and  minor  children  of  members." 

The  Company  has  during  its  existence  been  prominently  identified 
with  all  patriotic  movements,  and  can  point  with  pride  to  their  record  and 
the  historic  memories  clustered  around  their  venerable  hall.  The  Company 
now  has  eighty-seven  members  on  the  roll. 

The  display  of  the  Carpenters'  Company  was  placed  in  the  second 
division,  as  follows : 

First. — The  banner  carried  by  the  Company  in  the  procession  of  1788, 
enclosed  in  a  glazed  walnut  frame,  surmounted  by  a  gilt  eagle.  It  showed, 
upon  a  large  square  of  white  silk,  a  shield,  in  which  was  displayed,  in 
colors,  devices  symbolical  of  the  carpenter's  trade,  and  flowing  from  the 
under  part  of  the  shield  was  a  scroll,  bearing  the  words  "  Carpenters' 
Arms."  On  the  reverse,  in  gilt  letters,  on  a  ground  of  dark-blue  silk,  was 
"  Carried  by  the  Carpenters'  Company  in  the  public  rejoicings  of  the  citi- 
zens of  Philadelphia  on  the  adoption  of  the  Constitution  of  the  United 
States,  1788."  It  was  mounted  on  a  float  drawn  by  two  horses. 

Second. — A  representation  of  the  "  Federal  Edifice"  exhibited  by  the 
Carpenters'  Company  in  the  Federal  procession  of  1788.  Mounted  on  a 
float  drawn  "by  six  horses.  It  was  circular  in  form,  ten  feet  in  diameter, 
and  over  twenty  feet  high.  From  a  base  rose  from  pedestals  ten  fluted 
columns,  which  supported  a  dome  surmounted  by  a  statue  of  Ceres,  with 
a  cornucopia  and  other  emblems  of  plenty.  In  their  proper  places  were 
three  other  pedestals,  and  three  columns  were  lying  outside  the  temple, 
ready  to  be  placed  upon  the  unoccupied  pedestals.  The  columns  in 
places  symbolized  the  States  which  had,  at  the  date  of  the  celebration, 


REPORT  OF  THE  CHIEF  MARSHAL.  25 

ratified  the  Constitution,  and  the  prostrate  columns  the  States  of  Rhode 
Island,  North  Carolina,  and  Georgia,  which  had  not  done  so.  This  temple 
was  painted  white,  in  imitation  of  marble.  On  each  side  of  the  surbase 
of  the  temple  was  inscribed,  in  golden  letters,  "  In  union  the  fabrick  stands 
firm."  In  the  front  and  back  part  was  the  date  "  1787,"  in  gilt. 

Third. — The  Federal  Edifice  of  1887.  A  temple  thirty-three  feet  in 
length  by  twelve  feet  in  width  and  sixteen  feet  in  height.  Constructed  in 
the  style  of  the  Doric  order  of  architecture,  the  roof  supported  by  thirty- 
eight  columns,  each  one  representing  a  State,  and  bearing  a  shield  giving 
its  name.  Inside  the  temple  were  unfinished  columns  lying  on  the  floor 
to  represent  the  Territories,  shortly  to  be  admitted  as  States.  This  float 
was  drawn  by  twelve  horses. 

Fourth. — Sixty  members  of  the  Company  in  fifteen  barouches,  two 
horses  each,  and  formed  in  line  three  abreast.  One  of  the  members  was 
George  Myers,  now  a  resident  of  Paducah,  Kentucky.  He  came  to  Phila- 
delphia especially  to  attend  the  celebration,  being  the  oldest  member  upon 
the  list,  having  joined  the  Company  in  1833. 

The  patriotic  work  of  this  Company  in  the  demonstration  was  fully 
appreciated  by  the  public.  Its  exhibit  of  progress  was  costly,  beautiful, 
and  suggestive,  worthy  the  old  institution  and  its  public-spirited  members. 

THIRD    DIVISION. 

Assistant  Marshal. — S.  L.  WILSON. 

Aides. — W.  McBRiDE,  J.  HAINES,  C.  R.  CRAINE,  G.  B.  HICKS. 

AGRICULTURAL   AND    MILL   MACHINERY   AND   PRODUCTS. 

WIARD  CHILLED  PLOUGH  COMPANY,  Batavia,  New  York. 

One  float  with  two  horses,  with  an  assortment  of  Ploughs,  including 
the  first  Cast  Plough  made  by  the  Company,  in  1818. 

SYRACUSE  CHILLED  PLOUGH  COMPANY,  Syracuse,  New  York. 

One  float  with  four  horses :  an  assortment  of  Ploughs,  one  bearing  the 
date  "  1787." 

Two  Sulky  Ploughs  drawn  on  their  own  wheels,  one  a  reversible,  the 
other  a  hillside,  Plough,  two  horses  each. 
VOL.  ii. — 5 


26  CIVIC  AND  INDUSTRIAL  PROCESSION. 

CLIPPER  PLOUGH  COMPANY,  Elmira,  New  York. 

One  Sulky  Plough,  reversible,  with  steel  mould-board  and  steel  jointer, 
drawn  on  its  own  wheels,  two  horses. 

HENCH  &  DROMGOLD,  York,  Pennsylvania. 

One  Walking  Cultivator,  one  Sulky  Cultivator,  drawn  on  their  own 
wheels,  two  horses. 

SUPERIOR  GRAIN  DRILL  COMPANY,  Springfield,  Ohio. 
One  Grain  Drill  on  its  own  wheels,  two  horses. 

EGLE  BENSON,  Raritan,  New  Jersey. 
Two  Sulky  Hudson  Cultivators  on  their  own  wheels,  two  horses. 

THE  SPANGLER  MANUFACTURING  COMPANY,  York,  Pennsylvania. 
One  Lime  and  Plaster  Spreader,  two  horses. 
One  Grain  Drill,  two  horses. 

JOHN  L.  LAMDIS,  Lancaster,  Pennsylvania. 
One  Hay-Maker,  with  combined  rake  and  tedder. 

P.  P.  MAST  &  Co.,  Philadelphia. 

One  Sulky  Cultivator,  one  Lubin  Pulverizer  and  Crusher,  one  Grain 
Drill,  all  on  their  own  wheels,  two  horses  each. 

One  float  drawn  by  Eclipse  Road  Engine,  with  old-fashioned  sweep 
well,  Wind  Engine,  two  Force-Pumps,  two  Cider-Mills,  one  Grinding 
Mill.  An  employe  of  the  firm  stood  by  the  well,  showing  how  water 
was  formerly  drawn  by  a  bucket  attached  to  a  lever  that  rested  in  the 
crotch  of  an  upright  post  planted  near  to  the  well,  the  bucket  being 
balanced  by  stones  fastened  to  the  opposite  end  of  the  lever.  Pumps, 
water-pipes,  and  other  apparatus  were  connected  with  the  Windmill,  to 
show  the  methods  of  drawing  and  forcing  water  by  improved  machinery. 
The  old  and  the  new  way  of  making  cider  were  also  illustrated. 

J.  E.  CHARLES,  Philadelphia. 

One  float  with  two  horses,  with  one  Wind  Engine  and  an  assortment 
of  Pumps. 


REPORT  OF  THE   CHIEF  MARSHAL.  27 

D.  M.  OSBORNE  &  Co.,  Philadelphia. 

One  Mower,  one  Reaper,  one  Harvester  and  Binder,  on  their  own 
wheels,  two  horses  each. 

ADRIANCE,  PLATT  &  Co.,  Poughkeepsie,  New  York. 
One  Mower,  one   Reaper,  one   Harvester  and   Binder,  on   their  own 
wheels,  two  horses  each. 

WILLIAM  DEERING  &  Co.,  Chicago. 

Two  Mowers,  one  Reaper,  one  Binder,  on  their  own  wheels,  two 
horses  each. 

EUREKA  MOWER  COMPANY,  Utica,  New  York. 

One  float,  bearing  four  men  using  old-fashioned  Scythes  and  Sickles 
in  the  representation  of  a  harvest-field.  By  them  stood  a  Eureka  Mower, 
said  to  be  capable  of  cutting  twenty  acres  of  grass  in  a  day.  It  cuts  a 
swarth  seven  feet  in  width,  and  is  known  as  a  centre  draft  machine. 
This  float  was  drawn  by  a  Paxton  Road  Engine,  furnished  by  the  Paxton 
Manufacturing  Company  of  Harrisburg,  Pennsylvania. 

STODDARD  MANUFACTURING  COMPANY,  Dayton,  Ohio;  W.  B.  Smith,  Phila- 
delphia Agent. 

One  Tiger  Mower  on  its  own  wheels,  two  horses. 
One  Tiger  Rake  on  its  own  wheels,  one  horse. 

PATTEN,  STAFFORD  &  MEYER,  Canastota,  New  York. 
One  Champion  Hay  Rake,  one  Hay  Tedder,  on  their  own  wheels,  one 
horse  each. 

ROBERTS  MACHINE  COMPANY,  Collegeville,  Pennsylvania. 
One  Grain  Thresher  and  Separator  on  its  own  wheels,  two  horses. 

SCHAEFFER,  MERKEL  &  Co.,  Fleetwood,  Pennsylvania. 
One  Grain  Thresher  and  Separator  on  its  own  wheels,  two  horses. 

GEYSER  MANUFACTURING  COMPANY,  Waynesborough,  Pennsylvania. 
Peerless    Road   Engine.      Over   the   water-tank   was  a  double   sketch, 
showing  the  old  and  the  new  way  of  ploughing.      It  represented  a  man 


2g  CIVIC  AND  INDUSTRIAL  PROCESSION, 

driving  a  mule  attached  to  a  plough  and  a  steam  gang-plough  turning 
up  six  furrows  at  one  time. 

AMERICAN  ROAD  MACHINE  COMPANY,  Kennett  Square,  Pennsylvania. 
One   Road    Machine,   for   grading    dirt   on    macadamized   roads,   two 
horses. 

WILSON'S  CABINET  CREAMERY  COMPANY,  Flint,  Michigan. 
HERNDON  MANUFACTURING  COMPANY,  Geneva,  New  York. 
One   float  with    two    horses,   equipped   with    Creamery   Supplies   and 
Harrows. 

VERMONT  FARM  MACHINE  COMPANY,  Bellows  Falls,  Vermont. 
One  wagon,  two  horses,  Creamery  Supplies 

A.  H.  REID,  Philadelphia. 
One  float  with  two  horses,  Creamery  Outfit  and  Supplies. 

MOSELY  &  STODDARD  MANUFACTURING  COMPANY,  Poultney. 
One  float  with  two  horses,  Creamery  Supplies. 

JOHN  S.  CARTER,  Syracuse,  New  York. 
Cheese  Factory  Supplies. 

McEwEN  &  LAWRENCE. 
Terra-cotta  fence  posts  and  post  holes  or  receivers. 

S.  W.  MOORE,  Philadelphia. 
Patent  trestle  and  band  stand  combined.     Four  horses. 

The  marked  improvement  in  ploughs  at  present  in  use  over  those  of 
a  century  ago  is  rather  in  quality  than  quantity  of  work  that  may  be 
accomplished  with  the  same  amount  of  horse  power;  in  addition  to  this 
is  the  great  ease  with  which  results  can  be  accomplished  at  the  present 
time.  This  is  well  demonstrated  in  modern  sulky  ploughs,  on  which  the 
operator  sits  with  perfect  control  of  his  machine  and  horses,  as  against 
the  old  wood  mould-board  plough,  which  he  was  not  only  required  to 
follow  but  exert  himself  to  keep  in  the  ground.  Western  needs  have 
developed  machines  for  accomplishing  great  results  with  power  requiring 


REPORT  OF  THE  CHIEF  MARSHAL.  29 

but  little  manual  labor  to  operate,  of  which  the  steam  gangs,  carrying 
six  ploughs  and  turning  six  furrows,  and  the  gang-ploughs  of  California, 
working  twelve  to  fourteen  horses  in  string  teams,  are  notable. 

In  manner  of  planting  corn  and  small  grain,  the  primitive  hand 
methods,  although  still  in  use,  have  been  largely  superseded  by  two-  and 
four-horse  machines  preparing  their  own  furrows,  planting  the  grain  to- 
gether with  necessary  fertilizers,  and  covering  in  proper  shape  all  in  one 
operation. 

In  cultivation  of  corn  the  hoe  and  one-horse,  one-shovel  plough  have 
not  been  forgotten  ;  but  the  work  is  being  done  largely  by  two-horse 
cultivators,  cultivating  thoroughly  each  side  of  the  row  at  the  same  time, 
and  more  than  doubling  the  amount  of  work  possible  for  one  man  to 
accomplish. 

Improved  methods  of  harvesting  grain  are  perhaps  the  most  remark- 
able. The  binder  of  to-day,  with  one  man  and  three  horses,  will  cut,  bind, 
and  practically  gather  the  sheaves  of  twelve  acres  of  grain.  The  cradle 
of  twenty  years  ago  in  good  hands  would  cut  two  and  one-half  to  four 
acres,  leaving  the  grain  to  be  raked,  bound,  and  gathered  for  shocking, 
each  in  separate  operations. 

Thirty-six-inch  cylinder  grain  threshers  and  separators,  properly 
manned  and  with  grain  in  good  condition,  will  prepare  for  the  market 
two  thousand  bushels  of  oats  or  perhaps  twelve  hundred  to  fourteen  hun- 
dred bushels  of  wheat  per  day. 

Contrast  this  with  the  process  of  beating  out  with  the  flail,  shaking 
from  the  straw  with  a  fork,  and  winnowing  the  grain  from  the  chaff,  and 
you  have  another  instance  of  progress  of  Yankee  invention  impelled  to 
make  its  best  efforts  by  the  necessity  of  accomplishing  the  greatest  pos- 
sible amounc  of  work  at  the  least  expense,  to  meet  the  growing  demands 
of  the  market  and  the  development  of  the  millions  of  acres  opened  up 
for  cultivation  in  the  last  fifty  years. 

MILLBOURNE  MILLS  COMPANY,  Delaware  County,  Pennsylvania. 

The  secretary  of  this  company  reports  : 

"We  had  eight  wagons,  thirty-two  horses,  and  twenty-one  men  dis- 
tributed through  our  line.  We  endeavored  to  show  the  great  improve- 
ment in  the  manufacture  of  flour  during  the  past  one  hundred  years. 


30  CIVIC  AND  INDUSTRIAL  PROCESSION. 

"  We  showed  first  a  village  cart  drawn  by  a  heavy  Clydesdale  stallion, 
carrying  a  banner  with  the  inscription,  '  Exhibit  of  Millbourne  Mills  Com- 
pany,—Clydesdale  Horse,— Sixteen  teams  of  this  stock.'  Following  this, 

a  wagon, Float  No.  2, — showing  flour-mill  of  1787,  stating  that  'This 

mill  was  built  and  owned  by  John  Sellers  the  elder  about  1760,  and  was 
operated  as  a  grist-mill  prior  to  and  during  the  Revolutionary  War.  It 
still  remains ;'  and  on  the  rear  of  this  wagon,  '  This  mill  was  run  by 
water-power,  and  had  but  one  pair  of  burrs.  Capacity,  5  barrels  daily.' 

"We  now  find  a  record  showing  that  the  millwright  'commenced 
placing  machinery  in  the  mill  on  July  25,  1757,  and  finished  the  work 
on  June  27,  1758,  at  a  cost  of  fifty  pounds, — John  Sellers  to  furnish  ten 
pounds'  worth  of  diet.'  The  total  cost,  therefore,  for  placing  the  ma- 
chinery in  this  building  was  sixty  pounds.  'On  April  14,  1763,  a  reel 
and  fan  to  work  by  water-power  were  inserted,  at  a  cost  of  two  pounds 
fifteen  shillings  and  sixpence.'  It  is  asserted  that  previous  to  this  time 
the  farmers  that  brought  their  grist  to  this  mill  were  required  to  sepa- 
rate the  bran  or  offal  from  the  flour  after  it  was  •  ground,  in  a  separate 
room,  on  a  reel  or  some  such  sifting  contrivance,  which  was  operated 
by  hand;  and  no  doubt  when  the  reel  and  fan  were  added  to  run  by 
water-power  they  thought  a  great  saving  of  labor  was  made.  At  no 
time  had  this  mill  any  means  of  elevating  grain  or  meal  from  basement 
to  top  of  building,  as  mills  are  at  present  arranged,  but  the  miller  was 
compelled  to  carry  it  on  his  back  from  one  story  to  another  as  needed. 

"  We  next  showed  a  man  on  a  mule  taking  a  grist  to  this  mill,  carry- 
ing a  banner,  saying,  'Taking  grist  to  mill  in  ye  olden  time.'  To  show 
the  gradual  increase  and  improvement  in  the  business,  we  next  presented 
the  mill  of  1814,  a  portion  of  which  is  still  standing  and  forming  part 
of  our  present  plant.  On  this  float,  No.  3,  was  the  following :  '  Millbourne 
Mills  Co.  Mill  of  1814.  This  mill  was  built  and  owned  by  John  Sellers, 
second,  and  operated  as  a  grist  and  merchant  mill  by  John  Sellers,  third. 
The  price  of  wheat  in  counties  west  of  Philadelphia  was  regulated  by 
this  mill.'  On  the  rear  of  this  wagon,  '  Grain  was  received  at  this  mill 
from  over  the  Alleghany  Mountains  by  the  old  Conestoga  wagons.' 

"A  magazine  published  in  Philadelphia  in  1818  gave  the  following 
as  an  item  of  news:  'In  the  course  of  the  twelve  months  of  1817  twelve 
thousand  wagons  passed  the  Alleghany  Mountains  from  Philadelphia  and 


REPORT  OF  THE   CHIEF  MARSHAL.  31 

Baltimore,  each  with  from  four  to  six  horses,  carrying  from  thirty-five  to 
forty  hundred-weight.  The  cost  of  carriage  was  about  seven  dollars  per 
hundred-weight,  in  some  cases  as  high  as  ten  dollars  to  Philadelphia.  The 
aggregate  sum  paid  for  the  conveyance  of  goods  exceeded  one  million 
dollars.'  To  move  a  ton  of  freight  between  Pittsburgh  and  Philadelphia, 
therefore,  cost  not  less  than  one  hundred  and  forty  dollars,  and  took  prob- 
ably two  weeks  time.  In  1886  the  average  amount  received  by  the  Penn- 
sylvania Railroad  for  the  carriage  of  freight  was  three  quarters  of  one  cent 
per  ton  per  mile.  The  distance  from  Philadelphia  to  Pittsburgh  is  three 
hundred  and  eighty-five  miles ;  so  that  the  ton  which  cost  one  hundred 
and  forty  dollars  in  1817  was  carried  in  1887  for  two  dollars  and  eighty- 
seven  cents.  At  the  former  time  the  workingmen  in  Philadelphia  had 
to  pay  fourteen  dollars  for  moving  a  barrel  of  flour  from  Pittsburgh,  against 
twenty-eight  cents  now.  The  Pittsburgh  consumer  paid  seven  dollars 
freight  upon  every  one  hundred  pounds  of  dry  goods  brought  from  Phila- 
delphia, while  one  hundred  pounds  is  hauled  now  in  two  days,  at  a  cost 
of  fourteen  cents. 

"From  the  time  the  mill  of  1757  was  erected  up  to  or  about  1800 
there  seems  to  have  been  but  little  change  in  the  manner  of  doing  the 
work;  but  about  the  year  1816,  Oliver  Evans,  a  notable  millwright,  in- 
vented a  means  of  elevating  and  conveying  material,  which  he  introduced 
into  the  mill  of  1814;  and  we  now  hold  the  original  paper  granting  John 
Sellers  permission  to  use  these  appliances. 

"  On  the  back  of  this  paper  is  a  cut  of  a  mill  as  invented  and  perfected 
by  Oliver  Evans,  showing  the  elevators  and  conveyers  and  other  appli- 
ances, the  principles  of  which  are  still  used  in  all  mills,  though  of  course 
great  improvements  have  been  made  thereon. 

"  On  wagon,  Float  No.  4,  we  showed  the  millstone  and  banner,  with  the 
inscription,  'Millbourne  Mills  Co.'  The  old  millstone  that  for  ages  knew 
no  rival  has  finally  been  superseded  by  the  '  Chilled  Iron  Roller  Mill.'  On 
the  rear  of  this  wagon,  '  The  old  methods  yield  to  the  new  process.' 

"  On  wagon,  Float  No.  5,  we  presented  our  present  mill,  and  above  it, 
'  Flour  Mill  of  1887.  Millbourne  Mills  Company.  John  Sellers,  Jr.,  Presi- 
dent; Nathan  Sellers,  Secretary  and  Treasurer;'  and  on  the  rear,  'This 
mill  employs  'rollers  exclusively,  and  makes  the  highest  grade  of  flour 
known  to  the  trade.  Capacity  over  300  barrels  daily.' 


-2  CIVIC  AND  INDUSTRIAL  PROCESSION. 

"  On  wagon,  Float  No.  6,  we  showed  two  sets  of  roller  mills,  and  stated 
that  the  '  Chilled  Iron  Roller  Mills  are  used  exclusively.'  Wagon  No.  7 
contained  barrels  showing  '  Our  Brands'  of  flour,  and  Wagon  No.  8  gave 
'  The  packages  of  to-day,'— small  bags  containing  twenty-four  and  a  half 
and  twelve  and  a  quarter  pounds." 

FOURTH    DIVISION. 

Assistant  Marshal. — GEORGE  F.  PARKER. 

Aides. W.  H.  NEILSON,  ISAAC  W.  KAHN,  A.  G.  ELLIOTT,  W.  B.  MAC- 

KELLAR. 

PRINTERS'  COMBINED  DISPLAY. 

The  exhibit  of  the  "  German  Printers"  was  a  tableau  of  the  invention 
of  printing  in  1440,  being  a  representation  of  Gutenberg  examining  the 
first  proof  taken  from  a  form  of  movable  type.  The  tableau  was  arranged 
under  the  supervision  of  Mr.  I.  W.  Kahn,  of  the  Philadelphia  Demokmt, 
and  was  as  follows  : 

An  old  wooden  screw-press  that  looked  more  like  a  cider-press,  on 
two  upright  posts,  a  large  screw  four  inches  in  diameter  worked  by  a 
heavy  iron  lever,  a  bed  of  heavy  two-inch  boards,  on  which  rested  an 
iron  bed  one  inch  thick.  The  platen  was  of  iron,  twelve  inches  square, 
and  the  press  occupied  a  space  three  by  nine  feet.  The  persons  in  the 
tableau  were  dressed  in  the  costume  of  the  fourteenth  century,  and  rep- 
resented Gutenberg  (M.  Peter  Voigt),  Faust  (Mr.  Adam  Belz),  Schoffer 
(Mr.  George  Bauer),  apprentice  (Mr.  Alfred  Loeb), — all  members  of  Ger- 
man Typographia,  No.  i. 

EXHIBIT   OF   THE   MAcKELLAR,   SMITHS   &   JORDAN   COMPANY. 

A  fine  display  of  type-casting  machinery,  illustrating  the  old  process 
by  hand ;  later,  the  hand-casting  machine  and  the  modern  complete 
type-casting  machine.  In  front  of  the  float  was  a  banner,  inscribed, 
"  MacKellar,  Smiths  &  Jordan  Company.  Oldest  Type  Foundry  in 
America."  In  one  corner  of  the  float  was  an  old-fashioned  furnace 
and  metal-pot,  with  all  the  necessary  fixtures,  where  an  average  of  but 
ten  pounds  a  day  of  unfinished  type  were  produced.  A  hand-casting 
machine  invented  in  1813,  and  which  style  with  improvements  is  still 
used  in  the  various  type  foundries  of  the  United  States,  was  also  shown. 


REPORT  OF  THE  CHIEF  MARSHAL.  33 

This  machine  is  capable  of  producing  an  average  of  forty  pounds  of  un- 
finished type  per  day.  The  type,  after  being  cast,  must  go  through  four 
other  operations  before  being  ready  for  the  market.  Each  type  cast  has 
what  is  called  a  "jet"  or  projection  of  metal  from  the  foot  of  the  letter. 
The  type  is  passed  to  a  breaker's  table,  where  the  jet  end  is  broken  off; 
then  passed  to  a  stone,  where  the  sides  are  rubbed ;  then  to  the  setter's 
table,  where  it  is  set  up  in  order;  and  finally,  to  the  dresser's  bench, 
where  the  bottom  is  grooved  and  the  face  examined,  the  dresser  throwing 
out  all  imperfect  types.  It  is  then  ready  for  market.  A  complete  type- 
casting and  finishing  machine  was  also  shown,  which  performs  all  of  the 
above  operations,  and  is  capable  of  producing  an  average  of  fifty  pounds 
of  finished  type  per  day.  Not  the  least  interesting  portion  of  the  display 
was  the  railing  of  the  float,  which  consisted  of  type  representing  the  firm's 
name  and  place  of  business.  Eight  men  were  at  work  on  the  float,  which 
was  drawn  by  four  horses  decorated  with  flags. 

Some  thirteen  thousand  typographic  souvenirs  were  specially  cast  for 
the  occasion  and  distributed  along  the  route  of  parade.  These  consisted 
of  a  cut,  as  shown  herewith,  with  the  name  of  the  firm,  "  MACKELLAR, 
SMITHS  &  JORDAN  Co.  TYPE  FOUNDRY,  PHILA.,"  on  one  side  of  the 
body,  and  "CONSTITUTION  CENTENNIAL,  SEPT.  15,  16,  17,  1887,"  on  the 
other. 


EXHIBIT  OF   THE   PHILADELPHIA   TYPOGRAPHICAL   SOCIETY. 

On  a  two-horse  truck  was  shown  the  old  Washington  hand-press, 
from  the  warerooms  of  W.  C.  Bleloch,  manned  by  the  members  of  the 
Philadelphia  Typographical  Society. 

EXHIBIT  OF   "THE   TIMES." 

The  fastest  newspaper  press  in  the  world  is  the  "  Hoe"  press,  which 
turns  out  fifty  thousand  complete  copies  per  hour.  A  painted  model  of 
this  grand  press  was  exhibited  by  the  enterprise  of  the  Philadelphia  Times. 

In  1787,  and  for  many  years  after,  no  presses  were  manufactured  in  this 
country.  They  were  brought  here  from  England ;  while  at  the  present  time 
more  presses  are  manufactured  in  New  York,  New  Jersey,  and  Rhode 
Island  than  all  the  rest  of  the  world  combined,  and  in  the  United  States 
twice  as  many  presses  are  built  as  in  all  the  foreign  countries  combined. 

VOL.  II. — 6 


34  CIVIC  AND  INDUSTRIAL  PROCESSION. 

The  sale  of  American  presses  now  amounts  to  about  six  millions  of  dollars 
each  year. 

EXHIBIT   OF   CHAMBERS,  BROTHER  &  CO. 

In  the  division  devoted  to  printing  the  firm  exhibited  one  two-horse 
float,  on  which  was  operated  a  full-sized  book-folding  machine,  capable  of 
folding,  with  one  operator,  from  ten  to  twelve  thousand  sheets  per  ten 
hours.  An  expert  operator  by  hand  can  fold  about  three  thousand  sheets. 
The  first  book-folding  machine  was  introduced  in  1857. 

EXHIBIT   OF   W.   C.    BLELOCH. 

One  four-horse  truck  with  float  eight  feet  by  sixteen  feet,  decorated 
with  flags,  etc.,  and  containing, — one  Gordon  printing-press,  one  Rival 
paper-cutter,  two  twenty-case  cabinets,  two  proof-presses,  two  galley-racks, 
one  imposing-stone  and  frame,  one  double-stand,  with  racks,  cases,  gal- 
leys, etc.,  and  numerous  small  tools  used  by  printers,  surmounted  by  a 
typical  representation  of  the  "printer's  devil,"  in  fantastic  costume,  with 
composing-stick  in  hand.  There  were  ten  men  on  this  float. 

EXHIBIT  OF   R.  W.  HARTNETT   &   BROS. 

This  exhibit  consisted  of  a  large  float,  on  which  was  erected  a  medium- 
size,  fast,  two-revolution  job  cylinder  press,  in  complete  running  order,  with 
shafting  and  belting,  just  as  if  the  press  was  running  in  a  printing-office. 
The  press  was  run  wherever  the  pavement  would  permit.  There  were 
seven  men  on  the  float,  which  was  drawn  by  four  horses. 

The  press  exhibited  is  capable  of  turning  out  twenty-five  hundred  im- 
pressions per  hour.  In  1787  the  only  presses  used  in  America  were  the 
wooden-frame  hand-presses,  on  which,  by  hard  work,  two  hundred  im- 
pressions could  be  worked  off  per  hour.  The  most  perfect  of  the  old 
presses  is  now  the  property  of  the  Boston  Journal. 

PHILADELPHIA  TYPOGRAPHICAL  UNION,   No.   2. 

Officers. — William  H.  Neilson,  President ;  E.  H.  Madden,  Secretary;  J. 
Glaser,  Financial  Secretary. 

First  float,  twenty  feet  long,  ten  feet  wide,  represented  a  composing- 
room  of  the  present  period,  and  contained  four  stands  with  eight  pairs 
of  cases,  and  a  man  at  each  case  setting  type ;  a  composing-stone,  with  a 


\L. 

»rm"  ;   a  h  a 

of  him  v  >py. 

>f  display  type. 

and   bottled. 


"ANY. 


I,  whit< 


i    Phila- 
,  1GOO  n; 


36  CIVIC  AND  INDUSTRIAL  PROCESSION. 

EXHIBIT   OF   IRWIN,   MEGARGEE   &   CO. 

A  large  truck,  drawn  by  four  horses.  The  truck  contained  all  the 
materials  used  in  the  manufacture  of  paper.  On  the  sides  were  piles  of 
paper  and  card-board,  in  fancy  wrappers.  In  the  centre  were  barrels  of 
wood  pulp  and  rag  pulp. 

EXHIBIT  OF  ALEXANDER   BALFOUR. 

Bristol  board  and  book-papers  in  decorated  packages  and  rolls,  on 
a  four-horse  truck. 

EXHIBIT   OF  THE   SCOTT   PAPER   COMPANY. 

A  large  truck,  drawn  by  four  horses.  The  truck  was  filled  with  toilet- 
papers,  in  red,  white,  and  blue  wrappers,  finished  off  with  patent  metal 
paper-cases. 

EXHIBIT  OF   THE  JESSUP  &  MOORE   PAPER   COMPANY. 
A  large  truck,  bearing  bundles  of  paper  from  their  various  mills,  with 
samples  of  wood  pulp. 

EXHIBIT  OF   LONGACRE   &   CO. 

This  firm,  engravers  on  wood  and  designers,  made  an  exhibit  upon 
one  float,  drawn  by  two  horses.  This  float  was  twenty-six  feet  long, 
divided  into  three  parts  or  divisions,  to  facilitate  changing  direction  ;  the 
whole  resting  upon  six  wheels.  Upon  the  first  part  was  represented  an 
engraving-office  of  colonial  times, — an  old-fashioned  fireplace,  room-fur- 
niture, and  other  fixtures  representative  of  the  time  of  1787;  dressed  in 
costume  of  that  day  was  an  engraver  at  work,  a  man  proving  an  en- 
graving in  the  old-fashioned  way,  and  a  boy  working  ink  between  two 
ink-balls. 

Second  department  represented  the  office  of  the  firm.  Type-writer, 
telephone,  electric  light,  speaking-tubes,  desks,  carpeted,  etc.  Type-writer, 
clerk,  and  proprietor.  Three  persons. 

Third  department  showed  engraving,  drawing  on  wood,  drawing  on 
paper  for  photographing,  photographing  on  wood  by  electric  light,  operating 
an  engraving-machine,  proving  work  on  proof-press.  Five  men  employed. 

From  the  crude  process  of  1787 — drawing  on  the  block  in  line,  and, 
when  engraved,  proved  under  a  crude  press,  after  inking  with  a  ball, 


REPORT  OF  THE  CHIEF  MARSHAL.  37 

the  ink  being  worked  and  distributed  between  two  large  balls,  as  done 
in  printing  at  that  date — drawing  on  the  wood  was  improved  on  by 
wash-shading  in  India  ink  with  hair  pencils  and  finished  up  with  lead 
pencil ;  still  later  by  large,  broad  wash-sketches  or  drawings,  on  stretched 
paper  or  Bristol  board,  with  the  hair  pencils  (brushes).  These,  reduced 
to  the  desired  size  by  photography  directly  on  the  wood,  are  placed  in 
the  hands  of  the  engraver.  To  further  facilitate  the  process  of  photo- 
graphing on  wood,  electric  light  has  been  successfully  introduced.  En- 
graving-machines have  been  in  use  for  about  thirty-five  years,  principally 
used  in  the  illustrating  of  machinery  or  mechanical  work,  where  plain, 
rigid,  graduated  lines  serve  for  tints,  which  can  be  made  any  shade  or 
graduation  of  color.  There  has  been  but  little  improvement  on  the  en- 
graving-machine built  by  Mr.  M.  R.  Longacre  about  twenty-five  years 
ago,  the  only  one  used  in  Philadelphia  at  that  time, — there  being  ten  or 
twelve  of  the  Bellmen  engraving-machines  now  used  in  this  city.  Proving 
on  a  press  has  nearly  superseded  the  old  process  of  inking  the  block  with 
ball  and  rubbing  the  impressions  off  on  India  paper  with  an  ivory  bur- 
nisher (paper-folder).  Following  hard  on  the  heels  of  the  wood  engraving 
are  the  patent  processes.  The  superiority  of  engraving  on  wood,  aided 
by  these  noted  improvements,  has  so  far  kept  the  engraver  on  wood 
in  advance  and  enabled  him  to  bring  the  art  to  its  present  state  of 
perfection. 

EXHIBIT   OF   BONAKER   &  JONES. 

This  firm  of  blank-book  makers  exhibited  upon  one  float,  ten  feet  by 
fifteen  feet,  drawn  by  two  horses,  and  carrying  six  men,  illustrations  of 
the  progress  made  in  the  art  of  paper-ruling  during  the  century  which 
has  elapsed  since  the  adoption  of  the  Constitution. 

On  one  side  of  the  float  a  man  was  ruling  paper  by  hand,  with  a  quill 
pen  and  a  ruler,  completing  twenty-five  sheets  per  hour.  Progress  was 
illustrated  by  a  modern  Hickok  ruling-machine,  working,  and  completing 
one  thousand  sheets  per  hour.  They  also  exhibited  a  quantity  of  fine 
blank  books,  constructed  on  an  improved  principle  and  having  the 
desirable  flat-opening  features. 

Hand-ruling  was  the  accepted  mode  until  about  the  year  1830,  when 
machines  were  constructed  which  speedily  displaced  the  ancient  system. 
Philadelphia  may  claim  to  be  the  native  place  of  the  American  ruling- 


38  CIVIC  AND  INDUSTRIAL  PROCESSION. 

machine,  for  the  first  maker  who  came  into  prominence  was  Charles  Kerk, 
a  Philadelphia  carpenter.  Ruling-machines  have  been  improved  from 
time  to  time,  until  they  now  stand  as  triumphs  of  the  art  of  the  mechanic. 
A  machine  known  as  the  McAdams  quadruple  is  so  constructed  as  to 
rule  both  sides  of  the  sheet  at  once,  and  to  complete  at  one  operation 
the  down-  and  cross-lines,  thus  requiring  the  paper  to  go  through  once 
only,  whereas  the  old  style  required  four  operations  to  complete  the 
work  done  at  one  feeding  by  the  McAdams  machine.  Various  appli- 
ances for  the  production  of  good  and  rapid  work  have  been  introduced, 
including  an  automatic  feeder,  which  feeds  from  a  pile  of  paper  and  places 
a  single  sheet  at  a  time  in  the  machine.  The  "  striker"  and  the  "  lapper" 
are  valuable  improvements  which  every  ruler  will  appreciate. 

Ruling-machines  are  made  by  W.  O.  Hickok,  Harrisburg,  Pennsyl- 
vania ;  McAdams  &  Sons,  Brooklyn,  New  York ;  and  E.  J.  Piper,  Spring- 
field, Massachusetts. 

EXHIBIT   OF  REMINGTON   STANDARD   TYPE-WRITER. 

This  display  was  made  by  the  firm  of  WykofF,  Seamans  &  Benedict, 
834  Chestnut  Street,  and  consisted  of  one  float,  four  men,  and  four  horses. 
Upon  the  float  was  shown  the  past  and  present  method  of  writing  or 
putting  thought  on  paper.  On  one  end  of  the  float  was  a  young  man 
dressed  in  the  costume  of  a  hundred  years  ago,  seated  at  a  plain  desk, 
writing  with  a  quill.  On  another  part  of  the  float  was  a  representative 
business-man  of  to-day,  sitting  at  his  desk,  dictating  his  correspondence 
to  the  type-writer  operator,  who  took  the  words  direct  from  the  dictator's 
lips,  at  a  rate  of  speed  equal  to  three  times  the  speed  of  an  ordinary  pen- 
man,— that  is,  he  was  able  to  correctly  write  with  the  type-writer  at  the 
rate  of  from  sixty  to  seventy-five  words  per  minute. 

The  type-writer  has  only  within  the  past  five  or  ten  years  been  recog- 
nized as  a  practical  time-saving  instrument.  It  is  now  very  deservedly 
popular,  however,  and  there  are  in  use  over  fifty  thousand  writing- 
machines  ;  and  the  Remington  Company  is  manufacturing  and  selling  these 
instruments  at  the  rate  of  from  fifteen  hundred  to  two  thousand  per  month. 
It  will,  therefore,  be  seen  that  the  business  of  this  firm  alone  amounts  to 
considerably  more  than  one  million  dollars  per  year. 


REPORT  OF  THE  CHIEF  MARSHAL.  39 

EXHIBIT   OF   TYPOGRAPHIA   No.  I. 

At  the  end  of  this  division  came  a  decorated  carriage  containing  four 
members  of  Typographia,  No  I  (Messrs.  A.  Gruber,  L.  Waldecker,  E. 
Kindt,  H.  Stephan),  carrying  the  German  Printers'  banner.  It  was  made 
in  1840,  and  was  carried  in  the  parade  which  took  place  in  Philadelphia 
in  that  year  in  honor  of  the  four  hundredth  anniversary  of  the  invention 
of  printing.  The  banner  is  made  of  heavy  blue  and  white  silk,  and  con- 
tains on  the  front  a  portrait  of  Gutenberg  and  on  the  back  a  picture  of 
an  old  screw-press. 

FIFTH     DIVISION. 

Assistant  Marshal. — CAPTAIN  R.  H.  PRATT,  U.S.A. 
Aides. — W.  M.  HUGG,  W.  RICHARDS,  H.  W.  HALLOWELL. 

EXHIBIT  OF   THE   UNITED   STATES   INDUSTRIAL  SCHOOL,  Carlisle,  Pennsylvania. 
Captain  R.  H.  Pratt,  U.S.A.,  Superintendent. 

This  exhibit  formed  one  of  the  most  marked  and  interesting  in  the  long 
column,  forming  doubtless  the  greatest  "object-lesson"  ever  attempted  to  be 
inculcated  by  a  processional  display. 

The  Indian  Industrial  School  at  Carlisle,  Pennsylvania,  headed  the  Fifth 
or  Educational  Division,  commanded  by  Captain  R.  H.  Pratt,  Tenth  Cav- 
alry, U.S.A.,  Superintendent  of  Carlisle  School. 

OBJECT. 

To  illustrate  the  change  in  the  condition  of  the  Indians  and  the  growth 
of  public  sentiment  in  their  favor  during  the  Constitutional  century. 

HISTORICAL. 

At  the  beginning  of  the  Constitutional  century  there  were  few  Indian 
schools,  and  no  appropriation  was  made  by  the  general  government  for  such 
schools  prior  to  1818,  at  which  time  ten  thousand  dollars  was  appropriated 
by  Congress  for  civilization,  including  schools,  which  sum  was  thereafter 
appropriated  annually  without  deviation  till  1846,  when  the  appropriations 
for  civilization  began  to  be  made  for  individual  tribes.  No  considerable 
increase  in  expenditure  by  the  general  government  for  educating  the  In- 
dians occurred  until  1879,  when  confidence  in  the  feasibility  of  educating 
Indians  in  the  English  language  and  adapting  them  to  civilized  life  began 


40  CIVIC  AND  INDUSTRIAL  PROCESSION. 

to  be  so  established  as  to  gain  increased  appropriations  from  year  to  year 
until  the  appropriation  by  Congress  for  t1  :  of  Indian  schools  during 

the  fiscal  year  1887-88  amounts  to  ovc  .iiion  two  hundred  thousand 

dollars. 

The  number  of  pupils  attending  the  Carlisle  School  during  the  fiscal 
year  1886-87  was  six  hundred  and  forty-two,  representing  thirty-eight 
tribes,  much  the  larger  proportion  of  the  students  coming  from  the  most 
nomadic  and  warlike  tribes,  as  the  Apaches,  Sioux,  Cheyennes,  etc. 

The  school  is  strictly  industrial,  each  student  giving  one-half  of  each 
day  to  the  learning  of  some  industry,  the  boys  at  trades  or  agriculture,  and 
the  girls  at  occupations  suited  to  their  sex. 

The  great  object  of  the  government  is  to  make  the  young  Indians 
acquainted  with  and  competent  in  civilized  pursuits.  To  this  end  all 
students,  after  being  somewhat  prepared  and  taught  the  English  language, 
are  sent  out  from  the  school  into  good  white  families,  where  they  are 
received  and  treated  as  members  of  the  household,  sent  to  the  public 
schools,  and  further  instructed  in  the  arts  of  civilized  life. 

PROCESSION. 

The  Carlisle  School  column  in  the  industrial  parade  consisted  of  ten 
wild  Indians  directly  from  their  homes  in  the  Indian  Territory,  belonging 
to  the  Cheyenne  and  Arapahoe  tribes,  five  from  each.  They  were  in 
charge  of  Major  W.  B.  Barker,  authorized  trader  at  Cheyenne  and  Ara- 
pahoe agency.  Their  names  are  Little  Chief,  Pawnee  Man,  Wolf  Face, 
Man-on-a-cloud,  and  Pappoose  Chief, — Cheyennes ;  and  Black  Coyote, 
White  Snake,  Bear  Father,  Little  Bear,  and  Mountain, — Arapahoes.  Eight 
of  these  led  the  column  on  horseback.  Then  followed  five  floats,  nine  by 
sixteen  feet,  on  heavy  road-wagons  drawn  by  twenty  horses.  Two  of 
the  wild  Indians,  fifty-three  boys,  and  young  men  on  these  wagons,  aided 
by  six  of  the  mechanical  employes  of  the  school  in  costume,  all  under 
the  direction  of  the  assistant  superintendent,  Mr.  A.  J.  Standing,  gave 
representations  covering  the  objects  of  the  parade. 

FLOAT  No.  i. 

On  the  first  float  was  produced  West's  celebrated  painting  of  William 
Penn's  treaty  with  the  Indians.  On  the  side  of  this  float  a  white  man 
and  an  Indian  were  represented  with  hands  clasped  in  token  of  friendship. 


REPORT  OF  THE  CHIEF  MARSHAL.  41 

and  the  following  extract  from  the  sentiments  of  Penn :    "  As  long  as  the 
sun  and  moon  shall  endure  no  advantage  shall  be  taken  on  either  side." 

FLOAT  No.  2. 

The  second  float  contained  an  Indian  tepee,  representing  a  scene  in 
an  Indian  camp ;  on  each  side  was  an  extract  from  the  inaugural  address 
of  President  Cleveland :  "  The  conscience  of  the  people  demands  that  the 
Indians  within  our  boundaries  shall  be  fairly  and  honestly  treated  as  wards 
of  the  government,  and  their  education  and  civilization  promoted  with  a 
view  to  their  ultimate  citizenship."  And  on  the  end  :  "  I  would  rather 
have  my  administration  marked  by  a  sound  and  honorable  Indian  policy 
than  by  anything  else. — President  Cleveland." 

FLOAT   No.  3. 

The  third  float  was  a  school-room,  where  sixteen  of  the  students  per- 
formed black-board  exercises  in  the  various  grades  of  school-room  work, 
— solving  problems  in  arithmetic  and  giving  language  exercises  at  every 
halt  of  the  column.  On  the  front  was  a  printing-office,  with  one  student 
setting  type  and  another  running  a  printing-press,  printing  slips  of  infor- 
mation which  were  distributed.  On  each  side  of  this  float  was  the  fol- 
lowing : 

"Indians  in  the  United  States,  247,000;  of  school  age,  46,877;  in 
school,  12,316;  leaving  34,561  growing  up  in  ignorance  and  barbarism." 
And  on  the  end  the  words,  "  We  must  educate." 

FLOATS   No.  4  AND  5. 

The  fourth  and  the  fifth  floats  were  fitted  up  as  workshops,  having 
several  shops  on  each,  with  Indian  boys  working  at  the  trades  they 
learn  at  the  school, — carpentering,  blacksmithing,  harness-making,  tailor- 
ing, s'aoemaking,  and  tinning.  Along  the  side  of  these  floats  were  fast- 
ened specimens  of  the  boys'  workmanship  in  the  various  departments 
represented. 

Following  these  floats  came  the  band  of  twelve  pieces,  under  the 
leadership  of  the  band-master,  Mr.  Philip  Norman,  and  then  one  hundred 
and  thirty-six  young  men  of  the  school,  marching  in  columns  of  platoons, 
sixteen  in  a  platoon,  each  student  carrying  a  slate  and  school-books. 

The  one  hundred  and  eighty-nine  students  on  the  floats,  in  the  band, 

VOL.  II. — 7 


42  CIVIC  AND  INDUSTRIAL  PROCESSION. 

and  marching  column  represented  the  following  tribes :  Cheyenne,  Arapa- 
hoe,  Crow,  Apache,  Kiowa,  Kaw,  Comanche,  Winnebago,  Wyandotte, 
Pawnee,  Pueblo,  Nez  Perce,  Gros  Ventre,  Menominee,  Quapaw,  Omaha, 
Oneida,  and  Sioux. 

An  evidence  of  the  effect  created  in  the  minds  of  the  spectators  by 
the  appearance  of  the  wild  Indians  from  the  West  and  the  pupils  of  the 
Industrial  Training  Schools  is  tersely  set  forth  in  the  following  extract 
from  an  article  in  the  Brooklyn  Eagle: 

"...  There  was  one  division  in  the  great  Constitutional  parade  in 
Philadelphia,  last  Thursday,  that  should  have  kept  marching  right  on 
across  the  State,  clear  to  the  Missouri  River,  and  still  on,  until  every 
State  in  the  Union  had  seen  and  studied  it.  The  Indians,  a  band  of 
braves,  mounted  and  in  their  war-paint,  plumed  and  feathered  and  fierce- 
visaged,  armed  to  the  teeth,  savages  from  scalp-lock  to  moccasin.  Be- 
hind them,  on  foot,  a  band  of  younger  braves  that  will  sweep  these  old 
warriors  and  savages  out  of  existence  forever.  In  the  neat  uniforms  of 
their  schools,  trim  and  tidy  as  any  boys  in  any  grammar-school  in  the 
land,  marching  steady  as  soldiers,  with  the  free,  easy  stride  born  of  the 
prairies,  each  dark-skinned  brave  armed  with  a  slate,  marched  these 
dusky  warriors  from  Carlisle  and  Hampton  and  Lincoln  Institute.  It 
was  grand,  it  was  inspiring,  it  was  sublime,  it  was  Christian.  A  class  of 
boys  and  girls  drove  by,  singing  with  all  their  Indian  hearts  in  their 
brave  voices,  '  Hail,  Columbia,  Happy  Land.'  Anything  but  a  '  happy 
land'  has  Columbia,  from  the  day  of  Columbus  to  the  day  of  the  cow- 
boy, been  for  them  and  their  fathers.  They  sang  as  the  prophets  sing. 
After  them  came  the  Indian  boys  at  work  at  their  trades, — mechanics, 
farmers,  teachers;  girls  at  housework,  bright,  neat,  happy-looking  girls, 
cooking,  sewing,  knitting,  reading,  trained  nurses  in  a  hospital  ward, — use- 
ful, happy  girls  as  your  own  daughters.  Why,  I  can't  begin  to  tell  you  how 
the  '  Indian  exhibit'  impressed  people.  I  never  in  all  my  life  saw  such  an 
object-lesson.  Ahead  were  the  savages,  '  exceeding  fierce,'  possessed  with 
seven  times  seven  devils,  and  then  these  boys  and  girls,  clothed  in  their 
right  minds,  sitting  at  the  feet  of  the  Prince  of  Peace.  I  blushed  with 
shame  for  every  flippant  and  heartless  word  I  had  ever  said  or  written 
about  this  much-discussed  '  Indian  problem.'  There  was  its  solution, — 
the  rescue  of  a  race  by  a  Christian  nation." 


REPORT  OF  THE   CHIEF  MARSHAL.  43 

EXHIBIT  OF  THE   SPRING   GARDEN   INSTITUTE. 

The  Spring  Garden  Institute  made  an  exhibit  upon  two  floats,  designed 
to  show  the  advance  made  in  practical  education,  the  Institute  having  or- 
ganized the  first  manual  training-school  in  Philadelphia  in  1878.  The  first 
float,  drawn  by  two  horses,  contained  a  box-like  structure,  eight  feet  in 
height,  surmounted  by  a  pyramid.  On  this  superstructure  was  displayed 
the  work  of  pupils  in  the  Art  Department.  Forty-six  large  drawings  and 
paintings  in  various  mediums,  drawings  from  life  and  from  the  cast  original 
designs,  etc.,  all  neatly  framed,  covered  the  sides  of  the  structure.  On  the 
faces  of  the  pyramid,  at  the  four  corners  and  at  the  apex,  were  plaster  casts, 
used  partly  for  ornamental  effect  and  partly  to  display  the  work  of  pupils 
in  modelling.  The  float  was  handsomely  decorated  with  red,  white,  and 
blue  bunting,  evergreens,  and  symbolical  ornaments. 

The  second  float  represented  the  Mechanical  Department  of  the  Insti- 
tute, and  was  so  arranged  as  to  have  at  each  of  the  four  corners  a  work- 
bench, on  which  pupils  of  the  Institute  schools  exhibited  the  course  of 
practice  in  wood-  and  metal-work.  In  the  centre  of  the  float  there  was 
erected  a  pyramid  eight  feet  in  height.  On  two  of  the  faces  work  done  by 
pupils  of  the  school  in  metal  was  displayed,  and  on  the  other  two  faces 
similar  work  in  wood.  The  metal  exhibits  comprised  samples  of  chipping, 
filing,  turning,  fitting,  screw-cutting,  boring,  etc. ;  the  wood  exhibits  showed 
the  various  methods  of  makiag  square  joints,  such  as  dovetailing,  butting, 
mitring,  etc.,  and  included  samples  of  pattern-making  for  castings,  bridge- 
trusses,  and  other  models.  Surmounting  the  pyramid  was  an  upright  en- 
gine, built  in  the  schools  by  the  pupils  from  drawings  and  patterns  also 
made  by  the  pupils.  This  float  was  also  handsomely  decorated  with  the 
national  colors,  was  drawn  by  two  horses,  and  contained,  besides  the  in- 
structor in  metal-work,  Mr.  David  Griffiths,  eight  pupils  from  the  Soldiers' 
Orphans'  Institute  in  uniform.  These  pupils  attend  the  Spring  Garden 
Institute  Schools  for  instruction  in  mechanical  handiwork. 

EXHIBIT  OF  THE  LINCOLN  INSTITUTION. 

INDIAN  DEPARTMENT. 

This  exhibit  was  made  upon  eleven  floats,  and  gave  ocular  demon- 
stration of  the  course  of  training  pursued  in  the  Institute  by  the  board 
of  directors  in  their  efforts  to  bring  the  Indians  into  the  walks  of  civil- 


44 


CIVIC  AND  INDUSTRIAL  PROCESSION. 


ized  life.  The  exhibit  was  of  such  an  interesting  and  instructive  char- 
acter, and  carried  out  so  thoroughly  in  the  details,  as  to  leave  scarce 
any  room  for  elaboration  in  the  report;  and  yet  the  report  of  the  lady 
directress  embodies  so  many  points  of  interest  in  connection  with  the 
course  of  instruction  that  it  is  herein  embodied : 

"  Lincoln  Institution  Training  School  for  Indians  consists  of  two  parts, 
— the  boys'  school,  with  one  hundred  Indian  boys,  located  at  Forty-ninth 
Street  and  Greenway  Avenue,  Twenty-seventh  Ward,  in  the  building  of 
The  Educational  Home;  and  the  girls'  school,  with  one  hundred  Indian 
girls,  located  in  winter  at  No.  324  South  Eleventh  Street,  Philadelphia, 
and  in  summer  at  Ponemah,  in  Upper  Merion  Township,  Montgomery 
County,  Pennsylvania. 

"  HISTORY. 

"  Lincoln  Institution  was  opened  April  17*,!  866,  and  chartered  May  9, 
1866.  Its  object  was  to  care  for,  educate,  and  train  sons  of  soldiers  who 
had  lost  their  lives  in  the  war  between  the  States.  The  '  training'  con- 
sisted in  putting  the  boys  at  work  with  employers  outside  of  the  school 
while  thty  remained  inmates  and  pupils  thereof,  thus  mingling  practice 
with  theory,  and  teaching  the  boys  how  to  make  a  living  before  cutting 
loose  from  the  moral,  religious,  and  educational  influences  of  the  Insti- 
tution. 

"  Over  one  thousand  boys  have  so  passed  through  the  Institution,  a 
large  majority  of  whom  are  now  useful  members  of  society,  and  some 
of  them  occupy  positions  of  great  responsibility  and  trust  in  the  finan- 
cial and  transportation  companies. 

"The  Educational  Home,  a  separate  corporation  but  under  the  same 
general  management,  was  founded  November  4,  1 87 1 ,  as  a  '  feeder'  to 
Lincoln  Institution.  Here  boys  from  three  to  twelve  years  of  age  were 
cared  for,  and  from  the  '  Home'  they  were  transferred  to  Lincoln  Insti- 
tution as  soon  as  they  were  able  to  go  to  work. 

"In  1 88 1,  the  number  of  'soldiers'  orphans'  having  become  very  small, 
the  few  boys  remaining  in  Lincoln  Institution  were  transferred  to  The 
Educational  Home,  and  the  building  on  Eleventh  Street  was  closed  and 
offered  for  sale.  In  1884  the  last  of  the  'soldiers'  orphans'  were,  by 
order  of  the  Department  of  Public  Education  at  Harrisburg,  transferred 
to  Chester  Springs  School. 


REPORT  OF  THE  CHIEF  MARSHAL.  45 

"At  the  Bi-Centennial  Celebration,  in  October,  1882,  Captain  Richard 
Henry  Pratt,  U.S.A.,  Superintendent  of  the  United  States  Indian  Training 
School  at  Carlisle,  Pennsylvania,  quartered  the  Indians  who  appeared  in 
the  parade  on  that  occasion  in  the  Lincoln  Institution  on  Eleventh  Street, 
Philadelphia. 

"This  incident  gave  to  the  lady  managers  of  Lincoln  Institution  the 
idea  that  their  buildings,  their  management,  their  experience,  might  be 
made  available  for  the  education  and  training  of  Indian  children.  To 
think  was  to  act.  In  a  very  short  time  arrangements  had  been  made 
with  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior  at  Washington,  and  on  the  8th  of 
September,  1883,  the  first  Indian  girls  were  received  into  the  Eleventh 
Street  house,  and  on  the  2Qth  of  August,  1884,  the  first  Indian  boys 
were  admitted  to  The  Educational  Home. 

"  Captain  Pratt  is  the  father  of  Indian  education  at  all  of  the  three 
great  Eastern  schools, — Hampton,  Virginia ;  Carlisle,  Pennsylvania  ;  and 
Lincoln  Institution.  The  success  of  his  idea,  as  worked  out  at  two  of 
these  schools,  was  beautifully  shown  in  the  parade  of  September  15,  1887. 

"  Ponemah,  the  country  home  of  the  Indian  Girls'  School  of  Lincoln 
Institution,  was  built  in  order  to  remove  the  pupils  from  all  danger  of  a 
summer  epidemic  in  the  city.  It  occupies  ten  acres  of  woodland  on  the 
'South  Hill'  of  Chester  Valley,  on  the  line  that  divides  Chester  County 
from  Montgomery  County.  It  is  nearly  two  miles  north  of  Wayne, 
Delaware  County,  on  the  Pennsylvania  Railroad." 

SEPTEMBER    15,  1887. 

The  display  of  Lincoln  Institution  in  the  great  Industrial  Parade  was 
in  the  Fifth  Division,  Captain  R.  H.  Pratt,  Assistant  Marshal.  The  sub- 
marshals  were :  William  M.  Hugg,  Superintendent  of  Lincoln  Institution, 
and  Captain  W.  R.  Rickards,  Superintendent  of  The  Educational  Home. 

The  Institution  furnished  its  own  music,  Mount  Pleasant  Brass  Band, 
of  twenty  pieces. 

The  display  on  eleven  floats  embraced  the  following:  26  horses,  n 
wagons,  135  pupils  (boys,  75;  girls,  60),  29  attendants. 

The  eleven  floats  were  as  follows: 


46  CIVIC  AND  INDUSTRIAL  PROCESSION. 

FLOAT  No.  i. 
"1787.    INDIANS  AT  HOME." 

A  wigwam  of  skins,  surrounded  by  Indians  of  both  sexes,  in  skins, 
blankets,  and  paint,  without  occupation.  Names  of  pupils :  Ruth  Iron 
Owl,  Nettie  Red  Kettle,  Etty  Tyndall,  Mary  Payer,  Josette  Bonga, 
George  Fine  Boy,  James  One  Star,  James  Gallego,  Barclay  Payer,  Francis 
Bonga,  Stephen  Flexible,  Oscar  Bear,  and  Oliver  Swallow. 

FLOAT   No.  2. 

"  1887.    AT  THE  RESERVATION.     STARTING  FOR  SCHOOL." 

A  wigwam,  or  tepee,  of  canvas ;  a  number  of  boys  and  girls,  dressed 
in  all  kinds  of  odd-looking  clothes ;  they  have  just  discarded  the  blankets, 
ready  to  start  for  school.  Names :  Dina  Phillbrick,  Annie  Green,  Hulda 
Harding,  Sadie  Harding,  Rose  Harding,  Maria  Payer,  Maggie  Raymond, 
Frank  Old  Eagle,  Noah  Bad  Wound,  Oliver  Provost,  John  Menard,  Wil- 
liam Luther,  Chester  Collins,  Arthur  Moving  Voice,  John  Morris,  Jerome 
Batiste,  Edward  Moore,  Oliver  Standing,  Clarence  Buffalo,  and  James  Ross. 

FLOAT   No.  3. 

"AFTER  Six  MONTHS  AT  SCHOOL." 

Seven  boys  and  six  girls,  seated  at  desks,  studying  lessons,  and  at  work 
on  black-board.  A  school  in  full  operation,  with  black-board,  chart,  etc. 
Names  of  children :  Lena  Kassard,  Edna  Eagle  Feather,  Bessie  Big 
Soldier,  Rosie  Jourdan,  Louise  Du  Bray,  Susie  Lone  Bear,  Ray  Hen- 
drix,  Oliver  Solin,  Eugene  Means,  Eddie  Bettleyou,  Julius  Brown,  Seymour 
Fairbanks,  and  Garfield  Runs  After  Him. 

FLOAT   No.  4. 

"DRESS-MAKING,    TAILORING,   AND   KNITTING." 

Boys  and  girls  engaged  with  those  occupations,  and  one  girl  knitting 
by  machinery. 

Names:  Louisa  Chubb,  Sarah  Ransom,  Prudy  Eagle  Feather,  Pinkie 
Stevens,  Maggie  King,  Emma  Carruth,  Ellen  Metsell,  Sophie  Condelario, 
Emma  La  Fort,  Mary  Big  Tree,  Alice  Moore,  Joseph  Chubb,  Thomas  Tar- 
bel,  James  Seymore,  Charles  Raymond,  Charles  E.  Fisher,  Willie  Myers, 
and  Richard  Kelley. 


REPORT  OF  THE  CHIEF  MARSHAL.  47 

FLOAT  No.  5. 

"  GIRLS  COOKING,  BAKING,  WASHING,  AND  IRONING." 
Names  of  girls  engaged  in  those  employments : 

Julia  Saunders,  Lola  Cloud  Shield,  Lucy  Bonga,  Mary  Lazor,  Susie 
Solni,  Ella  Manchief,  Frankie  Bear,  Mary  Laurent,  Maud  Echo  Hawk,  and 
Willie  Boswell. 

FLOAT   No.  6. 

"TRAINED   NURSE." 

An  Indian  girl,  student  of  the  Nurses'  Training  School,  University  of 
Pennsylvania.  Sick  Indian  boy  in  bed.  Representative  physician  in  at- 
tendance. Four  members  of  the  Indian  Base-Ball  Club,  in  uniform  of  club. 
Name  of  nurse,  Lizzie  Spider;  Physician,  J.  R.  Justice;  Ball  club,  Bruce 
Means,  Samuel  Porter,  Willie  Hittle,  and  George  Clifford. 

FLOAT   No.  7. 
"  SINGING." 

Indian  boys  and  girls  singing  national  airs,  accompanied  by  an  Indian 
girl  playing  a  reed-organ, — Star-Spangled  Banner;  America;  Hail,  Colum- 
bia, Happy  Land ;  Columbia,  the  Gem  of  the  Ocean,  etc. 

Names :  Nettie  Hansell,  Cora  Carruth,  Emily  Lyons,  Jose  La  Deaux, 
Julia  Gordon,  Lucy  Gordon,  Annie  La  Deaux,  Sarah  Friday  Gray,  Sarah 
Cole,  Maggie  Marsette,  Agnes  Smoke,  Jane  Eyre,  Annie  McDonald,  Beth 
Provost,  John  Van  Meter,  Luther  Van  Meter,  Peter  Graves,  Francis  Gurnew, 
Henry  Hudson,  Thomas  Bero,  and  Charles  Lutz. 

FLOAT   No.  8. 

"MAKING  SHOES  AND  HARNESS." 

Names  of  Indian  boys  engaged  in  those  occupations : 
Charles   Rooks,  Henry  Moore,  Oliver  Marrisette,  Samuel   La  Deaux, 
Oliver  Solman,  Mitchell  Big  Tree,  Alex.  Ransom,  Benjamin  Tibbets,  and 
Willie  Warren. 

FLOAT  No.  9. 

"WEAVING  AND   BROOM-MAKING." 

Names  of  boys  weaving  carpet  and  making  brooms : 
George   Ruff,  John   Rice,  Moses   Cole,  Joseph    Rogue,  Samuel    Mills, 
Eddie  Morris,  James  Fatten,  and  Walter  Atkins. 


48  CIVIC  AND  INDUSTRIAL  PROCESSION. 

FLOAT  No.  10. 

"OUR  BAKERY." 

Indian  boys  making  bread,  biscuit,  cakes,  and  pies. 
Names :  Charles  Du  Bray,  Charles  Means,  Benjamin  Geary,  Lewis  Hin- 
man,  David  Back,  and  Jacob  White  Eyes. 

FLOAT    No.  II. 
"  FARMING." 

Samples  of  produce  raised  on  the  farm  and  in  the  garden  by  the  Indian 
boys:  white  and  sweet  potatoes,  onions,  egg-plants,  cabbage,  beets,  parsnips, 
turnips,  peppers,  corn,  tomatoes,  etc. 

Names  of  boys  on  float:  Louis  Deon,  George  Deon,  Willie  Jarvis, 
George  Raymond,  and  Alex.  Laurent. 

The  officers  of  this  noble  charity  are  as  follows : 

Mary  McHenry  Coxe,  First  Directress ;  Mrs.  Charles  F.  Lennig,  Second 
Directress ;  Mrs.  Thomas  K.  Conrad,  Third  Directress ;  Mrs.  Samuel  W. 
Gross,  Secretary;  and  William  M.  Hugg,  Superintendent. 

EXHIBIT  OF   ROBERTS   &   FAY. 

This  firm  made  an  exhibit  upon  two  floats,  showing  improved  black- 
boards, imitation  of  natural  slate,  and  deemed  superior  to  it.  They 
exhibited  also  fire-  and  water-proof  paint. 

EXHIBIT   OF   THE   "WHEREWITHAL"    COMPANY. 
A  NOVEL  AND  UNIQUE  SYSTEM  OF  EDUCATION,  DEVISED  AND  PLANNED  BY  GEORGE  W. 

TOWNSEND. 

An  obelisk,  twelve  feet  high,  mounted  upon  a  pedestal  seven  feet  long 
by  three  and  a  half  feet  high,  placed  upon  a  two-horse  truck ;  the  obelisk 
having  twenty-four  panels, — upon  top  panels  giving  eight  inventions  and 
their  inventors,  the  middle  eight  panels  devoted  to  the  "  Wherewithal"  by 
a  Philadelphian,  the  lower  eight  panels  of  obelisk  having  the  words,  "  Edu- 
cation now  has  its  wherewithal."  "  No  text-book  complete  without  this 
system."  "  Old  system,  too  many  words."  "  New  system,  seven  words." 

The  pedestal  having  testimonials  from  prominent  educators  as  to  the 
value  of  the  system.  The  exhibit,  or  top  of  the  obelisk,  having  a  streamer, 
with  the  words,  "For  national  advancement  by  exalted  citizenship;"  and 


REPORT  OF  THE  CHIEF  MARSHAL.  49 

above  the  streamer  an  American  eagle,  flying,  and  in  its  beak  a  book, — copy 
of  the  "  Wherewithal"  system.  The  two  caparisoned  horses  drawing  the 
exhibit  having  on  their  covers  the  words,  "  The  educational  renaissance  of 
1887."  The  pedestal  on  which  the  obelisk  was  mounted  having  three 
guidons,  each  of  blue  and  red  s~atin,  gold  letters,  naming,  "  Froebel,  1837; 
Peslatozzi,  1800;  and  the  'Wherewithal,'  1887." 

The  "Wherewithal"  is  intended  to  obviate  the  defects  so  apparent  in 
our  present  educational  system,  where  so  much  is  learned  by  rote,  and  so 
little  by  assimilation. 

SIXTH    DIVISION. 

COMBINED   EXHIBIT,  UNDER   THE   AUSPICES   OF  THE   MASTER   BUILDERS' 
AND   LUMBERMEN'S   EXCHANGES. 

The  arrangements  for  the  formation  of  the  Sixth  Division  were  made 
under  the  auspices  of  the  Master  Builders'  and  Lumbermen's  Exchanges, 
of  Philadelphia,  in  conjunction  with  the  Building  Trades'  Council.  In  har- 
mony with  the  general  character  of  the  demonstration  these  bodies  prepared 
to  exhibit  a  systematic  representation  of  the  contrasts  in  the  building  line 
between  the  methods  and  materials  of  one  hundred  years  ago  and  those  em- 
ployed at  the  present  day.  In  making  up  the  division,  the  various  interests 
were  assigned  to  positions  in  the  line  in  accordance  with  the  priority  in 
which  they  are  employed  in  the  construction  of  a  building,  from  the  founda- 
tion up.  Beginning  with  the  trades,  therefore,  that  followed  the  Lumber- 
men and  Building  Trades'  Council,  the  stone-masons  had  the  right  of  the 
line  and  the  painters  and  carpenters  the  left,  the  other  trades  falling  in 
according  as  their  services  would  be  called  in  to  complete  a  building. 

The  division,  when  formed,  was  nearly  two  miles  long,  and  was  made  up 
as  follows : 

NEAPOLITAN   BAND.     (Thirty  pieces.)     PROFESSOR  F.  CURCI,  Leader. 

Assistant  Marshal. — JOHN  J.  WEAVER. 

Aides. — ROBERT  PASCHALL,  ENOCH  REMICK,  and  JOHN  B.  ATKINSON,  rep- 
resenting the  Master  Builders'  Exchange ;  A.  C.  SMITH,  WILLIAM  H.  THOMAS, 
and  M.  D.  KUNKLE,  representing  the  Building  Trades'  Council ;  all  mounted. 

MASTER    BUILDERS    AND    LUMBERMEN. 

BANNER  OF  THE  MASTER  BUILDERS'  EXCHANGE. 

This  was  a  beautiful  banner  of  blue  and  white  silk,  with  battle-axe  and 
spear-head  on  the  ends  of  the  crossbar  and  eagle  on  the  staff.  Golden 


50  CIVIC  AND  INDUSTRIAL  PROCESSION. 

cable  cords  were  suspended  from  the  staff  and  bar  with  imitations  of  emer- 
alds, rubies,  etc.,  imbedded.  On  the  white  silk  was  the  inscription,  in  golden 
letters,  "  The  Master  Builders'  Exchange  of  Philadelphia,"  surrounding  the 
city's  coat  of  arms.  On  the  blue  side  was  a  similar  inscription,  with  the 
addition,  "Chartered  February  17,  1887." 

Two  open  barouches  followed,  containing  the  officers  of  the  Exchange, 
as  follows :  President,  John  S.  Stevens ;  D.  A.  Woelpper  and  George  Royd- 
house,  Vice-Presidents ;  B.  P.  Obdyke,  Chairman  Celebration  Committee; 
Robert  C.  Lippincott,  President  Lumbermen's  Exchange,  and  William 
Harkness,  Jr. ;  Wm.  H.  Albertson,  Secretary ;  Charles  H.  Reeves,  Treasurer. 

CAVALCADE. 

Sub-Marshal. — S.  B.  VROOMAN. 

Members  of  the  Master  Builders'  and  Lumbermen's  Exchange,  dressed 
in  dark  clothes,  silk  hats,  white  gloves,  and  badges. 

Among  others  mounted  were  the  following,  or  their  representatives  : 

Walter  F.  Bradley,  Charles  H.  Reeves,  Rush  J.  Whiteside,  Wm.  B. 
Irvine,  Wm.  Harkness,  Jr.,  Wm.  J.  Shedwick,  John  T.  O'Brien,  John  F. 
Prince,  A.  J.  Buvinger,  John  Atkinson,  J.  Sims  Wilson,  W.  N.  Reed,  J. 
Tyrley  Allen,  Charles  Benton,  O.  D.  Brownback,  J.  Rex  Allen,  Hugh  Boyd 
&  Son,  John  G.  Ruff,  Peoples  &  Brother,  Samuel  E.  Stokes,  S.  B.  Vrooman, 
W.  H.  Harrison  &  Brother,  Frank  Pettit,  C.  J.  Barlow,  Zell  Tucker,  William 
Staley,  Joseph  Bird,  of  the  Master  Builders'  Exchange,  R.  C.  Horr,  Nathan 
Gaskill,  and  Robert  Heberton.  of  the  Lumbermen's  Exchange. 

LUMBERMEN'S   EXCHANGE. 

Sub-Marshal. — EDWARD  M.  WILLARD. 

FLOAT   No.    i. 

Two  logs  from  the  forests  of  Pennsylvania,  weighing  seven  tons  each, 
and  measuring  sixty  feet  in  length,  each  log  on  a  float  drawn  by  six  horses. 

FLOAT  No.  2. 
Float  containing  a  pit-saw  and  two  men  sawing  a  log  in  the  old  style. 

FLOAT   No.   3. 

Float  drawn  by  eight  horses,  containing  a  band-saw  twenty  feet  high, 
made  by  London,  Berry  &  Orton. 


REPORT  OF  THE  CHIEF  MARSHAL.  51 

FLOAT  No.   4. 

Float  drawn  by  eight  horses,  containing  a  load  of  planks,  boards,  and 
other  manufactured  lumber  in  the  rough. 

FLOAT   No.   5. 

Another  float  represented  an  old-fashioned  work-bench,  sixteen  feet  in 
length,  with  tools  and  two  men  working  flooring  as  it  was  worked  in  the 
olden  times,  when  the  capacity  from  sunrise  to  sunset  was  two  hundred  and 

sixty,  feet  per  day. 

FLOAT    No.   6. 

A  float  following  presented  the  improved  planing-machine,  with  a 
capacity  of  thirteen  thousand  feet  per  day.  This  exhibit  was  made  by  L. 

Powers  &  Co. 

FLOAT   No.   7. 

Still  another  float  exhibited  a  surfacing-machine,  which  had  a  capacity 
for  smoothing  off  boards  twenty-six  inches  wide,  and  smoothing  them  on 
both  sides  at  the  same  time.  This  machine  was  calculated  to  plane  upward 
of  thirty  thousand  feet  of  lumber  in  a  day.  It  was  exhibited  by  Goodall  & 
Waters. 

A  load  of  surfaced  lumber  was  also  exhibited. 

THE   BUILDING   TRADES'   COUNCIL. 

Sub-Marshal. — THOMAS  PARRY. 

Aides. — JOHN  J.  HEISE  and  WALTER  EDGAR. 

GREAT   WESTERN   BAND.     (Twenty-three  pieces.)     JAMES  F.  McCANN,  Leader. 

The  Building  Trades'  Council  followed  in  the  following  order: 

Handsome  white  and  blue  banner,  with  gold  trimmings  and  inscription, 
"  Building  Trades'  Council,  of  Philadelphia  and  Vicinity." 

National  flag. 

Guests  of  the  Building  Trades'  Council  from  the  Building  Trades'  Sec- 
tion of  the  Central  Labor  Union,  of  New  York ;  Eugene  T.  Rice,  Thomas 
Maher,  Charles  P.  Rogers,  John  G.  Jones,  and  Robert  P.  Davis.  From  the 
Building  Trades  of  Jersey  City,  Daniel  Spencer. 

Building  Trades'  Council,  delegates  wearing  dark  clothes,  stiff  hats,  and 
blue  badges. 

The  representation  was  not  as  large  as  was  expected  on  account  of  most 
of  the  delegates  being  retained  in  their  local  unions. 


52  CIVIC  AND  INDUSTRIAL  PROCESSION. 

The  delegates  in  line  were  as  follows : 

William  E.  Hill,  A.  H.  Bushnell,  Lewis  C.  Chambers,  Joel  Paullin,  M. 
F.  Pitts,  Thos.  Fields,  Eli  Leach,  Robert  McCool,  James  Goodman,  Hugh 
Owens,  John  Colgne,  Mr.  Cavanaugh,  Dennis  Hogan,  M.  F.  Roberts,  J. 
Henry  Bircks,  Frank  Spiegelbarg,  William  Bendell,  Matthew  Schaeffer, 
William  Fullar,  Hubert  J.  Conwell,  and  John  Hann. 

STONE-MASONS. 

Sub-Marshal. — JOHN  F.  MUMPOLING. 

Aides. — JAMES  SCHOFIELD,  HARRY  LIPP,  THOMAS  ROACH,  JOHN  ARDER, 
SIMON  PASQUALE,  WILLIAM  KROH,  ELIAS  FARRELL,  and  EDWARD  BANE. 

• 

CITY   BAND   OF   PHILADELPHIA.     (Twenty  pieces.)     JACOB  LANG,  Leader. 

Stone-Masons'  Unions  Nos.  i,  2,  and  3  (Italian),  Philadelphia;  No.  4, 
Germantown;  No.  5,  Manayunk,  and  No.  6,  Bryn  Mawr. 

Banner,  white  and  blue  silk,  representing  a  Corinthian  arch,  over  the 
face  of  which  was  "  United  we  Stand,  Divided  we  Fall."  Underneath  was 
"Journeymen  Stone-Masons'  Association,  of  Philadelphia  and  Vicinity." 
On  the  reverse  side  was  the  inscription,  "  With  Stone  and  Lime  we  Build 
for  all  Time." 

Banner,  Italian  branch,  blue  and  red  silk,  inscribed,  "  Italian  Stone- 
Masons'  Union,  No.  3,  of  Philadelphia."  The  banner  presented  emblems 
of  the  trade  and  of  the  organization,  and  the  motto,  "  In  Union  there  is 
Strength." 

American  flag. 

Italian  flag,  silk. 

Wagon  of  the  German  stone-masons,  with  stone,  mortar,  tools,  and 
workmen  preparing  a  modern  stone  wall. 

Five  hundred  men  wearing  white  pants,  blue  shirts,  white  caps,  and 
badges. 

COMBINED   BRICKMAKERS. 

Sub-Marshal. — SAMUEL  HUHN. 

Aides. — CHARLES  YOUNG  and  ROBERT  PASCHALL. 

Brick  manufacturers  in  carriages,  T.  R.  McAvoy,  C.  B.  Siner,  Peter 
Sheets,  Harry  Webster,  L.  E.  Jarden,  George  Dotterer,  James  Milnamow, 
and  others. 


REPORT  OF  THE   CHIEF  MARSHAL.  53 


BRICKMAKERS'   ASSOCIATION.     (Down-Town.) 
t 

Sub-Marshal. — BARTLETT  ARMBRUSTER. 
Aide. — FRANK  McAvov. 

GRAY'S  FERRY  FIFE  AND  DRUM   BAND.    WILLIAM  AKERS,  Leader. 

Blue  silk  banner. 

Large  transparency  containing  this  announcement: 

Brickmakers  of  Philadelphia.     Capacity  of  production : 
1787  1,000,000  a  year.  1787 

1887  391,000,000  a  year.  1887 

Four  hundred  men  wearing  white  hats  and  belts,  blue  shirts,  dark  pants, 
and  blue  badges. 

THE   CLAY   ASSEMBLY   OF   KNIGHTS. 

Sub-Marshal. — JOHN  McMAHON. 

Aides. — THOMAS  J.  OWENS,  GEORGE  PETERSON,  and  ROBERT  RISLEY. 

"  Q.    BROWN"    BAND.     (Eighteen  pieces.)     A  MCKNIGHT,  Leader. 

Clay  Local  Assembly,  No.  6789,  Knights  of  Labor  (brickmakers). 

National  flags. 

Handsome  blue  and  red  banner,  inscribed,  "  Clay  Local  Assembly,  No. 
6789,  Knights  of  Labor,  Brickmakers,  organized  April  29,  1886." 

Four  hundred  men  wearing  blue  shirts,  brown  hats,  white  belts,  white 
ties,  and  blue  badges. 

MASTER   BRICKLAYERS. 

Sub-Marshal. — P.  C.  BALLINGER. 

Banner :  "  Master  Bricklayers'  Company  of  Philadelphia,  instituted  1790," 
in  red  and  blue  silk. 

Twenty  carriages,  containing  officers  and  members  of  the  company,  as 
follows:  Henry  R.  Coulomb,  President;  Edward  S.  Fitch,  Secretary; 
Stephen  Morris,  Treasurer;  Jacob  Loeser  and  Nathan  Middleton  (oldest 
member),  Samuel  Hart,  Joseph  B.  Hancock,  John  H.  Miller,  Miles  King, 
Michael  Magee,  M.  Ballinger,  John  E.  Moore,  Michael  B.  Andress,  William 
Smith,  William  Harper,  Jr.,  John  Furman,  Benjamin  Shrouds,  Lewis  Snyder, 
Joseph  H.  Weston,  Henry  Einwechter,  Theodore  J.  Fimple,  David  Arm- 
strong, Joseph  Brant,  Joseph  H.  Howard,  W.  R.  Chapman,  S.  E.  Moore, 
J.  H.  Faries,  John  A.  Potts,  F.  N.  Forsyth,  John  T.  Gordon,  David  Getz, 


54  CIVIC  AND  INDUSTRIAL  PROCESSION. 

George  Einwechter,  Charles  Einwechter,  George  P.  Einwechter,  John  A. 
Einwechter,  Thomas  Nagee,  Robert  Studholme,  Joseph  P.  Evans,  James  W. 
Saunders,  John  Borden,  William  W.  Crane,  William  Shelley,  Daniel  Henon, 
John  Henon,  Edward  T.  Black,  John  C.  Atkinson,  John  Escandel,  John  R. 
Fullerton,  John  H.  Fullerton,  H.  M.  Boorse,  Andrew  Diamond,  Charles 
Stewart,  B.  L.  Collom,  W.  C.  Hyzer,  Isaac  D.  Hetzel,  John  W.  Gill,  Wil- 
liam Fullerton,  L.  H.  Eckart,  E.  U.  Lippincott,  James  Turner,  William  R. 
Green,  Ruben  Owens,  John  Hendricks,  John  George,  George  W.  Payne, 
John  G.  Moore,  William  C.  Mullen,  William  Stilley,  E.  E.  Nock,  Charles 
Ryan,  John  D.  Brosnahan,  James  F.  Hoctar,  S.  P.  Forder,  E.  E.  Kelley, 
Jacob  R.  George,  William  J.  Gillingham,  John  Campbell,  M.  Naughton, 
H.  D.  Saunders,  and  J.  T.  Glenn. 

HOD-CARRIERS. 

Sub-Marshal. — THOMAS  C.  KING. 

Aides. — ISAAC  B.  MATTHEWS,  G.  H.  MASSEY,  CHARLES  WESTON,  JOHN 
O'BRIEN. 

WEST  CHESTER  LIBERTY   CORNET  BAND.     (Twenty-six  pieces.)     W.  II.  THOMAS, 

Leader. 
Light  Star  Lodge  No.  I. 

Officers,  in  barouches,  as  follows :  President,  B.  F.  Trusty ;  ex-President, 
Daniel  Tynch ;  Vice-President,  I.  F.  Miller;  Treasurer,  William  Jenkins; 
Financial  Secretary,  H.  W.  Fields ;  Recording  Secretary,  R.  D.  Britt. 

Banner:  "  Light  Star  Lodge  No.  i,  United  Hod-Carriers'  and  Laborers' 
Union,  Philadelphia,"  with  representation  of  a  man  carrying  the  hod  up  the 
ladder  after  the  old  fashion.  On  the  reverse  side  was  the  inscription,  "  In- 
stituted March  28,  1881." 

Another  silk  banner,  presented  to  the  Union  June  20,  1882,  was  also 
carried  in  line. 

PIONEER  CORPS. 

Five  hundred  men  wearing  white  suits  and  black  caps,  with  blue  badges 
and  rosette.  Some  of  the  men  carried  hods.  They  were  accompanied  by 
a  float  containing  an  upright  ladder,  and  a  number  of  hods. 

FLOATS   OF   THE   BRICKMAKERS. 
FLOAT   No.   i. 

The  first  float,  eight  by  sixteen  feet,  was  drawn  by  four  sorrel  horses 
decorated  with  plumes  and  flags.  The  seat  of  this  float  was  decorated  also 


55 

with  flags,  and  to  the  left  of  the  seat  a  small-sized  field  dinner-bell  was  kept 
ringing.  Behind  the  seat  was  a  wooden  table  four  feet  square  by  three  and 
a  half  feet  high.  Near  the  table  was  a  half-barrel  tub  on  a  two-foot  stool, 
full  of  sand  for  sanding  the  mould  on  the  table.  On  the  front  corner,  oppo- 
site the  bell,  was  a  pile  of  clay  as  taken  from  the  bank,  sufficient  for  one 
thousand  bricks,  and  this  was  being  tempered  by  a  man  kneading  it  with 
his  feet,  preparing  it  for  the  man  at  the  table. 

FLOAT   No.  2. 

This  was  of  the  same  style  as  Float  No.  I,  and  was  drawn  by  four  bays. 
On  the  side  was  the  inscription,  "  Old  way — cutting  and  rubbing  front  bricks 
by  hand."  In  the  centre  of  the  float  was  a  pile  of  three  hundred  bricks, 
around  which  were  four  men  rubbing  them  with  sand  as  they  came  from 
the  moulds,  shown  on  Float  No.  I,  and  then  trimming  them  with  ordinary 

table  case-knives. 

FLOAT   No.  3. 

S.  P.  Miller  &  Son's  exhibit,  showing  three  specimens  of  the  progress 
of  brick-pressing  machinery  from  hand  to  steam  machinery,  which  has 
taken  place  within  the  past  half-century.  The  machines  shown  were  made 
of  iron.  The  first  was  a  hand-press  in  use  for  several  years,  from  1830  to 
about  1850,  formerly  made  by  Burns  &  Co.,  of  Baltimore.  It  was  an  iron 
frame  or  table,  three  feet  long  by  two  and  a  half  feet  high,  and  one  foot 
wide. 

On  this  machine's  banner  was  inscribed,  "  Old  style  hand-press  :  ca- 
pacity 1 300  per  day." 

The  improvements  in  hand-presses  was  shown  by  another  iron  press, 
similar  in  size  and  make  to  the  old  one,  the  principal  changes  being  in  the 
reversal  of  the  lever,  which  was  thrown  in  or  towards  the  brick-box,  econo- 
mizing the  actions  of  the  workman.  It  was  about  six  inches  longer  and  a 
little  higher. 

It  took  the  bricks  from  the  brick-making  machines  and  prepared  them 
for  the  dryer.  Its  banner  said,  "  Capacity  20,000  per  day." 

FLOAT   No.  4. 
AN  OLD-TIME  KILN. 

Six  iron-gray  horses,  with  their  harness  bound  in  yellow  patent  leather, 
drew  an  old  brick-kiln,  four  by  eight  feet,  of  three  brick  arches,  which  could 


56  CIVIC  AND  INDUSTRIAL  PROCESSION. 

burn  about  two  thousand  bricks  at  a  time,  against  two  hundred  and  fifty 
thousand  by  a  modern  kiln  ;  and  on  the  side  was,  "  1787.  Old  way — burn- 
ing brick  by  wood."  There  was  a  cord  of  pine  knots  being  thrown  in  by 
two  men,  who  used  a  crooked  wooden  stick  for  a  poker. 

FLOAT   No.  5. 

"  The  way  we  make  them  now  by  hand"  was  on  the  side  of  this  float, 
which  was  of  the  regular  size,  with  four  roan  horses.  Behind  the  seat  was 
a  four-foot  table,  like  the  one  on  Float  No.  i,  where  there  were  two  iron 
moulds  in  operation  by  a  man  making  bricks  by  hand.  A  boy  was  the 
"  off-bearer,"  and  a  man  wheeled  material  to  the  mould  from  a  pile  of  clay 
ground  by  steam. 

FLOAT  No.  6. 

"As  we  press  them  now"  was  on  this  float,  which  exhibited  two  men 
operating  the  Kueny  press.  This  is  similar  in  construction  to  the  ordinary 
modern  hand-press,  except  the  articulation  of  the  hand-lever  with  the 
"  horse"  or  large  lever  below.  On  this  float  were  two  other  men  working 
a  Kueny  press  for  making  pattern  bricks  of  the  various  shapes  used  in 
cornice  ornamentation. 

FLOAT   No.  7. 

This  began  the  display  by  Chambers  Bros.  &  Co.,  on  a  platform,  nine 
by  twenty  feet,  drawn  by  four  bay  horses,  with  plumes  and  flags.  The 
banner  indicated,  "  1787 — 1887,  Chambers  Bros.  &  Co.  Process  of  manu- 
facturing brick.  Six  hundred  millions  annually."  There  was  an  upright 
steam-engine  on  one  side  of  the  centre,  with  water-tank,  coal-box,  etc.,  and 
a  supply  of  brick-clay, — raw  dirt  as  taken  fresh  from  the  bank,  tempered 
with  water,  and  prepared  by  the  sand  and  moulds  for  the  dryer.  The 
machine  was  on  a  large  box-table,  and  was  a  working  model,  one-fourth 
the  regular  size,  which  is  fifty  feet  long  by  eight  high  and  four  wide. 
With  this  machine  nine  men — with  steam-power — can  turn  out  fifty  thou- 
sand bricks  in  ten  hours.  To  make  the  same  number  of  bricks  by  the 
old  hand-press,  in  the  same  time,  would  require  over  one  hundred  men. 

FLOAT  No.  8. 

On  this  the  "Artificial  Brick-Dryer — Pallet  System,"  invented  within 
the  past  two  years,  was  shown.  This  was  a  brick  tunnel,  four  feet  wide 


REPORT  OF  THE  CHIEF  MARSHAL.  57 

and  four  feet  high,  with  an  escape  at  one  end  to  carry  off  the  moisture, 
and  a  coal  furnace  fire  at  the  other. 

FLOAT   No.  9. 

On  the  next  float  was  shown  "A  collection  of  ancient  bricks  and 
tiles  taken  from  a  kiln  that  was  unearthed  by  graders  on  the  Pensacola 
and  Atlantic  Railroad.  Trees  nine  feet  in  circumference  were  growing 
over  this  kiln.  Citizens  of  Florida  who  recall  sixty-five  years  have  no 
remembrance  of  its  origin."  There  was  in  addition  a  collection  of  bricks 
ranging  in  size  from  an  inch  and  a  half  to  fifteen  inches  long. 

FLOAT  No.  10. 

Machinery  for  an  improved  method  of  preparing  the  clay  and  making 
bricks  was  exhibited  by  George  Carnell.  On  the  front  part  of  the  float 
was  placed  an  old  style  hand-press,  such  as  was  formerly  used  in  pressing 
brick.  Back  of  this  was  one  of  the  latest  patent  Carnell  steam-presses,  by 
which  as  many  bricks  can  be  pressed  in  one  hour  as  a  man  could  press 
in  a  day  formerly.  A  display  of  what  is  known  to  the  brickmakers  as  a 
steam-mill  was  also  made.  One  of  these  machines,  it  is  said,  will  grind 
and  prepare  enough  clay  to  keep  twelve  gangs  of  three  men  each  well 
supplied  with  sufficient  clay  to  turn  out  two  thousand  two  hundred  and 
forty  bricks  a  day  per  gang. 

FLOAT  No.  ii. 

On  another  float  was  N.  M.  Kinney's  exhibit  of  improved  machinery 
for  pressing  front  brick  by  hand,  and  also  improved  machinery  for  temper- 
ing clay.  Also  on  this  float  was  a  machine  for  sharpening  and  squaring 

brick. 

FLOAT  No.  12. 

Another  float  contained  a  four-by-eight-foot  kiln  of  three  brick  arches, 
with  iron  doors  and  door-frames,  iron  grating,  with  ridge-pole  and  board 
roof,  for  burning  bricks  the  modern  way.  Bituminous  coal  was  shovelled 
in  by  two  men.  On  the  side  of  the  float  was,  "  Old  style,  25,000  in  seven 
days  and  seven  nights ;  new  style,  250,000  in  five  days  and  five  nights." 

Motto  :  "  No  handicraft  with  us  compare ;  we  make  our  bricks  of  what 
we  are, — clay." 

On  the  centre  of  the  platform  was  a  mantel,  four  feet  high  by  six  feet 
long,  of  ornamental  red-clay  boxes.  From  each  end  of  this  was  a  double 

VOL.  II. — 9 


58  CIVIC  AND  INDUSTRIAL  PROCESSION. 

row  of  shelves,   supporting   displays   of  pressed   bricks  of  many   shapes, 
made  by  L.  E.  Jarden  &  Co. 

Following  this  were  a  number  of  brick-drying  machines,  making  in 
all  seventeen  exhibits  on  the  part  of  the  brickmakers.  A  portion  of  the 
floats  preceded  the  Clay  Assembly  of  Knights  in  the  line  of  march. 

JOHN  BYRD'S  ROOFING  EXHIBIT. 

Sub-Marshal. — JOHN  BYRD. 

The  wagons  in  this  display  were  covered  with  bunting,  and  around  the 
platform  of  each  was  a  cornice  of  galvanized  iron. 

FLOAT  No.  i. 

The  first  float  represented  a  primitive  bark  cabin,  four  by  six  feet,  by 
five  feet  high  from  base  to  cone,  and  on  it  an  old  German  thatcher  at  work 
tying  the  bundles  of  straw  in  place.  The  straw  was  first  made  up  into 
these  bundles,  which  were  two  and  a  half  to  three  feet  in  length  by  five 
inches  in  diameter,  tied  with  thongs.  These  bundles  were  laid  side  by 
side  in  a  tier  across  the  roof,  their  butts  overlapping  the  tier  next  lower. 

FLOAT  No.  2. 

On  the  next  float  one  man  was  at  work  placing  shingles  of  red  tile,  as 
at  the  present  time,  on  a  square  cone  roof.  The  tile  was  of  various  shapes, 
— square,  triangle,  and  round-cornered,  the  predominating  color  being  red. 

FLOAT   No.  3. 

This  illustrated  ornamental  slate-roofing.  The  slate  was  of  different 
patterns,  the  edges  of  uniform  angles  and  curves,  the  material  used  being 
red,  green,  and  black. 

FLOAT   No.  4. 

The  climax  of  roof-making  as  an  art  was  shown  on  another  float,  it 
representing  the  latest  style  of  French  mansard  square  slate  roof.  The 
structure  was  about  ten  by  fourteen  feet,  with  a  dormer  window  on  the 
left  and  a  tower  on  the  left  front  corner,  looking  from  the  inside.  Through 
the  window  appeared  the  driver  of  the  float,  and  on  the  roof  one  man  was 
busy  nailing  on  shingles. 

On  the  cone  of  the  roof  was  a  comb,  twelve  inches  high,  of  a  succession 
of  circular  figures,  and  from  this  dropped  down  on  the  slate  twelve  inches 


REPORT  OF  THE   CHIEF  MARSHAL.  59 

an  apron  of  similar  figures,  all  in  hand-hammered  copper,  as  was  also  a  rope- 
design  supported  by  box  sides  running  down  each  corner  of  the  roof  to  the 
cornice.  At  the  base  of  the  roof  the  hammered  copper  cornice  dropped 
'down  three  feet.  This  cornice  was  made  up  of  diminutive  Corinthian 
columns,  about  two  feet  apart,  to  correspond  with  the  size  of  the  float. 
Between  the  columns  were  panels  consisting  of  a  rustic  box-border, 
enclosing  a  spiral  radiation  about  eight  inches  square,  all  of  one  piece. 
The  tower  was  made  to  begin  at  the  eaves,  with  imitation  stone  three  feet 
high,  reaching  to  another  three-foot  copper  face  of  Gothic  leaves.  Thence 
upward  was  the  turret  and  the  cone  finial.  The  design  was  made  by  Mr. 
Byrd. 

FLOAT   No.  5. 

On  another  float  was  a  house  being  roofed  with  tin  by  three  men,  who 
took  the  metal  from  rolls  which  were  prepared  by  five  other  men  under 
this  roof.  The  five  represented  the  latter  method  of  taking  the  metal  from 
square  blocks  and  working  it  into  the  rolls.  In  addition  to  the  benches  in 
use,  the  Calvert  machine  was  at  work. 

TIN  ROOFERS  AND  SHEET-IRON  WORKERS. 
Sub-Marshal's  Aide. — ANTHONY  QUINN. 

Sixty  men  were  in  line.  They  wore  blue  shirts,  white  overalls,  white 
belts,  polka-dot  neckties,  and  blue  felt  hats. 

PLUMBERS  AND  THE  TRADE  SCHOOL. 

Sub-Marshal. — FRANK  P.  BROWN. 

FLOAT  No.  I. 

A  section  of  the  old  wooden  water-pipe  which  carried  the  water  from 
the  "  City  Water- Works,"  in  Centre  Square,  now  the  site  of  the  new  City 
Hall,  was  displayed  upon  the  first  float.  It  represented  the  water-pipe  of 
the  last  century,  when  iron  pipe  was  not  in  use,  and  when  the  sections  were 
tapered  at  the  ends  and  bound  by  iron  ferrules.  The  inscription  was 
"  Wooden  Water-Pipe  of  Philadelphia  in  1799;  largest  size,  6-inch  bore." 

The  old  pipe  was  taken  from  under  the  City  Hall  not  long  since,  and 
was  in  a  remarkable  state  of  preservation,  measuring  eighteen  feet  in  length, 
and  showing  the  tapering  points. 


60  CIVIC  AND  INDUSTRIAL  PROCESSION. 

FLOAT  No.  2. 

On  a  catamaran  behind  it  was  a  section  of  the  largest  water-pipe  of  the 
present  day,  exhibited  by  R.  D.  Wood  &  Co.  The  iron  pipe  was  six  feet  in 

diameter. 

FLOAT  No.  3. 

Next  came  a  float  eighteen  feet  long,  containing  a  representation  of  the 
"bath-rooms  of  1799  and  1887." 

The  old-style  room  contained  an  oval-shaped  portable  tub,  that  would 
be  mistaken  for  a  horse-trough  in  these  days,  an  old  straw-bound  log  hydrant, 
and  a  wash-stand,  consisting  of  a  cross-piece  on  the  tub  with  a  tin  basin 
resting  on  it.  The  modern  room  contained  a  neatly-lined  tub,  fancy  porce- 
lain wash-stand,  and  water-closet  on  a  tiled  floor. 

FLOAT  No.  4. 

Behind  these  exhibits  was  a  float  representing  the  "  Master  Plumbers' 
Trade  School,"  with  a  dozen  boys,  dressed  in  overalls,  jackets,  and  caps,  at 
work  "  in  lead  pipe."  An  inscription  announced  this  as  "  The  First  Trade 
School  for  Apprentices  in  the  United  States."  The  boys  gave  exhibitions 
of  their  progress  in  the  trade. 

DOORS,  SASH,  AND   MILL  WORK. 

Sub-Marshal. — CHARLES  GILLINGHAM. 

Three  floats  under  the  auspices  of  the  Philadelphia  Saw-  and  Planing- 

Mill  Association. 

FLOAT  No.  i. 

The  first  float,  drawn  by  four  horses,  represented  an  "  old-fashioned  car- 
penter-shop," with  two  carpenter's  benches,  and  men  at  work  making  doors. 

FLOAT  No.  2. 

On  another  float,  drawn  by  six  horses,  the  "  new  mode  of  making  doors 
and  manufactured  work"  was  demonstrated  with  the  necessary  machinery 
and  men  in  attendance. 

FLOAT  No.  3. 

The  third  exhibit,  on  a  float  drawn  by  four  horses,  consisted  of  a 
pyramid,  on  which  finished  work  was  adjusted.  This  included  doors,  sash, 
window-frames,  and  wood  mantels,  finely  finished  in  oak,  white  pine,  ash, 
walnut,  and  other  fancy  hard  and  soft  woods. 


REPORT  OF  THE   CHIEF  MARSHAL.  6 1 

LATHERS. 

Sub-Marshal. — JACOB  D.  HANLEY. 

• 

FLOAT. 

Decorated  float,  containing  an  arch  showing  methods  of  lathing,  under 
the  auspices  of  the  "  Lathers'  Mutual  Protective  Union  of  Philadelphia." 
The  design  was  so  arranged  as  to  illustrate  the  various  kinds  of  lathing 
which  the  changing  styles  of  modern  houses  render  necessary. 

The  association  mustered  about  thirty  men,  dressed  in  white  canvas 
suits,  carrying  the  national  flags. 

OLD   AND   NEW   IN   PLASTERING. 

Sub-Marshal. — JOHN  CANNON. 

Aides. — JAMES  MALONE,  EDWARD  DONNELLY,  MICHAEL  KELLY,  MICHAEL 
WELSH,  ROBERT  CLAY. 

MASTER   AND  JOURNEYMEN   PLASTERERS'    COMBINED    EXHIBIT. 
AMERICUS  BAND.     (Twenty  pieces.)    THOMAS  COBBIN,  Leader. 

Banner,  blue  and  red  silk. 

"  Operative  Plasterers'  Mutual  Protective  Association,"  with  representa- 
tion of  a  plasterer  at  work.  Date  of  organization,  "  September  5,  1879." 

Two  silk  flags. 

FLOAT   No.  i. 

On  one  large  float  was  given  a  representation  of  the  various  grades  of 
plastering,  such  as  ordinary  white  coating,  hard  finishing,  sand  finishing, 
finishing  in  colors,  and  pebble  dashing. 

The  pebble  dashing  is  a  revival  of  a  method  employed  one  hundred 
years  ago.  The  pebbles  then,  however,  were  thrown  into  mortar,  the  whole 
Costing  from  twenty  to  twenty-five  cents  per  square  yard,  while  now  they 
are  thrown  into  cement,  at  a  cost  of  from  one  dollar  to  one  dollar  and  a 
half  per  square  yard. 

FLOAT   No.  2. 

The  second  float  contained  tools,  etc.,  used  in  the  trade. 
About  two  hundred  journeymen  plasterers  turned  out,  dressed  in  white 
jackets  and  overalls  and  white  hats. 


62  CIVIC  AND  INDUSTRIAL  PROCESSION. 

METAL   WORKERS. 

Sub-Marshal. — J.  S.  THORN. 

Aides. — W.  B.  GODDARD,  EUGENE  CROCKET,  and  WILLIAM  DOYLE. 

WASHINGTON  GRAYS'  BAND. 

SECOND  REGIMENT  FIFE  AND  DRUM  CORPS. 

BANNER   WAGON. 

Blue  silk  banner,  mechanic's  arm ;  and  banner,  "  Thorn's  Architectural 
Sheet-Metal  Work." 

Decorated  wagon,  containing  aged  or  disabled  workmen. 

One  hundred  men  from  Thorn's  shop,  wearing  dark-blue  flannel  shirts, 
blue  overalls,  black  silk  neckties,  dark  felt  hats,  and  light-yellow  badges. 
Each  man  carried  tools,  such  as  hammers,  sledges,  or  soldering-irons. 

One  platoon  carried  beautifully-ornamented  weather-vanes  on  staves,  and 
another  carried  the  colors.  In  the  centre  of  the  company  was  carried  a 
handsome  blue  silk  banner,  with  a  mechanic's  arm  and  hammer  on  it,  and 
the  inscription : 

"  By  hammer  and  hand 
All  arts  do  stand." 

This  motto  was  used  in  the  great  industrial  parade  of  one  hundred  years 
ago.  Each  of  the  officers  carried  decorated  hammers. 

FLOAT  No.  i. 

Behind  the  men  came  a  float,  drawn  by  four  horses,  containing  a  finial 
twenty-five  feet  high.  The  base  was  of  copper,  and  on  top  was  an  eagle 
with  a  six-feet  spread.  On  the  eagle's  head  was  a  large  gilded  ball,  and  on 
top  of  that  a  cross. 

FLOAT   No.  2. 

The  next  float,  drawn  by  two  horses,  bore  a  massive  copper  lion  nine 
feet  long  and  seven  feet  high.  One  paw  of  the  figure  held  a  hammer  over 
an  anvil. 

FLOATS   Nos.  3  AND  4. 

An  old  steeple  from  "  1783"  was  drawn  by  two  horses  on  the  next  float. 
The  old  shingle  roof  and  quaint  weather-vane  bore  a  striking  contrast  to  the 
magnificent  octagon-shaped  copper  spire  that  followed  on  a  truck  with  four 
spirited  horses.  To  the  trade  the  material  used  is  known  as  "cold-rolled, 


a 


64  CIVIC  AND  INDUSTRIAL  PROCESSION. 

illustrated  on  it  are  said  to  be  of  a  similar  character  to  those  made  by 
manufacturers  in  Holland  to-day.  A  black  mahogany  mantel,  with  im- 
proved fireplace,  portable  grate,  and  new  style  of  decorating,  was  presented 
in  contrast  to  the  old  by  Sharpless  &  Watts. 

FLOAT  No.  2. 

Another  float  represented  workmen  manufacturing  mosaic  in  the  same 
way  as  it  was  made  in  olden  time.  The  mosaic  of  to-day,  it  was  said,  is 
substantially  the  same  in  the  product  and  method  of  manufacture  as  it  was 
when  used  on  the  floors  in  Pompeii. 

In  this  section  the  Philadelphia  Exhaust  Ventilator  Company  exhibited 
an  eight-foot  iron  ventilating  steam-fan,  with  the  inscription,  "  The  Black- 
man  wheel  moves  200,000  cubic  feet  of  air  per  minute." 

FLOAT   No.  3. 

Another  float,  displayed  by  George  W.  Hartman,  presented  old  and 
new  heaters,  and  still  another  exhibited  "  The  Keystone  Metal  Stove- 
Boards. 

PAINTS  AND   GLASS. 
Sub-Marshal. — ADOLPH  HEINE. 
Four  interesting  displays  on  floats  were  made. 

FLOAT  No.  i. 

On  the  first  was  a  table,  at  which  the  men  were  working  with  mullers  of 
the  ancient1  wooden  and  less  ancient  stone  style  on  a  stone  slab.  They  were 
grinding  paint  in  the  old  way. 

Beside  them  was  an  old-fashioned  kettle,  with  two  cannon-balls  inside 
for  grinding  white  lead  ;  the  kettle  was  suspended,  and  the  balls  were  made 
to  roll  around  over  the  white  lead  by  pushing  and  turning  the  kettle.  In 
addition  to  this  was  an  illustration  of  the  old  system  of  stirring  paints  in 
a  keg  with  a  stick.  The  whole  was  labelled  "  Philadelphia  Paint  Grinding, 
1787." 

Each  of  the  four  horses  drawing  the  float  was  led  by  a  man  wearing  a 
cape  and  a  straw  hat.  The  men  at  work  on  the  wagon  were  dressed  in 
Continental  uniform,  including  knee-breeches,  low  shoes,  old  style  muslin 
shirts,  big  collars,  and  three-cornered  hats,  wigs,  and  queues.  Indicative 
of  the  times  was  the  label,  "  All  paints  imported." 


REPORT  OF  THE  CHIEF  MARSHAL.  65 

FLOAT  No.  2. 

The  display  on  the  second  float  presented  the  contrast.  There  was  a 
ten  horse-power  engine  and  boiler  running  the  stone  burr-mill,  until  recently 
in  common  use.  This  mill  is  also  known  as  the  "  horizontal  mill,"  and, 
where  now  in  use,  is  generally  run  with  much  greater  velocity  than  hereto- 
fore. 

FLOAT  No.  3. 

Behind  the  burr-mill  was  the  modern  or  roller-mill,  consisting  of  rollers 
lying  contiguous  and  running  in  opposite  directions,  sending  the  paint  from 
one  to  the  other,  and  grinding  it  for  use. 

FLOAT  No.  4. 

The  paddle-mixers,  now  run  by  steam,  were  also  illustrated.  The  three 
men  attending  the  machines  were  dressed  in  the  garb  of  modern  workmen, 
and  the  display  was  labelled  "  Paint  Grinding,  1887,"  with  this  reference  to 
the  progress  in  the  trade:  "  1887.  Philadelphia  produces  annually,  under  a 
protective  tariff,  84,000,000  pounds  of  paint." 

GLASS. 

The  progress  in  the  manufacture  of  glass  was  shown  on  two  floats  ex- 
hibited by  Hires  &  Co. 

FLOAT  No.  i. 

On  this  float  were  four  frames,  containing  four  lights  each,  of  ornamented 
"colored  glass  made  in  this  country."  A  window-frame,  seven  by  nine 
inches,  was  labelled  "Window  Glass — Largest  size  made  in  1787."  Near 
it  was  a  pane  measuring  fifty  by  seventy-five  inches,  labelled  "  Window 
glass — Size  made  in  1887,"  being  the  largest  size  of  cylinder  glass  made 
in  the  United  States.  The  first  process  in  making  window  and  picture  glass 
was  shown,  also  "blow-pipes  used  in  making  window  and  picture  glass." 
The  whole  story  was  then  summed  up  in  this  sign  : 

"Progress  in  window  and  picture  glass:  1787,  one  small  factory;  1887, 
142  factories,  employing  7000  hands,  producing  175,000,000  square  feet, 
valued  at  $6,000,000.  Capital  invested,  $4,000,000." 

FLOAT  No.  2. 

A  piece  of  plate  glass,  measuring  ninety-six  by  one  hundred  and  eighty 
inches,  followed  on  the  next  float,  to  show  the  size  of  plate  glass  made  in 


VOL.  II. — 10 


66  CIVIC  AND  INDUSTRIAL  PROCESSION. 

the  United  States.  Accompanying  it  was  the  label,  "  Progress  in  polished 
plate  glass:  1787,  no  factories;  1870,  one  small  factory;  1887,  six  fac- 
tories, employing  2500  hands.  Value  of  product,  $4,000.000.  Capital 
invested,  $450,000." 

MASTER   PAINTERS. 

Sub-Marshal. — CHARLES  MCCARTY. 

Three  carriages,  containing  officers  and  members  of  the  Master  Painters' 
Association,  as  follows:  Joseph  Chapman,  President;  F.  F.  Black,  Secre- 
tary ;  Maurice  Joy,  Treasurer ;  Wm.  B.  Carlile,  J.  B.  Scattergood,  Stephen 
D.  Cole,  John  Stewart,  M.  McCarron,  Albert  Shur,  James  Taylor,  Wm. 
Pegley,  Wm.  Graham,  and  W.  J.  Hayes. 

FLOAT. 

Large  float,  the  combined  exhibit  of  employers  and  journeymen,  repre- 
senting "  The  Painting  Industry  of  Philadelphia."  On  one  side  two  houses 
were  painted,  one  representing  the  old  style,  with  painters  and  a  ladder,  and 
a  structure  daubed  red  and  green;  the  other  representing  the  new,  with 
painters  on  swing  stages,  trestles,  etc.,  applying  the  modern  tints. 

On  the  other  side  of  the  float  were  two  shops,  the  "  Paint  Shop"  of  one 
hundred  years  ago,  and  the  modern  establishment,  with  elaborate  offices  and 
appointments.  On  the  rear  of  the  design  the  whitewashing  of  one  hundred 
years  ago  was  contrasted  with  the  frescoing  of  1887. 

JOURNEYMEN   PAINTERS. 

Sub-Marshal. — JOHN  SAGE,  Sr. 

Aides. — BENJAMIN  R.  NEILDS,  PATRICK  MCMENAMIN. 

COLUMBIA   BAND. 

Banner,  in  blue  silk :  "  Presented  to  the  Journeymen  House  Painters' 
Association  of  Philadelphia,  A.D.  1866,"  containing  representation  of  a 
phoenix  over  the  painters'  shield,  with  rampant  tigers  facing  each  other. 

Under  the  shield  were  the  words,  "  Love,  Honor,  Obedience."  Three 
bannerets,  explaining  the  significance  of  these  words,  were  displayed.  The 
first,  in  red  silk,  read,  "We  LOVE  our  country;"  the  second,  in  white  silk, 
"  We  HONOR  its  institutions ;"  the  third,  in  blue  silk,  "  We  OBEY  her  laws." 

Upwards  of  one  hundred  men  turned  out,  dressed  in  white  shirts  and 
hats,  with  brushes  in  the  pockets  of  the  overalls. 


REPORT  OF  THE  CHIEF  MARSHAL.  67 

THE   OLD   LOG  CABIN. 

Behind  the  painters  came  an  old  log  cabin  representing,  as  nearly  as 
skilled  workmen  of  the  present  day  could  reproduce  it,  the  abode  of  the 
settlers  of  one  hundred  years  ago. 

The  interior  of  the  cabin  was  ten  feet  by  twelve,  and  seven  feet  high. 
The  walls  were  of  unplaned  hemlock  logs,  dove-tailed  at  the  corners ;  the 
roof  was  peaked,  with  several  logs  fastened  lengthwise  to  add  to  the  strength 
of  the  structure,  and  the  only  avenue  of  entrance  and  exit,  a  door-way  on 
one  side,  was  secured  by  a  door  on  wooden  hinges,  with  the  old  style 
wooden  latch  and  cross-bar. 

A  window  in  the  front  of  the  cabin  lighted  the  interior,  and  through  a 
"  chunk  chimney,"  in  the  rear,  the  smoke  from  a  fire,  which  was  kept  burn- 
ing on  the  inside,  passed  out  into  the  open  air.  The  crevices  between  the 
logs  were  roughly  plastered  with  an  admixture  of  clay  and  cement,  to  pro- 
tect the  occupants  of  the  cabin  from  rain  and  wind.  On  either  side  of  the 
cabin  trees  were  planted  that  had  been  secured  from  a  Pennsylvania  forest. 

The  cabin  was  built  under  the  direction  of  George  Washington  while 
under  the  auspices  of  the  Building  Trades'  Council. 

CARPENTERS   AND   STAIR-BUILDERS. 

Sub-Marshal. — CONSTANTINE  THORN. 

Aides. — WILLIAM  F.  EBERHARDT,  THOMAS  FLEMING,  ISAAC  REYNOLDS, 
ISAAC  BELOUR. 

CECILIA   BAND.     (Twenty  pieces.)     PETER  BURNS,  Leader. 

Twelve  pioneers,  with  genuine  broadaxes,  Captain  Harry  Bowstead. 

New  silk  banner :  "  Brotherhood  of  Carpenters  and  Joiners  of  America, 
instituted  August  12,  1881." 

Silk  flag. 

Banner  recently  presented  to  Local  Union,  No.  8,  Brotherhood  "of  Car- 
penters and  Joiners,  by  Tallman  &  McFadden.  This  banner  was  found  not 
long  since  in  the  old  mansion,  No.  307  South  Third  Street.  It  is  of  pale 
blue  silk,  about  six  feet  long  by  four  feet  wide,  and  was  "  painted  by  I.  A. 
Vanchost,  1835." 

The  following  description  of  it  is  recalled : 

The  banner  was  painted  for  the  Journeymen  Carpenters'  Association,  as 
stated  on  one  side,  with  the  addition  that  the  body  was  instituted  in  June, 


68  CIVIC  AND  INDUSTRIAL  PROCESSION. 

1835.  The  frontispiece  represents  carpenters  at  work,  with  implements  of 
their  trade  lying  around.  A  youth  is  in  the  act  of  tapping  one  of  the 
workmen  on  the  shoulder  with  one  hand,  and  with  the  other  pointing  to  a 
neighboring  steeple  clock,  which  denoted  the  hour  of  six. 

Prominent  in  the  foreground  is  a  block  on  which  is  inscribed  the  legend, 
"Six  to  six,"  the  watchword  of  the  mechanics  of  those  days.  On  the 
reverse  side  is  the  painting  of  a  female  representing  America,  supporting 
the  American  flag,  and  surrounded  by  one  male  and  two  female  Indians,  to 
whom  she  is  pointing  out  the  motto  of  the  Association,  "  Union  and  Intelli- 
gence, the  path  to  Independence."  The  banner,  which  is  in  an  excellent 
state  of  preservation,  was,  it  is  stated,  carried  in  the  Lafayette  celebration 
parade  in  1835. 

About  800  men,  neatly  uniformed,  turned  out  with  the  brotherhood. 
They  represented  all  the  Unions  in  Philadelphia  and  vicinity,  including 
Camden.  They  wore  lead-colored  hats,  white  shirts  with  turn-down  col- 
lars and  black  ties,  and  muslin  aprons  with  the  name  and  emblem  of  the 
brotherhood  imprinted  on  them.  The  men  also  carried  dowel-rods  for 
canes.  In  the  line  they  had  a  number  of  interesting  banners,  some  of  the 
inscriptions  being  here  given  :  "  Our  Brotherhood  is  42,000  strong."  "  We 
work  only  nine  hours  a  day."  "  We  aid  the  sick  and  help  the  widows  and 
orphans."  "  Trades'  Union  men  are  loyal  to  American  Institutions." 

The  German  Union  bore  a  unique  banner,  being  made  of  shavings 
strongly  woven  together.  The  banner  was  beautifully  painted,  and  attracted 
a  great  deal  of  attention. 

About  midway  in  the  line  was  the  Ivy  Fife  and  Drum  Corps,  of 
Camden,  Thomas  Miles,  drum-major. 

THE  MODERN   COTTAGE. 

The  modern  cottage,  which  was  built  in  three  weeks,  at  Broad  and 
Dauphin  Streets,  under  the  auspices  of  the  Master  Builders'  Exchange  and 
the  Building  Trades'  Council,  brought  up  the  rear  .of  the  line  in  the  Sixth 
Division,  and  represented  the  culmination  of  a  hundred  years  of  progress  in 
the  building  trades. 

The  cottage  was  built  by  union  carpenters,  under  the  direction  of  J.  W. 
Sutcliffe,  and  was  painted  by  union  men,  under  the  direction  of  John  Sage, 
Sr.  The  architect  was  E.  W.  Thorne.  The  design  was  in  the  Swiss  cottage 
style,  with  peaked  roof  and  dormer  windows. 


REPORT  OF  THE  CHIEF  MARSHAL,  69 

It  was  nearly  eighteen  feet  square,  having  a  frontage  equally  as  long  as 
that  of  the  average  dwelling-house  constructed  to-day.  In  front  was  a  four- 
foot  porch,  with  steps  leading  up  to  it,  fancy  posts,  and  ornamental  railings. 
In  the  rear  was  a  wash-house,  four  feet  by  seven.  The  doors  were  of  the 
latest  make,  on  brass  hinges,  and  the  windows  were  of  white  and  stained 
glass,  in  fancy  sash. 

The  front  door  opened  into  a  reception  hall,  with  a  magnificent  oak  stair- 
way at  the  side,  the  open  space  measuring  eight  by  seven  and  one-half  feet, 
and  the  ceiling  being  six  feet  in  the  clear.  The  parlor  was  beautifully 
papered,  and  presented  a  most  inviting  aspect,  being  elegantly  furnished,  and 
containing  an  open  fireplace  and  mahogany  mantel. 

Its  size  was  ten  by  seven  and  one-half  feet,  large  enough  for  half  a  dozen 
persons  to  move  about  comfortably.  The  dining-room  behind  the  parlor 
and  the  kitchen  on  the  right  were  of  a  uniform  height  of  six  feet,  the  dimen- 
sions of  the  former  being  eight  by  nine  feet,  and  the  latter  eight  by  seven. 
These  rooms  were  also  neatly  furnished. 

On  the  second  floor  were  three  rooms,  nicely  papered,  and  fitted  up  as 
bed-rooms,  with  modern  furnishing,  all  five  feet  ten  inches  high.  The  attic 
contained  two  rooms,  in  either  of  which  a  few  of  the  centennial  visitors  to 
the  city  might  have  found  good  accommodations.  From  the  outside  the 
house  presented  an  unusually  attractive  appearance. 

The  roofs  over  the  building  proper  and  the  porches  were  metallic 
shingles.  The  rounded  red  cedar  shingles,  extending  several  feet  below  the 
cornice,  were  neatly  oiled ;  the  overlapping  weather-boards  were  painted  in 
light  and  dark  terra  cotta,  trimmed  with  bronze  green,  and  the  sash  Etruscan 
red.  The  base  was  painted  to  represent  foundation-stone. 

The  home-like  picture  conveyed  by  the  trim  cottage  and  its  furnishings 
was  completed  by  habitation,  the  occupants  being  the  family  of  Gerald 
Breen,  a  disabled  member  of  Local  Union  No.  8,  Brotherhood  of  Carpen- 
ters and  Joiners,  and  Joseph  Sutcliffe,  a  six-year-old  grandson  of  the  fore- 
man of  the  building. 

This  beautiful  modern  workman's  home  was  constructed  as  a  contrast 
with  the  "  log  cabin"  before  named,  as  illustrative  of  the  increased  comforts 
enjoyed  by  the  workingman  of  to-day  with  those  of  a  century  ago.  The 
contrast  in  building  thus  presented  was  a  most  suggestive  and  striking 
illustration  of  our  advance. 


7O  CIVIC  AND  INDUSTRIAL  PROCESSION. 

Following  the  Sixth  Division  came 

THE   COLORED   PEOPLE'S   DISPLAY. 
Assistant  Marshal. — C.  J.  PERRY. 
Aides. — WALTER  HALL  and  S.  STERAR. 

This  subdivision  consisted  of  three  large  floats,  which,  as  they  were 
wheeled  into  line,  were  greeted  with  the  hearty  applause  of  the  spectators. 
These  floats  were  each  drawn  by  four  horses  decorated  with  flags. 

FLOAT   No.   r. 

The  first  float  was  labelled  "  1787,"  in  large  figures,  on  bunting,  and  the 
scene  represented  was  a  Southern  plantation  during  the  days  of  slavery. 
There  was  the  little  negro  cabin,  surrounded  by  growing  cotton,  but  the 
slaves  were  absent.  Messrs.  C.  J.  Perry  and  Walter  P.  Hall,  the  committee, 
had  failed  to  find  colored  people,  even  with  the  offer  of  a  liberal  pecuniar) 
reward,  willing  to  go  on  the  float  as  slaves. 

The  "  human  chattels"  were  only  represented  by  the  driver  of  the  float 
and  his  assistants.  Printed  on  the  bunting  which  surrounded  this  float  was 
the  colored  people's  story  of  other  days,  told  in  these  terse  sentences : 

"  No  personal  freedom." 

"  No  schools  and  no  colleges." 

"  No  hope  of  advancement." 

"  But  little  personal  property  held  by  us." 

FLOAT  No.  2. 

The  second  float  was  labelled  "  1887,"  and  was  intended  to  show  the 
difference  between  the  past  and  the  present  condition  of  the  race. 

The  float  represented  a  school  scene,  and  had  sixty-five  little  boys  and 
girls  at  their  studies,  under  the  direction  of  four  teachers. 

On  the  stanchions  of  this  float  were  banners  telling  the  glad  story  of 
the  present  time  by  the  following  sentences  and  statistics  : 

"  Emancipation." 

"  Enfranchisement." 

"  Entitled  to  full  political  rights  and  privileges." 

"75  colleges." 

"  22,500  free  schools." 

"  1,589,000  colored  children  in  the  public  schools." 


REPORT  OF  THE  CHIEF  MARSHAL.  71 

"Material  wealth  of  the  colored  people  South,  $150,000,000." 
"  Material  wealth  of  the  colored  people  North,  $35,000,000." 
"God  bless   1887." 

FLOAT   No.   3. 

The  third  and  last  float  in  this  display  was  labelled  "  Industry,"  and 
showed  many  of  the  trades  at  which  colored  people  are  engaged  in  this 
city.  The  float  not  only  gave  a  bright  and  pleasing  picture  of  industry, 
but  it  had  quite  a  number  of  colored  men  in  the  scene  engaged  in  their 
actual  callings. 

These  were :  John  H.  Baynard,  a  brick-mason,  engaged  in  building  a, 
chimney;  Benjamin  Hughes,  saddle-  and  harness-maker,  with  a  workman 
making  a  saddle ;  Allan  Turnage,  engaged  in  repairing  stoves ;  Samuel 
Smith,  engaged  in  binding  books ;  George  H.  Wilson,  making  shoes ; 
Solomon  Anderson,  engaged  at  tailoring ;  John  Bush,  a  house-painter, 
engaged  in  his  work ;  William  Wood,  a  paper-hanger,  working  at  his 
business ;  C.  J.  Perry,  job  printer,  running  off  circulars  on  a  printing- 
press;  George  Purnell,  a  jeweller  and  watch-maker,  engaged  in  repairing 
watches;  and  Elias  Chase,  builder  and  contractor,  putting  up  a  small 
house. 

The  illustrations  of  the  advance  made  by  the  colored  people  of  the 
United  States  in  the  last  century,  although  creditable  to  the  public  spirit 
and  energy  of  Messrs.  C.  J.  Perry  and  Walter  P.  Hall,  who  undertook  the 
task  of  arranging  its  details  within  a  short  period  of  the  demonstration, 
was  not  what  the  marshal  had  hoped  it  would  be,  and  was  certainly  not 
what  he  had  labored  to  make  it.  One  of  his  earliest  efforts  was  to  have 
this  striking  feature  in  our  civilization  properly  presented.  The  failure  to 
meet  his  wishes  was  due  to  the  unwillingness  of  leading  men  of  color  to 
undertake  a  work  which  would  have  been  of  the  highest  credit  and  advan- 
tage to  their  race. 

Next  to  the  marvellous  Indian  exhibit,  the  colored  people  could  have 
made  such  a  presentation  of  their  physical,  intellectual,  and  moral  advance 
within  the  past  century  as  would  have  astonished  and  delighted  the  well- 
wishers  of  their  race. 


72  CIVIC  AND  INDUSTRIAL   PROCESSION. 

SEVENTH    DIVISION. 

Assistant  Marshal. — HAMILTON  DISSTON. 

Aides. — JOHN  S.  NAYLOR,  C.  T.  SHOEMAKER,  ROBERT  JOHNSON,  S.  BEVAN. 

EXHIBIT  OF  HENRY  DISSTON  &  SONS. 

Sub-Marshal. — J.  S.  DISSTON. 

Aides. — JAMES  McLANN,  JOHN  LAMB,  JAMES  GARLAND  (all  mounted). 

First  Subdivision. 

BANNER  REPRESENTING  DATE  OF  ORGANIZATION,  "  1840." 
GERMANIA  BAND  OF  READING.     (Thirty-one  pieces.) 

Banner,  followed  by  employes  who  have  served  the  present  firm  from 
twenty-five  to  forty-seven  years,  fifty-two  men. 

Victoria,  containing  representatives  of  the  firm,  followed  by  a  float  drawn 
by  two  horses,  front  and  rear  view,  "  Henry  Disston  &  Sons'  saws  sold  in 
all  the  principal  cities  of  the  world." 

Side  views,  "Sailing-ship  bound  to  America  with  saws,  1/87"  (as  there 
were  none  made  in  this  country),  and  "  Clipper  steam-ship  bound  for  Europe 
with  saws,  1887." 

Second  Subdivision. 
BANNER  REPRESENTING  STEEL  WORKS. 

Employes  of  Melting  and  Rolling  Mill,  one  hundred  and  thirty  men, 
followed  by  a  float  drawn  by  four  horses,  giving  the  amount  and  the  value 
of  the  steel  product  of  the  United  States  in  comparison  with  the  rest  of 
the  world,  which  is  about  thirty-four  per  cent. 

Third  Subdivision. 

Employes  in  Circular  Saw  Department,  seventy-six  men. 

Float  drawn  by  four  horses,  with  large  circular  saw,  one  hundred  inches 
in  diameter,  indicative  of  the  Constitutional  Centennial,  enclosed  in  an  arch 
surmounted  by  a  keystone,  representing  "  Pennsylvania"  the  "  Keystone 
State." 


REPORT  OF  THE   CHIEF  MARSHAL.  73 

Fourth  Subdivision. 

UNITED   STATES   BAND.     (Twenty-one  pieces.) 

Employes  of  Hand-Saw  Department,  one  hundred  and  sixty  men,  with 
float  drawn  by  six  horses,  bearing,  case  of  goods,  with  numerous  small 
circular  saws  in  motion. 

Fifth  Subdivision. 

Employes  of  File  Department,  one  hundred  and  forty  men,  with  float 
drawn  by  two  horses  showing  "  Old  and  New  Method  of  Tempering  Saws," 
and  "  Old  and  New  Method  of  Grinding  Saws."  In  the  first,  as  shown,  the 
saws  came  out  of  the  furnace  so  crooked  that  one  man  could  only  smith  or 
straighten  eighteen  to  twenty-four  saws  per  day,  while  with  the  new  method 
he  will  smith  or  straighten  two  hundred  and  forty  to  three  hundred  saws 
per  day. 

In  the  old  method  of  grinding  by  hand  he  would  grind  about  sixty 
saws  per  day,  while  with  the  new  method  he  will  grind  about  two  hundred 
saws  per  day. 

Sixth  Subdivision. 

Employes  of  Long-Saw  Department,  sixty  men,  with  float  drawn  by  four 
horses  containing  thirteen  band-saws,  emblematic  of  "  The  Thirteen  Original 
States." 

Seventh  Subdivision. 

WECCACOE   FLUTE   AND    DRUM    CORPS.     (Sixteen  pieces.) 

Employes  of  Handle  Department,  Machinists,  Carpenters,  and  Laborers, 
ninety  men,  with  float  drawn  by  two  horses,  showing  "  the  Old  and  New 
Method  of  Toothing  Hand-saws,  and  "  Old  Method  of  Handle-making."  By 
the  old  method  of  toothing  a  man  would  do  three  hundred  saws  per  day, 
while  by  the  new  method  he  will  tooth  eighteen  hundred  per  day. 

In  making  handles  by  hand  a  man  would  saw  out  twelve  dozens  per  day, 
or  one  hundred  and  forty-four  handles,  while  by  the  new  method  he  will  cut 
out  sixty  dozens,  or  seven  hundred  and  twenty  handles  per  day. 

Eighth  Subdivision. 

Jobbing  Department,  sixty  men,  followed  by  a  float  drawn  by  four  horses, 
with  men  making  small  saws  and  other  tools. 


VOL.  II.  —  II 


74  CIVIC  AND  INDUSTRIAL  PROCESSION. 

Ninth  Subdivision. 

Employes  of  office,  sales-room,  and  ware-room,  twenty  men. 

A  float,  carrying  a  fine  display  of  saws  and  files  belonging  to  this  firm, 
was  withdrawn  from  the  line,  on  account  of  the  breaking  of  the  pole  in 
turning. 

Number  of  men       ........  790 

"             bands    ........  3 

Germania  Band  of  Reading,  pieces          .         .         .  3 1 
United  States  Band,  of  Philadelphia,  pieces     .         .         .21 

Weccacoe  Flute  and  Drum  Corps,  of  Tacony,  pieces      .  16 

Number  of  floats    .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .  8 

horses  ........  34 

"           carriages        .......  I 

THE"  ORR   &   HESS   DISPLAY. 

The  Orr  &  Hess  Company,  of  this  city,  which  came  next,  had  three 
exhibits,  which  attracted  almost  universal  attention.  These  were  on  large 
floats,  drawn  by  four  horses,  the  whole  being  tastefully  decorated  with 

bunting. 

FLOAT   No.  I. 

Upon  one  float  was  the  oldest  steam-engine  in  America.  It  was  built  by 
Thomas  Holloway,  a  boat-builder,  of  Kensington,  in  1819.  This  engine 
has  been  in  constant  use  for  fifty  years  by  F.  &  W.  S.  Perot,  and  their  suc- 
cessors, of  Philadelphia.  Part  of  this  engine  had  been  lost:  the  beam  was 
gone,  but  enough  remained  to  give  a  good  idea  of  its  character.  It  was  a 
low-pressure  engine,  and  was  remarkably  plain.  There  was  no  attempt  at 
ornamentation ;  it  was  quite  in  keeping  with  the  state  of  invention  at  that 
day.  It  was  severely  practical,  utility  apparently  being  the  only  purpose  to 
serve.  The  same  principles  that  govern  the  modern  steam-engine  obtain 
in  this  one,  and  the  most  important  contrast  was  shown  to  be  in  the  style 
of  construction,  design,  etc.,  which  were  more  ornate  in  the  engines  of  the 
present.  The  governor  of  this  engine  was  on  the  same  plan  as  those  in 
use  now. 

FLOAT   No.  2. 

In  contrast  with  the  engine  of  1819  was  a  stationary  engine  of  the 
present  day.  This  was  a  Mclntosh,  Seymour  &  Co.  engine,  for  high  speed, 
with  automatic  cut-off,  and  was  furnished  by  Harlan  Page.  While  the 


REPORT  OF  THE  CHIEF  MARSHAL.  75 

former  was  of  the  low-pressure  type,  this  was  a  high-pressure  engine,  em- 
bodying all  the  improvements  that  have  been  made  in  constructing  engines 
up  to  the  present  time.  Its  improvements  were  at  once  conspicuous,  the 
most  prominent  being  in  the  valves,  the  governor  on  the  valve,  fast  speed, 
and  cut-off.  The  contrast  thus  presented,  while  being  great,  and  consider- 
ing the  different  uses  to  which  the  engine  of  to-day  has  been  adapted,  made 
it  somewhat  difficult  to  believe  that,  beneath  its  exterior  and  polished 
finishings,  there  were  practically  the  same  principles  in  operation  as  gov- 
erned the  engine  of  1819. 

FLOAT   No.  3. 

Another  float  carried  a  steam  toggle-joint  coining-press,  which  was  used 
forty  years  ago  in  the  United  States  Mint  at  Charlotte,  N.  C.  This 
press,  which  then  was  driven  by  a  six-horse  engine  and  boiler,  had  a 
capacity  of  thirty-five  or  forty  pieces  per  minute.  It  represented  the  first 
plan  of  the  coining-press  which  superseded  the  hand-worked  screw-press. 
The  coining-presses  in  use  at  the  present  time  are  all  built  on  the  same  prin- 
ciple. Screw-presses  are  only  used  at  present  to  strike  medals.  The 
capacity  of  the  modern  coining-press,  one  of  which  was  striking  medals,  is 
about  one  hundred  and  twenty-five  gold  dollars  a  minute.  The  senior 
member  of  the  firm,  Mr.  Arthur  Orr,  was  originally  employed  in  the  mint 
as  a  mechanic.  He  was  a  man  of  such  skill  and  reliability  that  when  the 
mint  at  Charlotte,  N.  C,  was  being  erected  he  was  sent  by  Director  Pat- 
terson to  place  its  machinery  and  organize  its  departments.  He  subse- 
quently retired  from  the  government  service  and  began  the  manufacture 
of  the  most  complicated  and  delicate  mint-machinery.  For  the  last  forty 
years  his  firm  has  furnished  nearly  all  the  machinery  for  the  mints  of  the 
United  States  and  the  South  American  and  Mexican  governments. 

AUGERS   AND   BITS. 

Next  in  order  came  the  exhibit  of  Job  T.  Pugh,  which  was  large  and 
comprehensive,  showing  bits  and  augers  of  different  sizes  from  the  smallest 
to  the  largest.  This  house  has  been  established  since  1774,  and  in  that 
time  has  brought  out  many  new  and  useful  designs  of  the  tools  they  manu- 
facture. 

FLOAT. 

On  a  large  float  filled  with  various  tools  was  an  auger  said  to  be  the 
largest  ever  made.  Its  diameter  was  seven  and  one-half  inches,  and  it  will 


76  CIVIC  AND  INDUSTRIAL  PROCESSION. 

bore  any  kind  of  wood,  with  power  or  by  hand.  It  was  of  uniform  shape, 
etc.,  and  thirty  inches  long.  Another  feature  of  their  exhibit  was  an  auger 
of  large  size,  five  feet  long,  with  a  diameter  of  one  and  three-quarter  inches. 
This  auger  was  said  to  be  forty  years  old,  and  represented  the  old  forms  as 
compared  with  the  augers  of  to-day,  the  latter  showing  great  improvement. 
The  augers  of  the  present  day  are  superior,  because  of  the  greater  uni- 
formity of  twist  which  is  given  to  them.  Another  display  was  a  concave 
auger  with  graduated  twist ;  with  that  were  countless  augers,  bits,  machine 
bits,  car  bits,  carp  augers,  mill  augers,  and  post  augers.  Pump  augers  also 
were  shown  with  ring  or  Cuba  augers,  hub  augers,  and  machine  augers. 
The  display  included  chisel  bits,  dowel  bits,  and  counter-sink  bits. 

Their  Cuba  or  ring  auger  was  invented  by  Mr.  Job  T.  Pugh,  in  1858. 
It  at  once  superseded  all  similar  augers  which  had  hitherto  been  imported, 
and  it  is  claimed  soon  proved  to  be  the  only  auger  that  would  bore  success- 
fully in  the  hard  woods  of  foreign  countries.  Its  main  characteristic  is  its 
single  screw,  from  which  all  screws  have  been  subsequently  designed.  A 
concave  auger  was  shown  which  is  used  for  boring  in  the  ends  of  wood, 
and  in  making  straight  holes.  It  will  not  deviate,  and,  compared  with  older 
augers  shown,  effects  a  saving  in  material. 

Gas  augers  were  exhibited.  The  screws  of  these  were  made  solid. 
They  are  used  for  boring  brick  walls,  etc.  Patent  hand-bits,  for  boring  in 
stairs,  were  also  shown.  The  augers  and  bits  of  this  concern,  which  is  one 
of  the  oldest  in  the  country,  go  all  over  the  world.  For  fifty  years  the 
business  has  been  carried  on  continuously  under  the  same  management. 

ANTI-FRICTION  ALL  STEEL   SLIDING-DOOR   HINGES. 

The  firm  of  Buehler,  Bonbright  &  Company  exhibited  upon  a  large 
double  truck,  drawn  by  two  horses,  decorated  with  chimes  and  bells,  a 
large  working  model  of  Lane's  patent  anti-friction  all  steel  sliding-door 
hinges,  a  recent  invention,  said  to  be  superior  to  any  heretofore  in  use, 
for  barn-  and  carriage-house  doors ;  the  process  of  working  the  doors 
was  shown  by  two  boys,  who  accompanied  the  exhibit. 

"Prior  to  about  1850,  barn-doors  were  hung  on  hinges;  since  then 
there  have  been  many  inventions  for  sliding  doors  instead  of  swinging 
them,  and  improvements  in  this  mode  have  been  various;  but  it  has  only 
been  since  Lane's  invention  was  consummated  that  any  hanger  has  been 
placed  on  the  market  that  is  not  liable  to  breakage,  cannot  get  out  of 


REPORT  OF  THE  CHIEF  MARSHAL.  77 

order,  and   is  so   free  from   friction  that  the   smallest  child   can   run  it." 
(Statement  of  firm.) 

MILL  WORK   AND   HARDWARE. 
HANEY,  WHITE  &  Co. 

This  firm  report  their  exhibit  as  follows : 

"  The  exhibit,  drawn  by  a  single  team,  showed  a  handsome  display  of 
all  kinds  of  moulding,  from  the  smallest  sash  bead  to  the  largest  crown 
moulding  used  in  heavy  carriages,  also  some  very  handsome  front  doors, 
newel-posts,  blinds,  and  other  similar  goods,  which  were  followed  by  double 
team,  making  a  very  fine  display  of  frames,  consisting  of  handsome  front 
double  door-frames  with  segment  head,  bull's-eye  window-frame,  gable 
twin  frame  with  ornamental  tablet  head,  also  new  style  twin  bracket  frame 
with  stationary  transom  and  heavy-turned  columns,  to  be  used  in  some 
of  the  finest  houses  being  built  in  the  northwestern  section  of  our  city. 

"  They  employ  a  large  force  of  frame-makers  at  their  Philadelphia 
house,  putting  the  frames  together,  and  handling  the  large  amount  of 
goods  constantly  going  out  and  coming  in. 

"  The  goods  are  principally  made  in  Pennsylvania,  but  some  are  made 
in  New  York  State,  chiefly  inside  blinds,  for  which  they  are  noted." 

EIGHTH   DIVISION. 

Assistant  Marshal. — ALBERT  H.  LADNER. 

Aides. — WILLIAM  F.  McCuLLY,  SAMUEL  H.  REED,  JOHN  G.  HOLLICK, 
JOHN  FULLERTON,  ROBERT  GILLESPIE,  JOHN  DONOHUE,  GEORGE  W.  APPLE, 
WILLIAM  J.  SHAW,  HARRY  J.  BRINTON,  WILLIAM  ANDERSON,  HARRY  C. 
SELBY,  THOMAS  HOLT,  JOHN  H.  CLAY,  WILLIAM  H.  GRAY,  SAMUEL  J. 
YARGER,  JOHN  HUBBARD,  WILLIAM  H.  BRISTOW. 

STATUE  OF   IRAD   FERRY.* 

Sub-Marshal. — JOHN  D.  RUOFF. 

Aides. — WILLIAM  M.  KIDD,  EDWIN  B.  WOODRUFF,  SAMUEL  B.  SAVIN, 
ALFRED  BAMBER,  RICHARD  M.  STANTON,  H.  H.  K.  ELLIOTT,  JOSEPH  H. 
ROCKHILL,  JOHN  KLUFKEE,  JOHN  L.  WILKINS,  CHARLES  SWEITZER,  HARRI- 
SON MONTGOMERY,  MONTGOMERY  WARREN,  JOSEPH  CONWAY. 

*  Born  Connecticut,  1801.  Lost  his  life  while  rescuing  a  child  from  a  fire  at  New  Orleans, 
January  i,  1837. 


78  CIVIC  AND  INDUSTRIAL  PROCESSION. 

BECK'S   PHILADELPHIA   BAND.     J.  G.  S.  BECK,  Leader. 
EXECUTIVE   COMMITTEE. 

William  R.  Leeds,  William  McMullen,  Hamilton  Disston,  William  A. 
Delaney,  James  H.  Miller,  Mortimer  L.  Johnson,  William  M.  Kidd,  Thomas 
McCullough,  Albert  Murray,  Jr. 

EX-CHIEF   ENGINEER,   GEORGE   DOWNEY. 

EX-ASSISTANT   ENGINEER,  JOS.    H.   YOUNG. 

VISITING  CHIEF   ENGINEERS   AND   ASSISTANTS. 

William  Dickson,  Harry  B.  Geisinger,  John  Ruckel,  James  McMahon, 
John  C.  Bach. 

Irad  Ferry  Fire  Company,  No.  12,  New  Orleans,  La.,  John  J.  McGin- 
ness,  Foreman. 

Volunteer  Firemen's  Association  of  Philadelphia,  in  citizen's  dress. 

Volunteer  Firemen's  Association  of  Philadelphia,  in  old-style  equip- 
ments, drawing  hose-carriage,  "  Volunteer." 

Truck  with  Shag.  Rag.  Engine,  built  in  England  in  1720,  and 

Union  Engine,  of  Salem,  Massachusetts,  built  in  London,  England,  in 
1748. 

Truck  with  Old  Engine,  built  by  Philip  Mason  in  1808. 

MODERN   STEAM   FIRE-ENGINES. 

BANNER. 
LIBERTY  CORNET  BAND  OF  READING.    A.  H.  UNGER,  Leader. 

Sub-Marshal. — THOMAS  MCCULLOUGH. 

Aides. — THOMAS  H.  CLARK,  CHARLES  FULMER,  WM.  RUHL,  Louis  C. 
SHIFFLER,  WALTER  GRAHAM,  JAMES  CRAWFORD,  JOHN  FISHER,  JACOB  ROHR- 
BACKER. 

Banner  of  Diligent  Engine  Company,  carried  in  parade  on  the  reception 
of  Lafayette,  in  1824. 

Delegates  of  Humane  Fire  Company,  Norristown,  Pa.,  thirteen  men. 

Flags  of  Independence  and  Pennsylvania  Hose  Companies. 

Volunteer  Firemen's  Active  Association  of  Philadelphia,  one  hundred 
and  twenty  men  drawing  hand  engine,  "  Volunteer." 


AX' 


REPORT  OF  TJi  7iAL. 


BAND. 


79 


LEE. 

'.'EL    McREYNOLDS,    JOHN    SMITH, 


ladelphia,  one  hundred  and  six  men, 


GEORGE  STREIT,  Leader. 


carriage. 


Sub-Marshal.  —  JOHN  WEBB. 
Aides.  —  C.  C.  SMITH,  GEORGE  W. 

Assistance  Fire  Company  of  Phil 


Sub-Mars)ial. — CHARLES  T.  HOLU 
Aides. — THOMAS  BARNETT,  DANIE, 
Veteran  Firemen's  Association  < 
nty-five  men,  draw-ing  hand  •• 

P.  T.   BARRETT    UAM 

Sub-Marshal. — A  i . i \ ERT  M  u K RAY , 
Aides. — PATRICK  J.  KERNAN,  Am 
>MAS  S.  PRICE. 
United  States  Hose  Com 


'.  SMITH, 


Aidi 

CHI 


)RK. 


N.  Y.,  Eastern  District, 


80  CIVIC  AND  INDUSTRIAL  PROCESSION. 

BAND. 

Siib-Marslial — THOMAS  MOORE. 
Aide. — JOHN  LOVAT. 
America  Fire  Company  of  Philadelphia,  eighteen  men. 

BANNER. 
BEVERLY  CORNET  BAND.     THOS.  FOGARTY,  Leader. 

Sub-Marshal.  —  M.  J.  SWIFT. 
Aides. — JOSEPH  H.  TOMS,  JOSEPH  S.  JENKINS. 

Beverly  Fire  Company,  Beverly,  N.  J.,  seventy-five  men,  drawing  hose- 
carriage. 

HOUSE   OF   REFUGE    BAND,   PHILADELPHIA. 

Sub-Marshal. — JOHN  WELSH. 

Aides. — PETER  D.  ROBERTS,  GEORGE  EHRENBERG,  JAMES  EWELL,  JOHN  S. 
BENDICK. 

Weccacoe    Hose  Association  of  Philadelphia,  fifty  men,  drawing  hose- 
carriage. 

BAND. 

Endeavor  Fire  Company,  Burlington,  N.  J.,  thirty  men,  drawing  chemical 

engine. 

GEORGE   FAUNCE  FIFE   AND   DRUM   CORPS. 

Sub-Marshal. — FREDERICK  BERGER. 

Friendship  Fire  Company  of  Philadelphia,  twenty  men,  drawing  hose- 
carriage. 

MOUNTAIN   CITY   BAND.    JAMES   MATHEWS,   Leader. 

Sub-Marshal. — M.  VALENTINE. 
Aide. — A.  KIPPLE. 
'  Pennsylvania  Railroad  Fire  Company  of  Altoona,  Pa.,  fifty-two  men. 

BAND. 

Sub-Marshal. — ABRAM  MARSHALL. 

Spring  Garden  Hose  Company  of  Philadelphia,  twenty-eight  men,  draw- 
ing hose-carriage. 

BAND. 

Sub-Marshal. — J.  PRYOR  RORKE. 

Volunteer  Firemen's  Veteran  Association  of  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  Western 
District,  one  hundred  and  sixty  men,  drawing  piano  engine. 


REPORT  OF  THE  CHIEF  MARSHAL.  8 1 

BAND. 

Sub-Marshal. — HOWARD  SMITH. 

Aide. — WM.  SHOEMAKER. 

United  States  Fire  Company  of  Philadelphia,  fifteen  men. 

FIFTH   REGIMENT  DRUM   CORPS.     PROF.  JOHNSON,  Leader. 

Marshal. — W.  C.  WESTFALL. 

Vigilant  Fire  Company  of  Altoona,  Pa.,  fifty-five  men,  drawing 
apparatus. 

Crystal  Hose  Company  of  Scranton,  twenty-five  men. 

SPRING   CITY   BAND.      ISAAC  KULP,  Leader. 

Sub- Marshal. — L.  A.  HAYS. 

Aides. — HENRY  T.  HALLMAN,  WILLIAM  ROBINSON. 

Liberty  Steam  Fire-Engine  Company  of  Spring  City,  Pa.,  forty  men, 

drawing  apparatus. 

BAND. 

Sub-Marshal. — GEORGE  OTIS  WILEY. 

Aide. — A.  C.  LYNN. 

Veteran  Firemen's  Association,  Charlestown,  Mass.,  sixty-three  men. 

WEST   CHESTER   CORNET   BAND.      PROF.  MORRISON,  Leader. 

Sub-Marshal.— -T.  C.  APPLE. 

Aides. — A.  EACHES,  JOHN  HEED. 

Pioneer  Corps,  fifty-eight  men. 

Fame  Steam  Fire-Engine  Company,  West  Chester,  Pa.,  fifty-eight  men, 
drawing  hose-carriage. 

Delegation  of  West  Chester  Fire  Company,  West  Chester,  Pa.,  thirteen 
men. 

Delegation  of  Taylor  Hose  Company  of  Philadelphia,  thirteen  men. 

McQUADE   FIFE   AND   DRUM   CORPS.     Jos.  FLYNN,  Leader. 

Sub-Marshal. — Jos.  C.  DANIELS. 
Aides. — JAMES  DALTON,  JAMES  G.  BIRD. 

Volunteer  Exempt  and  Veteran  Firemen's  Sons'  Association  of  New 
York,  one  hundred  and  fifteen  men,  drawing  apparatus. 

VOL.   II.  — 12 


82  CIVIC  AND  INDUSTRIAL  PROCESSION. 

BAND. 

Sub-Marshal. — FRANK  F.  SOUDERS. 

Aides. — CHAS.  S.  LYLAND,  WM.  H.  H.  CLARK. 

Volunteer  Firemen's  Association  of  Camden,  N.  J.,  sixty  men. 

RITTERSVILLE   BAND.     F.  KADER,  -Leader. 

Allen  Fire  Company,  No.  7,  Allentown,  Pa.,  forty-three  men,  drawing 
apparatus. 

Sub-Marshal. — ASSISTANT  ENGINEER  OLIVER  MOUNTCASTLE. 

Aide. — L.  L.  LYNCH. 

Engine  Company  No.  3,  Richmond,  Va.,  thirty-eight  men. 

Sub-Marshal. — H.  S.  HAMMERLY. 

Delegation  of  Union  Fire  Company,  Trenton,  N.  J.,  six  men. 

Pennsylvania  Railroad  Fire  Company,  Renovo,  Pa.,  thirty-five  men. 

Delegation  of  Washington  Hose  and  Steam  Fire-Engine  Company, 
Conshohocken,  Pa.,  fifteen  men. 

Sub-Marshal. — GEORGE  G.  CUMMINGS. 

Chambers's  Fire  Company,  Portsmouth,  Va.,  twenty  men. 

Sub-Marshal. — GEORGE  KEMP,  Jr. 

Exempt  Firemen's  Sons'  Association,  Eastern  District,  Brooklyn,  N.  Y., 
fifty  men. 

Total  number  of  companies 38 

Number  of  bands  .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .21 

Number  of  men 3544 

Old-style  engines    ........         8 

Steamers 5 

Hose-carriages         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .16 

Old-style  tenders    .         .         ...         .         .         .         .         I 

PHILADELPHIA   FIRE   INSURANCE   PATROL. 

This  exhibit  consisted  of  one  patrol  wagon  fully  equipped,  accompa- 
nied by  ten  men  and  drawn  by  two  horses. 


REPORT  OF  THE  CHIEF  MARSHAL.  83 

PHILADELPHIA   FIRE   DEPARTMENT. 

The  detail  to  represent  the  Philadelphia  Fire  Department  was  in  charge 
of  Assistant  Engineer  John  Smith,  and  consisted  of  the  following : 

First.  Assistant  Engineer  John  Smith  and  driver  in  buggy,  wagon  drawn 
by  one  horse. 

Second.  Engine  Company,  No.  32,  with  a  Silsby  rotary  steam  fire- 
engine,  drawn  by  two  horses,  and  a  hose-cart,  with  eight  hundred  feet  of 
"  Eureka"  cotton  hose,  drawn  by  one  horse,  in  charge  of  foreman  William 
Sergeant  and  eleven  men. 

Third.  Truck  Company  F,  with  a  Hayes  patent  hook  and  ladder 
truck  and  fire-escape  combined,  drawn  by  two  horses,  and  in  charge  of 
foreman  Ellwood  Edwards  and  twelve  men. 

Fourth.  Chemical  engine,  No.  2,  drawn  by  two  horses,  and  in  charge 
of  foreman  Timothy  McNamara  and  four  men,  making  a  total  of, — 

Apparatus  ..........     5 

Horses .     8 

Men 32 

EIGHTH   DIVISION— A. 

Assistant  Marshal. — COLONEL  J.  F.  MORRISON. 

Aides. — JOHN  A.  SMITH,  A.  VANZANDT,  A.  MCCLURE,  R.  T.  QUIGLEY. 

VOLUNTEER   FIREMEN'S   CONVENTION. 
First  Subdivision. 

Veteran  Firemen's  Association,  Philadelphia,  fifteen  men. 

Chief  Engineers  of  Volunteer  Departments,  twenty  men. 

Hope  Hose  Steam  Fire-Engine  Company,  No.  2,  Philadelphia,  twenty- 
five  men,  twenty-five  in  band,  one  hose-carriage. 

Hope  Fire  Company,  No.  I,  Burlington,  N.  J.,  eighty  men,  eighteen  in 
band,  one  hose-carriage. 

Hope  Hose  Company,  No.  I,  Bordentown,  N.  J.,  thirty  men,  eighteen  in 
band,  one  hose-carriage. 

Hope  Hose  Company,  No.  2,  Beverly,  N.  J.,  thirty  men,  twenty  in  drum 
corps,  one  hose-carriage. 


84  CIVIC  AND  INDUSTRIAL  PROCESSION. 

Second  Subdivision. 

Veteran  Firemen's  Association,  New  York,  two  hundred  and  fifty-two 
men,  twenty-two  in  band,  two  hand  engines. 

Exempt  Firemen's  Association,  Brooklyn,  Eastern  District,  fifty  men, 
twenty-two  in  band. 

Sons  of  Veteran  Firemen,  Brooklyn,  Eastern  District,  forty  men,  twenty 
in  drum  corps. 

Veteran  Firemen's  Association,  Washington,  D.  C,  fifteen  men. 

Third  Subdivision. 

Fairmount  Fire  Company,  No.  32,  Philadelphia,  one  hundred  men, 
twenty  in  band,  twenty  in  drum  corps,  one  steam  engine,  one  model. 

Franklin  Fire  Company,  Chester,  Pa.,  one  hundred  and  fifty  men,  twenty- 
five  in  band,  one  steam  engine,  one  hose-carriage. 

Franklin  Contributing  Association,  Chester,  Pa.,  fifty  men,  fifteen  in 
band. 

Weccacoe  Hose  Company,  Bordentown,  N.  J.,  thirty  men,  twenty  in 
band,  one  hose-carriage. 

Lafayette  Fire  Company,  Egg  Harbor,  N.  J.,  ten  men. 

Fourth  Subdivision. 

Niagara  Hose  Company,  No.  15,  Philadelphia,  forty  men,  twenty  in 
drum  corps,  one  steam  engine,  one  hose-carriage. 

Fairmount  Fire  Company,  Norristown,  Pa.,  fifty  men,  twenty  in  band, 
one  hose-carriage. 

Bristol  Fire  Company,  No.  I,  Bristol,  Pa.,  seventy  men,  twenty  in  band, 
one  steam  engine,  one  hose-carriage. 

America  Hose,  Hook,  and  Ladder  Company,  No.  2,  Bristol,  Pa.,  forty- 
five  men,  twenty  in  band,  one  hook  and  ladder  truck. 

Good-Will  Hook  and  Ladder  Company,  Atlantic  City,  N.  J.,  fifteen  men, 
one  hook  and  ladder  truck. 

Fifth  Subdivision. 

South  Penn  Hose  Company,  Philadelphia,  eighty  men,  twenty  in  band, 
one  steam  engine,  one  hand  engine,  one  hook  and  ladder  truck. 


REPORT  OF  THE  CHIEF  MARSHAL.  85 

Atlantic  Hose  Company,  Atlantic  City,  N.  J.,  thirty-five  men,  one  hose- 
carriage. 

Liberty  Fire  Company,  Trenton,  N.  J.,  forty  men,  twenty  in  band,  one 
steam  engine,  one  hose-carriage. 

Mercer  Fire  Company,  Princeton,  N.  J.,  forty  men,  twenty  in  band,  one 
hose-carriage. 

Resolution  Hose  Company,  Millville,  N.  J.,  forty  men,  twenty  in  band. 

Active  Hose  Company,  Whatsessing,  N.  J.,  twenty-two  men,  one  hose- 
carriage. 

Sixth  Subdivision. 

Independence  Fire  Company,  Philadelphia,  fifty-six  men,  twenty-five  in 
band,  one  steam  engine,  one  hand  engine,  one  hose-carriage,  one  model. 

Good-Will  Fire  Company,  Fernwood,  Pa.,  twenty-five  men,  twenty  in 
drum  corps,  one  hand  engine. 

Humane  Fire  Company,  Bordentown,  N.  J.,  thirty  men,  twenty  in  drum 
corps,  one  hand  engine,  built  in  1794. 

Alert  Hose  Company,  Montclair,  Pa.,  twenty  men,  one  hose-carriage. 

Liberty  Fire  Company,  Red  Bank,  N.  J.,  ten  men. 

Haddon  Fire  Company,  Haddonfield,  N.  J.,  fifteen  men,  one  hand  engine. 

Organizations.         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .32 

Bands 17 

Drum  corps 6 

Men  representing  the  organizations       .         .         .         .1530 

Men  in  bands  and  drum  corps 475 

Steam  fire-engines  .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         7 

Hand  fire-engines  .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         7 

Hose-carriages        .         .         .,       .         .         .         .         .       17 

Hook  and  ladder  trucks 3 

Models  of  fire-engines    .......         2 

Horses    .         ...         .         .         .         .         .         .12 

The  exhibit  made  by  the  firemen  was  complete,  instructive,  and  highly 
appreciated  by  the  hundreds  of  thousands  that  cheered  as  they  passed  on 
the  line  of  march. 

The  contrast  between  the  old  methods  of  extinguishing  fires — from  the 
weak  old  hand  engines  to  the  powerful  steamer — was  no  more  striking  and 


86  CIVIC  AND  INDUSTRIAL  PROCESSION. 

suggestive  than  the  contrast  between  the  old  gay  and  beautiful  uniforms  of 
the  different  volunteer  fire  companies  and  the  heavy,  solid  dress  of  the  men 
composing  the  paid  department  of  the  present  day.  The  liberal — indeed 
over-generous — disposition  of  the  "old  fireman"  was  strikingly  illustrated  in 
the  lavish  expenditure  made  in  bringing  on  and  entertaining  the  thousands 
of  their  old  "  fire-laddie"  companies,  whom  they  invited  from  all  the  cities 
of  the  Union.  The  zeal  manifested  gave  a  much  larger  exhibit  in  men  and 
material  than  was  contemplated  or  authorized  by  the  marshal,  but  must  be 
excused,  as  the  fireman,  when  once  started,  never  knows  when  to  stop;  and 
besides,  in  this  case  he  was  stimulated  not  only  by  the  old  spirit  of  the 
fireman,  that  longed  for  a  grand  display,  but  also  by  a  patriotic  sentiment 
that  impelled  him  to  give  proper  expression  to  the  love  and  devotion  that 
class  of  our  citizens  have  for  the  "  Constitution  of  our  fathers." 

NINTH    DIVISION. 

Assistant  Marshal. — CAPTAIN  JOHN  WELDE. 

Aides. — CAPTAIN  JOHN  F.  KLEINTZ,  JOHN  J.  ALTER,  JOHN  A.  MANZ. 

LAGER   BEER    BREWERS'   COMBINED   DISPLAY. 
ILLUSTRATIONS  OF  THE  PROGRESS  IN  THE  MODES  OF  BREWING  IN  ONE  HUNDRED  YEARS. 

The  Lager  Beer  Brewing  Association  of  Philadelphia,  under  authority 
of  the  Marshal,  took  upon  itself  the  entire  task  of  displaying  the  advance, 
both  in  extent  and  in  methods,  made  in  the  brewing  industry  in  the  last 
hundred  years.  No  portion  of  the  display  was  in  any  sense  a  personal 
advertisement,  not  a  single  brewing  firm  being  represented  by  name, 
although  nearly  all  of  the  larger  establishments  contributed  liberally  to 
make  the  finest  street  display  ever  made  by  the  brewers  in  the  United 
States. 

The  Brewers'  Association  handed  over  the  entire  management  of  their 
display  to  a  committee  of  arrangements,  composed  of  Messrs.  J.  E. 
Nachod,  chairman ;  Charles  Class,  and  Frederick  Feil. 

Mr.  Harry  P.  Crowell,  Secretary  of  the  Brewers'  Association,  rendered 
very  material  assistance  to  the  committee  in  the  way  of  organizing  this  por- 
tion of  the  procession.  Mr.  Crowell,  an  aide  on  Marshal  Snowden's  staff, 
was  assigned  to  the  Ninth  Division. 

The  Division  assembled  on  Oxford  Street,  east  of  Broad,  and  facing 


REPORT  OF  THE  CHIEF  MARSHAL,  87 

west.     The  Division  went  into  the  main  line  on  Broad  Street  headed  by 
the 

FRANKFORD   BAND.     (Twenty-one  pieces.)     ROBERT  PEEL,  Leader. 

The  band  rode  in  a  band-chariot,  drawn  by  four  gray  horses.  Immedi- 
ately following  the  band  was  a  mounted  standard-bearer,  Mr.  Lawrence 
Walter,  carrying  the  banner  of  the  oldest  brewers'  association  in  the  United 
States,  viz.,  the  Gambrinus  Society  of  Philadelphia.  On  one  side  of  this 
banner  was  the  coat  of  arms  of  the  society,  and  on  the  other  side  the  in- 
scription, "Gambrinus  Beneficial  Society.  Instituted  March  10,  1850, 
Philadelphia." 

After  the  chief  standard-bearer  rode  three  heralds,  in  mediaeval  cos- 
tumes, on  magnificently  caparisoned  horses.  They  were  Joseph  Geiger, 
Frederick  Assfalk,  and  Adolph  Kohlephiath.  Following  these  last  were 
three  other  standard-bearers,  also  mounted  and  in  mediaeval  dress.  They 
carried  standards  displaying  the  coat  of  arms  of  the  United  States,  of  the 
State  of  Pennsylvania,  and  of  the  City  of  Philadelphia.  Jacob  Somm, 
Henry  Gross,  and  Charles  Horn  acted  as  the  bearers. 

All  of  the  above  served  merely  as  an  introduction  to  the  main  portion 
of  the  display  which  next  passed  along,  headed  by  Assistant  Marshal 
Captain  John  Welde. 

BREWERS   ON    HORSEBACK. 

Assistant  Marshal  Welde  and  his  aides  were  mounted,  and  accompanied 
by  a  cavalcade  of  fifteen  horsemen,  all  Philadelphia  brewers.  Each  one 
was  dressed  in  a  black  suit,  high  silk  hat,  and  red  sash,  and  their  horses  all 
wore  handsomely  decorated  shabracks. 

The  names  of  the  gentlemen  constituting  this  cavalcade  were  as  follows : 
John  Berkenstock,  John  Rothacker,  Henry  Flack,  George  Weisbrod,  Wm. 
Gretz,  M.  J.  Kelly,  Joseph  Hardcastle,  Charles  Steinbach,  J.  Amrhein,  G. 
Amrhein,  Frank  Esslinger,  George  H.  Becker,  Fritz  Klein,  Otto  Manz, 
Frederick  Schauffele. 

Following  the  cavalcade  came  a  large  wagon,  drawn  by  four  gray  horses. 
The  wagon  was  loaded  with  malt  and  hops  in  bags,  and  was  decorated  with 
festoons  of  hop-vines  and  with  sheaves  of  barley. 

There  were  also  on  this  wagon  six  shields  giving  statistics  pertaining  to 
the  hop  and  malt  product  of  the  United  States.  These  were  in  order : 


88  CIVIC  AND  INDUSTRIAL  PROCESSION. 

"Annual  barley  product,  50,000,000  bushels." 
"  Acreage  in  barley,  3,000,000  acres." 
"  Annual  hop  product,  30,000,000  pounds." 
"Acreage  in  hops,  52,000  acres." 

FLOAT   No.   I. 
AN  OLD-TIME  BREWERY. 

Then  came  the  first  float,  drawn  by  four  gray  horses  in  old-fashioned 
harness.  This  float  contained  a  representation  of  an  old-time  brewery. 
First  was  a  small  copper  kettle  of  the  capacity  of  about  two  barrels  (sixty 
gallons).  This  is  the  original  kettle  in  which  was  brewed,  in  1842,  by  Mr. 
Charles  Engel,  now  of  the  Bergner  &  Engel  Brewing  Company,  the  first 
lager  beer  ever  brewed  in  this  country.  Mr.  Engel  was  then  established 
at  Lewistown,  Pa. 

In  this  kettle  beer  was  being  brewed  by  workmen  in  Continental  dress. 
In  the  early  days  of  the  brewing  industry,  copper  kettles,  such  as  the  one 
in  the  procession,  were  used.  They  were  enclosed  in  masonry,  and  the  fire 
was  applied  directly  to  the  kettle.  The  boiling  liquid  was  dipped  from  this 
kettle  to  the  mash-tub  by  hand,  and  all  of  the  operations  were  carried  on 
in  the  same  troublesome  way.  In  the  procession  this  whole  process  was 
carried  on  before  the  eyes  of  the  spectators,  to  whom  the  contrast  between 
old  and  modern  methods  of  brewing  was  made  more  evident  by  the  second 
float.  A  number  of  inscriptions  on  the  first  float  showed  the  brewing 
interest  to  have  been  connected  with  the  earliest  colonists.  These  inscrip- 
tions read  as  follows : 

"  William  Penn,  the  first  brewer  in  Philadelphia.     Product  nominal." 

"Brewers  were  represented  in  the  processional  display  of  1788,  which 
was  intended  to  celebrate  the  acceptance  of  the  Constitution." 

"  Brewers  taxed  in  1644  in  New  Amsterdam  and  Massachusetts." 

FLOAT   No.  2. 
A  MODERN  BREWERY. 

On  the  second  float  was  a  small  representation  of  a  modern  brewery, 
This  showed  the  improvement  over  old  methods,  by  use  of  steam  and  ma-r 
chinery.  The  float  carried  a  steam  engine  and  pump,  a  copper  boiler,  and 
modern  machine.  Some  idea  could  be  obtained  from  this  portion  of  the 


REPORT  OF  THE  CHIEF  MARSHAL.  89 

display  of  the  rapidity  and  ease  with  which  brewing  is  now  carried  on  in 
contrast  with  old  methods. 

All  boiling  is  now  done  by  steam  instead  of  by  direct  firing,  as  formerly, 
and  any  change  of  liquid  from  boiler  to  mash-tub  is  accomplished  by 
steam-pumping.  This  float  also  bore  statistics  as  given  below,  intended  to 
show  the  vast  growth  of  the  business  in  recent  years,  and  the  advantage 
to  the  community  at  large  in  the  employment  of  laborers  and  payment  of 
wages : 

"  Annual  product,  22,500,000  barrels." 

"  Number  of  establishments,  3167." 

"  Capital  invested,  $140,000,000." 

"  Number  of  hands  employed,  35,000." 

"Annual  wages  paid,  $25,000,000." 

"  Average  annual  wages  paid  each  employe,  over  $700." 

"Annual  taxes  paid  to  government,  $22,500,000." 

"Value  of  annual  product,  $148,500,000." 

"  Value  of  materials  employed,  $74,500,000." 
\ 

FLOAT  No.  3. 
"  BEER  THE  STAFF  OF  LIFE." 

The  third  float  carried  a  beautiful  allegorical  representation.  On  the  float 
was  erected  a  large  Gothic  temple,  bearing  in  front  a  curiously-designed 
Baldachin.  Within  the  temple,  upon  a  gilded  throne,  sat  King  Gambrinus, 
to  whom  the  goddess  Hebe  was  offering  nectar,  which  Gambrinus  refused, 
preferring  beer  instead.  At  the  four  corners  of  the  tower  were  four  persons 
representing  the  four  trades  connected  with  the  old  monastic  breweries. 
Hops  and  grain  were  pictured  by  two  females,  Pomona  and  Ceres.  A 
damsel  sat  at  the  king's  feet,  while  before  him  stood  two  pages. 

Around  the  body  of  the  float,  and  concealing  the  wheels,  were  beauti- 
fully-illuminated inscriptions,  "  Beer,  Staff  of  Life,  and  Best  Promoter  of 
True  Temperance."  On  the  rear  of  the  float  hung  another  inscription, — 

"  Hopfen  und  Malz, — Gott  erhalts." 

The  whole  was  drawn  by  sixteen  magnificent  iron-gray  horses,  four 
abreast,  loaned  for  the  occasion  by  the  brewing  firm  of  Weisbrod  &  Hess. 

Surrounding  the  float  were  ten  outriders  in  the  showy  costume  of  the 
sixteenth  century,  acting  as  guard  of  honor  to  the  king. 
VOL.  ii. — 13 


90  CIVIC  AND  INDUSTRIAL  PROCESSION. 

FLOAT  No.  4. 
WORK  OF  THE  COOPERS. 

The  coopers'  interest  was  displayed  on  the  fourth  float,  which  was  drawn 
by  four  gray  horses.  On  it  was  a  specimen  of  a  large  tun,  such  as  is  now 
used  to  store  beer  in,  preparatory  to  its  being  filled  into  smaller  kegs.  This 
was  labelled  "Capacity,  120  gallons;"  also  a  diminutive  barrel.  The  float 
was  decorated  with  evergreens,  and  was  manned  by  coopers  from  the  estab- 
lishment of  Mr.  Philip  Spather. 

FLOAT  No.  5. 
"  WINE,  WOMAN,  AND  SONG." 

Last  and  most  magnificent  of  all  was  the  fifth  float,  carrying  an  alle- 
gorical display  of  "  Mirth  and  Song."  The  followers  of  Gambrinus.  The 
allegory  was  illustrative  of  Martin  Luther's  reputed  saying : 

"  Wer  nicht  liebt  Wein,  Weib,  und  Gesang, 
Der  bleibt  ein  narr  sein  leben  lang." 

Around  the  body  of  the  wagon,  and  concealing  the  wheels,  hung  a  heavy 
curtain  of  embossed  leather,  over  which  garlands  of  flowers  were  festooned. 
The  floor  of  the  wagon  was  enclosed  in  a  costly  gilded  railing,  from  the 
upper  rail  of  which  hung  another  curtain  elaborately  decorated. 

Upon  the  body  of  the  float  were  arranged  luxurious  chairs  and  divans, 
on  which  reclined  a  group  of  the  fourteenth  century  "  Minnesingers,"  who 
rendered  homage  to  woman  in  verse  and  song.  These  were  all  dressed  in 
the  fantastic  minstrel  garb  of  the  Middle  Age,  and  held  in  their  hands  gilded 
lyres  and  harps.  At  frequent  intervals  these  "  Minnesingers"  sang  German 
glees,  a  feature  that  was  so  decidedly  novel  in  a  street  procession  as  to 
excite  universal  applause  among  the  spectators. 

In  the  rear  of  the  float  was  a  series  of  steps  leading  up  to  a  sort  of 
platform.  Upon  these  steps  was  a  group  representing  "  Wine,  Woman,  and 
Song."  On  top  of  the  platform  was  a  gilded  vase  filled  with  grapes  and 
hops.  The  whole  was  surmounted  by  an  arch  trimmed  with  barley  and 
hops,  and  from  a  rod  connecting  the  pillars  of  the  arch  hung  a  heavy  velvet 
curtain.  At  the  crown  of  the  arch  were  a  golden  lyre  and  flambeau. 

The  "  Minnesingers"  were  the  members  of  the  old  Philadelphia  Quar- 
tette Club,  under  the  leadership  of  Mr.  Louis  Wesbing.  As  an  escort  to 


REPORT  OF  THE  CHIEF  MARSHAL.  91 

this  tableau  were  seven  outriders  in  rich  costumes,  their  horses  having  on 
velvet  and  silver  shabracks. 

All  of  the  horses  drawing  the  floats  were  led  by  uniformed  workmen 
from  the  breweries.  The  whole  task  of  decorations  was  in  the  hands  of 
Mr.  Fritz  Decker,  who  has  had  charge  of  the  Brewers'  and  Cannstatter 
displays  for  twelve  years. 

Following  in  rear  of  the  Brewers'  display,  not  included  in  that  division, 
came  the  exhibit  of  Cunningham  &  Co., — bottlers. 

This  firm  made  an  exhibit  upon  three  floats,  each  drawn  by  four  horses. 

FLOAT  No.  i. 

The  first  float  carried  a  pair  of  cylinders,  containing  "  liquid  car- 
bonate," or  compressed  carbonic  acid  gas.  This  is  used  for  charging 
mineral  waters  and  other  beverages  preparatory  to  bottling,  and,  in  the  case 
of  beer,  it  may  be  used  as  a  substitute  for  air-pumps. 

FLOAT  No.  2. 

The  second  wagon  carried  a  display  of  bottled  goods,  siphons,  and 
other  products  of  the  same  nature. 

FLOAT   No.  3. 

On  the  third  float  were  a  number  of  fountains,  from  which  were 
being  drawn  beverages  of  various  kinds  that  had  been  carbonated  on  the 
first  truck. 

Each  float  was  handsomely  decorated  with  flags  and  bunting. 

TENTH    DIVISION. 

Assistant  Marshal. — FRANK  P.  LEECH. 

Aides. — WM.  S.  STEEL,  E.  D.  HELMBOLD,  JAMES  BUCKMAN,  JULIUS  J. 
VOGEL. 

EXHIBIT  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES  POST-OFFICE  DEPARTMENT. 
The  employes  of  the  Post-Orifice  were  led  by  Assistant  Marshal  Frank 
P.  Leech,  followed  by  Postmaster  William  F.  Harrity,  Assistant  Postmaster 
Henry  Drake,  and  Secretary  John  V.  Loughney  in  a  barouche.  This  was 
followed  by  the  staff,  made  up  of  the  superintendents  of  division  of  the 
central  office  and  the  superintendents  of  letter-carrier  stations.  Immediately 


92  CIVIC  AND  INDUSTRIAL  PROCESSION. 

after  the  Friendship  Band  of  Chester,  Pa.,  of  twenty-five  pieces,  came  the 
post-office  banner,  made  of  light-blue  silk,  beautifully  embroidered  in  gold, 
and  bearing  the  inscription,  "  Post-Office  Department."  The  officers  in 
command  and  a  body  of  two  hundred  and  fifty  clerks  followed,  marching 
ten  abreast,  and  attired  in  the  regulation  uniform  of  blue  caps,  coats,  and 
breeches.  Behind  these  a  mounted  postman  of  one  hundred  years  ago 
was  represented,  in  the  person  of  Lewis  P.  Yerkes,  appropriately  arrayed 
in  the  knee-breeches,  long  brown  coat,  low  shoes,  and  cocked  hat  which 
went  to  make  up  the  Continental  costume.  Across  the  pommel  of  the 
saddle  was  slung  two  mail-bags  of  the  style  used  a  century  ago.  A  con- 
trast to  this  followed  in  the  shape  of  a  platoon  of  five  wagons  of  different 
styles,  representing  those  in  use  in  our  modern  mail-messenger  service. 
The  first  one  was  a  two-wheeled  vehicle,  drawn  by  one  horse,  and  used  in 
light  service ;  the  second,  a  four-wheeled  wagon,  with  two  horses,  used  in  the 
medium  heavy  service,  and  the  remaining  three  heavy  mail-wagons,  able  to 
sustain  great  weight. 

FLOAT. 

Next  came  a  representation  from  the  clerical  department  of  the  Post- 
Office  on  a  float  On  this  were  the  stamping  tables,  the  stamping  machines, 
letter-cases,  and  other  utensils  used  in  the  work,  while  among  them  were, 
half  a  dozen  clerks  busily  employed  in  stamping,  casing,  distributing,  and, 
pouching  postal-cards  to  be  sent  from  certain  points  on  the  route  of  the 
procession  to  the  different  railroad  stations.  In  this  work  the  newly-adopted 
postal-card  cancelling  machines  were  used,  while  the  postal-cards  themselves 
represented  on  the  face  the  mail  transportation  of  1787  by  a  wood-cut  of 
a  Continental  mail-carrier,  and  stated  the  name  of  the  Postmaster-General, 
"  Ebenezer  Hazard,"  together  with  the  following  statistics  : 

Number  of  post-offices,  75. 

Number  of  postmasters  and  clerks,   175. 

Number  of  letter-carriers,  none. 

Registered  letters,  none. 

Upon  the  back  of  this  card  was  engraved  a  locomotive  and  mail-car 
representing  the  method  of  mail  transportation  now :  above  this  engraving 
was  inscribed, — 

United  States  Post-Office  Department,   1887. 

Postmaster-General,  W.  F.  Vilas. 


REPORT  OF  THE  CHIEF  MARSHAL.  93 

Number  of  post-offices,  55,157. 

Number  of  postmasters  and  clerks,  63,087. 

Number  of  letter-carriers,  5707. 

Money  orders,  8,190,302. 

Registered  letters  and  parcels,  12,395,029. 

Amount,  $115,635,821.19. 

Letters,  newspapers,  etc.,  average  handled  daily  at  Philadelphia,  Pa., 
1,062,570. 

These  cards  were  issued  from  the  float  as  it  passed  over  the  route.  On 
the  sides  of  the  float  were  eight  shields  giving  statistical  information  con- 
trasting the  periods  of  1787  and  1887. 

Second  Section. 

Leading  the  Second  Section  was  a  body  of  twenty-five  special-delivery 
boys,  wearing  the  regulation  gray  caps,  and  carrying  short  canes.  The 
Sixth  Regiment  Band  of  New  Jersey,  of  twenty-five  pieces,  followed,  and 
behind  it  came  five  hundred  and  fifty  carriers  in  gray  uniforms  and  straw 
helmets,  marching  twelve  abreast,  and  carrying  light  bamboo  canes,  with  red, 
white,  and  blue  flags  interspersed  here  and  there  along  the  line.  Half-way 
down  the  column,  the  color  company  was  stationed,  bearing  two  national 
flags,  and  two  State  flags.  Four  handsomely  decorated  wagons,  used  for 
conveying  the  carriers  to  and  from  their  routes,  concluded  the  post-office 
exhibit. 

EXHIBIT  OF   THE   UNITED   STATES   MINT. 

Sub-Marshal. — HARRY  A.  CHESTER. 

Aides. — H.  A.  McKANE,  ROBT.  S.  MONKS,  HARRY  C.  WARNER,  CHARLES 
SUMMERS,  GEO.  W.  GORDON. 

RINGGOLD   BAND   OF   READING.     (Thirty  pieces.) 

Committee  of  arrangements,  each  man  wearing  a  badge  with  the  in- 
scription, "  United  States  Mint  of  Philadelphia,  1787-1887." 

White  silk  banner,  with  Washington  and  Cleveland's  portraits  painted 
thereon.  Presented  by  the  lady  employes  of  the  Mint,  in  commemoration 
of  the  Centennial  of  the  Constitution. 

Two  hundred  and  fifty  men  marching  in  platoons  of  twelve,  headed  by 
a  captain. 


94  CIVIC  AND  INDUSTRIAL  PROCESSION. 

FLOAT 
Carrying  fac-simile  of  old  wooden  press  (first  used  in  the  United  States 

Mint). 

FLOAT 

Carrying  the  latest   style   coining  press,  with  boiler  and   engineer  ready 
for  operation. 

EXHIBIT  OF  THE   COMMERCIAL   ICE   COMPANY. 

This  company  exhibited  the  old  and  new  mode  of  delivering  ice,  by 
showing  an  old-fashioned  two-wheeled  cart  such  as  was  used  in  delivering 
ice  in  1835,  driven  by  a  driver  that  was  in  the  ice  business  at  that  time, 
with  the  tools  of  that  date,  followed  by  seven  wagons  of  the  newest 
pattern  in  use  by  the  ice  trade,  drawn  by  four  horses  each,  one  float 
drawn  by  four  horses  exhibiting  sculpturing  from  solid  blocks  of  ice ;  sub- 
jects, goddess  of  liberty,  with  shield  and  eagle,  on  pedestal  of  ice,  Ameri- 
can eagle,  swan,  and  elephant.  These  pieces  were  cut  by  the  chisel  in  the 
same  manner  as  marble  figures  are  cut,  and  were  handsomely-finished 
models.  The  company  also  had  one  supply-wagon  and  two  patent  coal- 
wagons.  The  display  was  in  charge  of  three  of  the  company's  foremen 
mounted  and  thirty-six  employes  on  wagons ;  vehicles  numbered  twelve, 
drawn  by  thirty-nine  horses. 

EXHIBIT  OF  THE  KNICKERBOCKER   ICE  COMPANY. 

This  company  made  an  exhibit  as  follows : 

Man  on  horseback,  carrying  a  banner  bearing  the  legend,  "  Knicker- 
bocker Ice  Company." 

The  marshal,  E.  S.  Norvell,  clad  in  costume  to  represent  the  original 
Knickerbocker. 

FLOAT   No.  i. 

An  old-fashioned  whitewashed  ice-house,  built  on  a  float,  representing 
the  old  method  of  storing  ice  in  1827,  viz.,  by  hoisting  up  the  ice  with 
an  old-fashioned  pair  of  hoisting  tongs.  On  the  front  of  the  house  was 
the  legend,  "  Cold  wave  flag."  Alongside  this  float  was  an  old  cart  cov- 
ered with  canvas,  intended  to  represent  the  old  method  of  serving  ice  in 
1827.  On  this  cart  the  following  notice  was  attached: 

ICE. 

(  Bushel,  80  Ibs.,  6  shillings. 

1827. 

^  .           {  Peck,      20     "      2 

rnces.     j 

Quarter,  5     "      i 


REPORT  OF  THE   CHIEF  MARSHAL.  95 

FLOAT  No.  2. 

A  large  float,  containing  a  miniature  modern  ice-elevator,  with  endless 
chain,  engine,  and  boiler ;  machine  at  work  filling  house  with  genuine  ice. 

A  handsomely-painted  ice-wagon,  with  pictures  on  the  sides  of  the 
body.  Subjects:  A  Yacht  Race  on  the  Schuylkill,  and  a  Toboggan 
Slide. 

An  open  wagon,  filled  with  highly-polished  ice-tools  and  utensils,  all 
made  at  the  company's  works  in  this  city. 

A  supply  ice-wagon  loaded  with  ice. 

Cart  loaded  with  wood.     The  fuel  of  1827. 

Patent  improved  chute  coal-wagon,  loaded  with  coal.  The  fuel  of  to- 
day. 

Fifty  employes,  all  in  the  company's  uniform,  occupied  the  different 
wagons,  wherever  space  would  permit. 

EXHIBIT  OF    THE    RIDGWAY   REFRIGERATOR    MANUFACTURING    COMPANY. 

The  exhibit  of  this  company  was  made  upon  two  floats,  drawn  by  eight 
horses,  and  accompanied  by  ten  men,  divided  as  follows  : 

FLOAT  No.  I. 

The  first  float  contained  a  large  hotel  refrigerator,  in  the  course  of 
construction;  three  carpenters,  one  painter,  and  one  foreman  being  en- 
gaged in  the  work. 

FLOAT   No.   2. 

On  the  second  float  were  shown  completed  refrigerators  for  household 
butchers  and  hotel  use ;  in  one  of  the  latter  was  a  handsome  display  of 
fruits.  A  colored  attendant  accompanied  the  last  float.  Each  float  had 
two  drivers. 

The  firm  was  unable  to  present  comparisons  between  1787  and  1887,  as 
refrigerators  have  been  in  use  only  a  few  years. 

MUTUAL  BENEFICIAL   ICE   COMPANY  OF   NEW  YORK. 
Supply-wagon,  handsomely  decorated. 


96  CIVIC  AND  INDUSTRIAL  PROCESSION. 

ELEVENTH    DIVISION. 

Assistant  Marshal. — J.  T.  SPITTALL. 

Aides. — JOHN  BELLVILLE,  G.  B.  CONNOR,  JOHN  LENTENER,  R.  PICKET. 

DISPLAY   BY   THE   KNIGHTS   OF   THE   GOLDE.N   EAGLE. 
This  organization  had  five  thousand  members  in  the  parade,  and  with 
their  rich  uniforms,  magnificent  banners,  and  elaborately-prepared  tableaux 
attracted  universal  admiration  and  applause  from  the  spectators. 

Chief  Marshal  of  the  Order. — JOHN  T.  SPITTALL. 

Adjutant. — ROBERT  J.  LUMPKIN. 

Bugler. — EDWARD  KILPATRICK. 

Chief  of  Staff. — DAVIS  CASSELBERRY,  all  of  Philadelphia. 

Aides  to  Chief  Marshal  (in  platoons  of  six). — ALEX.  P.  DUTTON,  WIL- 
LIAM H.  IRWIN,  THEO.  PROBEST,  FRANK  N.  CINDER,  J.  SENDERLING,  W. 
COPPING,  C.  M.  BETZ,  GEORGE  M.  HALLMAN,  HARRY  STUTZ,  GEORGE  S. 
MITCHELL,  S.  PATRICK,  J.  HARRY  VAN  HORN,  ROBERT  R.  HODGE,  and 
JOHN  W.  MICKLE,  of  Philadelphia ;  J.  C.  GOODING,  of  Washington,  D.  C. ; 
DAVID  BUIST,  of  Phoenixville,  Pa. ;  W.  BOYD  FOWLER,  of  Williamsport, 
Pa. ;  JAMES  R.  NIXON,  of  Atlantic  City,  N.  J. ;  GEORGE  L.  FRAZEE  and 
CHARLES  E.  LANE,  of  Camden,  N.  J. ;  EDWARD  H.  FENTON,  of  Jamison, 
Pa.,  all  of  whom  were  mounted. 

First  Subdivision. 

Marshal  of  First  Subdivision. — WILLIAM  H.  SENDERLING,  M.D.,  of 
Philadelphia. 

Aides. — E.  H.  RYAN,  H.  E.  YOUNG,  D.  TAYLOR,  and  JOSEPH  SENTNER, 
of  Philadelphia;  JOHN  D.  JAMES,  of  Doylestown,  Pa.;  I.  H.  SUPPLEE,  of 
Ardmore,  Pa. 

This  was  followed  by  twelve  sir  knights  mounted,  attired  in  the  armor 

of  the   crusaders  of  the   earlier   Christian   centuries,   and  a  cavalcade  of 

one  hundred  and  fifty  mounted  knights,  besides  Kenilworth  Castle,  No. 

12,  of  Philadelphia,  sixty-five  men,  Captain  James  W.  Crawford;  banner. 

GERMANIA   CORNET   BAND,   OF   EGG   HARBOR,   N.   J.     (Sixteen  pieces.) 

Girard  Castle,  No.  50,  of  Philadelphia,  thirty  men. 
Wissahickon  Castle,  No.   121,  of  Falls  of  Schuylkill,  twenty-five  men, 
Captain   Samuel   L.   Burgess,  who  acted  as  escort  to  the  chief  marshal, 


REPORT  OF  THE  CHIEF  MARSHAL.  97 

Andrew  J.  Flowers,  and  the  following  aides :  J.  Harry  Lewis,  George 
Diemer,  Richard  Cope,  P.  J.  Umsted,  and  George  Collins,  of  Philadel- 
phia. 

FLOAT   No.  I. 

Tableaux  furnished  by  committee  of  delegates  from  each  castle.  The 
motto  of  the  order — "  Fidelity,  Valor,  and  Honor" — was  represented  in  the 
highest  style  of  the  decorator's  art.  The  float  was  twelve  by  twenty-six 
feet,  and  was  drawn  by  six  black  horses,  which  were  handsomely  decorated. 
On  each  of  the  animals  was  a  knight  in  a  suit  of  armor,  which  blazoned 
and  glistened  in  the  sunlight. 

"  Fidelity"  was  represented  by  a  castle,  in  imitation  of  marble,  sur- 
rounded with  rocks.  It  was  seventeen  feet  high  and  eight  and  a  half  feet  in 
length.  The  gates  of  the  entrance  were  closed.  Two  knights  in  armor 
were  guarding  the  approaches.  A  page  of  the  king  of  the  invading  army 
was  endeavoring  to  bribe  the  sentinels  to  permit  him  to  enter,  so  as  to 
ascertain  the  strength  of  the  garrison.  The  guards  proved  their  fidelity  by 
refusing  his  offers  of  gold,  which,  in  bags,  was  at  his  side. 

"  Valor"  was  presented  by  a  knight  with  spear  and  shield  on  a  prancing 
horse.  Beneath  his  feet  were  three  enemies,  slain  in  combat,  and  the  visitor 
was  charging  on  two  other  soldiers. 

"  Honor"  was  represented  by  Past-Chief  John  W.  Baker,  of  Keystone 
Castle,  No.  I,  of  this  city.  He  was  the  first  candidate  initiated  into  the 
Order  in  this  State.  Another  sir  knight  was  in  the  act  of  placing  on  his 
head  a  golden  crown. 

The  sides  of  the  float  were  painted  in  imitation  of  rocks.  There  were 
seven  men  and  one  boy  in  the  tableau. 

Mounted  knights  in  fatigue  uniform. 

Second  Subdivision. 

Keystone  Castle  and  Commandery,  No.  I,  of  Philadelphia,  fifty  men, 
Captain  William  E.  Steinbach,  with  the  original  banner  in  Pennsylvania. 

METROPOLITAN   BAND,   OF   COLUMBIA,    PA.     (Fourteen  pieces.) 

Crescent  Commandery,  No.  98,  of  West  Philadelphia,  fifty  men,  Captain 
Robert  Johnson. 

VOL.  II. — 14 


98  CIVIC  AND  INDUSTRIAL  PROCESSION. 

Southwark  Castle,  No.  21,  of  Philadelphia,  fifty  men,  Captain  Frank 
Stirling,  banner.  And  delegations  of  Apollo  Castle,  No.  3 ;  Warwick 
Castle,  No.  17;  and  Meade  Castle,  No.  64;  all  of  Philadelphia. 

Garfield  Castle,  of  Lebanon,  thirty-two  men,  Captain  G.  A.  Breckin- 
reed. 

Crusaders'  Castle,  No.  5,  of  Philadelphia,  seventy-eight  men,  Captain 
William  J.  Moore ;  Herald  Castle,  No.  6,  of  Philadelphia,  forty  men,  Cap- 
tain Alpheus  K.  Long;  Aurora  Castle,  No.  15,  of  Philadelphia,  thirty-five 
men,  Captain  William  Stewart. 

FIDELITY   FIFE   AND   DRUM   CORPS.     (Twenty  pieces.) 

FLOAT   No.  I. 

Tableaux  furnished  by  Pilgrim  Castle,  No.  7,  of  Philadelphia.  The  idea 
represented  on  this  float  was  by  a  tableau,  comparing  the  trials  and  vicissi- 
tudes of  the  worshippers  and  defenders  of  the  cross  of  the  earlier  Christian 
centuries  with  the  religious  freedom  enjoyed  in  this  country  at  the  present 
day.  The  float  was  sixteen  feet  long.  On  the  rear  was  constructed  a  large 
cave,  formed  of  rocks,  in  which  the  cross  was  conspicuously  displayed. 
At  the  entrance,  seated  on  a  rock,  was  a  pilgrim,  dressed  in  the  garb  of  the 
early  ages.  He  leaned  his  head  on  his  right  hand,  in  which  was  a  crook 
staff.  In  front  of  the  cave  was  a  knight  in  full  armor.  He  had  pursued  a 
foe  of  the  cross,  who,  in  his  flight,  dropped  the  banner  of  Mohammed. 
The  knight  had  broken  the  staff  and  was  trampling  the  distasteful  ensign 
beneath  his  foot.  On  top  of  the  cave  was  the  handsome  banner  of  Pilgrim 
Castle,  to  illustrate  that  the  Knights  of  the  Golden  Eagle  rests  on  eternal 
rocks, — a  solid  foundation.  In  the  rear  of  the  cave  was  the  figure  "  7,"  the 
number  of  the  castle.  On  the  front  of  the  float  the  bust  of  Washington 
appeared  in  the  centre  of  the  date  "  1787,"  to  represent  Washington,  the 
president  of  the  Convention,  as  the  centre  of  attraction  at  that  time.  The 
monogram  "  K.  G.  E."  was  in  the  date  "  1887."  The  sides  of  the  float  were 
formed  of  bark  containing  the  name  "  Pilgrim."  In  the  corners  were  cedar 
logs  representing  the  twelve  States  which  met  in  the  Convention.  Pioneer 
axes  pierced  the  tops  of  the  logs.  The  float  was  seventeen  and  a  half  feet 
high. 

Pilgrim  Castle,  No.  7,  of  Philadelphia,  fifty  men,  Captain  Edwin  H. 
Jones ;  banner. 


REPORT  OF  THE  CHIEF  MARSHAL.  99 

WOODBURY   CORNET   BAND,   OF   WOODBURY,   N.   J.     (Twenty  pieces.) 

Harris  Commandery,  No.  20,  of  Philadelphia,  fifty  men,  Captain  Edward 
H.  Dooley,  prize-drill  flag ;  Harris  Castle,  No.  20,  of  Philadelphia,  seventy- 
five  men,  Past-Chief  Hugo  Rohr ;  banner. 

ATHLETIC   BAND.     (Twenty  pieces.) 

This  castle  carried  a  magnificent  silk  national  flag,  won  at  Atlantic 
City  as  a  reward  for  superior  drilling,  August  I,  1887. 

Excelsior  Commandery,  No.  16,  and  Excelsior  Castle,  No.  32,  of  Phila- 
delphia, sixty  men,  Captain  Nicholas  Jones ;  banner. 

Columbia  Castle,  No.  10,  of  Philadelphia,  fifty  men,  Captain  Wm.  H. 
Woodward,  First  Lieutenant  Harry  L.  Roat,  Second  Lieutenant  F.  M. 
Hunsicker;  banner. 

BRIDGEPORT   BAND,  OF   BRIDGEPORT,  PA.     (Twenty  pieces  ) 

Reynolds  Castle,  No.  44,  of  Pottstown,  twenty  men,  Captain  Lyman  H. 
Missimer;  banner. 

White  Cross  Castle,  No.  31,  of  Roxborough,  forty  men,  Captain  A.  Rit- 
tenhouse;  banner. 

Waverley  Commandery  and  Castle,  No.  13,  of  West  Philadelphia,  one 
hundred  and  ninety  men :  Major,  Randolph  M.  Trout ;  Staff  Surgeon,  J.  M. 
Brown;  Quartermaster,  A.  B.  Mingus;  Adjutant,  J.  W.  McElfras;  Sergeant- 
Major,  C.  H.  Burrell  (all  mounted).  Company  A,  forty  men,  Captain  Joseph 
S.  Pusey;  First  Lieutenant  W.  Gibson,  Second  Lieutenant  Joseph  Scott. 
Company  B,  forty  men,  Captain  John  C.  Wright,  First  Lieutenant  I.  Wor- 
rell, Second  Lieutenant  John  B.  Pearce.  Company  C,  forty  men,  Captain 
James  E.  Clark,  First  Lieutenant  M.  F.  Kennedy.  Castle,  seventy  men, 
Noble-Chief  James  Welder ;  banner. 

JEFFERSON   BAND.     (Eighteen  pieces.) 

Oriental  Castle,  No.  25,  of  Philadelphia,  forty  men,  Sir  Herald  Charles 
A.  Bazen. 

Pennsylvania  Commandery,  No.  14,  of  Philadelphia,  fifty  men,  Captain 
D.  A.  Biggard. 

Pennsylvania  Castle,  No.  14,  of  Philadelphia,  one  hundred  men,  Noble- 
Chief  John  B.  Vandergrift,  with  banner,  escorting  Crusaders'  Commandery, 
No.  4,  of  Burlington,  N.  J.,  thirty-five  men. 


IOO  CIVIC  AND  INDUSTRIAL  PROCESSION. 

KEARNEY  POST   FIFE   AND    DRUM  BAND,   OF   FRANKFORD.     (Sixteen  pieces.) 

Olive  Castle,  No.  18,  of  Philadelphia,  seventy-five  men,  Sir  Herald 
Charles  B.  Vanderherchen. 

WEIR'S   CORNET   BAND,  OF   BELVIDERE,  N.  J.     (Twenty-five  pieces.) 

Third  Subdivision. 

Assistant  Sub-Marshal. — CHARLES  LAING,  of  Philadelphia. 
Aides. — B.  G.  HITCHNER,  WASHINGTON  J.  LOWRY,  S.  K.  HYATT,  W.  B. 
HENS,  and  EDWARD  L.  EVERETT,  of  Philadelphia. 

FLOAT   No.  3. 

Tableaux  furnished  by  St.  John's  Castle,  No.  19,  of  Philadelphia.  The 
dimensions  of  this  float  were  eight  by  sixteen  feet.  The  scene  represented 
was  that  of  the  pillars  and  arch  of  an  entrance  to  a  castle,  in  imitation  of 
marble.  The  work  was  surmounted  by  a  large  golden  eagle.  Beneath  was 
St.  John,  with  several  Crusade  knights  in  armor.  In  the  foreground,  planted 
on  a  mound  of  rocks,  was  the  banner  of  the  Castle.  The  float  was  appro- 
priately draped  with  the  colors  of  the  order, — blue,  black,  and  red, — relieved 
with  spears,  shields,  and  various  portions  of  armor.  The  wagon  was  drawn 
by  four  horses,  which  were  gayly  caparisoned. 

St.  John's  Commandery,  No.  19,  of  Philadelphia,  forty  men,  Captain  Wil- 
liam Betzoldt;  St.  John's  Castle,  No.  19,  of  Philadelphia,  sixty  men,  Noble- 
Chief  John  Ross  ;  banner. 

KEYSTONE   BAND,   OF   BOYERTOWN,   PA.     (Eighteen  pieces.) 

Red  Cross  Castle,  No.  30,  of  Nicetown,  forty-five  men,  Captain  Alfred 
B.  Wannop ;  banner. 

HARMER   FIFE   AND   DRUM   CORPS,   OF   GERMANTOWN.      (Sixteen  pieces.) 

St.  George  Castle,  No.  60,  forty-five  men,  W.  H.  Gatchell,  Commander ; 
banner. 

Norris  Commandery,  No.  21,  of  Norristown,  fifty  men,  and  Hancock 
Castle,  No.  88,  of  Norristown,  forty  men,  Captain  Samuel  E.  Curil. 

SONS  OF   AMERICA   DRUM   CORPS,   OF   NORRISTOWN.      (Fifteen  pieces.) 

Chosen  Friends  Commandery,  No.  18,  of  Philadelphia,  seventy-five  men, 
Captain  F.  W,  Leng  ;  banner. 


REPORT  OF  THE  CHIEF  MARSHAL.  IOI 

EXCELSIOR   BAND,  OF   BALTIMORE,  MD.     (Twenty  pieces.) 

Officers  of  the  Grand  Castle  of  Pennsylvania,  escorted  by  Cyrene  Com- 
mandery  and  Castle,  No.  27,  of  Philadelphia,  as  follows  : 

Past-Grand  Chief. — C.  G.  SIMON. 

Grand  Chief. — CHARLES  H.  HUSTON. 

Grand  Vice-Chief. — Louis  E.  STILZ. 

Grand  High  Priest. — E.  W.  CLEVENGER. 

Grand  Master  of  Records. — J.  D.  BARNES. 

Grand  Keeper  of  Exchequer. — CHARLES  A.  BICKEL. 

Grand  Sir  Herald. — A.  C.  LYTTLE. 

Grand  First  Guardsman. — A.  J.  HENNING. 

Grand  Second  Guardsman. — CHAS.  T.  DOLE. 

Cyrene  Commandery,  No.  27,  of  Philadelphia,  seventy-five  men,  Captain 
George  Blaese ;  Cyrene  Castle,  No.  27,  thirty  men,  Sir  Herald  Charles  H. 
Rebsher ;  banner. 

KIMBERTON   CORNET   BAND,  OF   CHESTER   COUNTY,  PA.     (Eighteen   pieces.) 

St.  Paul's  Commandery,  No.  90,  of  Philadelphia,  forty  men,  Captain 
Thos.  T.  Flick ;  Melita  Castle,  No.  90,  of  Philadelphia,  thirty  men,  Sir 
Herald  Wm.  Oswell ;  banner. 

America  Commandery,  No.  35,  of  Philadelphia,  forty-five  men,  Captain 
Robert  J.  Craig. 

America  Castle,  No.  35,  of  Philadelphia,  sixty  men,  Noble-Chief  H.  C. 
Kercher;  banner. 

AMERICUS    FIFE   AND   DRUM   CORPS.     (Twenty   men.) 

Escorting  Fidelity  Commandery  and  America  Castle,  No.  12,  of  Haddon- 
field,  N.  J.,  twenty  men,  Captain  Charles  S.  Holland. 

Spartan  Castle  and  Commandery,  No.  97,  of  Frankford,  fifty  men, 
Captain  Lewis  M.  Evans;  banner. 

Antioch  Commandery,  No.  38,  of  Philadelphia,  forty-five  men,  Captain 
Harry  Belville. 

UNION   BAND,   OF   LAWRENCEVILLE,   PA.     (Sixteen  men.) 

St.  Victor  Castle,  No.  43,  of  Philadelphia,  one  hundred  men,  Captain 
Wm.  V.  Fratz ;  banner,  American  flag,  State  flag. 


IO2  CIVIC  AND  INDUSTRIAL  PROCESSION. 

FRANKENFIELD  BAND,  OF   WEST   PHILADELPHIA.     (Twenty   pieces.) 

Iron  Bridge  Castle,  No.  104,  of  Iron  Bridge,  thirty-six  men,  Captain 
F.  C.  Rahn;  banner. 

Mount  Penn  Commandery,  No.  51,  of  Reading,  thirty  men,  Captain 
Edwin  A.  Moore. 

MORNING  CALL   DRUM   CORPS,   OF   READING.     (Fourteen  pieces.) 

Corinthian  Castle,  No.  106,  of  Philadelphia,  fifty  men,  M.  W.  Trimble, 
Commander. 

Phoenix  Commandery,  No.  29,  of  Phoenixville,  Pa. 

CHESTER   SPRINGS  MILITARY   BAND,    OF   CHESTER   SPRINGS.     (Eleven   pieces.) 

Penn  Township  Castle,  No.  65,  of  Philadelphia,  fifty  men,  Joseph  A. 
Lehman,  Commander. 

POST   5   FIFE  AND   DRUM    CORPS.     (Twenty-one   pieces.) 

Fourth  Subdivision. 

Assistant  Sub-Marshal. — GEORGE  E.  HAAK,  of  Reading,  Pa. 

Aides. — WM.  A.  HOFMANN,  POTTER,  FABER,  MILLER, 

JAS.  D.  HYER,  and  W.  P.  FOWLER,  of  Philadelphia ;  A.  M.  ARMBRUSTER,  of 
Washington  D.  C.,  and  WALTER  GREBB. 

Camden  Castle,  No.  i,  of  Camden,  N.  J.,  sixty  men,  Commander  Thule 
Mason. 

Washington  Castle,  No.  3,  William  H.  Slocum,  Commander,  sixty  men, 
all  accompanied  by  Mount  Holly  Band,  of  Mount  Holly,  twenty  pieces. 

White  Cross  Castle,  No.   10,  thirty-five  men,  W.  D.  Reel,  Commander. 

Castle  Rock  Castle,  No.  158,  of  Newton  Square,  fifty  men,  Captain 
Jacob  W.  Hardy. 

Wootton  Commandery,  No.  45,  thirty  men,  George  Derrick,  Commander, 
and  Ardmore  Castle,  No.  102,  Thomas  Bond,  Commander,  eighty-six  men, 
of  Ardmore. 

Ansonia  Castle,  of  Berwyn,  with  Berwyn  Cornet  Band,  twenty  pieces. 

Germania  Castle,  No.  174,  Frank  Kohler,  Commander,  thirty-six  men, 
with  a  delegation  from  Steinway  Castle,  No.  172,  of  New  York. 

The  Knights  of  the  Golden  Eagle  was  founded  in  Baltimore,  Md., 
February  6,  1873,  and  was  introduced  into  this  State  October  i,  1875.  The 


REPORT  OF  THE  CHIEF  MARSHAL.  103 

Grand  Castle  of  Pennsylvania  was  instituted  April  27,  1876.     The  Supreme 
Castle  was  organized  January  22,  1878. 

The  features  are  beneficial,  social,  and  military. 

DISPLAY   OF   THE  JUNIOR   ORDER   OF   UNITED   AMERICAN   MECHANICS. 

Sub-Marshal. — GEO.  H.  HARRIS. 

Aides. — JOHN  V.  GILLESPY,  WM.  ATKINSON,  M.  T.  FARRA,  JOHN  A. 
MARTIN,  C.  KUHN,  S.  B.  MENCH. 

This  organization  paraded  in  the  following  order : 

GOOD-WILL   CORNET   BAND.     (Eighteen  pieces.) 

Kensington  Council,  No.  5,  of  Philadelphia;  Marshal,  Wm.  Bonine; 
Assistants,  Benj.  H.  Phill,  Jr.,  and  Eugene  Daubert ;  one  banner,  three  flags, 
and  one  hundred  members. 

NEW   BRUNSWICK    BRASS    BAND.     (Eighteen  pieces.) 

Resolution  Council,  No.  6,  of  Philadelphia;  Marshal,  Wm.  F.  Bowers; 
Assistants,  J.  Berringer  and  Wm.  Mann ;  one  flag  and  fifty  members. 
GLEN  ROSE   BAND.     (Seventeen  pieces.) 

Fame  Council,  No.  10,  of  Roxborough;  Marshal,  W.  F.  Steele ;  Assis- 
tant, H.  M.  Dagar;  one  flag  and  forty  members. 

CLAREMONT   CORNET   BAND.     (Nineteen  pieces.) 

Keystone   Council,    No.    11,   of   Manayunk;    Marshal,   John   Jaggers ; 
Assistant,  S.  Burkhead ;  one  flag  and  one  hundred  members. 
GREBLE   FIFE   AND   DRUM   CORPS.     (Twenty-one  pieces.) 

Greble  Council,  No.  13,  of  Philadelphia;  Marshal,  Harry  Johnson; 
Assistants,  S.  C.  Weadley  and  George  Alexander ;  one  flag  and  one  hun- 
dred and  ten  members. 

PENNSYLVANIA   RESERVES   BAND.     (Fourteen  pieces.) 

Rescue  Council,  No.  15,  of  Philadelphia;  Marshal,  Fred.  Arnold;  As- 
sistants, Wm.  T.  Buck  and  M.  Ackey ;  one  flag  and  sixty  members. 

SCHLICHTER   CORNET   BAND.     (Twenty  pieces.) 

^Eolian  Council,  No.  17,  of  Philadelphia;  Marshal,  Henry  N.  Tomsin; 
Assistants,  George  B.  Wordinger  and  John  S.  Ogden ;  five  flags  and  ninety 
members. 


104  CIVIC  AND  INDUSTRIAL  PROCESSION, 

LIBERTY   FIFE   AND   DRUM   CORPS.     (Ten  pieces.) 

Enterprise  Council,  No.  6,  of  Trenton,  N.  J.;  Marshal,  Fred.  Gilkyson; 
Assistant,  J.  Worrel ;  two  flags  and  sixty  members. 

Diamond  Council,  No.  14,  of  Gloucester,  N.  J.;  Marshal,  J.  P.  Brown; 
fifteen  members. 

Perseverance  Council,  No.  30,  of  Vineland,  N.  J. ;  Marshal,  C.  L.  Porick; 
forty-five  members. 

American  Star  Council,  No.  49,  of  West  Philadelphia;  Marshal,  J.  Huber; 
fifteen  members. 

Fairview  Council,  No.  52,  of  West  Philadelphia;  Marshal,  E.  Sherloch; 
Assistants,  J.  H.  Beckley  and  J.  H.  Little ;  one  flag  and  forty-five  members. 

LIBERTY   FLUTE   AND   DRUM   CORPS.    (Twenty-one  pieces.) 

Vigilant  Council,  No.  69,  of  Philadelphia ;  Marshal,  W.  L.  Reeve ;  As- 
sistants, Wm.  Magee  and  H.  S.  Wrightson  ;  three  flags  and  one  hundred  and 
ten  members. 

Mantua  Council,  No.  83,  of  Philadelphia ;  Marshal,  W.  F.  Eidel ;  As- 
sistants, A.  M.  Wetzell  and  J.  A.  Turner ;  one  flag  and  forty  members. 

SCIENCE   COUNCIL   BAND.     (Eighteen  pieces.) 

Science  Council,  No.  127,  of  Philadelphia;  Marshal,  C.  T.  Arnold"  Jr. ; 
Assistants,  George  Keichline  and  S.  Hoppenkoefer ;  three  flags  and  one 
hundred  and  ten  members. 

John  E.  Armstrong  Council,  No.  130,  of  Philadelphia;  Marshal,  J.  H. 
Jones ;  twenty  men. 

Total  number  of  men  in  line,  1230. 

TWELFTH   DIVISION. 

Assistant  Marshal. — J.  Z.  BATTEN. 

Aides. — S.  RANDALL,  E.  T.  SHAW,  JOHN  BROMLEY,  Jr.,  THOMAS  BROM- 
LEY, Jr. 

TEXTILE   AND   TEXTILE   MACHINERY. 
FLAX  AND  HEMP.     EXHIBITED  BY  JOHN  T.  BAILEY  &  Co. 

This  firm  illustrated  the  industry  in  flax  and  hemp,  particulary  the 
manufacture  of  flax  and  hemp  twine,  cord,  sash  cord,  harvesting  twine, 
packing  yarns,  marline  or  shippers'  twine,  house  lines,  bailing  twines  for 


SHA  L.  105 

indus- 


dred  and  fift 
two  carriages 


Next  was  a  i- 
;ked.     On  tru 
ne  were  madi 
1  present  mani: 
i  sewing  of  K 
at  advance  n 
h  the  olden  ti 
continue^ 
on  the  fl 


lowing  th 
.  Diking  fc 
route. 


Next  came  ;< 

• 

ment. 
Brii 


NT0.    2. 


106  CIVIC  AND  INDUSTRIAL  PROCESSION. 

WOOLLENS   AND   WORSTEDS. 
EXHIBIT  BY  FOLWELL  BROS.  &  Co. 

To  accomplish  the  desired  end  and  present  in  one  great  object-lesson 
what  a  century  of  American  skill  and  energy  have  wrought  in  the  textile 
industry,  this  firm  prepared  four  large  four-horse  floats. 

FLOAT   No.  i. 

Upon  the  first  float  samples  of  material  were  placed,  consisting  of 
washed  and  unwashed  native  and  foreign  wools,  camel's  hair,  and  Turkish 
mohairs,  illustrating  the  raw  material  from  which  they  fabricate. 

FLOAT  No.  2. 

This  was  followed  by  a  float  upon  which  were  illustrated  the  various 
processes  of  washing,  combing,  drawing,  and  spinning  wool,  showing  the 
methods  by  which  the  raw  material  is  prepared  for  the  loom. 

FLOAT  No.  3. 

Following  this  was  a  large  float  upon  which  was  arranged,  in  a  tasteful 
manner,  examples  of  the  varied  and  beautiful  products  of  labor  of  this 
firm  upon  the  raw  material  which  were  shown  upon  the  preceding  floats. 
The  contrast  between  the  crude  wools  and  hairs  and  the  finished  stuffs  was 
great,  and  exemplified  fully  the  present  state  of  the  art  in  its  ability  to  pro- 
duce from  such  ugly  and  unpromising  crude  material  fabrics  which  a 
hundred  years  ago  could  not  have  been  produced  for  the  garments  of 
kings,  yet  which  to-day,  by  the  skill,  ingenuity,  and  taste  of  American 
workmen,  are  brought  within  the  easy  purchasing  power  of  the  humblest 
and  poorest. 

FLOAT   No.  4. 

On  the  fourth  float  was  shown  how  much  the  methods  by  which  such 
fabrics  are  made  now  have  been  improved  on  those  used  one  hundred  years 
ago.  This  was  done  by  presenting  the  hand-loom  of  the  last  century  in 
contrast  with  a  steam  engine  driving  a  modern  loom  (made  in  the  workshop 
of  the  firm),  running  at  the  speed  of  two  hundred  and  forty  picks  to  the 
minute,  which  is  believed  to  be  the  fastest-running  loom  in  the  United 
States  at  this  date,  weaving  beautiful  goods  while  the  procession  was  on 
the  march. 


REPORT  OF  THE   CHIEF  MARSHAL.  107 

On  aprons,  attached  to  each  float,  was  the  following : 

"  A  protective  tariff  means  plenty  of  work  for  the  American  workmen, 
plenty  of  money  in  circulation,  and  cheap  goods  for  the  people  through 
competition." 

"  We  used  to  import  these  goods  from  England ;  a  protective  tariff  en- 
couraged us  to  found  a  plant  and  make  them  in  Philadelphia." 

The  outfit  consisted  of  twenty  horses,  four  floats,  one  barouche,  with 
twenty-four  men  in  charge,  drivers,  and  operators,  and  two  women  weavers. 

CARPETS. 
EXHIBITED  BY  BROMLEY  BROTHERS,  LIMITED. 

The  display  of  the  carpet-manufacturing  firm  of  Bromley  Bros.,  limited 
(consisting  of  Thomas  Bromley,  John  Boyd,  John  R.  White,  John  H.  Brom- 
ley, Jr.,  and  Thomas  Bromley,  Jr.),  consisted  of  four  mounted  sub-marshals, 
the  Gwynedd  Cornet  Band,  of  twenty  pieces,  two  hundred  and  fifty  work- 
men of  their  manufactory,  each  uniformed  in  a  white  flannel  shirt,  blue  tie, 
black  cap,  and  each  wearing  an  apron  of  ingrain  carpet,  woven  especially  for 
this  occasion,  in  which  were  woven  the  words,  "  Bromley  Bros.  Carpets," 
with  thirteen  stars  for  a  border,  and  the  dates  1787  and  1887. 

There  were  twelve  boys,  uniformed  as  the  men,  bearing  between  them  a 
twenty-foot  American  flag. 

After  them  came  a  four-horse  barouche,  in  which  were  seated  Mr. 
Thomas  Bromley  and  Mr.  John  R.  White,  of  the  firm  of  Bromley  Bros. 

FLOAT  No.  i. 

Then  came  a  four-horse  float,  illustrative  of  carpet-making  one  hundred 
years  ago.  An  old  woman,  attired  as  in  1787,  sat  at  an  old  hand-wheel, 
patiently  winding  rag  bobbins  for  an  old  man,  who,  in  the  garb  of  1787, 
as  patiently  wove  on  an  old  hand-loom  the  only  grade  of  carpet  made  in 
America  at  that  time,  viz.,  the  ancient  rag-carpet,  in  which  he  could  prob- 
ably weave  three  shots  a  minute.  This  float  bore  appropriate  inscriptions, 
such  as,  "Ye  old-time  loom  and  carpet,  as  it  was  made  in  1787." 

FLOAT  No.  2. 

This  was  followed  by  another  four-horse  float,  showing  the  great  ad- 
vancement made  in  carpet-weaving  in  one  hundred  years.  A  four  horse- 
power steam  engine,  driving  an  improved  Crompton  ingrain  loom,  running 


108  CIVIC  AND  INDUSTRIAL  PROCESSION. 

at  the  rate  of  eighty  shots  per  minute,  and  making  perfect  extra  super 
ingrain  carpet  as  it  went  along,  run  by  a  young  girl  tastefully  dressed. 
This  float  bore  the  inscriptions,  "As  it  is  done  now,  1887;"  "Philadelphia 
in  her  first  century  leads  the  world  in  carpets." 

FLOAT   No.  3. 

Then  came  two  large  four-horse  teams  with  pyramids  of  Smyrna  rugs, 
Body  Brussels,  and  Wilton  carpets,  in  the  most  attractive  patterns,  styles,  and 
colorings,  showing  the  product  of  the  firm's  looms  at  the  present  time, 
and  marked  for  distribution  through  their  sole  agents,  Boyd,  White  &  Co., 
716  Market  and  1216  Chestnut  Streets,  Philadelphia;  New  York,  Chicago, 
and  St.  Louis. 

The  display  was  in  the  charge  of  John  H.  Bromley,  Jr.,  and  Thomas 
Bromley,  Jr.,  aides  to  the  Assistant  Marshal  of  the  Twelfth  Division. 

WORSTEDS  AND  WOOLLENS. 
EXHIBIT  BY  B.  W.  GREER  &  HETZEL. 

This  firm  had  on  a  float,  eighteen  by  sixteen  feet,  a  latest-improved, 
thirty-harness,  Knowles  ninety-inch  loom,  weaving  cloth.  The  loom  was 
driven  by  a  three-horse  upright  engine,  and  ran  one  hundred  and  eighty- 
four  picks  per  minute. 

This  was  the  only  wide  loom  ever  exhibited  on  a  wagon  and  weaving 
cloth  in  the  United  States. 

This  firm  makes  worsted  goods  exclusively  for  men's  wear,  and  the  warp 
they  had  in  the  loom  was  weaving  worsted  coating. 

EXHIBIT   OF   EDWARD   RIDGWAY. 

After  this  came  the  curtain  display  of  Edward  Ridgway.  The  curtains 
were  shown  on  frames  drawn  on  two  wagons. 

EXHIBIT  OF  THE   BRAINARD   &    ARMSTRONG  COMPANY. 
This  firm,  engaged  in  the  manufacture  of  "  American  spool-  and  skein- 
silk,"  made  an  exhibit  upon  one  float  sixteen  feet  long,  drawn  by  four  horses 
and  attended  by  four  men. 

FLOAT. 

Upon  this  float  they  exhibited  the  largest  spool  of  silk  ever  constructed. 
Its  weight  was  about  one  ton.  The  diameter  of  the  spool  was  six  feet ;  the 


REPORT  OF  THE  CHIEF  MARSHAL.  109 

length,  eleven  feet.  Two  men  stood  with  ease  inside  the  spool,  the  space 
inside  being  large  enough  to  admit  six  men.  The  silk  around  the  outside 
of  the  spool  was  formed  by  small  spools  strung  upon  steel  rods,  each  steel 
rod  running  from  head  to  head  of  the  large  spool.  Their  trade-mark,  "  Best 
in  the  World,"  was  worked  in  contrasting  colors  across  each  side  of  the 
large  spool. 

They  used  over  nine  thousand  small  spools  of  silk  in  this  manner,  which 
would  be  equivalent  to  two  hundred  and  sixty-five  miles,  or  four  hundred 
and  fifty  thousand  yards  of  silk  thread.  Their  mottoes  upon  the  float  to 
indicate  the  progress  of  silk  industry  in  this  country  gave  the  following 
information : 

"  One  hundred  years  ago  this  country  had  no  silk-mills,  no  silk 
machinery,  and  manufactured  no  silk  goods.  Last  year  the  silk  goods 
manufactured  in  this  country  were  estimated  at  $60,000,000,  while  the 
spool-silk  and  skein-silk  alone  would  probably  amount  to  $13,000,000  or 
$15,000,000." 

Concerning  the  quality  of  American  spool-  and  skein-silks,  the  state- 
ment that  this  firm's  goods  are  smoother  and  better  made  than  any  silk- 
thread  goods  in  the  world  is  not  believed  to  be  an  exaggeration  by  those 
best  informed  on  the  subject.  In  this  line  of  goods  this  country  is  believed 
to  be  able  to-day  to  compete  with  England,  upon  Canadian  soil,  or  in  South 
America;  and  there  have  been  a  few  American  thread  silks  shipped  to 
France,  their  superiority  earning  for  them  a  demand  and  sale,  notwithstand- 
ing the  increased  cost  of  the  goods,  caused  by  long  shipments  and  carrying 
on  of  the  business  under  unfavorable  circumstances. 

SILK   CULTURE   INTEREST. 
REPRESENTED  BY  THE  WOMEN'S  SILK  CULTURE  ASSOCIATION  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

The  following  report  of  the  association,  by  Mrs.  H.  P.  Taylor,  vice- 
president,  while  setting  forth  the  misfortune  which  befell  their  handsomely- 
prepared  exhibit  a  few  moments  before  the  time  when  it  would  have  taken 
its  place  in  the  general  column,  is  yet  so  full  of  interest  touching  the  ad- 
vancement of  the  culture  of  silk  and  manufacture  of  silk  in  the  United 
States  during  the  constitutional  century  just  closed  that  it  will  be  read  with 
deep  interest ;  and  the  vast  number  of  spectators  who  were  deprived  of  the 
pleasure  and  gratification  of  seeing  the  exhibit  of  the  association  in  the 


1 10  CIVIC  AND  INDUSTRIAL  PROCESSION. 

procession  will  find  some  recompense  in  reading  the  report,  showing,  as  it 
does,  what  great  advance  has  been  made,  not  only  in  the  manufacture  of  silk 
goods,  but  also  the  results  and  improvements  made  in  the  culture  of  silk 
under  the  auspices  of  this  Association : 

"  One  of  the  important  features  of  the  increase  of  production  in  this 
country  is  the  culture  of  silk.  While  most  of  the  other  industries  of  the 
Old  World  have  been  competed  for,  and  many  of  them  have  been  excelled, 
by  Young  America,  the  very  important  one  of  silk  culture  has,  until  very 
recently,  been  entirely  neglected. 

"  The  judicious  tariff  on  manufactured  silk  goods  has  induced  the  estab- 
lishment of  several  hundred  superior  silk-mills  in  this  country,  which  draw 
from  foreign  countries  raw  material  to  the  amount  of  at  least  twenty  million 
dollars  annually,  which  requires  that  amount  of  our  gold  to  pay  for.  Our 
late  centennial  celebration,  by  its  industrial  display,  was  intended,  in  many 
branches,  to  show  the  great  improvements  that  have  been  made  in  the  last  hun- 
dred years ;  but  much  was  exhibited  that  was  not  known  in  the  last  century. 
The  production  of  silk  was  practised  in  the  colonies  more  than  a  hundred 
years  ago,  in  the  time  of  King  George.  But  after  the  Revolutionary  War  it 
was  abandoned  and  compelled  to  give  way  for  the  more  profitable  and 
extensive  operations  of  cotton,  wool,  and  iron,  which  this  young  and  grow- 
ing country  seemed  more  urgently  to  demand  at  that  time.  As  there  are 
now  many  millions  invested  in  mills  and  machinery  for  manufacturing  silk, 
demanding  so  largely  of  the  raw  material,  this  seems  to  be  the  opportune 
time  to  re-establish  the  old  and  lost  industry.  With  this  view  of  the  subject, 
and  for  the  purpose  of  giving  work  to  many  thousands  of  idle  hands  of 
needy  women  and  children  throughout  the  land  who  else  might  not  be 
employed,  the  Women's  Silk  Culture  Association  of  the  United  States  was 
established  at  Philadelphia  in  1880.  In  order  to  show  the  modes  and 
workings  of  the  industry  in  the  industrial  parade  this  association  had  con- 
structed a  very  beautiful  float.  The  platform  was  fifteen  feet  long  and  seven 
wide,  surrounded  by  a  railing  two  feet  above  the  floor,  the  whole  covered  by 
a  canopy  elevated  to  a  height  of  eight  feet  above  the  carpet.  This  canopy 
was  covered  with  heavy  mazarine-blue  plush  and  lined  with  a  beautiful  buff 
color.  The  cornice  was  handsomely  draped  with  the  same  blue  material, 
which  was  festooned  with  skeins  of  golden  reeled  silk  from  almost  every 
State  in  the  Union,  making  altogether  an  effective  contrast.  The  base  of 


REPORT  OF  THE  CHIEF  MARSHAL.  \\\ 

the  platform  was  also  heavily  draped  with  the  blue  plush,  the  loopings  being 
ornamented  with  clusters  of  cocoons,  and  the  railings  decorated  with  strings 
of  cocoons  hung  in  heavy  festoons.  On  the  float  was  exhibited  a  case  of 
superior  reeled  silk,  both  white  and  yellow,  artistically  arranged  in  various 
forms,  and  an  American  flag  which  was  truly  American,  the  silk  having 
been  raised  in  the  States,  reeled,  dyed,  and  woven  in  Philadelphia.  Also  a 
superior  reel,  of  American  make,  operated  by  an  expert  young  reeler  who 
has  been  trained  and  educated  in  the  school  of  the  association.  This  reel 
was  invented  by  one  of  Philadelphia's  skilled  mechanics,  assisted  by  one  of 
her  scientific  scholars,  and  is  superior  to  all  other  reels,  having  a  capacity 
double  that  of  any  other  one  in  existence.  The  president  of  the  association, 
who  is  now  travelling  in  the  silk-growing  countries  of  Europe,  reports  that 
she  has  seen  none  to  equal  it.  The  reel  bears  the  same  relation  to  silk 
culture  that  the  cotton-gin  does  to  cotton  culture,  reeling  being  the  first 
process  in  preparing  the  silk  for  the  loom.  It  has  been  said  by  some  that 
silk  culture  was  not  possible  in  this  country,  and  that  the  American  girls 
cannot  be  trained  to  the  delicate  art  of  reeling.  This  has  been  thoroughly 
refuted  by  this  association,  as  quite  a  number  have  already  been  taught  in 
its  school  to  be  expert  reelers,  and  are  now  employed  at  good  wages  in  its 
rooms,  Nos.  1222  and  1226  Arch  Street,  where  there  are  six  steam  reels  in 
operation,  being  the  largest  filature  yet  established  in  this  country.  Thus, 
in  various  ways,  as  shown  on  the  float,  has  it  been  demonstrated  that  this 
can  be  made  a  silk-growing  country. 

"  Being  a  very  handsome  novelty,  it  attracted  the  attention  of  many 
people.  A  few  minutes  before  it  was  to  be  ordered  into  line  on  Broad 
Street,  some  persons  unknown,  either  carelessly  or  maliciously,  threw  a 
lighted  match  on  the  top  of  the  plush  covering,  which  instantly  took  fire  and 
burned  rapidly.  While  the  driver  and  others  were  endeavoring  to  subdue 
the  fire  by  putting  off  some  of  the  draping,  the  vandals  and  thieves  took 
advantage  of  the  critical  moment  and  tore  off  the  draping  on  the  lower  plat- 
form, amounting  to  one  hundred  and  forty  or  one  hundred  and  fifty  yards 
of  plush,  and  carried  it  away,  with  all  the  cocoons  and  reeled  silk,  and  even 
attempted  to  steal  the  flag,  which  was,  however,  retaken  by  one  of  the  boys 
in  charge  of  the  float. 

"  The  two  young  girls  on  the  float  miraculously  escaped  from  the  flames 
uninjured.  Thus  in  a  few  moments  was  destroyed  one  of  the  most  beautiful 


112  CIVIC  AND  INDUSTRIAL  PROCESSION. 

and  refined  displays  in  the  great  Industrial  Parade,  and  over  half  a  million 
people  were  deprived  of  the  pleasure  of  seeing  this  illustration  of  the  prog- 
ress of  silk  culture  in  the  United  States. 

TEXTILE    MACHINERY. 
EXHIBIT  OF  THE  BRIDESBURG  MANUFACTURING  COMPANY. 

The  Bridesburg  Manufacturing  Company  exhibited  four  floats,  on  which 
were  shown  the  contrasts  presented  by  the  devices  in  use  in  1787  as  com- 
pared with  the  spinning  and  weaving  machinery  now  in  use. 

FLOAT   No.  i. 

On  the  first  float  a  hand  spinning-wheel  of  the  olden  time  was  contrasted 
with  a  ring  spinning-frame  as  now  used. 

FLOAT   No.  2. 

On  the  second  float  was  an  old-fashioned  hand-loom  contrasting  with  a 
full-lift  drop-sheet,  the  loom  such  as  is  now  preferred. 

FLOAT  No.  3. 

For  wool-carding,  a  Botelle  condensing  machine  was  shown  on  the  third 
float,  an  elaborate  and  completely  furnished  machine  of  the  latest  model. 

FLOAT  No.  4. 

On  a  fourth  float  was  shown  Kenwood's  patent  channelling  machine  for 
rock-  and  slate-cutting,  a  representation  of  the  diversified  work  of  this  com- 
pany, which  has  sometimes  conducted  extensive  operations  in  glue-making 
and  other  work  for  the  public  service. 

Cotton  and  woollen  machinery  were  manufactured  at  Holmesburg,  Pa., 
in  1810,  by  Alfred  Jenks. 

Mr.  Alfred  Jenks  was  a  pupil  for  some  years  of  Samuel  Slater,  celebrated 
as  the  first  cotton-spinner  in  this  country,  as  well  as  the  first  manufacturer 
of  cotton  machinery,  as  far  as  it  had  advanced  at  that  time.  Alfred  Jenks 
— from  reliable  sources,  we  learn — supplied  the  first  mill  in  this  portion  of 
Pennsylvania  with  the  requisite  machinery,  and  subsequently  the  Keating 
Mill,  at  Manayunk,  then  owned  by  J.  G.  Kempton,  and  now  by  the  A. 
Campbell  Manufacturing  Company.  As  early  as  1816  he  built  for  Joseph 
Ripka  a  number  of  looms  for  weaving  cottonades. 

In  1819,  Mr.  Jenks's  operations  were  greatly  extended  by  his  removal  to 


REPORT  OF  THE  CHIEF  MARSHAL,  113 

the  present  desirable  location  of  the  Bridesburg  Manufacturing  Company,  at 
Bridesburg,  Philadelphia,  Pa.  Here  he  greatly  enhanced  the  capacity  of  his 
own  establishment,  and  was  thereby  enabled  to  meet  the  demands  for 
woollen  machinery  that  arose  about  this  time. 

The  next  important  feature  of  Mr.  Jenks's  operation  was  the  introduc- 
tion, in  1830,  of  a  power-loom  of  his  own  invention  for  weaving  checks. 

For  twelve  years  prior  to  the  death  of  Mr.  Alfred  Jenks,  which  took 
place  in  1854,  and  up  to  the  year  1863,  the  entire  business  of  the  firm  was 
conducted  by  his  son,  Mr.  Barton  H.  Jenks. 

In  1863  it  was  organized  into  a  stock  company,  with  Mr.  Barton  H. 
Jenks  as  president,  and  Mr.  Joseph  H.  Mitchell  as  treasurer,  and  large  con- 
tracts were  taken  from  the  government  to  manufacture  muskets. 

At  this  time  the  plant  covers  two  hundred  and  eighty-five  thousand 
square  feet,  with  one  hundred  and  sixty  thousand  square  feet  of  floor  space, 
and  has  capacity  sufficient  to  employ  twelve  hundred  men.  Mr.  Stockton 
Bates  is  the  president. 

TEXTILE    MACHINERY. 
EXHIBIT  OF  W.  W.  ALTEMUS  &  SON. 

This  firm  made  an  exhibit  on  one  wagon  drawn  by  two  horses,  and 
attended  by  six  men. 

They  displayed  a  hand-wheel  forty-five  years  old,  showing  how  filling 
for  gingham  was  wound  then,  and  a  thirty-spindle  skein-winding  bobbin- 
machine,  winding  bobbin  at  one  thousand  one  hundred  revolutions  per 
minute,  and  doing  sixty  pounds  of  yarn  a  day  on  fine  grade,  and  supplying 
thirty  looms.  The  machine  is  of  recent  invention,  and  application  for  a 
patent  has  been  lately  granted. 

They  have  built  one  hundred  machines,  and  No.  100  was  in  the  parade. 

KNITTING-MACHINE. 
EXHIBIT  OF  A.  WRIGHTSON,  Manufacturer  of  Knitting-Machines. 

The  exhibit  of  this  manufacturer  consisted  of  fifty  men,  six  wagons,  and 
thirteen  horses. 

The  first  wagon,  drawn  by  two  horses,  had  painted  on  both  sides,  "  See 
the  progress  made  in  knitting  in  100  years." 

The  second  wagon,  drawn  by  one  horse,  had  painted  on  both  sides, 
"  The  first  knitting-machine  known,  knits  one  stocking  per  day."  This  was 
VOL.  n. — 1 6 


114  CIVIC  AND  INDUSTRIAL  PROCESSION. 

represented  by  an  old  lady  knitting  stockings  by  hand,  and  two  small  girls, 
one  winding  yarn  from  the  skein  in  the  other's  hands  on  to  a  ball.  The  old 
lady  and  children  were  dressed  in  the  style  of  the  days  of  1776. 

The  third  wagon,  drawn  by  two  horses,  had  painted  on  both  sides, 
"  The  first  knitting-machine  invented,  knits  three  pairs  per  day." 

It  contained  one  of  the  old  stocking-looms  invented  by  the  Rev.  Wm. 
Lee  more  than  one  hundred  years  ago. 

The  fourth  wagon,  drawn  by  two  horses,  had  painted  on  both  sides, 
"  Balmoral  Machine.  Plain  and  ribbed.  Knits  one  hundred  dozen  pairs  per 
day." 

This  wagon  also  contained  one  of  the  latest  machines  for  making  plain 
and  fancy  hosiery.  It  will  make  four  stockings  at  one  time,  or  a  daily 
capacity  of  one  hundred  dozen  pairs  of  hose  per  day. 

The  fifth  wagon,  drawn  by  two  horses,  had  painted  on  both  sides, 
"  Machine  for  making  shirts,  knits  300,000  stitches  per  minute." 

It  contained  an  eighteen-inch  forty-feed  machine  for  making  plain  and 
fancy  underwear.  It  has  a  daily  capacity  of  ten  to  twelve  dozen  shirts. 

The  sixth  wagon,  drawn  by  four  horses,  had  painted  on  both  sides, 
"  The  fastest  knitting-machine  in  the  world  for  making  jerseys,  etc.,  knits 
300  yards  of  cloth  per  day." 

It  contained  a  thirty-inch  and  fifty-six  machine,  making  jersey  cloth, 
plain  and  fancy,  with  a  capacity  of  eighteen  to  twenty  dozen  jerseys  a  day. 

KNITTED   COSTUMES. 
EXHIBIT  OK  J.  W.  MANSFIELD. 

The  exhibit  of  this  manufacturer  of  knitted  goods  was  shown  upon  one 
float,  drawn  by  two  horses,  and  carrying  an  old-fashioned  knitting-machine 
in  operation.  Eleven  men  were  dressed  in  fancy  costumes,  as  follows :  one 
clown  suit,  one  red  devil  suit,  one  boating  suit,  one  bicycle  suit,  one  base-ball 
suit,  one  equestrian  suit,  one  combination  suit,  one  foot-ball  suit,  one  tobog- 
gan suit,  one  theatrical  suit. 

SUSPENDER   EXHIBIT. 

THE  EXHIBIT  OF  THE  PIONEER  SUSPENDER  COMPANY,  F.  A.  FREEMAN  &  SONS,  PROPRIETORS. 
This  exhibit  was  made  upon  two  floats. 


REPORT  OF  THE   CHIEF  MARSHAL.  115 

FLOAT  No.  i. 

On  one  was  represented  the  manufacture  of  the  suspenders  in  the  old 
way,  viz.,  by  the  needle,  women  plying  the  needle. 

FLOAT   No.  2. 

On  the  second  float  was  shown  the  "  new  way,"  by  machinery,  tipping- 
presses  in  operation,  one  boy  doing  the  work  of  ten  women,  machines  run- 
ning, etc.  The  capacity  of  this  firm,  as  given,  is  two  hundred  dozen 
suspenders  per  day.  They  had  twenty  operators  in  the  display. 

CEDAR   TANKS,  VATS,  AND   RESERVOIRS. 
EXHIBIT  OF  GEORGE  BURKHARDT'S  SONS. 

This  firm  is  engaged  in  the  manufacture  of  cedar  vats,  tanks,  and  reser- 
voirs for  manufacturers'  use. 

Number  of  men,  eight ;  number  of  horses,  five. 

Until  within  the  last  forty  years  all  work  in  this  line  of  manufacture  was 
done  by  hand.  About  that  time  (1847)  crude  machinery  was  introduced. 
Since  then  there  has  been  a  gradual  improvement,  and  the  exhibit  made 
demonstrates  the  perfection  to  which  machinery  had  been  brought  to  bear 
upon  the  manufacture  of  tanks. 

Another  feature  of  this  exhibit  was  the  use  of  a  peculiar  lug  and  bolt  for 
the  purpose  of  fastening  and  tightening  the  hoops. 

The  vat  of  ten  thousand  gallons  capacity  was  ten  feet  in  diameter  and 
twenty  feet  long.  This  length  is  very  unusual  for  a  cedar  vat,  material  of 
that  length  being  very  difficult  to  obtain. 

They  also  exhibited  a  tank  with  galvanized  hoops,  the  process  of  galvan- 
izing being  comparatively  modern. 

The  cedar  dye-tub  exhibited  was  peculiar  in  having  the  joints  tongued 
and  the  bolts  made  of  copper.  These  peculiarities  being  intended  to  adapt 
it  more  perfectly  for  the  new  process  of  dyeing  with  colors,  which  has 
grown  into  very  general  use  since  the  discovery  of  petroleum. 


Il6  CIVIC  AND  INDUSTRIAL  PROCESSION, 

THIRTEENTH    DIVISION. 

Assistant  Marshal. — ALONZO  SHOTWELL. 

EXHIBIT   OF   STRAWBRIDGE   &   CLOTHIER. 
WECCACOE  BAND.     (Twenty-four  pieces.)     S.  H.  KENDLE,  Leader. 

This  firm  exhibited  upon  a  large  float,  drawn  by  eight  horses,  each  led 
by  a  liveried  footman,  an  illustration  in  oil,  showing  on  one  end  a  represent- 
ative store  of  1787,  taken  from  an  old  print  in  "Watson's  Annals."  The 
larger  part  of  the  canvas  was  occupied  with  an  accurate  painting  of  their 
present  store,  as  a  representative  store  of  1887,  the  contrast  between  the  two 
pictures  being  designed  to  illustrate  the  superior  advantages  for  transacting 
business  at  this  time  over  those  of  a  century  past. 

FOURTEENTH    DIVISION. 

Assistant  Marshal. — CHARLES  BERGER. 

Aides. — C.  C.  WARTMAN,  GEORGE  BARTELL,  COLONEL  J.  R.  C.  WARD. 

EXHIBIT   OF   WANAMAKER   &   BROWN. 
This  firm  made  an  exhibit  upon  twelve  floats,  drawn  by  fifty  horses,  in 

the  following  order: 

BANNER. 

This  banner  was  carried  in  a  barouche  drawn  by  four  horses,  and  had 
inscribed  upon  it,  "  Wanamaker  &  Brown,  the  largest  retail  clothing  busi- 
ness in  the  world."  In  the  barouche  rode  Mr.  John  R.  Houpt,  the  oldest 
employe  of  the  firm  in  term  of  service. 

BAND   OF   THE   SEVENTY-FIRST   REGIMENT,  NEW   YORK   NATIONAL   GUARD. 
(Sixty-two  pieces.)     PROFESSOR  ESSEN,  Leader. 

FLOAT   No.   i. 

Following  the  band  came  the  first  float,  which  represented  a  sheep- 
enclosure,  with  grass  growing,  fenced  in  with  logs.  Inside  of  the  enclosure 
were  four  boys,  dressed  in  different  Highland  plaids,  minding  four  sheep, 
with  the  aid  of  a  shepherd-dog,  trie  motto  being,  "Our  most  intimate 
friends." 

FLOAT   No.  2. 

On  the  next  float  was  a  tailor  in  the  dress  of  1 787,  working  at  his  trade 
with  the  tools  of  his  time.  At  this  end  there  was  a  sign,  "  In  Continental 


REPORT  OF  THE  CHIEF  MARSHAL.  117 

clothes."     At  the  other  end,  "  To  clothe  a  continent,"  was  a  knife-cutter  of 
the  most  modern  kind,  with  a  capacity  of  doing  as  much  as  one  hundred 

men. 

FLOAT  No.  3. 

On  the  third  float  there  were  men  standing  dressed  respectively  as  sailor, 
soldier,  railroad  conductor,  carpenter,  salesman,  lawyer,  policeman,  and 
doctor;  for  the  purpose  of  showing  how  many  professions  the  clothing 
trade  must  provide  for.  The  float  was  appropriately  labelled  "  We  clothe 
them  all." 

FLOAT   No.  4. 

On  this  three  women  sat  at  spinning-wheels,  and  another  reclined  on  an 
easy-chair,  before  an  old-fashioned  fireplace,  representing  the  ladies  of  "  ye 
olden  time,"  and  their  handmaidens  spinning  the  wool  for  homespun  cloth, 
wherewith  to  dress  the  men  of  the  household.  This  float  bore  two  inscrip- 
tions :  "  Home-made  clothes, — Hard  work,"  "  Ready-made  clothes, — Home 
luxuries." 

FLOATS   No.  S  to  No.   10. 

Six  floats,  drawn*  by  four  horses  each,  then  claimed  the  attention  of  the 
observer.  They  were  decorated  with  the  flags  of  the  various  countries 
whose  woollen  stuffs  they  carried,  and  whose  woollen  industry  they  repre- 
sented. They  came  in  the  following  order :  America,  Scotland,  Ireland, 
Germany,  England,  and  France. 

Marching  behind  a  banner,  on  which  was  emblazoned  "  Our  clothing  the 
top  of  four  centuries  of  tailoring,"  were  four  platoons  of  eight  men  each, 
dressed  in  the  costumes  'of  four  different  centuries.  The  first  platoon 
dressed  as  Indians  of  1487,  the  second  as  Hollanders  of  1587,  the  third  as 
Quakers  of  1687,  and  the  last  in  the  Continental  dress  of  a  century  past. 

FLOAT  No.  ii. 

The  last  and  largest  float  of  the  Division  was  drawn  by  six  horses.  It 
was  about  sixteen  feet  long,  and  had  a  sign  running  its  full  length,  which 
read :  "  Actual  shipment  of  to-day — Our  agency  system  covers  the  whole 
American  continent." 

FLOAT   No.   12. 

There  were  on  a  stand  a  number  of  dummies  covered  with  clothing 
ordered  from  all  parts  of  the  United  States,  from  Washington  Territory  to 
Connecticut,  and  from  Minnesota  to  Texas  and  Florida. 


Il8  CIVIC  AND  INDUSTRIAL  PROCESSION. 

The  arrangement  and  decoration  of  the  floats  were  under  the  manage- 
ment of  John  S.  Neal,  connected  with  Messrs.  Wanamaker  &  Brown. 

FIFTEENTH    DIVISION. 

Assistant  Marshal. — WILLIAM  HAMMERSLEY. 
Aides. — GEORGE  J.  VANDERGRIFT,  J.  C.  WEBB. 

TRANSPORTATION. 
EXHIBIT  OF  THE  PENNSYLVANIA  RAILROAD  COMPANY. 

1.  Band,  Altoona.     Thirty  pieces,  in  chariot,  four  horses. 

2.  Pack-mules.     Three  mules  and  two  drivers. 

3.  Emigrants.     Four  horses  and  four  riders. 

4.  Pony  Express.     One  horse  and  rider. 

5.  Conestoga  Wagon.     Six  horses  and  three  drivers. 

6.  Concord  Coach.     Four  horses. 

7.  Canal  Boat,  Packet,  on  float.     Two  mules  and  two  horses. 

8.  Canal  Boat,  Freight,  on  float.     Two  mules  and  two  horses. 

9.  Civil  Engineers,  with  instruments  and  seven  men. 

10.  Trackmen,  with  tools.     Fburteen  men. 

11.  Laying  the  track,  on  float.     Four  horses. 

12.  Old-style  Locomotive,  on  float.     Six  horses. 

13.  Modern  Locomotive,  on  float.     Twenty-five  horses. 

14.  Mail  Car,  on  float.     Four  horses. 

15.  Express  Car,  on  float.     Four  horses  and  three  men. 

1 6.  Baggage  Car,  on  float.     Four  horses. 

17.  Passenger  Car,  on  float.     Four  horses. 

18.  Sleeping  CarK  on  float.     Four  horses  and  three  men. 

19.  Dining  Car,  on  float.     Four  horses  and  four  men. 

20.  Box  Car,  on  float.     Four  horses. 

21.  Coal  Car,  on  float.     Four  horses. 

22.  Band,  Phcenix  Military.     Thirty  pieces. 

The  foregoing  enumeration  of  the  objects  shown  in  this  exhibit,  taken 
from  the  official  report  of  the  company,  fails  to  convey  to  the  mind  of  the 
reader  an  adequate  conception  of  the  grandeur  and  the  suggestiveness  im- 
pressed upon  the  mind  of  the  spectator  by  the  exhibit.  The  following,  from 


the  Public  Ledger  of  September  16. 

' 

"  METHODS  OF  TRANSPORTATION. 

;.bit,  which  followed,  formed  on  Mont- 
>t  side  of  Broad  Street. 

the  progress 
red  years,  and  in* 
were  most  realistic, 
od  means  of 


•tersley  and  his  aides,  J.  C. 

did   much   to  aid   in 


•  <  i  crat- 
k   corduroy 

.     Next  came  the  por,  h  -tyle 

o  f  it 
to  re^ 

attracted 
:\e  of  march,  and 
was 

still  in  u.«e  in 

brought  from  Dai  up  to  a -^ 

been  in  daily  use.     It  was  k»ng  and  • 
coarse  white  canvas  that  aisr  the  fron 

aperture.     There  was  no  scat  t«  .  M\  .  .ion 'the 

horses  used  to  drag  a  C>:*:^">M  ^^-.sj   »^  < 

,  front  and  back,  feung  la&tent*  cofttaim«u  .  !an- 

in  all.    In  tlte  tmt  and 'on  the  off  side  hun^  I 
tar  for  lubricating  the  axles.     The  wagon  v» 


120  CIVIC  AND  INDUSTRIAL  PROCESSION. 

long.  The  wheels  were  made  of  heavy  hard  wood,  encircled  by  immense 
iron  tires.  Both  sides  and  the  body  of  the  wagon  were  painted  blue.  The 
wagon  was  one  of  those  used  nearly  one  hundred  years  ago  for  travelling 
purposes,  and  on  it  was  the  legend,  "  Twenty  days  from  Philadelphia  to 
Pittsburgh."  Leading  the  horses  attached  to  it  were  two  guards,  dressed 
as  emigrants. 

"  The  Concord  coach,  which  came  next,  was  ponderous  and  heavy.  It 
stood  on  four  immense  wheels,  with  spokes  as  big  as  the  arm  of  a  man. 
The  running-gear  was  of  the  pattern  used  half  a  century  ago.  Inside  was 
space  sufficient  for  the  seating  of  half  a  dozen  persons.  The  driver's  box 
was  high  up  forward.  The  coach  must,  with  all  its  attachments,  have 
weighed  nearly  six  thousand  pounds.  It  was  drawn  by  four  horses.  One 
man  drove,  while  another  walked  and  attended  to  the  horses.  Behind  was 
a  shelf  used  for  the  placing  of  trunks  and  other  baggage.  On  one  side  the 
name  of  the  '  New  York  Transfer  Company'  appeared.  The  coach  was 
obtained  from  New  York  City. 

"  The  next  exhibit  was  a  model  of  an  old  time  packet-boat,  resting  on  a 
float,  surrounded  by  what  appeared  to  be  water.  Lines  were  attached  to 
two  mules,  who,  while  they  did  not  pull  the  float,  carried  out  the  delusion 
that  they  were  towing  the  boat.  On  each  side,  under  the  bow,  was  the 
name,  '  H.  H.  Houston,  of  Philadelphia,'  in  white  lettering.  Mr.  Houston 
is  an  official  of  the  Pennsylvania  Railroad,  and  was  formerly  connected 
with  canal  transportation.  There  were  four  small  windows  on  each  side, 
with  a  raised  cabin  in  the  centre.  Through  these  windows  the  interior  of 
the  cabin  could  be  seen. 

"  At  the  rear  end,  and  near  the  tiller,  was  an  American  flag.  The  sides 
of  the  float  were  decorated  with  blue  material,  festooned  with  stripes  of  red, 
white,  and  blue  bunting.  The  effect  was  a  good  one,  and  fully  illustrated 
the  means  of  canal  travel  a  hundred  years  ago. 

"  Following  the  packet  came  the  canal-boat  '  Owen  Brady.'  Mr.  Brady 
is  a  Philadelphian,  and  a  large  owner  of  canal-boat  property.  The  '  Brady' 
differs  but  little,  except  in  size,  from  the  ordinary  canal-boat  seen  on  any  of 
the  canals  in  Pennsylvania.  It,  too,  stood  on  a  float,  and  was  surrounded 
by  material  to  represent  water.  Two  mules,  to  which  were  attached  tow- 
lines,  walked  a  little  to  the  right  of  the  two  horses,  which  did  the  real  pull- 
ing of  the  float.  The  mules  were  led  by  one  man,  while  another  stood  at 


REPORT  OF  THE  CHIEF  MARSHAL.  121 

the  tiller,  and  made  a  pretense  of  steering.  The  whole  was  very  realistic, 
and  one  with  but  little  imagination  would  have  thought  himself  on  the  banks 
of  a  canal.  The  models  of  canal-boats  were  twenty-four  feet  long,  four 
feet  beam,  two  and  one-half  feet  depth  of  hold.  The  design  and  construc- 
tion were  the  result  of  the  work  of  J.  C.  Webb,  general  foreman,  and 
George  J.  Vandergrift,  chief-engineer,  Pennsylvania  Railroad  carpenter-shop, 
as  their  direct  contribution  to  the  demonstration. 

"  Six  engineers  on  foot,  carrying  their  implements,  were  next  seen. 
These  were  dressed  in  white  canvas  helmet  hats,  plaid  shirts,  blue 
trousers,  and  black  neckties.  They  looked  very  picturesque,  and  it  was 
intended  to  make  it  appear  as  though  they  were  locating  a  railroad. 

"  Ten  trackmen  or  laborers  followed  the  engineers.  These  carried  picks, 
shovels,  and  chains,  and  were  known  as  the  '  construction  gang.'  They 
were  dressed  like  laborers.  Then  came  a  float,  on  which  men  were  engaged 
in  fastening  the  rails  on  ties  and  ballasting  the  track,  thus  showing  the 
manner  in  which  a  road  is  built.  This  float  was  drawn  by  four  horses. 
The  workmen  were  dressed  in  white  felt  hats,  blue  shirts,  and  dark  corduroy 
trousers. 

"  A  model  of  the  '  Stroughbridge  Lion,'  one  of  the  first  locomotives  used 
by  the  Pennsylvania  Railroad,  was  next  shown.  It  rested  on  a  float,  and 
weighed  fully  five  thousand  pounds.  The  whole,  with  the  tender,  was  over 
twenty  feet  in  length.  In  shape  the  model  of  the  '  Stroughbridge  Lion' 
was  most  eccentric.  It  had  huge  arms  and  walking  beams  over  its  boiler, 
and  in  some  respects  resembled  the  picture  of  '  Old  Ironsides/  painted  on 
the  banner  of  the  Baldwin  Locomotive  Works'  exhibit.  The  original  was 
built  in  1847,  at  Albany,  for  the  Delaware  and  Hudson  Canal  Company, 
and  was  said  to  have  been  the  oldest  locomotive  in  America.  It  was 
broken  up  many  years  ago. 

"  Having  given  those  along  the  line  of  march  an  idea  of  the  means  of 
transportation  one  hundred  years  ago,  it  was  thought  that  a  fitting  ending  to 
this  immense  display  would  be  a  modern  locomotive  with  steam  on.  This 
appeared  next,  and  consisted  of  a  big  passenger  locomotive  weighing  fifty- 
five  thousand  pounds.  This  was  placed  on  a  float,  and  was  pulled  by 
twenty-eight  horses.  The  wheels,  which  were  raised  from  the  platform,  could 
be  seen  to  move  slowly  with  the  machinery.  Smoke  issued  from  the  stack, 
and  at  intervals  the  whistle  would  be  blown.  The  finale  of  the  Pennsylvania 
VOL.  ii. — 17 


122  CIVIC  AND  INDUSTRIAL  PROCESSION. 

Railroad's  exhibit  consisted  of  models  of  the  eight  cars  now  in  use  on  the 
several  lines  of  the  company,  viz.,  mail,  express,  baggage,  sleeping,  dining, 
passenger,  box,  and  coal  cars.  Each  was  mounted  on  a  float,  and  drawn  by 
two  liorses.  General  Passenger  Agent  Latta  conceived  and  carried  out  the 
idea  of  the  exhibit.  The  exhibit  was  in  point  of  size  next  to  that  of  the 
Baldwin  Locomotive  Works." 

EXHIBIT   OF  THE   ADAMS  EXPRESS   COMPANY. 

The  exhibit  made  by  this  company  showed  the  progress  in  the  modes 
of  rapid  transportation  adopted  by  the  company  at  various  dates  since  its 
organization,  in  1839,  from  the  hand-carried  carpet-bag  to  the  chilled  and 
steel-bound  burglar-proof  safe. 

The  first  in  the  line  was  a  man  carrying  a  carpet-bag,  representing  the 
beginning  of  the  express  business  in  the  United  States  in  1839;  the  next 
was  a  man  pushing  a  wheelbarrow  that  contained  a  box  for  George  W. 
Childs,  Philadelphia,  from  New  York,  representing  the  business  in  1840; 
the  next  was  a  single  wagon,  with  a  sign  showing  the  number  of  employes 
in  1840  to  be  two  men  and  a  boy,  and  in  1887  to  be  7800  employes,  1826 
wagons,  2235  horses,  and  23,000  miles  of  railroad  operated.  Following 
this  was  a  single  wagon  filled  with  packages,  showing  the  growth  of  the 
business ;  then  came  a  light  double  wagon,  drawn  by  two  ponies,  filled  with 
safes  for  the  United  States  Treasury  at  Washington,  United  States  Mint  at 
Philadelphia,  and  assistant  treasurers  at  Philadelphia  and  New  York.  After 
this  was  a  regulation-size  two-horse  wagon  containing  chests  in  which  the 
company  carries  small  packages,  and  following  this  was  a  four-horse  wagon 
filled  with  boxes  and  other  express  matter  consigned  to  the  principal  mer- 
chants of  Philadelphia.  In  all,  this  company  had  ten  horses,  five  wagons, 
and  fifteen  men,  the  entire  lot  preceded  by  a  band  of  twenty-eight  pieces 
from  Phcenixville,  Pa. 

This  exhibit  was  costly,  and  fully  up  to  the  progressive  and  intelligent 
management  of  this  company,  that  has  made  it  the  first  of  its  kind  in  the 
world. 

Following  came  the 

EXHIBIT   OF   COXE   BROS.,  OF   DRIFTON,   PA. 

It  was  intended  to  represent  the  anthracite  coal  trade  of  Pennsylvania, 
which  in  1787  was  practically  nothing.  The  shipments  in  1825  amounted 


REPORT  OF  THE  CHIEF  MARSHAL.  123 

to  three  hundred  and  forty-five  tons.  In  1887  they  will  probably  reach 
thirty-five  million  tons. 

The  exhibit  was  made  upon  one  float  eight  feet  wide  and  twenty-five 
feet  long,  drawn  by  six  mules,  each  pair  mounted  by  a  driver  in  mining 
costume.  On  the  platform  were  the  following:  a  machinist  in  charge  of 
the  machinery,  a  boy  to  run  the  locomotive,  a  boy  to  run  the  hoisting 
arrangement,  and  a  superintendent  with  four  men  dressed  as  miners. 

Upon  this  platform  was  placed,  as  nearly  as  practicable,  a  representation 
of  the  works  in  and  around  the  mouth  of  an  anthracite  coal  mine.  At  one 
end  was  shown  the  timbering  of  the  top  of  the  slope  or  mine,  from  which 
the  plane  ascends  to  the  top  of  the  breaker,  with  a  double  railroad  track 
going  down  into  the  mines.  On  one  of  these  tracks  was  an  ordinary  mine 
car,  which  was  hoisted  and  lowered  by  means  of  a  friction  drum  under  the 
breaker.  The  dump,  by  which  the  coal  is  emptied  from  the  car,  was  shown 
on  this  track.  On  the  other  track  a  gun-boat,  as  it  is  called  in  the  mining 
region,  runs  up  and  down,  and  dumps.  The  gun-boat  is  not  detached  from 
the  rope  in  mining,  but  the  mine  car  is  dumped  into  it  in  the  mines.  From 
the  point  where  the  coal  is  dumped,  it  passes  down  over  bars  to  a  platform, 
where  the  large  coal  is  picked  out  and  goes  down  what  is  known  as  the 
lump-chute  to  the  track,  where  it  is  loaded  in  cars  for  market.  The  coal 
that  goes  through  the  bars  passes  to  a  gyrating  screen,  which  has  a  motion 
very  similar  to  that  of  an  ordinary  sieve,  and  makes  various  sizes.  The 
large  coal,  which  does  not  go  through  the  bars  can  be  passed  through  a 
pair  of  rolls,  or  crushers,  which  break  it  up  into  smaller  sizes,  and  the  coal 
which  passes  through  these  rolls  goes  into  a  revolving  screen,  which  divides 
it  up  into  different  sizes.  All  these  screens  and  rolls  were  so  arranged  as 
to  be  kept  in  motion,  exactly  as  they  would  be  in  practice  on  an  ordinary 
breaker.  Each  size  of  coal  goes  into  a  pocket  or  bin,  but  these  bins  were 
omitted  in  the  exhibit,  as  they  would  have  obstructed  the  view  of  the 
breaker.  Alongside  of  the  breaker  run  three  tracks,  upon  which  were 
specimens  of  the  different  kinds  of  cars  used  for  carrying  anthracite  coal  to 
market.  One  was  a  model  of  a  Pennsylvania  Railroad  gondola,  carrying 
sixty  thousand  pounds,  one  a  Lehigh  Valley  Railroad  gondola,  of  the  same 
capacity,  one  a  Central  Railroad  of  New  Jersey  four-wheel  car,  one  a 
Lehigh  Valley  Railroad  four-wheel  car,  one  a  Chicago  and  Western  Railroad 
box  car,  and  one  a  flat  car  containing  a  load  of  mine  props,  such  as  are 


124  CIVIC  AND  INDUSTRIAL  PROCESSION. 

used  in  the  mines  for  keeping  up  the  roof;  of  course  the  props  were  on  a 
small  scale.  In  addition  there  was  an  anthracite  coal  locomotive  which  was 
an  exact  copy  of  some  of  the  Pennsylvania  Railroad  locomotives  in  use. 
This  locomotive  is  so  arranged  that  the  wheels  can  turn  round  without  its 
moving  forward,  thus  allowing  the  engine  to  be  run  continuously  without 
moving  forward,  the  power  being  utilized  to  drive  the  machinery  of  the 
breaker.  The  coal  used  in  this  locomotive  is  anthracite,  and,  as  there  is  no 
artificial  device  to  procure  steam,  the  locomotive  itself  can  run  from  twelve 
to  fifteen  miles  an  hour  with  a  load  behind  it.  The  tracks  upon  the  plat- 
form, passing  under  the  breaker,  represented  the  railroad  tracks  around  an 
anthracite  coal-breaker.  The  whole  thing  being,  as  nearly  as  possible,  a 
representation  of  a  coal-breaker  as  now  constructed  in  Pennsylvania.  The 
breaker,  machinery,  locomotive,  and  cars  were  constructed  on  a  scale  of 
two  inches  to  the  foot,  with  the  exception  of  the  crusher-rolls  for  breaking 
the  coal,  which  were  on  a  slightly  larger  scale. 

SIXTEENTH   DIVISION. 

Assistant  Marshal, — LIEUT.  D.  D.  V.  STEWART,  U.S.N. 
Aides. — CADETS  J.  W.  AMEN  and  W.  B.  MOSLEY. 

EXHIBIT   OF  THE   UNITED   STATES   NAVY. 
BOYERTOWN  SILVER  CORNET  BAND.    J.  SCHEALER,  Leader. 

FLOAT  No.  i. 

This  exhibit  was  headed  by  a  float  carrying  the  large  eagle  formerly  on 
the  United  States  steamship  Niagara,  and  drawn  by  six  horses.  Within  the 
outspread  wings  of  the  eagle  a  platform  was  arranged,  and  upon  this  were 
thirteen  young  ladies,  representing  the  thirteen  original  States ;  they  were 
pupils  of  the  James  L.  Claghorn  Public  School,  and  were  in  charge  of  Miss 
A.  L.  Kirby  and  Mrs.  H.  C.  Borell. 

FLOAT   No.  2. 

The  second  float,  drawn  by  four  horses,  carried  a  reproduction  in  minia- 
ture of  the  United  States  steamer  Hartford,  famed  as  the  vessel  upon  which 
Admiral  Farragut  passed  the  forts  in  Mobile  Bay.  It  was  in  charge  of  one 
seaman  and  six  apprentices. 


CHIEF  <AL. 


model  of  a  ten-inch  breech-loading  rifled  gun, 
jjectile  of  eight  hundred  pounds  a  distance  of  ten 

FLOAT   No.  8. 

th  revolving 


126  CIVIC  AND  INDUSTRIAL  PROCESSION. 

EXHIBIT   OF  THE   UNITED   STATES   LIFE-SAVING   SERVICE. 

This  exhibit  was  in  charge  of  Lieutenant  C.  H.  McLellan,  Assistant 
Inspector  Fourth  United  States  Life-saving  District,  Toms  River,  N.  J., 
whose  report  is  in  the  following  words: 

"The  appliances  shown  in  the  parade  illustrated  the  improvements 
made  since  the  year  1848  in  the  methods  of  saving  life  from  wrecks 
ashore,  at  which  time  Congress,  moved  by  the  loss  of  hundreds  of  lives 
and  millions  of  property  yearly  on  our  coasts,  appropriated  ten  thousand 
dollars  for  the  purchase  of  eight  boats,  mortars,  etc.,  which  were  placed 
on  the  New  Jersey  coast,  between  Sandy  Hook  and  Little  Egg  Harbor. 
At  that  time  no  means  were  provided  for  employing  men  to  man  the  boats, 
they  being  placed  there  in  boat-houses,  to  be  used  by  volunteer  crews 
from  the  inhabitants  of  the  beach  in  case  of  wreck. 

"  The  mortar  was  of  short  range,  and  with  its  appliances  heavy,  cum- 
bersome, and  difficult  to  transport.  The  boats  also  were  heavy  and  of 
poor  model.  Specimens  of  the  above  were  shown. 

"  In  comparison  with  the  old  were  shown  the  improved  appliances  of 
the  present  day.  This  included  a  surf-boat  and  transporting  carriage,  the 
Lyle  gun,  of  greatly-increased  range,  mounted  on  an  apparatus-carriage 
easily  transported,  carrying  everything  necessary  to  land  people  from  a 
wreck.  Also  two  representative  uniformed  crews  of  seven  men  each  from 
the  coast.  The  life-saving  service  of  1887  embraces  two  hundred  and 
twenty-five  completely-equipped  stations  on  the  Atlantic,  Pacific,  and  Great 
Lake  coasts,  manned  by  well-paid,  disciplined  crews  entitled  to  pensions, 
supported  by  annual  appropriations  of  nearly  one  million  dollars. 

"  The  United  States  is  the  only  government  that  supports  a  service  of 
this  kind,  a  service  that  accomplishes  results  far  superior  to  any  other 
similar  service  in  the  world. 

"  This  service  has  grown  to  its  present  proportion  and  efficiency  within 
thirty-nine  years,  the  present  system,  under  which  it  has  made  its  most 
rapid  increase  and  accomplished  the  best  results,  having  been  introduced 
in  1871. 

"  The  table  given  below  contains  a  summary  of  results  in  the  field  of 
life-saving  operations  since  the  introduction  of  the  present  system,  Novem- 
ber i,  1871,  to  the  close  of  the  fiscal  year  ending  June  30,  1886. 


REPORT  OF  THE  CHIEF  MARSHAL.  127 

It  is  to  be  regretted  that,  previous  to  the  year  1871,  no  record  was  kept 
of  the  number  of  wrecks  or  loss  of  life. 

Total  number  of  disasters .         .                 .         .         .  3>3%5 

Total  value  of  vessels $39.733.495 

"      "   cargoes       .        .        ...         .         .  $18,643,754 

"         "      "   property  involved        ....  $58,377,249 

"      "          "         saved    .         .        ".         .         .  $41,449,257 

"      "         "         lost       .                 .         .         .  $16,927,992 

Total  number  of  persons  involved      ....  28,803 

saved          ....  28,317 

lost*          ....  486 

"           "        "         "        succored    ....  57,636 

"           "        "    days  succor  afforded       .         .  I5»3I3 

EXHIBIT   OF   THE   WILLIAM    CRAMP    SHIP-BUILDING   COMPANY. 

This  company  exhibited  a  twenty-feet-long  model  of  the  original  steam- 
boat invented  by  John  Fitch,  which  he  placed  upon  the  Delaware  River 
in  1787.  The  mode  of  propulsion  adopted  by  Fitch  was  that  of  oars  placed 
vertically  upon  a  framework  arranged  at  the  sides  of  the  boat.  According 
to  his  biographer,  he  had  encountered  much  difficulty  in  converting  his  pro- 
pelling force,  steam,  from  a  vertical  into  the  rotary  or  circular  one,  which  he 
needed  to  raise  and  lower  his  oars ;  having,  it  would  seem,  lost  sight  of  the 
crank  and  cam  of  the  common  spinning-wheel,  which  at  that  day  formed 
part  of  the  effects  of  almost  every  household. 

Following  the  model  of  the  John  Fitch  steamboat,  and  illustrating  fully 
the  great  progress  made  during  the  constitutional  century  in  water  trans- 
portation, came  the 

EXHIBIT   OF  THE   OCEAN   STEAMSHIP  COMPANY  OF   SAVANNAH. 

This  company  made  their  exhibit  upon  two  floats,  each  drawn  by  two 
horses.  •  . 

*  One  hundred  and  eighty-three  of  these  were  lost  at  the  disasters  of  the  steamers  Huron 
and  Metropolis.  In  the  case  of  the  former,  when  the  stations  were  not  open,  and  in  the 
latter,  when  service  was  impeded  by  distance.  Fourteen  other  lives  were  lost  in  the  same  year 
owing  to  similar  causes. 


128  CIVIC  AND  INDUSTRIAL  PROCESSION. 

FLOAT   No.  i. 

Upon  the  first  float  was  shown  a  model  of  the  steamer  Savannah,  the 
first  steamship  that  ever  crossed  the  ocean.  This  vessel  was  built  for  the 
company  in  1818,  was  of  three  hundred  and  thirty  tons  measurement, 
carried  six  hundred  bales  of  cotton,  and  was  furnished  with  uncovered 
wrought-iron  side-wheels  for  propelling  the  vessel.  These  wheels  were  so 
arranged  that  they  could  be  folded  back  upon  the  deck  of  the  ship  when 
the  wind  favored  the  economical  use  of  fuel, — pitch-pine  being  used  for  fuel 
at  that  time.  The  vessel  was  intended  to  ply  between  Savannah  and  Liver- 
pool, and  on  the  2Oth  of  May,  1819,  left  the  former  port  and  arrived  safely 
at  the  latter.  After  a  month's  stoppage  at  Liverpool  it  sailed  for  St.  Peters- 
burg, and  from  that  port  returned  safely  to  Savannah,  after  a  passage  of 
fifty-three  days,  nineteen  of  which  the  vessel  was  under  steam. 

FLOAT  No.  2. 

Bringing  the  illustration  of  the  progress  made  down  to  the  present  day, 
the  company  exhibited  upon  their  second  float  a  model,  fifte'en  feet  long,  of 
their  new  ocean  steamer  City  of  Savannah,  of  two  thousand  nine  hun- 
dred tons  burden,  being  built  of  the  best  American  iron,  three  hundred  and 
thirteen  feet  long,  breadth  of  beam  forty  feet,  depth  of  hold  twenty-six  feet, 
supplied  with  the  most  improved  propeller,  and  furnished  with  six  of  Ray- 
mond's patent  metallic  life-boats,  life-jackets  for  every  person  on  board,  and 
thoroughly  equipped  with  all  the  modern  appliances  to  protect  against  fire. 
Accommodations  for  one  hundred  cabin  passengers,  who  are  supplied  with 
all  the  comforts  and  luxuries  that  the  traveller  finds  only  in  hotels  of  the 
first  class,  and,  in  addition,  capacity  for  carrying  four  thousand  bales  of 

cotton. 

FLOAT. 

Tableau,  representing  all  the  nations  of  the  earth  composing  the  Ameri- 
can people.  The  representatives  were  dressed  in  their  national  costume, 
and  each  carried  a  banner  upon  which  was  inscribed  the  name  of  the  nation 
represented.  Over  the  whole  group  waved  gracefully  the  star-spangled 
banner.  This  tableau  was  prepared  by  A.  M.  Waas  &  Son,  costumers. 

FLOAT. 

Then  following  came  a  large  float,  thirteen  by  forty  feet  long,  carrying  a 
magnificently-arranged  tableau.  It  consisted  of  a  Grecian  temple,  in  which 


REPORT  OF  THE  CHIEF  MARSHAL.  1 29 

were  thirty-eight  young  ladies,  representing  the  thirty-eight  States,  and 
grouped  picturesquely.  The  costume  worn  by  the  ladies  was  a  white  robe 
with  blue  drapery,  each  lady  carried  a  shield  with  the  name  of  the  State 
which  she  represented  thereon  in  gold  letters. 

SEVENTEENTH   DIVISION. 

Assistant  Marshal. — S.  M.  VAUCLAIN. 

Aides. — R.  S.  WARNER,  W.  H.  CRAWFORD,  WM.  PENN  EVANS,  D.  H. 
HANSELL. 

EXHIBIT  OF  THE   BALDWIN   LOCOMOTIVE   WORKS. 

The  firm  of  Burnham,  Parry,  Williams  &  Co.,  consisting  of  George 
Burnham,  Charles  T.  Parry,  Edward  H.  Williams,  William  P.  Henszey, 
John  R.  Converse,  William  C.  Stroud,  William  H.  Morrow,  and  Wm. 
R.  Austin,  proprietors  of  these  works,  employing  over  three  thousand 
men,  and  producing  six  hundred  and  fifty  of  the  most  improved  locomo- 
tive engines  per  annum,  made  one  of  the  grandest  displays  ever  presented 
by  a  company  engaged  in  an  industrial  pursuit.  The  exhibit  comprised 
the  whole  of  the  Seventeenth  Division,  divided  into  four  grand  subdivisions, 
and  these  again  divided  into  minor  subdivisions,  each  composed  of  a 
platoon  of  thirty-three  men,  representatives  of  the  respective  departments, 
to  which  is  allotted  the  labor  of  producing  in  detail  the  various  parts 
which,  when  adjusted  and  combined,  form  the  ponderous,  powerful,  and 
swift-running  locomotive  engine. 

Following  the  assistant  marshal  commanding  the  division  and  his  aides 
came  a  large  banner  with  the  legend,  "  Baldwin  Locomotive  Works,  estab- 
lished in  1831;  yearly  capacity,  650;  men  employed,  3000;  8780  con- 
structed to  September  15,  1887." 

BAND. 

Sub-Marshal. — RICHARD  MCCALLION. 

Aides. — JOSEPH  McGirriGAN. 

Carriage,  containing  representatives  of  the  firm. 

First  Subdivision. 

Platoon  of  thirty-three  men. 

Two  carriages,  containing  Veterans  Isaac  Davis,  Jas.  Mendenhall,  Louis 

VOL.  II. — 1 8 


130  CIVIC  AND  INDUSTRIAL  PROCESSION. 

Pechin,  Joseph  Smith,  Charles  Smith,  Isaacher  Murray,  Charles  Greener, 
William  Booth. 

Sub-Marshal. — JOHN  GRADY. 

Platoon  of  thirty-three  men. 

FOUNDRY  EXHIBIT,  No.   i. 

Sub-Marshal.— PHILIP  PASCOE 
Platoon  of  thirty-three  men. 

FOUNDRY  EXHIBIT,  No.  2. 

Sub-Marshal. — GEORGE  MURRAY 
Platoon  of  thirty-three  men. 

HAMMER-SHOP  EXHIBIT. 

Sub-Marshal. — JOHN  ORR. 
Platoon  of  thirty-three  men. 

SMITH-SHOP   EXHIBIT. 

Sub-Marshal. — ALEX.  GREEVES. 

Platoon  of  thirty-three  men.     Two  water-carriers. 

Second  Subdivision. 
BAND. 

Sub-Marshal. — JAMES  W.  CONNERY. 
Aide. — SYLVESTER  KERWIN. 

SEVENTEENTH   STREET   TANK-SHOP   EXHIBIT. 

Sub-Marshal. — JUSTUS  JOHNSON. 
Platoon  of  thirty-three  men. 

FLANGE-SHOP   EXHIBIT. 

Sub-Marshal — HENRY  VELENOWETH. 
Platoon  of  thirty-three  men. 

BOILER-SHOP  EXHIBIT. 

Sub-Marshal. — WM.  D.  CONNERY. 
Platoon  of  thirty-three  men. 


SECOND  FLOOR,  HAMILTON  STBEF.T  Snor. 


SECOND  FLOOR,  WILLOW  STREET  SHOP. 


MARSHAL. 


Platoon  o 


SL 

Aide. — JOHN  .v 
Platoon  of  thirty-three  men. 

THIRD  FLOOR    HAMILTON  STREET  £|*J 

—RICHARD  ENTWIST-LE. 
•on  of  thirty  >h  ;•<•«•  awm      Two  water <*« 


132  CIVIC  AND  INDUSTRIAL  PROCESSION. 

Fourth  Subdivision. 
BAND. 

Sub-Marshal. — THOMAS  WILLIAMS. 
Aide. — CHARLES  WIGGINS. 
Platoon  of  thirty-three  men. 

ERECTING-SHOP  EXHIBIT. 
Locomotive  on  wagon. 
Aide. — Jos.  W.  GARRETT. 
Platoon  of  thirty-three  men. 

SEVENTEENTH   STREET  SHOP  EXHIBIT. 
Tender  on  wagon. 
Aide. — EDWARD  BROOKS. 
Platoon  of  thirty-three  men, 

ENGINEER  AND   FIREMAN. 

Charles  Phillips  and  assistant.     Two  water-carriers. 

Each  of  the  subdivisions  exhibited  such  parts  of  the  locomotive  as  their 
respective  departments  of  the  works  produced. 

A  large  wagon,  drawn  by  four  horses,  contained  Foundry  Exhibit, 
No.  i.  This  consisted  of  rough  castings  as  they  come  from  the  sand, 
of  parts  of  boilers,  cylinder-heads,  and  lamp-brackets. 

Foundry  Exhibit,  No.  2,  showed  the  cylinder  of  one  of  the  largest 
consolidation  locomotives  made  by  the  Baldwin  Locomotive  Works ;  the 
bore  measured  twenty  inches  in  diameter,  and  it  provided  for  twenty-four 
inches  length  of  stroke. 

The  Hammer-Shop  Exhibit  showed  the  drop-hammer  and  other  ham- 
mers. 

The  Smith-Shop  Exhibit  was  a  pair  of  the  largest  frames  made  at  the 
works.  They  were  constructed  by  Isaac  Davis,  one  of  the  veterans  of 
the  establishment,  who  had  been  employed  by  the  firm  nearly  fifty-three 
years. 

The  Seventeenth  Street  Tank-Shop  Exhibit  contained  a  variety  of  dif- 
ferent small  forgings. 

The  Flange-Shop  Exhibit  showed  back  sheets,  throats,  and  corre- 
sponding parts  of  a  locomotive. 


EXHIBIT  OF  THE  BALDWIN  LOCOMOTIVE  WOBKS. 


EXHIBIT   Or  THE   BALDWIN   LiOCUMOTI V K 


on  locomc 


attention,  as 
tyed  on 


emotive   as    cor. 

-entries,  valves,  etc. 

n  Street  Shop  Exhibit  consisted  of  *  tara  am 

iiowing    the    positions    of   the   eccentrics, 

crank-pins,  and  a  few  other  minor  details. 

'  floor  of  the  Hamilton  Street  Shop  Exhibit  showed  a.  wagon 

details,  sucb  ,as>  guide-yokes, 


134  CIVIC  AND  INDUSTRIAL  PROCESSION. 

EIGHTEENTH    DIVISION. 

Assistant  Marshal. — JAMES  T.  GREEN. 

Aides. — FRANK  HAFLETTS,  FRANKLIN  PIERCE,  ED.  DEBLIN,  SILAS  AN- 
DERSON. 

JOURNEYMEN   BRICKLAYERS'    PROTECTIVE   ASSOCIATION. 
FIRST  REGIMENT  BAND,  WILMINGTON,  DEL.     (Twenty-five  pieces.) 

First  Section. 

Committee  of  Arrangements. — Thomas  Wiggins,  chairman  ;  John  Hender- 
son, secretary;  Charles  Robinson,  Enoch  Curry,  Wesley  Daniels,  Charles 
Cunius,  John  Hays,  George  W.  Hopkins,  George  W.  Senderling,  and 
Michael  Lambert. 

Officers  of  the  Association. — Andrew  Magill,  President;  Thomas  Kelly 
and  George  Lightkep,  Vice-Presidents,  bearing  gavels ;  J.  W.  B.  Croasdale, 
Recording  Secretary ;  Daniel  Hollman,  Financial  Secretary;  Robert  H.Johns, 
Treasurer ;  Frank  Curly,  Edward  Crowell,  George  Biddle,  and  E.  S.  Black, 
Trustees ;  Edward  Earley,  Inside  Sentinel ;  Samuel  Johnson,  Outside  Sentinel ; 
George  Stillfield,  Frank  Helgrich,  and  James  B.  Stevenson,  Jr.,  Relief  Com- 
mittee; P.  D.  Brown,  Frank  Cooper,  Samuel  Grazier,  Joseph  Walters,  and 
John  Peters,  Advisory  Committee. 

The  uniforms  of  the  officers  and  men  consisted  of  a  blue  hat,  blue  shirt, 
white  scarf,  white  gloves,  and  white  overalls. 

PIONEER   CORPS, 

Composed  of  twenty-four  of  the  oldest  members  of  the  association.  They 
wore  silk  hats,  white  shirts,  dark  trousers,  and  white  aprons  reaching  to  the 
knee, — the  old-time  uniform.  They  carried  plumb-rules. 

This  section  contained  over  three  hundred  men.     They  were  followed  by 

FLOAT  No.   i. 

On  it  was  the  representation  of  a  fireplace  of  one  hundred  years  ago. 
It  was  five  feet  high  and  six  feet  wide.  It  was  constructed  of  old  Flemish 
brick,  alternated  with  "  black  headers,"  known  as  Flemish  bond  work.  The 
display  was  double-faced,  to  show  from  both  sides  of  the  street.  The  float 
was  drawn  by  four  horses,  decorated  with  plumes  and  covered  with  blue  and 
white  plaid  blankets,  on  which  were  the  initials  "  J.  B.  P.  A."  The  float  was 


REPORT  OF  THE  CHIEF  MARSHAL.  135 

covered  with  white  canvas.  On  each  side  the  following  inscription  was 
lettered :  "  Journeymen  Bricklayers'  Protective  Association,  Philadelphia, 
organized  May  30,  1880;  incorporated  June  7,  1881.  Value  of  hall  property, 
$45,000;  amount  invested,  $20,000;  assets,  $65,000."  On  the  rear  of  the 
wagon  was  the  following :  "  We  have  solved  the  problem  of  the  labor  ques- 
tion. Labor  has  become  capital." 

Second   Section. 

HARTL'S   MILITARY   BAND.     (Twenty  pieces.) 

This  section  was  under  the  command  of  Alexander  Crueman. 
Two  large  flags  were  carried  immediately  after  the  band,  one  the  national, 
the  other  the  State  colors. 

PIONEER   CORPS   OF   TWENTY   MEN. 

This  section  contained  upward  of  three  hundred  men.  A  large  trowel, 
twelve  by  sixteen  inches,  was  borne  by  John  Nevens,  as  an  emblem  of  the 
trade.  It  was  silvered  steel  with  carved  mahogany  handle. 

Following  this  section  came 

FLOAT   No.  2. 

On  it — contrast  to  the  one  on  the  preceding  float — was  an  elaborate 
modern  fireplace, — a  fac-simile  of  the  one  in  use  in  the  parlor  of  the  hall 
of  the  association.  It  was  eight  feet  wide  and  six  feet  high.  The  bricks 
were  laid  in  red  mortar,  and  the  fireplace  was  covered  with  a  segment  arch 
of  alternate  plain  and  pebbled  bricks.  Pannels  of  fancy-colored  stone  added 
to  the  beauty  of  the  model.  The  mechanics  who  built  the  exhibit,  George 
Elfrech,  Nicholas  J.  Sinnott,  Joseph  Douglass,  and  James  B.  Stevenson, 
rode  on  the  float.  On  the  sides  of  the  float  was  inscribed  the  following 
sentiment :  "  Honest  labor,  properly  organized,  with  arbitration  as  a  basis 
for  the  adjustment  of  all  grievances,  is  sure  to  command  the  respect  and 
confidence  of  the  community. 

Third.   Section. 
FRANKLIN   MILITARY   BAND.     (Twenty  pieces.) 

This  section  was  commanded  by  William  A.  Stewart. 
Three  hundred  men  were  in  line.     The  rear  of  the  division  was  brought 
up  by  a  company  of  one  hundred  apprentices,  commanded  by  George  Hop- 


136  CIVIC  AND  INDUSTRIAL  PROCESSION. 

kins,  marching  behind  a  transparency,  with  the  inscription,  "  Registered 
apprentices  of  the  Journeymen  Bricklayers'  Association." 

This  organization,  the  fourth  of  its  kind  attempted  since  the  foundation 
of  the  city,  has  proven  one  of  the  few  successful  ones.  Organized  May  30, 
1880,  and  incorporated  June  7,  1881,  it  has  in  the  period  which  has  elapsed 
since  that  time  built  and  paid  for  their  hall,  707  North  Broad  Street,  without 
outside  assistance,  at  a  cost  of  forty-five  thousand  dollars,  and  have  invested 
outside  of  that  twenty  thousand  dollars  in  stocks  and  bonds.  The  mem- 
bership is  twenty-three  hundred.  They  have  paid  out  since  their  organiza- 
tion eighteen  thousand  dollars  for  funeral  benefits,  and  over  four  thousand 
dollars  in  accident  benefits. 

EIGHTEENTH   DIVISION-A. 

Assistant  Marshal. — JAMES  F.  WRAY,  Jr. 
Aide. — JOHN  M.  RYAN. 

CATHOLIC  TOTAL  ABSTINENCE  ARCHDIOCESAN   UNION.      JOHN   M.   CAMPBELL, 

President. 

This  organization  paraded  with  three  bands, — the  Alexis,  twenty-one 
pieces,  the  John  A.  Reed,  twenty-two  pieces,  and  the  St.  Paul  Fife  and 
Drum  Corps,  fifteen  pieces.  With  a  step  as  regular  as  trained  soldiers  the 
forty  men  of  the  St.  Charles  Society  led  the  division,  with  Captain  W.  T. 
Lynch  at  their  head.  The  sixty  men  of  the  St.  Paul's  Society  marched 
equally  as  well  under  Captain  Thomas  Smith.  Captain  B.  T.  Dever  was 
proud  of  his  twenty  fine-looking  men  from  the  Cathedral  Society.  The 
Catholic  Knights  numbered  forty  men,  following  Captain  John  Sullivan. 
St.  Agatha's  and  St.  Edward's  Societies  each  had  twenty-five  total  abstainers, 
with  Captain  D.  Harrity  at  the  head  of  the  former,  and  John  H.  Platt  com- 
manding the  latter.  The  seventy-five  boys  who  followed  were  St.  Edward's 
cadets.  Their  young  captain  was  Edward  Murray.  The  twenty-four  men 
of  St.  Malachi's  were  commanded  by  John  F.  Murphy.  Young  John 
McShea  was  the  commander  of  the  thirty-five  boys  of  the  Annunciation 
Society.  St.  Bridget's  Society  turned  out  thirty-five  men.  In  the  St. 
Michael's  Society  there  were  forty  men  in  two  companies,  A  and  B,  with 
W.  F.  Browning  and  Edward  J.  Devlin  captains,  respectively. 

St.  Ann's  forty  men  were  under  Captain  James  Conlin,  and  St.  Cecelia's 


REPORT  OF  THE  CHIEF  MARSHAL,  137 

thirty  men  were  under  Captain  Charles  J.  Burchill.  Captain  M.  F.  Bergner 
was  at  the  head  of  the  society  of  St.  Patrick,  composed  of  forty-five  men. 
The  Mother  of  Sorrows  Society,  under  Captain  Daniel  Early's  command, 
contained  forty  men.  The  thirty-five  men  of  the  St.  Elizabeth  Society 
were  headed  by  Captain  Michael  F.  Maclntyre. 

NINETEENTH    DIVISION. 

Assistant  Marshal. — JOSEPH  MALATESTA. 
Aides. — A.  LAGOMARSINO,  Jus.  WRAY. 

This  Division  was  composed  of  civil  organizations,  moving  in  the 
following  order: 

BAND. 

BANNER, 

Bearing  upon  the  front  a  fine  painting  of  the  "  Landing  of  Columbus." 
Following  it  came 

THE   ITALIAN   BENEFICIAL   SOCIETY. 

The  members  of  the  society  on  parade  numbered  two  hundred  and  fifty, 
carrying  the  American  and  Italian  flags.  They  had  also  upon  a  float,  drawn 
by  six  horses,  a  very  realistic  tableau,  representing  the  landing  of  Columbus. 

KNIGHTS   OF   SHERWOOD   FOREST. 

This  organization  was  represented  by  Keystone  Conclave,  No.  15,  which 
paraded  twenty-five  uniformed  members,  preceded  by  a  band  of  twenty 

musicians. 

KENSINGTON   BASE-BALL   CLUB. 

This  organization  paraded  one  wagon,  handsomely  decorated  with  flags, 
drawn  by  two  horses,  decorated  with  flags  and  bells,  and  carrying  the  mem- 
bers of  the  club  in  their  uniform, — light-gray  suits,  light  caps  with  red  band, 
red  stockings  and  belts,  light  shoes,  and  the  name  of  the  club  upon  their 
shirt-fronts.  They  were  the  only  representatives  of  the  national  game, 
which  for  the  last  quarter  of  a  century  has  attracted  intense  interest  from 
admirers  of  athletic  sports.  -,, 

THE   PENNSYLVANIA   SOCIETY   FOR   THE   PREVENTION  OF   CRUELTY   TO 

ANIMALS. 

This  society  made  an  exhibit  by  parading  two  ambulances  constructed 
for  the  removal  of  disabled  animals.  The  first  one  bore  the  inscription, 

VOL.  II. — 19 


138  CIVIC  AND  INDUSTRIAL  PROCESSION. 

"The  old  ambulance,  in  daily  use  for  13  years.  1536  disabled  animals 
moved  in  this  vehicle,  and  over  $300,000  saved  to  owners  of  horses  by 
its  use."  "  loo  years  ago  societies  for  the  prevention  of  cruelty  to  animals 
were  unknown.  To-day  they  are  recognized  throughout  the  civilized  world 
as  the  barrier  between  the  brutal  man  and  the  brute." 

The  second  was  the  new  ambulance,  with  a  horse  in  a  standing  position 
inside  of  the  vehicle,  so  as  to  show  the  method  of  moving  a  disabled  animal. 
This  ambulance  was  driven  by  the  society's  driver,  accompanied  by  two 
agents ;  upon  it  was  the  following  inscription :  "  The  new  ambulance,  built 
for  and  presented  to  the  society,  1887,  containing  every  improvement  known 
for  the  easy  and  safe  removal  of  sick  and  injured  animals.  Enters  upon  its 
mission  in  the  work  of  humanity  to-day." 

The  new  ambulance  has  a  sliding-bottom  on  rollers,  which  is  drawn  out 
so  as  to  load  a  horse  when  lying  down.  The  sliding-platform,  when  a  horse 
is  loaded  thereon,  is  drawn  in  by  a  rope  and  windlass,  which  is  worked  by 
machinery  under  the  driver's  seat.  For  horses  that  can  stand,  a  tail-board 
is  let  down  upon  an  easy  angle.  A  disabled  animal,  properly  handled,  can 
be  loaded  in  eight  minutes,  and,  to  avoid  delay,  a  competent  man  will  always 
accompany  the  ambulance. 

The  society  numbers  five  hundred  and  sixty  members,  employs  three 
city  and  eight  interior  or  country  agents,  and  is  sustained  mainly  by  the 
charity  of  the  citizens  of  Philadelphia. 

From  the  following  summary  some  idea  may  be  gained  of  the  work 
accomplished  by  the  society  in  the  nineteen  years  of  its  existence : 

Total  number  of  cases  investigated        ....  138,986 

Offenders  prosecuted  and  punished        .         .         .         .  3,106 

Cases  remedied  by  advice  and  humane  action       .         .  47,398 

Disabled  animals  suspended  from  work         .         .         .  39,892 

Pads  adjusted  to  prevent  the  rubbing  of  sores      .         .  40,339 

Suffering  animals  humanely  killed          ....  6,866 

Disabled  animals  removed  in  ambulance        .         .         .  1,385 

To  present  in  detail  the  results  accomplished  since  organization,  in  1 868, 
would  be  a  labor  of  the  greatest  magnitude.  Briefly  told,  efforts  have 
resulted  in  checking  public  exhibitions  of  cruelty  and  teaching  the  lesson 
of  kindness. 


REPORT  OF  THE  CHIEF  MARSHAL.  139 

JOURNEYMEN    CARPENTERS'   AND    JOINERS'   PROTECTIVE    ASSOCIATION  OF 

PHILADELPHIA. 

Sub-Marshal. — WM.  W.  HAGERTY. 

This  society  was  represented  by  twenty-seven  members,  representing  the 
three  hundred  composing  the  society,  which  had  for  its  object  "  to  unite 
together  the  efficient  and  competent  journeymen  carpenters  and  joiners  in 
the  city  of  Philadelphia  with  the  view  of  maintaining  a  fair  rate  of  wages,  to 
encourage  its  members  to  advance  themselves  in  their  trade,  to  fraternize  in 
a  spirit  of  harmony,  and  to  use  every  means  which  may  tend  to  the  eleva- 
tion of  its  members  in  the  social  scale  of  life.  Also  to  procure  work  for 
its  members  and  to  help  bury  its  dead." 

GERMAN   SOCIETY   OF   PENNSYLVANIA. 

One  of  the  oldest  societies  in  the  country,  started  in  1764,  chartered 
in  1781,  had  nine  riders  (members  of  the  society)  and  six  barouches  in 
the  procession,  the  riders  representing  presidents,  founders,  and  members 
of  the  society  one  hundred  years  ago,  at  the  time  of  the  Constitutional 
Convention,  and  in  the  costumes  of  the  last  century.  They  were : 

1.  GENERAL  PETER  MUHLENBERG,  president  of  the  German  Society  in 
1788,  vice-president  of  Pennsylvania  in  the  same  year,  bearing  a  blue  flag 
with  the  words,  "17  September,   1787,"  the  same  as  in  the  first  constitu- 
tional procession,  July  4,  1788  (representing  the  convention  of  States). 

2.  Hon.  FREDERICK   AUGUSTUS    MUHLENBERG,  brother  of  the  general, 
president  of  the  German  Society  in    1790,  Speaker  of  the  House  in  the 
First  and  Third  Congresses  of  the  United  States. 

3.  GEORGE   CLYMER,  signer  of  the   Declaration  of  Independence  and 
of  the  Constitution,  member  of  the  society,  bearing  a  blue  flag  with  the 
inscription,  "6  February,   1778"  (treaty  of  peace),  as  in  the  first  constitu- 
tional celebration,  July  4,  1788. 

4.  GENERAL  VON  STEUBEN,  the  originator  of  the  armies  of  Washington, 
member  of  the  German  Society. 

5.  GENERAL  DANIEL  HIESTER,  member  of  the  German  Society. 

6.  CHRISTOPHER  LUDWIG,  general  baker  of  the  armies  of  the  republic, 
one  of  the  founders  of  the  German  Society. 

7.  BARON  DE  STIEGEL,  celebrated  iron-  and  glass-manufacturer,  one  of 
the  founders  of  the  German  Society. 


140  CIVIC  AND  INDUSTRIAL  PROCESSION. 

8.  Rev.  JOHN  CHR.  KUNZE,  first  professor  of  German  literature  and  the 
classic  languages,  Pennsylvania  University,  member  of  the  German  Society. 

9.  SIMON  SCHNEIDER,  one  of  the  founders. 

In  six  decorated  barouches  followed  the  president,  Mr.  John  File,  the 
vice-president,  Dr.  G.  Kellner,  Mr.  Godfrey  Keebler,  member  and  presi- 
dent of  Canstatter  Volks  (Test  Verein),  two  secretaries,  the  treasurer,  solici- 
tor, and  the  directors  of  the  society, — the  barouches  bearing  flags  of 
which  the  inscriptions  represented  the  object  and  the  work  of  the  society 
for  aid  to  immigrants  and  for  education.  These  inscriptions  were : 

First  carriage :  flag,  red  field ;  inscription,  "  We  love  our  country,  the 
United  States  of  America." 

Second  carriage :  flag,  white  field ;  inscription,  "  We  love  our  flag,  the 
glorious  stars  and  stripes." 

Third  carriage :  flag,  blue  field ;  inscription,  "  We  cherish  the  Constitu- 
tion of  the  United  States." 

Fourth  carriage  :  flag  ;  inscription,  "  Our  Motto  :  Religione,  Industria,  et 
Fortitudine,  Germana  Proles  Florebit."  (By  religion,  industry,  and  valor 
the  German  posterity  will  flourish.) 

Fifth  carriage :  flag,  inscription,  "  Our  Aim  :  To  aid  and  to  educate." 

Sixth  carriage:  flag;  inscription,  "German  Society,  1764—1887;  Aid 
Agency,  Labor  Bureau,  Library,  Night  School  for  Emigrants." 

TWENTIETH   DIVISION. 

Assistant  Marshal. — CHARLES  MENDENHALL. 

Aides. — CHARLES  LERov,  Jus.  ANDERSON,  H.  W.  LESYEA. 

The  firms  that  exhibited  in  this  division  were  those  whose  productions 
were  calculated  to  represent  the  workers  in  iron  and  other  metals,  and  the 
tributary  industries. 

EXHIBIT  OF  THE  AMERICAN  B.    H.   O.   &  SEWING-MACHINE  COMPANY. 

This  company  exhibited  the  progress  made  in  the  production  of  the 
sewing-machine  since  the  date  of  its  invention,  dating  back  some  half  a 
century,  and  resulting  in  the  reduction  of  the  cost  not  only  in  the  article  of 
clothing  and  other  articles  of  textile  fabrics  essential  to  our  comfort,  but 
also  others  equally  essential,  but  composed  of  more  dense  and  less  pliable 
material, — as  paper,  felt,  leather,  etc. 


a  the 
same 

it  ••• 


.ition,  an  i  nen- 

t,  six  feet  four  inches  .eighteen 

*er  ;, in  connection  wr.  was 

:nachine 


son  that  every 


142  CIVIC  AND  INDUSTRIAL  PROCESSION. 

particle  of  the  material  entering  into  the  construction  of  the  machines  was 

of  American  manufacture. 

FLOAT   No.  4. 

The  fourth  float  contained  machines  crated  and  marked  for  shipment ; 
thirteen  of  them  for  the  thirteen  original  States,  and  the  balance  consigned 
to  some  of  our  various  agencies  through  nearly  every  portion  of  the  civil- 
ized world. 

THE   LEIBRANDT   AND   McDOWELL   STOVE   COMPANY. 

This  company  of  stove-founders  made  their  exhibit  upon  one  float, 
drawn  by  two  horses,  and  upon  which  were  shown  samples  of  cooking  and 
parlor  stoves, — one  made  in  1786,  the  others  in  1887.  They  were  so 
arranged  as  to  show  the  progress  made  in  this  line  during  the  intervening 
period. 

EXHIBIT  OF   THE   LIBERTY   STOVE    WORKS. 
DISPLAY  OF  STOVES  BY  CHARLES  NOBLE  &  Co.,  LIBERTY  STOVE  WORKS. 

The  firm  had  in  line  a  large  float  decorated  with  flags  and  drawn  by  four 
horses.  On  the  float  was  exhibited  an  old-fashioned  ten-plate  stove,  said  to 
have  been  cast  at  a  furnace  in  Lancaster  County  in  1784,  and  to  have  been 
in  constant  use  in  the  same  county  for  nearly  eighty  years.  By  the  side  of 
this  was  an  old  German  magazine  stove  made  in  1790.  In  contrast  with 
these  the  firm  exhibited  a  number  of  stoves  of  recent  manufacture,  showing 
the  latest  improvements  made  in  this  line  of  industry. 

EXHIBIT   OF  THE   PHILADELPHIA   EXHAUST   VENTILATOR   COMPANY. 

This  company  made  their  exhibit  upon  one  float,  eighteen  by  seven  feet, 
drawn  by  four  horses. 

They  exhibited  an  eight-feet  Blackman  exhaust  fan  in  operation,  and 
smaller  fans  not  in  operation.  The  fan  was  operated  by  a  ten  horse-power 
engine  and  boiler.  They  also  exhibited  the  latest  improvements  in  steam- 
heating  apparatus,  such  as  direct  and  indirect  radiators.  They  displayed 
only  one  card,  reading,  "  The  Blackman  wheel  moves  200,000  cubic  feet  of 
air  per  minute,"  and  in  contrast  to  this  they  had  a  small  boy  engaged  in 
operating  an  old-fashioned  hand-bellows.  This  was  about  the  greatest  con- 
trast they  could  offer  between  this  and  one  hundred  years  ago,  as  at  that 
time  power  fans  were  used  little  or  not  at  all. 


REPORT  OF  THE  CHIEF  MARSHAL.  143 

EXHIBIT  OF  THE  PHILADELPHIA  SCALE  AND  TESTING   WORKS. 
The  exhibit  of  Riehle  Brothers,  proprietors  of  these  works,  consisted  of 
three  floats,  each  drawn  by  two  handsome  horses. 

FLOAT  No.  i. 

The  first  float  had  on  it  specimens  of  the  "  Riehle  Testing  Machines," 
which  they  manufacture,  from  five  hundred  pounds  up  to  ten  thousand. 
Their  larger  machines,  which  they  make  up  to  five  hundred  thousand 
pounds,  are  too  massive  to  be  conveyed  in  procession. 

The  mottoes  on  the  first  truck  were,  "  They  used  to  guess  the  strength 
of  materials ;  they  now  test  the  strength  of  materials." 

FLOAT  No.   2. 

On  the  second  float  was  shown  an  old-fashioned  weighing-beam,  on 
which  was  being  weighed  an  old  lady  who  weighed  one  hundred  and  twenty 
pounds,  and  it  took  one  hundred  and  twenty  pounds  of  weights  to  balance 
her. 

Another  scale  was  shown,  handsome  in  appearance  and  modern  in 
design,  on  which  was  an  old  gentleman  weighing  himself.  He  weighed 
one  hundred  and  sixty  pounds,  and  to  his  utter  astonishment  found  that  it 
required  a  very  few  ounces  to  be  moved  a  few  inches  on  a  weighing-beam. 

The  mottoes  on  this  float  were,  "  They  weighed  this  way  in  our  grand- 
mother's day."  This  referred  to  the  old-fashioned  beam.  "  They  weigh 
this  way  at  the  present  day."  On  this  same  float  were  also  beautiful  speci- 
mens of  Richie's  rolling-mill,  railroad,  and  warehouse  scales,  of  various 

styles  and  capacities. 

FLOAT   No.   3. 

On  the  third  float  was  a  handsome  display  of  the  Riehle  United  States 
government  standard  weigh-masters'  beams  and  frames,  of  all  kinds  and 
descriptions ;  also  a  large  variety  of  superior  hand-made  trucks. 

The  weigh-masters'  frames  and  trucks  were  similar  to  those  furnished  by 
the  United  States  government  to  all  the  custom-houses  in  the  country,  for 
which  the  firm  of  Riehle  Brothers  had  the  contract. 

HEATERS  AND   RANGES. 

George  W.  Hartman  made  an  exhibit  of  heaters  and  ranges,  showing 
the  advantages  of  the  new  styles  over  those  introduced  years  ago. 


144  CIVIC  AND  INDUSTRIAL  PROCESSION. 

EXHIBIT   OF   E.   H.   KOCH. 

In  this  exhibit,  which  was  upon  one  float,  drawn  by  four  horses  having 
two  drivers  and  accompanied  by  five  men,  was  shown  a  portable  oven,  the 
superiority  of  which  was  demonstrated  by  using  it  in  the  procession  for 
baking  cakes  while  on  the  march. 

Another  feature  of  this  exhibit  was  the  Otto  gas-engine,  by  the  use 
of  which,  when  attached  to  the  Mills  machine  for  making  ice-cream, 
which  by  the  old  hand  process  required  two  hours  labor,  is  now  pro- 
duced in  its  finest  quality  in  thirty  minutes.  Mr.  Koch  states  that  he  was 
one  of  the  first  to  make  use  of  the  Otto  gas-engine  for  this  purpose. 

LINK   BELTING. 

The  firm  of  Burr  &  Dodge  made  an  exhibit  of  their  "  link  belting,"  or, 
as  more  commonly  denominated,  "  detachable  chain." 

The  links  are  all  interchangeable,  or  put  together  without  use  of  bolts  or 
rivets  of  any  style,  and  running  on  tooth-  or  sprocket-wheels.  It  has 
positive  motion,  and  is  much  cheaper  than  gears,  leather,  cotton,  or  rubber 
belting  for  transmitting  power.  Special  links  are  made,  which  are  placed 
certain  distances  apart  according  to  the  amount  of  material  to  be  handled, 
to  which  may  be  attached  elevator  buckets  or  flights,  which  are  used  in 
handling  wet,  coarse,  gritty,  and  all  other  kinds  of  material. 

It  was  patented  in    1874,   and  has   reached   an   annual    sale   of  some 

three  million  feet. 

SCRAP  IRON. 

Henry  A.  Hitner  &  Sons  made  a  novel  exhibit  in  the  procession,  upon  a 
float  drawn  by  four  horses  and  attended  by  fifteen  men,  showing  the  im- 
proved, or  rather  new,  method  of  treating  scrap  iron  and  old  hoop  iron, 
which  until  lately  was  deemed  of  no  value. 

They  exhibited  on  this  float  the  Phoenix  horseshoes  and  the  champlain 
horseshoe-nails,  all  made  by  machinery,  which  were  only  twenty-five  years 
ago  made  by  hand, — present  way  of  making  them  being  far  superior.  They 
had  also  three  men  on  the  float  showing  how  the  old  hoop  and  other 
light  iron  which  occurs  in  a  bulky  lump,  and  was  some  few  years  ago  con- 
sidered worthless,  is  now  compressed,  in  a  press  invented  by  the  firm,  into 
a  faggot,  averaging  about  one  hundred  and  fifty  pounds,  and  measuring 
twenty-six  inches  long,  seven  inches  wide,  eight  inches  high,  and  in  this 
form  is  placed  in  a  furnace,  and  comes  out  in  a  bar  of  the  best  new  iron. 


REPORT  OF  THE  CHIEF  MARSHAL.  145 

They  had  also  fixed  around  this  float  all  kinds  of  horseshoers'  tools  of 
different  makes,  a  good  many  of  which  have  not  been  in  use  for  the  last 
fifteen  or  twenty  years. 

EXHIBIT  OF  THE   PHILADELPHIA   WIRE   WORKS. 

The  display  of  Mr.  Thomas  Hamilton  was  made  upon  one  float,  drawn 
by  four  horses,  and  accompanied  by  twenty-five  men.  Wire  of  various 
thicknesses  was  shown. 

The  wire  displayed  was  from  one-half  inch  thick,  all  sizes  to  .0075  of 
an  inch,  or  No.  40  wire  gauze,  of  which  two  thousand  spools  were  dis- 
tributed along  the  route. 

Wire  manufacture  was  known  as  early  as  1351,  but  up  to  1565  it  was 
drawn  by  hand.  It  was  largely  established  as  a  business  during  the  seven- 
teenth century  in  Barnsby,  Yorkshire,  but  until  a  duty  was  put  upon  it  on 
February  25,  1813,  it  could  not  be  manufactured  largely  or  with  profit  in 
this  country.  From  one  mill  in  1831,  when  American  wire  manufacture 
was  in  its  infancy,  the  product  per  day  was  but  three  hundred  pounds ;  now 
the  American  product  is  estimated  at  not  less  than  one  hundred  tons  per 
day.  The  uses  of  iron  wire  have,  within  a  few  years  past,  greatly  increased, 
and  American  manufacturers  are  acknowledged  to  have  attained  the  highest 
perfection  in  this  branch  of  industry.  In  1809,  wire  then  duty  free,  twenty- 
five  tons  were  imported  for  hand-cards,  worth  then  forty  thousand  dollars. 
It  had  been  made  here,  but  abandoned  on  account  of  the  free  admission 
of  foreign  wire. 

The  present  value  per  ton  is  about  fifty-five  dollars. 

The  telegraph  has  created  a  great  demand,  and  with  the  demand  the 
manufacture  has  been  much  improved,  especially  in  this  country. 

There  are  now  between  twenty-five  and  thirty  wire  mills  in  operation  in 
the  United  States.  The  Hamilton  mill  was  the  first  established,  and  is  the 
only  wire  manufactory  at  present  in  Philadelphia.  Others  have  started  in 
this  business,  but  failed.  "  What  cannot  be  done  in  Philadelphia  cannot  be 
done  elsewhere,"  is  the  motto  of  this  house. 

EXHIBIT   OF   THE   ENERGY   MANUFACTURING   COMPANY. 
This  company  made  an  exhibit  upon  one  float,  eight  by  sixteen  feet, 
drawn  by  four  horses,  upon  which  were  eight  men  illustrating  the  advan- 
tages derived  by  the  use  of  the  machinery  manufactured  by  this  company, 


VOL.  II. — 20 


146  CIVIC  AND  INDUSTRIAL  PROCESSION. 

which  consisted  of  a  portable  rope  hoisting-machine,  by  which  one  man  can 
raise  a  load  of  two  thousand  pounds  seven  feet  per  minute.  Before  this 
machine  was  invented  there  was  no  way  of  using  rope  in  portable  hoisting- 
machines.  This  machine  will  hold  a  load  at  any  point.  When  raised,  it 
cannot  lower  only  at  the  will  of  the  operator.  The  load  can  be  lowered  at 
any  desired  speed.  It  was  designed  to  take  the  place  of  tackle-blocks  in 
raising  heavy  weights  in  stores,  etc.  The  working  of  the  machine  was 
shown  by  a  small  boy,  raising  and  lowering  a  load  six  times  heavier  than 
the  one  that  was  attached  to  a  tackle-block,  exhibited  in  contrast,  that  a 
man  was  vainly  endeavoring  to  raise.  This  machine  was  patented  by  Mr. 
McCabe  in  1880,  but  was  not  introduced  until  this  year.  There  are  a  large 
number  now  in  use,  and  the  company  is  selling  all  it  can  make.  The 
date  of  the  invention  of  the  tackle-block,  although  very  old,  is  not  known. 
The  Energy  Company  also  had  a  steam-engine  on  the  float  running  a 
lathe.  Attached  to  the  latter  was  one  of  their  centre  grinders.  This  tool 
is  used  to  true-up  centres  when  sprung  or  cut  by  the  work.  Before  this 
machine  was  introduced  lathe-centres  were  trued  by  taking  them  out  of  the 
lathe  and  having  them  softened.  This  takes  from  fifteen  to  twenty  minutes. 
Then  they  were  replaced  and  turned  up  by  the  workman ;  after  turning  he 
had  to  file  them  so  that  the  rough  tool-marks  were  taken  out ;  after  this  they 
were  removed  from  the  lathe  and  hardened,  which  in  all  would  take  fifteen 
or  twenty  minutes  more.  With  this  company's  machine  it  will  take,  it  is 
claimed,  a  man  about  two  minutes  to  attach  it  to  his  lathe  and  give  the 
centre  true,  which  is  done  without  removing  it  from  the  lathe,  and  will  take 
from  three  to  five  minutes  to  true  the  centre  perfectly,  which,  it  is  claimed, 
is  impossible  to  do  by  turning  and  filing  it. 

EXHIBIT   OF   PLANISHED   WARE. 

Mr.  Joseph  Cloud  made  an  exhibit  upon  one  float,  drawn  by  two  horses, 
and  accompanied  by  six  men.  It  contained  specimens  of  planished  ware. 

The  sheet  metal  from  which  the  ware  is  manufactured  is  known  as 
O'Neil  patent  planished  electro-coppered  sheet  steel,  tinned  or  nickeled  on 
one  side,  coppered  both  sides,  tinned  or  nickeled  on  one  (the  inside)  before 
making  it  into  ware. 

The  everlasting  steel  base  that  composes  the  base  is  tougher  than 
copper,  more  ductile  and  cheaper  and  quite  as  handsome  and  attractive  as 


REPORT  OF  THE  CHIEF  MARSHAL.  147 

costly  metal  like  copper,  and  not  liable  to  form  verdigris  or  any  poisonous 
salts  that  are  incurred  by  the  use  of  pure  copper-ware  when  neglected  to  be 
retinned. 

There  is  a  consumption  of  about  fifty  thousand  pounds  per  day  in  all 
kinds  of  culinary  vessels.  This  is  a  new  product. 

TflE  AMERICAN   DISTRICT  TELEGRAPH   COMPANY. 

BAND. 
FLOAT. 

This  company's  exhibit  contained  a  float  drawn  by  six  horses,  upon 
which  was  a  representation  of  a  fully-equipped  district  telegraph  office ;  a 
general  telegraph  office,  with  two  operators ;  a  fire-proof  safe,  protected  by 
our  burglar-alarm  system,  with  a  door  and  window  to  illustrate  the  same ; 
a  man  personating  a  burglar,  with  tools,  etc.,  arrested  by  an  officer  of  "the 
company. 

They  had  fifty-six  messengers  in  uniform,  with  five  fire-extinguishers  on 
carriages ;  also  fire-extinguishers  carried  by  six  special  officers ;  four  men  in 
the  costume  of  olden  times,  with  leather  buckets,  etc. ;  also  four  men  of  the 
circular  department,  with  their  pouches  for  circulars,  etc. 

EXHIBIT  OF   THE   MORSE   UNDERGROUND   CONDUIT   COMPANY. 

This  exhibit  was  made  upon  one  float  drawn  by  two  large  Percheron 
horses,  and  consisted  of  the  Morse  underground  conduit  for  electric  light, 
telegraph,  and  telephone  wires,  patented  by  A.  H.  Mershon,  of  Philadelphia. 
The  conduit  consisted  of  large  cast-iron  pipes,  with  numerous  glass  tubes 
thoroughly  cemented  within  the  iron  pipes,  with  the  electric  light,  telegraph, 
and  telephone  wires  in  place  ready  for  working  the  different  instruments. 
These  were  connected  with  a  large  model  on  the  upper  platform,  represent- 
ing the  block  of  buildings  on  Chestnut  Street  from  Broad  to  Juniper,  oppo- 
site to  the  United  States  Mint,  connecting  each  building  with  the  electric 
light,  telephone,  and  telegraph,  precisely  the  same  as  laid  under  the  streets, 
showing  the  advancement  of  carrying  the  electric  wires  underground  from 
the  old  system  of  overhead  wires  on  poles  or  house-tops.  This  system  was 
patented  September  20,  1881,  by  A.  H.  Mershon,  of  Philadelphia,  and  is 
now  being  introduced  and  submitted  for  approval  to  all  citizens  in  the  United 
States. 


148  CIVIC  AND  INDUSTRIAL  PROCESSION. 

ARTIFICIAL  LIGHT. 
EXHIBIT  OF  A.  J.  WEIDENER. 

This  firm  made  an  exhibit  on  one  float,  drawn  by  two  horses,  accompa- 
nied by  two  men  and  two  boys,  to  illustrate  the  progress  of  artificial  light. 
A  log  cabin  was  placed  upon  the  float,  the  interior  lit  up  with  the  prim- 
itive candle,  the  "  light  of  the  by-gone  years."  In  front  of  the  cabin  was 
a  pyramid,  upon  which  was  exhibited  the  modern  lights  in  the  order  in 
which  they  were  introduced :  the  oil-lamps,  the  burning-fluid,  and  the  kero- 
sene lamp,  that  with  the  common  burner  of  ten  candle-power,  and  the  cele- 
brated "  Champion,"  giving  the  light  of  sixty  candles. 

COPPER  CONDUCTORS  FOR  LIGHTNING,  ETC. 
EXHIBIT  OF  F.  O.  GOODWIN. 

It  consisted  of  an  exhibition  of  old  iron  lightning-rods,  and  metal  and 
wooden  weather-vanes,  of  the  character  in  use  one  hundred  years  ago.  The 
vanes  were  a  sheet-iron  weather-cock  and  a  wooden  arrow.  Among  the 
lightning-rods  was  one  put  up  under  the  direction  of  Benjamin  Franklin,  in 

1765- 

Also  a  man  dressed  to  represent  Franklin,  flying  a  large  kite  attached  to 

a  pole  high  in  the  air,  illustrating  the  experiment  which  proved  that  light- 
ning and  electricity  were  identical,  and  at  the  same  time  showed  that  pro- 
tection from  lightning  could  be  obtained. 

In  contrast  to  this  first  part  of  the  exhibit  were  shown  the  developments 
in  lightning-rods  and  vanes  during  the  last  century,  consisting  of  the  latest 
and  best  copper  cable-rods,  and  the  improved  methods  of  attachment  to 
buildings.  A  large  gilded  banneret  of  beautiful  design,  and  a  galvanized 
iron  "  star  and  crescent"  vane  showed  the  weather-vanes  of  the  present. 

How  the  direction  of  the  wind  is  registered  inside  a  building  was  also 
shown  by  a  hand  rotating  over  a  dial  marked  with  all  the  points  of  the 
compass,  placed  in  any  part  of  a  building,  while  the  vane  is  fastened  on  the 
roof. 

CHEMICAL   STONE   WARE. 
EXHIBIT  OF  R.  C.  REMMEY. 

This  exhibit  was  made  upon  two  floats,  drawn  by  four  horses  each,  and 
accompanied  by  twenty  men. 


REPORT  OF  THE   CHIEF  MARSHAL.  149 

FLOAT  No.   i. 

On  the  first  float  there  was  a  display  of  chemical  ware  used  by  chemists, 
consisting  of  a  large  jar  of  one  hundred  and  twenty  gallons  capacity,  still 
and  worm  connected  together,  large  spigot,  receivers,  jars,  etc. 

FLOAT   No.  2. 

On  the  second  float  were  workmen  turning  stoneware,  one  man  repre- 
senting the  old  style,  without  the  treadle,  the  others  the  regular  style  now 
in  use  in  all  large  potteries.  A  century  ago  it  was  a  rare  thing  to  come 
across  a  stoneware  jar  holding  twelve  gallons.  Mr.  Remmey  now  produces 
jars  to  hold  one  hundred  and  seventy-five  gallons,  and  also  to  stand  the 
test  of  heat  and  acids. 

FIRE-BRICK,   TILE,   AND  FURNACE  BLOCKS,  CLAY    RETORTS,  AND  RETORT 

SETTINGS. 

EXHIBIT  OF  BORGNER  &  O'BRIEN. 
This  firm  made  an  exhibit  upon  six  floats. 

FLOAT   No.  i. 

On  the  first  float  was  shown  the  process  of  making  fire-brick  by  hand- 
labor, — the  old  way. 

FLOAT  No.  2. 

On  the  second  float  was  shown  the  new  way, — their  manufacture  by 
steam  machinery. 

FLOAT   No.  3. 

On  the  third  float  was  shown  the  process  of  "  repressing  fire-brick." 

FLOAT  No.  4. 

On  the  fourth  float  was  shown  the  process  of  burning  the  brick  in  the 
old  way, — by  an  up-draught  kiln. 

FLOAT  No.  5. 

On  the  fifth  float  was  shown  the  process  of  burning  the  brick  in  the  new 
way, — by  the  improved  down-draught  kiln. 

FLOAT   No.   6. 
Upon  the  sixth  float  was  an  exhibit  of  clay  gas-retorts. 


150  CIVIC  AND  INDUSTRIAL  PROCESSION. 

IRON  SAFES. 
EXHIBIT  OF  FARREL  &  Co. 

This  firm  are  manufacturers  of  the  Herring's  champion  safe. 
Mounted  escort  of  employes  of  the  firm. 

FLOAT  No.  i. 

The  first  float  was  an  ancient  wooden  axle-wagon,  known  among 
pioneers  as  the  "  dead  ax."  This  specimen  dated  back  three-quarters 
of  a  century.  It  was  drawn  by  an  antiquated  horse,  and  was  driven 
by  a  patriarchal  negro,  whose  birth  dates  back  nearly  to  the  adoption 
of  the  Constitution.  Upon  this  wagon  was  displayed  the  first  safe  made 
in  America, — an  object  of  interest  to  all  those  familiar  with  the  master- 
workmanship  of  the  safes  now  produced  by  the  exhibitors. 

FLOAT   No.  2. 

This  was  followed  by  a  float  handsomely  trimmed  in  red,  and  drawn 
by  six  fine  bay  horses,  displaying  the  first  bank-safes  used  in  America. 
The  two  shown  were  used  by  Stephen  Girard,  and  are  owned  by  the  Girard 
National  Bank.  They  are  about  a  century  old,  and  bore  the  legend,  "  Ye 
old  time  safes." 

This  float  also  contained  a  sixteenth-century  banker's  safe,  an  asbestos 
safe,  and  the  first  fire-  and  burglar-proof  safes  made  by  Farrel  &  Herring, 
well  calculated  to  provoke  a  smile  from  our  modern  financiers. 

FLOAT   No.   3. 

The  third  float,  with  decorations  in  white,  displayed  the  various  styles 
of  fire-  and  burglar-proof  safes. 

FLOAT   No.   4. 

In  pleasing  contrast  with  this  was  an  imposing  line  of  modern  safes, 
showing  the  perfection  of  skill  in  this  specialty.  This  latter  display  was 
made  upon  the  fourth  float,  caparisoned  in  solid  blue.  The  combinations 
t>f  solid  colors  in  the  three  large  floats  formed  our  national  emblem, — the 
red,  white,  and  blue. 

THE   MARVIN   SAFE   COMPANY. 

The  display  of  the  Marvin  Safe  Company  consisted  of  a  model  of  the 
first  safe  made  in  America,  manufactured  by  James  Conner  in  1830,  a  fac- 


XEPORT  OF  THE  CHIEF  MARSHAL. 

simile  of  a  safe  used  by  Stephen  Girarii  j  tile  iron  box  on  top  used  by  the 
first  State  treasurer  of  New  York;  and  a  safe. made  by  Marvin  in  1840. 


•'*•  •*•••  '••  '.'••-'     -r!;«.T 
tw 

-., 


At  th<r  hoart  of  this  division  wus  a  UM.  nifw 

F.  Gutekunst  exhibited  some  of  the  finest  specimens  of  the  photoirraptm  *•( 
Pi '  7  not  havincf  been  discovered  or  brought  inta  nt- 

O  .  II11U     |JI  ,. 

prior  to  1840,  there  is  less  than  half  a  centur>'  for  comparison ;  yet  its 
progress  has  been  so  phenomenal  and  rapid  that  it  >vas  thought  best  to 
represent  the  subjec1  cally.  The  advance  in  the  art  was  illustrated 

by  PIac"  ottc  in  black  (a  crude  form  of  por- 

trait  Jade  as  produced  by '  pho- 

. 

«-t^iii 

dra  i  rj^e  j^ft< 


Suii  ;n,  and  a  stvp  aJ-> 

sentin^j  Photography,  resting  on 

laurel,  the  whole  structure  being 

Fo)  his  came  another 


152  CIVIC  AND  INDUSTRIAL  PROCESSION. 

centennial  buildings  of  1876,  being  the  largest  photograph  in  the  world; 
also  specimens  of  phototypes,  or  mechanical  photographs  in  printers'  ink 
(the  latest  achievement  in  photography),  and  the  press  on  which  such  pic- 
tures are  printed. 

W.  CURTIS    TAYLOR  &  CO. 

Following  came  another  exquisite  display  of  specimens  of  the  photo- 
graphic art,  by  the  firm  of  W.  Curtis  Taylor  &  Company. 

For  reasons  given  in  the  previous  exhibit,  the  firm  could  not  make  the 
far-reaching  comparisons  contemplated  by  the  chief  marshal.  But  by 
making  portraiture  the  theme,  the  firm  was  enabled  to  contrast  in  their 
exhibit  the  methods  of  a  century  ago  with  those  of  the  present  day. 

Silhouette  cutting,  with  or  without  mechanical  appliance,  and  drawing 
and  painting  appear  to  have  been  the  only  resources  of  portraiture  a  hun- 
dred years  ago.  Accordingly,  the  former  was  represented  by  tracing  from 
the  shadow  of  a  silhouette  Washington's  profile.  The  original  was  made 
by  Samuel  Powel,  mayor,  as  an  evening  amusement. 

Drawing  and  painting  were  represented  by  a  moving  tableau  of  an 
appropriately-costumed  artist  at  work  on  a  veritable  old  portrait,  with  his 
subject  before  him. 

At  the  rear  end  of  the  float  the  operation  of  photography  was  indicated, 
both  in  making  negatives  and  printing  with  them. 

The  contrast  sought  to  be  shown  between  the  old  and  the  new  may  be 
thus  expressed : 

1787,  exclusive,  slow,  uncertain. 


Portraiture  v 

1887,  popular,  rapid,  sure. 

The  firm's  float  measured  eight  by  twenty  feet,  and  was  drawn  by  two 
horses.  Eight  persons  were  engaged  on  it. 

LOOKING-GLASSES   AND   PICTURE-FRAMES. 

George  C.  Newman  exhibited  mirrors,  paintings,  and  high  art  upon  one 
float  drawn  by  four  horses,  representing  a  modern  parlor,  the  walls  of  which 
were  draped  in  richly-colored  plush.  Tastefully  arranged  on  them  was  a 
fine  collection  of  valuable  paintings,  engravings,  etchings,  mirrors,  and  bric- 
a-brac.  This  branch  of  industry  shows  marked  advances  within  the  past 
century,  as  well  in  the  number  of  persons  engaged  as  in  the  designs  and 
execution  of  work.  The  first  establishment  in  Philadelphia,  in  1731,  was 


REPORT  OF  THE  CHIEF  MARSHAL.  153 

that  of  Edw.  Bradley,  Front  Street  near  the  post-office,  who  advertised  in 
the  Pennsylvania  Gazette  as  selling  silvered  glass.  In  1860  the  number  of 
dealers  had  increased  to  fifty-one,  employing  four  hundred  and  thirty-nine 
hands ;  while  at  the  present  time  there  are  sixty-three  places,  employing 
seven  hundred  and  fifty-two  hands,  with  an  annual  production  valued  at 
$1,518,590. 

STAINED-GLASS   SUBSTITUTE. 

Mr.  W.  C.  Young,  sole  agent  for  this  article,  made  an  exhibit  upon  one 
float  drawn  by  two  horses,  and  having  three  men  in  attendance. 

The  exhibit  was  six  by  twelve  feet  base  and  nine  feet  high,  and  was 
composed  of  "  Gothic,"  "  Queen  Ann,"  and  ornamental  windows,  artisti- 
cally arranged  in  an  appropriate  frame-work;  all  of  the  windows  were 
decorated  in  numerous  designs  accurately  representing  modern  stained  glass ; 
among  them  was  one  showing  an  exact  representation  of  the  State  House 
in  Independence  Square  as  it  was  in  1787. 

This  stained-glass  substitute  is  purely  American,  having  been  patented 
May  29,  1877,  and  December  3,  1878,  since  which  time  it  has  been  largely 
used  throughout  the  world.  It  is  made  in  a  variety  of  patterns  printed  in 
the  very  best  oil  colors  upon  very  thin  yet  very  strong  translucent  linen 
paper.  These  are  firmly  cemented  to  the  glass  to  be  ornamented.  After  all 
is  in  place  and  thoroughly  dry  a  coat  of  the  very  best  carriage  varnish  is 
applied,  which  adds  permanency  to  the  work  and  brilliancy  to  the  colors. 
The  process  is  so  simple  that  it  can  be  managed  by  any  one  of  intelligence. 

A   LARGE   CRAYON   IN   OIL. 

Mr.  Thomas  D.  Brown  exhibited  a  large-sized  crayon  in  oil,  a  picture  of 
Mrs.  Cleveland. 

"  This  exhibit  was  the  largest  crayon  in  oil  in  the  world.  It  was  a  free- 
hand work  of  art, — not  a  solar  print, — and  was  executed  on  a  canvas  nine 
feet  high  by  six  feet  wide,  in  a  style  known  as  the  light  and  shadow  picture. 
It  had  a  bevelled  edge  of  silver,  and  the  name  at  the  bottom  was  in  silver 
script.  It  was  taken  by  all  for  a  monstrous  cabinet  photo,  or  a  crayon  on 
paper.  It  was  mounted  on  an  easel  seventeen  feet  high  which  was  placed 
on  a  platform  eight  feet  above  the  ground ;  and  required  a  distance  of  at 
least  two  hundred  feet  to  get  a  proper  view,  which  softened  the  picture  and 
gave  it  a  very  rich  appearance." 

VOL.  II. — 21 


154  CIVIC  AND  INDUSTRIAL  PROCESSION. 

PAPER-HANGING. 
EXHIBIT  OF  MAHLON  F.  FOWLER. 

This  exhibit  was  made  upon  one  large  float,  twelve  by  sixteen  feet  long, 
drawn  by  four  horses,  and  having  upon  it  a  large  pyramid  of  wall-papers. 
Thirteen  men  working  in  parties  were  engaged  in  preparing  it  for  hanging. 
There  was  also  shown  a  machine  of  the  latest  and  most  improved  kind  for 
trimming  the  paper. 

LOOKING-GLASS   FRAMES. 
EXHIBIT  OF  ALBERT  C.  LOWE. 

The  exhibit  was  made  upon  one  float,  drawn  by  two  horses.  Five  men 
were  at  work  on  a  fine  pattern  mirror-frame.  There  were  also  displayed 
two  fine  mantel  mirror-frames,  one  walnut-framed  mirror,  an  oak  mantel- 
piece and  bric-a-brac,  and  elegant  picture-frames,  all  finely  decorated. 

FINE   FURNITURE   UPHOLSTERING. 

William  Koelle,  manufacturer  of  fine  furniture,  made  a  display  upon  a 
large  float,  ten  by  nineteen  feet,  with  a  canopy-top  trimmed  with  red,  white, 
and  blue  decoration.  Eight  men  were  at  work  upholstering  odd  pieces  of 
furniture,  such  as  conversation-chairs,  fancy  mahogany  divans,  reception- 
chairs,  etc.,  one  man  placing  in  the  springs,  one  the  hair,  others  the  cover- 
ing, etc. 

WOODEN   MANTELS. 

C.  M.  Eveleth,  upon  a  float  twelve  by  fifteen  feet,  and  accompanied  by 
five  men,  made  a  fine  exhibit  of  artistically-carved  wooden  mantels  and 
looking-glass  frames,  screens,  etc.,  with  workshop  and  carver  at  work. 

PIANOS,   ORGANS,   AND   MUSIC. 

EXHIBIT  OF  F.  A.  NORTH. 

This  firm  made  a  very  fine  exhibit  upon  a  number  of  floats,  not  only  in 
the  display  of  pianos  and  organs,  but  also  in  the  matter  of  sheet  music. 
The  exhibit  was  as  follows : 

FLOAT   No.   i. 

The  first  float  was  twenty-two  feet  long  by  seven  feet  wide,  and  twenty 
feet  high,  bearing  four  pianos, — the  first,  a  quaint  old  instrument,  made  by 
Charles  Taws,  in  Philadelphia,  in  the  year  1794.  Above  this  was  suspended 
a  painting,  five  by  seven  feet,  of  the  old  house  in  which  the  first  American 


REPORT  OF  THE   CHIEF  MARSHAL.  155 

piano  was  made.  Next  was  exhibited  a  piano  made  by  Wm.  Knabe  &  Co., 
of  Baltimore,  in  1837;  another  made  in  1856;  and,  finally,  a  concert  grand 
made  in  1887,  above  which  was  a  painting,  seven  by  ten  feet,  of  the  six- 
story  Knabe  factory  of  to-day,  where  over  six  hundred  men  are  employed ; 
thus  illustrating  the  vast  contrast  not  only  in  the  style  and  grandeur  of  the 
instruments,  but  also  the  growth  of  the  industry.  This  float  was  drawn  by 
four  horses,  wearing  flank  blankets  bearing  the  name  of  the  firm,  and  was 
in  charge  of  six  men,  one  of  whom  was  a  musician,  who  showed  at  in- 
tervals the  tone-producing  quality  of  the  various  instruments. 

FLOAT  No.  2. 

The  second  float  was  fifteen  by  six  and  a  half  feet  and  eighteen  feet  high. 
It  contained  four  styles  of  organs  manufactured  by  the  Wilcox  &  White 
Organ  Company.  Over  these  was  suspended  a  banner,  stating,  "  Reed 
organs  are  of  recent  invention.  The  melodeon  appeared  in  1840,  and  the 
organ  in  1861.  Improvements  have  been  rapid,  and  the  manufacture  of 
organs  is  to-day  a  leading  industry  in  America." 

The  float  was  drawn  by  four  horses  and  manned  by  four  men. 

FLOAT   No.   3. 

The  exhibit  on  the  third  float  illustrated  the  extensiveness  of  sheet- 
music  publication  of  the  present.  Fifty  thousand  four  hundred  copies  of 
the  "  Constitutional  Centennial  March,"  especially  written  for  the  occasion 
by  Mr.  Fred.  T.  Baker,  a  popular  Philadelphia  composer,  were  distributed 
among  the  visitors. 

An  inscription  on  the  interior  page  stated  that  the  "  March"  was  printed 
on  the  latest  improved  presses,  at  the  rate  of  fifteen  thousand  per  day,  while 
but  two  hundred  a  day  on  a  hand-press  would  have  been  considered  a  rapid 
production  one  hundred  years  ago.  The  sheet-music  float  was  drawn  by 
two  horses  and  was  in  charge  of  three  men.  All  three  floats  were  appro- 
priately decorated  with  bunting  and  flags.  Number  of  horses  (three  floats), 
ten ;  number  of  men,  thirteen.  Music  was  supplied  by  the  men  in  charge 
of  the  instruments. 

THE   ESTEY   ORGAN   COMPANY. 

This  company  made  their  exhibit  upon  one  float  drawn  by  four  horses. 
Upon  the  float  were  shown  an  elegant  cottage,  containing  an  old  piano, 
made  by  Charles  Albrecht,  Philadelphia,  ninety-eight  years  ago,  now 


156  CIVIC  AND  INDUSTRIAL  PROCESSION. 

owned  by  The  Historical  Society  of  Pennsylvania,  in  contrast  with  a 
modern  Estey  piano.  Also  a  little  melodeon,  contributed  by  the  Estey 
Organ  Company,  and  made  nearly  fifty  years  ago,  designed  to  rest  on  the 
lap  and  be  blown  with  the  elbow,  showing  the  commencement  of  the  organ 
business,  and  in  contrast  with  an  Estey  organ  of  1887.  The  exhibit  was  by 

Estey,  Bruce  &  Co. 

MUSICAL   INSTRUMENTS. 

EXHIBIT  OF  WILLIAM  JOHN  CHRISTY. 

This  exhibit  was  shown  upon  one  float,  drawn  by  two  horses,  and  com- 
posed of  a  band  of  twelve  instruments ;  there  was  also  shown  a  new  lyre, 
furnished  with  double  steels  or  vibrators, — a  new  invention, — the  hammer 
striking  these  being  double-headed,  thus  striking  two  tones  at  once,  in- 
creasing the  power  and  volume.  The  exhibitor  states : 

"  My  object  was  to  show  that  a  band  composed  of  accordions,  with  this 
lyre  and  a  cornet,  would  make  a  new  band,  easy  to  be  taught,  and  have  a 
good  effect.  I  exhibited  also  the  largest  bass-viol  in  the  world." 

H.   A.    WEYMANN   &    SON. 

This  firm  made  their  exhibit  upon  one  float,  upon  which  was  placed  a 
large  glass  case  containing  musical  instruments  of  different  kinds, — a  banjo, 
a  violin,  and  a  flageolet  made  in  1787,  which,  when  compared  with  those 
made  in  1887,  showed  the  great  advancement  made  in  the  manufacture  of 
these  instruments.  In  front  of  the  float  there  was  arranged  a  large  harp  in 
immortelles. 

AUTOMATIC   MUSIC   LEAF-TURNING   APPARATUS   FOR  PIANOS,  ORCHESTRAS, 

ETC. 

Mr.  Charles  A.  Glass,  inventor  and  patentee,  exhibited  his  newly-intro- 
duced attachment  for  turning  music  leaves.  In  his  report  he  states  that, 
"  by  a  slight  pressure  of  the  foot  it  turns  over  one  leaf  or  as  many  leaves  as 
desired  in  succession,  without  any  preparation  and  with  infallible  success,  to 

the  right  or  left  side." 

BORAX   SOAP. 

EXHIBIT  OF  WILLIAM  DREYDOPPEL. 

This  exhibitor  paraded  one  float,  drawn  by  four  horses,  upon  which 
were  loaded  two  hundred  boxes  of  his  improved  soap  ;  in  front  was  a 
man  with  a  basket  of  soap, — "  in  this  way  showing  by  contrast  the  modes 
of  delivering  soap  in  1787  and  in  1887." 


REPORT  OF  THE  CHIEF  MARSHAL.  157 

TWENTY-SECOND    DIVISION. 

Assistant  Marshal. — LEWIS  L.  MANN. 
Aide. — GEO.  W.  HARLAN. 

WAGONS  AND   CARRIAGES. 

D.  M.  Lane's  Sons  made  an  exhibit  at  the  head  of  this  division,  con- 
sisting of  two  coaches  in  marked  contrast,  and  showing  the  great  advance- 
ment made  in  this  line  during  the  constitutional  century. 

First  was  shown  the  Washington  carriage,  long  in  use  by  the  "  Father 
of  his  country."  This  was  drawn  by  four  handsome  white  horses,  accom- 
panied by  a  coachman  and  two  footmen  in  continental  livery.  This  coach 
is  owned  by  Captain  Benjamin  Richardson,  of  New  York,  by  whose 
courtesy  it  appeared  in  the  parade,  the  captain  himself  being  seated  upon 
the  box  beside  the  coachman  waving  the  American  flag. 

Second,  following  the  Washington  coach,  the  firm  exhibited  upon  a 
float  a  "  four-in-hand  break,"  built  to  carry  ten  passengers.  The  float  was 
drawn  by  four  horses. 

The  firm,  in  their  report,  state  that,  so  far  as  known,  the  "break"  is 
a  modern  carriage,  and  was  not  made  in  America  one  hundred  years  ago. 

THE   GREGG   &   BOWE  CARRIAGE  COMPANY. 

The  exhibit  of  this  firm  consisted  of  one  fine  English  break,  trimmed 
with  blue  cloth,  painted  dark  green,  and  striped  cardamom  yellow.  A 
pair  of  dapple-gray  display  horses,  with  a  fine  set  of  silver-mounted  har- 
ness were  attached  to  it.  A  colored  coachman  in  full  livery  was  mounted 
on  the  box,  and  six  young  men  rode  in  the  break.  The  exhibit  was 
mounted  upon  a  large  float  drawn  by  two  horses. 

WILLIAM   J.   THOMSON   &   CO. 

This  firm,  known  as  the  "  Clifton  Buggy  Works,"  exhibited  in  the  pro- 
cession,— 

First.  An  old-style  Germantown  wagon,  built  in  1815,  the  axle  of  wood, 
the  hubs  twelve  inches  in  diameter,  and  weight  about  eight  hundred  pounds. 
The  bolts,  springs,  etc.,  were  all  made  by  hand. 

Second.  New-style  Thomson  park  buggy,  which  could  be  arranged  as 


158  CIVIC  AND  INDUSTRIAL  PROCESSION. 

a  phaeton,  an  open   buggy,  an  open-top  surry,  or  a  depot  wagon;   will 
carry  four  passengers ;  weight,  three  hundred  pounds. 

Third.  Float,  showing  park  buggy  in  its  several  changes  and  combi- 
nations. 

LIFE-BOAT   EXHIBIT   OF   CAPTAIN   OTTINGER. 

Captain  Douglas  Ottinger,  of  the  United  States  revenue  marine,  ex- 
hibited upon  a  float  a  model  of  a  life-saving  car,  described  in  his  report 
as  follows : 

"The  life-car  displayed,  styled  'the  Ottinger  life-boat/  was  drawn  by 
two  horses,  managed  by  two  men.  On  the  float-wagon,  above  the  top  of 
the  car,  were  upright  surfaces  six  and  a  half  by  thirteen  and  a  half  feet, 
on  which  was  lettered  the  following : 

"The  life-car. 

"  Model  of  the  original  life-car  that,  with  a  signal  rope  at  each  end, 
was  pulled  through  great  waves,  and  saved  two  hundred  people  out  of  the 
wrecked  ship  Ayrshire,  on  the  coast  of  New  Jersey,  in  a  snow  storm. 

"  Invented  (per  patent  office)  by  Captain  Ottinger,  a  sailor  of  Pennsyl- 
vania. He  was  charged  with  and  executed  the  order  of  the  government 
that  established  its  first  life-saving  stations. 

"  Shipwrecked  people  may  be  saved  in  the  car  five  hundred  yards 
from  land  and  farther." 

AWNINGS,   TENTS,   AND   WAGON-COVERS. 

R.  A.  Humphreys,  manufacturer  of  awnings,  flags,  tents,  and  wagon- 
covers,  made  a  fine  display  upon  two  floats,  each  drawn  by  two  horses,  and 
accompanied  by  seventeen  employes.  The  display  showed  the  advance- 
ment made  during  the  century. 

First  was  shown  the  old  style  of  Indian  tent ;  second,  the  new  style  of 
Indian  tent;  third,  the  old-style  army  tent;  fourth,  the  new-style  army  tent; 
fifth,  the  new-style  pleasure  tents. 

Progress  in  wagon-covers  was  also  shown.  First,  the  old  Conestoga 
wagon-cover,  and  second,  the  cover  used  for  wagons  at  the  present  day. 

PAINTS,  VARNISHES,  OILS,  ETC. 

H.  Z.  Mintzer  made  an  exhibit  upon  one  float.  In  the  centre  was  a 
pyramid  upon  which  slats  were  arranged,  showing  a  great  variety  of  colors 
in  their  various  shadings.  At  one  end  of  the  float  was  shown  the  manner 


REPORT  OF  THE  CHIEF  MARSHAL.  159 

of  grinding  paint  in  the  olden  time,  by  which  a  man  could  turn  out  ten 
pounds  of  paint  per  day ;  at  the  other  end,  an  improved  machine,  by  which 
a  man  can  turn  out  two  hundred  and  forty  pounds  per  day.  The  float  was 
handsomely  decorated  by  flags  of  the  principal  nations  of  the  world. 

FURNITURE. 

EXHIBIT  OF  THE  PHILADELPHIA  FOLDING-BED  COMPANY. 

This  company  made  an  exhibit  upon  two  floats,  each  drawn  by  two 
horses.  Upon  the  first  float  was  shown  old  styles  of  "  four-post"  bedsteads 
with  canopy  top,  made  in  1 784 ;  and,  to  show  improvements  made,  there 
was  shown  upon  the  second  float  a  "  new  improved  climax  folding  cabinet 
bed." 

WASHING-MACHINES. 

The  Ristine  Manufacturing  Company  made  an  exhibit  of  their  new 
washing-machines  upon  two  floats,  each  drawn  by  two  horses. 

RICHMOND   BROTHERS. 

This  firm  made  their  exhibit  upon  one  float,  drawn  by  two  horses,  and 
accompanied  by  four  men  and  two  boys.  They  presented  a  large-size 
machine,  manufactured  especially  for  the  parade,  being  eight  feet  long,  ten 
feet  high,  and  six  feet  wide. 

FURNITURE. 

EXHIBIT  OF  MACKIE  &  HILTON. 

This  firm  showed  upon  one  large  float,  drawn  by  four  white  horses, 
accompanied  by  four  men,  a  very  fine  display  of  a  willow  parlor  suit,  con- 
sisting of  sofa,  large  rocker,  arm-chair,  parlor-chairs,  hat-rack,  hall-stand, 
etc.  These  goods,  of  comparatively  recent  introduction,  do  not,  therefore, 
admit  of  comparison  with  any  of  the  same  kind  made  in  the  early  years 

of  the  century. 

KINDLING-WOOD. 
EXHIBIT  OF  W.  A.  ALLEN. 
The  exhibit  of  Mr.  Allen  consisted  of  two  floats,  handsomely  decorated, 

each  drawn  by  four  horses. 

FLOAT  No.  i. 

The  first  float  consisted  of  a  handsome  wagon  with  bundle-wood 
arranged  in  a  large  and  gradual  pyramid.  On  each  side  of  the  float  was 
painted  in  oil  a  woman  about  to  start  a  fire  in  her  stove. 


l6o  CIVIC  AND  INDUSTRIAL  PROCESSION. 

FLOAT  No.  2. 

The  second  float  was  designed  to  show  the  mode  of  delivering  bundle- 
wood  at  the  present  time. 

TWENTY-THIRD    DIVISION. 

Assistant  Marshal. — FRANK  BOWER. 
Aide. — CHARLES  W.  HOUGHTON,  M.D. 

BAND. 
BAKERIES,  MEAT   PACKERS,  SUGAR   REFINERS,  ETC. 

The  Home-Made  Bread  Company  made  an  exhibit  of  one  large  float, 
drawn  by  four  horses,  upon  which  was  shown  one  of  the  latest  improved 
machines  for  making  and  kneading  dough,  with  two  bakers  in  working- 
clothes,  who  illustrated  its  use  by  keeping  it  in  motion. 

This  machine  is  capable  of  mixing  and  kneading  six  barrels  of  flour  at 
each  mixing,  and  with  it  one  man  is  able,  in  a  day  of  ten  hours,  to  convert 
into  dough  two  hundred  and  forty  barrels  of  flour,  producing  the  enormous 
quantity  of  sixty-seven  thousand  two  hundred  pounds  of  dough.  Com- 
paring this  result  with  four  barrels  of  flour  and  eleven  hundred  and  twenty 
pounds  of  dough, — a  day's  work  under  the  old  system, — it  is  at  once  evi- 
dent that  this  industry  is  not  far  behind  others  in  the  matter  of  producing 
great  results  by  the  aid  of  inventions. 

Nor  is  the  progress  confined  to  machinery  only.  Instead  of  setting  the 
loaves  on  a  heated  hearth,  under  a  basket  made  for  the  purpose,  and  cover- 
ing the  whole  with  clay,  to  retain  the  heat  and  bake  the  bread,  as  our 
great-great-grandmothers  did,  the  latest  improved  bake-ovens  are  continuous 
in  their  operation  and  have  a  capacity  of  over  four  thousand  pounds  of 
bread  in  twelve  hours. 

This  exhibit  also  comprised  a  huge  pyramid  of  fresh-baked  bread,  sur- 
mounted by  a  large  flag,  and  was  accompanied  by  eighteen  of  the  firm's 
delivery-wagons. 

FLEISHMANN'S   VIENNA  MODEL  BAKERY. 

C.  Edelheim,  proprietor  of  this  well-known  bakery,  made  an  exhibit 
upon  one  large  float,  drawn  by  four  horses,  handsomely  decorated  with 
bunting,  garlands,  and  plants,  and  a  canopy  similarly  treated.  On  this 
float  were  placed  the  products  of  the  Vienna  Model  Bakery,  which  made 


REPORT  OF  THE  CHIEF  MARSHAL,  l6l 

this  institution  so  famous  during  the  Centennial  Exposition  of  1876,  as 
also  six  boys  in  white  bakers'  suits  and  caps,  who  at  the  close  of  the 
procession  distributed  the  bread  and  the  rolls  among  the  people. 

THE  BRUNSWICK   MANUFACTURING  COMPANY. 

This  firm,  engaged  in  the  manufacture  of  household  specialties,  including 
creamery  buttered  flour,  made  their  exhibit  as  follows : 

FLOAT   No.   I. 

This  float  represented  a  kitchen  of  a  hundred  years  ago,  with  the  old  fire- 
place, crane,  and  iron  pot,  a  copper  tea-kettle  one  hundred  and  fifty  years 
old,  a  pair  of  candlesticks  and  snuffers,  a  tinder-box,  bellows,  a  stove  of  "  ye 
olden  times,"  and  cooking  utensils  to  correspond.  On  the  float  was  a  table 
belonging  to  George  Read,  one  of  the  signers  of  the  Declaration  of  Inde- 
pendence, at  which  Generals  Washington  and  Lafayette  sat  and  dined  at 
Read's  house.  The  old  way  of  making  biscuits  with  yeast  was  shown, 
requiring  eight  to  ten  hours,  as  the  dough  in  those  days  was  set  to  rise  over 
night. 

FLOAT   No.  2. 

The  second  float  represented  a  kitchen  of  the  present  day,  containing 
gasoline-  and  oil-stoves,  washing-machine,  clothes-wringer,  and  other 
modern  kitchen-utensils  and  labor-saving  appliances.  On  this  float  a  man 
was  engaged  in  mixing  and  baking  biscuits  with  the  "  Martha  Washington 
creamery  buttered  flour,"  requiring  only  ten  minutes  for  the  whole  process. 
They  were  distributed  to  the  throngs  who  lined  the  route  of  the  procession, 
each  biscuit  having  on  it  the  words,  "  Baked  on  the  Centennial  Parade, 
September  15,  1887."  At  the  foot  of  the  float  was  a  sign,  reading,  "Old 
way,  1787, — 10  hours.  New  way,  1887, — 10  minutes." 

FLOAT   No.  3. 

The  third  float  contained  a  machine  used  for  mixing  flour  with  butter, 
making  creamery  buttered  flour,  the  machine  mixing  in  one  hour  what 
would  require  the  work  of  two  days  by  hand.  Men  were  also  weighing 
the  flour  in  packages,  and  putting  them  in  boxes  for  shipment  to  customers 
in  all  parts  of  the  country. 

The  object  of  the  entire  exhibit  was  to  show  the  progress  made  in  a 
century  in  the  simple  matter  of  biscuit-making. 


VOL.  n. — 22 


1 62  CIVIC  AND  INDUSTRIAL  PROCESSION. 

IMPORTERS   AND   SUGAR   REFINERS. 
EXHIBIT  OF  E.  C.  KNIGHT  &  Co. 

This  firm  made  the  following  exhibit  to  illustrate  their  business  of  sugar 
refining : 

One  team,  one  horse,  one  man,  growing  sugar-cane.  One  team,  two 
horses,  one  man,  three  hogsheads  of  raw  sugar.  One  team,  one  horse,  one 
man,  one  hogshead  of  raw  sugar.  One  team,  two  horses,  one  man,  twenty 
barrels  of  refined  sugar  (granulated).  One  team,  two  horses,  one  man,  ten 
barrels  of  refined  syrup  (from  sugar).  One  team,  two  horses,  one  man,  three 
hogsheads  of  syrup  (from  molasses).  One  team  one  horse,  one  man,  one 
hogshead  of  syrup  (from  molasses).  Total,  seven  teams,  eleven  horses,  and 
seven  men. 

In  reference  to  sugar  refining  in  the  United  States  at  the  time  of  the 
adoption  of  the  Constitution,  1787,  it  may  be  said  that  it  did  not  exist;  if 
carried  on  at  all,  it  was  on  such  a  small  scale  as  to  amount  to  nothing. 
Raw  sugar  was  almost  universally  used.  The  vacuum-pan  dates  only  from 
about  1820,  and  both  the  use  of  bone-black  as  a  decolorizing  medium  and 
the  use  of  centrifugal  for  purging  are  of  more  recent  date. 

PACKERS   AND   PROVISION    DEALERS. 
EXHIBIT  OF  JOHN  BOWER  &  Co. 

The  exhibit  of  this  firm  consisted  of  a  large  float,  fifty  feet  long,  and 
ten  feet  wide,  on  which  was  a  miniature  smoke-house,  five  feet  four  inches 
long,  four  feet  two  inches  wide,  and  eight  feet  two  inches  high  to  the  roof, 
which  was  surmounted  with  a  cornice  and  slanting  roof,  with  a  ventilator 
fifteen  by  fifteen  inches,  and  four  feet  high,  the  main  structure  painted  in 
imitation  of  brick  with  sign  on  the  front,  "  John  Bower  &  Co.'s  Smoking 
Establishment."  The  smoke-house  was  in  full  operation,  containing  hams, 
shoulders,  etc.,  in  process  of  smoking.  The  balance  of  the  float  was  hand- 
somely decorated  with  the  superior  sugar-cured  hams,  shoulders,  breakfast 
bacon,  dried  beef,  beef-,  hog-,  and  sheep-tongues,  prepared  by  this  house, 
all  forming  rosettes  ;  also  their  pure  kettle-rendered  lard  in  tubs,  and  meats 
packed  in  barrels  and  tierces,  with  decorations  of  flags,  bunting,  ever- 
green, etc.  Their  float  contained  eight  men,  and  was  drawn  by  six  of  the 
firm's  fine  mules. 


REPORT  OF  THE  CHIEF  MARSHAL.  163 

TROTH  HAMS. 

Mr.  Wm.  J.  Troth's  exhibit  consisted  of  one  hundred  and  thirty-two 
hams  arranged  on  a  half-octagon,  in  the  shape  of  a  diamond  in  the  centre 
and  an  hour-glass  on  either  side. 

HAMS,  BACON,  CURED   MEATS,   ETC. 

Armour  &  Co.  made  an  exhibit  upon  one  float,  drawn  by  four  horses 
and  accompanied  by  three  men  in  clothing  of  bright  yellow;  the  float 
and  horses  were  decorated  with  yellow  flags  and  ribbons,  yellow  being  the 
characteristic  color  of  the  firm.  Upon  the  float  were  shown  samples  of 
hams,  bacon,  lard,  cured  meats,  etc.,  while  above  these  was  an  arch  bearing 
the  words,  "  We  feed  the  world."  The  rear  of  the  float  was  covered  by  a 
large  shield  bearing  the  name  of  Armour  &  Co.,  packers,  Chicago. 

THE   RETAIL   GROCERS'   ASSOCIATION. 
This    association    made   an   exhibit   upon   two   floats,   preceded   by  a 

band  of  twenty  musicians. 

FLOAT   No.  I. 

Upon  the  first  float  was  shown  and  illustrated  an  old  store  of  a  century 

ago. 

FLOAT  No.  2. 

By  way  of  contrasting  this  with  the  improvements  made  in  the  manner 
of  conducting  the  business  of  retail  storekeeping,  there  was  placed  upon 
the  second  float  an  illustration  of  the  new  store,  with  all  the  improvements 
and  appliances  found  in  a  first-class  retail  grocery  store  of  the  present  day. 

CONFECTIONERY,   CHOCOLATES,   ETC. 

Croft  &  Allen,  manufacturers  of  confectionery,  chocolates,  and  san- 
blas  preserved  cocoa-nut,  made  an  exhibit  upon  two  floats,  each  drawn 
by  four  horses,  and  attended  by  eight  men. 

FLOAT   No.  i. 

On  the  first  float  was  shown  the  mode  of  manufacturing  candy  in 
the  early  years  of  the  century. 

FLOAT   No.  2. 

On  the  second  float  was  shown  the  methods  of  making  it  at  the 
present  day. 


1 64  CIVIC  AND  INDUSTRIAL  PROCESSION. 

COCOA   AND   CHOCOLATE. 
EXHIBIT  OF  H.  O.  WILBUR  &  SONS. 
This  firm  made  the  following  exhibit : 

FLOAT. 

This  was  drawn  by  six  dapple-gray  horses,  with  silver-mounted  harness, 
red  plumes,  black  and  gold  shields  on  each  collar,  with  Wilbur's  cocoa, — that 
is,  Wilbur's  breakfast  cocoa  and  Wilbur's  boiling  chocolate.  The  float  was 
ten  by  twenty  feet,  and  two  stories  in  height.  The  name  of  the  firm  was  on 
either  side,  filling  the  space  from  the  lower  floor  of  the  float  to  within  six 
inches  of  the  pavement.  It  was  handsomely  decorated  with  red,  white,  and 
blue  bunting,  flags,  etc.,  one  large  flag,  ten  feet  high  and  ten  feet  across,  in 
the  centre  of  the  upper  floor  of  the  float. 

On  the  first  floor  of  the  float  were  an  engine  and  boiler,  French  grinder, 
French  rolls,  nonpareil  machine,  patent  cocoa-shell  can-filler,  chocolate- 
mixer,  chocolate-tables,  chocolate-settler  or  shaker, — all  running  by  steam 
save  the  nonpareil.  Men  and  women  were  working  at  all  of  these  machines. 

These  machines  were  of  the  newest  designs  and  most  improved  attach- 
ments. 

The  above-named  machines  produce  eight  hundred  times  more  goods 
than  could  be  produced  by  the  same  number  of  men  and  women  without 
them.  All  the  machines  were  of  American  manufacture  save  the  French 
grinders. 

The  second  floor  of  the  float  was  arranged  with  tables,  chairs,  etc.,  for 
the  girls  who  were  seated  and  wrapping  chocolate  of  various  kinds,  the 
same  as  at  the  factory. 

On  the  front  part  of  the  second  floor  of  the  float  a  table  was  spread  with 
a  full  set  of  dishes  of  the  style  of  1787.  The  plates  were  filled  with 
Wilbur's  chocolates  of  various  styles,  etc.  Seated  at  the  table  were  a  lady 
and  gentleman  in  the  costume  of  one  hundred  years  ago,  enjoying  a  choice 
cup  of  delicious  chocolate,  which  was  served  by  a  colored  man,  also  in  the 
costume  of  1787. 

Thirty  persons  were  on  the  two  floats. 

EXLEY'S   CENTRIFUGAL   WATER-SPRINKLER. 

Robert  Exley,  patentee  of  the  Exley  Centrifugal  Water-Sprinkler,  made 
an  exhibition  in  the  procession  of  one  of  his  sprinklers.  The  advantages 
claimed  for  it  are  described  in  his  report  as  follows : 


REPORT  OF  THE  CHIEF  MARSHAL.  165 

It  has  many  special  advantages ;  it  saves  time,  and  it  secures  far  greater 
facilities  for  watering  parks,  roads,  and  streets  than  any  other  machine  ever 
invented.  In  its  ordinary  working,  at  the  rate  of  say  three  miles  an  hour, 
the  machine  will  cover  effectively  in  five  minutes,  with  one  load  of  water 
(say  one  thousand  gallons),  a  road  fifteen  yards  wide  and  nine  hundred  feet 
long ;  or  with  five  loads  of  water,  allowing  eight  minutes  for  filling  each 
load,  a  mile  can  be  watered  in  thirty  minutes,  the  same  width.  It  would 
take  four  ordinary  watering- wagons  to  do  the  same  amount  of  work  in  the 
same  time. 

THE   NATIONAL  STREET-SWEEPING   MACHINERY  COMPANY. 

This  company  paraded  its  combined  sweeper  and  loader  with  the 
attached  dump-wagon,  drawn  by  four  horses,  and  handled  by  two  men. 
It  illustrated  the  difference  between  ancient  and  modern  methods  of  street- 
cleaning  by  showing  the  hand-work,  with  brooms,  shovels,  hoes,  wheel- 
barrows, and  carts,  and  then  followed  the  machine  by  which  all  this 
hand-labor  is  eliminated,  and  the  entire  work  of  sweeping  and  loading  is 
done  by  machinery. 

The  difference  between  the  ancient  and  modern  methods,  the  greater 
perfection  of  the  work  done  by  machinery,  and  the  great  economy  attained 
by  its  use,  were  made  evident  to  the  eye  of  every  observer. 

CIGAR  MANUFACTURE. 
EXHIBIT  OF  T.  J.  DUNN  &  Co. 

The  display  made  by  this  firm  consisted  of  one  float,  thirty  feet  long  by 
twelve  feet  wide,  and  one  business  wagon,  drawn  by  four  horses  and  one 
horse  respectively.  They  displayed  Vuelta  and  Remedies  Havana  tobacco, 
also  Sumatra  wrappers  in  bales,  and  their  own  productions  of  domestic 
tobacco,  viz.,  Pennsylvania,  Ohio,  Wisconsin,  and  Connecticut ;  also  some 
growing  plants.  On  the  float  were  eight  cigar-makers, — four  making 
cigars  by  hand  and  four  by  moulds, — four  tobacco-strippers,  two  wrapper- 
bookers,  and  one  cigar-packer. 

THE   LA   FLOR   DE   PORTUONDO   CIGAR   COMPANY. 

The  "  La  Flor  de  Portuondo"  cigar  manufactory  of  Juan  F.  Portuondo 
was  represented  by  two  floats,  each  drawn  by  two  horses. 


1 66  CIVIC  AND  INDUSTRIAL  PROCESSION. 

FLOAT  No.  i. 

The  first  float  contained  five  men  engaged  in  opening  and  sampling 
bales  of  tobacco.  On  the  front  of  the  float  was  painted  a  scene  on  a  Cuban 
tobacco  plantation.  The  operation  of  "  casing"  or  moistening  the  tobacco, 
preparatory  to  the  manufacture  of  cigars,  was  also  performed  on  the  float. 

FLOAT   No.  2. 

The  second  float  represented  the  interior  of  the  factory,  in  which 
twelve  men  were  engaged  in  stripping,  selecting  the  wrappers,  making  and 
packing  the  cigars.  On  the  rear  end  was  a  large  double  show-case,  filled 
with  goods  ready  for  sale. 

A.   LOUDON   SNOWDEN, 

Chief  Marshal. 


APPENDIX 


TO    THE 


REPORT  OF  THE  CHIEF  MARSHAL. 


PHILADELPHIA,  PA.,  July  i,  1887. 
ORDER  No.  i. 

1.  The  undersigned  having  entered  upon  his  duties  under  his  appoint- 
ment by  the  Constitutional    Centennial   Commission,   announces   that   his 
office  is  in  the  Supreme  Court  room,  second  story,  City  Hall,  South  Broad 
Street  entrance. 

2.  General  J.  W.  Hofmann  is  announced  as  chief  of  staff. 

A.  LOUDON   SNOWDEN, 

Marshal. 

PHILADELPHIA,  July  9,  1887. 

MY  DEAR  SIR, — As  you  are  aware,  I  have  assumed  the  labor  and  re- 
sponsibility of  organizing  the  industrial  and  civic  processional  display  in 
commemoration  of  the  formation  and  promulgation  of  the  Constitution  of 
the  United  States. 

In  this  demonstration  the  whole  people  of  the  United  States  are  in- 
terested. Its  success,  however,  will  largely  depend  upon  the  hearty  sym- 
pathy and  co-operation  of  our  own  citizens.  As  Philadelphia  has  never 
faltered  or  fallen  short  in  any  good  work  assigned  to  her  people,  I  can 
have  no  doubt  as  to  the  result. 

All  that  is  needed  is  that  our  citizens  be  aroused  to  the  importance 
of  the  occasion  and  to  the  opportunity  presented  to  manifest  the  growth 
and  marvellous  development  of  her  institutions  and  industries. 

In  this  work  we  must,  as  usual,  depend  largely  upon  the  public  press. 
Without  its  hearty  assistance  but  little  can  be  achieved  in  arousing  public 

interest. 

167 


1 68  CIVIC  AND  INDUSTRIAL  PROCESSION. 

I  am  quite  aware  that  in  the  labors  I  have  assumed,  as  well  as  in 
the  result,  I  have  your  sympathies.  Nevertheless,  I  feel  it  a  personal  duty 
to  urge  that  you  omit  no  opportunity  to  educate  the  public  mind  and 
direct  the  people's  attention  to  the  subject.  Through  this  we  will  have 
their  co-operation  and  participation  in  the  demonstration,  which,  I  trust, 
will  be  alike  creditable  and  honorable  to  Philadelphia  and  the  country  at 

large. 

I  am,  very  truly,  your  obedient  servant, 

A.  LOUDON   SNOWDEN, 
Chairman  of  Committee  and  Marshal. 

P.S. — The  above  letter  was  mailed  to  the  city  editors  July  9,  1887. 

PHILADELPHIA,  July  18,  1887. 

MY  DEAR  MR.  McKEAN, — I  write  you  to  express  my  thanks  for  your 
timely  editorial  in  this  morning's  Ledger  on  the  approaching  constitutional 
celebration.  As  you  very  properly  say,  the  military  parade  is  a  very  easy 
task  in  the  hands  of  those  who  have  it  in  charge.  The  organization,  how- 
ever, of  a  civic  and  industrial  display,  which  will  illustrate  the  progress  we 
have  made  in  the  arts  of  peace  in  the  last  century,  is  an  entirely  different 
and  much  more  difficult  matter. 

First,  we  have  to  excite  interest ;  second,  co-operation ;  third,  intelligent 
participation. 

I  have  been  hard .  at  work  for  the  last  two  weeks,  and  expect  to  give 
unremitting  attention  until  the  demonstration  takes  place.  Intelligent 
editorials,  such  as  yours  of  this  A.M.,  will  go  far  to  lighten  the  burden  which 
is  resting  upon  me. 

I  could  very  easily  arrange  a  demonstration  with  thousands  of  people 
in  it,  but  an  intelligent,  illustrative  processional  display,  which  will  be  alike 
creditable  to  Philadelphia  and  the  country,  is  an  entirely  different  matter. 
Again  thanking  you  for  your  kindly  editorial,  I  remain  as  ever, 

Your  friend, 

A.   LOUDON  SNOWDEN, 
Chairman  of  Committee  and  Marshal. 
To  WILLIAM  V.  McKEAN,  Esq., 
Editor  of  the  Ledger. 


APPENDIX  TO    THE  REPORT  OF  THE  CHIEF  MARSHAL.      169 

On  July  9  the  following  circular-letter  was  mailed  to  the  governor  of 
every  State  and  Territory  in  the  Union : 

PHILADELPHIA,  July  9,  1887. 

DEAR  SIR, — From  the  enclosed  correspondence  you  will  observe  that  I 
have  been  appointed  by  the  Constitutional  Centennial  Commission  chairman 
of  the  committee  and  marshal  in  charge  of  the  civic  and  industrial  demon- 
stration, by  which  it  is  intended  in  part  to  celebrate  the  formation  and  pro- 
mulgation of  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States. 

I  need  not  remind  you  that  it  is  of  the  highest  importance  that  this  cele- 
bration should  not  alone  illustrate  our  moral,  intellectual,  and  material  prog- 
ress within  the  past  hundred  years,  but  that  it  should  be  made  so  imposing 
as  to  leave  an  indelible  impression  on  the  minds  of  our  people,  particularly 
upon  the  youth  of  the  land,  as  to  the  paramount  importance  of  upholding 
and  guarding  the  Constitution  as  the  sheet-anchor  of  our  liberties  and  the 
bulwark  of  our  prosperity  and  happiness  of  our  people.  In  July,  1788, 
there  was  a  celebration  in  this  city,  intended  not  only  to  manifest  the  gratifi- 
cation of  the  people  on  the  adoption  of  the  Constitution  by  ten  of  the  States, 
but  also  to  stimulate  its  ratification  by  all  the  States  composing  the  old  Con- 
federation. On  that  occasion  the  processional  display,  which  received  the 
countenance  and  the  hearty  support  of  the  leading  men  of  the  period,  rep- 
resenting all  branches  of  business,  industries  of  all  kinds,  as  well  as  the 
judiciary,  the  professions,  and  the  schools  of  learning,  headed  by  the  vener- 
able University  of  Pennsylvania,  etc.,  was  the  most  comprehensive  and 
suggestive  ever  attempted  up  to  that  period  on  this  side  of  the  Atlantic. 

It  devolves  upon  us  in  the  coming  celebration  to  illustrate,  as  far  as 
possible,  in  the  processional  display  the  marvellous  material  and  industrial 
advance  which  has  been  made  under  the  benign  influence  of  the  Consti- 
tution. 

It  is  a  celebration  in  which  all  should  participate.  To  assure  success 
will  require  generous  and  cordial  co-operation,  and  upon  this  I  confidently 
rely. 

Without  presuming  to  indicate  a  plan  for  your  guidance,  I  may  say  that 
it  has  been  suggested  that  your  Excellency  appoint  a  committee  to  which 
shall  be  assigned  the  duty  of  directing  the  attention  of  your  citizens  to  the 
subject,  and  the  organizing  your  industries  for  participation  in  the  demon- 
stration, which  it  is  proposed  to  make,  if  possible,  the  most  imposing  of  the 
VOL.  ii. — 23 


170  CIVIC  AND  INDUSTRIAL  PROCESSION. 

kind  ever  witnessed  on  this  continent.     With  such  a  committee,  or  any  other 
agency  you  may  suggest,  I  shall  be  glad  to  co-operate. 

Hoping  to  hear  from  you  on  this  subject,  and  confidently  relying  upon 
your  valuable  assistance,  I  have  the  honor  to  remain, 

Your  obedient  servant, 

A.   LOUDON   SNOWDEN. 
To  his  Excellency, 

Gov 

On  July  1 1  there  was  addressed  to  those  engaged  in  industrial  pursuits 
throughout  the  Union  the  following  circular  : 

PHILADELPHIA,  PA.,  July  u,  1887. 

DEAR  SIR, — The  undersigned,  having  accepted  the  appointment  as 
chairman  of  the  committee  and  marshal  in  charge  of  the  industrial  and 
civic  processional  display,  to  be  held  in  Philadelphia  on  the  I5th  day  of 
September  next,  as  part  of  the  ceremonies  commemorative  of  the  framing 
and  promulgation  of  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States,  hereby  appeals 
to  those  engaged  in  the  various  branches  of  business  and  industries  through- 
out the  Union,  which  have  been  developed  under  its  guarantees  and  safe- 
guards, to  assist  in  making  the  processional  display  as  far  as  possible  a 
suggestive  presentation  of  the  marvellous  advance  we  have  made  within 
the  past  one  hundred  years  in  the  arts  of  peace. 

This  demonstration  should  be  made  worthy  of  our  country  and  the 
great  event  we  propose  to  commemorate.  With  this  object  in  view,  you 
are  cordially  invited  to  co-operate  in  making  such  a  display  of  your 
products  or  skill  as  may  be  possible. 

I  am,  very  respectfully,  yours, 

A.  LOUDON  SNOWDEN, 

Marshal. 

On  July  13  the  following  circular  was  issued  in  furtherance  of  the 
work  in  hand  : 

PHILADELPHIA,  July  13,  1887. 

CIRCULAR. — In  order  to  facilitate  the  general  classification  and  arrange- 
ment of  the  various  organizations,  companies,  or  firms  that  will  participate 
in  the  parade  on  the  occasion  of  the  centennial  celebration  of  the  promul- 


APPENDIX  TO    THE  REPORT  OF  THE  CHIEF  MARSHAL.      171 

gation  of  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States  in  this  city  on  the  I5th 
of  September  next,  it  is  desired  that  those  intending  to  participate  will 
send  information  as  to  the  probable  number  of  men,  horses,  and  carriages 
they  will  bring,  and  the  character  of  the  display  intended  to  be  made  on 
the  occasion,  to  this  office  at  the  earliest  date  possible. 
By  direction  of  Marshal  A.  Loudon  Snowden. 

J.  W.  HOFMANN, 

Chief  of  Staff. 

On  the  same  date  an  appeal  was  made  by  the  following  circular  to  the 
publishers  of  over  two  thousand  newspapers  in  all  the  States  of  the  Union, 

soliciting  their  aid : 

PHILADELPHIA,  July   13,  1887. 

DEAR  SIR, — I  have  the  honor  to  request  your  co-operation  and  valuable 
assistance  in  arousing  a  public  interest  in  the  proposed  centennial  cele- 
bration of  the  promulgation  of  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States. 
By  publishing  the  enclosed  correspondence  and  circular  you  would  do  a 
kind  service  in  the  direction  indicated. 

I  am,  very  respectfully, 

A.  LOUDON  SNOWDEN, 

Marshal. 

PHILADELPHIA,  July  14,  1887. 

MY  DEAR  SIR, — I  write  to  you  in  reference  to  a  matter  that  I  know  you 
cherish  above  price, — Washington's  carriage, — the  one  which  was  used  by 
the  father  of  his  country  for  so  many  years  of  his  life,  and  in  which  so 
much  interest  is  felt  by  our  citizens  because  of  its  association  with  him. 

By  the  enclosed  papers  you  will  see  that  we  are  engaged  in  making 
arrangements  for  celebrating  in  this  city  in  September  next,  in  a  proper 
manner,  the  centennial  of  the  promulgation  of  the  Constitution  of  the 
United  States. 

One  feature  of  the  celebration  will  be  a  grand  civic  processional  display 
of  the  progress  that  our  country  has  made  during  the  past  one  hundred 
years  in  all  branches  of  industry. 

It  has  been  suggested  that  the  occasion  would  be  a  very  proper  one  on 
which  the  citizens  should  have  an  opportunity  of  seeing  the  historical 


172  CIVIC  AND  INDUSTRIAL  PROCESSION. 

carriage,  not  only  because  of  the  great  advancement  which  has  been  made 
in  this  branch  of  industry,  but  because  of  the  fact  that  it  was  owned  and 
used  by  the  first  citizen  of  the  republic. 

I  am,  very  respectfully,  yours, 

A.  LOUDON  SNOWDEN, 

Marshal. 
To  CAPTAIN  BENJAMIN  RICHARDSON, 

No.  65  East  25th  Street,  New  York,  N.  Y. 

PHILADELPHIA,  July  14,  1887. 

DEAR  SIR, — I  am  in  receipt  of  your  polite  favor  of  the  nth  inst.,  com- 
municating the  patriotic  action  of  "  Local  Union,  No.  8,  of  the  Brother- 
hood of  Carpenters  and  Joiners  of  America,"  in  unanimously  deciding  to 
participate  in  the  celebration  of  the  centennial  of  constitutional  govern- 
ment on  this  continent. 

No  class  of  citizens  can  derive  more  permanent  advantages  from  such 
a  government  as  ours  than  that  you  represent,  and  I  am  sure  this  fact  is 
fully  appreciated  by  every  intelligent  and  honest  workman  in  our  country. 

Your  letter  is  what  I  fully  expected  from  such  a  source,  and  gives  me 
much  pleasure. 

It  would  be  well  for  you,  at  your  convenience,  to  call  at  this  office 

for  consultation. 

I  am,  very  respectfully,  yours, 

A.    LOUDON   SNOWDEN, 
Chairman  of  Committee  and  Marshal. 
To  W.  J.  FORD,  Esq., 

Chairman  of  Committee, 

Twelfth  and  Heath  Streets,  Philadelphia. 

CIRCULAR  LETTER. 

PHILADELPHIA,  PA.,  July  16,  1887. 

DEAR  SIR, — In  order  to  awaken  an  interest  in  the  civic  and  industrial 
processional  demonstration  to  take  place  in  this  city  on  the  I5th  of  Sep- 
tember next,  by  which  in  part  it  is  proposed  to  celebrate  the  centennial 
of  the  promulgation  of  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States,  circulars 
have  been  issued  by  the  undersigned  and  addressed  to  those  engaged  in 
industrial  pursuits  throughout  the  Union,  inviting  co-operation  and  par- 
ticipation. 


APPENDIX  TO   THE  REPORT  OF  THE  CHIEF  MARSHAL.      173 

It  is  proposed  to  make  the  civic  demonstration  illustrate,  as  far  as  may 
be  possible,  our  marvellous  advance  in  the  arts  of  peace  in  the  last  century. 

In  this  illustrative  demonstration  all  sections  of  the  country  should 
participate.  Nevertheless,  it  is  manifest  that  Philadelphia  must  be  the 
largest  contributor  in  this  direction.  From  her  varied  industries  and  wide- 
reaching  manufacturing  capabilities  we  must  largely  draw,  and  from  past 
experience  I  know  that  we  can  confidently  rely  upon  the  patriotic  spirit 
and  earnest  practical  co-operation  of  our  citizens. 

As  the  period  for  preparation  is  short,  the  undersigned  earnestly  re- 
quests that  all  individuals,  firms,  or  corporations  engaged  in  industrial  pur- 
suits may  make  speedy  arrangements  for  active  and  intelligent  participation 
in  this  great  demonstration. 

The  effort  of  each  industry  should  be  to  give  a  practical  occular  demon- 
stration of  the  advance  made  within  the  last  century  under  the  Constitu- 
tion. 

Correspondence  on  these  points,  and  any  other  that  may  be  of  interest 
or  value,  is  invited. 

I  am,  very  respectfully, 

A.   LOUDON   SNOWDEN, 

Marshal. 

PHILADELPHIA,  July  23,  1887. 

MY  DEAR  SIR, — I  have  this  moment  read  your  very  considerate  and 
cordial  letter  addressed  to  Mr.  Latta. 

I  write  to  express  my  thanks  for  the  intelligent  interest  you  manifest  in 
the  celebration  of  September  next. 

With  the  cordial  co-operation  of  the  people,  I  shall  endeavor  to  make 
the  processional  display  of  the  I5th  of  September  worthy  of  the  great  event 
it  is  to  commemorate,  and  of  the  genius  and  spirit  of  our  people. 

Again  thanking  you  for  your  letter,  which  has  given  me  much  pleasure, 
I  remain, 

Very  sincerely  yours, 

A.   LOUDON   SNOWDEN, 

Chairman  of  Committee  and  Marshal. 

To  Hon.  E.  B.  COXE, 

Drifton  Post-Office,  Luzerne  County,  Pa. 


174  CIVIC  AND  INDUSTRIAL  PROCESSION. 

PHILADELPHIA,  PA.,  July  27,  1887. 

GENTLEMEN, — Herewith  find  circulars  explanatory  of  the  duties  which 
I  have  assumed.  I  now  write  to  request  your  co-operation  in  making  the 
civic  and  industrial  display,  which  will  form  part  of  the  celebration  of  the 
centennial  of  the  promulgation  of  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States  in 
this  city,  on  the  i$th  of  September  next,  such  as  the  importance  of  the 
event  should  secure  for  it. 

Your  city,  so  widely  known  by  its  exhibits  in  the  great  International 
Exposition  of  1876  as  the  seat  of  the  ceramic  art  in  America,  may  surely 
be  called  upon  again,  on  the  present  occasion,  to  give  ocular  demonstration 
of  the  great  advancement  made  in  this  branch  of  the  industrial  arts.  I  may 
be  pardoned,  I  trust,  if  I  suggest  that  the  present  stage  of  development 
might  be  the  more  prominently  shown  if  placed  in  contrast  with  an  exhibit 
of  some  of  the  products  that  Trenton  produced  in  the  earlier  years  of  the 
century. 

Would  it  be  practicable  or  expedient  to  have  a  joint  demonstration  made 
by  the  different  firms  and  companies  of  your  city  ? 

Will  you  please  take  the  matter  into  consideration,  and  at  your  early 
convenience  let  me  hear  from  you  ?  Or  perhaps  the  object  in  view  might 
be  best  advanced  by  a  call  at  this  office.  I  am  here  usually  from  eight  A.M. 
to  five  P.M.  ;  but  if  you  will  advise  me  of  your  coming  a  day  in  advance,  I 
will  remain  in  to  receive  you  at  the  hour  you  may  name. 
Very  respectfully, 

A.   LOUDON   SNOWDEN, 

Chairman  of  Committee  and  Marshal. 

To  THE  MERCER  POTTERY  COMPANY, 
Trenton,  N.  J. 

PHILADELPHIA,  PA.,  July  27,  1887. 

MY  DEAR  SIR, — I  should  be  much  gratified  if  the  Society  of  the  Cin- 
cinnati, whose  existence  spans  the  one  hundred  years  of  constitutional 
government  on  this  continent,  and  which  is  so  closely  and  honorably 
identified  with  our  national  history,  should  participate  in  an  appropriate 
manner  in  the  civic  and  industrial  demonstration  which  in  part  is  intended 
to  celebrate  the  promulgation  of  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States,  and 
which  will  take  place  in  this  city  on  the  i$th  of  September  next. 


APPENDIX  TO    THE  REPORT  OF  THE  CHIEF  MARSHAL.      175 

This   demonstration   will,  as   far  as  possible,  illustrate   the   marvellous 
advance  our  country  has  made  in  the  arts  of  peace  within  the  last  century. 
I  have  the  honor  to  remain, 

Your  obedient  servant, 

A.  LOUDON  SNOWDEN, 

Marshal. 
To  Hon.  HAMILTON  FISH, 

President  of  General  Society  of  the  Cincinnati, 
Ocean  House,  Newport,  R.  I. 

PHILADELPHIA,  PA.,  July  28,  1887. 
A.    WlLHELM,    ESQ., 

President  of  State  Agricultural  Society  of  Pennsylvania, 

Harrisburg,  Pa. 

DEAR  SIR, — The  great  interest  represented  by  your  society,  being  the 
basis  of  all  other  interests,  should  be  properly  represented  in  the  industrial 
processional  display  in  this  city  on  the  1 5th  of  September  next,  which  will 
form  part  of  the  ceremonies  of  the  celebration  of  the  centennial  of  the 
promulgation  of  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States. 

I  shall  be  very  glad  to  have  you  call  for  consultation  at  as  early  a  day  as 
convenient,  or  indicate  when  I  can  see  you,  with  a  view  to  arranging  for  the 
participation  of  your  society  in  the  parade. 

Very  respectfully, 

A.  LOUDON  SNOWDEN, 
Chairman  of  Committee  and  Marshal. 

PHILADELPHIA,    PA.,  July  28,  1887. 

DEAR  SIR, — In  the  civic  and  industrial  demonstration  of  September 
15  next  it  is  proposed  to  illustrate  the  advance  made  by  us  as  a  people 
in  the  past  century.  This  advance  it  is  proposed  to  illustrate  by  object- 
teaching  in  the  line  of  the  parade.  The  implements,  machines,  and  modes 
of  doing  business  in  1787  will  be  contrasted  with  those  of  the  present  year. 
The  progress  in  transportation  will  be  illustrated  by  the  old  Conestoga 
wagons,  canal-boats,  and  fast  freight  car.  Individual  transportation  by  the 
old  stage-coach,  the  packet,  the  passenger  car,  and  the  Pullman  palace 
car,  etc. 

It    has   occurred   to   me   that   the   Exchange,   of  which   you   are   the 


176  CIVIC  AND  INDUSTRIAL  PROCESSION. 

president,  would  be  glad  of  an  opportunity  to  manifest  its  enterprise  by  an 
exhibit  showing  the  advance  made  in  your  trade.  The  mode  of  illustration 
is  left  to  your  better  judgment.  The  exhibit  would  be  interesting  and  valu- 
able as  a  contribution  to  the  important  patriotic  work  in  which  Philadelphia 
and  the  country  is  now  taking  so  deep  an  interest. 

I  shall  be  glad  to  co-operate  with  you  or  any  representative  you  may 
designate  in  accomplishing  the  work  to  which  I  have  had  the  honor  to 

direct  your  attention. 

I  am,  very  truly,  yours, 

A.  LOUDON  SNOWDEN, 

Chairman  of  Committee  and  Marshal. 
To  ROBERT  C.  LIPPINCOTT,  Esq., 

President  of  Lumber  Exchange, 
Exchange  Building,  Third  and  Dock  Streets,  Philadelphia. 

On  July  29,  owing  to  the  number  of  civic  organizations  making  application 
for  positions  in  the  procession,  with  the  view  of  illustrating  progress  by 
the  participation  of  a  large  membership,  which  would  have  extended  the 
length  of  the  processional  column  indefinitely,  and  thus  have  conflicted 
with  the  main  object  in  view, — that  of  making  the  display  a  grand  object- 
lesson, — I  issued  the  following  circular : 

PHILADELPHIA,  PA.,  July  29,  1887. 

CIRCULAR. — The  following  information  is  deemed  of  importance  to  those 
contemplating  participation  in  the  civic  and  industrial  processional  display, 
which  will  take  place  in  this  city  on  the  I5th  of  September  next,  as  part  of 
the  ceremonies  incident  to  the  celebration  of  the  centennial  of  the  promul- 
gation of  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States. 

Usually,  in  processional  displays,  it  is  desirable  that  societies  and  organ- 
izations parade  with  full  ranks,  so  as  to  make  the  demonstration  as  imposing 
in  numbers  as  may  be  possible. 

In  the  coming  demonstration  the  suggestive  character  of  the  display  is 
deemed  of  much  more  importance  than  the  numbers  that  may  participate. 

The  object  in  view  is  to  present  the  result  of  successful  efforts  in  the 
present  century,  under  the  Constitution,  in  all  the  varied  branches  of 
industrial  pursuits  and  in  social  and  educational  life,  etc.,  and  thus  to 
exhibit  not  only  the  progress  made  in  each  particular  branch  of  industry, 
art,  education,  etc.,  but  also  the  bearing  of  each  upon  the  general  prosperity 
of  the  whole  country. 


APPENDIX   TO    THE  REPORT  OF  THE  CHIEF  MARSHAL.      177 

As  a  reproduction  of  the  same  article  or  illustration  is  not  desirable, 
it  is  recommended  that  individuals,  firms,  and  companies  engaged  in  the 
same  pursuits  unite  together  and  make  a  combined  exhibit,  on  as  suggestive 
and  comprehensive  a  scale  as  may  be  possible.  This  would  insure  econ- 
omy, condense  the  exhibits,  and  give  better  results  than  where  each 
individual  or  firm  endeavors  to  accomplish  a  purpose  without  union. 

Where,  however,  individuals  or  firms  are  willing  and  prepared  to  fully 
exhibit  the  particular  industry  they  propose  to  illustrate  in  the  parade,  a 
cordial  invitation  is  given  to  such. 

Benevolent  and  other  societies  will  best  promote  the  objects  held  in 
view  by  appropriate  illustrations,  symbolizing  the  objects  of  their  existence. 
Where  societies  embrace  large  numbers  of  men  it  may  be  found  necessary 
to  limit  the  number  of  each  that  will  take  part.  This  course  may,  and  from 
present  appearances  will,  be  necessary  to  prevent  the  demonstration  from 
exceeding  proper  proportions.  The  largest  latitude  will  be  allowed  in  this 
direction  consistent  with  the  main  object  to  be  attained,  which  is  to  illustrate 
progress  and  educate  a  respect  and  reverence  for  the  Constitution,  under 
which,  as  a  people,  we  have  had  such  abundant  prosperity. 

The  demonstration  will  not  be  permitted  to  degenerate  into  a  mere 
medium  of  advertising.  Uninteresting  features  will  be  eliminated.  Where 
proper  advertising  results  from  the  display  of  handiwork  or  enterprise  it  will 
be  encouraged,  but  not  otherwise. 

When  the  procession  shall  have  been  formed  in  accordance  with  the 
orders  to  be  hereafter  issued,  no  unauthorized  societies,  organizations,  or 
wagons  will  be  permitted  to  enter  the  column. 

Application  for  a  position  in  the  procession,  stating  the  character  of  the 
display  intended  to  be  made,  should  be  sent  to  this  office  at  the  earliest  date 
possible,  in  order  that  a  proper  classification  may  be  made. 

A.   LOUDON   SNOWDEN, 
Chairman  of  Committee  and  Marshal. 

PHILADELPHIA,  PA.,  July  29,  1887. 

GENTLEMEN, — I  am  in  receipt  of  your  valued  favor  of  the  28th  inst, 
and  in  reply  beg  to  assure  you  of  my  thorough  appreciation  of  the  live, 
practical  interest  you  propose  to  take  in  the  processional  display  of  Sep- 
tember the  i 5th. 

My  present  thought  is  to  confine  the  route  of  the  parade  to  Broad  Street, 

VOL.   II. — 24 


i;8  CIVIC  AND  INDUSTRIAL  PROCESSION. 

which  will  permit  your  exhibit  to  assume  the  form  you  are  pleased  to  sug- 
gest. If  there  is  any  change  in  the  route,  I  will  give  you  early  notice. 

Your  mode  of  illustrating  advance,  as  well  as  the  different  processes 
connected  with  the  manufacture  of  locomotives,  is  in  the  right  direction  and 
in  full  harmony  with  the  suggestive  character  I  hope  to  impress  on  the 
demonstration. 

Again  thanking  you  for  your  communication  and  the  encouragement  it 

contains,  I  remain, 

Respectfully,  yours, 

A.    LOUDON   SNOWDEN, 

Chairman  of  Committee  and  Marshal. 
To  MESSRS.  BURNHAM,  PARRY,  WILLIAMS  &  Co. 

PHILADELPHIA,  PA.,  July  29,  1887. 

DEAR  SIR, — I  beg  that  you  will  present  to  the  gentlemen  associated 
with  you  my  appreciation  of  your  and  their  effort  to  have  the  trades  of 
Philadelphia  unite  to  make  their  participation  in  the  grand  demonstration 
of  September  15  a  striking  illustration  of  their  hearty  sympathy  with  the 
celebration,  and  as  illustrative  of  their  own  enterprise,  spirit,  and  patriotism. 

If  the  trades  of  Philadelphia  would  submit  to  your  committee  the  ques- 
tion as  to  how  they  should  illustrate  the  different  branches  in  the  proces- 
sional display,  it  would  be  wise.  I  could  confer  with  such  a  committee,  and 
would  be  glad  to  aid  in  having  each  trade  present  a  creditable  illustration 
of  its  progress  from  1787  to  1887.  Such  a  course  on  your  part  would 
save  time.  Trouble  must  ensue  if  each  trade  has  a  separate  committee  of 
arrangements. 

Any  plan,  however,  that  you  adopt  will  be  satisfactory  to  me,  provided 
that  the  brainy  and  brawny  workmen  of  our  city  have  a  fair  opportunity  to 
show  to  the  world  what  I  know  they  are  capable  of  doing. 

The  demonstration  of  September  15  will  largely  depend  for  its  success 
upon  the  interest  manifested  in  it  by  the  "  American  workman,"  and  to  him 

I  look  for  assistance. 

I  am,  very  truly,  yours, 

A.   LOUDON   SNOWDEN, 

Chairman  of  Committee  and  Marshal. 
To  W.  H.  THOMAS,  Esq., 

Chairman  of  Committee  of  Constitutional  Celebration  of  the  Building  Trades' 
Council,  1225  Ridge  Avenue. 


APPENDIX    TO    THE  REPORT  OF  THE  CHIEF  MARSHAL,      179 

PHILADELPHIA,  PA.,  July  30,  1887. 

DEAR  SIR, — A  committee  representing  the  Building  Trades'  Council 
of  Philadelphia  called  upon  me  yesterday  in  relation  to  appropriate  par- 
ticipation in  the  great  industrial  demonstration  which  is  to  illustrate 
progress  in  our  industries  and  art  in  the  last  hundred  years.  It  is  pro- 
posed that  each  trade  illustrate  in  the  line  of  the  procession  the  old  con- 
ditions and  the  present,  the  methods  of  a  hundred  years  ago  and  those 
at  present  employed. 

The  success  of  this  demonstration  will  largely  depend  upon  the  interest 
taken  in  it  by  the  workmen  of  Philadelphia.  As  I  learn  that  your  trade 
is  not  represented  in  the  building  trades,  I  write  to  suggest  that  you 
confer  with  Mr.  W.  H.  Thomas,  chairman  of  the  Trades'  Committee,  with 
a  view  to  having  your  trade  fully  illustrated  in  the  demonstration. 

If  you  will  prefer  consulting  me  on  the  subject,  I  will  be  glad  to  see 
you  any  day  between  eleven  and  twelve  o'clock. 

Trusting  that  I  may  have  the  hearty  co-operation  of  yourself  and  those 
you  represent  in  the  great  demonstration  of  September  15, 

I  am,  very  truly,  yours, 

A.   LOUDON   SNOWDEN, 

Chairman  of  Committee  and  Marshal. 
To  A.  McGiLL,  Esq., 

Bricklayers'  Hall,  Broad  and  Fairmount  Avenue. 

PHILADELPHIA,  PA.,  August  r,  1887. 

GENTLEMEN, — In  furtherance  of  the  task  intrusted  to  me,  I  write  to 
solicit  your  co-operation. 

Incidental  and  as  part  thereof  of  the  celebration  of  the  centennial  of  the 
promulgation  of  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States,  which  will  take  place 
in  this  city  in  September  next,  there  will  be  on  the  1 5th  of  that  month  a 
civic  and  industrial  processional  display. 

It  is  intended  that  the  great  advancement  made  in  the  industrial  pursuits 
throughout  the  Union  during  the  century  just  closing  shall  be  set  out  by 
ocular  demonstration  and  by  contrast  with  the  condition  of  affairs  when  the 
provisions  of  the  Constitution  took  effect. 

In  no  single  branch  of  industry,  invention,  or  intellectual  manifestation 
has  there  been  more  real  genius  displayed  than  in  the  inventions  applied 
to  printing.  And,  further,  there  is  no  one  interest  or  many  combined 


l8o  CIVIC  AND  INDUSTRIAL  PROCESSION. 

equal  to  the  power  and  influence  exerted  by  the  newspaper  press,  which 
is  largely  indebted  to  the  genius  of  the  founders  of  your  firm  for  its  present 
standing. 

I  am  anxious  to  illustrate  this  advance  in  a  practical  way,  and  with  this 
object  in  view,  propose  to  place  in  the  procession  one  of  the  hand-made 
presses  which  was  in  use  a  century  ago,  and  from  it  reproduce  a  journal  of 
that  period.  And  in  contrast  with  this,  to  exhibit,  if  possible,  one  of  your 
great  printing-presses  of  the  present  day. 

I  have  discussed  the  matter  with  my  friend,  Colonel  A.  K.  McClure,  and 
whilst  he  is  exceedingly  anxious  to  assist  in  carrying  out  my  idea  in  this 
respect,  thinks  it  impossible  to  place  one  of  your  large  presses  on  a  float. 
You  will  notice,  from  the  enclosed  correspondence,  that  the  Baldwin  Loco- 
motive Works  propose  to  place  a  full-sized  locomotive  on  our  streets  in  the 
line  of  parade. 

I  would  not  expect  to  run  the  press  in  the  streets,  but  only  to  ex- 
hibit it  in  contrast  with  the  old  Franklin  press.  I  will  issue  on  that  day 
an  eight-page  newspaper,  printed  elsewhere  on  one  of  your  grand  presses, 
made  up  of  interesting  articles  written  by  the  most  distinguished  men  of 
our  day. 

If  it  is  impossible  to  have  a  full-sized  press,  could  we  have  a  model  that 
would  represent  a  press  ?  If  this  is  not  practicable,  or  if  you  have  none  on 
hand,  could  we  not  have  a  press  in  general  form  made  of  wood,  painted  so 
as  to  appear  like  the  real  press  ? 

Presuming  upon  the  public  spirit  and  enterprise  of  your  firm,  I  submit 
this  subject  to  your  consideration,  and  expect  to  hear  from  you. 

I  am,  very  respectfully, 

A.  LOUDON  SNOWDEN, 
Chairman  of  Committee  and  Marshal. 

To  MESSRS.  R.  H.  HOE.  &  Co., 
504  Grand  Street,  New  York. 

PHILADELPHIA,  August  i,  1887. 

DEAR  SIR, — It  has  been  suggested  that  a  display  of  the  general  ad- 
vancement made  by  our  educational  institutions  during  the  last  century 
could  be  most  fittingly  symbolized  by  Girard  College,  which  includes  in 
its  curriculum  the  various  branches  of  education  required  by  the  American 


APPENDIX  TO    THE  REPORT  OF  THE  CHIEF  MARSHAL.      l8l 

youth, — the  general  instruction  in  literature,  in  handicraft,  and  the  instruc- 
tion requisite  to  qualify  him  to  discharge  in  an  intelligent  manner  the 
military  duty  he  owes  to  his  country. 

The  idea  is  to  have  the  pupils  of  the  college  who  may  be  already 
advanced  in  the  handicraft  of  the  carpenter  construct  a  model  of  the  col- 
lege, say  fifteen  feet  long ;  this  to  be  placed  upon  a  truck,  and  drawn  in 
the  procession  by  horses ;  this  structure  to  be  followed  by  the  cadet  corps 
of  the  college,  headed  by  its  band ;  these  followed  in  column  by  the 
pupils  in  working  garb  and  carrying  their  implements ;  and  these,  in  turn, 
followed  by  the  junior  pupils  of  the  college. 

Will  you  kindly  give  the  proposition  your  consideration,  and  let  me 
hear  from  you  at  your  early  convenience. 

Very  respectfully, 

A.   LOUDON   SNOWDEN, 
Chairman  of  Committee  and  Marshal. 

To  WM.  HEYWARD  DRAYTON,  Esq., 

President  of  Board  of  Directors  of  City  Trusts. 

PHILADELPHIA,  August  4,  1887. 

DEAR  SIR, — In  the  effort  to  carry  out  the  task  which  has  been  confided 
to  me, — that  of  preparing  for  the  industrial  processional  display  to  take 
place  in  this  city  on  the  1 5th  of  September  next,  incidental  to  the  celebra- 
tion of  the  centennial  of  the  promulgation  of  the  Constitution  of  the  United 
States, — I  feel  called  upon  to  ask  the  warm  and  sympathetic  co-operation  of 
all  public-spirited  citizens. 

The  grand  object  in  view  in  preparing  the  demonstration,  as  set  forth  in 
circulars  sent  herewith,  is  to  give  ocular  demonstration  to  the  great  advance- 
ment made  throughout  the  Union  in  all  branches  of  our  industries  during 
the  last  century,  the  relative  bearing  of  these  on  their  kindred  and  remote 
ones.  The  almost  unprecedented  growth  of  the  city  of  Minneapolis  and 
its  development  as  a  great  grain  emporium  marks  it  as  one  eminently  fitted 
to  symbolize  the  possibilities  attainable  under  the  constitutional  protection 
and  safeguards.  I  therefore  feel  not  only  justified,  but  that  I  am  doing 
simply  a  duty,  in  asking  you  to  take  up  the  matter  of  having  the  resources 
of  your  city  and  its  speedy  and  substantial  development  illustrated  in  the 


1 82  CIVIC  AND  INDUSTRIAL  PROCESSION. 

processional   display  in  such   manner  as  will,  in  your  judgment,  be  best 
suited  to  accomplish  the  object  in  view. 

I  shall  be  very  glad  to  hear  from  you  at  your  early  convenience. 

Very  respectfully,  A.    LOUDON    SNOWDEN, 

Chairman  of  Committee  and  Marshal. 
To  Hon.  A.  A.  AMES,  M.D., 

Mayor  of  Minneapolis,  Minn. 

PHILADELPHIA,  August  5,  i887. 

DEAR  SIR, — As  part  of  the  ceremonies  incident  to  the  celebration 
of  the  centennial  of  the  promulgation  of  the  Constitution  of  the  United 
States,  it  is  proposed  to  have  a  great  civic  and  industrial  demonstration 
in  this  city  on  the  i$th  of  September  next.  This  part  of  the  celebra- 
tion has  been  committed  to  my  hands  by  the  Constitutional  Centennial 
Commission. 

Desirous  of  making  this  demonstration  creditable  to  our  country  and 
memorable  in  the  history  of  the  city  not  from  the  numbers  composing  it, 
but  from  its  character,  it  has  seemed  best  that  we  manifest  our  marvellous 
advance  in  the  arts  that  tend  to  peace  and  prosperity  by  practically  illus- 
trating in  contrast  the  conditions,  methods,  mechanical  devices,  appliances, 
institutions,  and  life  of  our  people  one  hundred  years  ago  and  now. 

This  method  of  celebration  will  serve  the  double  purpose  of  manifesting 
rejoicing  in  our  prosperity  and  also  teaching  by  objects  a  lesson  to  the 
young  and  to  the  older  people  who  may  need  it,  a  respect  and  reverence  for 
our  government,  under  which  liberty  is  regulated,,  by  law  and  where  the 
rights  of  persons  and  property  are  safely  guarded.  This  lesson  will  be~  of 
incalculable  advantage  to  us  as  a  people  at  the  present  time  in  our  effort, 
which  is  the  supreme  effort  of  the  republic,  to  amalgamate  and  assimilate 
the  people  of  different  countries  into  a  homogeneous  population.  The 
difficulty  we  encounter  is  great  where  many  who  come  among  us  con- 
found license  with  liberty  and  would  break  down  all  barriers  that  pre- 
vent them  from  gratifying  that  license  which  is  destructive  of  all  true 
liberty. 

To  properly  illustrate  in  the  industrial  display  the  past  and  present, 
will  require  considerable  effort  on  the  part  of  Philadelphians.  For,  whilst 
the  whole  country  is  deeply  interested  in  the  celebration,  its  physical  suc- 
cess will  largely  depend  on  the  efforts  of  our  own  immediate  people. 


APPENDIX   TO    THE  REPORT  OF  THE   CHIEF  MARSHAL.      183 

Whilst  I  am  quite  sure  that  they  can  be  relied  upon  now,  as  they  have 
been  in  other  demonstrations  and  celebrations  of  a  similar  character  in  the 
past,  I  desire  to  quicken  their  action  so  that  the  demonstration  may  be  as 
creditable  as  time,  labor,  and  money  can  make  it. 

In  this  processional  display  the  worthy  organization  you  represent 
should  take  an  active  and  conspicuous  part.  How  you  should  illustrate 
advance  I  will  not  pretend  to  intimate.  It  is  enough  for  me  to  know  that  if 
the  Builders'  Exchange  concludes  to  take  a  part,  which  I  trust  it  will,  the 
illustration  or  exhibition  you  will  make  will  be  alike  creditable  to  you  and 
honorable  to  the  city. 

Will  you  please  bring  this  subject  before  your  exchange,  and  do  what 
you  can  to  aid  in  a  work  which  I  think  worthy  of  your  cordial  sympathy  ? 

I  shall  be  glad  to  meet  yourself,  or  any  person  or  persons  you  may 
designate,  to  consider  this  subject  at  any  time  convenient  to  you. 
I  have  the  honor  to  remain, 

Very  truly,  yours, 

A.  LOUDON  SNOWDEN, 

Chairman  of  Committee  and  Marshal. 
To  JOHN  S.  STEVENS,  Esq., 

President  of  Builders'  Exchange. 

PHILADELPHIA,  August  9,  1887. 

MY  DEAR  GENERAL, — I  am  desirous  of  illustrating  in  the  line  of  the 
processional  display  of  September  15,  which  is  intended  in  part  to  cele- 
brate the  centennial  of  the  promulgation  of  the  Constitution  of  the  United 
States,  the  advance  made  in  our  country  during  the  past  hundred 
years. 

As  a  feature  of  the  display  I  propose  to  have,  say,  a  hundred  or  one 
hundred  and  fifty  men  equipped  in  Continental  uniform.  I  am  desirous 
of  knowing  from  you  whether  there  is  in  the  possession  of  the  govern- 
ment any  number  of  old  muzzle-loading  flint-lock  muskets  to  arm  this 
force  or  a  portion  of  it.  I  contemplated  visiting  Washington  and  seeing 
you  in  person,  but  I  am  so  pressed  for  time  that  I  find  it  impossible  to 
leave. 

I  should  like  also  to  trespass  so  much  on  your  time  and  kindly  interest 
as  to  ask  you  to  suggest  whether  there  is  in  your  department  any  im- 
plement or  arms  that  could  be  used  in  illustrating  improvement, — that  is, 


184  CIVIC  AND  INDUSTRIAL  PROCESSION. 

could  be  used  in  a  display  that  would  give  ocular  demonstration  of  ad- 
vance. 

Trusting  to  hear  from  you,  I   remain,  with  pleasant  remembrance  of 

our  former  acquaintance, 

Very  truly,  yours, 

A.   LOUDON   SNOWDEN, 

Chairman  of  Committee  and  Marshal. 
To  General  R.  C.  DRUM, 

Adjutant-General  United  States  Army. 

The  following  was  addressed  to  representative  colored  citizens  in  New 
York,  Philadelphia,  and  Washington : 

PHILADELPHIA,  PA.,  August  12,  1887. 

DEAR  SIR, — I  write  to  you  in  order  to  invite  your  attention  to  the 
opportunity  which  is  offered  to  the  colored  people  of  the  United  States,  by 
the  celebration  of  the  centennial  of  the  promulgation  of  the  Constitution, 
which  will  take  place  in  this  city  on  the  I5th  of  September  next,  to  show  to 
the  world  that  they  have  availed  themselves  of  the  protection  which  the 
Constitution  gives  to  all  citizens,  and  that  they  have  advanced  in  common 
with  the  white  race,  as  is  exemplified  by  the  fact  that,  while  at  the  com- 
mencement of  the  century  their  lot  was  cast  and  they  found  employment 
in  the  rudest  forms  of  manual  labor,  and  that  at  the  present  day,  when  the 
path  leading  upward  and  onward  in  moral  and  intellectual  development 
having  been  opened  to  them,  they  have  entered  it  and  followed  it  until  they 
have  succeeded  in  having  a  member  of  their  race  selected  to  represent  his 
State  in  the  highest  council  of  the  nation. 

The  present  opportunity  should  not  be  neglected  by  them ;  it  may  be 
many  years  before  a  similar  one  will  present  itself. 

I  would  suggest  that  the  great  intellectual  and  moral  advancement  which 
the  colored  race  has  made  during  the  past  century  could  be  fittingly  placed 
before  the  people  by  an  exhibition  of  a  log  cabin,  with  a  family  seated  near 
it,  baskets  of  cotton,  and  the  rude  implements  of  agriculture  used  by  them 
in  the  latter  part  of  the  last  century.  This  to  be  placed  upon  a  float  or 
platform  on  a  wagon,  and  upon  a  second  float  a  structure  showing  a  well- 
furnished  room  of  a  modern  home,  having  about  it  the  evidence  of  intel- 
lectual advance  as  evidenced  by  music,  art,  literature,  etc. 

I  ask  you  to  take  this  matter  into  consideration,  and,  as  the  time  for 


APPENDIX  TO    THE  REPORT  OF  THE  CHIEF  MARSHAL.      185 

preparation  is  passing  rapidly  away,  will  be  glad  to  hear  from  you  at  an 
early  day.  I  shall  be  still  more  gratified  if  a  committee  of  your  representa- 
tive men  will  call  here  for  consultation.  I  will  endeavor  to  aid  you  in  this 
matter  to  the  full  extent  of  my  ability. 

Mr.  J.  C.  Wears,  of  this  city,  will  be  glad  to  co-operate. 

Very  respectfully, 

A.   LOUDON   SNOWDEN, 
Chairman  of  Committee  and  Marshal. 

PHILADELPHIA,  August  13,  1887. 

MY  DEAR  MR.  SECRETARY, —  ...  As  you  are  perhaps  aware,  I  am 
in  charge  of  the  great  industrial  and  civic  demonstration  which  is  to  take 
place  in  this  city  on  the  i$th  of  September  next,  as  part  of  the  celebra- 
tion of  the  centennial  of  the  promulgation  of  the  Constitution  of  the  United 
States. 

My  aim  and  effort  has  been  to  impress  on  this  demonstration  the 
progress  that  has  been  made  within  the  past  century  in  the  arts,  industries, 
education,  morals,  etc.,  of  our  people.  By  this  means  I  will  be  able  not 
only  in  some  faint  measure  to  mark  the  marvellous  strides  we  have  taken 
towards  that  which  tends  to  the  people's  happiness  and  welfare,  but  will 
also,  I  trust,  be  enabled  by  a  great  object-lesson  to  teach  respect  and 
reverence  for  the  form  of  government  under  which  these  advantages  have 
been  reached. 

As  one  of  the  evidences  of  progress  it  is  proposed  to  present  the 
working  of  the  Indian  schools  at  Carlisle  and  elsewhere,  to  illustrate  the 
extraordinary  advance  that  has  been  made  in  a  few  years  in  teaching  the 
savage  the  arts  of  peace.  I  propose  to  demonstrate  this  progress  by  having 
in  the  line  of  procession  some  Indian  warriors  from  the  West,  accoutred 
in  their  war-trappings,  with  paint,  etc.,  riding  on  their  Indian  ponies. 
Following  these,  floats,  on  which  will  be  represented  the  gradual  process 
of  education  in  literature  and  in  mechanical  arts,  followed  by  the  Indian 
boys  with  their  books  on  foot.  It  has  seemed  to  me  that  this  feature  of 
the  demonstration  will  be  very  interesting  and  instructive,  and  of  no  little 
value  in  directing  the  minds  of  the  people  to  the  efforts  now  being  made 
by  the  government  to  educate  and  civilize  the  long-neglected  wards  of 
the  nation. 

VOL.  ii.— 25 


1 86  CIVIC  AND  INDUSTRIAL  PROCESSION. 

I  write  for  your  sympathy  in  this  movement  and  for  any  aid  that  you 
may  be  able  to  give  towards  its  accomplishment,  and  should  be  glad  for 
any  suggestions  you  may  be  able  to  make. 
I  have  the  honor  to  remain, 

Very  truly,  yours, 

A.   LOUDON   SNOWDEN, 

Chairman  of  Committee  and  MarsJial. 
To  Hon.  L.  Q.  C.  LAMAR, 

Secretary  of  the  Interior. 

PHILADELPHIA,  August  15,  1887. 

MY  DEAR  DOCTOR, — I  am  in  receipt  of  your  very  thoughtful  and  com- 
prehensive letter  of  the  I3th  inst.,  in  relation  to  the  participation  of  the 
War  and  Navy  Departments  in  the  processional  display  which  is  in  part  to 
celebrate  the  centennial  of  the  adoption  of  the  Constitution,  and  cordially 
thank  you  for  the  same. 

I  have  written  to  the  adjutant-general  of  the  army  in  relation  to  the 
subject,  and  have  also  written  to  a  gentleman  connected  with  the  Navy 
Department  in  Washington,  with  a  view  to  open  communication  with 
the  Secretary  of  the  Navy.  The  method  of  reaching  the  desired  end  as 
suggested  by  you  is  admirable,  and  I  shall  follow  it  up.  I  should  be 
glad  at  any  time  to  see  you  when  you  are  in  the  neighborhood  of  this 
office  for  consultation  on  the  subject. 

Again  thanking  you  for  your  considerate  letter,  I  remain, 

Very  truly,  yours, 

A.   LOUDON   SNOWDEN, 

Chairman  of  Committee  and  Marshal. 
To  C.  J.  CLEBORNE,  M.D., 

U.  S.  Navy, 

4317  Walnut  Street. 

PHILADELPHIA,  August  16,  1887. 

MY  DEAR  MR.  RANDALL, — I  intend  visiting  the  Secretary  of  the  Navy, 
so  as  to  obtain,  if  possible,  his  hearty  co-operation  in  obtaining  from  the 
department  certain  models  and  appliances  that  will  illustrate  the  advance 
in  naval  architecture,  gunnery,  and  equipment  within  the  last  century. 

I  make  this  visit  at  the  instance  of  some  officers  connected  with  the 
navy,  who  think  it  is  the  best  mode  of  obtaining  the  co-operation  of  the 


APPENDIX  TO    THE  REPORT  OF  THE  CHIEF  MARSHAL.      187 

department,  which  I  think  of  importance  not  only  to  the  demonstration 
itself,  but  to  the  present  administration  of  our  naval  affairs. 

Mr.  Charles  Cramp  will  accompany  me.  It  has  occurred  to  me  that 
perhaps  I  should  have  a  letter  to  the  Secretary,  indicating  who  I  am  and 
the  purpose  I  intend  to  serve,  with  a  kindly  expression  of  sympathy  as 
to  its  accomplishment.  A  letter  from  you  would  meet  the  case  fully, 
and  I  therefore  take  the  liberty  of  asking  you  to  give  me  a  letter  of 
introduction  to  the  Secretary,  which  I  may  use  when  I  meet  him. 

As  I  expect  to  leave  to-morrow  evening,  you  will  be  kind  enough  to 
let  me  have  your  letter  by  the  bearer.  I  beg  to  remain, 

Very  truly,  yours, 

A.   LOUDON   SNOWDEN, 

Chairman  of  Committee  and  Marshal. 
To  Hon.  SAMUEL  J.  RANDALL. 

PHILADELPHIA,  August  17,  1887. 

MY  DEAR  SIR, — I  had  hoped  to  have  the  pleasure  of  seeing  you,  or 
some  one  connected  with  you,  in  regard  to  your  participation  in  the  great 
industrial  demonstration  of  September  15. 

A  representative  of  your  brother  on  Chestnut  Street  has  been  here,  and 
I  have  no  doubt  will  make  an  illustration  alike  creditable  to  his  firm  and  the 
city.  One  great  difficulty  is  in  the  mode  of  illustration.  It  is  somewhat 
difficult  to  indicate  progress  in  your  line.  Nevertheless,  there  is  no  branch  of 
business  in  which  the  methods  have  so  changed  for  the  better  as  to  economy 
in  results  and  rapidity  of  manufacture  as  in  the  business  you  are  engaged  in. 

I  have  in  my  possession  at  this  office  some  illustrations  from  the  Silver 
Trades  Jubilee  in  Vienna,  from  which  you  might  be  able  to  select  designs 
for  your  own  use. 

I  leave  town  to-night  to  confer  with  the  Secretary  of  the  Navy  in  relation 
to  a  participation  in  the  demonstration  on  the  part  of  the  department  of  the 
government  he  represents.  I  shall  have  to  visit  one  or  two  navy-yards,  but 
hope  to  be  back  by  Monday.  I  should  be  glad  to  see  you  on  Monday  or 
Tuesday  next,  to  confer  with  you  in  relation  to  your  participation  in  the 
display. 

I  am,  very  respectfully,  yours, 

A.   LOUDON   SNOWDEN, 

Chairman  of  Committee  and  Marshal. 
To  WM.  H.  WANAMAKER,  Esq. 


1 88  CIVIC  AND  INDUSTRIAL  PROCESSION. 

PHILADELPHIA,  August  17,  1887. 

MY  DEAR  MR.  KING, — In  the  processional  demonstration  of  September 
15,  in  commemoration  of  the  promulgation  of  the  Constitution  of  the 
United  States,  I  propose,  as  far  as  may  be  possible,  to  indicate  the  in- 
tellectual and  material  advancement  made  within  the  past  century. 

With  this  idea  in  view,  I  propose  to  take  transportation  from  the  pack- 
horse  through  the  Conestoga  wagon  up  to  the  improved  fast  freight  car. 
I  should  also  like  to  illustrate  the  advance  in  motive-power  since  the 
introduction  of  the  locomotive.  I  understand  that  there  is  in  the  possession 
of  your  company  an  old  locomotive,  which  would  be  valuable  in  an  illus- 
trative display.  Have  you  such  a  locomotive,  and  could  we  secure  it 
for  the  demonstration  named  ?  Your  State  is  as  deeply  interested  as  my 
own  in  this  great  national  celebration,  and  I  am  quite  sure  that  the  great 
company  you  represent  will  desire  to  do  something  to  make  the  civic  and 
industrial  display  not  only  interesting,  but  valuable  as  a  great  object-lesson 
to  our  people. 

Hoping  to  hear  from  you  soon, 

I  remain,  very  truly,  yours, 

A.  LOUDON  SNOWDEN, 

Chairman  of  Committee  and  MarsJial. 
To  T.  M.  KING,  Esq., 

Second  Vice-President,  Baltimore  and  Ohio  Railroad, 
Baltimore,  Md. 

PHILADELPHIA,  August  17,  1887. 

MY  DEAR  SIR, — I  am  in  receipt  of  your  polite  favor  in  relation  to  the 
Junior  Order  of  United  American  Mechanics  of  Pennsylvania,  and  in  reply 
beg  to  say  that  the  first  communication  received  from  the  order  reached 
this  office  yesterday.  I  have  written  to  Mr.  H.  I.  Slifer  to-day,  asking 
him  to  call  for  consultation  on  next  Tuesday,  as  I  expect  to  be  out  of 
the  city  for  a  day  or  two  in  an  effort  to  obtain  the  co-operation  of  the 
Navy  Department  in  the  display  of  the  I5th  of  September. 

No  special  assignment  has  as  yet  been  made  to  any  organization,  firm, 
or  individual.  I  should  be  glad  to  embrace  in  the  day's  display  a  rep- 
resentation of  the  order  to  which  you  refer.  Whether  I  can,  with  due. 
regard  for  the  proportions  of  the  demonstration,  allow  a  very  large  number 
to  parade  I  cannot  answer  at  the  present  time.  So  far  as  I  have  been 


APPENDIX  TO    THE  REPORT  OF  THE   CHIEF  MARSHAL.      189 

able  to  impress  character  upon  the  demonstration,  it  will  indicate  progress. 
Where  physical  progress  cannot  be  illustrated,  intellectual  or  moral  ad- 
vance should  be  made  a  prominent  feature.  I  have  no  doubt  when  I 
meet  Mr.  Slifer,  secretary,  arrangements  satisfactory  to  the  order  will  be 
consummated. 

I  am,  very  truly,  yours, 

A.   LOUDON   SNOWDEN, 
Chairman  of  Committee  and  Marshal. 

P.S. — I  should  be  glad  to  receive  any  suggestions  you  may  have  to 
make  in  regard  to  the  subject. 
To  S.  H.  ASHBRIDGE,  Esq., 
112  South  Seventh  Street. 

PHILADELPHIA,  August  17,  1887. 

MY  DEAR  MR.  POTTS, — I  am  exceedingly  anxious  that  the  old  and 
new  mode  of  handling  grain  should  be  illustrated  in  the  industrial  demon- 
stration of  September  15,  and  in  furtherance  of  my  desire  call  to  my  aid 
the  kindly  services  of  Mr.  Latta,  of  the  Pennsylvania  Railroad.  I  trust 
you  may  be  able  to  help  us  in  this  matter.  The  expense  would  not  be 
great,  as  the  framework  to  illustrate  an  elevator,  car,  and  boat  could  be 
put  together  very  cheaply.  The  old  method  of  measuring  grain  by  the 
bushel  and  half  bushel,  of  course,  would  cost  nothing  but  the  mere  float. 
I  am  endeavoring  to  make  this  demonstration  as  comprehensive  as 
possible,  illustrating  our  advance  in  the  last  century  in  all  the  lines  in 
which  we  have  progressed ;  but  few  changes  of  methods  have  been  so 
marked  as  in  the  handling  of  bulky  articles,  among  the  rest  grain.  The 
demonstration  should  be  valuable  to  us  as  a  people,  and  that  is  the  im- 
pulse that  sustains  me  in  the  hard  work  I  am  going  through  at  the 
present  time. 

Trusting  you  will  give  this  matter  your  kindly  consideration, 
I  am,  respectfully,  yours, 

A.   LOUDON   SNOWDEN, 
Chairman  of  Committee  and  Marshal. 
To  JOSEPH  D.  POTTS,  Esq., 

President  of  Girard  Point  Storage  Company. 


190  CIVIC  AND  INDUSTRIAL  PROCESSION. 

PHILADELPHIA,  August  19,  1887. 

DEAR  SIR, — Herewith  I  mail  a  number  of  circulars  giving  index  to  the 
object  in  view.  I  am  desired  by  Marshal  Snowden  to  write  to  you  and 
solicit  your  co-operation  in  the  effort  to  make  the  demonstration  on  the 
1 5th  of  September  one  fitting  the  occasion  which  it  is  intended  to  com- 
memorate and  worthy  of  our  city.  The  prominent  feature  which  it  is 
intended  to  impress  upon  the  display  is  that  of  progress,  not  only  in  the 
mechanical  and  industrial  arts,  but  in  all  that  concerns  our  moral  and  intel- 
lectual advance  as  well.  The  large  proportion  to  which  floral  culture  has 
grown  in  this  city  marks  it  as  one  of  the  most  suitable  to  symbolize  the 
general  growth  of  intellectual  culture  of  our  people.  The  general  design 
has  been  to  endeavor  to  induce  those  engaged  in  the  same  pursuit  to 
combine  and  make  a  symbolic  display. 

Will  you  kindly  take  the  matter  into  consideration  and  reply  at  your 
early  convenience,  or  perhaps  favor  Marshal  Snowden  with  an  interview  for 
consultation.  He  will  be  here  after  Monday  next. 

Respectfully, 

J.   W.    HOFMANN, 

To  ROBERT  CRAIG,  Esq.,  Chief  of  Staff. 

President  of  Horticultural  Society  of  Pennsylvania, 

Forty-ninth  and  Market  Streets,  Philadelphia. 

PHILADELPHIA,  August  23,  1887. 

MY  DEAR  GENERAL, — I  think  an  interesting  exhibit  could  be  made  of 
the  advance  in  water-supply  to  cities  through  your  department.  Among 
other  things,  the  improvement  in  pipes  could  be  illustrated  very  fully  by 
having  some  of  the  old  wooden  conduits  that  were  taken  out  of  the  centre 
of  the  Public  Buildings  exhibited  in  contrast  with  a  section  of  large  main- 
pipes,  such  as  you  use  for  distribution. 

I  spoke  to  Mr.  Ogden  in  relation  to  saving  a  portion  of  the  wooden 
pipe,  as  well  as  Mr.  MacPherson,  superintendent  of  public  buildings  here. 
The  cost  of  such  an  exhibit  as  you  could  make  would  be  trifling  in  com- 
parison with  the  interest  and  instruction  it  would  afford. 

I  am,  very  truly,  yours, 

A.   LOUDON   SNOWDEN, 

Chairman  of  Committee  and  Marshal. 
To  General  Louis  WAGNER, 

Director  of  Public  Works. 


APPENDIX  TO   THE  REPORT  OF  THE  CHIEF  MARSHAL.      191 

PHILADELPHIA.  August  24,  1887. 

DEAR  SIR, — It  is  especially  desirable  that  a  complete  display  be  made  of 
printing  and  all  its  allied  arts  in  the  civic  and  industrial  parade  to  be  held 
on  Thursday,  September  15,  the  first  day  of  the  celebration  of  the  centennial 
of  the  promulgation  of  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States.  In  order  to 
secure  this,  a  committee  has  been  appointed  for  the  purpose  of  asking  all 
persons  connected  with  the  art  to  contribute  whatever  they  may,  both  by 
way  of  suggestion  and  by  making  a  display  of  their  wares  or  their  labor. 

In  order  to  secure  this  result  in  the  best  and  most  practicable  manner,  it 
is  desirable  that  all  the  typographical  societies  of  this  city  should  co-operate 
with  the  Printing  Committee. 

I  am  informed  that  a  meeting  of  the  Pressmen's  Union,  of  which  you 
are  president,  will  be  held  soon.  I  therefore  beg  leave  to  suggest  that  you 
lay  this  letter  before  the  Union  and  ask  it  to  do  whatever  may  lie  in  its 
power  to  assist  in  making  the  display  a  success.  A  large  number  of  type- 
founders, manufacturers  of  printers'  ink,  presses,  folders,  paper-cutters,  and 
all  the  machinery  used  in  printing-offices,  have  promised  their  co-operation 
in  this  matter.  It  is  expected  that  the  printing  exhibit  will  form  a  section 
of  the  parade,  and  it  is  hoped  that  a  considerable  number  of  the  members 
of  your  Union  and  of  representatives  from  others  in  different  parts  of  the 
country  may  feel  disposed  to  take  part  in  the  parade,  and  thus  show  the 
public  what  a  complete  art  that  of  printing  is. 

Similar  communications  have  been  sent  to  the  Typographical  Union  and 
the  Typographical  Society,  the  presidents  of  whom  have  promised  to  do 
whatever  lies  in  their  power  to  promote  the  object  in  view.  It  has  been 
suggested  that  you,  Mr.  Neilson,  president  of  Typographical  Union,  No.  2, 
and  Mr.  Comly,  president  of  the  Typographical  Society,  all  of  whom  are 
members  of  the  committee,  should  hold  a  meeting  for  the  purpose  of 
devising  any  plan  which  might  be  thought  practicable  for  taking  part  in  the 
display.  This  suggestion  strikes  me  as  a  very  good  one,  and  I  should  be 
pleased,  if  it  meets  with  your  approval,  to  have  it  carried  out. 

Commending  the  matter  to  yourself  and  the  Union  at  its  next  meeting. 
I  am,  very  truly,  yours, 

A.  LOUDON  SNOWDEN, 

Chairman  of  Committee  and  Marshal, 
To  HOWARD  ROMIG,  Esq., 

Care  of  Sherman  &  Co.,  Seventh  &  Cherry  Streets. 


1 92  CIVIC  AND  INDUSTRIAL  PROCESSION. 

PHILADELPHIA,  P*A.,  August  30, 1887. 

GENTLEMEN, — I  hope  to  illustrate  in  the  line  of  the  procession  the  new 
methods  of  manufacturing  carpets  in  contrast  with  the  old,  as  well  as  the 
products.  Could  you  not  interest  yourself  to  see  that  this  is  done?  It 
would  make  it  more  advantageous  to  your  house  than  by  an  exhibit  which 
would  only  present  product.  All  exhibitors  are  entitled  to  have  their  names 
and  addresses  on  the  articles  exhibited  as  well  as  on  the  trucks. 
I  would  like  to  confer  with  you. 

I  am,  very  respectfully, 

A.  LOUDON  SNOWDEN, 
Chairman  of  Committee  and  Marshal. 

To  Messrs.  BOYD,  WHITE  &  Co., 
No.  1216  Chestnut  Street. 

PHILADELPHIA,  August  30, 1887. 

SIR, — I  have  the  honor  to  renew  the  request  which  I  made  in  person 
in  relation  to  your  department  contributing  an  exhibit  of  the  life-saving 
service  in  the  industrial  demonstration  in  this  city  on  the  I5th  of  Sep- 
tember, which  is  intended  in  part  to  celebrate  the  centennial  of  the  Con- 
stitution of  the  United  States. 

The  demonstration  will  embrace  all  branches  of  industry,  art,  education, 
and  benevolence,  illustrating  the  progress  made  within  the  last  century.  As 
this  is  perhaps  the  last  of  the  great  centennial  events  associated  with  the 
formation  of  our  government  which  we  will  be  permitted  to  celebrate, 
it  is  desired  that  every  feature  of  the  celebration  be  as  complete  as  pos- 
sible. As  the  life-saving  service  attached  to  your  department  is  modern 
in  its  character,  with  modern  appliances,  and  has  been  especially  dis- 
tinguished for  its  humanitarian  work,  and  as  its  appliances  are  of  a 
nature  to  make  a  suggestive  and  interesting  exhibit,  I  trust  that  Mr. 
Kemble,  chief  of  the  bureau,  may  receive  authority  to  make  such  an  exhibit 
as  I  know  he  can. 

It  would  not  only  be  valuable  to  the  people  at  large,  who  will  gather 
here  from  all  sections  of  the  country  to  see  what  appliances  the  government 
has  for  saving  human  life,  but  will  also  be  of  advantage  to  the  department, 
which  is  supported  by  the  people  at  large. 

I  had   the   pleasure  of  discussing   this  question  very  fully  with  Judge 


APPENDIX  TO    THE  REPORT  OF  THE  CHIEF  MARSHAL.      193 

Maynard,  assistant  secretary,  under  whose  special  supervision  I  understand 
this  service  is  placed. 

Depending  upon  your  generous  support, 
I  remain,  respectfully, 

Your  obedient  servant, 

A.  LOUDON  SNOWDEN, 

Chairman  of  Committee  and  Marshal. 
To  Hon.  H.  S.  THOMPSON, 

Acting  Secretary  of  the  Treasury, 

Washington,  D.  C. 

PHILADELPHIA,  PA.,  August  30,  1887. 

MY  DEAR  MR.  KEMBLE, — I  have  written  to  Mr.  Thompson,  acting  Sec- 
retary of  the  Treasury,  in  relation  to  the  subject  of  the  exhibit  of  the  life- 
saving  service.  I  also  sent  a  messenger  to  see  Messrs.  Goodell  &  Waters 
in  relation  to  the  new  carriage  they  are  building.  They  express  regret  that 
it  will  not  be  completed  in  time.  One  of  your  old  carriages  will  have, 
therefore,  to  be  used. 

I  wish,  when  you  receive  authority  to  proceed,  you  will  keep  me  posted, 
so  that  I  may  have  arrangements  made  to  take  care  of  your  exhibit  before 
and  after  the  demonstration.  Also  to  arrange  for  the  transportation  of  the 
men  from  the  coast.  They  could  come  up  here  in  the  morning  by  an  early 
train,  and  be  here  in  time  to  man  the  boat ;  but  perhaps  it  would  be  best  to 
have  them  come  up  the  night  before.  Some  one  of  your  men  ought  to  be 
detailed  to  take  charge  of  the  matter.  I  would  like,  also,  to  have  due  and 
timely  notice  of  the  sizes  of  the  boats,  so  that  I  could  have  supports  made 
for  the  trucks  upon  which  they  will  be  hauled  through  the  streets. 
Hoping  to  hear  from  you  soon,  I  remain, 
Very  truly,  yours, 

A.  LOUDON   SNOWDEN, 

Chairman  of  Committee  and  Marshal. 
To  Mr.  KEMBLE, 

Chief  of  Life-Saving  Service, 

Treasury  Department,  Washington,  D.  C. 

PHILADELPHIA,  August  31,  1887. 

MY  DEAR  SIR, — In  the  civic  and  industrial  demonstration  of  September 
1 5  there  is  one  feature  I  would  like  to  illustrate, — that  is,  the  advance  that 
has  been  made  in  the  educational  system  of  our  country. 
VOL.  IT. — 26 


194  CIVIC  AND  INDUSTRIAL  PROCESSION. 

The  University  of  Pennsylvania  will  participate,  and  illustrate  its  highest 
type.  With  this  I  would  like  very  much  to  embrace  a  representation  of  the 
common-school  system. 

How  this  can  best  be  done  I  am  not  prepared  to  say.  I  would  like, 
however,  that  you  would  call  at  this  office  to-morrow,  September  I,  at 
2  P.M.,  to  consult  with  other  school  representatives  as  to  the  best  mode  of 

illustration. 

I  am,  very  respectfully, 

A.  LOUDON   SNOWDEN, 

Chairman  of  Committee  and  Marshal. 
To  JAMES  FREEBORN,  Esq., 

Chairman  Boys'  High  School. 


>PLAY, 


ittee  on  Military  1  appointed 

I  of  the  propositi'  «   cele- 


ne   7, 
neral 

,  its  presiding 
Jersheim   was 

'95 


196  MILITARY  DISPLAY. 

chosen  permanent  secretary,  and  the  following-named  gentlemen 
were  then  and  subsequently  elected  to  and  accepted  membership : 

Major-General    JOHN  F.  HARTRANFT, 

Division  Commander,  N.  G.  Pa. 
"  WILLIAM  S.  STRYKER, 

Adjutant-General,  New  Jersey. 
"  JOSIAH  PORTER, 

Adjutant-General,  New  York. 
"  HENRY  A.  AXLINE, 

Adjutant-General,  Ohio. 
"  JAMES  HOWARD, 

Adjutant-General,  Maryland. 
Brigadier-General  JAMES  MACDONALD, 

Adjutant-General,  Virginia. 
"  DANIEL  H.  HASTINGS, 

Adjutant-General,  Pennsylvania. 
"  GEORGE  R.  SNOWDEN, 

Commanding  First  Brigade,  N.  G.  Pa. 
"  JAMES  W.  LATTA, 

Ex-Adj  utant-General,  Pennsylvania. 
Colonel  ROBERT  P.  DECHERT, 

Second  Regiment  Infantry,  N.  G.  Pa. 

"  S.    BONNAFFON,    Jr., 

Third  Regiment  Infantry,  N.  G.  Pa. 
W.  P.  BOWMAN, 

First  Regiment  Infantry,  N.  G.  Pa. 
Lieutenant-Colonel  GEORGE  H.  NORTH, 

Assistant  Adjutant-General  Division,  N.  G.  Pa. 
"  ALEXANDER  KRUMBHAAR, 

Assistant  Adjutant-General,  Pennsylvania. 

"  CHARLES  S.  GREENE, 

Division  Quartermaster,  N.  G.  Pa. 
Major  R.  F.  .CULLINAN, 

Quartermaster  First  Brigade,  N.  G.  Pa. 

The  Committee  held  frequent  meetings,  first  at  the  rooms  of 
the  Commission,   No.  907  Walnut  Street,  and  then  permanently 


REPORT  OF  CLINTON 'P.   PAINE.  197 

established  its  headquarters  at  the  division  headquarters  of  the 
National  Guard  in  the  City  Hall,  courteously  tendered  by  Major- 
General  John  F.  Hartranft.  Here  for  many  weeks  the  secretary 
remained  continuously  in  attendance. 

From  the  beginning  there  was  every  promise  of  so  large  an 
attendance  of  the  militia  that  its  realization  was  scarcely  to  be 
expected.  It  was  accepted,  however,  that  the  numbers  would  be 
fully  up  to  the  promise,  and  the  first  question  of  moment  to  be, 
met  was  to  provide  such  a  host  with  quarters.  The  proposition 
for  an  encampment,  necessarily  throwing  the  soldiers  to  an  un- 
reasonable distance  from  the  centre  of  festivities,  involving  labored 
preparations  for  supplying  and  preparing  subsistence,  and  attended 
with  great  expense,  was  abandoned.  It  was,  therefore,  determined 
to  secure  all  the  armories  of  the  local  militia,  such  halls  as  were 
available,  and  a  number  of  empty  buildings.  This  was  done  at  a 
figure  far  below  the  cost  of  the  encampment,  and  the  military  who 
attended  the  celebration  were  furnished  with  lodging,  and  accom- 
modated so  acceptably  that  there  was  a  general  expression  of 
satisfaction  with  the  Committee's  arrangements. 

Subsistence  was  commuted  by  the  very  fair  allowance  of  your 
Commission  at  fifty  cents  per  man  per  diem,  for  a  period  not  ex- 
ceeding three  days.  Where  the  States  had  not  directly  appropri- 
ated funds  for  this  purpose,  this  sum  was  paid  upon  the  returns  of 
the  commanding  officers,  attested  by  the  adjutants-general  of 
States,  and  went  far  towards  discharging  what  was  paid  for  neces- 
sary supplies.  Some  of  the  States  bountifully  supplied  their 
soldiers  with  food,  and  provided  most  commodious  quarters. 

The  Committee  take  pleasure  in  stating  that  of  the  generous 
sum  of  forty  thousand  dollars,  proposed  to  be  put  at  its  disposal 
by  the  Centennial  Commission,  they  have  expended  only  twenty- 
eight  thousand  dollars,  as  appears  from  vouchers  heretofore  sub- 
mitted for  your  approval. 

The  transportation  facilities  were  under  the  direct  supervision 


1 98  MILITAR  Y  DISPLA  Y. 

of  Mr.  William  J.  Latta,  general  agent  of  the  Pennsylvania  Rail- 
road, the  chairman  of  your  Transportation  Committee.  To  his 
skill  and  experience  he  added  his  untiring  personal  labors,  and 
accomplished  without  accident,  and  with  exceptional  regularity  of 
schedule  time,  hampered  by  the  burden  of  a  most  unusual  pas- 
senger traffic,  as  great  a  feat  of  railway  enterprise  in  the  move- 
ment of  troops  as  has  ever  been  known  in  this  vicinity,  and 
probably  elsewhere. 

A  most  voluminous  correspondence  was  conducted  throughout 
all  the  period  of  the  Committee's  labors.  At  first  in  answer  to 
inquiries  before  plans  had  taken  a  definite  shape ;  then  the  tender 
of  the  invitations ;  receiving  and  acknowledging  acceptances  and 
declinations ;  explaining  to  the  numerous  bodies  of  a  semi-military 
character,  in  a  way  to  avoid  the  least  possible  friction,  why  a  place 
in  the  column  must  be  denied  them ;  and,  finally,  that  concerning 
numberless  matters  of  minor  detail  of  too  wide  a  range  for  classi- 
fication. 

That  the  essential  features  of  a  military  parade  only  might  be 
maintained  all  carriages  were  forbidden  the  column,  and  the  par- 
ticipants were  confined  exclusively  to  the  army,  marine  corps,  and 
navy,  the  regularly  organized  National  Guard  and  militia  of  the 
several  States,  Territories,  and  the  District  of  Columbia,  the  cadet 
corps  of  schools,  colleges,  and  regiments,  the  Grand  Army  of  the 
Republic,  and  the  Sons  of  Veterans  under  its  direction. 

That  the  harmonies  of  the  occasion  might  be  preserved,  it  was 
directed  that,  after  the  forces  of  the  army,  marine  corps,  and 
navy,  the  National  Guard  and  militia  should  follow,  first  by  States 
that  had  ratified  the  Constitution  in  the  order  of  their  ratification, 
and  then  by  States  that  had  been  admitted  into  the  Union  in  the 
order  of  their  admission.  There  was  no  representation  from  the 
Territories,  and  the  District  of  Columbia  brought  up  the  rear  of 
the  troops.  The  military  column  was  to  be  followed  by  the  Grand 
Army  of  the  Republic  division,  and  with  it  the  Sons  of  Veterans. 


REPOR'i 

t,  Mary- 

•)\\\    tor 
of   the 

:      10 


' 

r  of  the 

Sheridan,  the  lieutenant-general  of  the  army, 

is  the  commanding  officer.      N"or  did  the  Presi- 

onsent-  md  did,  as  the  commander-in- 

:nited  States,  formally  review 

mn,  a   column  uid   effi- 

•  President,  or  any  oth<  cfore  in 

e  Navy,  by  the  Pr  's  directions,  or- 


, 

gangways,     Ti 


200  MILITAR  Y  DISPLA  Y. 

the  officers,  or  sailors,  to  point  out  all  matters  of  interest  and 
furnish  all  information  desired.  At  the  same  time  the  Dutch  man- 
of-war,  Koningen  Emma,  happened  in  our  waters,  and  fairly 
divided  the  attention  of  the  people  with  the  vessels  of  the 
squadron. 

The  result  of  the  Committee's  work  culminated  in  the  pageant 
of  the  1 6th  of  September.  The  weather  was  most  propitious, 
the  air  bracing,  the  people  good-humored,  and  the  soldiers  satis- 
fied. Substantially  the  scheme  of  the  Committee  in  route,  forma- 
tion, and  detail  was  ratified  by  the  lieutenant-general,  and  the 
plan  skilfully  executed  gave  to  Philadelphia  and  the  country — it 
is  not  an  extravagance  to  so  put  it — the  best  military  parade  ever 
produced,  save  when  the  nation's  patriotism  summoned  to  the 
ranks  her  sturdy  volunteers  to  do  battle  for  her  safety.  Orderly 
thousands  lined  the  sidewalks  and  crowded  the  stands.  A  Phila- 
delphia audience,  always  appreciative,  but  proverbial  for  its  sto- 
lidity, unbent  itself.  Shouts  and  plaudits  rent  the  air,  handker- 
chiefs, flags,  and  banners  waved  unceasingly.  Strong  men  and 
fair  women  were  incessant  in  their  demonstrations.  No  military 
chieftain,  fresh  with  the  laurels  of  his  proudest  victories,  ever 
received  such  a  tremendous  ovation  as  did  Lieutenant-General 
Sheridan  from  the  beginning  to  the  conclusion  of  the  march.  The 
governors  kept  the  enthusiasm  alive ;  the  excellent  marching,  fine 
bands  and  honored  battle-flags  borne  by  the  Grand  Army  of  the 
Republic  elicited  protracted  applause.  No  city  ever  saw  such  a 
gala  sight  as  the  crowded  stands  on  Broad  Street,  notably  at 
the  City  Hall,  the  President's  reviewing-stand,  the  Union  League, 
the  hotels,  and  others  in  that  vicinity.  A  correspondent  happily 
hit  it  when  he  styled  that  highway  "  Philadelphia's  great  amphi- 
theatre." 

The  column  moved  promptly  at  the  hour  designated,  and  the 
route  was  completed  by  the  right  of  the  line  in  about  three 
hours.  It  passed  in  review  before  the  lieutenant-general  at  a 


REPORT  OF  CLINTON  P.  PAINE.  2OI 

point  where  the  countermarch  alone  remained  to  end  the  pro- 
cession, in  three  hours  and  ten  minutes.  It  was  the  largest  body 
of  American  soldiers  ever  assembled,  except  in  time  of  war.  The 
army  was  represented  by  two  troops  of  cavalry,  two  light  and  five 
foot  batteries,  the  marines  by  detachments  from  all  the  navy-yards 
north  of  the  Potomac  and  the  squadron,  and  the  navy  by  a  land- 
ing-party of  sailors  organized  as  a  brigade.  Every  State  on  the 
Atlantic  seaboard,  save  Florida,  Vermont,  and  New  Hampshire, — 
and  New  Hampshire  was  present  with  its  governor  and  his  mili- 
tary staff, — was  there  in  greater  or  less  proportion  by  its  militia 
and  National  Guard.  Pennsylvania  had  all  hers,  Delaware  all 
hers,  New  York  a  brigade,  New  Jersey  a  brigade,  Maryland  a 
brigade,  Massachusetts  a  regiment  and  its  first  corps  of  cadets, 
Maine  a  regiment,  Rhode  Island  a  battalion,  Connecticut  her 
ancient  and  honorable  Governor's  Footguard,  Virginia  four  com- 
panies, South  Carolina  two,  North  Carolina  one,  and  Georgia  one. 
From  west  of  the  Mississippi,  Iowa  sent  a  company.  Of  the 
oldest  and  largest  of  the  Western  States,  Ohio  a  regiment ;  and  of 
the  later  States  admitted,  West  Virginia  had  two  companies,  and 
the  District  of  Columbia  ten  companies. 

The  march  was  maintained  without  halt,  break,  or  check  that 
interrupted  or  interfered  with  its  movement.  The  column  was  at 
all  times  well  closed  up,  and  the  distances  well  preserved.  The 
men  maintained  a  soldiery  carriage,  stepped  with  alacrity,  moved 
with  precision.  At  the  President's  reviewing  stand  there  was 
neither  halt  nor  hesitancy  that  sensibly  affected  the  review.  This 
was  the  more  commendable,  as  immediately  beyond  all  fronts  were 
necessarily  reduced,  and  a  change  of  direction  required.  The 
spectator,  who  had  no  other  opportunity  to  know  of  the  composi- 
tion of  the  column,  except  as  he  saw  it  on  parade,  could  have 
reached  but  the  one  conclusion,  that  the  troops  that  were  passing 
were  a  body  of  soldiery,  paid,  trained,  and  disciplined  as  such  as 
their  only  pursuit  and  business. 

VOL.  it. — 27 


202  MILITARY  DISPLAY, 

The  telegraph  stations  established  along  the  route  were  of 
material  assistance,  and  the  frequent  appearance  of  the  Red  Cross 
Society  badge  gave  assurance  and  confidence  that  professional 
and  experienced  aid  was  at  hand  to  minister,  where  mishap  or 
accident  demanded  its  presence. 

The  police  service  was  most  efficient.  All  in  the  great  throng 
were  held  to  their  places,  and  the  highways  left  clear  and  unob- 
structed for  the  free  passage  of  the  procession  throughout  the 
whole  course  of  its  progress. 

To  the  public  approval,  the  press  added  most  generous  com- 
ment.  The  complaints  that  usually  attend  the  discomforts  ordi- 
narily following  large  gatherings  were  conspicuously  wanting.  In 
their  stead  was  a  general  expression  of  satisfaction  at  the  excellent 
accommodations  and  well-appointed  provisions  made  for  the  con- 
venience of  so  great  an  assemblage. 

The  free  use  of  the  wires  of  the  Western  Union  Telegraph 
Company  were  generously  tendered  the  Committee.  Besides  a 
great  saving  of  expense,  where  the  use  of  the  telegraph  was  abso- 
lutely essential,  the  courtesy  of  a  free  wire  permitted  a  large 
amount  of  business  to  be  transacted  with  promptness  and  despatch 
which  would  otherwise  have  been  unavoidably  and  tediously 
delayed. 

On  the  evening  of  the  i6th,  under  the  auspices  of  the  Com- 
mittee, a  reception  was  given  at  the  Union  League  House  to 
the  officers  of  the  army,  navy,  marine  corps,  and  National  Guard, 
and  to  which  also  the  distinguished  guests  who  were  present  in  the 
city  participating  in  the  celebration  were  invited.  The  reception, 
a  brilliant  gathering,  largely  attended,  and  an  affair  of  good  results, 
was  honored  by  the  presence  of  many  of  high  distinction  and  by 
an  attendance  of  officers  larger  than  ever  graced  a  like  occasion 
here. 

The  men  of  force  and  determination  selected  for  the  Commis- 
sion was  a  sufficient  assurance  of  the  success  of  the  celebration, 


REPORT  OF  CLINTON  P.   PAINE.  203 

but  its  ultimate  results  must  have  far  exceeded  even  what  they  had 
promised  themselves.  It  is  rarely  that  a  scheme  so  vast  is  fulfilled 
to  its  uttermost.  Essentially  this  enterprise  reached  such  a  con- 
summation. 

It  was  anticipated  the  Commission  would  seek  to  give  to  their 
labors  historic  significance.  With  this  in  view,  for  the  preservation 
of  the  names  of  the  officers,  and  the  number  of  men  participating 
in  the  parade,  General  Sheridan,  in  his  order  directing  the  arrange- 
ments, suggested  that  his  headquarters  be  furnished  with  a  field 
return,  supplying  such  information.  These  directions  have  been 
complied  with,  and,  as  a  part  of  and  an  appendix  to  this  report, 
such  return  is  submitted.  To  this  is  also  added  copies  of  all 
circulars  issued  by  the  Committee,  together  with  the  orders  of  the 
lieutenant-general. 

Your  Committee  would  not  feel  that  it  had  been  done  full 
justice  if  it  failed  to  signify  its  appreciation  of  the  ceaseless 
activity,  habitual  civility,  and  wholesome  care  of  the  exchequer 
ever  manifested  by  its  very  efficient  secretary,  Colonel  Theodore 
E.  Wiedersheim. 

CLINTON   P.  PAINE, 

Chairman. 


204  MILITAR  Y  DISPLA  Y. 


ORDER   OF  THE   PROCESSION. 

COLUMN  moved  at  eleven  A.M.,  over  the  following  route :  Form- 
ing at  Broad  and  Wharton,  Broad  to  Chestnut,  to  Fifth,  to  Market, 

to  Broad,  to  Columbia  Avenue,  countermarched  south  to  Arch,  and 

» 

dismissed. 

Platoon  of  mounted  Reserve  Police  Officers,  Lieutenant  Brodie. 
Lieutenant- General  PHILIP  H.  SHERIDAN,  U.S.A.,  commanding. 
Brigadier-General  JAMES  W.  LATTA,  Chief  of  Staff. 

Staff. — Lieutenant-Colonel  Michael  V.  Sheridan,  U.S.A.,  Lieuten- 
ant-Colonel Sandford  E.  Kellogg,  U.S.A.,  Lieutenant-Colonel  Stanhope 
E.  Blunt,  U.S.A.,  Major  Robert  O'Reilly,  U.S.A.,  Lieutenant  W.  N. 
Reeder,  U.S.N.,  Surgeon  M.  L.  Ruth,  U.S.N.  Aides-de-Camp.—Rngz.- 
dier-General  J.  K.  Sigfried,  Brigadier-General  J.  William  Hofmann, 
Brigadier-General  H.  S.  Huidekoper,  Brigadier-General  Frank  Reeder, 
Brigadier-General  Presly  N.  Guthrie,  Brigadier-General  Louis  Wagner, 
Brigadier-General  Russell  Thayer,  Brigadier-General  William  H.  Mc- 
Cartney, Colonel  John  P.  Nicholson,  Colonel  William  G.  Moore,  Colo- 
nel H.  Ernest  Goodman,  Colonel  Theodore  E.  Wiedersheim,  Colonel 
Emlen  N.  .Carpenter,  Colonel  B.  Frank  Eshleman,  Colonel  James  H. 
Lambert,  Colonel  Robert  Adams,  Jr.,  Colonel  P.  Lacy  Goddard,  Colonel 
W.  S.  Thomas,  Major  Charles  Styer,  Captain  John  M.  Vanderslice. 

And  as  the  representatives  of  their  respective  States : 

Lieutenant- Colonel  G.  Jefferson  Hart,  Delaware;  Colonel  Lewis 
W.  Read,  Pennsylvania;  Lieutenant-Colonel  William  H.  Ross,  Georgia; 
Lieutenant  Joseph  T.  Elliott,  Connecticut;  Colonel  Edward  Currier, 
Massachusetts;  Colonel  Heinrich  C.  Tieck,  Maryland;  Lieutenant- 
Colonel  W.  C.  McGowan,  South  Carolina ;  Brigadier-General  Daniel  D. 
Wylie,  New  York ;  Major  W.  Miles  Cary,  Virginia ;  Colonel  Benehan 
Cameron,  North  Carolina ;  Colonel  Howard  Smith,  Rhode  Island ; 
Brigadier-General  George  L.  Beal,  Maine ;  Major-General  William  L. 
Alexander,  Iowa;  Colonel  J.  Garland  Hurst,  West  Virginia.  42 


-LRY. 


omman< 

imes  Rawle.  52 


ROOPS. 


Commanding. 
\dj  utant- 


or  H.  T. 
:  ga.de 


206  MILITARY  DISPLAY. 

Surgeon ;  Lieutenant  G.  W.  Mentz,  Brigade  Quartermaster ;  Assistant 
Engineer  R.  F.  Hall,  Aid. 

MARINE   BATTALION. 

Brevet  Lieutenant-Colonel  James  Forney,  U.S.M.C.,  commanding. 

Lieutenant  Lincoln  Karmony,  U.S.M.C.,  Adjutant. 

First  Company,  Captain  Louis  E.  Fagan,  commanding;  Lieutenant 
William  P.  Biddle. 

Second  Company,  Lieutenant  O.  C.  Berryman,  commanding ;  Lieu- 
tenant F.  L.  Denny. 

Third  Company,  Lieutenant  W.  F.  Spicer,  commanding;  Lieu- 
tenant Thomas  N.  Wood. 

Fourth  Company,  Captain  F.  H.  Harrington,  commanding ;  Lieu- 
tenant Henry  Whiting. 

Fifth  Company,  Lieutenant  B.  R.  Russell,  commanding ;  Lieu- 
tenant C.  M.  Perkins. 

Sixth  Company,  Lieutenant  Henry  G.  Ellsworth,  commanding. 

Seventh  Company,  Lieutenant  George  T.  Bates,  commanding. 

Eighth  Company,  Captain  W.  S.  Muse,  commanding ;  Lieutenant 
C.  A.  Doyen. 

Marine  Band,  Markers,  and  Field  Music.  340 

FIRST   BATTALION  OF   BLUE-JACKETS. 

Lieutenant-Colonel  L.  C.  Logan,  commanding. 

Ensign  C.  M.  Knepper,  Adjutant;  Assistant  Surgeon  I.  W.  Kite, 
Regimental  Surgeon. 

First  Company,  Lieutenant  William  Kilburn,  commanding ;  Naval 
Cadet  Lieutenant  W.  G.  McMillan. 

Second  Company,  Ensign  F.  W.  Kellogg,  commanding;  Naval 
Cadet  Lieutenant  F.  E.  Swanstrom. 

Third  Company,  Ensign  Thomas  Snowden,  commanding. 

Fourth  Company,  Naval  Cadet  H.  L.  Peckham,  commanding. 

Fifth  Company,  Ensign  F.  A.  Huntoon,  commanding. 

Sixth  Company,  Lieutenant  Samuel  Seabury,  commanding ;  Naval 
Cadet  Lieutenant  W.  B.  Moseley.  214 

SECOND   BATTALION   OF   BLUE-JACKETS. 
Lieutenant-Colonel  A.  B.  Spyers,  commanding. 
Ensign  E.  F.  Leper,  Adjutant;  Assistant  Surgeon  A.  R.  Went- 
worth,  Regimental  Surgeon. 


REPORT  OF  CLINTOjN  P.   PAINE.  207 

First  Comp  ait  W.  P.  Clason,  commanding;    Naval 

Cadet  Lie 

Seo  .  Cutler,  commanding. 

Thi1  -nanding;  Naval  Cadet 

Lieut 

;  Naval 

•\  Cadet 

180 

v 
itoon,  Lieut  ;  Naval 

••landing,    Naval 
H.  Bro\\  -n. 

-d  Platoon >  I  commanding,   X.ivai   Cadet 

nkins,  Chief  of  Section. 
Fourth  Platoon,  Lieutenant  <  r,  commanding;  Navel  Cadet 

\  of  Section.  173 

Band  fr<  ship,  seventeen  men. 

Pioneers,  seventeen  men. 
Stretcharmen,  twenty-four  men. 
Total.  971  men  landed. 
Marine  Band  and  Field  Music,  fifty-five  men. 

Total  .        .  .        .        ,         .   1026 

DELAWARE. 

:->r. — BEN 

•  'rigadier-General  Rii  ;  :';il ; 

George  M.  D.  Hart,  Quartermaster;  •  i  Whit- 

master;    Colonel    Everett  J.    Hickman,    Quartermaster; 
nel  Garrett  J.  Hart,  Inspector  of  Rifle  Practice.    Aides- 

ihn  T.  Layfield  and  Colonel  William  H.  Stevens.         8 

FII-  N'T. 

•mmanding.  ~  ~  : 

I.  Harmon,  jr.,  Quartermaster  A.  t).  Chaytor, 

i.  Marshall, 


208  MILITAR  Y  DISPLA  Y. 

Company  A,  Captain  Edward  Mitchell,  Jr.,  First  Lieutenant  William 
Floyd,  Second  Lieutenant  William  A.  Hanna. 

Company  B,  Captain  George  W.  Marshall,  First  Lieutenant  Fred. 
C.  Wiswell,  Second  Lieutenant  Harris  L.  Paige. 

Company  C,  Captain  I.  Pusey  Wickersham,  First  Lieutenant  E.  H. 
Rhodes,  Second  Lieutenant  George  B.  Fisher. 

Company  D,  Captain  Robert  J.  Simmons,  First  Lieutenant  H.  J. 
Enright,  Second  Lieutenant  Casper  Miller.  , 

Company  E,  Captain  Charles  M.  Carey,  First  Lieutenant  Charles 
R.  Garton,  Second  Lieutenant  F.  E.  Thomas. 

Company  F,  Captain  William  Condon,  First  Lieutenant  Thomas 
Kane,  Second  Lieutenant  William  Glenn. 

Company  G,  Captain  William  H.  Boyce,  P"irst  Lieutenant  Charles 
L.  Moore,  Second  Lieutenant  Charles  W.  Cullen. 

Company  H,  Captain  George  W.  Eckles,  First  Lieutenant  Frank 
E.  Sharpless,  Second  Lieutenant  Evan  G.  Boyd. 

Company  I,  Captain  Isaac  J.  Wootten,  First  Lieutenant  Samuel  L. 
Kenney,  Second  Lieutenant  J.  Dallas  Marvil. 

TROOP  B. 

Captain  Thomas  B.  Rice,  First  Lieutenant  Charles  E.  Stevenson, 
Second  Lieutenant  Savoy  Evans.  438 

Total  Delaware         ......     446 

PENNSYLVANIA. 

Governor. — JAMES  A.  BEAVER. 

Staff. — Brigadier-General  D.  H.  Hastings,  Adjutant-General ;  Lieu- 
tenant-Colonel Alexander  Krumbhaar,  Assistant  Adjutant-General; 
Colonel  J.  Granville  Leach,  Commissary-General ;  Colonel  Samuel  W. 
Hill,  Quartermaster-General ;  Colonel  L.  W.  Read,  Surgeon-General ; 
Colonel  John  I.  Rogers,  Judge-Advocate-General;  Colonel  A.  D. 
Hepburn,  Inspector-General;  Colonel  Louis  A.  Watres,  General  In- 
spector of  Rifle  Practice ;  Colonel  Thomas  J.  Hudson,  Chief  of  Ar- 
tillery. Aides-de-Camp. — Lieutenant-Colonels  James  H.  Lambert, 
Thomas  Osborne,  Jr.,  William  H.  Taber,  Lewis  Walker,  John  H.  San- 
derson, John  K.  Robison,  Robert  Adams,  Jr.,  Joseph  H.  Gray,  and 
Thomas  Potter,  Jr.  19 

Escort  of  Sheridan  Troop. — Captain  C.  S.  W.  Jones,  First  Lieutenant 
G.  Gensamer,  Second  Lieutenant  T.  M.  Fleck,  Assistant  Surgeon  E. 
O.  M.  Haberacker.  53 


OF   CLINTON  P.    PAINE. 


2O9 


Division  C  r-General  JOHN  F.  HARTRANFT. 

Staff. — Lieutenant-Colom  e  II.  North,  Assistant  Adjutant- 

General;  >nel  Cha.  rccne,  Quartermaster ;  Lieu- 

ten;:  hief;  Lieutenant-Colonel 

Mel  Samuel  S.  Hart- 

ranft,  Comnr  >eare,  Inspector 

of  Rifle  Practice;  I.  i  William  J.  Inspector; 

Lieu'  i  id  Wall.  -  Officer.  Aides-dc- 

Camp  —  Majors  John  B.  Hrown,  Charles  E. 

Ric !  . rd  W.  Pattoi  >  Evans,  and  the 

<"'>ni 

; -Sergeant  Ja 

FIRST    BRIGADE. 

r-General  George  R  ending. 

lajor  Charles  H.  Townsend.  Assistant  Adjutant-General ; 
>per.  Surgeon,    Maj->r    Ralph    F.    Cullinan, 

rterrnasi  s    W.    C«x>kc.    C«Hj>n«.-,sar)  ;     Major   T. 

•-r,  Judg-  am  StrwttK:r%.  Odnance 

v.  L.  WetheriU.  Inspector.     Auits-dt  Camp. — Captains 

.md  James  A.  Campbell,  and  the  following  non-com- 

Sergeant-Major  John  D.  Worman,  Quartermaster- 

L    Charles    B.    Falck,    Commissary-Sergeant    J.    S.    Singer, 

^-Sergeant    George   Walker,    Color-Bearer-Sergeant    George 

'ton,  Trumpeter-Sergeant  Henry  Williams.  16 

FIRST    BRIGADE    BAND.  2O 

SECOND    REGIMENT. 
Colonel  Robert  P.  Declu 

Lieutenant-Colonel    O.    C.    Bosbyshell,    Major    J     Hiddk    Porter, 
'• — Adjutant  A.  H.  Hartung,  Quartermaster  John  ,A    \'-.  .  X-- 

ary  C.  A.  Widmayer,  Surgeon  Ki.  ,r^ 

,  Washington  H.  Baker  and   H  H. 

IcCook,  D.D.,  Pay  ma-' 
Company  A,  Captain     -  :,mt  Elias  Shertz. 

Com,  Captain  W.  Ahrens,  First  Lieutenant  John 

aherty. 

Captain  H.  Worman,  First  Lieutenant  John 

C.  Bo;  John  R.  Matlack,  Jr. 

'-t'n  J.  J-  ne,  Lieutenant  H.  S.Clark. 

-28 


2  I O  MILITA R  Y  DISPLA  Y. 

Company  D,  Captain  J.  F.  Stevenson,  First  Lieutenant  F.  A.  Lee, 
Second  Lieutenant  Moses  C.  Courter. 

Company  I,  Captain  W.  C.  Cunningham,  First  Lieutenant  H.  M. 
Swaim,  Second  Lieutenant  Wm.  Macintosh,  M.D. 

Company  K,  First  Lieutenant  Theodore  Gepfert,  Second  Lieu- 
tenant A.  F.  Weihenmayer. 

Company  B,  Captain  W.  H.  Davis,  First  Lieutenant  E.  Budd 
Howell,  Second  Lieutenant  W.  C.  Bean. 

Company  G,  Captain  J.  T.  Hughes,  First  Lieutenant  G.  W.  Garvin, 
Second  Lieutenant  J.  P.  Bowman. 

Company  E,  Captain  P.  H.  Jacobus,  Lieutenant  M.  J.  Tierney.  541 

SIXTH    REGIMENT. 

Colonel  John  W.  Schall,  commanding. 

Lieutenant-Colonel  P.  M.  Washabaugh,  Major  H.  A.  Shenton. 

Staff. — Adjutant  T.  J.  Stuart,  Quartermaster  Jesse  M.  Baker,  Sur- 
geon J.  K.  Weaver,  Assistant  Surgeons  William  J.  Ashenfelter  and 
John  A.  Fell,  Chaplain  Daniel  H.  Kepner. 

Company  F,  of  Norristown,  Captain  Harry  Jacobs,  First  Lieu- 
tenant Harry  Souders,  Second  Lieutenant  Samuel  Curl. 

Company  A,  of  Pottstown,  Captain  William  E.  Schuyler,  First 
Lieutenant  J.  F.  Tonnelier,  Second  Lieutenant  Lyman  Missimer. 

Company  I,  of  West  Chester,  Captain  S.  M.  Paxson,  First  Lieu- 
tenant M.  C.  Muir,  Second  Lieutenant  H.  M.  Philips. 

Company  B,  of  Chester,  Captain  F.  G.  Sweeney,  First  Lieutenant 
G.  C.  DeLannoy. 

Company  H,  of  Media,  Captain  W.  R.  Carson,  First  Lieutenant 
V.  Gilpin  Robinson. 

Company  C,  of  Conshohocken,  Captain  W.  B.  Nungesser,  First 
Lieutenant  Franklin  Harrison,  Second  Lieutenant  G.  W.  Rogers. 

Company  D,  of  Phoenixville,  Captain  L.  R.  Walters,  First  Lieu- 
tenant W.  A.  LaTouch,  Second  Lieutenant  L.  H.  King. 

Company  G,  of  Doylestown,  Captain  H.  D.  Paxson,  First  Lieu- 
tenant F.  B.  Atler,  Second  Lieutenant  J.  H.  Wilson.  330 

THIRD    REGIMENT. 

Colonel  Sylvester  Bonnafifon,  Jr.,  commanding. 
Lieutenant-Colonel  John  P.  Denney.     Staff. — Adjutant  J.  Frank 
Redfearn,  Quartermaster  John  Rodgers,  Major  and  Surgeon  W.  W. 


REPORT  OF  CLINTON  P.   PAINE,  211 

Lamb,  Assistant  Surgeons  Robert  S.  Wharton  and  W.  A.  Edwards, 
and  the  non-commissioned  officers :  Sergeant-Major  W.  W.  Irwin, 
Hospital  Steward  Louis  Ancker,  Commissary-Sergeant  William  J. 
Ryan,  Quartermaster-Sergeant  Frank  A.  Russell,  Drum  Major  W.  P. 
Taggart. 

Company  H,  Captain  Francis  Hoguet,  First  Lieutenant  Charles 
R.  Miller,  Second  Lieutenant  Robert  Turner. 

Company  C,  Captain  Thomas  H.  Maginniss,  First  Lieutenant 
Frank  A.  Boyer,  Second  Lieutenant  Frank  Denney. 

Company  A,  Captain  Leander  C.  Hall,  Jr.,  First  Lieutenant  Harry 
A.  Mitchell. 

Company  G,  Captain  Thomas  Ryan,  Jr. 

Company  D,  First  Lieutenant  G.  J.  Gillespie. 

Company  B,  Captain  George  W.  Harris,  First  Lieutenant  M.  J. 
Dunn,  Second  Lieutenant  W.  C.  Hazleton. 

Company  E,  Captain  Thomas  A.  Edwards. 

Company  F,  Captain  John  C.  Thompson.  340 

FIRST   REGIMENT. 

Colonel  Wendell  P.  Bowman,  commanding. 

Lieutenant-Colonel  T.  E.  Huffington,  Major  J.  Lewis  Good. 
Staff. — Adjutant  P. 'S.  Conrad,  Quartermaster  F.  P.  Koons,  Assistant 
Surgeon  Edward  Martin,  First  Lieutenant  and  Inspector  of  Rifle 
Practice  G.  W.  Coulston. 

Company  E,  Captain  James  Muldoon,  First  Lieutenant  Thomas 
Earley,  Second  Lieutenant  C.  F.  Crane.' 

Company  H,  Captain  C.  T.  Kensil,  First  Lieutenant  F.  B.  Thomp- 
son, Second  Lieutenant  W.  J.  Moore. 

Company  A,  Second  Lieutenant  Kirk  W.  Magill. 

Company  B,  Captain  William  Ewing,  First  Lieutenant  George  L. 
Pfouts,  Second  Lieutenant  William  Cairns. 

Company  C,  Captain  M.  W.  Orme,  First  Lieutenant  R.  G.  Stin- 
son,  Second  Lieutenant  W.  P.  Homer. 

Company  I,  Captain  J.  Dallett  Roberts,  Second  Lieutenant  W.  E. 
Kercher. 

Company  F,  Captain  George  Eiler,  Jr.,  First  Lieutenant  William 
Brod,  Second  Lieutenant  T.  E.  Heath. 

Company  G,  Captain  A.  L.  Williams,  First  Lieutenant  G.  K. 
Morehead,  Second  Lieutenant  Josiah  Torr. 


2 1  2  MILITAR  Y  DISPLA  Y. 

Company  K,  Captain  R.  R.  Bringhurst,  First  Lieutenant  A.  J. 
Diamond,  Jr.,  Second  Lieutenant  George  D.  Street. 

Company  D,  Captain  H.  O.  Hastings,  First  Lieutenant  H.  J. 
Crump.  520 

BATTALION   OF   STATE   FENCIBLES. 

Major  W.  Wes.  Chew,  commanding. 

Adjutant  Charles  Berger.  Staff. — Quartermaster  John  H.  Ben- 
ner,  Chaplain  Henry  A.  F.  Hoyt,  Assistant  Surgeon  M.  Dwight, 
First  Lieutenant  and  Inspector  of  Rifle  Practice  James  G.  Ganly. 

Company  A,  Captain  W.  A.  Witherup,  First  Lieutenant  Morris 
S.  Condon,  Jr.,  Second  Lieutenant  John  D.  Bassett. 

Company  B,  Captain  George  W.  Rea,  First  Lieutenant  Joseph 
A.  Ryan. 

Company  C,  Captain  W.  H.  Schwab,  First  Lieutenant  E.  C. 
Cooper,  Second  Lieutenant  R.  P.  Schellinger. 

Company  D,  Captain  T.  T.  Brazer,  First  Lieutenant  R.  L.  Barry, 
Second  Lieutenant  S.  P.  Holmes.  210 

GRAY   INVINCIBLES. 

Captain  Charles  A.  Hailstock,  commanding. 
First  Lieutenant  J.  A.  Griffin,  Second  Lieutenant  Charles  Woot- 
ten.  5 1 

KEYSTONE   BATTERY   A. 

Captain  M.  C.  Stafford,  commanding. 

First  Lieutenant  Thomas  L.  Marshall,  Second  Lieutenant  C.  W. 
Marshall,  Ensign  H.  LeGrand.  Four  guns,  four  caissons,  two  Gat- 
ling  guns.  74 

THIRD    BRIGADE. 

Brigadier-General  John  P.  S.  Gobin,  commanding. 

Staff. — Major  Milton  A.  Gherst,  Assistant  Adjutant-General; 
Major  James  B.  Coryell,  Inspector;  Major  Henry  P.  Moyer,  Quarter- 
master; Major  William  H.  Egle,  Surgeon;  Major  William  H.  Horn, 
Commissary ;  Major  John  G.  Bobb,  Ordnance  Officer ;  Major  Everett 
Warren,  Judge  Advocate.  Aides-de-Camp. — Captains  A.  W.  Shultz 
and  William  O.  Coolbaugh.  10 


REPORT  OF  CLINTON  P.   PAINE.  213 

THIRD    BRIGADE    BAND.  3O 

TWELFTH    REGIMENT. 

Colonel  A.  H.  Stead,  commanding. 

Lieutenant-Colonel  T.  W.  Lloyd,  Major  Jonathan  Sweisfort. 
Staff. — Adjutant  F.  P.  Cummings,  Quartermaster  W.  P.  Clark,  Sur- 
geon E.  L.  Lumbey,  Assistant  Surgeons  E.  S.  Hull  and  M.  L. 
Focht,  Chaplain  S.  P.  Hughes,  First  Lieutenant  and  Inspector  of 
Rifle  Practice  W.  H.  Moyer. 

Company  D,  of  Williamsport,  Captain  G.  W.  Gilmore,  First 
Lieutenant  G.  W.  Mclntosh,  Second  Lieutenant  B.  H.  Updegraff. 

Company  G,  of  Williamsport,  Captain  Evan  Russell,  First  Lieu- 
tenant W.  F.  Du  Four,  Second  Lieutenant  J.  T.  Gaffey. 

Company  C,  of  Milton,  Captain  W.  W.  Keifer,  First  Lieutenant 
W.  H.  Straub,  Second  Lieutenant  A.  J.  Blair. 

Company  E,  of  Sunbury,  Captain  C.  M.  Clemart,  First  Lieu- 
tenant J.  F.  Eisley,  Second  Lieutenant  W.  S.  Wray. 

Company  H,  of  Lock  Haven,  Captain  G.  A.  Brown,  First  Lieu- 
tenant J.  N.  Farnsworth,  Second  Lieutenant  C.  H.  Showaker. 

Company  F,  of  Danville,  Captain  W.  B.  Baldy,  First  Lieutenant 

B.  F.  Spotts,  Second  Lieutenant  E.  G.  Seidel. 

Company  A,  of  Lewisburg,  Captain  J.  P.  Brooke,  First  Lieu- 
tenant G.  S.  Matlack,  Second  Lieutenant  W.  F.  Barber. 

Company  B,  of  Williamsport,  Captain  William  Sweeley,  First 
Lieutenant  J.  K.  Rathmell,  Second  Lieutenant  E.  F.  Quay.  344 

THIRTEENTH    REGIMENT. 

Colonel  F.  A.  Hitchcock,  commanding. 

Lieutenant-Colonel  E.  H.  Ripple,  Major  H.  A.  Coursen.  Staff. — 
Adjutant  W.  S.  Miller,  Surgeon  H.  V.  Logan,  Assistant  Surgeons 

C.  L.  Frey  and  H.  D.  Gardner,  Chaplain  S.  C.  Logan,  First  Lieu- 
tenant and  Inspector  of  Rifle  Practice  Herman  Osthans. 

Company  H,  of  Providence,  Captain  J.  R.  Fish,  First  Lieutenant 
W.  B.  Rockwell,  Second  Lieutenant  G.  C.  Rodgers. 

Company  E,  of  Honesdale,  Captain  G.  H.  Whitney,  First  Lieu- 
tenant O.  L.  Rowland. 

Company  A,  of  Scranton,  Captain  C.  C.  Mattes,  First  Lieutenant 
E.  E.  Chase,  Second  Lieutenant  M.  J.  Andrews. 


2  1 4  MILITAR  Y  DISPLA  Y. 

Company  C,  of  Scranton,  Captain  James  Moir,  First  Lieutenant 
W.  B.  Henwood,  Second  Lieutenant  C.  W.  Gunster. 

Company  G,  of  Factoryville,  Captain  E.  C.  Smith,  First  Lieu- 
tenant F.  E.  Proper. 

Company  D,  of  Scranton,  First  Lieutenant  W.  A.  Wilcox. 

Company  B,  of  Scranton,  Captain  William  Kellow,  First  Lieu- 
tenant H.  R.  Madison. 

Company  I,  of  Scranton,  Captain  J.  H.  Duggan,  First  Lieutenant 
T.  P.  Reagan,  Second  Lieutenant  Henry  Davitt.  278 

NINTH   REGIMENT. 

Colonel  Morris  J.  Keck,  commanding. 

Lieutenant-Colonel  B.  F.  Stark,  Major  J.  Roberts.  Staff. — Adju- 
tant J.  R.  Wright,  Quartermaster  J.  G.  Carpenter,  Surgeon  O.  F. 
Harvey,  Assistant  Surgeons  J.  N.  Howell  and  W.  B.  Brady,  Captain 
W.  J.  Day,  First  Lieutenant  and  Inspector  of  Rifle  Practice  C.  B. 
Dougherty,  Chaplain  S.  C.  Struthers,  A.D.C. ;  Sergeant-Major  A. 
A.  Howell,  Quartermaster-Sergeant  E.  G.  Mercur,  Commissary-Ser- 
geant J.  B.  Woodward,  Hospital  Steward  H.  C.  Tuck,  Drum-Major 
Stewart  Barnes. 

Company  B,  of  Wilkesbarre,  Captain  J.  B.  Horton,  First  Lieu- 
tenant W.  S.  Marshall,  Second  Lieutenant  B.  Krause. 

Company  C,  of  Pittston,  Captain  J.  W.  Burns,  First  Lieutenant 
J.  H.  Repp,  Second  Lieutenant  J.  F.  J.  Callahan. 

Company  A,  of  Sugar  Notch,  Captain  W.  H.  Broadhead,  First 
Lieutenant  C.  L.  Peck. 

Company  H,  of  Pittston,  Captain  John  F.  Flannery,  First  Lieu- 
tenant F.  Bohan. 

Company  G,  of  Nanticoke,  First  Lieutenant  George  W.  Gruver, 
Second  Lieutenant  Thomas  Hatch. 

Company  D,  of  Wilkesbarre,  Captain  W.  C.  Price,  First  Lieu- 
tenant Asher  Miner,  Second  Lieutenant  A.  C.  Campbell. 

Company  F,  of  Wilkesbarre,  Captain  Nelson  Straubing,  First 
Lieutenant  L.  B.  Hillard,  Second  Lieutenant  C.  H.  Kniffen. 

Company  E,  of  Parsons,  Captain  George  Wallace,  Jr.,  First  Lieu- 
tenant Hezekiah  Parsons,  Second  Lieutenant  J.  S.  Rhodes.  294 

EIGHTH    REGIMENT. 

Colonel  F.  J.  Magee,  commanding. 

Major  Wallace  Guss.     Staff. — Adjutant  J.  P.  Livergood,  Surgeon 


REPORT  OF  CLINTON  P.   PAINE.  215 

S.  H.  Brehm,  Assistant  Surgeons  C.  E.  Jauss  and  J.  S.  Carpenter, 
Chaplain  D.  Eberly,  First  Lieutenant  F.  L.  Hutton,  Inspector  of 
Rifle  Practice. 

Company  D,  of  Harrisburg,  Captain  T.  F.  Maloney,  First  Lieu- 
tenant W.  H.  Lawset,  Second  Lieutenant  G.  E.  Reed. 

Company  E,  of  Mahanoy  City,  Captain  W.  E.  Jones,  First  Lieu- 
tenant Andrew  Conway,  Second  Lieutenant  G.  Britz. 

Company  C,  of  Chambersburg,  Captain  John  C.  Gerbing,  Second 
Lieutenant  H.  S.  Gillespie. 

Company  H,  of  Pottsville,  Captain  Richard  Rahn,  First  Lieu- 
tenant John  F.  Sterner,  Second  Lieutenant  G.  A.  Harris. 

Company  I,  of  Wrightsville,  Captain  G.  W.  Seltzer,  First  Lieu- 
tenant J.  W.  Minnich,  Second  Lieutenant  Augustus  Flury. 

Company  F,  of  Girardsville,  Captain  J.  G.  Johnston,  First  Lieu- 
tenant Thomas  Cranage,  Second  Lieutenant  H.  H.  Banks. 

Company  B,  of  Tamaqua,  Captain  Gilpin  Warrington,  First  Lieu- 
tenant Thomas  Prosser,  Second  Lieutenant  William  Bishop. 

Company  G,  of  Carlisle,  Captain  E.  B.  Watts,  First  Lieutenant 
W.  G.  Speck,  Second  Lieutenant  Augustus  Gehring. 

Company  A,  of  York,  Captain  E.  Z.  Strine,  First  Lieutenant  W. 
H.  Keller,  Second  Lieutenant  A.  P.  Dehoff. 

Company  K,  of  St.  Clair,  Captain  W.  H.  Holmes,  First  Lieu- 
tenant W.  P.  Furrie,  Second  Lieutenant  A.  J.  Farrie.  421 

FOURTH    REGIMENT. 

Colonel  S.  D.  Lehr,  commanding. 

Lieutenant-Colonel  D.  B.  Chase,  Major  J.  R.  Roney.  Staff. — 
Adjutant  C.  T.  O'Neill,  Quartermaster  W.  R.  Klein,  Surgeon  J.  P. 
Patterson,  Assistant  Surgeons  J.  D.  Christman  and  G.  H.  Haber- 
staut,  Chaplain  T..C.  Billheimer,  First  Lieutenant  and  Inspector  of 
Rifle  Practice  Morris  Hoats. 

Company  C,  of  Pinegrove,  Captain  J.  P.  Earnest,  Second  Lieu- 
tenant J.  W.  Umbenhauer.  • 

Company  H,  of  Slatington,  Captain  H.  W.  Hankee,  First  Lieu- 
tenant W.  H.  Keener. 

Company  B,  of  Allentown,  Captain  G.  B.  North,  Second  Lieu-, 
tenant  J.  A.  Medlar. 

Company  E,  of  Hamburg,  Captain  C.  F.  Seamon,  First  Lieu- 
tenant B.  F.  Gahris,  Second  Lieutenant  W.  A.  Scott. 


2 1  6  MIL1TAR  Y  DISPLA  Y. 

Company  D,  of  Allentown,  Captain  W.  D.  Micklay,  First  Lieu- 
tenant W.  S.  Troxell,  Second  Lieutenant  G.  G.  Blumer. 

Company  C,  of  Columbia,  First  Lieutenant  E.  B.  Eckman, 
Second  Lieutenant  J.  D.  Slade. 

Company  A,  of  Reading,  Captain  H.  J.  Christopher,  First  Lieu- 
tenant C.  E.  Schroeder,  Second  Lieutenant  W.  O.  Scull. 

Company  F,  of  Pottsville,  Captain  D.  C.  Henning,  First  Lieu- 
tenant H.  J.  Reinhard,  Second  Lieutenant  C.  Matten.  267 

BATTERY   C. 

Captain  John  Denithorne,  commanding. 

First  Lieutenants  S.  E.  Davis  and  L.  D.  Haines,  Second  Lieu- 
tenant M.  A.  Young,  Assistant  Surgeon  G.  N.  Highlay.  57 

SECOND    BRIGADE. 

Brigadier-General  John  A.  Wiley,  commanding. 

Staff. — Major  Charles  Miller,  Assistant  Adjutant-General ;  Major 
Frank  K.  Patterson,  Inspector;  Major  W.  W.  Greenland,  Quarter- 
master; Major  James  E.  Silliman,  Surgeon;  Major  Austin  Curtin, 
Commissary ;  Major  Samuel  Hazlett,  Ordnance  Officer ;  Major  W.  F. 
Braden,  Judge  Advocate.  Aides-de-Camp. — Captains  George  C.  Hamil- 
ton and  James  H.  Murdock.  10 

SECOND    BRIGADE   BAND.  3<D 

TENTH   REGIMENT. 

Colonel  Alexander  L.  Hawkins,  commanding. 

Lieutenant-Colonel  James  B.  R.  Streator,  Major  R.  H.  McCaskey. 
Staff. — Adjutant  S.  B.  Hays,  Quartermaster  V.  E.  Williams,  Surgeon 
Frank  McDonald,  Assistant  Surgeon  John  Purman,  Chaplain  W.  L. 
McGrew;  Inspector  of  Rifle  Practice,  M.  R.  Smith. 

Company  A,  of  Monongahela,  Captain  J.  T.  Armstrong,  First 
Lieutenant  John  P.  Nichols,  Second  Lieutenant  E.  Westcott 

Company  B,  of  New  Brighton,  Captain  J.  P.  Sherwood,  Second 
Lieutenant  H.  C.  Cuthbertson. 

Company  C,  of  Uniontown,  Captain  D.  M.  Biern,  Second  Lieu- 
tenant L.  H.  Frasher. 

Company  D,  of  Freedom,  Captain  G.  W.  Fresch,  First  Lieutenant 
A.  L.  Large,  Second  Lieutenant  F.  Bryant. 

Company  H,  of  Washington,  Captain  W.  W.  Mowry,  First  Lieu- 
tenant J.  E.  Burnett,  Second  Lieutenant  E.  F.  Kirk. 


REPORT  OF  CLINTON  P.   PAINE.  21  7 

Company  I,  of  Greensburg,  Captain  J.  M.  Laird,  Lieutenant  J. 
Keenan. 

Company  K,  of  Waynesburg,  Captain  J.  M.  Smith,  First  Lieu- 
tenant F.  B.  Throckmorton,  Second  Lieutenant  B.  Miller.  315 

FIFTEENTH   REGIMENT. 

Colonel  W.  A.  Kreps,  commanding. 

Lieutenant-Colonel  W.  A.  Rupert,  Major  J.  J.  Frazier.  Staff. — 
Adjutant  D.  P.  Packard,  Surgeon  S.  Heilman,  Assistant  Surgeon  W. 
L.  DeWolfe,  First  Lieutenant  and  Inspector  of  Rifle  Practice  J.  L. 
Caldwell. 

Company  A,  of  Erie,  Captain  O.  S.  Riblet,  First  Lieutenant  R. 
T.  Duncan,  Second  Lieutenant  Edward  Weindorf. 

Company  B,  of  Meadville,  Captain  F.  C.  Baker,  First  Lieutenant 
I.  J.  Dunn. 

Company  C,  of  Erie,  Captain  D.  S.  Crawford. 

Company  D,  of  Clarion,  Captain  A.  J.  Davis,  Second  Lieutenant 
C.  E.  Thompson. 

Company  E,  of  Butler,  Captain  W.  T.  Mechling,  Second  Lieu- 
tenant A.  M.  Berland. 

Company  F,  of  Grove  City,  Captain  W.  J.  Weyman,  First  Lieu- 
tenant J.  W.  Campbell. 

Company  G,  of  Sharon,  Captain  W.  H.  Hanna,  Second  Lieutenant 
Terry  Reeves. 

Company  K,  of  Greenville  Second  Lieutenant  D.  F.  Mertz.  429 

EIGHTEENTH   REGIMENT. 

Colonel  N.  M.  Smith,  commanding. 

Lieutenant-Colonel  F.  P.  Rutledge,  Major  J.  T.  Speer.  Staff. — 
Quartermaster  C.  E.  Brown,  Surgeon  T.  L.  Hazzard,  Assistant  Sur- 
geons J.  H.  Price,  C.  C.  Wiley,  and  J.  S.  Mahon,  Chaplain  J.  L.  Milli- 
gan,  First  Lieutenant  and  Inspector  of  Rifle  Practice  Robert  Wray. 

Company  A,  First  Lieutenant  C.  H.  Roessing,  Second  Lieutenant 
Charles  Reese. 

Company  B,  First  Lieutenant  J.  M.  Nellis. 

Company  C,  Captain  E.  M.  McCombs. 

Company  D,  First  Lieutenant  B.  E.  Aarons,  Second  Lieutenant  J. 
W.  Baird. 

Company  E,  Captain  G.  J.  Bochert. 
VOL.  n. — 20 


2 1  8  MILITAR  Y  DISPLA  Y, 

Company  F,  Captain  W.  M.  Avil,  First  Lieutenant  S.  W.  Hooper. 

Company  G,  Captain  J.  P.  Penney,  Second  Lieutenant  H.  F.  Davis. 

Company  H,  Captain  R.  W.  A.  Simmons. 

Company  I,  of  McKeesport,  Captain  O.  C.  Coone. 

Company  K,  of  McKeesport,  Captain  W.  L.  Adams.  549 

FOURTEENTH   REGIMENT. 

Colonel  James  Glenn,  commanding. 

Lieutenant-Colonel  P.  D.  Perchment,  Major  W.  J.  Glenn.  Staff. — 
Adjutant  James  F.  Robb,  Quartermaster  R.  C.  Patterson,  Surgeon  J. 
G.  McCandless,  Assistant  Surgeons  W.  M.  C.  Johnston  and  A.  A.  E. 
McCandless,  Chaplain  Latshan  McGuire,  First  Lieutenant  and  In- 
spector of  Rifle  Practice  W.  S.  Brown. 

Company  A,  Captain  E.  L.  Huff,  First  Lieutenant  Henry  Schmidt. 

Company  B,  Captain  G.  R.  Taylor,  Second  Lieutenant  F.  E.  Cun- 
ningham. 

Company  C,  Captain  J.  W.  Nesbit,  First  Lieutenant  J.  A.  Wibbe, 
Second  Lieutenant  R.  W.  Wallace. 

Company  E,  Captain  J.  R.  Day,  Second  Lieutenant  H.  J.  Smith. 

Company  F,  Captain  A.  G.  Tim,  Second  Lieutenant  A.  T.  Easton. 

Company  G,  Captain  J.  L.  Graham,  First  Lieutenant  W.  J. 
Hamilton. 

Company  I,  Captain  W.  E.  Thompson,  First  Lieutenant  J.  B.  Ham- 
ilton, Second  Lieutenant  W.  H.  Martin. 

Company  K,  Captain  E.  S.  Hill,  First  Lieutenant  Jacob  Straten- 
berger,  Second  Lieutenant  M.  W.  Bell.  449 

SIXTEENTH    REGIMENT. 

Colonel  W.  J.  Hulings,  commanding. 

Lieutenant-Colonel  J.  O.  Parmlee,  Major  T.  R.  Cowell.  Staff. — 
Adjutant  H.  McSweeney,  Quartermaster  D.  D.  Grant,  Surgeon  J.  D. 
F.  Arters,  Assistant  Surgeon  F.  W.  Whitcomb,  Chaplain  W.  F.  Wood, 
First  Lieutenant  and  Inspector  of  Rifle  Practice  Thomas  Conneely. 

Company  A,  of  Corry,  Captain  M.  N.  Baker,  First  Lieutenant  J.  L. 
Turner,  Second  Lieutenant  J.  F.  Austin. 

Company  C,  Captain  J.  C.  Fox,  Second  Lieutenant  Andrew  Burns. 

Company  D,  of  Oil  City,  Captain  F.  S.  Merchant,  First  Lieutenant 
W.  H.  H  utter. 


REPORT  OF  CLINTON  P.   PAINE.  2 19 

Company  E,  of  Cooperstown,  Captain  L.  L.  Ray,  Second  Lieu- 
tenant G.  N.  Crodle. 

Company  F,  of  Franklin,  Captain  G.  C.  Rickards,  First  Lieutenant 
G.  E.  Ridgway. 

Company  H,  of  Ridgway,  Captain  W.  H.  Horton,  Second  Lieu- 
tenant C.  F.  Geary. 

Company  I,  of  Warren,  Captain  J.  M.  Siegfried,  Second  Lieute'nant 
W.  P.  Mitchell. 

Company  K,  of  Titusville,  Captain  M.  R.  Rouse,  First  Lieutenant 
W.  H.  McDonald,  Second  Lieutenant  W.  T.  McKenzie.  326 

FIFTH    REGIMENT. 

Colonel  Theodore  Burchfield,  commanding. 

Lieutenant-Colonel  Henry  T.  Hale,  Major  James  F.  Mickel. 
Staff.— Adjutant  W.  C.  Westfall,  Quartermaster  C.  G.  McMillen, 
Major  and  Surgeon  Andrew  Stayer,  Assistant  Surgeons  N.  Frank 
Ehrenfield  and  Francis  McC.  Christy,  First  Lieutenant  and  Inspector 
of  Rifle  Practice  D.  C.  Burns. 

Company  A,  of  Curwensville,  Captain  John  R.  Fee,  First  Lieu- 
tenant Frank  L.  Robinson. 

Company  B,  of  Bellefonte,  Captain  Amos  Mullen,  First  Lieutenant 
J.  D.  Geissinger. 

Company  C,  of  Hollidaysburg,  Captain  Martin  Bell,  Jr.,  Second 
Lieutenant  John  H.  West. 

Company  F,  of  Indiana,  Captain  A.  C.  Braughler,  Second  Lieu- 
tenant Oliver  Frey. 

Company  G,  of  Lewistown,  First  Lieutenant  Lewis  Stayle,  Second 
Lieutenant  J.  S.  Stackpole. 

Company  H,  of  Johnstown,  Captain  Edwin  T.  Carswell,  First  Lieu- 
tenant F.  W.  Coxe,  Second  Lieutenant  H.  W.  Cope. 

Company  I,  of  Bedford,  Captain  Dexter  White,  First  Lieutenant 
S.  S.  Crouse,  Second  Lieutenant  C.  H.  White.  321 

BATTERY   B. 

Captain  A.  E.  Hunt,  commanding. 

First  Lieutenants  George  Sheppard  and  J.  D.  Watson,  Second 
Lieutenant  F.  F.  Turner,  Assistant  Surgeon  W.  M.  Brinton.  75 

PROVISIONAL   BRIGADE   OF   CADETS. 

Lieutenant-Colonel  O.  C.  Bosbyshell,  Second  Regiment,  com- 
manding. 


2  20  MIL1TAR  Y  DISPLA  Y. 

Staff. — Lieutenant  E.  Budd  Howell,  Company  B,  Second  Regi- 
ment; Sergeant  J.  C.  Miller,  Cadets  Second  Regiment;  Captain  David 
Bayard  Stulb,  Girard  College  Cadets.  4 

GIRARD   COLLEGE   CADETS. 

Colonel  Joseph  R.  C.  Ward,  commanding. 

Adjutant  Joseph  B.  Erskine,  Quartermaster  Harry  P.  Engle,  Ser- 
geant-Major Walt.  Meeker,  Quartermaster-Sergeant  Her.  Arnold.  5 

BAND DRUM    CORPS.  4O 

Company  A,  Captain  Albert  H.  Jones,  Lieutenant  Aug.  W.  Rauch. 

Company  B,  Captain  Wm.  M.  Roberts,  Lieutenant  Philip  Mom- 
berger. 

Company  C,  Captain  Philip  S.  Neison,  Lieutenant  Frank  Boas. 

Company  D,  Captain  Washington  W.  Alexander,  Lieutenant  Wm. 
Kyle. 

Company  E,  First  Lieutenant  Wm.  F.  McBride,  Second  Lieutenant 
Andrew  Wright. 

Company  F,  First.  Lieutenant  Horace  J.  Mullen,  Second  Lieu- 
tenant Philip  Schuler.  219 

SOLDIERS'   ORPHANS'    INSTITUTE   CADETS. 

Major  H.  F.  Spicer,  commanding. 

Staff. — Adjutant  William  Applegate,  Quartermaster  Edward  Davis. 
Company  A,  Captain  William  Kintner,  Lieutenant  Martin  Rinker. 
Company  B,  Captain  L.  McMullen,  Lieutenant  Samuel  Leming. 
Company  C,  Captain  Robert  E.  Schimpf,  Lieutenant  J.  Young.  102 

CITY  GRAYS'   CADET   CORPS. 

(Of  Harrisburg.) 

Captain  Joseph  B.  Hutchinson,  commanding.  66 

SECOND   REGIMENT   CADET   CORPS. 

Captain  Adolph  Hartung,  commanding. 

First  Lieutenant  Lewis  A.  Buchy,  Second  Lieutenant  Frederick  J. 
Hartung.  5° 

Total,  Pennsylvania  .         .  .         .         .  6928 


a 
O 


REPORT  OF  CLINTON  P.   PAINE,  221 


NEW  JERSEY 

Governor. — ROBERT  S.  GREEN. 

Staff. — Brevet  Major-General  William  S.  Stryker,  Adjutant-Gen- 
eral ;  Brevet  Major-General  Lewis  Perrine,  Quartermaster-General ; 
Brigadier-General  John  D.  McGill,  Surgeon-General ;  Brigadier-Gen- 
eral J.  Watts  Kearny,  Inspector-General ;  Brigadier-General  Bird  W. 
Spencer,  Inspector-General  of  Rifle  Practice ;  Colonel  Charles  G.  Gar- 
rison, Judge- Advocate-General.  Aide s-de- Camp. — Colonel  Charles  W. 
Thomae,  Colonel  Rufus  King,  Colonel  John  Mueller,  Colonel  William 
F.  Abbett,  Colonel  George  B.  M.  Harvey,  Colonel  William  C.  Hep- 
penheimer,  Colonel  George  G.  Green,  Colonel  Isaac  S.  Snedeker. 

Division  Commander,  Major-General  JOSEPH  W.  PLUME. 

Staff. — Colonel  Marvin  Dodd,  Assistant  Adjutant-General;  Colonel 
George  E.  P.  Howard,  Inspector ;  Colonel  Edward  L.  Welling,  Sur- 
geon;  Lieutenant-Colonel  George  W.  Terriberry,  Quartermaster; 
Lieutenant-Colonel  Samuel  Meeker,!  Paymaster;  Lieutenant-Colonel 
Frederick  S.  Fish,  Judge  Advocate ;  Colonel  A.  Judson  Clark,  Chief 
of  Artillery.  Aidcs-de-Camp. — Major  William  Strange,  Major  William 
S.  Righter.  25 

SECOND    BRIGADE. 

Brevet  Major-General  William  J.  Sewell,  commanding. 

Staff. — Lieutenant-Colonel  Thomas  S.  Chambers,  Assistant  Adju- 
tant-General ;  Colonel  Daniel  B.  Murphy,  Inspector ;  Lieutenant- 
Colonel  Franklin  Gauntt,  Surgeon ;  Major  William  M.  Palmer,  Quar- 
termaster; Major  Kenneth  J.  Duncan,  Paymaster;  Major  Franklin  C. 
Woolman,  Judge  Advocate;  Major  Alexander  C.  Oliphant,  Engineer 
and  Signal  Officer.  Aide-de-Camp. — Captain  Hamilton  Markley.  9 

THIRD    REGIMENT. 

Colonel  Elihu  H.  Ropes,  commanding. 

Lieutenant-Colonel  Benjamin  A.  Lee,  Major  John  H.  Stroud. 
Staff. — First  Lieutenant  John  Mandeville,  Adjutant;  First  Lieutenant 
C.  Mortimer  Hawkins,  Quartermaster ;  First  Lieutenant  Nathan  V. 
Compton,  Paymaster;  Major  Wilmer  Hodgson,  Surgeon;  Captain 
Victor  Mravlag,  Assistant  Surgeon ;  Captain  Otis  A.  Glazebrook, 
Chaplain ;  Captain  John  V.  Alstrom,  Judge  Advocate ;  Captain  Ben- 
jamin P.  Holmes,  Inspector  of  Rifle  Practice ;  First  Lieutenant  Julius 
C.  Shailer,  Commanding  Gun  Detachment. 


222  MILITA  R  Y  D1SPLA  Y. 

Company  A,  Captain  Jacob  R.  Borden,  First  Lieutenant  Albert  D. 
McCabe,  Second  Lieutenant  Jerome  R.  Muddell. 

Company  B,  Captain  Charles  Morris,  First  Lieutenant  William  T. 
Cobb,  Second  Lieutenant  Thomas  A.  Curtis. 

Company  C,  Captain  William  H.  DeHart,  First  Lieutenant  Charles 
D.  Angus,  Second  Lieutenant  George  H.  Darling. 

Company  D,  Captain  Charles  R.  Dey,  First  Lieutenant  Robert  W. 
Watson,  Second  Lieutenant  Joseph  Kay. 

Company  E,  Captain  Henry  A.  Palmer,  First  Lieutenant  John  C. 
Lucas,  Second  Lieutenant  Charles  Steinfels. 

Company  F,  Captain  Frank  L.  Sheldon,  First  Lieutenant  Ben- 
jamin F.  King,  Second  Lieutenant  George  F.  Morris. 

Company  G,  Captain  William  Warner,  First  Lieutenant  Asbury 
F.  Bedle,  Second  Lieutenant  Gustave  Maurer.  557 


FOURTH    REGIMENT— FIRST   BRIGADE. 
(Temporarily  attached  to  Second  Brigade.) 

Colonel  Samuel  D.  Dickinson,  commanding. 

Lieutenant-Colonel  P.  Farmer  Wanser,  Major  Hugh  H.  Aber- 
nethy.  Staff. — First  Lieutenant  Benjamin  M.  Gerardin,  Adjutant; 
First  Lieutenant  Alvin  H.  Graff,  Quartermaster ;  First  Lieutenant 
Frank  J.  Mathews,  Paymaster;  Major  Mortimer  Lampson,  Surgeon ; 
First  Lieutenant  Stephen  V.  Morris,  Assistant  Surgeon ;  Captain 
John  L.  Scudder,  Chaplain ;  Captain  John  Briggs,  Judge  Advocate ; 
Captain  Abram  P.  Bush,  Inspector  of  Rifle  Practice ;  First  Lieu- 
tenant Robert  G.  Smith,  Commanding  Gun  Detachment. 

Company  A,  Captain  E.  Heyward  Bowly,  First  Lieutenant  John 
W.  Aymar,  Second  Lieutenant  Emile  A.  Noltemeyer. 

Company  B,  Captain  Charles  A.  Stelling,  First  Lieutenant  Warren 
S.  Colegrove,  Second  Lieutenant  Enos  Vreeland. 

Company  C,  Captain  John  Graham,  First  Lieutenant  Robert 
Berry,  Second  Lieutenant  William  H.  S.  Nodyne. 

Company  D,  Captain  Frederick  W.  Hering,  First  Lieutenant  God- 
frey G.  Dillaway,  Second  Lieutenant  George  P.  Babcock. 

Company  E,  Captain  Charles  W.  Dowd,  First  Lieutenant  Arthur 
L.  Steele. 

Company  F,  Captain  William  B.  Mason,  First  Lieutenant  John 
G.  Berrian,  Jr.,  Second  Lieutenant  George  W.  Russell,  Jr. 


REPORT  OF  CLINTON  P.   PAINE. 


223 


(First  Battalion,  temporarily  attached  to  Fourth  Regiment.) 

Company  A,  Captain  John  R.  Beam,  First  Lieutenant  Henry 
Muzzy,  Second  Lieutenant  Joseph  C.  Earnshaw. 

Company  B,  Captain  Robert  H.  Fordyce,  First  Lieutenant 
Augustus  VanGieson,  Second  Lieutenant  Charles  Reynolds. 

Company  C,  Captain  William  F.  Decker,  First  Lieutenant  Walter 
VanEmburg,  Second  Lieutenant  James  Parker.  624 

SIXTH    REGIMENT. 

Colonel  William  H.  Cooper,  commanding. 

Lieutenant-Colonel  George  A.  Cheever,  Major  William  H.  Stans- 
bury.  Staff. — First  Lieutenant  Christopher  S.  Magrath,  Adjutant; 
First  Lieutenant  George  G.  Felton,  Quartermaster;  Captain  Nathan 
Haines,  Paymaster ;  Major  Edmund  L.  B.  Godfrey,  Surgeon ;  First 
Lieutenant  George  T.  Robinson,  Assistant  Surgeon ;  Captain  Clarence 

A.  Adams,  Chaplain;  Captain  Edward  A.  Armstrong,  Judge  Advo- 
cate ;  Captain  DeLancey  G.  Walker,  Inspector  of  Rifle  Practice. 

Company  A,  Captain  John  I.  Shinn,  First  Lieutenant  Joseph  F. 
Clime,  Second  Lieutenant  Charles  H.  Wooden. 

Company  B,  Captain  Robert  M.  Hillman,  First  Lieutenant  Jesse 
H.  Carey,  Second  Lieutenant  William  P.  Mockett. 

Company  C,  Captain  William  B.  E.  Miller,  First  Lieutenant 
Charles  C.  Walz,  Second  Lieutenant  John  Miller. 

Company  D,  Captain  Charles  S.  Barnard,  First  Lieutenant  George 
C.  Randall,  Second  Lieutenant  Ulysses  G.  Lee. 

Company  E,  Captain  Edmund  Dubois,  Jr.,  First  Lieutenant  Ben- 
jamin W.  Cloud,  Second  Lieutenant  Eugene  P.  Fougeray. 

Company  F,  Captain  James  V.  Cain,  First  Lieutenant  John  W. 
Adams,  Second  Lieutenant  Michael  J.  Swift. 

Company  H,  Captain  George  W.  Reeves,  First  Lieutenant  Robert 
C.  Hill,  Second  Lieutenant  James  T.  Bailey. 

Company  K,  Captain  Oliver  W.  Vernal,  First  Lieutenant  Frank 

B.  Potter,  Second  Lieutenant  John  A.  Hurrell.  522 

SEVENTH    REGIMENT. 

Colonel  Richard  A.  Donnelly,  commanding. 

Lieutenant-Colonel  John  C.  Patterson,  Major  Michael  Hurley. 
Staff. — Captain  Charles  H.  W.  Vansciver,  Adjutant;  Captain  George 
T.  Cranmer,  Quartermaster;  Captain  William  H.  Earley,  Paymaster; 


224  M2LITAR  Y  D1SPLA  Y. 

Major  H.  Waldburg  Coleman,  Surgeon ;  First  Lieutenant  Charles 
B.  Leavitt,  Assistant  Surgeon ;  Captain  Henry  M.  Barbour,  Chaplain ; 
Captain  Francis  C.  Lowthorp,  Jr.,  Judge  Advocate ;  Captain  Charles 
Y.  Bamford,  Inspector  of  Rifle  Practice;  First  Lieutenant  Richard 
R.  Whitehead,  Commanding  Gun  Detachment. 

Company  A,  Captain  William  H.  Skirm,  First  Lieutenant  Joseph 
M.  Forst,  Second  Lieutenant  Augustus  F.  Stoll. 

Company  B,  Captain  Philip  C.  Kulp,  First  Lieutenant  George 
L.  Forman,  Second  Lieutenant  William  G.  Haddock. 

Company  C,  Captain  Charles  A.  Slack,  First  Lieutenant  George 
W.  Kroesen,  Second  Lieutenant  Reuben  M.  Hartman. 

Company  D,  Captain  John  E.  Walsh,  First  Lieutenant  William 
Clancey,  Second  Lieutenant  John  Cody. 

Company  E,  Captain  Andrew  J.  Buck,  First  Lieutenant  John  W. 
Hulse,  Second  Lieutenant  Andrew  H.  Schanck. 

Company  F,  Captain  Charles  E.  Merritt,  First  Lieutenant  Win- 
field  S.  Gale,  Second  Lieutenant  Micajah  E.  Matlack.  435 

CATLING   GUN. 

Company  B,  Captain  Robert  R.  Eckendorff,  First  Lieutenant  John 
R.  Jones,  Second  Lieutenant  George  W.  Garton.  59 

SEA-COAST   ARTILLERY. 

Company  A,  Captain  James  Brady,  First  Lieutenant  Joseph  Whe- 
lan,  Second  Lieutenant  Harry  Brady.  61 

Total,  New  Jersey — Officers     .         .         .         .     175 
Men .         .         .        ,         .2117 


2292 
GEORGIA. 

Governor. — JOHN  B.  GORDON. 

Staff. — Colonel  C.  H.  Olmstead,  Quartermaster-General  and  Chief 
of  Staff;  Lieutenant-Colonel  Wilberforce  Daniel,  Lieutenant-Colonel 
E.  B.  Smith,  Lieutenant-Colonel  C.  M.  Harper,  Lieutenant-Colonel 
George  H.  Waring,  Lieutenant-Colonel  F.  J.  M.  Daly,  Lieutenant- 
Colonel  Seaton  Grantland,  Lieutenant-Colonel  Edward  E.  Yonge, 
Lieutenant-Colonel  E.  J.  Murphy,  Lieutenant-Colonel  W.  H.  Shep- 
herd. 1 1 

ATLANTA   RIFLES. 

Captain  A.  C.  Sneed,  Second  Lieutenant  W.  J.  Kuhns.  30 


Go: 
Staff.— 


:,  Paymaster-Gen. 
>nel  Selah  G.  Blakeni, 
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FIRST   « 

Major  John  C.  K 
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Lieutenant  Fayette  C 


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Colonel  Austin 

Lieutenant-Col 

Major  Charles -L 

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226  MILITAR  Y  DISPLA  Y. 

Company  E,  Captain  William  Sanders. 
Company  F,  Captain  George  A.  King. 
Company  G,  Captain  Wm.  L.  Fox. 
Company  H,  Captain  Henry  W.  Atkins. 
Company  I,  Captain  Nathan  E.  Leach. 
Company  K,  Captain  Henry  Parkinson,  Jr. 
Company  L,  Captain  Henry  Carstensen. 
Company  M,  Captain  Sierra  L.  Braley. 

FIRST   CORPS   OF   CADETS,    M.  V.  M. 
BOSTON    CADET    BAND. 

Lieutenant-Colonel  Thomas  F.  Edmands,  commanding. 

Major  George  R.  Rogers.  Staff. — First  Lieutenant  and  Adjutant 
J.  E.  R.  Hill,  First  Lieutenant  and  Quartermaster  Charles  C."  Mel- 
cher,  Major  and  Surgeon  William  L.  Richardson,  First  Lieutenant 
and  Assistant  Surgeon  Charles  M.  Green,  Captain  and  Paymaster 
Charles  E.  Stevens.  Non- Commissioned  Staff. — Sergeant-Major  Luther 
H.  Wightman,  Quartermaster-Sergeant  Edward  J.  Hathorne,  Hos- 
pital Steward  Thomas  F.  Sherman,  Drum-Major  James  T.  Baldwin. 

Company  A,  Captain  Francis  H.  Appleton. 

Company  B,  Captain  W.  H.  Alline. 

Company  C,  Captain  Andrew  Robeson. 

Company  D,  Captain  Henry  B.  Rice. 
Total  Massachusetts 


MARYLAND. 

Governor. — HENRY  LLOYD. 

Staff. — Major-General  James  Howard,  Adjutant-General;  Briga- 
dier-General Clinton  P.  Paine,  Chief  of  Cavalry;  Brigadier-General 
Edmund  Law  Rogers,  Quartermaster-General ;  Brigadier-General  T. 
Herbert  Shriver,  Commissary-General;  Brigadier-General  Joseph  B. 
Seth,  Judge-Advocate-General ;  Colonel  William  H.  Love,  Acting 
Assistant  Quartermaster-General.  Aides-de-Camp. — Colonel  Robert 
Ober,  Colonel  E.  C.  McSherry,  Colonel  George  W.  Parsons,  Colonel 
Louis  Strasburger,  Colonel  Heinrich  C.  Tieck.  Sergeant  Summer- 
field  Bull,  Staff  Orderly, 


REPORT  OF  CLINTON  P.   PAINE.  227 


FIRST   BRIGADE   M.  N.  G. 

Brigadier-General  Stewart  Brown,  commanding. 

Staff. — Colonel  F.  W.  Brune,  Assistant  Adjutant-General  and 
Chief  of  Staff;  Colonel  John  S.  Saunders,  Inspector ;  Major  Robert 
D.  Selden,  Commissary  of  Subsistence ;  Major  Samuel  H.  Lyon, 
Ordnance  Officer  ;  Major  E.  Calvin  Williams,  Judge  Advocate. 
Aides-de-Camp, — Captain  George  W.  Wood,  Captain  Chauncey 
Brooks.  8 

FIRST   REGIMENT    M.  N.  G* 

(Composed  of  Companies  A,  B,  C,  G,  H,  I,  and  K  of  that  regiment ;  Companies  A  and  C  Second 
Battalion  I.  M.  N.  G.  ;  and  Company  B  Fourth  Battalion  I.  M.  N.  G.) 

Colonel  Henry  Kyd  Douglas,  commanding. 

Staff. — Captain  Charles  A.  Little,  Adjutant;  Captain  Charles  W. 
Adams,  Commissary  of  Subsistence ;  Captain  Isidor  Becker,  Quarter- 
master; Captain  A.  G.  Alford,  Ordnance  Officer;  Major  S.  F.  Thomas, 
Surgeon ;  Captain  W.  Clement  Claude,  Assistant  Surgeon. 

Company  A,  First  Regiment,  Captain  Quitman  S.  J.  Beckley, 
First  Lieutenant  Charles  B.  Tyson,  Second  Lieutenant  W.  H. 
Shipley. 

Company  B,  First  Regiment,  Captain  William  P.  Lane,  First 
Lieutenant  J.  C.  Roulette,  Second  Lieutenant  John  L.  Cost. 

Company  C,  First  Regiment,  Captain  E.  D.  Banner,  First  Lieu- 
tenant William  M.  Gaither,  Second  Lieutenant  Rodney  T.  Glisan. 

Company  G,  First  Regiment,  Second  Lieutenant  James  C.  Por- 
ter, commanding. 

Company  H,  First  Regiment,  First  Lieutenant  Edmund  G.  War- 
din,  commanding;  Second  Lieutenant  Edward  J.  Sinclair. 

Company  I,  First  Regiment,  Captain  Charles  B.  McClean,  First 
Lieutenant  Robert  Pilson,  Second  Lieutenant  Charles  R.  Chew. 

Company  K,  First  Regiment,  Captain  George  T.  Robinson,  First 
Lieutenant  William  S.  B.  Tritel,  Second  Lieutenant  Hiram  Shutt. 

Company  A,  Second  Battalion,  Captain  H.  White,  First  Lieu- 
tenant L.  C.  Madore,  Second  Lieutenant  John  F.  White. 

Company  C,  Second  Battalion,  First  Lieutenant  William  McDer- 
mott,  Second  Lieutenant  Joseph  Furlong. 

Company  B,  Fourth  Battalion,  Captain  L.  Allison  Wilmer,  First 
Lieutenant  George  W.  Gray,  Second  Lieutenant  H.  Heber  Boswell.  479 


228  MILITAR  Y  DISPLA  Y. 

FIFTH   REGIMENT   INFANTRY   M.  N.  G. 

Colonel  Charles  D.  Gaither,  commanding. 

Lieutenant-Colonel  William  A.  Boykin.  Staff. — Captain  W.  Ken- 
non  Whiting,  Adjutant;  Captain  Robert  J.  Miller,  Quartermaster; 
Major  William  H.  Crim,  Surgeon;  Captain  Frank  West,  Assistant 
Surgeon ;  Captain  E.  C.  Johnson ;  Commissary  of  Subsistence ;  Cap- 
tain Bradley  Stokes,  Ordnance  Officer. 

Company  A,  Second  Lieutenant  Allan  McLane. 

Company  B,  Captain  Frank  Markoe,  Second  Lieutenant  Henry 
T.  Daly. 

Company  C,  Captain  Robert  P.  Brown,  First  Lieutenant  George 
W.  Wonderly,  Second  Lieutenant  Edmund  G.  Cook. 

Company  D,  Captain  George  C.  Cole,  First  Lieutenant  George  F. 
Search. 

Company  E,  Captain  William  G.  Foster,  First  Lieutenant  Harry 
Pennington,  Second  Lieutenant  Guy  R.  Stoner. 

Company  F,  Second  Lieutenant  Janon  Fisher. 

Company  G,  First  Lieutenant  J.  Frank  Phillips,  commanding. 

Company  H,  Captain  Charles  F.  Albers,  First  Lieutenant  Thos. 
D.  Harrison. 

Company  I,  Captain  N.  Lee  Goldsborough,  First  Lieutenant  R.  D. 
Coale,  Second  Lieutenant  Harry  M.  Hoen. 

Company  K,  Captain  Robert  Riddell  Brown,  First  Lieutenant 
Drayton  M.  Hite,  Second  Lieutenant  Robert  A.  Welch.  361 

BATTALION   BALTIMORE   LIGHT   INFANTRY. 

Lieutenant-Colonel  Harry  A.  Barry,  commanding. 

Staff. — Captain  George  R.  Browning,  Adjutant;  Captain  D.  F. 
Pennington,  Quartermaster;  Captain  Joseph  B.  Phipps,  Commissary 
of  Subsistence ;  Major  J.  Dimmit  Norris,  Surgeon;  Captain  P.  Len- 
field  Perkin,  Chaplain;  Captain  Frank  Moore,  Paymaster;  Captain 
W.  B.  Finney,  Ordnance  Officer. 

Company  A,  Captain  R.  Fuller  Shryock,  First  Lieutenant  Frederick 
J.  Mosher,  Second  Lieutenant  J.  K.  Routson. 

Company  B,  Captain  George  F.  Haupt,  First  Lieutenant  Birckhead 
Rouse,  Second  Lieutenant  F.  K.  Miller. 

Company  C,  Captain  William  D.  Robinson,  First  Lieutenant  Charles 
G.  Griffith. 

Company  D,  Captain  John  W.  Cruett,  First  Lieutenant  Benjamin 
M.  Cross,  Second  Lieutenant  James  F.  Shaffer.  230 


OFFICERS  AND  PRIVATES  OF  BUTLER  GUARDS,  SOUTH  CAROLINA. 


REPOR 


229 


THIRD 

compwti 

Lieutenant-Colonel 

Staff.- 

Compu; 
tenant  David  L.  Sloan 

Company  1 
tenant  .Frank'  E.  1 

Company  C,  T 
tenant  J.  B.  Boo 

Company  D, 
Lieutenant  L 

Company  . », 
Lieutenant  \V 


11 ; 

Woolford, 
=h,  Adjutant.      * 
\.  Captain  W.  J.  ] 
•antW.  A.  V 


Baltimore.  Rifli 
John  A.  Bishop,  Sc<. 
Monumerital  Ci 
.,t  Peter  W.Wilso 

Tou 


•n  R.  Spencer,  First  1 
riant  Jesse  L.  Dandridge.  63 

1  •   1332 


SOUTH  AROLINA. 

-  GOVERNOR  D  OF  COLUMBIA. 

.in  Wilie  Jones,  I  K  K-  Calvo,  Second 
.".  K.  Duffie. 

BU! 

J.  C.  B 
:.  Beach. 


C.  C. 

•on ;  Captain 
-berts,  A 


utenant  J 


>T    REGIMENT. 

lit  xGuard  of  Richmond),  : 
Acting  First  Lieutenant  C.  G 


230  MILITARY  DISPLAY. 

Company  E  (Old  Dominion  Guard  of  Portsmouth),  Fourth  Regi- 
ment, Captain  J.  M.  Binford,  Acting  First  Lieutenant  R.  T.  Matteson, 
Second  Lieutenant  R.  E.  Warren. 

Company  F  (Alexandria  Light  Infantry),  Third  Regiment,  Captain 
George  A.  Mushbach,  First  Lieutenant  Samuel  L.  Monroe,  Second 
Lieutenant  Albert  Bryan. 

Winchester  Light  Infantry,  Captain  Joseph  A.  Nulton,  First  Lieu- 
tenant R.  E.  Trenary,  Acting  Second  Lieutenant  James  C.  Baker.  216 

NEW    YORK. 

Brigadier-General  Louis  Fitzgerald,  commanding. 

Lieutenant-Colonel  Thomas  H.  Barber,  Assistant  Adjutant-Gen- 
eral. Staff. — Major  Auguste  P.  Montant,  Inspector;  Major  Stephen 
H.  Olin,  Judge  Advocate;  Major  Wendell  Goodwin,  Quartermaster; 
Major  C.  Lawrence  Perkins,  Commissary;  Major  Robert  V.  McKim, 
Surgeon;  Major  Paul  Dana,  Ordnance  Officer;  Major  Edmund  C. 
Stanton,  Signal  Officer;  Major  Clarence  H.  Eagle,  Inspector  Rifle 
Practice.  Aides-de-Camp. — Captain  W.  Emlin  Roosevelt,  Captain 
Francis  R.  Appleton.  Orderlies. — Sergeant  Wm.  F.  McConnell,  Ser- 
geant John  S.  Lutz,  Standard  Bearer ;  Sergeant  John  N.  Allen,  Trum- 
peter ;  Private  Henry  J.  Jordan,  Private  James  S.  Spears.  20 

PROVISIONAL   REGIMENT. 

Colonel  Edward  F.  Gaylor,  Forty-seventh  Regiment,  commanding. 

Lieutenant-Colonel  Frederick  S.  Benson,  Major  John  G.  Eddy. 
Staff. — Adjutant  Wm.  H.  Hubbell,  Quartermaster  Edward  Milner, 
Commissary  Warren  E.  Smith,  Inspector  of  Rifle  Practice  Alvah  G. 
Brown,  Surgeon  E.  H.  Ashwin,  Assistant  Surgeon  Geo.  C.  Jeffery, 
Chaplain  Newland  Maynard. 

Second  Separate  Company,  Captain  Wm.  M.  Kirby,  First  Lieu- 
tenant Henry  S.  Dunning,  Second  Lieutenant  Clarence  J.  Barber, 
Assistant  Surgeon  John  Gerin. 

Eighth  Separate  Company,  Captain  Henry  B.  Henderson,  First 
Lieutenant  Frank  I.  Hess,  Second  Lieutenant  Frederick  W.  G.  Bailey. 

Nineteenth  Separate  Company,  Captain  Wm.  Haubennestel,  First 
Lieutenant  Louis  P.  Haubennestel,  Second  Lieutenant  Martin  L.  Ben- 
tell,  Assistant  Surgeon  John  P.  Wilson. 

Twentieth  Separate  Company,  Captain  Hiram  C.  Rogers,  First 
Lieutenant  Chas.  F.  Tupper,  Second  Lieutenant  Frank  D.  Lyon,  As- 
sistant Surgeon  Dan  S.  Burr. 


REPORT  OF  CLINTON  P.   PAINE.  231 

Twenty-second  Separate  Company,  Captain  Robert  C.  McEwen, 
First  Lieutenant  Arthur  L.  Hall,  Second  Lieutenant  Waldo  L.  Rich. 

Twenty-sixth  Separate  Company,  Captain  Eugene  Root,  Second 
Lieutenant  G.  James  Greene  of  Tenth  Battalion. 

Thirtieth  Separate  Company,  Captain  Roscius  Morse,  First  Lieu- 
tenant Edward  M.  Hoffman,  Second  Lieutenant  John  T.  Sadler. 

Thirty-second  Separate  Company,  Captain  Charles  W.  Eddy,  First 
Lieutenant  Frank  L.  Stevens,  Second  Lieutenant  George  H.  Walden. 

Thirty-fifth  Separate  Company,  Captain  Henry  Holland,  First 
Lieutenant  Lawrence  M.  Proctor,  Second  Lieutenant  Dennis  B.  Lucey, 
Assistant  Surgeon  John  W.  Benton. 

Thirty-ninth  Separate  Company,  Captain  James  R.  Miller,  First 
Lieutenant  William  W.  Scott,  Second  Lieutenant  Thomas  F.  Kearns, 
Assistant  Surgeon  Mason  L.  Smith. 

Forty-first  Separate  Company,  Captain  Welcome  B.  Randall,  First 
Lieutenant  Mark  J.  Blakely,  Second  Lieutenant  Alex.  E.  Oberlander, 
Assistant  Surgeon  Harry  C.  Baum.  900 

TWELFTH    REGIMENT. 

Lieutenant-Colonel  Heman  Dowd,  commanding. 

Staff. — Adjutant  Arthur  F.  Schermerhorn,  Quartermaster  Edward 
R.  Powers,  Commissary  J.  Amory  Haskell,  Surgeon  Nelson  H.  Henry, 
Assistant  Surgeon  Chas.  L.  Lindley,  Chaplain  Wm.  B.  Frisby.  Vol- 
unteer Staff. — Surgeon  Cyrus  Edson,  Major  F.  Edgerton  Webb. 

Company  A,  First  Lieutenant  Ed.  C.  Smith. 

Company  B,  Captain  Chas.  S.  Burns,  First  Lieutenant  D.  S.  Ap- 
pleton,  Second  Lieutenant  H.  C.  Appleton. 

Company  C,  Captain  Rufus  Delafield,  First  Lieutenant  Chas.  M. 
Jessup.  9 

Company  D,  Captain  B.  S.  Barnard,  Second  Lieutenant  Aug.  Baus. 

Company  E,  Captain  John  Macaulay,  First  Lieutenant  Frank 
Roosevelt,  Second  Lieutenant  H.  G.  Paine. 

Company  F,  Second  Lieutenant  J.  L.  Erving. 

Company  G,  Captain  Wm.  H.  Kirby. 

Company  H,  Captain  W.  Content,  First  Lieutenant  Samuel  Par- 
sons, Second  Lieutenant  Ed.  L.  Knoedler. 

Company  I,  Captain  Wm.  H.  Murphy,  First  Lieutenant  Frederick 
C.  Carey. 

Company  K,  Captain  John  F.  Boylan,  Second  Lieutenant  L.  G.  Brigg.     60 1 


232  MILITAR  Y  DISPLA  Y. 

TWENTY-SECOND    REGIMENT. 

Colonel  John  T.  Camp,  commanding. 

Lieutenant-Colonel  William  J.  Harding,  Major  George  A.  Miller. 
Staff. — Adjutant  William  B.  Smith,  Quartermaster  Thos.  L.  Miller, 
Commissary  Joseph  M.  Smith,  Surgeon  Wm.  F.  Duncan,  M.D.,  As- 
sistant Surgeon  H.  Marion  Sims,  M.D.,  Chaplain  Rev/W.  N.  Dunnell, 
D.D.,  Inspector  of  Rifle  Practice  Jas.  W.  Finch.  Non-  Commissioned 
Staff. — Sergeant-Major  Stephen  F.  Hart,  Quartermaster-Sergeant  W. 
E.  Haws,  Jr.,  Ordnance  Sergeant  Emil  C.  Fischer,  Commissary-Ser- 
geant T.  J.  Lawrence,  Hospital-Steward  George  B.  Benedict,  Band- 
Leader  P.  S.  Gilmore,  Drum-Major  George  W.  Brown,  Color-Bearer 
W.  L.  Borstleman,  Color-Bearer  Walter  R.  Prescott,  General-Guide 
Albert  Wilkinson,  General-Guide  C.  R.  Bogert,  Jr. 

Company  A,  Captain  William  E.  Preece,  First  Lieutenant  Jas.  P. 
Kenworthy,  Second  Lieutenant  John  Lamb. 

Company  B,  Captain  William  V.  King,  First  Lieutenant  William  J. 
Maidhof,  Second  Lieutenant  William  N.  Bavier. 

Company  C,  Captain  Isaac  H.  West,  First  Lieutenant  Norman 
Macdonald,  Second  Lieutenant  M.  C.  Murray. 

Company  D,  Captain  William  H.  Cortelyou,  First  Lieutenant 
James  O'Neill,  Second  Lieutenant  Ellsworth  R.  DeBow. 

Company  E,  Captain  Nathaniel  B.  Thurston,  First  Lieutenant  J.  A. 
Quigley,  Second  Lieutenant  Walter  D.  Haws. 

Company  F,  Captain  John  W.  Jenkins,  First  Lieutenant  James  R. 
Byrd,  Second  Lieutenant  Thomas  F.  Ryder. 

Company  G,  Captain  George  F.  Demarest,  First  Lieutenant  George 
C.  Miller,  Second  Lieutenant  Alfred  H.  Murphy. 

Company  H,  Captain  George  F.  Potter,  First  Lieutenant  Clarence 
M.  Skellen,  Second  Lieutenant  Adolph  E.  Dick. 

Company  I,  Captain  John  P.  Leo,  First  Lieutenant  J.  G.  R.  Lillien- 
dahl,  Second  Lieutenant  Charles  A.  DuBois. 

Company  K,  Captain  George  E.  B.  Hart,  First  Lieutenant  Harry 
A.  Beneke,  Second  Lieutenant  Robert  J.  Daly.  391 

TWENTY-THIRD   REGIMENT. 

Lieutenant-Colonel  Alexander  S.  Bacon,  commanding. 

Major  Charles  E.  Waters.  Staff. — Adjutant  Eugene  W.  Burd, 
Quartermaster  Arthur  A.  Thompson,  Commissary  Richard  Oliver,  In- 
spector of  Rifle  Practice  Wm.  H.  Greenland,  Assistant  Surgeon  Wm. 
E.  Spencer,  Chaplain  Geo.  R.  Van  De  Water. 


KEPORT  OF  CLINTON  P,  PAINE. 

m  Edgar  F.  Haviland,  First  Lieutenant  Henry 
Kverdell,  -tenant  Wm,  H,  B.  Smith. 

Company   I  .jn  W    L.  Candee,   First   Lieutenant  Wm    B 

iswnas  M.  Close. 

Company  C,  Captain  -Ezra  De  Forest,  First  Lieutenant  Wm   S 
Banta,  Second  Lieutenant  Chav  R,  Silkman. 


Company  D,  Capta; 
Shepherd,  Second  I 

Company  E,  Ca 
Underbill,  Second  Lieutcnan 

Company  F.  Bnt 

Hill,  Second  Lieutenant 

Company  G,  Captain  Ha; 
Hall,  Second  Lieutenani  T)w 

Company  H,  Captain  A! 
Williams,  Second  Lieutenam 

Company  I,  Captain  Fm 
Middleton,  Jr.,  Second  Lfeyfc 

Company  K,  Captain  Dar 
C.  Saunders,  Second  I 


Cochen,  First  Lieutenant  jbhn  S 
wd  J.  -Kraft. 

A. 


. 


! 


2480 


NORTH   CAROLINA, 

FAYETTEV!-U,K  iKj^SPEiVDENT  LIGHT  INFANTRY. 

Major  Wm.  !-       t  -;^>eii,  comoianding. 

Captain  John  )*   ^'o.j,<,if<»ot,  Captain  Joseph  C.  Harke,  Jr. 

RHODE   ISLAND. 


46 


Colonel 
Lieutenr* 

Phetteplacc,  . 

Judge-Advo. 

Arnold,  \ 

Gun  Batteiy 
Compair 


itant  Paymaster  Tliomas 
A.  Cook,  Lieutenant  George 
W.  Peabody,  First  'Lieutenant  Harry 
lymond  G.  Price, 


234  MILITARY  DISPLAY. 

Company  C,  Captain  Hiram  Kendell,  First  Lieutenant  Richard 
Trafford,  Second  Lieutenant  Alfred  F.  Brown. 

Company  D,  Captain  Edwin  Draper,  Lieutenant  Arthur  B.  Warfield.     192 

OHIO. 

Governor. — JOSEPH  B.  FORAKER. 

Staff. — Major-General  Henry  A.  Axline,  of  Zanesville,  Adjutant- 
General,  Inspector-General,  and  Chief  of  Staff;  Brigadier-General 
Asa  S.  Bushnell,  of  Springfield,  Quartermaster-General  and  Com- 
missary-General of  Subsistence.  Aides-de-Camp. — Colonel  Lowe  Em- 
erson, of  Cincinnati ;  Colonel  George  L.  Couch,  of  Wellington ; 
Colonel  Harry  C.  Sherrard,  of  Steubenville ;  Colonel  Moses  H.  Neil, 
of  Columbus ;  Colonel  Floyd  L.  Smith,  of  Portsmouth.  10 

FOURTEENTH   REGIMENT   O.  N.  G. 

Colonel  George  D.  Freeman,  commanding. 

Lieutenant-Colonel  Andrew  Schwarz,  Major  Alonzo  B.  Coit. 
Staff. — Adjutant  Thaddeus  R.  Fletcher,  Quartermaster  Henry  A. 
Guitner,  Surgeon  Lovett  T.  Guerin,  Assistant  Surgeon  Fred.  Gun- 
saullus,  Chaplain  William  E.  Moore. 

Company  A,  Columbus,  Captain  Albert  B.  Gore,  First  Lieutenant 
Edwin  G.  Bailey,  Second  Lieutenant  George  H.  Murray. 

Company  B,  Columbus,  Captain  Charles  C.  Sleffel,  First  Lieu- 
tenant Edward  Draudt,  Second  Lieutenant  John  S.  Cunningham. 

Company  C,  Westerville,  Captain  Henry  Schick,  First  Lieutenant 
Curtis  C.  Martin,  Second  Lieutenant  John  M.  Brown. 

Company  D,  Marysville,  First  Lieutenant  Frank  F.  Ford,  Second 
Lieutenant  Elzie  Parthmore. 

Company  E,  Mount  Gilead,  Captain  William  F.  Wieland,  First 
Lieutenant  M.  Fillmore  Cunard,  Second  Lieutenant  Frank  W.  Wil- 
son. 

Company  F,  Columbus,  Captain  Charles  Merion,  Jr.,  First  Lieu- 
tenant John  F.  McFadden,  Second  Lieutenant  William  Ranney. 

Company  G,  Richwood,  Captain  Frank  S.  McMahon,  First  Lieu- 
tenant Willis  E.  Young. 

Company  H,  Canal  Winchester,  Captain  John  C.  Speaks,  First 
Lieutenant  William  L.  Walters. 

Company  I,  Lancaster,  Captain  Albert  Getz,  First  Lieutenant 
William  H.  Walker,  Second  Lieutenant  Clarence  M.  Crumley. 


Company 
tenant  Fred 

Company 
tenant  Jame: 


Section 
Ogden,  command 


REPORT  OF  CLINTON  P.   PAINE. 

arc,  Captain   C.  Barton  Adams,  First  Lieu- 
<1  Lieutenant  Ralph  H.  VanDeman. 
•ibus,    Captain   Will   W.    Homes,   First   Lieu- 
Srcontl  Lieutenant  Kmer    A.  Everett 


RTIUJKRV   O,  N.  G. 


Jatncs  i 


595 


Brigadier-General   Hew 
Staff.— Major    CUreiK 

Major  Appleton   ! 

Medical  Director;   C 

George   D.  Armstrong,   (. 

Inspector  of  Rifle  T 

Plummer. 


Colonel 
Lieutenant-C 
or  Wilmer  1 
ait;  Lieu 
Brickef 
n  ;  Lieut' 

,   ; 

tenant   : 
A.  Row- 


j.  Hill, 


4.i«,uicnani 


236  MILITARY  DISPLAY. 

Company  A,  Captain  Benjamin  A.  Norton,  First  Lieutenant 
George  C.  Barrows,  Second  Lieutenant  George  M.  Blake. 

Company  B,  Captain  Charles  W.  Davis,  First  Lieutenant  George 
Doughty,  Second  Lieutenant  Edwin  R.  Bean. 

Company  C,  Captain  Fred.  H.  Storah,  First  Lieutenant  Seward  S. 
Stearns,  Second  Lieutenant  Clemens  B.  Bailey. 

Company  D,  Captain  Lucius  H.  Kendall,  First  Lieutenant  George 
W.  Bryant,  Second  Lieutenant  Timothy  Elliott. 

Company  E,  Captain  Winfield  S.  Choate,  First  Lieutenant  Albert 
T.  Shurtleff,  Second  Lieutenant  Charles  Dingley. 

Company  F,  Captain  Walter  A.  Goss,  First  Lieutenant  James  A. 
Scott,  Second  Lieutenant  A.  W.  Garcelon. 

Company  G,  Captain  Horace  M.  Weston,  First  Lieutenant  Alvah 
A.  Pomroy,  Second  Lieutenant  Clement  C.  Libby. 

Company  H,  Captain  Wilbert  W.  Emerson,  First  Lieutenant  Wm. 
C.  Woodbury,  Second  Lieutenant  Wm.  F.  Pollard.  381 

Total  Maine     .       V        .         .         .         •       T   4°6 

IOWA. 

Governor. — WILLIAM  LARRABEE. 

Staff. — Major-General  William  L.  Alexander,  Adjutant-General ; 
Brigadier-General  George  P.  Hanawalt,  Surgeon-General.  Aides-de- 
Camp. — Lieutenant-Colonel  Williard  T.  Block,  Lieutenant-Colonel 
Frank  H.  True,  Lieutenant-Colonel  John  B.  Dougherty.  6 

GOVERNOR'S   GREYS. 

Company  A,  Fourth  Regiment,  I.  N.  G.,  Captain  William  H.  Thrift, 
First  Lieutenant  Clement  D.  Hayden,  Second  Lieutenant  Clifford  D. 
Ham.  48 

WEST    VIRGINIA. 

BAND. 
RITCHIE   GUARDS. 

Captain  R.  H.  Freer,  First  Lieutenant  J.  H.  Lininger,  Second  Lieu- 
tenant L.  G.  Bennington.  40 

AUBURN   GUARDS. 

Captain  J.  C.  Gluck,  First  Lieutenant  C.  L.  Zinn,  Second  Lieuten- 
ant M.  B.  Watson,  Third  Lieutenant  J.  C.  Lawson.  40 


RITCHIE  GUARDS,  WEST  VIRGINIA. 


WASHINGTON  CADET  CORPS,  D.  OF  C.  K  G. 


REPORT  OF  CLINTON  P.   PAINE,  237 

DISTRICT   OF    COLUMBIA. 

UNION   VETERAN   CORPS,  SECOND   BATTALION. 
Company  A,  Captain    M.  Emmet   Urell,  First   Lieutenant   Fred. 
Thomson,  Second  Lieutenant  J.  W.  T.  Williams,  Quartermaster  W. 
H.  Myers. 

Company  B,  Custer  Guards,  Captain  W.  A.  Rutherford. 

CORCORAN   CADETS. 
Captain  E.  C.  Edwards,  Lieutenant  W.  F.  Morrow. 

WASHINGTON   CADET   CORPS,  SIXTH   BATTALION,  D.  OF   C.  N.  G. 

Major  Christian  A.  Fleetwood,  commanding. 

Staff. — Adjutant  W.  H.  Judson  Malvin,  Surgeon  Thomas  L.  Up- 
shaw,  Quartermaster  Jos.  S.  Coolidge,  Chaplain  Robt.  Johnson,  D.D., 
Sergeant-Major  Fielding  L.  Dodson,  Quartermaster-Sergeant  William 
N.  Dodson,  Hospital-Steward  James  A.  Payne.  Honorary  Staff. — 
Captain  W.  F.  Blake,  Inspector ;  Captain  J.  W.  Jones,  Assistant  Sur- 
geon ;  Captain  J.  W.  Dabney,  Commissary ;  Captain  R.  W.  Tompkins, 
Judge  Advocate ;  Captain  J.  T.  Layton,  Paymaster. 

Company  A,  Captain  Arthur  Brooks,  First  Lieutenant  Shirley  H. 
Williams,  Second  Lieutenant  Marshall  M.  Custiss. 

Company  B,  Captain  John  S.  Clements,  First  Lieutenant  Primus 
H.  Simmons,  Second  Lieutenant  Frederick  T.  Webster. 

• 

Company  C,  Captain  William  H.  Lee,  First  Lieutenant  D.  Strother, 
Second  Lieutenant  Jas.  H.  Washington. 

Company  D,  Captain  Abraham  L.  Alexander,  First  Lieutenant 
Wilford  Marshall,  Second  Lieutenant  Robt.  S.  Covington. 

CAPITAL   CITY   GUARD,  SEVENTH    BATTALION,  D.  OF   C.  N.  G. 

Lieutenant-Colonel  F.  C.  Revells,  commanding. 

Staff. — S.  H.  Sumby,  Chaplain  and  Surgeon ;  John  E.  Purdy,  First 
Lieutenant  and  Chaplain;  Chas.  R.  Douglass,  First  Lieutenant  and 
Adjutant;  Wm.  Joice,  First  Lieutenant  and  Quartermaster.  Honorary 
Staff. — Annanias  Herbert,  Captain  and  Chief  of  Staff;  J.  Frank  Boston, 
Captain  and  Inspector ;  John  F.  Wilkinson,  Captain  and  Judge  Advo- 
cate ;  Wallace  T.  Chapman,  Captain  and  Paymaster ;  Geo.  T.  Preston, 
Captain  and  Engineer ;  W.  R.  Davis,  Captain  and  Commissary. 

COLUMBIA   RIFLES. 

Captain  Henry  F.  Poston,  First  Lieutenant  William  E.  Beagle, 
Second  Lieutenant  John  O'Neil. 

Total  District  of  Columbia       .         .         .         .515 


238  MILITARY  DISPLAY. 


GRAND  ARMY  OF  THE  REPUBLIC. 

Samuel  Harper,  Commander. 

J.  Edwin  Giles,  S.  V.  Commander,  Dept.  of  Pennsylvania. 

Wm.  J.  Ferguson,  J.  V.  Commander,  "  " 

Thomas  J.  Stewart,  Ass't  Adjutant-General,      "  " 

H.  G.  Williams,  Ass't  Quartermaster-General,  "  " 

W.  B.  Kroesen,  Medical  Director,  "  " 

Wm.  B.  Bird,  Chief  Mustering  Officer, 

Rev.  John  W.  Sayers,  Chaplain,  "  " 

Counsel  of  Administration. — M.  L.  Wagenseller,  Eli  G.  Sellers, 
Thad.  L.  Vanderslice,  William  Emsley. 

Aides-de-Camp.—  W.  H.  H.  Wasson,  Edgar  Welch,  D.  S.  McClure, 
S.  P.  Town,  J.  K.  Davison,  Henry  Myers,  A.  Shapely,  Samuel  Jones, 
Marriott  Brosius,  Frank  Sanville,  Samuel  M.  Jones,  Joseph  Brunett, 
B.  O.  Severn,  James  McCormick. 

Geo.  G.  Meade  Post,  No.  I,  Philadelphia,  J.  A.  Wiedersheim,  Com- 
mander. 

Post  No.  2,  Philadelphia,  Chas.  M.  Berts,  Commander. 

General  U.  S.  Grant  Post,  No.  5,  Philadelphia,  Isaac  E.  Coggins, 
Commander. 

G.  Van  Houghten  Post,  No.  3,  Department  of  New  Jersey,  John  F. 
Linskey,  Commander. 

James  A.  Garfield  Post,  No.  4,  Department  of  New  Jersey,  Andrew 
J.  Day,  Commander. 

Ellis  Post,  No.  6,  Germantown,  Pennsylvania,  W.  H.  Staton, 
Commander. 

Captain  W.  S.  Newhall  Post,  No.  7,  Philadelphia,  D.  D.  Sowden, 
Commander. 

E.  D.  Baker  Post,  No.  8,  Philadelphia,  John  Dougherty,  Com- 
mander. 

Alexander  Hamilton  Post,  No.  182,  Department  of  New  York, 
A.  M.  Underbill,  Commander. 

Greble  Post,  No.  10,  Philadelphia,  H.  C.  Kelly,  Commander. 

Hettie  A.  Jones  Post,  No.  12,  Roxborough,  M.  S.  Smith,  Com- 
mander. 

Colonel  Ulric  Dahlgren  Post,  No.  14,  Philadelphia,  Henry  Eddi- 
shaw,  Commander. 


REPORT  OF  CLINTON  P.  PAINE,  239 

Old  Guard,  Washington,  D.  C,  Captain  J.  M.  Edgar. 
Colonel  Fred.  Taylor  Post,  No.  19,  Philadelphia,  John   R.  Moon, 
Commander. 

Robinson  Post,  No.  20,  Hazleton,  T.  McCloskey,  Commander. 

Admiral  Dupont  Post,  No.  24,  Philadelphia,  P.  C.  Kiefer,  Com- 
mander. 

Wilde  Post,  No.  25,  Chester,  J.  M.  Stoever,  Commander. 

John  W.  Jackson  Post,  No.  27,  Philadelphia,  A.  MacMullin, 
Commander. 

George  A.  McCall  Post,  No.  3 1 ,  West  Chester,  Joseph  Dicks, 
Commander. 

Bernard  Gause  Post,  No.  34,  Avondale,  J.  H.  Greenfield,  Com- 
mander. 

The  Cavalry  Post,  No.  35,  Philadelphia,  John  Test,  Commander. 
Colonel    Gustavus  W.  Town    Post,    No.  46,  Philadelphia,  B.   L. 
Myers,  Commander. 

Captain  P.  R.  Schuyler  Post,  No.  51,  Philadelphia,  Henry  I.  Yohn, 
Commander. 

Kearney  Post,  No.  55,  Frankford,  A.  Galbraith,  Commander. 

General  D.  B.  Birney  Post,  No.  63,  Philadelphia,  Wm.  Bardsley, 
Commander. 

General  John  F.  Reynolds  Post,  No.  71,  Philadelphia,  Wm.  Curry, 
Commander. 

Captain  H.  Clay  Beatty  Post,  No.  73,  Bristol,  L.  R.  Vandergrift, 
Commander. 

Robert  Bryan  Post,  No.  80,  Philadelphia,  Samuel  Jones,  Com- 
mander. 

Anna  M.  Ross  Post,  No.  94,  Philadelphia,  A.  O.  Kurtz,  Com- 
mander. 

Dahlgren  Post,  No.  113,  Department  of  New  York,  Wm.  McEntee, 
Commander. 

Jackson  Corps,  Albany,  N.  Y. 

Lieutenant  J.  H.  Fisher  Post,  No.  101,  Hatborough,  Chas.  Craven, 
Commander. 

Charles  Sumner  Post,  No.  103,  Philadelphia,  Wm.  R.  Graves, 
Commander. 

Colonel  George  F.  Smith  Post,  No.  130,  West  Chester,  L.  M. 
Hood,  Commander.  , 


240  MILITAR  Y  DISPLA  Y. 

Bradbury  Post,  No.  149,  Media,  Thos.  J.  Dolphin,  Commander. 
Pennsylvania  Reserve  Post,  No.  191,  Philadelphia,  W.  W.  Johnson, 
Commander. 

J.   A.   Koltes    Post,   No.    228,   Philadelphia,    Frederick    Bissman, 
Commander. 

General  W.  S.  Hancock  Post,  No.  255,  Downington,  John  Knauer, 
Commander. 

Colonel   S.  Croasdale   Post,  No.   256,  Riegelsville,  S.  C.  Bigley, 
Commander. 

General  Robert  Patterson  Post,  No.  275,  Philadelphia,  John   G. 
Troup,  Commander. 

General  R.  L.  Bodine  Post,  No.  306,  Doylestown,  Jacob  Clemens, 
Commander. 

Lieutenant  Edward  W.  Gay  Post,  No.  312,  Philadelphia,  Chas.  A. 
Suydam,  Commander. 

The  Naval  Post,  No.  400,  Philadelphia,  J.  A  Connolly,  Commander. 

POSTS   OF   DEPARTMENT   OF   DELAWARE. 

J.  M.  Dunn,  Commander. 

Total  Grand  Army  of  the  Republic  .         .         .  4290 

SONS    OF    VETERANS    OF    THE    UNITED    STATES 
OF  AMERICA. 

E.  J.  Smith,  Colonel,  Harrisburg,  commanding. 
E.  E.  Critchfield,  Lieutenant-Colonel,  Mount  Pleasant,  Pa.;  G.  W. 
Rigg,   Major,    Philadelphia,    Pa.      Staff. — Mark   Anthony,   Adjutant, 
Harrisburg,  Pa.;  R.  S.  Stahle,  M.D.,  Surgeon,  York,  Pa.;  F.  R.  Stark, 
Chaplain,  Factoryville,  Pa.;   D.  W.  Cotterel,  Quartermaster,  Harris- 
burg, Pa.;  G.  P.  Brockway,  Inspector,  Titusville,  Pa.;   E.  H.  Ashcraft, 
Mustering  Officer,  Coudersport,  Pa.     Aides. — J.  N.  Degelman,  Phila- 
'delphia,  Pa.;  J.  B.  Woodruff,  Philadelphia,  Pa.;  W.  B.  McNulty,  Phila- 
delphia, Pa.;  Wm.  Shepley,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 

CAMPS   AND   COMMANDERS. 

Anna  M.  Ross  Camp,  No.  i ,  Captain  R.  W.  DuBourg. 
Philip  R.  Schuyler  Camp,  No.  2,  Captain  H.  W.  Russell. 
General  J.  F.  Reynolds  Camp,  No.  4,  Captain  Samuel  Brown. 
General  U.  S.  Grant  Camp,  No.  5,  Captain  Robt.  J.  Dobbins. 


REPORT  OF  CLINTON  P.   PAINE.  241 

Ellis  Camp,  No.  9,  Captain  A.  L.  Groff. 
General  D.  B.  Birney  Camp,  No.  13,  Captain  M.  L.  Asay. 
Colonel  J.  W.  Moore  Camp,  No.  27,  Captain  J.  B.  K.  Shannon. 
General  Robert  Bryan  Camp,  No.  80,  Captain  S.  B.  Hart. 
General  John  A.  Koltes  Camp,  No.  228,  Captain  George  Yost. 

Total  Sons  of  Veterans  U.  S.  of  A.         .         .     600 

SILVER  SPRING  RIFLES. 
Captain  E.  J.  Hendler.  50 


SUMMARY. 

Army,  Navy,  and  Marine  Corps 1,496 

National  Guard   ........  16,800 

Cadets .         .         .         .         .         ...         .         .         .  486 

Grand  Army  of  the  Republic     .....  4,290 

Sons  of  Veterans 650 


Grand  Total 23,722 


VOL.  II. — 32 


242  MILITARY  DISPLAY. 


CIRCULARS   ISSUED   BY   THE   COMMITTEE. 


CONSTITUTIONAL  CENTENNIAL  CELEBRATION. 
HEADQUARTERS  COMMITTEE  ON  MILITARY  DISPLAY. 

PHILADELPHIA,  July  20,  1887. 

CIRCULAR. — The  following  is  published  for  the  information  and  guidance  of  the  organizations 
participating  in  the  Military  Display : 

1.  On  and  after  August  I  the  Headquarters  of  this  Committee  will  be  established  at  Division 
Headquarters  National  Guard  of  Pennsylvania,  City  Hall,  Broad  and  Market  Streets. 

2.  The  Parade  will  take  place  on  Friday,  September  1 6. 

3.  Commanders  of  organizations    desiring   quarters  are  requested  to  furnish  the  Committee 
with  the  number  of  men  in  their  commands  who  will  participate  ;  also  at  what  time  their  troops 
will  arrive  and  by  which  route. 

4.  Organizations  whose  States  have  made  no  appropriations  or  arrangements  for  subsisting  their 
troops  will  receive  a  per  diem  allowance  of  fifty  cents  for  each  officer  and  man  for  rations,  which 
amount  will  be  paid  to  the  Commander  upon  his  certified  morning  report. 

5.  Each  State  will  furnish  transportation  for  its  troops.     Efforts  are  being  made  to  have  the 
railroad  companies  agree  upon  a  low  rate. 

6.  Governors  of  States  and  staffs  are  invited  to  parade  mounted  at  the  head  of  the  troops  of 
their  respective  States.     No  carriages  will  be  allowed  in  the  line. 

7.  The  Committee  recommend  that  Commanders  detail  an  officer  to  visit  this  city  in  advance  to 
learn  full  particulars,  and  thus  avoid  any  difficulty  upon  the  arrival  of  their  commands. 

By  direction  of  the  Committee, 

CLINTON   P.  PAINE,  Chairman. 
THEO.  E.  WIEDERSHEIM,  Secretary. 


CONSTITUTIONAL  CENTENNIAL  CELEBRATION. 
HEADQUARTERS  COMMITTEE  ON  MILITARY  DISPLAY. 

PHILADELPHIA,  July  20,  1887. 

SIR, — I  am  instructed  by  the  Committee  to  call  your  attention  to  the  enclosed  circular  respect- 
ing the  date  and  order  of  exercises,  and  to  request  information,  not  later  than  August  20,  as  to  the 
number  of  troops  your  State  will  send,  when  they  will  reach  Philadelphia,  and  how  long  it  will  be 
necessary  to  provide  quarters  for  them. 

This  information  is  necessary  to  enable  the  Committee  to  procure  halls  in  which  to  quarter  the 
troops. 

Very  respectfully,  your  obedient  servant, 

THEO.  E.  WIEDERSHEIM,  Secretary. 

Direct  to  Division  Headquarters,  City  Hall,  Philadelphia. 


REPORT  OF  CLINTON  P.   PAINE.  243 

CONSTITUTIONAL  CENTENNIAL  CELEBRATION. 
HEADQUARTERS  COMMITTEE  ON  MILITARY  DISPLAY. 

PHILADELPHIA,  August  i,  1887. 

Attention  is  invited  to  the  following  information  respecting  rates  of  transportation  to  Military 
Organizations  and  Posts  of  the  Grand  Army  of  the  Republic  participating  in  the  Military  Display 
on  the  1 6th  of  September  next,  at  Philadelphia,  in  commemoration  of  the  Centennial  Anniversary 
of  the  adoption  of  the  Federal  Constitution. 

The  railroad  companies  comprising  the  Trunk  Line  and  Central  Traffic  Association  have 
agreed  upon  the  following  rates  : 

For  Military  and  Grand  Army  Posts  and  uniformed  civic  organizations,  travelling  together  on 
one  ticket  in  each  direction  and  amounting  in  number  to  twenty-five  persons,  the  rates  will  be  one 
fare  for  the  round  trip  to  Philadelphia  and  return  from  points  in  Trunk  Line  territory  (east  of 
Buffalo,  Pittsburgh,  and  Parkersburg,  and  west  of  New  York).  From  points  beyond  the  above  the 
rates  will  be  one  cent  per  mile  for  distance  travelled  from  the  various  starting-points  to  Philadel- 
phia and  return,  and  with  such  reasonable  time  limits  on  the  tickets  as  may  be  agreed  upon  and 
satisfactory. 

By  direction  of  the  Military  Committee, 

THEO.  E.  WIEDERSHEIM,  Secretary. 

Division  Headquarters,  City  Hall. 


CONSTITUTIONAL  CENTENNIAL  CELEBRATION. 
HEADQUARTERS  COMMITTEE  ON  MILITARY  DISPLAY. 

PHILADELPHIA,  August  5,  1887. 
SIR, — The  Committee  respectfully  request  the  following  information : 

1.  Will  the  Governor  of  your  Slate  and  staff  parade  mounted  at  the  head  of  his  troops  in  the 
Military  Display,  September  16?     If  so,  send  name  and  rank  of  each  staff  officer. 

2.  In  replying  to  circular  of  July  20  from  these  headquarters,  forward  name  and  rank  of  all 
commissioned  officers. 

By  direction  of  Military.  Committee, 

CLINTON   P.  PAINE,  Chairman. 
THEO.  E.  WIEDERSHEIM,  Secretary. 
Division  Headquarters,  City  Hall. 


CONSTITUTIONAL  CENTENNIAL  CELEBRATION. 
HEADQUARTERS  COMMITTEE  ON  MILITARY  DISPLAY. 

PHILADELPHIA,  August  26,  1887. 

CIRCULAR. — The  following  is  published  for  the  information  and  guidance  of  the  troops  and 
organizations  participating  in  the  Military  Display  on  September  16  next : 

1.  The  Parade  will  form  on  South  Broad  .Street,  and  move  at  eleven  o'clock  A.M.  over  the 
following  route:  Up  Broad  to  Chestnut,  to  Fifth,  to  Market,  to  Broad,  to  Columbia  Avenue,  and 
countermarch  to  Arch  Street,  and  dismiss. 

2.  The  troops  of  the  United  States  Army  and  Marine  Corps  and  officers  and  sailors  of  the 
United  States  Navy  will  form  on  Broad  Street,  facing  west,  right  resting  on  Wharton  Street,  and 
will  be  the  head  of  the  column. 

3.  The  troops  of  the  several  States  will  form  on  the  east  and  west  cross-streets  north  of  Wharton 
in  order  of  their  assignment,  in  columns  of  companies,  at  half  distance,  with  right  facing  Broad 


244  MILITARY  DISPLAY. 

Street.     When  the  head  of  column  passes,  the  State  troops  will  move  out  as  the  ground  is  uncovered 
and  take  their  assigned  position  in  the  moving  column. 

4.  The  Grand  Army  of  the  Republic  will  form  ready  to  follow  the  Military  at  an  hour  not  later 
than  one  o'clock;  specific  directions  will  be  given  designating  the  ground  for  their  formation. 

5.  Cadets  of  schools,  colleges,  and  regiments  will  move  with  the  troops  of  their  respective  States. 

6.  The  President  of  the  United  States  will  review  the  troops  from  the  stand  to  be  erected  on 
Broad  Street,  between  Walnut  and  Sansom  Streets. 

7.  In  order  that  there  may  be  no  halting  in  front  of  the  reviewing  officer,  the  troops  will  make'' 
a  right  turn  instead  of  a  wheel,  and  keep  up  a  rapid  pace  as  they  leave  Broad  Street  to  go  down 
Chestnut  Street.     To  prevent  confusion  of  step  on  North  Broad  Street  during  the  countermarch,  the 
music  of  the  troops  marching  south  from  Columbia  Avenue  to  Arch  Street  will  cease  playing. 

8.  That  the  column  may  be  held  compactly,  commanding  officers  of  prominent  subdivisions  are 
cautioned  to  keep  well  closed  up  on  those  they  are  following.     In  proceeding  to  the  place  of  forma- 
tion, the  Military,  Posts  of  the  Grand  Army,  and  Cadet  Corps  must  avoid  the  use  of  South  Broad 
Street ;  that  is  reserved  exclusively  for  the  entire  column  in  its  route  of  processsion. 

By  direction  of  the  Military  Committee, 

CLINTON   P.  PAINE,  Chairman. 
THEO.  E.  WIEDERSHEIM,  Secretary. 


CONSTITUTIONAL  CENTENNIAL  CELEBRATION. 
HEADQUARTERS  COMMITTEE  ON  MILITARY  DISPLAY. 

PHILADELPHIA,  September  5,  1887. 

CIRCULAR. — The  following  Regulations  have  been  adopted  for  the  payment  of  the  commutation 
for  subsistence  of  fifty  cents  per  day  to  each  man  of  the  Militia  of  the  several  States  participating  in 
the  Parade  to  take  place  on  the  i6th  inst. 

The  commanding  officer  of  the  troops  of  each  State  will  forward  to  this  Committee  a  consoli- 
dated field-return  of  the  troops  under  his  command,  to  be  accompanied  by  a  return  of  each  com- 
pany, the  correctness  of  which  will  be  certified  to  on  honor  by  the  captain,  upon  the  receipt  of  which 
a  check  for  the  entire  amount  shown  to  be  due  will  at  once  be  drawn  to  the  order  of  said  command- 
ing officer. 

It  is  understood  that  this  commutation  is  to  be  paid  only  to  the  troops  of  those  States  which 
have  made  no  appropriation  for  the  purpose,  only  to  those  men  actually  taking  part  in  the  Parade, 
only  for  the  time  on  duty  in  this  city,  and  in  no  event  for  more  than  three  days. 

By  direction  of  the  Military  Committee, 

CLINTON    P.   PAINE,   Chairman. 

THEO.  E.  WIEDERSHEIM,  Secretary. 


CONSTITUTIONAL  CENTENNIAL  CELEBRATION. 
HEADQUARTERS  COMMITTEE  ON  MILITARY  DISPLAY. 

PHILADELPHIA,  September  5,  1887. 

CIRCULAR. — The  following  commands  and  organizations  will  participate  in  the  Military 
Display  on  September  1 6 : 

The  troops  of  the  United  States  Army,  Marine  Corps,  officers  and  sailors  of  the  United  States 
Navy,  National  Guard,  and  cadets  of  regiments,  schools,  and  colleges ;  also  the  Grand  Army  of  the 
Republic  and  veteran  organizations  under  their  direction. 


REPORT  OF  CLINTON  P.   PAINE.  245 

It  is  suggested  by  the  Committee,  for  the  sake  of  uniformity,  that  the  Adjutant-General  of  each 
State,  or  such  officer  as  may  be  selected  from  the  staff,  ride  with  and  on  the  left  of  the  Governor  of 
his  State. 

Quartermasters  should  reach  this  city  in  advance  of  their  organizations,  to  see  that  everything 
is  arranged  for  the  comfort  of  the  men  of  their  respective  commands. 

By  direction  of  the  Military  Committee, 

CLINTON   P.  PAINE,  Chairman. 
THEO.  E.  WIEDERSHEIM,  Secretary. 


PHILADELPHIA,  September  10,  1887. 

SIR, — The  Committee  on  Military  Display  of  the  Constitutional  Centennial  Celebration  respect- 
fully state  that  all  the  commissioned  officers  of  your  command  are  invited  and  requested  to  assemble 
at  the  Union  League,  on  Friday,  September  16,  at  8.30  o'clock,  to  proceed  to  the  Academy  of 
'Music,  to  pay  their  respects  to  the  President  of  the  United  States. 

Very  respectfully, 

THEO.  E.  WIEDERSHEIM, 

Secretary  of  Military  Committee. 


CONSTITUTIONAL  CENTENNIAL  CELEBRATION. 
HEADQUARTERS  COMMITTEE  ON  MILITARY  DISPLAY. 

PHILADELPHIA,  September  23,  1887. 

CIRCULAR. — As  it  is  contemplated  to  have  an  official  publication  of  the  proceedings  attending 
.the  celebration,  it  is  desired  that  the  Military  part  of  the  same  may  be  complete  and  correct;  this 
Committee,  therefore,  respectfully  request  the  following  information,  which  it  is  to  be  hoped  will 
be  furnished  as  early  as  practicable  : 

1.  Name  of  Governor  (and  staff)  who  paraded  mounted  at  the  head  of  the  troops  of  his  State. 

2.  Name  and  title  of  organizations  of  each  State,  number  participating,  and  roster  of  officers. 

3.  A  photograph  (a  group  of  three  or  more  preferred)  showing  uniform  worn  (with  hat),  with 
a  description  of  the  same  as  to  cut,  color,  and  trimmings. 

By  direction  of  the  Committee, 

CLINTON  P.  PAINE,  Chairman. 
THEO.  E.  WIEDERSHEIM,  Secretary. 


246  MILITARY  DISPLAY. 


ORDERS   ISSUED   BY   LIEUTENANT-GENERAL   SHERIDAN. 


WAR  DEPARTMENT, 
ADJUTANT-GENERAL'S  OFFICE. 
WASHINGTON,  August  30,  1887. 
LIEUTENANT-GENERAL  P.  H.  SHERIDAN,  U.S.A.,  NONQUIT,  MASS.  : 

SIR, — I  am  directed  by  the  Acting  Secretary  of  War  to  inform  you  that  the  President,  in  accord- 
ance with  the  request  of  the  Constitutional  Centennial  Commission,  has  detailed  you  to  command 
the  United  States  troops  present  at  the  Constitutional  Centennial  Anniversary,  in  the  city  of  Phila- 
delphia, on  the  fifteenth,  sixteenth,  and  seventeenth  days  of  September,  proximo. 

Very  respectfully,  your  obedient  servant, 

[Signed]  R.  C.  DRUM,  Adjutant- General. 


PHILADELPHIA,  September  8,  1887. 
ORDERS  No.  i. 

1.  In  compliance  with  instructions  from  the  President  of  the  United  States,  and  upon  the 
invitation  of  the  Constitutional  Centennial  Commission,  I  hereby  assume  command  of  the  troops 
that  are  to  participate  in  the  Military  Display,  upon  September  16,  1887,  in  honor  of  the  Centennial 
of  the  Framing  and  Promulgation  of  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States. 

2.  Brigadier-General  James  W.  Latta  is  announced  as  Chief  of  Staff ;  he  will  be  obeyed  and 
respected  accordingly. 

•     P.  H.   SHERIDAN,  Lieutenant- General. 


GENERAL  MILITARY  HEADQUARTERS, 
CONSTITUTIONAL  CENTENNIAL  CELEBRATION. 

CITY  HALL,  PHILADELPHIA,  September  13,  1887. 
ORDERS  No.  2. 

The  following  directions  are  published  for  the  formation  and  movement  of  the  Military  and 
organizations  of  the  Grand  Army  of  the  Republic  participating  in  the  observance  of  the  day  desig- 
nated by  the  Constitutional  Centennial  Commission  as  that  on  which  there  shall  be  a  Military 
Display,  in  which  the  United  States  shall  be  represented  by  its  Military  and  Naval  Service,  and  the 
several  States  and  Territories  by  their  Militia  and  Volunteers  : 

I.  On  the  morning  of  Friday,  the  l6th  of  September,  the  MILITARY  DIVISION  will  form, 
prepared  to  move  at  eleven  o'clock,  as  follows  : 

a.  The  troops  of  the  U.  S.  Army  (pursuant  to  directions  General  Orders,  No.  58,  Headquarters 
of  the  Army,  A.-G.  O.,  August  30,  1887). 

The  Battalion  of  U.  S.  Marines  from  the  League  Island  Navy  Yard  and  from  the  Squadron,  the 
officers  and  sailors  of  the  U.  S.  Navy  from  the  North  Atlantic  Squadron  (as  designated  by  the  Sec- 
retary of  the  Navy),  on  Broad  Street,  facing  west,  right  resting  on  Wharton  Street.  The  troops  of 
the  Army,  the  Marines,  and  the  officers  and  sailors  of  the  Navy  will  lead  the  column  in  the  order 
named. 

b.  Brevet  Brigadier-General  R.  H.  Jackson,  U.S.A.,  is  assigned  to  duty  for  this  occasion,  by 
virtue  of  his  brevet  rank,  and  to  the  command  of  the  troops  of  the  U.  S.  Army,  the  U.  S.  Marines, 
and  the  officers  and  sailors  of  the  U.  S.  Navy,  participating  in  the  Parade. 

c.  The  National  Guard,  Militia,  and  Volunteer  Militia  of  the  several  States :  first  that  from 
those  States  ratifying  the  Constitution,  in  the  order  of  their  ratification ;  then  that  from  those  States 
admitted  into  the  Union,  in  the  order  of  their  admission ;    and  then  that  from  the  District  of 


REPORT  OF  CLINTON  P.   PAINE.  247 

Columbia,  will  form  with  companies  closed  to  half  distance,  right  in  front,  with  the  head  of  their 
column  facing  Broad  Street,  east  and  west  on  streets  crossing  Broad  Street,  north  of  Wharton,  as 
follows : 

National  Guard  of  Delaware. — First  Regiment  Infantry,  Troop  B,  on  Wharton  Street,  west. 

The  Division  of  the  National  Guard  of  the  State  of  Pennsylvania. — First  Brigade  on  Wharton 
Street,  east ;  Third  Brigade  on  Federal  Street,  east ;  Second  Brigade  on  Federal  Street,  west ;  Cadets 
of  Pennsylvania  Schools,  Colleges,  and  Regiments  on  Ellsworth  Street,  west. 

Of  the  National  Guard  of  the  State  of  New  Jersey. — The  Second  Brigade  on  Ellsworth  Street, 
east. 

Of  the  State  of  Georgia. — Volunteer  Militia  on  Washington  Avenue,  east. 

Of  the  State  of  Connecticut. — Governor's  Foot  Guard,  Connecticut  Governor's  Guards  on 
Washington  Avenue,  west. 

Of  the  Massachusetts  Volunteer  Militia. — First  Regiment  Infantry,  First  Corps  Boston  Cadets, 
Governor's  Body  Guard  on  Carpenter  Street,  west. 

Of  the  Maryland  Militia. — Provisional  Brigade  on  Carpenter  Street,  east. 

Of  the  South  Carolina  State  Troops. — Governor's  Guard,  Butler  Guard  on  Christian  Street,  east. 

Of  the  Virginia  Volunteer  Militia. — Four  Companies,  Fourth  Regiment  Infantry,  on  Christian 
Street,  west. 

Of  the  National  Guard  of  the  State  of  New  York. — Provisional  Brigade  on  Catharine  Street, 
west. 

Of  the  North  Carolina  Militia. — Fayetteville  Independent  Light  Infantry  on  Catharine  Street, 
east. 

Of  the  Rhode  Island  Volunteer  Militia. —  First  Light  Infantry  on  Fitzwater  Street,  east. 

Of  the  Ohio  National  Guard. — Fourteenth  Regiment  Infantry  on  Fitzwater  Street,  west. 

Of  the  Maine  Volunteer  Militia. — Provisional  Regiment,  Four  Companies  from  First  Regiment 
Infantry,  Four  Companies  from  Second  Regiment  Infantry  on  Bainbriclge  Street,  east. 

Of  the  Iowa  National  Guard. — Governor's  Grays  on  Bainbridge  Street,  west. 

Of  the  West  Virginia  Volunteer  Militia. — Ritchie  Guards,  Auburn  Guards  on  South  Street,  east. 

District  of  Columbia  Militia. — Washington  Light  Infantry,  Union  Veteran  Corps,  Custer 
Guards,  Corcoran  Cadets,  Capital  City  Guards,  Sixth  Battalion,  Columbia  Rifles  on  South  Street,  west. 

2.  The  Governors  who  have  accepted  the  invitation  of  the  Committee  to  ride  at  the  head  of 
their  troops  are  requested  to  take  their  places  accordingly  with  their  military  staff. 

3.  Cadets  of  schools,  colleges,  and  regiments  will  move  with  the  troops  of  their  respective  States. 

4.  The  Grand  Army  of  the  Republic  will  form  on  such  streets  as  its  commanding  officer  may 
designate,  keeping  to  the  left  of  the  military  if  those  occupied  by  it  are  used,  and  be  prepared  to 
follow  promptly  the  rear  of  the  Military  Division  when  the  way  is  clear  to  do  so. 

5.  Department  Commander  of  Pennsylvania,  Samuel  Harper,  is  designated  as  the  commanding 
officer  of  the  Grand  Army  of  the  Republic  Division.     Subject  to  the  provisions  of  this  order,  he  will 
arrange  all  details,  conforming  his  movements  as  near  as  practicable  to  its  requirements. 

6.  In  proceeding  to  the  place  of  formation,  the  use  of  Broad  Street  south  of  Chestnut  is  to  be 
avoided. 

7.  The  head  of  the  column  will  move  at  eleven  o'clock,  up  Broad  to  Chestnut,  to  Fifth,  to 
Market,  to  Broad,  to  Columbia  Avenue,  and  countermarch  to  Arch  Street.     The  subdivisions  will 
follow  each  other  promptly  in  the  order  named  as  soon  as  the  streets  they  occupy  are  uncovered. 
Wheeling  distances  will  be  maintained  while  in  motion  throughout  the  route.     At  the  end  of  the 
countermarch  the  Parade  will  be  dismissed. 

8.  The  President  of  the  United  States  will  review  the  procession  from  the  Grand  Stand,  on  the 
east  side  of  Broad  Street,  between  Walnut  and  Sansom  Streets.     It  is  not  practicable  for  officers 
required  to  do  so  by  the  forms  to  turn  out.     All  mounted  officers  will,  therefore,  continue  with  the 
column.     Bands  will  not  wheel  to  the  left  and  post  themselves  in  front  of  the  reviewing  officer,  but 
will  continue  the  march.     Otherwise  the  passing  in  review  will  be  conducted  as  prescribed  by  the 
tactics. 


248  MILITARY  DISPLAY. 

9.  When  clear  of  the  reviewing  officer,  and  before  reaching  Chestnut  Street,  companies  will  be 
broken  into  platoons.     That  the  movement  may  be  quickened  and  halts  avoided  at  the  reviewing 
point,  the  platoons  at  Chestnut  Street  will  execute  a  right  turn  instead  of  a  wheel. 

10.  At  a  point  on  the  east  side  of  Broad  Street,  south  of  Columbia  Avenue,  the  column  will  be 
reviewed  by  the  Lieutenant-General. 

11.  To  avoid  confusion  of  the  step,  the  music  of  the  column  moving  south  on  Broad  Street 
from  Columbia  Avenue  during  the  countermarch  will  cease  to  play. 

12.  As  there  may  be  an  official  publication  of  the  proceedings  attending  this  celebration,  it  is 
suggested  that  at  as  early  a  day  as  practicable  a  field  return  consolidated  by  States  be  furnished  these 
headquarters. 

13.  Upon  the  conclusion  of  the  march,  each  organization  as  it  leaves  the  column  will  take  a 
route  that  shall  not  interfere  with  that  portion  of  the  procession  still  in  motion. 

By  command  of 

LIEUTENANT-GENERAL   SHERIDAN. 
JAMES  W.  LATTA,  Brigadier-General  and  Chief  of  Staff. 


GENERAL  MILITARY  HEADQUARTERS, 
CONSTITUTIONAL  CENTENNIAL  CELEBRATION. 

CITY  HALL,  PHILADELPHIA,  September  14,  1887. 
ORDERS  No.  3. 

1.  The  following-named  officers  are  announced  as  Aides-de-Camp  to  the  Lieutenant-General: 
Lieutenant- Colonel   Michael  V.  Sheridan,  U.S.A.,  Lieutenant-Colonel  Sanford  C.  Kellogg, 

U.S.A.,  Lieutenant-Colonel  Stanhope  E.  Blunt,  U.S.A.,  Brigadier-General  J.  K.  Sigfried,  Brigadier- 
General  J.  William  Hofmann,  Brigadier-General  H.  S.  Huidekoper,  Brigadier-General  Frank 
Reeder,  Brigadier-General  P.  N.  Guthrie,  Brigadier-General  Louis  Wagner,  Brigadier-General 
Russell  Thayer,  Brigadier-General  William  H.  McCartney,  Major  Robert  O'Reilly,  U.S.A.,  Lieu- 
tenant W.  H.  Reeder,  U.S.N.,  Surgeon  M.  L.  Ruth,  U.S.N.,  Colonel  John  P.  Nicholson,  Colonel 
William  G.  Moore,  Colonel  H.  Earnest  Goodman,  Colonel  Theodore  E.  Wiedersheim,  Colonel 
Emlen  N.  Carpenter,  Colonel  B.  Frank  Eshleman,  Colonel  James  H.  Lambert,  Colonel  Robert 
Adams,  Jr.,  Colonel  P.  Lacey  Goddard,  Colonel  William  S.  Thomas,  Major  Charles  Styer,  and 
Captain  John  M.  Vanderslice. 

As  the  representatives  of  their  respective  States  : 

Lieutenant- Colonel  G.  Jefferson  Hart,  Delaware;  Colonel  Lewis  W.  Read,  Pennsylvania; 
Lieutenant-Colonel  William  H.  Ross,  Georgia;  Lieutenant- Colonel  Joseph  T.  Elliott,  Connecticut; 
Colonel  Edward  E.  Currier,  Massachusetts;  Colonel  Heinrich  C.  Tieck,  Maryland;  Lieutenant- 
Colonel  W.  C.  McGowan,  South  Carolina;  Brigadier-General  Daniel  D.  Wylie,  New  York; 
Major  W.  Miles  Gary,  Virginia;  Colonel  Benehan  Cameron,  North  Carolina;  Colonel  Howard 
Smith,  Rhode  Island;  Brigadier-General  George  L.  Beale,  Maine;  Major-General  William  L. 
Alexander,  Iowa;  Colonel  J.  Garland  Hurst,  West  Virginia. 

They  will  be  obeyed  and  respected  accordingly. 

2.  The  Staff  will  report  at  the  City  Hall  at  nine  o'clock  A.M.  on  the  l6th,  and  be  formed  in  the 
order  of  announcement.     General  Reeder  will  be  in  charge. 

3.  General  Thayer,  under  the  instructions  given  him,  will  remain  on  duty  with  the  column. 
Colonels  Adams,  Eshleman,  and  Goddard,  Major  Styer,  and  Captain  Vanderslice  will  render  him 
such  assistance  as  he  may  require. 

By  command  of 

LIEUTENANT-GENERAL   SHERIDAN. 
JAMES  W.  LATTA,  Brigadier- General  and  Chief  of  Staff. 


REPORT  OF  CLINTON  P.  PAINE. 


249 


MILITARY   DISPLAY. 

CONSTITUTIONAL   CENTENNIAL   CELEBRATION. 
FRIDAY,  SEPTEMBER  id,  1887. 


WEST. 

EAST. 

LOMBARD  STREET. 

Grand  Army  Republic. 

Grand  Army  Republic. 

SOUTH  STREET. 

District  of  Columbia. 

West  Virginia. 

BAINBRIDGE  STREET. 

Iowa. 

Maine. 

FITZWATER  STREET. 

Ohio. 

Rhode  Island. 

CATHARINE  STREET. 

New  York. 

13 

W 
tf 

H 

North  Carolina. 

CHRISTIAN  STREET. 
CARPENTER  STREET. 

Virginia. 
Massachusetts. 

Q 

O 
tf 

M 

South  Caroling. 
Maryland. 

WASHINGTON  AVENUE. 

Connecticut. 

Georgia. 

ELLSWORTH  STREET. 

Cadets  of  Penna. 

New  Jersey. 

FEDERAL  STREET. 

Second  Brigade,  Penna. 

Third  Brigade,  Penna. 

WHARTON  STREET. 

Delaware. 

First  Brigade,  Penna. 

U.  S.  Army. 

U.  S.  Navy. 

Marinp  Cnrrv; 

VOL.  ii. — 33 


MEMORIAL    DAY. 
CEREMONIES    IN    INDEPENDENCE    SQUARE. 

SEPTEMBER   17,   1887. 


THE  most  important  and  impressive  ceremonies  of  the  cele- 
bration were  those  commemorative  of  the  adoption  of  the  Consti- 
tution of  the  United  States  of  America  by  the  Federal  Conven- 
tion. These  were  held  in  the  square  of  Independence,  beneath 
the  shadow  of  the  old  State  House,  whose  sacred  walls  guard 
the  Liberty  Bell  of  1776,  and  contain  the  room  in  which  the 
Declaration  of  Independence  had  been  signed,  and  where  the 
Federal  Convention  had  framed  and  adopted  the  Constitution  of 
the  nation. 

A  vast  platform  had  been  erected  upon  the  south  side  of  the 
State  House,  and  conspicuously  placed  at  the  very  front,  draped 
in  the  national  colors,  stood  an  exact  photographic  reproduction 
of  the  original  Constitution,  resting  upon  the  chair  in  which 
George  Washington  had  sat  while  presiding  over  the  delibera- 
tions of  the  Convention.  On  either  side  were  two  lofty  poles  from 
which  floated  the  flag  of  the  United  States,  guarded  by  a  soldier 
and  sailor  respectively. 

The  entrance  for  special  guests  was  through  the  south  door 
of  the  hall.  Upon  the  outer  edge  of  the  circle,  at  the  extreme 
front,  seats  had  been  provided  for  the  members  of  the  Constitu- 
tional Centennial  Commission,  who  acted  as  hosts.  Facing  these 

o 

were  the  President  of  the  United  States,  Ex-President  Rutherford 
B.  Hayes,  and  Ex-Vice-President  Hannibal  Hamlin.  Immediately 
beside  them  sat  Mrs.  Cleveland,  the  members  of  the  Cabinet  and 

251 


252  MEMORIAL   DAY. 

their  wives,  the  president  of  the  Senate,  the  Chief  Justice  and 
justices  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  United  States,  senators  of 
the  United  States  and  members  of  Congress,  the  general  of  the 
army,  and  Rear-Admiral  Luce  representing  the  navy.  Upon  the 
right  were  the  representatives  of  foreign  governments ;  upon  the 
left  the  governors  of  the  States  and  the  mayor  of  the  city  of 
Philadelphia.  Behind  these  were  members  of  the  legislatures  and 
judiciaries  of  the  States,  dignitaries  of  the  Church,  the  Society  of 
the  Cincinnati,  the  Councils  of  the  city  of  Philadelphia ;  the  mayors 
of  other  cities,  officers  of  the  army  and  navy,  descendants  of  the 
framers  of  the  Constitution,  and  other  distinguished  guests.  To 
the  extreme  left,  and  occupying  one-third  of  the  platform,  were 
stationed  the  Band  of  the  Marine  Corps  of  the  United  States 
under  the  direction  of  Professor  Soussa,  the  chorus  of  three 
hundred  men  under  the  direction  of  Professor  Hermann,  and  the 
chorus  of  two  thousand  boys  from  the  public  schools  under  the 
direction  of  Professor  Rosewig.  Sweeping  to  the  right  and  rear, 
and  rising  tier  upon  tier  in  a  vast  amphitheatre,  sat  thousands  of 
strangers  who  had  come  from  far  distant  places  to  testify  by  their 
presence  to  their  devoted  allegiance  to  the  great  charter  of  na- 
tional rights.  The  speaker's  stand  was  placed  between  the  seats 
of  the  commissioners  and  the  chair  occupied  by  the  President, 
and  in  its  immediate  neighborhood  sat  the  orator  of  the  day, 
the  Rt.  Rev.  Bishop  Potter,  Cardinal  Archbishop  Gibbons,  Dr. 
Witherspoon,  the  president  of  the  Commission,  the  members  of 
the  Executive  Committee,  the  chairmen  of  the  sub-committees  of 
the  Commission,  and  the  chairmen  of  all  auxiliary  committees.  In 
front  of  the  platform,  beneath  the  shade  of  the  trees,  and  stretch- 
ing to  the  utmost  limits  of  Independence  Square,  stood  in  solemn 
silence  a  concourse  of  more  than  twenty  thousand  people.  Blue 
skies  and  unclouded  sunshine  smiled  propitiously  upon  the  ma- 
jestic scene. 

At  eleven  o'clock  "The  March  of  the  Men  of  Columbia,"  as 


CEREMONIES  IN  INDEPENDENCE  SQUARE.  253 

an  opening  chorus,  was  rendered  by  the  children  from  the  public 
schools. 

The  Rt.  Rev.  Bishop  Potter,  of  New  York,  then  pronounced 
the  following  divine  invocation : 

"  Almighty  and  ever-living  God,  who  art  always  more  ready 
to  hear  than  we  to  pray,  and  who  art  wont  to  give  to  us  more 
than  we  desire  or  deserve,  we  come  to-day  to  ask  Thy  heavenly 
benediction,  and  to  call  upon  our  souls  and  all  that  is  within  us  to 
bless  and  magnify  Thy  holy  name. 

"Look  down,  we  beseech  Thee,  upon  these  Thy  servants 
gathered  before  Thee,  and  on  all  those  throughout  this  land  of 
whom  they  are  the  representatives.  As  they  come  together  here 
to  commemorate  the  hundred  years  through  which  Thou  hast  led 
this  people,  help  them  to  remember  Thee,  who  hath  been  their 
Leader  and  Saviour,  and  who  art  God  over  all,  blessed  for  ever- 
more ;  and  as  to-day  they  call  to  mind  the  covenant  and  charter 
which  a  century  ago  their  fathers  here  adopted,  make  them  also 
mindful  how  Thou  hast  revealed  Thyself  as  law,  and  in  that 
inmost  constitution  which  is  the  human  conscience  and  the  human 
reason  hast  written  Thine  eternal  principles  of  reverence  for 
right  and  of  obedience  to  duty. 

"  We  thank  Thee  for  the  wisdom  with  which,  as  we  rejoice  to 
believe,  Thou  didst  inspire  those  who  framed  the  charter  of  our 
liberties,  and  wrought  the  bond  that  binds  together  these  United 
States,  making  of  them  thus  a  nation.  We  thank  Thee  for  the 
freedom  of  that  charter  in  things  that  are  indifferent,  and  for  its 
clearness  and  authority  in  things  that  are  of  moment.  We  bless 
Thee  for  what  it  secures  to  us,  and  no  less  for  that  from  which  it 
protects  us, — for  liberty  of  conscience,  for  the  sanctity  of  the 
home,  for  the  right  of  each  man  under  the  law  to  control  his  own 
person  and  to  enjoy  unmolested  the  fruits  of  his  own  labor ;  and 
most  of  all  for  this, — that  here  no  shackle  may  be  bound  under  the 


254  MEMORIAL  DAY. 

name  of  civil  law  or  the  national  government,  by  any  whatsoever 
tyranny  or  superstition,  upon  the  soul  or  body  of  any  American 
citizen. 

"  Help  us  to  cherish  these  inestimable  blessings  and  sacredly 
to  guard  them.  Preserve  us  from  the  folly  that  forgets,  or  the 
indifference  which  disesteems  this  freedom  which,  with  so  great  a 
sum,  our  fathers  once  obtained.  Defend  from  profane  and  in- 
sidious hands  this  charter  of  our  liberties,  this  bulwark  of  our 
common  welfare.  May  no  foolish  alliance  with  things  evil  and 
false  corrupt  our  national  integrity,  nor  any  cowardly  fear  of  con- 
sequences deter  us  from  contending  for  the  right  as  we  have 
received  the  right  from  those  who  bequeathed  it  to  us.  Make  us 
hospitable  to  all  who  may  seek  these  shores  with  an  honest  pur- 
pose and  in  law-abiding  reverence  for  its  institutions,  but  save  us 
from  the  madness  which  intrusts  power  to  those  who  are  too 
ignorant  wisely  to  use  it,  and  too  selfish  and  unscrupulous  to  do 
otherwise  than  wickedly  abuse  it.  Give  strength  and  fearless- 
ness to  the  magistrate,  wisdom  and  purity  to  those  who  make  and 
execute  the  laws,  and  loyalty  to  all  of  us  who  are  called  upon  to 
obey  them. 

"And  to  this  end,  O  Lord,  our  heavenly  Father,  most  heartily 
we  beseech  Thee  with  Thy  favor  to  behold  and  bless  Thy 
servants,  the  President  of  the  United  States,  the  governor  of  this 
and  every  commonwealth  in  this  republic,  and  all  others  in 
authority,  and  so  replenish  them  with  the  grace  of  Thy  Holy 
Spirit  that  they  may  always  incline  to  Thy  will  and  walk  in  Thy 
way ;  and,  O  God,  who  in  the  former  time  didst  lead  our  fathers 
forth  into  a  wealthy  place,  give  Thy  grace,  we  humbly  beseech 
Thee,  to  us  their  children,  that  we  may  always  approve  ourselves 
a  people  mindful  of  Thy  favor  and  glad  to  do  Thy  will.  Bless 
our  land  with  honorable  industry,  sound  learning,  and  pure 
manners.  Protect  the  efforts  of  sober  and  faithful  men,  and 
suffer  not  the  hire  of  the  laborer  to  be  kept  back  by  fraud.  In- 


CEREMONIES  IN  INDEPENDENCE  SQUARE.  .255 

cline  the  hearts  of  employers  and  of  those  whom  they  employ  to 
mutual  forbearance,  fairness,  and  good  will.  Be  with  all  those  who 
are  instructors  of  the  young,  endue  with  heavenly  wisdom  all 
ministers  of  Thy  holy  religion,  and  make  the  press  and  all  those 
who  are  in  any  wise  the  leaders  and  teachers  of  this  people  more 
and  more  a  power  for  God  and  for  good.  Defend  our  liberties, 
preserve  our  unity.  Save  us  from  violence,  discord,  and  confusion, 
from  pride  and  arrogancy,  and  from  every  evil  way.  Fashion 
into  one  happy  people  the  multitudes  brought  hither  out  of  many 
kindreds  and  tongues.  In  the  time  of  our  prosperity  fill  our 
hearts  with  thankfulness,  and  in  the  day  of  trouble  suffer  not  our 
trust  in  Thee  to  fail.  All  which  we  ask  in  the  name  of  Him  who 
has  taught  us,  when  we  pray,  to  say :  Our  Father,  who  art  in 
heaven,  hallowed  be  Thy  name.  Thy  kingdom  come.  Thy  will 
be  done  on  earth  as  it  is  done  in  heaven.  Give  us  this  day  our 
daily  bread.  And  forgive  us  our  trespasses  as  we  forgive  those 
who  trespass  against  us.  And  lead  us  not  into  temptation,  but 
deliver  us  from  evil.  For  Thine  is  the  kingdom  and  the  power 
and  the  glory  for  ever  and  ever.  Amen." 

A  hymn  was  then  rendered  by  the  chorus  of  boys. 

The  Hon.  John  A.  Kasson,  president  of  the  Constitutional 
Centennial  Commission,  then  delivered  the  following  introductory 
address : 

"  The  one  object  of  this  celebration  has  been  to  demonstrate 
and  quicken  the  reverence  and  love  of  the  American  people  of  all 
orders  for  their  national  Constitution.  It  was  this  which  organ- 
ized their  liberties.  It  united  their  forces.  It  has  preserved  their 
inalienable  rights  to  themselves  and  their  posterity.  It  has  in  a 
single  century  conducted  them  from  the  weakest  to  the  strongest 
rank  of  civilized  nations.  Historic  time  furnishes  no  parallel  to 
this  development. 


256  MEMORIAL  DAY. 

"  Ninety-nine  years  ago,  in  this  city,  our  ancestors  celebrated 
only  their  hopes,  founded  upon  the  recent  adoption  of  the  Con- 
stitution. To-day,  after  a  century's  experience,  we  celebrate  the 
reality  of  its  blessings.  A  grateful  people  renew  their  allegiance 
to  the  supreme  work  of  their  fathers. 

"  The  ceremony  of  the  first  day  has  given  a  brilliant  illustration 
of  our  material  progress  during  the  century,  a  development  which 
is  one  of  the  rich  fruits  of  that  untrammelled  invention  and  free- 
dom of  action  with  which  the  Constitution  endowed  the  American 
people. 

"  The  second  day  has  exhibited  the  identity  of  the  interests  of 
the  people  and  the  interests  of  the  government,  and  the  perfect 
union  and  sympathy  which  exist  between  the  military  forces  of 
the  people  and  the  armed  forces  of  the  national  government. 
They  march  together  in  loyal  obedience  to  their  common  sover- 
eign, the  Constitution,  a  sovereign  who  never  dies.  They  only 
wield  their  strength  for  the  defence  of  their  country,  its  honor,  its 
flag,  and  our  common  constitutional  rights.  All  honor  to  these 
united  forces  of  land  and  sea,  who  show  to  their  loyal  countrymen 
only  the  beneficent  stars  of  their  flag,  and  reserve  its  stripes  for 
enemies ! 

"  But  our  chief  glory  springs  neither  from  the  material  wealth 
our  progress  has  developed,  nor  from  the  victories  our  associated 
arms  have  achieved.  It  arises  from  the  general  welfare  of  our 
people,  their  contentment  with  their  institutions,  their  enlighten- 
ment, and  their  general  advancement  in  the  virtues  of  Christian 
civilization. 

"  The  scene  and  ceremonies  of  this  third  day  indicate  the  moral 
and  intellectual  harvest  of  which  our  Constitution  planted  the 
seeds.  The  high  officers  of  this  Union  are  to-day  the  guests  of 
the  States.  Public  schools,  universal  and  free,  here  chant  their 
praises  for  the  endowment  of  liberal,  popular  instruction.  The 
representatives  of  the  higher  education  of  universities  and  colleges 


CEREMONIES  IN  INDEPENDENCE  SQUARE.  257 

here  attest  their  gratitude  for  the  free  pursuit  of  knowledge  and 
the  unrestricted  development  of  science.  Here  are  -found  distin- 
guished representatives  of  all  the  churches  and  forms  of  divine 
worship,  unsupported  and  uncontrolled  by  the  government,  and 
yet  more  prosperous  and  happy  therefor.  They  offer  thanks  for 
the  guaranteed  blessing  of  a  '  free  Church  in  a  free  State.'  The 
men  are  also  here  who  represent  that  private  wealth  which,  imi- 
tating the  constitutional  devotion  to  '  the  general  welfare,'  has  so 
freely  endowed  hospitals,  schools,  universities,  churches,  and  other 
charities  to  a  degree  never  before  or  elsewhere  witnessed  in  this 
round  world.  Here,  too,  labor,  the  productive  sister  of  capital, 
acknowledges  allegiance  to  that  great  document  which  makes  all 
men  alike  free  and  equal  before  the  law.  The  foremost  states- 
men, forgetting  all  political  alienations,  are  here  with  heads  bowed 
in  reverence  to  their  common  Guardian  and  constant  Protector. 
Historians,  poets,  artists,  and  writers,  who  have  made  the  country 
famous  by  pen  and  pencil,  and  soldiers,  who  have  made  it  glorious 
by  their  sword,  are  here.  American  enterprise  and  invention 
here  clasp  their  hands,  and  with  just  pride  remind  us  of  the 
steamship,  railway,  and  telegraph,  with  which  in  this  century  they 
have  conquered  seas,  spanned  the  broad  continent,  and  united  a 
world.  Countless  civic  and  beneficent  societies  here  avow  their 
gratitude  for  their  constitutional  liberty  of  association.  All  ranks 
and  conditions,  and  various  races  of  men  from  five  continents,  are 
here  gathered  in  honor  of  our  Maxima  Charta,  the  sure  foundation 
of  American  liberty  and  American  civilization.  Well  may  they 
come,  for  the  Constitution  is  a  perpetual  message  of  peace  and 
friendship  to  all  loyal  men  everywhere. 

"To  you,  sir,  President  of  the  United  States,  to  the  Supreme 
Judiciary,  and  to  the  legislators  of  Congress,  representing  the 
three  departments  of  our  national  government,  and  to  you,  gentle- 
men, governors  of  the  States  united,  we  bid  a  most  cordial  wel- 
come. 

VOL.  ii. — 34 


258  MEMORIAL  DAY. 

"To  the  representatives  of  foreign  governments  within  our 
jurisdiction,  who  have  come  from  far  China  and  Japan,  from  South 
America  and  Europe,  and  from  our  own  continent,  we  tender  our 
assurances  of  high  appreciation  and  our  thanks  for  their  sympa- 
thetic presence  during  our  ceremonies. 

"With  you,  honored  fellow-citizens,  we  rejoice  this  day  over 
the  peaceful  consummation  of  the  first  constitutional  century  of 
our  common  country.  We  recall  with  glowing  gratitude  the  virtues 
of  our  great  ancestors  who  founded  the  government,  and  of  whose 
labors  we  have  inherited  the  splendid  fruits.  The  habit  of  liberty 
and  the  long  usage  of  prosperity  have  always  a  tendency  to  deaden 
our  remembrance  of  the  greatness  of  the  ACT  which  inaugurated 
both,  and  which  still  preserves  them  to  us.  Let  not  the  lapse  of 
time  banish  the  memory  of  our  mighty  fathers,  to  whose  wonderful 
courage,  wisdom,  and  patience  we  owe  our  rich  political  inheri- 
tance. They  won  it  in  the  storm  of  battle,  and  through  the  tedious 
trials  of  self-sacrifice.  They  rescued  it  from  anarchy,  bankruptcy, 
disorders,  and  discords,  which  a  century  ago  had  brought  upon  our 
confederated  States  the  pity  of  their  friends  and  the  disdain  of 
their  foes.  The  vital  forces  which  this  constitutional  union  created 
gave  to  our  country  the  purer  breath  of  a  national  life  and  the 
sentiment  of  national  honor.  The  union  supplemented  the  weak- 
ness of  each  with  the  strength  of  all.  Instead  of  sectional  ban- 
ners stained  with  repudiation  and  local  greed,  this  union  gave  to 
the  whole  country  a  single  flag,  destined  to  unsurpassed  respect 
among  the  nations  of  the  earth.  Year  after  year  we  add  new 
stars  to  its  folds  as  peacefully  as  appears  a  new  star  in  the  heavens, 
from  which  we  borrowed  them. 

"  Plainly  as  we  see  to-day  the  wisdom  of  that  union,  it  was  only 
gained  after  a  despairing  struggle  in  the  venerable  hall  under 
whose  shadow  we  are  assembled.  Even  the  Father  of  his  country 
had  nearly  abandoned  hope.  In  the  crisis  of  the  Constitution 
Washington  wrote  to  his  intimate  friend,  '  I  almost  despair  of 


.V  INDEPEN  259 


Most  li 
he 


. 

I'o  the  comp 
^triots  we  d 

»mong  ci 


hon<  with  the  ages,  and  their  memory 

,f  posterity.     May  the  dawn  of  the  secern!  c»-nu:n: 
nial  ^ted  with  increased  fervor,  and  our  Union  jjain 

stren  :s   roll  on. 

"Fore>  rit'N  and  the  UNION." 

After  t  ciiorus  of  men  rendered 

<-d.  and. 


?i  bloody  fon 


260  MEMORIAL  DAY. 

content  to  care  for  its  own  domain  and  people.  He  should  rejoice 
because  the  work  of  framing  our  Constitution  was  completed  one 
hundred  years  ago  to-day,  and  also  because  completed  it  estab- 
lished a  free  government.  He  should  rejoice  because  this  Consti- 
tution and  government  have  survived  so  long,  and  also  because 
they  have  survived  with  so  many  blessings  and  have  demonstrated 
so  fully  the  strength  and  value  of  popular  rule.  He  should  rejoice 
in  the  wondrous  growth  and  achievements  of  the  past  one  hundred 
years,  and  also  in  the  glorious  promise  of  the  Constitution  through 
centuries  to  come. 

"  We  shall  fail  to  be  duly  thankful  for  all  that  was  done  for  us 
a  hundred  years  ago,  unless  we  realize  the  difficulties  of  the  work 
then  in  hand  and  the  dangers  avoided  in  the  task  of  forming  'a 
more  perfect  union'  between  disjointed  and  inharmonious  States, 
with  interests  and  opinions  radically  diverse  and  stubbornly  main- 
tained. The  perplexities  which  met  the  Convention  which  under- 
took to  form  our  Constitution  may  best  be  realized  by  these  words 
of  one  of  its  most  illustrious  members : 

" '  The  small  progress  we  have  made  after  four  or  five  weeks 
of  close  attendance  and  continued  reasonings  with  each  other,  our 
different  sentiments  on  almost  every  question — several  of  the  last 
producing  as  many  noes  as  yeas — is,  methinks,  a  melancholy  proof 
of  the  imperfection  of  the  human  understanding.  We  indeed 
seem  to  feel  our  own  want  of  political  wisdom,  since  we  have 
been  running  about  in  search  of  it.  We  have  gone  back  to 
ancient  history  for  models  of  government,  and  examined  the 
different  forms  of  those  republics  which,  having  been  formed  with 
the  seeds  of  their  own  dissolution,  now  no  longer  exist.  In  this 
situation  of  this  assembly,  groping  as  it  were  in  the  dark  to  find 
political  truth  and  scarce  able  to  distinguish  it  when  presented  to 
us,  how  has  it  happened,  sir,  that  we  have  not  heretofore  once 
thought  of  humbly  applying  to  the  Father  of  Light  to  illuminate 
our  understandings !' 


CEREMONIES  IN  INDEPENDENCE  SQUARE.  261 

"  And  this  wise  man,  proposing  to  his  fellows  that  the  aid  and 
blessing  to  God  should  be  invoked  in  their  extremity,  declared : 

" '  I  have  lived  for  many  years,  and  the  longer  I  live  the  more 
convincing  proofs  I  see  that  God  governs  in  the  affairs  of  men, 
and  if  a  sparrow  cannot  fall  without  His  notice,  is  it  possible  that 
an  empire  can  rise  without  His  aid  ?  We  are  told  in  the  sacred 
writings  that  except  the  Lord  build  a  house,  they  labor  in  vain  that 
build  it.  This  I  firmly  believe,  and  I  believe  that  without  His 
concurring  aid  we  shall  succeed  no  better  in  this  political  building 
of  ours  than  did  the  builders  of  Babel.  We  shall  be  divided  by 
our  little  partial,  local  interests,  our  projects  will  be  concluded, 
and  we  ourselves  shall  become  a  reproach  and  by-word  down  to 
future  ages ;  and  what  is  worse,  mankind  may  hereafter,  from  this 
unfortunate  instance,  despair  of  establishing  governments  by 
human  wisdom  and  leave  it  to  chance,  war,  and  conquest.' 

"In  the  face  of  all  discouragements  the  fathers  of  the  republic 
labored  on  for  four  long,  weary  months  in  alternate  hope  and  fear, 
but  always  with  rugged  resolve,  never  faltering  in  a  sturdy  en- 
deavor sanctified  by  a  prophetic  sense  of  the  value  to  posterity 
of  their  success,  and  always  with  unflinching  faith  in  the  prin- 
ciples which  make  the  foundation  of  a  government  by  the  people. 
At  last  their  task  was  done.  It  is  related  that  on  the  wall  back  of 
the  chair  occupied  by  Washington  as  the  president  of  the  Conven- 
tion a  sun  was  painted,  and  that  as  the  delegates  were  signing  the 
completed  Constitution  one  of  them  said  :  '  I  have  often  and  often 
in  the  course  of  the  session,  and  in  the  solicitude  of  my  hopes 
and  fears  as  to  its  issue,  looked  at  that  sun  behind  the  president 
without  being  able  to  tell  whether  it  was  rising  or  setting.  But 
now  at  length  I  know  that  it  is  a  rising  and  not  a  setting  sun.' 

"  We  stand  to-day  on  the  spot  where  this  rising  sun  emerged 
from  political  night  and  darkness,  and  in  its  own  bright  meridian 
light  we  mark  its  glorious  way.  Clouds  have  sometimes  obscured 
its  rays,  and  dreadful  storms  have  made  us  fear;  but  God  has 


262  MEMORIAL  DAY. 

held  it  in  its  course,  and  through  its  life-giving  warmth  has  per- 
formed His  latest  miracle  in  the  creation  of  this  wondrous  land 
and  people. 

"When  we  look  down  one  hundred  years  and  see  the  origin 
of  our  Constitution,  when  we  contemplate  all  its  trials  and 
triumphs,  when  we  realize  how  completely  the  principles  upon 
which  it  is  based  have  met  every  national  need  and  every  national 
peril,  how  devoutly  should  we  say  with  Franklin,  '  God  governs  in 
the  affairs  of  men/  and  how  solemn  should  be  the  thought  that  to 
us  is  delivered  this  ark  of  the  people's  covenant,  and  to  us  is  given 
the  duty  to  shield  it  from  impious  hands.  It  comes  to  us  sealed 
with  the  test  of  a  century.  It  has  been  found  sufficient  in  the 
past,  and  it  will  be  found  sufficient  in  all  the  years  to  come,  if  the 
American  people  are  true  to  their  sacred  trust.  Another  centen- 
nial day  will  come,  and  millions  yet  unborn  will  inquire  concerning 
our  stewardship  and  the  safety  of  their  Constitution.  God  grant 
they  may  find  it  unimpaired ;  and  as  we  rejoice  to-day  in  the 
patriotism  and  devotion  of  those  who  lived  one  hundred  years 
ago,  so  may  those  who  follow  us  rejoice  in  our  fidelity  and  love 
for  constitutional  liberty." 

The  address  was  followed  by  a  patriotic  song,  entitled  "  The 
Young  Recruit,"  by  the  chorus  of  boys. 

The  Hon.  Samuel  F.  Miller,  senior  justice  of  the  Supreme 
Court  of  the  United  States,  the  orator  of  the  day,  was  then  intro- 
duced, and  delivered  the  following  oration  : 

"  MR.  PRESIDENT  AND  FELLOW-COUNTRYMEN, — The  people  of 
the  United  States,  for  ten  or  twelve  years  past,  have  commemo- 
rated certain  days  of  those  different  years  as  the  centennial  anni- 
versaries of  important  events  in  their  history.  These  gatherings 
of  the  people  have  been  in  the  localities  where  the  historic  events 
occurred.  It  is  little  over  eleven  years  since  the  great  centennial 


CEREMONIES  IN  INDEPENDENCE  SQUARE.  263 

anniversary  of  the  adoption  of  the  Declaration  of  Independence 
was  celebrated  in  this  city,  where  the  Congress  sat  which  pro- 
claimed it.  The  grand  industrial  exhibition,  the  august  ceremonies 
of  the  day,  and  all  the  incidents  of  the  commemoration,  in  no 
respect  fell  below  what  was  demanded  by  the  importance  of  the 
occasion.  May  it  be  long  before  the  people  of  the  United  States 
shall  cease  to  take  a  deep  and  pervading  interest  in  the  Fourth  of 
July,  as  the  birthday  of  our  national  life,  or  the  event  which  then 
occurred  shall  be  subordinated  to  any  other  of  our  national  history. 

"  We  are  met  here  to  commemorate  another  event  in  our  prog- 
ress, in  many  respects  inferior  to  none  in  importance  in  our  own 
history,  or  in  the  history  of  the  world.  It  is  the  formation  of  the 
Constitution  of  the  United  States,  which,  on  this  day,  one  hundred 
years  ago,  was  adopted  by  the  Convention  which  represented  the 
people  of  the  United  States,  and  which  was  then  signed  by  the 
delegates  who  framed  it,  and  published  as  the  final  result  of  their 
arduous  labors, — of  their  most  careful  and  deliberate  considera- 
tion,— and  of  a  love  of  country  as  unmixed  with  selfishness  as 
human  nature  is  capable  of. 

"  In  looking  at  the  names  of  those  who  signed  the  instrument, 
our  sentiment  of  pious  reverence  for  the  work  of  their  hands 
hardly  permits  us  to  discriminate  by  special  mention  of  any.  But 
it  is  surely  not  in  bad  taste  to  mention  that  the  name  of  George 
Washington  is  there  as  its  first  signer  and  president  of  the  Con- 
vention ;  the  man  of  whom  it  was  afterwards  so  happily  declared 
by  the  representatives  of  a  grateful  people,  that  he  was  'first  in 
war,  first  in  peace,  and  first  in  the  hearts  of  his  countrymen.'  He 
was  the  first  man  selected  to  fill  the  chief  executive  office  of 
President  created  by  the  Constitution;  and  James  Madison, 
another  name  found  in  the  list  of  signers,  filled  the  same  office. 

"James  Wilson,  of  Pennsylvania,  John  Blair,  of  Virginia,  and 
John  Rutledge,  of  South  Carolina,  were  made  justices  of  the 
court  established  by  that  instrument,  with  a  large  view  among  its 


264  MEMORIAL  DAY. 

other  functions  of  expounding  its  meaning.  With  no  invidious 
intent  it  must  be  here  said  that  one  of  the  greatest  names  in 
American  history — Alexander  Hamilton — is  there  as  representing 
alone  the  important  State  of  New  York,  his  colleagues  from  that 
State  having  withdrawn  from  the  Convention  before  the  final  vote 
on  the  Constitution.  Nor  is  it  permissible,  standing  in  this  place 
and  in  this  connection,  to  omit  to  point  to  the  name  of  Benjamin 
Franklin,  the  venerable  philosopher  and  patriot ;  of  Robert  Morris, 
the  financier  of  the  Revolution ;  and  of  Gouverneur  Morris,  the 
brilliant  scholar  and  profound  statesman. 

"It  is  necessary  to  any  just  appreciation  of  the  Constitution, 
whose  presentation  for  acceptance  to  the  people  of  the  United 
States  a  hundred  years  ago,  on  this  day  we  commemorate,  that 
some  statement  of  its  origin,  and  of  the  causes  which  led  to  it, 
should  be  made.  The  occasion  requires  that  this  shall  be  brief. 

"  The  war  of  seven  years,  which  was  waged  in  support  of  the 
independence  of  these  States,  former  provinces  of  Great  Britain, 
— an  independence  announced  by  the  declaration  of  July  4,  1776, 
already  referred  to, — the  war  which  will  always  be  known  in  the 
history  of  this  country  as  the  war  of  the  Revolution,  was  conducted 
by  a  union  of  those  States  under  an  agreement  between  them 
called  Articles  of  Confederation.  Under  these  Articles  each  State 
was  an  integer  of  equal  dignity  and  power  in  a  body  called  the 
Congress,  which  conducted  the  affairs  of  the  incipient  nation. 
Each  of  the  thirteen  States  which  composed  this  confederation 
sent  to  Congress  as  many  delegates  as  it  chose,  without  reference 
to  its  population,  its  wealth,  or  the  extent  of  its  territory  ;  but  the 
vote  upon  the  passage  of  any  law,  or  resolution,  or  action  sug- 
gested, was  taken  by  States,  the  members  from  each  State,  how- 
ever numerous  or  however  small,  constituting  one  vote,  and  a 
majority  of  these  votes  by  States  being  necessary  to  the  adoption 
of  the  proposition. 

"  The  most  important  matters  on  which  Congress  acted  were 


CEREMONIES  IN  INDEPENDENCE  SQUARE.  265 

but  little  else  than  recommendations  to  the  States,  requesting 
their  aid  in  the  general  cause.  There  was  no  power  in  the  Con- 
gress to  raise  money  by  taxation.  It  could  declare,  by  way  of 
assessment,  the  amount  each  State  should  contribute  to  the  sup- 
port of  the  government,  but  it  had  no  means  of  enforcing  compli- 
ance with  this  assessment.  It  could  make  requisitions  on  each 
State  for  men  for  the  army  which  was  fighting  for  them  all,  but  the 
raising  of  this  levy  was  wholly  dependent  upon  the  action  of  the 
States  respectively.  There  was  no  authority  to  tax,  or  otherwise 
regulate,  the  import  or  export  of  foreign  goods,  nor  to  prevent 
the  separate  States  from  taxing  property  which  entered  their 
ports,  though  the  property  so  taxed  was  owned  by  citizens  of 
other  States. 

"  The  end  of  this  war  of  the  Revolution,  which  had  established 
our  entire  independence  of  the  crown  of  Great  Britain,  and  which 
had  caused  us  to  be  recognized  theoretically  as  a  member  of  the 
family  of  nations,  found  us  with  an  empty  treasury,  an  impaired 
credit,  a  country  drained  of  its  wealth  and  impoverished  by  the 
exhaustive  struggle.  It  found  us  with  a  large  national  debt  to 
our  own  citizens  and  to  our  friends  abroad,  who  had  loaned  us 
their  money  in  our  desperate  strait;  and,  worst  of  all,  it  found  us 
with  an  army  of  unpaid  patriotic  soldiers,  who  had  endured  every 
hardship  that  our  want  of  means  could  add  to  the  necessary  in- 
cidents of  a  civil  war,  many  of  whom  had  to  return  penniless  to 
families  whose  condition  was  pitiable. 

"For  all  these  evils  the  limited  and  imperfect  powers  con- 
ferred by  the  Articles  of  Confederation  afforded  no  adequate 
remedy.  The  Congress,  in  which  was  vested  all  the  authority 
that  those  Articles  granted  to  the  general  government,  struggled 
hopelessly  and  with  constant  failure  from  the  treaty  of  peace  with 
England,  in  1783,  until  the  formation  of  the  new  Constitution. 
Many  suggestions  were  made  for  enlarging  the  powers  of  the 
Federal  government  in  regard  to  particular  subjects.  None  were 

VOL.  ii.— 35 


266  MEMORIAL  DAY. 

successful,  and  none  proposed  the  only  true  remedy,  namely, 
authority  in  the  national  government  to  enforce  the  powers 
which  were  intrusted  to  it  by  the  Articles  of  Confederation  by  its 
own  immediate  and  direct  action  on  the  people  of  the  States. 

"  It  is  not  a  little  remarkable  that  the  suggestion  which  finally 
led  to  the  relief,  without  which  as  a  nation  we  must  soon  have 
perished,  strongly  supports  the  philosophical  maxim  of  modern 
times, — that  of  all  the  agencies  of  civilization  and  progress  of  the 
human  race,  commerce  is  the  most  efficient.  What  our  deranged 
finances,  our  discreditable  failure  to  pay  debts,  and  the  sufferings 
of  our  soldiers  could  not  force  the  several  States  of  the  American 
Union  to  attempt  was  brought  about  by  a  desire  to  be  released 
from  the  evils  of  an  unregulated  and  burdensome  commercial 
intercourse,  both  with  foreign  nations  and  between  the  several 
States. 

"After  many  resolutions  by  State  legislatures  which  led  to 
nothing,  one  was  introduced  by  Mr.  Madison  into  that  of  Virginia, 
and  passed  on  the  twenty-first  day  of  February,  1786,  which 
appointed  Edmund  Randolph,  James  Madison,  Jr.,  and  six  others, 
commissioners,  '  to  meet  such  commissioners  as  may  be  appointed 
by  other  States  in  the  Union,  at  a  time  and  place  to  be  agreed 
upon,  to  take  into  consideration  the  trade  of  the  United  States  ;  to 
examine  the  relative  situation  and  trade  of  the  said  States  ;  to  con- 
sider how  far  a  uniform  system  in  their  commercial  regulations 
may  be  necessary  to  their  common  interest  and  their  permanent 
harmony.' 

"  This  committee  was  directed  to  transmit  copies  of  the  resolu- 
tion to  the  several  States,  with  a  letter  respecting  their  concur- 
rence, and  proposing  a  time  and  place  for  the  meeting.  The  time 
agreed  upon  was  in  September,  1786,  and  the  place  was  Annapolis. 
Nine  States  appointed  delegates,  but  those  of  five  States  only 
attended.  These  were  New  York,  New  Jersey,  Pennsylvania, 
Virginia,  and  Delaware.  Four  other  States  appointed  delegates, 


CEREMONIES  IN  INDEPENDENCE  SQUARE.  267 

who,  for  various  reasons,  did  not  appear,  or  came  too  late.  Of 
course  such  a  convention  as  this  could  do  little  but  make  recom- 
mendations. What  it  did  was  to  suggest  a  convention  of  dele- 
gates from  all  the  States,  '  to  devise  such  further  provisions  as 
might  appear  to  be  necessary  to  render  the  Constitution  of  the 
Federal  government  adequate  to  the  exigencies  of  the  Union.' 
It  also  proposed  that  whatever  should  be  agreed  upon  by  such  a 
convention  should  be  reported  to  Congress,  and  confirmed  by  the 
legislatures  of  all  the  States. 

"  This  resolution  and  an  accompanying  report  were  presented 
to  Congress,  which  manifested  much  reluctance  and  a  very  un- 
reasonable delay  in  acting  upon  it,  and  a  want  of  any  earnest 
approval  of  the  plan.  But  the  proceedings  of  the  Annapolis  Con- 
vention had  been  laid  before  the  legislatures  of  the  States,  where 
they  met  with  a  more  cordial  reception,  and  the  action  of  several 
of  them  in  approving  the  recommendation  for  a  convention,  and 
appointing  delegates  to  attend  it,  finally  overcame  the  hesitation  of 
Congress.  That  body,  accordingly,  on  the  2ist  of  February, 
1787,  resolved  that,  in  its  opinion,  'it  was  expedient  that  on  the 
second  Monday  in  May  next,  a  convention  of  delegates,  who 
shall  have  been  appointed  by  the  several  States,  be  held  at  Phila- 
delphia, for  the  sole  and  express  purpose  of  revising  the  Articles 
of  Confederation,  and  reporting  to  Congress  and  the  several 
legislatures  such  alterations  and  provisions  therein  as  shall,  when 
agreed  to  in  Congress,  and  confirmed  by  the  States,  render  the 
Federal  Constitution  adequate  to  the  exigencies  of  government 
and  the  preservation  of  the  Union.' 

"On  the  day  here  recommended, — May  14, — delegates  from 
Virginia  and  Pennsylvania  met  and  adjourned  from  day  to  day  until 
the  25th,  during  which  period  delegates  from  other  States  made 
their  appearance.  On  that  day  the  delegates  of  seven  States, 
duly  appointed,  being  present,  the  Convention  was  organized  by 
the  election  of  General  Washington  as  its  president,  at  the  sug- 


268  MEMORIAL  DAY. 

gestion  of  Franklin.  On  the  28th  the  representation  in  the  Con- 
vention was  increased  to  nine  States ;  and  on  the  29th  Edmund 
Randolph,  delegate  from  Virginia,  and  governor  of  that  State, 
inaugurated  the  work  of  the  Convention  by  a  speech  in  which  he 
presented  an  outline  of  a  constitution  for  its  consideration. 

"  From  this  time  on  the  Convention  labored  assiduously  and 
without  intermission,  until,  on  the  seventeenth  day  of  September, 
one  hundred  years  ago,  it  closed  its  work  by  presenting  a  com- 
pleted instrument,  which,  being  subsequently  ratified  by  the  States, 
became  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States  of  America. 

"All  the  States  except  Rhode  Island  were  finally  represented  in 
the  Convention  and  took  part  in  framing  the  instrument,  a  majority 
of  the  delegates  of  each  State  assenting  to  it.  That  State  sent  no 
delegate  to  the  Convention ;  and  when  the  Constitution  was  pre- 
sented to  it  for  ratification  no  convention  was  called  for  that  pur- 
pose until  after  it  had  gone  into  operation  as  the  organic  law  of 
the  national  government ;  and  it  was  two  years  before  she  accepted 
it  and  became  in  reality  a  State  of  the  Union. 

"It  is  a  matter  for  profound  reflection  by  the  philosophical 
statesman,  that  while  the  most  efficient  motive  in  bringing  the 
other  States  into  this  Convention  was  a  desire  to  amend  the  situa- 
tion in  regard  to  trade  among  the  States,  and  to  secure  a  uniform 
system  of  commercial  regulation,  as  necessary  to  the  common 
interest  and  permanent  harmony,  the  course  of  Rhode  Island  was 
mainly  governed  by  the  consideration  that  her  superior  advantages 
of  location,  and  the  possession  of  what  was  supposed  to  be  the 
best  harbor  on  the  Atlantic  coast,  should  not  be  subjected  to  the 
control  of  a  Congress  which  was  by  that  instrument  expressly 
authorized  '  to  regulate  commerce  with  foreign  nations  and  among 
the  several  States,'  and  which  also  declared  that  'no  preference 
shall  be  given  by  any  regulation  of  commerce  or  revenue  to  the 
ports  of  one  State  over  those  of  another,  nor  any  vessel  bound  to  or 
from  one  State  be  obliged  to  enter,  clear,  or  pay  duties  in  another.' 


CEREMONIES  IN  INDEPENDENCE  SQUARE.  269 

"That  the  spirit  which  actuated  Rhode  Island  still  exists,  and 
is  found  in  other  States  of  the  Union,  may  be  inferred  from  the 
fact  that  at  no  time  since  the  formation  of  the  Union  has  there 
been  a  period  when  there  were  not  to  be  found  in  the  statute- 
books  of  some  of  the  States  acts  passed  in  violation  of  this  pro- 
vision of  the  Constitution,  imposing  taxes  and  other  burdens 
upon  the  free  interchange  of  commodities,  discriminating  against 
the  productions  of  other  States,  and  attempting  to  establish  regula- 
tions of  commerce  which  the  Constitution  says  shall  only  be  done 
by  the  Congress  of  the  United  States. 

"  During  the  session  of  the  Supreme  Court  which  ended  in 
May  last  no  less  than  four  or  five  decisions  of  the  highest  impor- 
tance were  rendered,  declaring  statutes  of  as  many  different  States 
to  be  void  because  they  were  forbidden  by  this  provision  of  the 
Federal  Constitution. 

"  Perhaps  the  influence  of  commerce  in  bringing  into  harmoni- 
ous action  a  people  whose  interests  are  common,  while  the  govern- 
ments by  which  they  are  controlled  are  independent  and  hostile,  is 
nowhere  more  strikingly  illustrated  than  in  the  unification  of  the 
German  people  which  has  taken  place  under  the  observation  of 
most  of  us.  Only  a  few  years  ago, — very  few  in  the  chronicles  of 
a  nation, — what  is  now  the  great  central  empire  of  Europe  con- 
sisted of  a  number  of  separate  kingdoms,  principalities,  and  free 
cities.  Some  of  these  were  so  powerful  as  to  be  rated  among  the 
great  powers  of  Europe.  Several  of  them  were  small  dukedoms, 
each  with  an  autonomy  and  government  of  its  own.  Each  levied 
taxes  and  raised  revenue  from  all  the  merchandise  carried  through 
its  territory,  and  customs  officers  at  the  crossing  of  every  line 
which  divided  one  of  them  from  the  other  collected  duties  on  all 
that  could  be  found  in  the  baggage  or  on  the  person  of  the  trav- 
eller. When  the  railroad  system  had  pervaded  Europe,  and  per- 
sons and  property  could  be  carried  by  them  for  two  or  three 
hundred  miles  on  a  continuous  track  through  many  of  these  States, 


270  MEMORIAL   DAY. 

the  burden  became  intolerable.  Their  governments  began  to 
make  treaties  for  the  rates  of  taxation,  for  freer  transit  of  per- 
sons and  goods,  and  to  these  treaties  the  States  became  parties 
one  after  another,  until  the  Zollvereins  of  North  Germany  and 
of  South  Germany  included  at  last  all  of  them  except  Austrian 
Germany.  When  this  was  done  the  unification  of  Germany  was  a 
foregone  conclusion.  The  war  with  France  only  hastened  what 
the  Zollverein  had  demonstrated  to  be  a  necessity.  What  her 
poets  and  statesmen,  and  the  intense  longing  of  the  sons  of  Ger- 
many for  a  union  of  all  who  spoke  the  language  of  the  Fatherland, 
and  the  wisdom  of  her  patriotic  leaders  had  never  been  able  to 
accomplish,  was  attained  through  the  Zollverein,  and  the  demands 
of  commerce  were  more  powerful  in  the  unification  of  the  Ger- 
man people  than  all  the  other  influences  which  contributed  to 
that  end. 

"  We  need  not  here  pursue  the  detailed  history  of  the  ratifica- 
tion and  adoption  of  the  Constitution  by  the  States.  The  instru- 
ment itself  and  the  resolution  of  Congress  submitting  it  to  the 
States  both  provided  that  it  should  go  into  operation  when  adopted 
by  nine  States.  Eleven  of  them  accepted  it  in  their  first  action 
in  the  matter.  North  Carolina  delayed  a  short  time,  and  Rhode 
Island  two  years  later  changed  her  mind  ;  and  thus  the  thirteen 
States  which  had  united  in  the  struggle  for  independence  became 
a  nation  under  this  form  of  government. 

"Let  us  consider  now  the  task  which  the  Convention  under- 
took to  perform,  the  difficulties  which  lay  in  its  way,  and  the  suc- 
cess which  attended  its  efforts.  In  submitting  to  Congress  the 
result  of  their  labors,  the  Convention  accompanied  the  instrument 
with  a  letter  signed  under  its  authority  by  its  president,  and  ad- 
dressed to  the  president  of  Congress.  Perhaps  no  public  docu- 
ment of  the  times,  so  short,  yet  so  important,  is  better  worth  con- 
sideration than  this  letter,  dated  September  17,  1787.  From  it  I 
must  beg  your  indulgence  to  read  the  following  extracts  : 


CEREMONIES  IN  INDEPENDENCE  SQUARE.  271 

"  '  SIR, — We  have  now  the  honor  to  submit  to  the  consideration 
of  the  United  States  in  Congress  assembled  that  Constitution 
which  has  appeared  to  us  the  most  advisable.  The  friends  of  our 
country  have  long  seen  and  desired  that  the  power  of  making  war, 
peace,  and  treaties,  that  of  levying  money  and  regulating  com- 
merce, and  the  correspondent  executive  and  judicial  authorities, 
should  be  fully  and  effectually  vested  in  the  general  government 
of  the  Union  ;  but  the  impropriety  of  delegating  such  extensive 
trusts  to  one  body  of  men  [meaning  Congress]  is  evident. 
Hence  results  the  necessity  of  a  different  organization.  It  is  obvi- 
ously impracticable  in  the  Federal  government  of  these  States  to 
secure  all  the  rights  of  independent  sovereignty  to  each,  and  yet 
provide  for  the  interest  and  safety  of  all.'  Again  : 

"  '  In  all  our  deliberations  on  this  subject  we  kept  steadily  in 
view  that  which  appears  to  us  the  greatest  interest  of  every  true 
American, — the  consolidation  of  our  Union,  in  which  is  involved  our 
prosperity,  felicity,  safety,  perhaps  our  national  existence.  This 
important  consideration,  seriously  and  deeply  impressed  on  our 
minds,  led  each  State  in  the  Convention  to  be  less  rigid  on  points 
of  inferior  magnitude  than  might  otherwise  be  expected  ;  and  thus 
the  Constitution  which  we  now  present  is  the  result  of  a  spirit  of 
amity,  and  of  that  natural  deference  and  concession  which  the 
peculiarity  of  our  political  situation  rendered  indispensable.' 

"  The  instrument  framed  under  the  influence  of  these  princi- 
ples is  introduced  by  language  very  similar.  The  opening  sen- 
tence reads :  '  We,  the  people  of  the  United  States,  in  order  to 
form  a  more  perfect  union,  establish  justice,  insure  domestic  tran- 
quillity, provide  for  the  common  defence,  promote  the  general 
welfare,  and  secure  the  blessings  of  liberty  to  ourselves  and  our 
posterity,  do  ordain  and  establish  this  Constitution  for  the  United 
States  of  America.' 

"  This  Constitution  has  been  tested  by  the  experience  of  a 
century  of  its  operation,  and  in  the  light  of  this  experience  it  may 


272  MEMORIAL  DAY. 

be  well  to  consider  its  value.  Many  of  its  most  important 
features  met  with  earnest  and  vigorous  opposition.  This  opposi- 
tion was  shown  in  the  Convention  which  presented  it,  and  the  con- 
ventions of  the  States  called  to  ratify  it.  In  both,  the  struggle  in 
its  favor  was  arduous  and  doubtful,  the  opposition  able  and  active. 
For  a  very  perspicuous  and  condensed  statement  of  those  objec- 
tions, showing  the  diversity  of  their  character,  the  importance  of 
some  and  the  insignificance  of  others,  I  refer  my  hearers  to  Sec- 
tion 297  of  the  Commentaries  of  Mr.  Justice  Story  on  the  Con- 
stitution. Perhaps  the  wisdom  of  this  great  instrument  cannot  be 
better  seen  than  by  reconsidering  at  this  time  some  of  the  most 
important  objections  then  made  to  it.  One  of  these  which  caused 
the  opposition  of  several  delegates  in  the  Constitutional  Conven- 
tion, and  their  refusal  to  sign  it,  was  the  want  of  a  well-defined 
bill  of  rights.  The  royal  charters  of  many  of  the  colonies,  and 
the  constitutions  adopted  by  several  States  after  the  revolt,  had 
such  declarations,  mainly  assertions  of  personal  rights  and  of 
propositions  intended  to  give  security  to  the  individual  in  his  right 
of  person  and  property  against  the  exercise  of  authority  by  gov- 
erning bodies  of  the  State.  The  Constitution  was  not  void  of 
such  protection.  It  provided  for  the  great  writ  of  habeas  corpus, 
the  means  by  which  all  unlawful  imprisonments  and  restraints 
upon  personal  liberty  had  been  removed  in  the  English  and 
American  courts  since  Magna  Charta  was  proclaimed ;  and  it 
declared  that  the  privilege  of  that  writ  should  not  be  suspended, 
unless  in  cases  of  rebellion  or  invasion  the  public  safety  should 
require  it.  The  Constitution  also  declared  that  no  ex  post  facto 
law  or  bill  of  attainder  should  be  passed  by  Congress  ;  and  no 
law  impairing  the  obligation  of  contracts  by  any  State.  It  secured 
the  trial  by  jury  of  all  crimes  within  the  State  where  the  offence 
was  committed.  It  defined  treason  so  as  to  require  some  overt 
act,  which  must  be  proved  by  two  witnesses,  or  confessed  in  open 
court,  for  conviction. 


CEREMONIES  IN  INDEPENDENCE  SQUARE.  273 

"  It  can  hardly  be  said  that  experience  has  demonstrated  the 
sufficiency  of  these  for  the  purpose  which  the  advocates  of  a  bill 
of  rights  had  in  view,  because  upon  the  recommendation  of  several 
of  the  States,  made  in  the  act  of  ratifying  the  Constitution,  or  by 
legislatures  at  their  first  meeting  subsequently,  twelve  amendments 
were  proposed  by  Congress,  ten  of  which  were  immediately  rati- 
fied by  the  requisite  number  of  States,  and  became  part  of  the 
Constitution  within  two  or  three  years  of  its  adoption. 

"In  the  presentation  and  ratification  of  these  amendments,  the 
advocates  of  a  specific  bill  of  rights,  and  those  who  were  dissatis- 
fied with  the  strong  power  conferred  on  the  Federal  government, 
united  ;  and  many  statesmen  who  leaned  to  a  strong  government 
for  the  nation  were  willing,  now  that  the  government  was  estab- 
lished, to  win  to  its  favor  those  who  distrusted  it  by  the  adoption 
of  these  amendments.  Hence  a  very  slight  examination  of  them 
shows  that  all  of  them  are  restrictions  upon  the  power  of  the  gen- 
eral government,  or  upon  the  modes  of  exercising  that  power,  or 
declarations  of  the  powers  remaining  with  the  States  and  with  the 
people.  They  establish  certain  private  rights  of  persons  and  prop- 
erty which  the  general  government  may  not  violate.  As  regards 
these  last,  it  is  not  believed  that  any  acts  of  intentional  oppression 
by  the  government  of  the  United  States  have  called  for  serious 
reprehension  ;  but,  on  the  contrary,  history  points  us  to  no  gov- 
ernment in  which  the  freedom  of  the  citizen  and  the  rights  of 
property  have  been  better  protected  and  life  and  liberty  more 
firmly  secured. 

"As  regards  the  question  of  the  relative  distribution  of  the 
powers  necessary  to  organized  society,  between  the  Federal  and 
State  governments,  more  will  be  said  hereafter. 

"As  soon  as  it  became  apparent  to  the  Convention  that  the 
new  government  must  be  a  nation  resting  for  its  support  upon  the 
people  over  whom  it  exercised  authority,  and  not  a  league  of  in- 
dependent States,  brought  together  under  a  compact  on  which 

VOL.   II. — 36 


274  MEMORIAL   DAY. 

each  State  should  place  its  own  construction,  the  question  of  the 
relative  power  of  those  States  in  the  new  government  became  a 
subject  of  serious  difference.  There  were  those  in  the  Convention 
who  insisted  that  in  the  legislative  body,  where  the  most  important 
powers  must  necessarily  reside,  the  States  should,  as  in  the  Ar- 
ticles of  Confederation,  stand  upon  a  perfect  equality,  each  State 
having  but  one  vote  ;  and  this  feature  was  finally  retained  in  that 
part  of  the  Constitution  which  vested  in  Congress  the  election  of 
the  President,  when  there  should  be  a  failure  to  elect  by  the  elec- 
toral college  in  the  regular  mode  prescribed  by  that  instrument. 
The  contest  in  the  Convention  became  narrowed  to  the  compo- 
sition of  the  Senate,  after  it  had  been  determined  that  the  legis- 
lature should  consist  of  two  distinct  bodies,  sitting  apart  from 
each  other,  and  voting  separately.  One  of  these  was  to  be  a  pop- 
ular body,  elected  directly  by  the  people  at  short  intervals.  The 
other  was  to  be  a  body  more  limited  in  numbers,  with  longer  terms 
of  office  ;  and  this,  with  the  manner  of  their  appointment,  was  de- 
signed to  give  stability  to  the  policy  of  the  government,  and  to  be 
in  some  sense  a  restraint  upon  sudden  impulses  of  popular  will. 

"With  regard  to  the  popular  branch  of  the  legislature,  there  did 
not  seem  to  be  much  difficulty  in  establishing  the  proposition,  that 
in  some  general  way  each  State  should  be  represented  in  it  in 
proportion  to  its  population,  and  that  each  member  of  the  body 
should  vote  with  equal  effect  on  all  questions  before  it.  But  when 
it  was  sought  by  the  larger  and  more  populous  States,  as  Virginia, 
Pennsylvania,  and  Massachusetts,  to  apply  this  principle  to  the 
composition  of  the  Senate,  the  resistance  of  the  smaller  States 
became  stubborn,  and  they  refused  to  yield.  The  feeling  arising 
under  the  discussion  of  this  subject  came  nearer  causing  the  dis- 
ruption of  the  Convention  than  any  which  agitated  its  deliberations. 
It  was  finally  settled  by  an  agreement  that  every  State,  however 
small,  should  have  two  representatives  in  the  Senate  of  the  United 
States,  and  no  State  should  have  any  more ;  and  that  no  amend- 


CEREMONIES  IN  INDEPENDENCE  SQUARE.  275 

ment  of  the  Constitution  should  deprive  any  State  of  its  equal 
suffrage  in  the  Senate  without  its  consent.  As  the  Senate  has  the 

o 

same  power  in  enacting  laws  as  the  House  of  Representatives,  and 
as  each  State  has  its  two  votes  in  that  body,  it  will  be  seen  that  the 
smaller  States  secured,  when  they  are  in  a  united  majority,  the 
practical  power  of  defeating  all  legislation  which  was  unacceptable 
to  them. 

"What  has  the  experience  of  a  century  taught  us  on  this 
question  ?  It  is  certainly  true  that  there  have  been  many  expres- 
sions of  dissatisfaction  with  the  operation  of  a  principle  which  gives 
to  each  of  the  six  New  England  States,  situated  compactly  to- 
gether, as  much  power  in  the  Senate  in  making  laws,  in  ratifying 
treaties,  and  in  confirming  or  rejecting  appointments  to  office,  as  is 
given  to  the  great  State  of  New  York,  which,  both  in  population 
and  wealth,  exceeds  all  the  New  England  States,  and  nearly  if  not 
quite  equals  them  in  territory. 

"  But  if  we  are  to  form  an  opinion  from  demonstrations  against, 
or  attempts  to  modify,  this  feature  of  the  Constitution,  or  any 
feature  which  concerns  exclusively  the  functions  of  the  Senate,  we 
shall  be  compelled  to  say  that  the  ablest  of  our  public  men,  and 
the  wisdom  of  the  nation,  are  in  the  main  satisfied  with  the  work 
of  the  Convention  on  this  point  after  a  hundred  years  of  observa- 
tion. And  it  is  believed  that  the  existence  of  an  important  body 
in  our  system  of  government,  not  wholly  the  mere  representative 
of  population,  has  exercised  a  wholesome  conservatism  on  many 
occasions  in  our  history. 

"  Another  feature  of  the  Constitution  which  met  with  earnest 
opposition  was  the  vesting  of  the  executive  power  in  a  single 
magistrate.  While  Hamilton  would  have  preferred  a  hereditary 
monarch,  with  strong  restriction  on  his  authority,  like  that  in  Eng- 
land, he  soon  saw  that  even  his  great  influence  could  not  carry  the 
Convention  with  him.  There  were  not  a  few  members  who  pre- 
ferred in  that  matter  the  system  of  a  single  body  (as  the  Congress) 


276  MEMORIAL   DAY, 

in  which  should  be  reposed  all  the  power  of  the  nation,  or  a  council, 
or  executive  committee,  appointed  by  that  body  and  responsible  to 
it.  There  were  others  who  preferred  an  executive  council  of 
several  members,  not  owing  its  appointment  to  Congress. 

"  Our  ancient  ally, — the  French  nation, — following  rapidly  in 
our  footsteps,  abolished  the  monarchical  form  of  government,  and, 
in  attempting  the  establishment  of  a  representative  republic,  has 
found  the  governments  so  established  up  to  the  present  time  very 
unstable  and  of  short  duration.  It  is  impossible  for  an  American, 
familiar  with  the  principles  of  his  government  and  the  operation 
of  its  Constitution,  to  hesitate  to  attribute  these  failures  of  the 
French  people  very  largely  to  the  defects  in  their  various  constitu- 
tions in  points  where  they  have  differed  from  ours.  Their  first 
step,  upon  the  overthrow  of  the  monarchy,  was  to  consolidate  into 
one  the  three  representative  estates  of  nobles,  clergy,  and  com- 
mons, which  had  always,  when  called  together  by  the  king,  acted 
separately.  After  a  little  experience  in  governing  by  committees, 
this  body  selected  seven  of  their  number,  called  the  directors,  to 
whom  the  executive  powers  were  committed.  It  is  sufficient  to 
say  of  this  body  that,  though  tolerated  for  a  while  as  an  improve- 
ment on  Robespierre  and  his  Committee  of  Public  Safety,  it  was 
easily  overturned  by  Napoleon,  who  in  rapid  succession  established 
an  executive  of  three  consuls,  of  which  he  was  chief,  then  of  con- 
sul for  life  in  himself,  and  finally  the  empire,  of  which  he  was  the 
head,  and  was  at  the  same  time  the  executive,  the  legislature,  and 
the  fountain  of  justice.  It  is  needless  to  recount  the  history  of  the 
second  republic  and  the  second  empire.  For  a  third  time  France 
now  has  a  republican  government.  This  has  a  President,  a  Senate, 
and  a  House  of  Deputies,  as  our  Constitution  has ;  but  its  Presi- 
dent is  a  cipher,  elected  by  the  assembly  for  seven  years.  It  was 
supposed  that  the  length  of  the  term  would  give  stability  to  the 
government  and  efficiency  to  the  office.  It  has  in  practice  turned 
out  that  the  President  is  but  a  public  show,  the  puppet  of  the  pre- 


CEREMONIES  IN  INDEPENDENCE  SQUARE.  277 

vailing  faction  (it  can  hardly  be  called  a  party)  in  the  House  of 
Deputies.  His  main  function — a  very  disagreeable  one — is  to 
reconstruct  perpetually  dissolving  cabinets,  in  which  he  has  no 
influence,  and  whose  executive  policy  is  controlled  by  the  deputies 
on  whose  demand  they  are  appointed,  all  of  them  acting  under 
constantly  impending  dread  of  a  Parisian  mob.  The  Senate  of 
this  system,  like  the  House  of  Lords  of  Great  Britain,  is  without 
any  actual  influence  on  the  government,  and  is  unlike  our  Senate, 
the  members  of  which  represent  States,  and  have  both  the  power 
and  the  courage,  when  they  deem  it  necessary,  to  resist  the  Presi- 
dent or  the  House  of  Representatives  or  both. 

"The  present  government  of  France  has  existed  longer  than 
any  republic  ever  set  up  in  that  country.  The  sentiment  of  the 
people  is  essentially  republican.  The  strongest  sympathies,  the 
ardent  wishes  of  every  lover  of  liberty  arid  of  republicanism  in 
the  world,  are  with  that  gallant  people ;  and  commemorating, 
as  we  do  to-day,  the  events  of  a  hundred  years  ago, — the  suc- 
cessful establishment  of  the  grandest  republic  the  world  has  ever 
known, — our  hearts,  filled  with  grateful  remembrance  of  their  valu- 
able aid,  are  warm  with  ardent  wishes  that  they  may  share  the 
blessings  we  enjoy. 

"It  was  urged  against  our  Constitution  by  many  liberty-loving 
men,  both  in  the  Convention  and  out  of  it,  that  it  conferred  upon 
the  executive,  a  single  individual,  whose  election  for  a  term  of 
four  years  was  carefully  removed  from  the  direct  vote  of  the 
people,  powers  dangerous  to  the  existence  of  free  government. 
It  was  said  that  with  the  appointment  of  all  the  officers  of  the 
government,  civil  and  military,  the  sword  and  the  purse  of  the 
nation  in  his  hands,  the  power  to  prevent  the  enactment  of  laws  to 
which  he  did  not  assent, — unless  they  could  be  passed  over  his 
objection  by  a  vote  of  two-thirds  in  each  of  the  two  legislative 
houses, — and  the  actual  use  of  this  power  for  four  years  without 
interruption,  an  ambitious  man,  of  great  personal  popularity, 


278  MEMORIAL  DAY. 

could  establish  his  power  during  his  own  life  and  transmit  it  to  his 
family  as  a  perpetual  dynasty. 

"  Perhaps  of  all  objections  made  to  important  features  of  the 
Constitution  this  one  had  more  plausibility,  and  was  urged  with 
most  force.  But  if  the  century  of  our  experience  has  demon- 
strated anything,  it  is  the  fallacy  of  this  objection  and  of  all  the 
reasons  urged  in  its  support. 

"  The  objection  that  the  electoral  college  was  a  contrivance  to 
remove  the  appointment  of  the  President  from  the  control  of 
popular  suffrage,  was,  if  it  had  any  merit,  speedily  overcome  with- 
out any  infraction  of  the  Constitution  by  the  democratic  tendencies 
of  the  people.  The  electors  composing  the  college,  who  it  was 
supposed  would  each  exercise  an  independent  judgment  in  casting 
his  vote  for  President,  soon  came  to  be  elected  themselves  on  dis- 
tinct pledges,  made  beforehand,  that  they  would  vote  for  some 
person  designated  as  a  popular  favorite  for  that  office.  So  that 
at  the  present  time  the  electors  of  each  State,  in  sending  to  the 
capital  their  votes  for  President,  do  but  record  the  instruction  of 
a  majority  of  the  citizens  voting  in  the  State.  The  term  of  four 
years  for  the  Presidential  office  is  not  now  deemed  too  long  by 
any  one,  while  there  are  many  who  would  desire  that  it  should  be 
made  longer,  say  seven  or  ten  years. 

"The  power  of  appointment  to  office  requires  the  consent  of 
the  Senate  to  its  exercise ;  and  that  body  has  asserted  its  right  of 
refusing  that  assent  so  courageously  and  so  freely,  that  there  can 
be  no  real  fear  of  its  successful  use  by  the  President  in  a  manner 
to  endanger  the  liberty  of  the  country,  unless  the  Senate  itself 
shall  be  utterly  corrupted.  Nor  can  the  means  for  such  corrup- 
tion be  obtained  from  the  public  treasury  until  Congress  in  both 
branches  shall  become  so  degenerate  as  to  consent  to  such  use. 

"  Nor  have  we  had  in  this  country  any  want  of  ambitious  men, 
who  have  earnestly  desired  the  Presidency,  or,  having  it  once, 
have  longed  for  a  continuation  of  it  at  the  end  of  the  lawful  term. 


CEREMONIES  IN  INDEPENDENCE  SQUARE.  279 

And  it  may  be  said  that  it  is  almost  a  custom  when  a  President 
has  filled  his  office  for  one  term  acceptably,  that  he  is  to  be  re- 
elected,  if  his  political  party  continues  to  be  a  popular  majority. 
Our  people  have  also  shown  the  usual  hero  worship  of  successful 
military  chieftains,  and  rewarded  them  by  election  to  the  Presi- 
dency. In  proof  of  this  it  is  only  necessary  to  mention  the  names 
of  Washington,  Jackson,  Harrison,  Taylor,  and  Grant.  In  some 
of  them  there  has  been  no  want  of  ambition,  nor  of  the  domi- 
neering disposition,  which  is  often  engendered  by  the  use  of  mili- 
tary power.  Yet  none  of  these  men  have  had  more  than  two 
terms  of  the  office.  And  though  a  few  years  ago  one  of  the  most 
largely  circulated  newspapers  of  the  United  States  wrote  in  its 
paper  day  after  day  articles  headed  "  Caesarism,"  charging  danger 
to  the  republic  from  one  of  its  greatest  benefactors  and  military 
chiefs,  it  excited  no  attention  but  derision,  and  deserved  no  other. 

"There  is  no  danger  in  this  country  from  the  power  reposed  in 
the  Presidential  office.  There  is,  as  sad  experience  shows,  far, 
far  more  danger  from  nihilism  and  assassination,  than  from  ambi- 
tion in  our  public  servants. 

"So  far  have  the  incumbents  of  the  Presidency,  during  the  hun- 
dred years  of  its  history,  been  from  grasping,  or  attempting  to 
grasp,  powers  not  warranted  by  the  Constitution,  and  so  far  from 
exercising  the  admitted  power  of  that  office  in  a  despotic  manner, 
a  candid  student  of  our  political  history  during  that  time  cannot 
fail  to  perceive  that  no  one  of  the  three  great  departments  of  the 
government — the  legislative,  the  executive,  and  the  judicial — has 
been  more  shorn  of  its  just  powers,  or  crippled  in  the  exercise  of 
them,  than  the  Presidency. 

"  In  regard  to  the  function  of  appointment  to  office, — perhaps 
the  most  important  of  the  executive  duties, — the  spirit  of  the 
Constitution  requires  that  the  President  shall  exercise  freely  his 
best  judgment  and  follow  its  most  sincere  conviction  in  selecting 
proper  men. 


280  MEMORIAL  DAY. 

"It  is  undeniable  that  for  many  years  past,  by  the  gradual 
growth  of  custom,  it  has  come  to  pass  that  in  the  nomination  of 
officers  by  the  President,  he  has  so  far  submitted  to  be  governed 
by  the  wishes  and  recommendations  of  interested  members  of  the 
two  houses  of  Congress,  that  the  purpose  of  the  Constitution  in 
vesting  this  power  in  him,  and  the  right  of  the  public  to  hold  him 
personally  responsible  for  each  and  every  appointment  he  makes, 
is  largely  defeated.  In  other  words,  the  great  principle  lying  at 
the  foundation  of  all  free  governments,  that  the  legislative  and 
executive  departments  shall  be  kept  separate,  is  invaded  by  the 
participation  of  members  of  Congress  in  the  exercise  of  the 
appointing  power. 

"  History  teaches  us,  in  no  mistaken  language,  how  often  cus- 
toms and  practices,  which  were  originated  without  lawful  warrant, 
and  opposed  to  the  sound  construction  of  the  law,  have  come  to 
overload  and  pervert  it,  as  commentators  on  the  text  of  Holy 

I 

Scripture  have  established  doctrines  wholly  at  variance  with  its 
true .  spirit. 

"Without  considering  many  minor  objections  made  to  the  Con- 
stitution during  the  process  of  its  formation  and  adoption,  let  us 
proceed  to  that  one  which  was  the  central  point  of  contest  then, 
and  which,  transferred  to  the  question  of  construing  that  instru- 
ment, has  continued  to  divide  statesmen  and  politicians  to  the 
present  time. 

"The  Convention  was  divided  in  opinion  between  those  who 
desired  a  strong  national  government,  capable  of  sustaining  itself 
by  the  exercise  of  suitable  powers,  and  invested  by  the  Constitu- 
tion with  such  powers,  and  those  who,  regarding  the  Articles  of 
Confederation  as  a  basis,  proposed  to  strengthen  the  general  gov- 
ernment in  a  very  few  particulars,  leaving  it  chiefly  dependent  on 
the  action  of  the  States  themselves  for  its  support  and  for  the  en- 
forcement of  its  laws. 

"  Let  us  deal  tenderly  with  the  Articles  of  Confederation.     We 


CEREMONIES  IN  INDEPENDENCE  SQUARE.  281 

should  here,  on  this  glorious  anniversary,  feel  grateful  for  any  in- 
strumentality which  helped  us  in  the  days  of  our  earliest  struggle. 
Very  few  are  now  found  to  say  anything  for  these  Articles,  yet 
they  constituted  the  nominal  bond  which  held  the  States  together 
during  the  War  of  Independence.  It  must  be  confessed  that  the 
sense  of  a  common  cause  and  a  common  danger  probably  did 
more  to  produce  this  united  effort  than  any  other  motives.  But 
the  Articles  served  their  purpose  for  the  occasion  ;  and  though, 
when  the  pressure  of  imminent  danger  was  removed,  they  were 
soon  discovered  to  be  a  rope  of  sand,  let  them  rest  in  a  peaceful, 
honorable  remembrance. 

"Between  those  who  favored  a  strong  government  of  the  Union 
and  those  who  were  willing  to  grant  it  but  little  power  at  the 
expense  of  the  States  there  were  various  shades  of  opinion  ;  and 
while  it  was  the  prevailing  sentiment  of  the  Convention  that  '  the 
greatest  interest  of  every  true  American  was  the  consolidation  of 
the  Union,'  there  were  many  who  were  unwilling  to  attain  this 
object  by  detaching  the  necessary  powers  from  the  States,  and 
conferring  them  on  the  national  government. 

"These  divergent  views  had  their  effect,  both  in  the  Constitu- 
tional Convention  and  in  those  held  for  its  ratification.  Around 
this  central  point  the  contention  raged  ;  and  it  was  only  by  com- 
promises and  concessions,  dictated  by  the  necessity  of  each  yield- 
ing something  for  the  common  good, — so  touchingly  mentioned  in 
the  letter  of  the  Convention  to  Congress, — that  the  result  was 
finally  reached.  The  patriotism  and  the  love  of  liberty  of  each 
party  were  undisputed.  The  anxiety  for  a  government  which 
would  best  reconcile  the  possession  of  powers  essential  to  the 
State  governments  with*  those  necessary  to  the  existence  and 
efficiency  of  the  government  of  the  Union  was  equal,  and  the 
long  struggle  since  the  adoption  of  the  Constitution  on  the  same 
line  of  thought,  in  its  construction,  shows  how  firmly  these  differ- 
ent views  were  imbedded  in  our  political  theories. 

VOL.  ii. — 37 


282  MEMORIAL  DAY. 

"  The  party  which  came  to  be  called  the  party  of  State  Rights 
has  always  dreaded  that  the  alleged  supremacy  of  the  national 
power  would  overthrow  the  State  governments,  or  control  them  to 
an  extent  incompatible  with  any  useful  existence.  Their  oppo- 
nents have  been  equally  confident  that  powers  essential  to  the  suc- 
cessful conduct  of  the  general  government,  which  either  expressly 
or  by  implication  are  conferred  on  it  by  the  Constitution,  were 
denied  to  it  by  the  principles  of  the  State  Rights  party.  The  one. 
believed  in  danger  to  the  States,  from  the  theory  which  construed 
with  a  free  and  liberal  rule  the  grants  of  power  to  the  general 
government,  and  the  other  believed  that  such  a  construction  of 
the  Constitution  was  consistent  with  the  purpose  and  spirit  of  that 
instrument,  and  essential  to  the  perpetuity  of  the  nation. 

"  If  experience  can  teach  anything  on  the  subject  of  theories 
of  government,  the  late  civil  war  teaches  unmistakably  that  those 
who  believed  the  source  of  danger  to  be  in  the  strong  powers  of 
the  Federal  government  were  in  error,  and  that  those  who  believed 
that  such  powers  were  necessary  to  its  safe  conduct  and  continued 
existence  were  in  the  right.  The  attempted  destruction  of  the 
Union  by  eleven  States,  which  were  part  of  it,  and  the  apparent 
temporary  success  of  the  effort,  was  undoubtedly  due  to  the 
capacity  of  the  States  under  the  Constitution  for  concerted  action, 
by  organized  movements,  with  all  the  machinery  ready  at  hand  to 
raise  armies  and  establish  a  central  government.  And  the  ultimate 
failure  of  the  attempt  is  to  be  attributed  with  equal  clearness  to 
the  exercise  of  those  powers  of  the  general  government,  under 
the  Constitution,  which  were  denied  to  it  by  extreme  advocates  of 
State  rights.  And  that  this  might  no  longer  be  matter  of  dispute, 
three  new  amendments  to  the  Constitution  were  adopted  at  the 
close  of  that  struggle,  which,  while  keeping  in  view  the  principles 
of  our  complex  form  of  State  and  Federal  government,  and  seek- 
ing to  disturb  the  distribution  of  powers  among  them  as  little  as 
was  consistent  with  the  wisdom  acquired  by  a  sorrowful  experi- 


CEREMONIES  IN  INDEPENDENCE  SQUARE.  283 

ence,  these  amendments  confer  additional  powers  on  the  govern- 
ment of  the  Union,  and  place  additional  restraints  upon  those  of 
the  States.  May  it  be  long  before  such  an  awful  lesson  is  again 
needed  to  decide  upon  disputed  questions  of  constitutional  law. 

"  It  is  not  out  of  place  to  remark  that  while  the  pendulum  of 
public  opinion  has  swung  with  much  force  away  from  the  extreme 
point  of  State  Rights  doctrine,  there  may  be  danger  of  its  reaching 
an  extreme  point  on  the  other  side.  In  my  opinion,  the  just  and 
equal  observance  of  the  rights  of  the  States,  and  of  the  general 
government,  as  defined  by  the  present  Constitution,  is  as  necessary 
to  the  permanent  prosperity  of  our  country,  and  to  its  existence 
for  another  century,  as  it  has  been  for  the  one  whose  close  we  are 
now  celebrating. 

O 

"  Having  considered  the  objections  originally  made  to  this  great 
work,  in  the  light  of  its  operation  for  a  century,  what  shall  we  say 
of  it  in  regard  to  those  great  features  which  were  more  generally 
acceptable  ?  The  doctrine  of  Montesquieu,  then  in  the  height  of 
his  fame,  that  the  powers  essential  to  all  governments  should  be 
distributed  among  three  separate  bodies  of  magistracy, — namely, 
legislative,  executive,  and  judicial, — was,  as  Madison  affirms  in 
number  xlvii.  of  the  "Federalist,"  recognized  by  the  Convention 
as  the  foundation  of  its  labors.  The  apparent  departure  from  that 
principle  in  making  the  Senate  a  participant  in  the  exercise  of  the 
appointing  power,  and  the  treaty-making  power,  works  well,  be- 
cause the  initiative  remains  with  the  executive.  The  power  of 
that  body  to  try  impeachments  of  public  officers  for  high  crimes 
and  misdemeanors, — a  function  essentially  judicial,  while  it  has  not 
produced  any  substantial  injury, — has,  perhaps,  operated  as  a 
safety-valve  in  cases  of  great  popular  excitement.  As  an  efficient 
remedy,  it  must  be  conceded  to  be  a  failure. 

"  But  the  harmony  and  success  with  which  the  three  great  sub- 
divisions of  the  organized  government  of  the  Constitution  have 
co-operated  in  the  growth,  prosperity,  and  happiness  of  this  great 


284  MEMORIAL  DAY. 

people,  constitute  the  strongest  argument  in  favor  of  the  organic 
law,  which  governs  them  all.  It  is  the  first  successful  attempt,  in 
the  history  of  the  world,  to  lay  the  deep  and  broad  foundations  of 
a  government  for  millions  of  people  and  an  unlimited  territory  in 
a  single  written  instrument,  framed  and  adopted  in  one  great 
national  effort. 

"  This  instrument  comes  nearer  than  any  of  political  origin  to 
Rousseau's  idea  of  a  society  founded  on  a  social  contract.  In  its 
formation,  States  and  individuals,  in  the  possession  of  equal  rights, 
— the  rights  of  human  nature  common  to  all, — met  together  and 
deliberately  agreed  to  give  up  certain  of  those  rights  to  govern- 
ment for  the  better  security  of  others ;  and  that  there  might  be  no 
mistake  about  this  agreement,  it  was  reduced  to  writing,  with  all 
the  solemnities  which  give  sanction  to  the  pledges  of  mankind. 

"  Other  nations  speak  of  their  constitutions,  which  are  the 
growth  of  centuries  of  government,  and  the  maxims  of  experience, 
and  the  traditions  of  ages ;  many  of  them  deserve  the  veneration 
which  they  receive.  But  a  constitution,  in  the  American  sense  of 
the  word,  as  accepted  in  all  the  States  of  North  and  South  America, 
means  an  instrument  in  writing,  defining  the  powers  of  govern- 
ment, and  distributing  those  powers  among  different  bodies  of 
magistrates  for  their  more  judicious  exercise.  The  Constitution 
of  the  United  States  not  only  did  this  as  regards  a  national  gov- 
ernment, but  it  established  a  federation  of  many  States  by  the 
same  instrument,  in  which  the  usual  fatal  defects  in  such  unions 
have  been  corrected,  with  such  felicity  that  during  the  hundred 
years  of  its  existence  the  union  of  the  States  has  grown  stronger, 
and  has  received  within  that  Union  other  States  exceeding  in 
number  those  of  the  original  federation. 

"  It  is  not  only  the  first  important  written  constitution  found  in 
history,  but  it  is  the  first  one  which  contained  the  principles  neces- 
sary to  the  successful  confederation  of  numerous  powerful  States. 
I  do  not  forget,  nor  do  I  mean  to  disparage,  our  sister,  the  federal 


CEREMONIES  IN  INDEPENDENCE  SQUARE.  285 

republic  of  Switzerland.  But  her  continuance  as  an  independent 
power  in  Europe  is  so  largely  due  to  her  compact  territory,  her 
inaccessible  mountains,  her  knowledge  of  the  necessity  of  union 
to  safety,  and  the  policy  of  her  powerful  neighbors,  which  de- 
mands of  each  other  the  recognition  of  her  rights,  that  she  hardly 
forms  an  exception.  But  Switzerland  stands  to-day — may  she 
ever  stand — as  the  oldest  witness  to  the  capacity  of  a  republican 
federation  of  States  for  sound  government,  for  the  security  of 
freedom,  and  resistance  to  disintegrating  tendencies.  But  when 
we  look  to  the  results  of  confederation  in  the  Olympic  Council, 
and  the  Achaian  League  of  ancient  history,  and  in  modern  times 
to  the  States  of  Holland  and  the  old  German  empire,  we  must 
admit  that  the  United  States  presents  the  most  remarkable,  if  not 
the  only  successful,  happy,  and  prosperous,  federated  government 
of  the  world. 

"  Let  us  consider  for  a  moment  the  evidence  of  this.  When 
the  Constitution  was  finally  ratified,  and  Rhode  Island  also 
accepted  it,  the  government  was  composed  of  thirteen  States. 
It  now  numbers  thirty-eight.  The  inhabited  area  of  those  States 
was  found  between  the  Alleghany  Mountains  and  the  Atlantic 
Ocean,  a  region  which,  when  we  now  look  over  a  map  of  the 
United  States,  seems  to  be  but  the  eastern  border  of  the  great 
republic.  Its  area  now  includes  all  the  territory  between  the 
Atlantic  and  Pacific  Oceans, — a  distance  of  over  three  thousand 
miles  east  and  west, — and  between  the  St.  Lawrence  and  the 
great  lakes  on  the  north  and  the  Gulf  and  States  of  Mexico  on 
the  south.  Besides  these  thirty-eight  States,  the  remainder  of 
this  immense  region  is  divided  into  eight  Territories,  with  an 
organized  government  in  each,  several  of  which  are  ready  to  be 
admitted  into  the  Union  as  States,  under  a  provision  of  the 
Constitution  on  that  subject,  and  in  accordance  with  the  settled 
policy  of  the  nation. 

"The  thirteen  States  which  originally  organized  this  govern- 


286  MEMORIAL  DAY. 

ment  had  a  population  believed  to  be,  in  round  numbers,  three 
millions,  many  of  whom  were  slaves.  To-day  it  seems  probable 
that  sixty  millions  are  embraced  in  the  United  States,  in  which 
there  breathes  no  soul  who  owns  any  man  master. 

"  I  have  already  suggested  the  impoverished  condition  of  the 
country  at  the  close  of  the  Revolutionary  War.  To-day  I  do 
not  hesitate  to  make  the  assertion,  that  if  you  count  only  that 
which  is  real  wealth,  and  not  accumulated  capital  in  the  shape  of 
evidences  of  debt, — which  is  but  a  burden  upon  such  property, 
— I  mean  if  you  count  lands  and  houses  and  furniture  and  horses 
and  cattle  and  jewels, — all  that  is  tangible  and  contributes  to  the 
comfort  and  pleasure  of  life, — the  United  States  to-day  is  the 
wealthiest  country  upon  the  face  of  the  globe,  and  is  the  only 
great  government  which  is  so  rapidly  paying  off  its  national  debt 
that  it  is  begging  its  creditors  to  accept  their  money  not  yet  due, 
with  a  reasonable  rebate  for  interest. 

"Under  the  government  established  by  this  Constitution  we 
have,  in  the  century  which  we  are  now  overlooking,  had  three 
important  wars,  such  as  are  always  accompanied  by  hazardous 
shocks  to  all  governments.  In  the  first  of  these  we  encountered 
the  British  empire,  the  most  powerful  nation  then  on  the  globe, — 
a  nation  which  had  successfully  resisted  Napoleon,  with  all  the 
power  of  Europe  at  his  back.  If  we  did  not  attain  all  we  fought 
for  in  that  contest,  we  displayed  an  energy  and  courage  which 
commanded  for  us  an  honorable  stand  among  the  nations  of  the 
earth. 

"In  the  second, — the  war  with  Mexico, — while  our  reputation 
as  a  warlike  people  suffered  no  diminution,  we  made  large  acces- 
sions of  valuable  territory,  out  of  which  States  have  been  since 
made  members  of  the  Union. 

"The  last  war, — the  recent  civil  war, — in  the  number  of  men 
engaged  in  it,  in  the  capacity  of  the  weapons  and  instruments  of 
destruction  brought  into  operation,  and  in  the  importance  of  the 


CEREMONIES  IN  INDEPENDENCE  SQUARE.  287 

result  to  humanity  at  large,  must  be  esteemed  the  greatest  war 
that  the  history  of  the  world  presents.  It  was  brought  about  by 
the  attempt  of  eleven  of  the  States  to  destroy  the  Union.  This 
was  resisted  by  the  government  of  that  Union  under  the  powers 
granted  to  it  by  the  Constitution.  Its  results  were  the  emancipa- 
tion of  three  millions  of  slaves,  the  suppression  of  the  attempt  to 
dissever  the  Union,  the  resumption  of  an  accelerated  march  in  the 
growth,  prosperity,  and  happiness  of  this  country.  It  also  taught 
the  lesson  of  the  indestructibility  of  the  Union,  of  the  wisdom  of 
the  principles  on  which  it  is  founded,  and  it  astonished  the  nations 
of  the  world,  and  inspired  them  with  a  respect  which  they  had 
never  before  entertained  for  our  country. 

"I  venture  to  hope  that  with  the  earnest  gaze  of  the  wisest 
and  ablest  minds  of  the  age  turned  with  profound  interest  to  the 
experiment  of  the  federative  system,  under  our  American  Con- 
stitution, it  may  suggest  something  to  relieve  the  nations  of 
Europe  from  burdens  so  heavy  that  if  not  soon  removed  they 
must  crush  the  social  fabric.  Those  great  nations  cannot  go  on 
forever  adding  millions  upon  millions  to  their  public  debts,  mainly 
for  the  support  of  permanent  standing  armies,  while  those  armies 
make  such  heavy  drafts  upon  the  able-bodied  men  whose  produc- 
tive industry  is  necessary  to  the  support  of  the  people  and  of  the 
government. 

"  I  need  not  dwell  on  this  unpleasant  subject  further  than  to 
say  that  these  standing  armies  are  rendered  necessary  by  the  per- 
petual dread  of  war  with  neighboring  nations. 

"  In  the  principles  of  our  Constitution,  by  which  the  autonomy 
and  domestic  government  of  each  State  are  preserved,  while  the 
supremacy  of  the  general  government  at  once  forbids  wars  be- 
tween the  States,  and  enables  it  to  enforce  peace  among  them,  we 
may  discern  the  elements  of  political  forces  sufficient  for  the 
rescue  of  European  civilization  from  this  great  disaster. 

"  Do  I  claim  for  the  Constitution,  whose  creation  we  celebrate 


288  MEMORIAL  DAY. 

to-day,  the  sole  merit  of  the  wonderful  epitome  which  I  have 
presented  to  you  of  the  progress  of  this  country  to  greatness,  to 
prosperity,  to  happiness,  and  honor  ?  Nay,  I  do  not ;  though 
language  used  by  men  of  powerful  intellect  and  great  knowledge 
of  history  might  be  my  justification  if  I  did. 

"Mr.  Bancroft,  the  venerable  historian,  who  has  devoted  a 
long  and  laborious  life  to  a  history  of  his  country,  that  is  a  monu- 
ment to  his  genius  and  his  learning,  says  of  the  closing  hours  of 
the  Convention :  '  The  members  were  awe-struck  at  the  result  of 
their  councils  ;  the  Constitution  was  a  nobler  work  than  any  one 
of  them  believed  possible  to  devise.'  And  he  prefaces  the  volume 
of  his  invaluable  history  of  the  formation  of  the  Constitution  with 
a  sentiment  of  Mr.  Gladstone,  the  greatest  living  statesman  of 
England.  He  says :  '  As  the  British  constitution  is  the  most 
subtile  organism  which  has  proceeded  from  progressive  history,  so 
the  American  Constitution  is  the  most  wonderful  work  ever  struck 
off  at  a  given  time  by  the  brain  and  purpose  of  man.' 

"  And  while  I  heartily  endorse  this,  and  feel  it  impossible  to 
find  language  in  which  to  express  my  admiration  and  my  love  for 
the  Constitution  of  the  United  States,  and  my  profound  belief  that 
the  wisdom  of  man,  unaided  by  inspiration,  has  produced  no 
writing  so  valuable  to  humanity,  I  should  fail  of  a  most  important 
duty  if  I  did  not  say  on  this  public  occasion,  that  no  amount  of 
wisdom  in  a  constitution  can  produce  wise  government  unless  there 
is  a  suitable  response  in  the  spirit  of  the  people. 

"The  Anglo-Saxon  race,  from  whom  we  inherit  so  much  that 
is  valuable  in  our  character,  as  well  as  our  institutions,  has  been 
remarkable  in  all  its  history  for  a  love  of  law  and  order.  While 
other  peoples,  equally  cultivated,  have  paid  their  devotion  to  the 
man  in  power,  as  representative  of  the  law  which  he  enforces,  the 
English  people,  and  we,  their  descendants,  have  venerated  the  law 
itself,  looking  past  its  administrators,  and  giving  our  allegiance  and 
our  obedience  to  the  principles  which  govern  organized  society. 


CEREMONIES  IN  INDEPENDENCE  SQUARE.  289 

It  has  been  said  that  a  dozen  Englishmen  or  Americans,  thrown  on 
an  uninhabited  island,  would  at  once  proceed  to  adopt  a  code  of 
laws  for  their  government,  and  elect  the  officers  who  were  to 
enforce  them.  And  certainly  this  proposition  is  borne  out  by  the 
early  history  of  our  emigrants  to  California,  where  every  mining 
camp  organized  into  a  political  body,  and  made  laws  for  its  own 
government,  which  were  so  good  that  Congress  adopted  them 
until  they  should  be  repealed  or  modified  by  statute. 

"I  but  repeat  the  language  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  the 
United  States  when  I  say  that  in  this  country  the  law  is  supreme. 
No  man  is  so  high  as  to  be  above  the  law.  No  officer  of  the 
government  may  disregard  it  with  impunity.  To  this  inborn  and 
native  regard  for  law,  as  a  governing  power,  we  are  indebted 
largely  for  the  wonderful  success  and  prosperity  of  our  people, 
for  the  security  of  our  rights  ;  and  when  the  highest  law  to  which 
we  pay  this  homage  is  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States,  the 
history  of  the  world  has  presented  no  such  wonder  of  a  prosper- 
ous, happy,  civil  government. 

"Let  me  urge  upon  my  fellow-countrymen,  and  especially  upon 
the  rising  generation  of  them,  to  examine  with  careful  scrutiny  all 
new  theories  of  government  and  of  social  life,  and  if  they  do  not 
rest  upon  a  foundation  of  veneration  and  respect  for  law  as  the 
bond  of  social  existence,  let  him  distrust  them  as  inimical  to  human 
happiness. 

"  And  now  let  me  close  this  address  with  a  quotation  from 
one  of  the  ablest  jurists  and  most  profound  commentators  upon 
our  laws, — Chancellor  Kent.  He  said,  fifty  years  ago :  '  The 
government  of  the  United  States  was  created  by  the  free  voice 
and  joint  will  of  the  people  of  America  for  their  common  defence 
and  general  welfare.  Its  powers  apply  to  those  great  interests 
which  relate  to  this  country  in  its  national  capacity,  and  which 
depend  for  their  stability  and  protection  on  the  consolidation  of 
the  Union.  It  is  clothed  with  the  principal  attributes  of  sover- 

VOL.    II. — 38 


2QO  MEMORIAL  DAY. 

eignty,  and  it  is  justly  deemed  the  guardian  of  our  best  rights,  the 
source  of  our  highest  civil  and  political  duties,  and  the  sure  means 
of  our  national  greatness.'  ' 

The   chorus    of    boys   then    sang    Hail    Columbia,    with    new 
words,  contributed  by  Oliver  Wendell  Holmes  : 


HAIL   COLUMBIA. 
1798. 

"Hail,  Columbia!    happy  land! 
Hail,  ye  heroes, — heaven-born  band  ! 

Who  fought  and  bled  in  Freedom's  cause. 

Who  fought  and  bled  in  Freedom's  cause  ; 
And  when  the  storm  of  war  was  gone 
Enjoyed  the  peace  your  valor  won. 

Let  independence  be  our  boast, 

Ever  mindful  what  it  cost ; 

Ever  grateful  for  the  prize, 

Let  its  altar  reach  the  skies. 

Firm — united — let  us  be, 
Rallying  round  our  Liberty ; 
As  a  band  of  brothers  joined, 
Peace  and  safety  we  shall  find." 

JOSEPH   HOPKINSON. 

1887. 

"  Look  our  ransomed  shores  around, 
Peace  and  safety  we  have  found  ! 

Welcome,  friends  who  once  were  foes ! 
Welcome,  friends  who  once  were  foes, 


CEREMONIES  IN  INDEPENDENCE  SQUARE.  291 

To  all  the  conquering  years  have  gained, — 
A  nation's  rights,  a  race  unchained ! 

Children  of  the  day  new-born, 

Mindful  of  its  glorious  morn, 

Let  the  pledge  our  fathers  signed, 

Heart  to  heart  forever  bind ! 

While  the  stars  of  heaven  shall  burn, 
While  the  ocean  tides  return, 
Ever  may  the  circling  sun 
Find  the  Many  still  are  One ! 


"Graven  deep  with  edge  of  steel, 
Crowned  with  Victory's  crimson  seal, 

All  the  world  their  names  shall  read  ! 

All  the  world  their  names  shall  read, 
Enrolled  with  His,  the  Chief  that  led 
The  hosts,  whose  blood  for  us  was  shed. 

Pay  our  sires  their  children's  debt, 

Love  and  honor, — nor  forget 

Only  Union's  golden  key 

Guards  the  Ark  of  Liberty! 

While  the  stars  of  heaven  shall  burn, 
While  the  ocean  tides  return, 
Ever  may  the  circling  sun 
Find  the  Many  still  are  One ! 


"  Hail,  Columbia !   strong  and  free  ! 
Throned  in  hearts  from  sea  to  sea ! 
Thy  march  triumphant  still  pursue ! 
Thy  march  triumphant  still  pursue 


292  MEMORIAL  DAY. 

With  peaceful  stride  from  zone  to  zone, 
Till  Freedom  finds  the  world  her  own ! 

Blest  in  Union's  holy  ties, 

Let  our  grateful  song  arise, — 

Every  voice  its  tribute  lend, — 

All  in  loving  chorus  blend ! 

While  the  stars  in  heaven  shall  burn, 
While  the  ocean  tides  return, 
Ever  shall  the  circling  sun 
Find  the  Many  still  are  One!" 

OLIVER  WENDELL  HOLMES. 
BEVERLY  FARMS,  MASS.,  August  29,  1887. 

Professor  Murdoch  then  recited  the  new  national  hymn,  written 
by  F.  Marion  Crawford :  the  musical  chorus,  contributed  by  Pro- 
fessor Gilchrist,  being  rendered  by  the  chorus  of  men's  voices. 


"I. 

"  Hail,  Freedom !   thy  bright  crest 
And  gleaming  shield,  thrice  blest, 

Mirror  the  glories  of  a  world  thine  own  ; 
Hail,  heaven-born  Peace !     Our  sight, 
Led  by  thy  gentle  light, 

Shows  us  thy  paths  with  deathless  flowers  strown. 
Peace,  daughter  of  a  strife  sublime, 
Abide  with  us  till  strife  be  lost  in  endless  time. 

CHORUS. — Thy  sun  is  risen,  and  shall  not  set 

Upon  thy  day  divine  ! 
Ages  of  unborn  ages  yet, 
America,  are  thine  ! 


CEREMONIES  IN  INDEPENDENCE  SQUARE.  293 


"II. 

"Her  one  hand  seals  with  gold 
The  portals  of  night's  fold, 

Her  other  the  broad  gates  of  dawn  unbars  ; 
O'er  silent  wastes  of  snows, 
Crowning  her  lofty  brows, 

Gleams  high  her  diadem  of  northern  stars  ; 
While  clothed  in  garlands  of  warm  flowers, 
Round  Freedom's  feet  the  South  her  wealth  of  beauty  showers. 

CHORUS. — Thy  sun  is  risen,  and  shall  not  set 

Upon  thy  day  divine  ! 
Ages  of  unborn  ages  yet, 
America,  are  thine ! 


"  III. 

"  Sweet  is  the  toil  of  peace, 
Sweet  the  year's  rich  increase 

To  loyal  men  who  live  by  Freedom's  laws  ; 
And  in  war's  fierce  alarms 
God  gives  stout  hearts  and  arms 

To  freemen  sworn  to  save  a  rightful  cause. 
Fear  none,  trust  God,  maintain  the  right, 
And  triumph  in  unbroken  union's  peerless  might. 

x 

CHORUS. — Thy  sun  is  risen,  and  shall  not  set 

Upon  thy  day  divine  ! 
Ages  of  unborn  ages  yet, 
America,  are  thine  ! 


294  MEMORIAL  DAY. 


"IV. 

"Welded  in  war's  fierce  flame, 
Forged  on  the  hearth  of  fame, 

The  sacred  Constitution  was  ordained  ; 
Tried  in  the  fire  of  time, 
Tempered  in  woes  sublime, 

An  age  has  passed  and  left  it  yet  unstained. 
God  grant  its  glories  still  may  shine 
While  ages  fade  forgotten  in  time's  slow  decline ! 

CHORUS. — Thy  sun  is  risen,  and  shall  not  set 

Upon  thy  day  divine  ! 
Ages  of  unborn  ages  yet, 
America,  are  thine ! 


"V. 

"  Honor  the  few  who  shared 
Freedom's  first  fight,  and  dared 

To  face  war's  desperate  tide  at  the  full  flood ; 
Who  fell  on  hard-won  ground, 
And  into  Freedom's  wound 

Poured  the  sweet  balsam  of  their  brave  heart's  blood 
They  fell,  but  o'er  their  glorious  grave 
Floats  free  the  banner  of  the  cause  they  died  to  save. 

CHORUS. — Thy  sun  is  risen,  and  shall  not  set 

Upon  thy  day  divine  ! 
Ages  of  unborn  ages  yet, 
America,  are  thine ! 


CEREMONIES  IN  INDEPENDENCE  SQUARE.  295 


"VI. 

"  In  radiance  heavenly  fair 
Floats  on  the  peaceful  air 

That  flag  that  never  stooped  from  victory's  pride; 
Those  stars  that  softly  gleam, 
Those  stripes  that  o'er  us  stream, 

In  war's  grand  agony  were  sanctified; 
A  holy  standard,  pure  and  free, 
To  light  the  home  of  peace  or  blaze  in  victory. 

CHORUS. — Thy  sun  is  risen,  and  shall  not  set 

Upon  thy  day  divine ! 
Ages  of  unborn  ages  yet, 
America,  are  thine ! 


"VII. 

"  Father,  whose  mighty  power 
Shields  us  through  life's  short  hour, 

To  thee  we  pray :  Bless  us  and  keep  us  free ; 
All  that  is  past  forgive, 
Teach  us  henceforth  to  live, 

That  through  our  country  we  may  honor  thee  ; 
And,  when  this  mortal  life  shall  cease, 
Take  thou  at  last  our  souls  to  thine  eternal  peace. 

CHORUS. — Thy  sun  is  risen,  and  shall  not  set 

Upon  thy  day  divine  ! 
Ages  of  unborn  ages  yet, 

America,  are  thine  ! 
"  SORRENTO,  August  i,   1887." 


296 


MEMORIAL  DAY. 


Introduction 


mod. 


NATIONAL  HYMN. 

J.M. 


w.w.o. 


I 


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CEREMONIES  IN  INDEPENDENCE  SQUARE,  297 


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N.I.H 


298  MEMORIAL  DAY. 

Cardinal  Archbishop  Gibbons  then  pronounced  the  closing 
prayer : 

"  We  pray  Thee,  O  God  of  might,  wisdom,  and  justice,  through 
whom  authority  is  rightly  administered,  laws  are  enacted,  and 
judgment  decreed,  assist,  with  Thy  holy  spirit  of  counsel  and  for- 
titude, the  President  of  these  United  States,  that  his  administra- 
tion may  be  conducted  in  righteousness,  and  be  eminently  useful 
to  Thy  people  over  whom  he  presides,  by  encouraging  due 
respect  for  virtue  and  religion,  by  a  faithful  execution  of  the 
laws  in  justice  and  mercy,  and  by  restraining  vice  and  immo- 
rality. 

"  Let  the  light  of  Thy  divine  wisdom  direct  the  deliberations  of 
Congress,  and  shine  forth  in  all  their  proceedings  and  laws  framed 
for  our  rule  and  government,  so  that  they  may  tend  to  the  preser- 
vation of  peace,  the  promotion  of  national  happiness,  the  increase 
of  industry,  sobriety,  and  useful  knowledge,  and  may  perpetuate 
to  us  the  blessings  of  equal  liberty. 

"  We  pray  Thee  for  all  judges,  magistrates,  and  other  officers 
who  are  appointed  to  guard  our  political  welfare ;  that  they  may 
be  enabled  by  Thy  powerful  protection  to  discharge  the  duties  of 
their  respective  stations  with  honesty  and  ability. 

"We  pray  Thee  especially  for  the  judges  of  our  Supreme 
Court,  that  they  may  interpret  the  laws  with  even-handed  justice. 
May  they  ever  be  the  faithful  guardians  of  the  temple  of  the 
Constitution,  whose  construction  and  solemn  dedication  to  our 
country's  liberties  we  commemorate  to-day.  May  they  stand  as 
watchful  and  incorruptible  sentinels  at  the  portals  of  this  temple, 
shielding  it  from  profanation  and  hostile  invasion. 

"May  this  glorious  charter  of  our  civil  rights  be  deeply  im- 
printed on  the  hearts  and  memories  of  our  people.  May  it  foster- 
in  them  a  spirit  of  patriotism :  may  it  weld  together  and  assimilate, 
in  national  brotherhood  the  diverse  races  that  come  to  seek  a 


CEREMONIES  IN  INDEPENDENCE  SQUARE.  299 

home  among  us.  May  the  reverence  paid  to  it  conduce  to  the 
promotion  of  social  stability  and  order,  and  may  it  hold  the  tegis 
of  its  protection  over  us  and  generations  yet  unborn,  so  that  the 
temporal  blessings  which  we  enjoy  may  be  perpetuated. 

"  Grant,  O  Lord,  that  our  republic,  unequalled  in  material  pros- 
perity and  growth  of  population,  may  be  also  under  Thy  over- 
ruling providence,  a  model  to  all  nations  in  upholding  liberty 
without  license,  and  in  wielding  authority  without  despotism. 

"  Finally,  we  recommend  to  Thy  unbounded  mercy  all  our 
brethren  and  fellow-citizens  throughout  the  United  States,  that 
they  may  be  blessed  in  the  knowledge,  and  sanctified  in  the  obser- 
vance, of  Thy  most  holy  law,  that  they  may  be  preserved  in  union 
and  in  that  peace  which  the  world  cannot  give,  and,  after  enjoying 
the  blessings  of  this  life,  be  admitted  to  those  which  are  eternal. 

"  Our  Father,  who  art  in  heaven  ;  hallowed  be  Thy  name  ;  Thy 
kingdom  come ;  Thy  will  be  done  on  earth,  as  it  is  in  heaven ; 
give  us  this  day  our  daily  bread ;  and  forgive  us  our  trespasses  as 
we  forgive  those  who  trespass  against  us,  and  lead  us  not  into 
temptation  ;  but  deliver  us  from  evil.  Amen. ' 

"The  Star-Spangled  Banner"  was  then  sung  by  the  men's 
chorus. 

The  Rev.  Dr.  Witherspoon,  of  Nashville,  Tenn.,  pronounced 
the  benediction  in  these  words : 

"The  grace  of  our  Lord  Jesus  Christ,  the  love  of  God  our 
Father,  and  the  communion  of  the  Holy  Spirit  be  and  abide  with 
you  now  and  evermore.  Amen." 

The  ceremonies  were  concluded  by  a  "  march"  by  the  Marine 
Band. 


UNOFFICIAL  OBSERVANCES. 


BREAKFAST 

TO  THE 

JUSTICES  OF  THE  SUPREME  COURT 

OF    THE 

UNITED    STATES, 

IN  THE  AMERICAN  ACADEMY  OF  MUSIC, 

SEPTEMBER    15,  1887, 
BY   THE    BAR    OK    PHILADELPHIA. 


ON  the  28th  of  June,  1887,  a  committee  of  the  Law  Academy  of  Phila- 
delphia, appointed  at  the  instance  of  Mr.  J.  GRANVILLE  LEACH,  sent  a  cir- 
cular letter  to  many  members  of  the  bar  of  Philadelphia  setting  forth  that 
they  had  been  instructed  to  devise  a  method  for  the  participation  of  the 
Academy  in  the  celebration  to  be  held  in  September  in  commemoration 
of  the  framing  and  promulgation  of  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States ; 
that  it  had  been  suggested  "  that  not  only  the  Junior  but  the  Senior  Bar  as 
well  might  deem  it  expedient  to  take  part  in  the  proposed  celebration ;" 
and  inviting  a  meeting  in  Room  C,  Court  of  Common  Pleas,  No.  2,  on 
the  ist  of  July.  At  the  time  and  place  designated  a  number  of  represent- 
ative lawyers  assembled,  and  it  was  determined  to  invite  the  justices  of 
the  Supreme  Court  of  the  United  States  to  a  breakfast,  to  be  tendered 
them  in  the  American  Academy  of  Music  on  the  I5th  of  September,  at 
eleven  A.M.  The  following  Committee  of  Arrangements  was  appointed : 

RICHARD  C.  McMURTRiE,  Chairman, 
SAMUEL  W.  PENNYPACKER,  Secretary ; 
JOSEPH  B.  TOWNSEND,  Treasurer. 

R.  L.  ASHHURST,  GEO.  TUCKER  BISPHAM,  HAMPTON  L.  CARSON, 

A.  SIDNEY  BIDDLE,  JOHN  W.  BROCK,  LEWIS  C.  CASSIDY, 

CHAS.  CHAUNCEY  BINNEY,         JOHN  CADWALADER,  RICHARD  C.  DALE, 

3<>3 


304  BREAKFAST  TO    THE 

GEORGE  M.  DALLAS,  VICTOR  GUILLOU,  WM.  BROOKE  RAWLE, 

SAMUEL  DICKSON,  E.  HUNN  HANSON,  DAVID  W.  SELLERS, 

THOMAS  J.  DIEHL,  S.  S.  HOLLINGSWORTH,  EDWARD  SHIPPEN, 

W.  HEYWARD  DRAYTON,  HENRY  M.  HOYT,  MAYER  SULZBERGER, 

ISAAC  ELWELL,  J.  GRANVILLE  LEACH,  JOHN  K.  VALENTINE, 

GEO.  HARRISON  FISHER,  WILLIAM  M.  MEREDITH,  CHARLES  F.  WARWICK, 

HENRY  FLANDERS,  JAMES  OTTERSON,  W.  HERBERT  WASHINGTON, 

GEORGE  S.  GRAHAM,  JOSEPH  M.  PILE,  WM.  ROTCH  WISTER. 

A.  HALLER  GROSS,  ROBERT  RALSTON, 


The  secretary  wrote  to  the  members  of  the  bar,  inviting  their  aid,  and 
saying,  "  The  event  to  be  commemorated  was  one  of  the  gravest  import- 
ance to  all  of  the  later  generations  of  men.  The  convention  called  for  the 
purpose  did  its  work,  which  was  essentially  legal,  in  Philadelphia.  Its 
deliberations  and  conclusions  were  participated  in  by  men  who  became 
conspicuous  in  the  jurisprudence  of  our  State.  It  is  very  fitting,  therefore, 
that  the  lawyers  of  this  city  should  show  a  proper  appreciation  of  the 
occasion  and  of  their  relations  to  it  by  offering  their  hospitality  to  the 
members  of  the  highest  judicial  tribunal  of  the  country,  who  will  be  here 
to  participate  in  the  celebration. 

The  request  met  with  an  earnest  response,  and  it  became  evident  in  a 
short  time  that  the  breakfast  would  be  of  unusual  interest. 

The  following  distinguished  persons  accepted  invitations  to  be  present : 

GUESTS. 

Chief -Justice  MORRISON  R.  WAITE, 
Justices  SAMUEL  F.  MILLER, 
JOHN  M.  HARLAN, 
STANLEY  MATTHEWS, 
SAMUEL  BLATCHFORD. 

WILLIAM  H.  H.  ALLEN,  justice  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  New  Hampshire. 

MICHAEL  ARNOLD,  judge  of  the  Court  of  Common  Pleas,  No.  4,  Philadelphia. 

WM.  N.  ASHMAN,  judge  of  the  Orphans'  Court,  Philadelphia. 

HUGH  L.  BOND,  judge  of  the  United  States  District  Court,  Baltimore. 

CHARLES  J.  BONAPARTE,  of  the  Baltimore  bar. 

JAMES  A.  BEAVER,  governor  of  Pennsylvania. 

WILLIAM  BUTLER,  judge  of  the  United  States  District  Court,  Philadelphia. 

GEORGE  A.  BINGHAM,  justice  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  New  Hampshire. 

CRAIG  BIDDLE,  judge  of  the  Court  of  Common  Pleas,  No.  i,  Philadelphia. 


JUSTICES  OF  THE  SUPREME  COURT.  305 

F.  AMEDEE  BREGY,  judge  of  the  Court  of  Common  Pleas,  No.  I,  Philadelphia. 
LEWIS  W.  CLARK,  justice  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  New  Hampshire. 
MONCURE  D.  CONWAY. 

JOSEPH  P.  COMEGYS,  chief  justice  of  Delaware. 
JOHN  K.  COWEN,  of  the  Baltimore  bar. 
JOHN  R.  Dos  PASSOS,  of  the  New  York  Bar. 

D.  NEWLIN  FELL,  judge  of  the  Court  of  Common  Pleas,  No.  2,  Philadelphia. 
THOMAS  K.  FINLETTER,  president  judge  of  the  Court  of  Common  Pleas,  No.  3,  Philadel- 
phia. 

JOSEPH  C.  FERGUSON,  judge  of  the  Orphans'  Court,  Philadelphia. 
CHARLES  E.  FENNER,  judge  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  Louisiana. 
HENRY  GREEN,  justice  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  Pennsylvania. 
JAMES  GAY  GORDON,  judge  of  the  Court  of  Common  Pleas,  No.  3,  Philadelphia. 
GEORGE  GRAY,  United  States  senator  from  Delaware. 

J.  I.  CLARK  HARE,  president  judge  of  the  Court  of  Common  Pleas,  No.  2,  Philadelphia. 
WM.  B.  HANNA,  president  judge  of  the  Orphans'  Court  of  Philadelphia. 
DANIEL  H.  HASTINGS,  adjutant- general  of  Pennsylvania. 
WILLIAM  WIRT  HENRY,  of  the  bar  of  Richmond,  Virginia. 
ANTHONY  HIGGINS,  of  the  Wilmington  bar. 
GEORGE  A.  JENKS,  solicitor-general  of  the  United  States. 
JOHN  JAY,  late  United  States  minister  to  Austria. 
JOHN  A.  JAMESON,  judge  of  the  Superior  Court  of  Chicago. 
ANTHONY  Q.  KEASBY,   late  United  States  district-attorney,  New  Jersey. 
WILLIAM  S.  KIRKPATRICK,  attorney-general  of  Pennsylvania. 
JAMES  M.  LEACH,  ex-member  of  Congress  from  North  Carolina. 
Louis  E.  McCoMAS,  member  of  Congress  from  Maryland. 

JAMES  T.  MITCHELL,  judge  of  the  Court  of  Common  Pleas,  No.  2,  Philadelphia. 
COURTLANDT  PARKER,  of  the  New  Jersey  bar. 

EDWARD  M.  PAXSON,  justice  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  Pennsylvania. 
HENRY  REED,  judge  of  the  Court  of  Common  Pleas,  No.  3,  Philadelphia. 
ALEXANDER  RAMSEY,  late  United  States  Secretary  of  War. 
ISAAC  W.  SMITH,  justice  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  New  Hampshire. 
JAMES  P.  STERRETT,  justice  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  Pennsylvania. 
WILLIAM  STRONG,  late  justice  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  United  States. 
J.  RANDOLPH  TUCKER,  member  of  Congress  from  Virginia. 

M.   RUSSELL  THAYER,  president  judge  of  the  Court  of  Common    Pleas,  No.  4,  Philadel- 
phia. 

J.  Ross  THOMPSON,  of  the  Erie  bar. 

JOHN  SERGEANT  WISE,  member  of  Congress  from  Virginia. 
HENRY  W.  WILLIAMS,  justice  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  Pennsylvania. 
ROBERT  N.  WILLSON,  judge  of  the  Court  of  Common  Pleas,  No.  4,  Philadelphia. 
FRANCIS  WHARTON,  LL.D.,  of  Washington,  D.  C. 

LEONARD  E.  WALES,  judge  of  the  United  States  District  Court,  Delaware. 
VOL.  II.— 40 


306  BREAKFAST  7V    THE 

The  members  of  the  Philadelphia  bar  who  participated  were : 


Robert  Alexander. 
Pierce  Archer. 
R.  L.  Ashhurst. 
Geo.  W.  Biddle. 
Amos  Briggs. 
W.  H.  Browne. 
James  R.  Booth. 
John  C.  Bullitt. 
Dimner  Beeber. 
John  A.  Burton. 
J.  H.  Burroughs. 
Louis  Bregy. 
Francis  E.  Brewster. 
John  W.  Brock. 
F.  F.  Brightly. 
Henry  K.  Boyer. 
Lewin  W.  Barringer. 
Arthur  M.  Burton. 
Geo.  Tucker  Bispham. 
F.  Carroll  Brewster. 
A.  Sidney  Biddle. 
Hampton  L.  Carson. 
Brinton  Coxe. 
James  J.  Comly. 
John  Cadwalader. 
Ludovic  C.  Cleeman. 
Samuel  E.  Cavin. 
T.  De  Witt  Cuyler. 
Geo.  L.  Crawford. 
Alfred  Frank  Custis. 
Joseph  L.  Caven. 
Lewis  C.  Cassidy. 
Harry  G.  Clay. 
Francis  S.  Cantrell. 
John  B.  Colahan. 
J.  Edward  Carpenter. 
Thomas  J.  Diehl. 
Thomas  Diehl. 
Edwin  S.  Dixon. 
Samuel  G.  Dixon. 
Henry  T.  Dechert. 


Henry  M.  Dechert. 
William  Drayton. 
W.  Heyward  Drayton. 
Samuel  Dickson. 
Richard  C.  Dale. 
Geo.  H.  Earle,  Jr. 
Henry  R.  Edmunds. 
Isaac  Elwell. 
B.  Franklin  Fisher. 
Geo.  Harrison  Fisher. 
Henry  Flanders. 
Leonard  R.  Fletcher. 
Joseph  C.  Fraley. 
Benjamin  D.  Gardiner. 
John  S.  Gerhard. 
Allen  H.  Gangewer. 
Victor  Guillou. 
Geo.  S.  Graham. 

A.  Haller  Gross. 
John  C.  Grady. 
H.  E.  Garsed. 
Ezekiel  Hunn,  Jr. 
Henry  Hazlehurst. 
Robert  H.  Hinckley. 
Morton  P.  Henry. 
W.  Horace  Hepburn. 

B.  F.  Hughes. 
Thomas  Hart,  Jr. 
Henry  M.  Hoyt. 
John  Hamilton. 
E.  Hunn  Hanson. 
Edward  Hopper. 
Charles  Howson. 
A.  A.  Hirst. 

J.  Bayard  Henry. 
James  H.  Heverin. 
Saml.  S.  Hollingsworth. 
Saml.  B.  Huey. 
John  G.  Johnson. 
Horatio  Gates  Jones. 
Charles  Henry  Jones. 


W.  H.  James. 
George  Junkin. 
William  F.  Johnson. 
James  M.  Jeitles. 
Geo.  de  B.  Keim. 
Geo.  R.  Kaercher. 
William  W.  Ker. 
J.  Granville  Leach. 
William  S.  Lane. 
Francis  D.  Lewis. 
Charles  A.  Lagen. 
John  Lambert. 
James  W.  Latta. 
William  H.  Lex. 
Robert  M.  Logan. 
Lawrence  Lewis,  Jr. 
A.  S.  Letchworth. 
P.  Pemberton  Morris. 
Robert  D.  Maxwell. 
Richard  C.  McMurtrie. 
William  M.  Meredith. 
M.  H.  Messchert. 
N.  Dubois  Miller. 
Alfred  Moore. 
William  B.  Mann. 
Charles  N.  Mann. 
S.  Edwin  Megargee. 
Charles  E.  Morgan. 
A.  Wilson  Norris. 
Isaac  Norris. 
Francis  A.  Osbourn. 
James  W.  Paul. 
William  S.  Price. 
Saml.  W.  Pennypacker. 
Frank  P.  Prichard. 
C.  Stuart  Patterson. 
Theodore  C.  Patterson. 
Albert  E.  Peterson. 
G.  C.  Purves. 
S.  Davis  Page. 
Joseph  M.  Pile. 


JUSTICES  OF  THE  SUPREME   COURT. 


307 


Saml.  C.  Perkins. 
James  Parsons. 
Geo.  Peirce. 
J.  Sergeant  Price. 
Charles  E.  Pa'ncoast. 
J.  Rodman  Paul. 
P.  F.  Rothermel,  Jr. 
Robert  W.  Ryerss. 
William  B.  Robins 
John  I.  Rogers. 
John  J.  Ridgway. 
John  Roberts. 
William  Henry  Rawle. 
Geo.  I.  Riche. 
Geo.  P.  Rich. 
Augustus  J.  Rudderow. 
Joseph  R.  Rhoads. 
John  R.  Read. 
Robert  Ralston. 
William  Brooke  Rawle. 
Edward  Shippen. 


John  M.  Scott. 
J.  C.  Stillwell. 
Elias  P.  Smithers. 
E.  S.  Sayres. 
Walter  George  Smith. 
Rufus  E.  Shapley. 
Jacob  Snare. 
John  T.  Snare. 
John  Samuel. 
E.  Cooper  Shapley. 
A.  Lewis  Smith. 
Isaac  S.  Sharp. 
J.  Dickinson  Sergeant. 
James  H.  Shakespeare. 
Robert  N.  Simpers. 
Jacob  Singer. 
Lewis  Stover. 
Mayer  Sulzberger. 
A.  S.  L.  Shields. 
William  H.  Staake. 
James  C.  Sellers. 


Franklin  Swayne. 
J.  Austin  Spencer. 
Uselma  C.  Smith. 
John  Scollay. 
Joseph  H.  Shoemaker. 
Joseph  B.  Townsend. 
Henry  C.  Thompson. 
James  P.  Townsend. 
Henry  C.  Terry. 
M.  Hampton  Todd. 
Joseph  L.  Tull. 
Sidney  F.  Tyler. 
Samuel  G.  Thompson. 
John  B.  Uhle. 
John  K.  Valentine. 
Wm.  White  Wiltbank. 
Samuel  Wagner. 
W.  Rotch  Wister. 
Charles  F.  Warwick. 
Richard  P.  White. 


At  the  hour  named  the  bar  and  their  guests — all  of  whom  were 
present  with  the  exception  of  Hon.  J.  R.  Tucker  and  Mr.  John  R.  Dos 
Passes,  who  were  unexpectedly  detained — assembled  in  the  foyer  of  the 
Academy.  The  table  and  the  hall  were  profusely  and  tastefully  decorated 
with  flowers  and  green,  and  back  of  the  presiding  officer  hung  suspended 
a  shield,  upon  which  was  the  figure  of  Justice  with  the  scales  evenly 
balanced,  the  whole  wrought  from  the  same  attractive  and  fragrant  materials. 
From  the  windows  overlooking  Broad  Street  could  be  seen  under  the 
most  favorable  circumstances  the  industrial  procession  as  it  slowly  passed 
along. 

The  menu  was  folded  in  the  form  of  a  legal  document,  tied  with  red  tape, 
and  endorsed : 


308  BREAKFAST  TO    THE 


Cezw,  looZ. 


JcHalo  (Soud;  o|  we  (SonstttuJtonat 
(2-entawttat 


JJmaael/pm 


na  Qjdav 

o|  we 
of  we 


l/intiea  §laie&  et  at. 


oOlU 


-p   i  Q  p 

tlcd  c^epte-mfeez 


JUSTICES  OF  THE  SUPREME  COURT. 


309 


It  contained,  within,  an  original  etching  of  Chief-Justice  JOHN  MARSHALL 
and  the  following  bill  of  fare : 


MENU. 


Blue  Points. 


Sorbet  au  Kirsch. 


CHABLIS. 


Terrapin. 


Consomme. 


JAUNAY  SEO. 


AMONTILLADO. 


Fresh  Mushrooms. 


Kennebec  Salmon,  Sauce  Tartare. 


GIE3LER  BLUE  SEAL. 


Reed  Birds. 


Chicken  Cutlets  &  la  Soubise. 


ROEDERER  GRAND  VIN  SBC. 


French  Peas. 


MUMM'S  EXTRA  DRY. 


CHATEAU  LAPITTE, 


Lettuce. 


Ices. 


Fruits. 


Coffee. 


310  BREAKFAST  TO    THE 


TOASTS    AND    SPEECHES. 

The  chairman,  R.  C.  McMuRTRiE,  Esq.  (when  the  cloth  had  been  re- 
moved and  the  hum  of  conversation  had  ceased),  said, — 

"  GENTLEMEN, — Eleven  years  ago  there  was  a  celebration  in  Phila- 
delphia to  commemorate  the  independence  of  the  thirteen  colonies, — an 
event  which  is,  and  always  will  be,  I  suppose,  the  most  popular  of  all  the 
events  of  our  history.  But  the  event  of  1787  was  one  really  more  impor- 
tant, and  one  probably  without  which,  in  the  minds  of  many  persons,  the 
event  of  1776  would  have  been  disastrous.  From  the  controlling  influence 
of  one  power,  which  was  probably  tyrannical,  we  would  have  fallen  into 
dissensions  among  forty  or  more  discordant  powers  on  the  continent,  which 
would  have  been  infinitely  more  injurious  to  the  country  than  would  have 
been  the  original  form  of  government. 

"  Under  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States,  framed  one  hundred  years 
ago,  this  country  has  grown  from  thirteen  very  insignificant  colonies  to  be 
one  of  the  great  empires  of  the  world.  The  main  feature  of  that  Con- 
stitution was  the  organizing  of  the  colonies,  if  not  into  a  nation,  at  least 
into  one  government  for  certain  purposes,  chief  among  which  was  the  estab- 
lishment of  a  more  perfect  Union.  Among  the  instrumentalities  created 
by  the  Constitution  for  the  furtherance  of  that  end,  that  which  has  accom- 
plished more  than  any  other,  and  probably  more  than  all  the  others  to- 
gether, is  the  court  whose  members  have  honored  us  with  their  presence 
here  to-day. 

"  A  most  remarkable  feature  of  this  court  is  its  capacity  of  determining 
the  limits  of  the  power  of  the  nation  itself  in  its  legislative  functions ;  and 
this  is  a  prerogative  which  is  not  possessed  by  a  court  of  any  other  nation. 
All  nations  that  have  any  conceptions  of  political  liberty  have  confided  to  their 
judiciary  the  power  of  determining  the  limits  of  the  executive  functions, 
for  without  that  there  can  be  no  restraint  on  executive  power,  and  therefore 
no  political  liberty ;  but  no  nation  other  than  our  own  has  ever  seen  fit  to 
confer  upon  a  court  of  justice  a  power  such  as  that  conferred  upon  the  Su- 
preme Court  of  the  United  States. 

"  While  it  would  be  probably  improper,  as  it  would  certainly  be  impossi- 


JUSTICES  OF  THE  SUPREME   COURT.  311 

ble,  for  me  on  this  occasion  to  go  into  any  detailed  statement  on  this  sub- 
ject, I  will  enumerate  four  conspicuous  instances  in  which  the  Supreme 
Court  has  restrained  the  States  composing  the  United  States  in  the  exercise 
of  their  powers,  for  the  benefit  of  the  community.  An  idea  may  thus  be 
formed  of  the  enormous  debt  of  gratitude  which  this  people  owe  to  that 
court.  The  first  instance  was  the  decision  of  the  court  in  the  case  of  the 
North  River,  where  the  State  of  New  York  claimed  to  possess  the  exclusive 
right  of  allowing  the  navigation  of  that  river  and  of  confining  it  to  persons 
whom  they  saw  fit  to  license  to  enter  thereon.  The  second  was  the  claim 
by  a  State  which  I  will  not  name,  but  which  lies  across  the  territory  of  the 
nation,  stretching  substantially  from  ocean  to  ocean  and  cutting  the  nation 
in  half,  which  arrogated  to  itself  the  right  to  prohibit  the  transportation 
of  any  merchandise  or  commodities  from  New  York,  New  Jersey,  and  New 
England,  on  the  one  side,  to  the  whole  of  the  rest  of  the  United  States 
on  the  other,  and  vice  versa,  except  on  payment  of  a  toll  or  tribute.  The 
third  was  the  claim  of  a  State  to  enforce  a  like  prohibition  with  reference  to 
the  passage  of  citizens  of  the  United  States  from  one  part  of  the  country  to 
another  through  that  State.  The  fourth  was  a  claim  by  the  States,  which 
has  been  made  on  so  many  occasions  that  they  can  hardly  be  enumerated, 
to  compel  the  payment  to  them  of  a  tax  before  a  citizen  of  another  State 
should  be  at  liberty  to  buy  or  sell  within  their  borders.  Gentlemen,  if  you 
will  but  consider  what  would  have  been  the  consequences  if  the  decisions  in 
these  instances  had  been  the  reverse  of  what  they  were  and  had  affirmed 
the  claims  (and  that  it  was  quite  possible  that  they  should  have  been  so  is 
shown  in  the  fact  that  the  highest  courts  of  the  States  by  which  such 
claims  were  made  had  uniformly  decided  in  favor  of  them),  you  can  •  better 
appreciate  what  would  have  been  the  character  of  our  Union  and  what  the 
condition  of  this  country.  No  citizen  of  one  State  could  buy  or  sell  in 
another  State  without  paying  a  tax  to  that  other  State ;  no  man  could 
navigate  a  river  which  was  within  a  State  without  a  license  from  the 
State ;  and  no  man  could  travel,  or  pass  his  goods  or  property,  from  one 
part  of  the  country  to  another  except  by  paying  a  tax  to  each  State 
successively  through  which  passage  was  made.  These  subjects  are 
appropriately  recalled  upon  this  occasion,  particularly  when  we  are 
favored,  as  we  are  to-day,  with  the  presence  of  some  of  the  members  of 
this  tribunal. 


312  BREAKFAST  TO    THE 

"  It  is  now  my  privilege  to  announce  that  the  first  toast — '  The  Supreme 
Court  of  the  United  States' — will  be  replied  to  by  the  Chief  Justice  of  the 
court,  Hon.  M.  R.  WAITE." 

SPEECH    OF   CHIEF-JUSTICE  WAITE. 

"  GENTLEMEN, — In  the  name  of  my  associates  seated  about  me,  and  of 
the  court  of  which  I  have  the  honor  to  be  the  head,  I  thank  you  for  this 
cordial  and  kind  reception,  and  I  thank  you,  Mr.  Chairman,  for  the  re- 
marks you  have  made,  and  which  are  so  appropriate  to  the  subject  I  have  in 
hand. 

"  I  cannot  think  that  this  is  either  an  improper  time  or  an  improper 
place  to  speak  of  what  has  come  to  be  a  very  important  matter  in  its  effect 
upon  the  administration  of  justice  by  the  government  of  the  United  States, 
and  upon  the  usefulness  and  efficiency  of  the  Supreme  Court.  The 
Constitution  has  limited  the  judicial  power  of  the  United  States  to  cases 
arising  under  the  Constitution  and  laws  of  the  United  States  and  treaties 
made  under  their  authority ;  cases  affecting  ambassadors  and  other  public 
ministers  and  consuls ;  cases  of  admiralty  and  maritime  jurisdiction ; 
controversies  in  which  the  United  States  shall  be  a  party ;  controversies 
between  two  or  more  States ;  between  a  State  and  citizens  of  another 
State ;  between  citizens  of  different  States ;  between  citizens  of  the  same 
State  claiming  land  under  the  grants  of  different  States ;  and  between 
a  State,  or  the  citizens  thereof,  and  foreign  States,  citizens,  and  subjects. 
This  is  all  of  it.  This  power  is  also  vested  by  the  Constitution  in  one 
Supreme  Court  and  in  such  inferior  courts  as  Congress  may  from  time  to 
time  ordain  and  establish.  I  beg  you  to  note  this  language :  '  ONE 
SUPREME  COURT  and  such  inferior  courts  as  Congress  MAY  FROM  TIME  TO 
TIME,  ordain  and  establish.'  Not  a  Supreme  Court  or  Supreme  Courts,  but 
'  ONE,'  and  ONLY  ONE.  This  one  Supreme  Court  Congress  cannot  abolish, 
neither  can  it  create  another.  Upon  this  the  Constitution  has  no  doubtful 
meaning.  There  must  be  one,  and  but  one.  Certainly  such  a  provision, 
in  such  pointed  language,  carries  with  it  the  strongest  implication  that 
when  this  court  acts,  it  must  act  as  an  entirety,  and  that  its  judgments  shall 
be  the  judgments  of  a  court  sitting  judicially  as  one  court  and  not  as 
several  courts. 

"The  Constitution,  in  conferring  judicial  power  on  the  United  States, 


JUSTICES  OF  THE  SUPREME  COURT.  313 

has  also  charged  Congress  with  the  corresponding  duty  of  providing  all 
such  inferior  courts  as  may  be  necessary  for  carrying  that  power  into  practi- 
cal effect.  As  to  the  Supreme  Court,  the  Constitution  provides  that  in  all 
cases  affecting  ambassadors,  other  public  ministers  and  consuls,  and  those  in 
which  a  State  shall  be  a  party,  it  shall  have  original  jurisdiction,  and  in  all 
others  within  the  judicial  power  appellate  jurisdiction,  both  as  to  law  and 
fact,  with  such  exceptions  and  under  such  regulations  as  Congress  may 
make.  The  original  jurisdiction  is  thus  fixed  by  the  Constitution,  and  it 
cannot  be  taken  away  by  Congress;  but  the  appellate  jurisdiction  is  subject 
entirely  to  its  control.  It  may  be  more  or  it  may  be  less,  as  the  ever?- 
changing  circumstances  of  a  great  and  growing  country  shall  require.  If 
at  any  time  too  large  to  admit  of  a  prompt  and  satisfactory  despatch  of 
business,  it  may  be  reduced,  and  a  part  transferred  to  an  inferior  court  with 
ample  powers  in  that  behalf.  Of  this  there  can  be  no  doubt,  and  the  grant 
of  power  to  Congress  to  ordain  and  establish  inferior  courts  from  time  to 
time  implies  that  such  courts  are  to  be  provided  whenever  and  as  often  as 
the  necessities  of  the  country  shall  require. 

"  The  law  which  fixes  at  this  time  the  appellate  jurisdiction  of  the 
Supreme  Court  was  enacted  substantially  in  its  present  form  at  the  first 
session  of  Congress,  nearly  one  hundred  years  ago.  With  few  exceptions, 
and  these  for  all  practical  purposes  unimportant  to  the  point  I  wish  to 
make,  the  jurisdiction  remains  to-day  as  it  was  at  first,  and  consequently, 
with  a  population  in  the  United  States  approaching  sixty  million  people  and 
a  territory  embracing  nearly  three  million  square  miles,  the  Supreme  Court 
has  appellate  jurisdiction  in  all  of  the  classes  of  cases  it  had  when  the  popu- 
lation was  less  than  four  million  and  the  territory  but  little  more  than  eight 
hundred  thousand  square  miles.  Under  such  circumstances  it  is  not  to  be 
wondered  at  that  the  appeal-docket  of  that  court  has  increased  from  one 
hundred  cases,  or  perhaps  a  little  more,  a  half-century  ago,  to  nearly  four- 
teen hundred,  and  that  its  business  is  now  more  than  three  years  and  a  half 
behind, — that  is  to  say,  that  cases  entered  now,  when  the  term  of  1887 
is  soon  to  begin,  are  not  likely  to  be  reached  in  their  regular  order  for 
hearing  until  late  in  the  term  of  1890. 

"  In  the  face  of  such  facts,  it  cannot  admit  of  a  doubt  that  something 
should  be  done,  and  that  at  once,  for  relief  against  this  oppressive  wrong. 
In  the  past  this  has  been  spoken  of  as  '  relief  for  the  Supreme  Court,'  but 

VOL.  II. — 41 


314  BREAKFAST   TO    THE 

that  is  a  most  deceptive  misnomer.  No  matter  what  changes  are  made  in 
its  jurisdiction,  within  any  reasonable  or  probable  limits,  there  will  always 
be  business  enough  for  that  court  to  do  to  keep  it  diligently  at  work  to  the 
full  extent  of  its  physical  capacity.  The  difficulty  will  be  not  in  keeping  it 
fully  employed,  but  in  reducing  its  docket  to  such  an  extent  that  it  may  dis- 
pose of  the  work  it  is  required  to  do  with  reasonable  promptness  and  due 
deliberation.  What  is  needed  is  relief  for  the  people  against  the  ruinous 
consequences  of  the  tedious  and  oppressive  delays  which,  as  the  law  now 
stands,  are  necessarily  attendant  on  the  final  disposition  of  very  many  of 
the  suits  in  the  courts  of  the  United  States  because  of  the  overcrowded  and 
constantly-increasing  docket  of  the  Supreme  Court.  It  is  the  people  that 
need  relief,  not  the  court,  and  the  sooner  this  is  felt  by  those  on  whom  the 
responsibility  rests  of  adapting  the  courts  of  the  country  to  its  judicial 
necessities,  the  sooner  will  that  work  be  done.  It  is  not  for  me  to  say  what 
this  relief  shall  be,  neither  is  this  the  time  to  consider  it.  My  present  end 
will  be  accomplished  if  the  attention  of  the  public  is  called  to  the  subject 
and  its  importance  urged  in  some  appropriate  way  on  Congress.  What  is 
required  is  a  reduction  of  the  present  appellate  jurisdiction  of  the  Supreme 
Court,  and  if  this  is  insisted  upon  it  will  be  easy  to  find  very  many  classes 
of  cases  which  need  not  necessarily  be  taken  to  that  court  for  final  deter- 
mination, and  which  can  be  disposed' of  with  much  less  expense  and  quite 
as  satisfactorily  by  some  proper  inferior  court  having  the  necessary  jurisdic- 
tion for  that  purpose,  and  having  sufficient  character  and  dignity  to  meet 
the  requirements  of  litigants.  Such  a  court  will  not  be  the  Supreme  Court, 
but  it  will  be  the  highest  court  of  the  United  States  which  can,  under  the 
Constitution,  be  afforded  for  the  hearing  and  determination  of  such  causes. 
May  I  ask  the  bar  of  Philadelphia — so  honorably  here  represented,  and  so 
honorable  in  the  history  of  the  nation — to  do  what  it  can  in  this  behalf, 
and  thus  help  to  make  the  Supreme  Court  what  its  name  implies,  a  power- 
ful auxiliary  in  the  administration  of  justice,  and  not  what  unfortunately 
with  its  present  jurisdiction  it  now  is,  to  too  great  an  extent,  an  obstacle 
standing  in  the  way  of  a  speedy  disposition  of  appealed  cases.  It  is  worthy 
of,  and  certainly  was  intended  for,  better  things." 


JUSTICES  OF  THE  SUPREME   COURT.  315 

SECOND   TOAST. 

"THE   CONSTITUTION   OF    1787." 
RESPONDED    TO  BY  HON.    J.    I.    CLARK  HARE. 

"  MR.  CHAIRMAN, — In  rising  to  respond  to  this  toast,  my  thoughts,  as  is. 
natural  at  my  time  of  life,  dwell  on  the  past,  and  I  recall  the  time  when  my 
father  took  me,  as  a  boy  of  seven  years  old,  to  witness  the  welcome  given 
by  the  city  of  Philadelphia  to  Lafayette,  and  told  me  how  he  in  his  child- 
hood had  witnessed  the  celebration  of  the  ratification  of  the  Constitution  of 
the  United  States  by  Pennsylvania,  which  assured  the  union  of  the  Ameri- 
can people  as  one  nation ;  so  brief  is  the  period  which  divides  the  infancy 
of  our  countiy  from  its  manhood.  Descending  the  stream  of  time,  my 
thoughts  turn  to  the  countless  gathering,  from  all  parts  of  the  United  States 
and  from  every  quarter  of  the  globe,  which  took  place  in  this  city  in  1876 
to  commemorate  an  event  that  could  not  be  so  fitly  celebrated  in  any  other 
place.  The  meeting  occurred  in  response  to  a  call  from  Philadelphia,  which 
seemed  to  many  minds  to  involve  responsibilities  beyond  her  strength,  and 
some  of  her  wisest  citizens  feared  that  she  could  not  play  the  part  of  hostess 
to  so  many  guests.  Under  the  guidance  of  able  men,  among  whom  John 
Welsh  stood  conspicuous,  the  undertaking  prospered  beyond  hope ;  it  was 
sustained  munificently  by  Philadelphia,  the  United  States  lent  their  aid,  and 
the  result  was  a  superb  exhibition,  which,  following  the  heroic  efforts  of  the 
civil  war,  enhanced  the  reputation  of  our  country  by  showing  that  we  were 
also  proficient  in  the  arts  of  peace. 

"  To-day  the  streets  are  again  filled  with  the  hum  of  eager  expectation, 
the  railroads  are  taxed  to  provide  the  means  of  transit,  and  we  meet  here  to 
commemorate  an  event  of  equal  grandeur,  which  has  had  a  still  more  bene- 
ficial influence  on  the  destiny  of  our  country  and  of  mankind.  I  need  not 
say  that  I  allude  to  the  conception,  framing,  and  ratification  of  the  Consti- 
tution of  the  United  States.  It  stands  in  relation  to  the  Declaration  of 
Independence  as  does  the  capital  of  the  column  to  the  shaft,  and  is  a  con- 
vincing proof  that  the  American  people  were  worthy  of  the  freedom  which 
they  had  so  hardly  won.  The  years  which  followed  the  successful  issue  of 
the  Revolutionary  War  were  clouded  with  an  anxiety  equal  to  that  which 
prevailed  while  the  struggle  was  going  on.  We  were  unable  to  maintain 
our  credit  abroad ;  at  home,  anarchy  and  intestine  war  seemed  to  be  close 


316  BREAKFAST  TO    THE 

at  hand.  Samuel  Adams  observed,  '  Better  were  it  for  America  to  have 
remained  in  bondage  to  England  than,  in  shaking  off  the  yoke,  to  have 
disclosed  that  she  was  unable  to  govern  herself.'  As  you  are  all  aware, 
delegates  met  in  this  city  on  the  I4th  of  May,  1787,  to  remedy  a  state  of 
things  which  rilled  every  American  heart  with  pain.  Divided  in  counsels 
and  in  opinion,  they  were  yet  animated  by  a  sincere  desire  to  rescue  their 
country  from  the  dangers  in  which  she  was  involved.  Their  deliberations 
were  prolonged  without  relaxation  through  the  heat  of  an  American  sum- 
mer, and  the  result  was  a  Constitution  which  gave  peace,  prosperity,  and 
happiness  to  the  American  people.  It  passed  unnoticed  at  the  time  in 
Europe,  or  was  regarded  as  a  mushroom  growth,  that  would  wither  as 
quickly  as  it  arose.  It  now  attracts  the  respectful  attention  of  the  world, 
and  is  as  earnestly  studied  in  England,  France,  and  Germany  as  at  home. 
The  causes  for  this  change  of  opinion  are  not  far  to  seek ;  confidence  in  the 
new  government  increased  as  successive  generations  found  it  still  in  being. 
It  displayed  a  strength  and  elasticity,  a  capacity  for  growth  and  of  adapta- 
tion to  new  and  unforeseen  contingencies,  which  are  rare  in  history,  and 
have  generally  been  found  wanting  to  written  constitutions. 

"The  mushroom  has  proved  to  be  an  oak.  Its  branches  extend  over 
half  a  continent,  to  either  ocean,  and  give  shelter  to  multitudes  who  regard 
it  with  affectionate  reverence  as  a  bulwark  behind  which  they  are  secure 
from  all  the  evils  which  government  can  obviate.  Yet,  if  we  look  at  the 
instrument  which  has  led  to  these  marvellous  results,,  which  is  the  store- 
house of  all  the  powers  that  are  requisite  for  the  administration  of  the  affairs 
of  a  great  nation,  which  sanctions  all  that  a  government  need  perform,  and 
forbids  the  excesses  of  arbitrary  power,  we  shall  find  that  it  contains  but 
five  or  six  articles,  which  may  be  set  forth  in  as  many  pages  of  ordinary 
type.  It  is  this  very  brevity,  this  singleness  of  purpose  and  of  utterance, 
which  gives  the  strength  and  elasticity  to  which  I  have  referred.  Had  the 
members  of  the  Convention  defined  instead  of  enumerating,  had  they  de- 
scended to  details  instead  of  setting  forth  the  ends  for  which  Congress 
might  exercise  their  powers,  and  leaving  posterity  to  devise  the  means,  the 
Constitution  would  never  have  been  ratified,  or  would  have  been  proved 
abortive  within  the  space  of  a  single  generation.  The  members  of  the  Con- 
vention were  careful  to  avoid  so  great  an  error.  Among  other  qualities  of 
statesmen  they  possessed  the  merit  of  knowing  when  they  had  done  enough. 


JUSTICES  OF  THE  SUPREME   COURT.  317 

"  Now,  gentlemen,  I  feel  that  I  ought  to  take  a  lesson  from  my  own 
remarks,  and  that  I  should  close  a  disquisition  which  is  in  danger  of  be- 
coming tedious.  But  there  are  two  thoughts  which  I  will  crave  your  per- 
mission to  present.  One  is,  that  if  the  American  people  were  fortunate  in 
their  choice  of  the  delegates  who  framed  the  government,  the  delegates  were 
not  less  fortunate  in  the  people  for  whom  the  Constitution  was  to  be  estab- 
lished. The  institutions  of  a  nation  are  chiefly  valuable  as  they  reflect  the 
popular  will ;  and  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States  was  a  faithful  mirror 
of  the  wish  of  the  national  heart,  which  was  that,  while  the  government 
should  be  strong  enough  for  all  the  purposes  of  national  life  and  to  pro- 
mote the  general  welfare,  each  individual  should  in  his  private  sphere  be  not 
less  free  to  pursue  happiness  as  he  would ;  to  think  as  he  would  and  speak 
as  he  would  without  being  boycotted ;  to  labor  as  he  would ;  to  set  by  the 
fruits  of  his  toil,  and  to  enjoy  them  securely  as  his  own.  The  American 
people  had  brought  with  them  from  the  Mother  Country  an  experience 
which  they  had  enlarged  here,  and  were  imbued  with  the  principles  and 
ideas  which  render  the  existence  of  a  strong  and  central  government  com- 
patible with  local  and  individual  freedom.  It  is  owing  to  their  intelligence 
and  patriotism — exercised,  it  must  be  admitted,  under  very  favorable  con- 
ditions— that  the  Constitution  has  proved  so  great  a  success,  and  that  we 
can  look  back,  at  the  close  of  a  century,  and  say  '  Well  done.'  If  they  are 
still  the  same  people  as  in  1776,  and  possess  the  qualities  which  they  dis- 
played during  the  trying  period  which  preceded  the  ratification  of  the  Con- 
stitution, the  future  is  as  secure  as  has  been  the  past ;  and  when  a  second 
centennial  celebration  shall  be  held,  posterity  may  look  back  with  the  same 
satisfaction  that  we  now  experience  in  reviewing  the  last  one  hundred 
years. 

"  With  one  other  thought  suggested  by  the  occasion,  and  by  the  pres- 
ence of  our  distinguished  guests,  I  will  close.  The  distinctive  feature  of  the 
American  Constitution  is  that  it  not  only  erects  the  Supreme  Court  of  the 
United  States  into  a  co-ordinate  branch  of  the  government,  but  renders  it, 
in  many  respects,  paramount.  The  people,  the  United  States,  and  the  sev- 
eral States  are  all  sovereign,  but  none  of  them  is  absolute.  All  have  limits 
which  they  may  not  overpass,  and  it  is  essential  to  the  success  and  to  the 
existence  of  our  complex  system  that  these  bounds  should  be  accurately 
defined.  This  difficult  task  was  intrusted  to  the  Supreme  bench  at  Wash- 


3l8  BREAKFAST  TO    THE 

ington.  Had  that  court  been  unequal  to  its  exalted  function,  our  govern- 
ment would  have  perished  with  the  generation  which  gave  it  birth.  For- 
tunately, the  bench. has  been  dignified  by  a  series  of  accomplished  jurists, 
and  the  line  has  come  down  to  the  present  day.  When  we  consider  the 
numerous  and  intricate  political  questions  which  have  been  submitted  for 
the  determination  of  that  tribunal,  we  must  admit  that  they  have  been 
solved,  in  general,  not  merely  with  the  acumen  of  the  lawyer,  but  with  the 
foresight  of  the  statesman,  and  that  public  opinion  and  the  subsequent 
course  of  events  have  borne  out  the  judgment.  To  no  part  of  our 
judicial  history  are  these  remarks  more  applicable  than  to  the  twenty  years 
which  have  succeeded  the  close  of  the  civil  war.  I  believe  that  every  lawyer 
here  present  will  join  me  in  a  tribute  of  respectful  admiration  for  the  ser- 
vices which  the  judges  of  the  Supreme  Court  have  rendered  to  political 
science,  and,  through  it,  to  the  cause  of  freedom  in  every  quarter  of  the 
globe." 

THIRD   TOAST: 

"THE   SUPREME   COURT   OF   PENNSYLVANIA." 

RESPONDED    TO  BY  HON.    EDWARD  M.    PAXSON,   JUSTICE    OF    THE 
SUPREME   COURT  OF  PENNSYLVANIA. 

"  MR.  CHAIRMAN  AND  GENTLEMEN  OF  THE  BAR, — The  toast  to  which  I 
have  the  honor  to  respond  is  suggestive  of  several  lines  of  thought.  I  shall 
confine  myself  to  one,  and  that  one  I  shall  not  elaborate.  The  little  I  have 
to  say  has  been  reduced  to  writing  in  order  that  I  may  not  be  misunderstood. 

"  When  our  fathers  founded  this  republic  and  adopted  the  Constitution 
which  is  the  subject  of  our  commemoration  to-day,  they  builded  wisely. 
Its  foundations  went '  far  down  through  the  shifting  sands  until  they  rested 
upon  the  everlasting  rock  of  equal  and  impartial  justice  to  all  men.'  They 
builded  so  well  as  to  extort  unlimited  praise  from  an  eminent  English  states- 
man, whose  present  words  of  cheer  are  in  sharp  contrast  with  his  utterances 
when  he  thought  our  political  sun  was  about  to  disappear  forever.  But  the 
highest  evidence  of  the  strength  and  wisdom  of  our  Constitution  consists 
in  the  fact  that  under  its  protection  we  are  here,  to-day,  celebrating  the  one 
hundredth  anniversary  of  its  existence,  after  its  having  withstood  the  fiercest 
assault  and  the  most  terrible  strain  to  which  it  was  possible  for  brute  force 
to  subject  it. 


JUSTICES  OF  THE  SUPREME   COURT.  319 

"  The  general  government  is  the  great  central  sun  of  our  political  system. 
Around  it  the  States — '  Distinct  as  the  billows  yet  one  as  the  sea' — revolve 
in  their  beautiful  orbits,  as  the  planets  revolve  around  the  sun ;  held  in  their 
places  by  fixed  laws  which,  if  not  violated  by  those  whose  duty  it  is  to 
administer  them,  cannot  fail  to  keep  them  in  order  for  an  indefinite  period. 
The  general  government  with  its  clearly  defined  and  limited  powers,  the 
several  States  with  their  powers  confined  within  the  limits  of  their  respective 
constitutions,  form  together  a  scheme  of  government  which  has  no  equal  in 
ancient  or  modern  history.  And  so  long  as  they  move  in  this  harmonious 
manner,  the  general  government  performing  only  its  appropriate  duties, 
those  which  relate  strictly  to  the  highest  degree  of  supremacy,  and  the 
States  only  exercising  those  functions  which  relate  to  local  self-government, 
it  is  difficult  to  see  any  serious  cause  of  disturbance  in  the  future. 

"  As  before  observed,  our  institutions  have  withstood  the  strain  of  force. 
But  there  are  dangers  more  insidious  than  force,  and  perhaps  more  perilous. 
Standing  here  as  the  representative  of  the  court  of  last  resort  of  a  great 
commonwealth,  in  the  presence  of  the  judges  of  that  august  tribunal,  the 
Supreme  Court  of  the  United  States,  it  has  seemed  to  me  a  fitting  time  to 
call  attention  to  what  I  regard  as  a  hidden  peril,  a  sunken  rock,  in  the  way 
of  our  political  mariners.  I  allude  to  centralization ;  to  the  almost  imper- 
ceptible but  gradual  absorption  of  the  powers  of  the  States  by  the  general 
government. 

"  The  doctrine  of  State  rights,  as  popularly  understood,  perished  at 
Appomattox.  The  rights  of  the  States,  as  recognized  by  our  fathers  and  as 
defined  in  the  organic  law,  exist  to-day  in  full  force,  and  were  never  of 
higher  value. 

"  The  two  forces  which  have  threatened,  and  to  some  extent  now  threaten, 
our  system  of  government  may  be  said  to  be  the  centrifugal  and  the  centrip- 
etal. The  first  took  root  early  in  our  history.  It  was  nursed  and  watered 
by  its  advocates  until  State  after  State  left  its  orbit,  leaving  behind  a  trail  of 
blood.  After  a  time  they  returned  and  resumed  their  places  in  our  political 
system.  The  countless  number  of  green  graves,  scattered  alike  over  the 
North  and  the  South,  are  the  mute  witnesses  of  the  rich  sacrifices  the 
country  made  to  preserve  its  national  life.  The  strain  was  upon  every 
department  of  the  government.  It  was  felt  equally  in  the  executive,  the 
legislative,  and  the  judicial.  It  was  perhaps  natural,  under  such  circum- 


320  BREAKFAST  TO    THE 

stances,  that  we  should  swing  too  far  the  other  way  and  encounter  the  peril 
of  the  centripetal  force.  It  is  the  more  dangerous  because,  in  its  earlier 
stages,  it  is  almost  unseen  and  unfelt. 

"  It  needs  but  a  glance  at  the  sun  in  heaven  to  see  what  would  be  the 
result  to  our  solar  system  were  the  laws  which  control  it  suspended.  Our 
earth  and  the  other  planets  would  leave  their  accustomed  orbits  and  be 
swallowed  up  in  the  fiery  mass  of  the  sun.  As  with  the  planets  so  with  the 
States.  So  long  as  the  law  of  their  creation  is  observed,  just  so  long  will 
they  continue  in  their  beautiful  course.  But  once  let  the  centripetal  force 
acquire  sufficient  power,  and  we  shall  have  a  gradual  absorption  of  the  rights 
of  the  States,  a  lessening  of  their  orbits,  until  they  finally  disappear,  perhaps 
in  fire  and  blood,  in  the  great  and  unwieldy  mass  of  the  general  government. 

"  I  am  no  alarmist,  and  I  draw  no  fancy  picture.  The  centralization  of 
which  I  speak  is  going  on  daily.  It  is  being  developed  in  every  avenue  of 
politics,  trade,  and  business.  Jefferson  saw  and  deplored  it ;  yet  Jefferson 
in  his  day  never  dreamed  of  the  possibilities  of  1887. 

"  We  have  now  reached  one  of  the  great  epochs  of  our  history,  the  era 
of  centralization.  We  see  great  corporations  springing  up,  stronger  than 
the  people,  which  absorb  to  a  great  extent  the  business  of  the  country,  and, 
what  is  worse,  aiming  in  some  instances  to  control  its  political  power.  Even 
the  profession  of  the  law,  which  one  would  think  would  be  exempt  from  it, 
does  not  escape.  Centralization  draws  to  it  the  business  of  even  the  pro- 
fessional man.  The  management  of  estates,  the  examination  of  titles,  and 
other  matters  which  I  could  mention,  are  being  gradually  drawn  into  this 
vast  whirlpool,  into  which  only  the  favored  few  are  admitted. 

"  The  people,  in  their  easy  good  nature,  are  doing  all  they  can  to  aid 
centralization.  They  confer  vast  powers  upon  corporations,  and  when  those 
powers  are  directed  against  themselves,  appeal  to  the  Supreme  Court  to 
wrest  them  from  those  upon  whom  they  have  conferred  them.  This  we 
cannot  do.  Powers  once  legally  granted  and  legally  exercised  cannot  be 
destroyed  by  judicial  action.  If  they  could  be,  we  would  sit  as  despots. 

"  Power  attracts  power.  It  is  perhaps  natural  that  those  who  are  clothed 
with  it  should  seek  to  increase  it.  Hence  we  see  in  the  action  of  Con- 
gress a  constant  tendency  to  narrow  the  jurisdiction  of  the  State  courts 
and  increase  that  of  the  Federal  courts,  and  to  legislate  upon  matters  af- 
fecting the  States.  Some  of  this  legislation  may  have  been  thought  neces- 


JUSTICES  OF  THE  SUPREME   COURT.  321 

sary  at  the  time  by  reason  of  the  distracted  condition  of  the  country.  No 
such  reason  exists  now.  .The  country  is  at  peace.  The  writs  of  the  United 
States  courts  run  in  every  State  in  the  Union.  We  all  obey  the  orders  and 
decrees  of  those  courts,  just  as  we  expect  our  own  orders  and  decrees  to 
be  obeyed  in  all  matters  touching  the  constitution  and  laws  of  our  State 
and  the  rights  and  liberties  of  our  citizens. 

"  Mr.  Chief  Justice,  you  and  your  distinguished  colleagues,  with  whose 
company  we  are  honored  to-day,  have  it  in  your  power  to  do  very  much 
towards  preserving  intact  the  line  of  distinction  between  the  Federal  and 
State  courts  as  marked  out  and  defined  by  our  fathers.  You  are  the  con- 
servative element  of  the  government.  The  lofty  table-land  upon  which  you 
stand  is  far  above  the  atmosphere  engendered  by  politics.  The  waves  of 
popular  clamor  break  harmlessly  at  your  feet.  The  Supreme  Court  of  the 
United  States  is  the  central  sun  of  our  judicial  system.  Your  permanent 
position  and  conservative  surroundings  eminently  fit  you  to  preserve  the 
nice  distinctions  of  the  Constitution.  There  never  has  been,  and  I  trust 
there  never  will  be,  a  serious  conflict  between  the  Federal  and  the  State 
courts.  It  can  best  be  prevented  in  the  future  by  preserving  the  line  that 
has  always  existed  between  them,  and  by  rendering  unto  Caesar  the  things 
only  which  belong  to  Caesar." 

FOURTH  TOAST. 

"THE   ORIGIN   OF  THE   FEDERAL   UNION." 

RESPONDED    TO  BY  HON.    W.  S.  KIRKPATRICK,  ATTORNEY-GENERAL  OF 

PENNSYL  VAN  I  A. 

"  MR.  CHAIRMAN  AND  GENTLEMEN  OF  THE  PHILADELPHIA  BAR, — It  is 
with  great  diffidence  that  I  rise  to  respond  to  the  topic  just  suggested. 
I  am  impressed  with  the  fact  that  I  stand  in  the  presence  of  members  of 
that  great  court  which  has  formulated  a  body  of  constitutional  law  the  pride 
and  glory  of  our  country,  which  has  adjusted  the  complexities  of  one  of  the 
most  delicate  pieces  of  political  machinery  ever  devised  by  the  wit  of  man, 
and  which  has  administered  the  law  of  an  empire  more  magnificent  than 
the  grandest  domain  of  antiquity.  It  is,  therefore,  with  great  hesitation  that, 
in  this  distinguished  and  learned  company,  I  utter  the  few  crude  thoughts 
suggested  by  this  subject. 
VOL.  n. — 42 


322  BREAKFAST  TO    THE 

"  It  is  eminently  fitting  on  this  anniversary  occasion  that,  here  in  this 
historic  city,  and  by  the  Philadelphia  bar  as  participants  in  that  celebration, 
attention  should  be  called  to  the  origin  of  that  Federal  Union  of  which 
the  Constitution  is  the  embodiment  and  the  expression.  In  Pennsylvania, 
within  the  limits  of  this  very  city,  was  made  the  first  suggestion  of  the 
Federal  Union,  almost  as  we  have  it  now  in  its  perfection  and  completeness. 
I  do  not  allude  to  the  hint  of  the  great  founder  of  this  conservative  com- 
monwealth, William  Penn,  which  was  made  to  the  authorities  in  England 
when  he  recommended  a  plan  of  union  in  1697,  but  to  a  period  some  few 
years  later, — in  1722, — when  a  remarkable  book  was  published,  which  sug- 
gested with  great  fulness  the  scheme  which  was  afterwards  proposed  and 
adopted  at  the  Albany  Convention  more  than  a  quarter  of  a  century  later. 
I  refer  to  the  publication  of  Daniel  Coxe,  a  citizen  of  Philadelphia,  who,  in 
the  preface  to  his  work  on  Carolana,  in  remarking,  by  the  way,  upon  the 
dangers  from  French  encroachments  upon  and  interference  with  our  western 
border,  and  a  probable  invasion  of  the  colonies  (of  which  the  colonists  were 
in  almost  constant  fear),  proposed  the  very  plan  which  was  afterwards 
offered  by  that  adopted  son  of  Pennsylvania,  Benjamin  Franklin,  as  a  basis 
of  union  in  1754,  at  Albany,  in  the  colony  of  New  York.  It  was  here, 
therefore,  that  the  first  seed  was  planted  and  watered,  from  which  sprang 
the  giant  stem,  crowned  with  the  bright  consummate  flower  of  the  more 
perfect  union  under  the  Constitution,  whose  century  of  life  we  now  cele- 
brate. 

"  But  what  I  wish  more  particularly  to  suggest,  in  the  imperfect  way 
necessarily  incident  to  an  occasion  like  this,  is  the  thought  that  the  Federal 
Union  is  not  only  a  unique  political  conception,  but  the  peculiar  product  of 
extraordinary  conditions  and  forces.  It  is  without  precedent  in  history. 
Not  only  is  it  a  departure  from  previously  held  political  notions  of  a  con- 
federacy, but,  etymologically,  the  phrase  itself  has  undergone  a  transforma- 
tion, its  derivation  being  no  longer  the  key  to  its  meaning.  The  term 
'  federal'  cannot  now  in  our  political  vocabulary  be  correctly  applied  to  a 
mere  confederation  of  independent  States.  It  means  something  more. 
When  we  were  a  few  obscure  colonies  clinging  to  the  shores  of  the  Atlantic, 
each  isolated  from  the  others,  with  almost  impassable  streams  and  forests  be- 
tween, and  with  their  precious  charters,  which  they  hugged  to  their  hearts, 
there  was  a  natural  unwillingness  to  impair  or  surrender  those  charter 


JUSTICES  OF  THE  SUPREME  COURT.  323 

privileges  which  they  held  so  dear  for  that  which  they  imagined  might  prove 
a  bane, — an  enemy  to  that  possession  for  which  they  had  endured  and 
suffered  so  much.  So  that  the  Federal  Union  was  of  slow  and  halting 
growth.  But,  nevertheless,  it  was  necessarily,  irresistibly  evolved  out  of 
the  peculiar  and  extraordinary  conditions  under  which  these  colonies  were 
planted  and  amid  which  they  grew.  We  had  it  in  the  first  feeble  sugges- 
tions to  which  I  have  alluded ;  in  the  abortive  attempts  at  consolidation  in 
the  early  part  of  the  eighteenth  century ;  in  the  partial  surrender  of  peculiar 
and  special  notions  in  the  effort  to  compromise  with  the  British  power; 
and,  finally,  we  reached  the  culmination  of  the  thought  of  the  Federal 
Union,  the  conception  of  nationality  as  paramount  to,  and  absorbent  of,  the 
individuality  of  the  sovereign  States  voluntarily  entering  into  the  bond. 
Nowhere  are  we  more  forcibly  struck  by  the  truth  of  the  Shakespearian 
thought,  that  'there's  a  divinity  that  shapes  our  ends,  rough-hew  them  how 
we  will,"  than  in  the  history  of  the  formation  of  the  Federal  Constitution 
and  of  the  Federal  Union  of  which  that  Constitution  is  the  exponent  and 
embodiment. 

"  It  must  be  remembered,  Mr.  Chairman,  that  there  was  something  in 
the  separation  of  the  colonies  from  the  parent  State  beyond  a  mere  actual 
separation  of  the  individual  colonies.  We  separated  from  her  as  a  people, — 
as  a  united  people ;  and  somewhere  there  had  to  be  a  depository  of  that  sov- 
ereign power  to  which  theretofore  we  had  paid  allegiance.  It  could  not  be 
resumed  by  the  individual  colonies,  because  they  had  never  had  it,  and  under 
their  political  philosophy  they  could  find  no  place  there  for  it.  I  refer  to 
that  imperial  power  which  had  been  held  by  the  Crown  and  which  had  to 
exist  somewhere.  It  could  not  belong  to  Massachusetts,  isolated  and  sitting 
by  herself  in  the  lonely  and  selfish  individuality  of  integral  sovereignty. 
It  could  not  belong  to  Pennsylvania  nor  to  Virginia.  The  logical  outcome 
was  that  it  had  to  reside  somewhere ;  and  that  was  where  we  have  it  now, 
in  the  unexampled  idea  of  a  Federal  Union  under  the  Constitution  of  1787. 
Each  colony  could  resume  its  rights  as  a  body  politic ;  each  colony  could 
resume  its  sovereignty  over  itself;  but  the  empire  that  was  then  in  process 
of  birth  in  the  Western  world  could  find  no  resting-place  for  its  foot  except 
in  the  Federal  Union.  So  that  when  we  read  history  superficially  we 
imagine  that  there  were  almost  insuperable  difficulties  to  overcome,  that  the 
idea  was  in  imminent  peril,  that  the  merest  accident  but  saved  us  from  the 


324  BREAKFAST  TO    THE 

confusions  and  cross-purposes  of  a  fortuitous  collection  of  petty,  fragmen- 
tary, and  disconnected  republics ;  but  history  read  aright  teaches,  I  say, 
that,  under  the  superintendence  of  an  overruling  Providence,  inexorable 
necessity  created  the  Federal  Union.  But  our  fathers  did  not  awaken  to  a 
full  realization  of  the  thought.  They  enshrined  and  worshipped  their  dear 
old  charters.  Connecticut,  who  had  hid  her  precious  charter  in  the  old  oak, 
loved  it  better  than  anything  else  in  her  narrow  political  life.  And  so  it 
was  with  the  rest  of  the  States.  And  we  cannot  wonder  at  the  fact.  But 
with  the  Union  made  up  of  contiguous  States,  clasped  together  by  bands  of 
steel,  as  they  are  to-day,  when  rapidity  of  locomotion  and  intercommunica- 
tion draws  California  closer  to  Pennsylvania  than  Massachusetts  was  drawn 
to  Connecticut  in  the  pre-Revolutionary  times,  when  the  abundant  streams 
of  wealth  and  trade  course  and  pulsate  through  all  the  throbbing  arteries 
of  our  giant  country,  when  the  outpouring  populations  of  the  older  East 
are  spreading  over  and  fructifying  with  their  intense  and  adventurous  life  the 
plains  and  mountain  slopes  of  the  great  West,  and  when  an  all-pervading 
Americanism  characterizes  the  teeming  millions  of  our  limitless  territory, 
the  idea  of  the  individual  charter  dwindles  into  utter  insignificance  when 
contrasted  with  the  majestic  thought  of  a  federal  national  life  as  we  have  it 
under  the  Federal  Union. 

"  Mr.  Chairman,  the  Federal  Union  grew  out  of  these  conditions  and 
tendencies.  The  imperial  power  of  the  crown  found  refuge  at  the  place 
of  the  administration  of  national  life  at  Washington ;  and  it  is  now,  after 
a  century  of  experimental  life,  that  we  are  entering  upon  a  practical  reali- 
zation of  the  true  idea  involved  in  our  political  career  as  a  nation, — not 
a  nation  considered  as  a  mere  confederative  body,  or  one  which  is  so  often 
represented  by  the  ancient  time-worn  astronomical  figure  of  the  sun  and 
its  planets  with  their  perpetual  war  of  antagonistic  forces.  Let  me  rather 
illustrate  it,  if  I  may  be  permitted  to  explore  the  domains  of  space  for  an 
illustration,  by  one  of  those  beautiful  stars  which  sweep  over  the  field  of 
the  telescope,  which,  when  resolved,  are  found  to  be  systems  in  themselves, 
suns  within  suns,  each  with  its  glittering  train  of  planets  and  satellites,  and 
yet  all  blending  their  radiance  into  the  splendor  of  a  single  matchless  star 
decorating  with  its  light  and  fire  the  diadem  of  the  night. 

"  Mr.  Chairman,  the  gradual  development  of  the  Federal  Union  might 
be  traced,  if  time  were  sufficient  to  go  into  detail,  through  our  whole 


JUSTICES  OF  THE  SUPREME   COURT.  325 

history,  from  the  first  feeble  flutterings  of  political  life  in  the  early  colonial 
age,  from  the  various  tentative  efforts  made  from  time  to  time  towards  a 
closer  bond,  to  the  year  1887,  which  completes  a  century  of  national  life. 
The  Federal  Union  was  not  formed  simply  at  the  time  of  the  promulga- 
tion of  the  Constitution ;  it  was  not  formed  simply  when  the  Constitution 
was  adopted  by  the  original  States  and  first  put  into  operation.  It  was 
still  in  a  state  of  development  even  up  to  and  beyond  the  recent  time 
which  so  fearfully  tried  and  tested  the  work  of  our  fathers,  and  which 
showed  not  only  that  they  built  wisely,  but  that  they  builded  wiser  than 
they  knew.  It  is  since  then,  and  only  to-day,  that  the  Federal  Union  has 
finally  arrived  at  its  period  of  complete  formation  after  a  century  of  ex- 
periment with  its  processes  and  its  power  to  bind  and  hold  together  its 
parts.  We  have  now  to  face  a  new  experiment  in  the  century  upon  which 
it  is  entering.  We  have  tried  the  experiment  of  a  combination  of  political 
entities  into  a  complete  harmonious  whole,  and  the  power  of  that  whole 
to  curb  and  control  the  repulsive  energies  of  its  parts  ;  and  only  after 
passing  through  bloody  seas,  only  after  undergoing  '  the  pangs  of  trans- 
formation beneath  the  furnace  blasts'  of  our  great  and  unexampled  civil 
war,  did  we  learn  the  intrinsic  strength  of  the  great  work  whose  rivets 
were  made  and  fastened  in  1787.  Recognizing,  as  we  must,  the  fact  that 
under  the  ministrations  of  that  great  and  august  court  whose  members 
are  your  guests  to-day  there  has  been  an  evolution,  and  a  revolution,  too, 
in  the  political  thought  of  this  century  in  the  final  building  up  of  the 
national  idea,  we  must  now  enter  upon  another  warfare  of  a  century,  per- 
haps, to  test  the  power  of  national  life  through  the  organism  that  we  have 
inherited  from  our  fathers  of  1787,  and  since  have  so  slowly  and  labo- 
riously perfected.  We  are  to  deal  now  with  other  rebellious  forces  and 
new  disturbing  influences.  We  are  no  longer  separate  communities,  but 
are  bound  together  by  ligaments  of  steel ;  and  what  God  has  joined 
together  the  unholy  weapons  of  internecine  war  or  wicked  state-craft  can- 
not put  asunder.  The  American  with  his  precious  share  in  the  great 
inheritance  is  equally  within  the  encircling  power  of  an  indestructible  im- 
perial sovereignty,  whether  he  clings  to  the  homestead  of  his  fathers  in 
old  Massachusetts,  or  roams  '  where  rolls  the  Oregon,'  or  wanders  amid 
the  bleak  and  rocky  fastnesses  of  remote  Alaska.  We  must  now  test  this 
national  power  in  subduing  those  subtler  agencies  which  we  find  in  our 


326  BREAKFAST  TO    THE 

higher  civilization  attacking  the  foundations  of  States  and  governments. 
We  must  now  contend  with  the  disintegrating  forces  which  we  find  within 
ourselves,  and  determine  whether  that  same  idea  of  national  power,  which 
was  at  first  barely  hinted  at  and  which  finally  grew  into  complete  and 
rounded  thought,  is  sufficient  to  deal,  under  the  forms  of  law,  with  the 
dissolving  elements  which  we  find  in  modern  civilization,  with  a  tendency 
to  overthrow  all  government,  all  order,  and  all  social  system.  It  is  to 
these  responsibilities,  it  seems  to  me,  that  the  best  energies  of  American 
citizenship  should  be  directed ;  it  is  in  dealing  with  these  perils  that  the 
highest  wisdom  is  required,  not  only  on  the  part  of  the  individual  citizen, 
as  he  exercises  his  political  privileges,  but  on  the  part  of  our  governmental 
organization,  particularly  in  our  courts,  which  are  the  great  breakwater 
against  floods  which,  but  for  them,  might  overwhelm  us. 

"  Imbued  with  this  spirit,  and  exorcising  the  ancient  phantoms  of  cen- 
tralization and  State  sovereignty, — for  they  are  now  but  meaningless  terms, 
the  vanishing  shadows  of  a  fast  receding  past  (for  all  practical  purposes  of 
internal  police  and  local  government  under  the  most  extreme  national  view 
the  States  have  a  sufficiently  separate  and  independent  existence,  which  can 
never  be  encroached  upon), — casting  aside  ideas  of  danger  from  those 
sources  as  puerile  and  unworthy  of  our  better  statesmanship,  let  our 
higher  energies  be  directed  to  the  impending  struggle  with  these  new  and 
more  dangerous  forces  which  tend  to  sap  the  vitality  of  modern  civilized 
life.  Having  fully  comprehended  the  true  principle  involved  in  the  ad- 
ministration of  our  government,  having  at  last  come  to  a  full  recognition 
of  the  imperial  thought  which,  like  a  human  soul  pervades  and  glows  in 
every  article  of  our  Federal  charter,  I  think  we  may  safely  anticipate  that, 
as  the  orb  of  the  new  century  rises  above  the  horizon,  there  will  dawn  the 
sure  promise  of  a  brighter  and  more  beautiful  light,  which  shall  irradiate 
the  giant  lineaments  of  our  country  as  the  sunlight  spreads  over  the 
mountains." 


JUSTICES  OF  THE  SUPREME   COURT.  327 

FIFTH    TOAST. 

"THE    AMERICAN    LAWYER." 

The  CHAIRMAN, — 

"  In  calling  upon  the  gentleman  who  has  kindly  consented  to  respond 
to  the  toast,  '  The  American  Lawyer,'  I  will  recall  the  name  of  one  of  the 
worthiest  and  most  respected  citizens  of  this  city,  whom  some  of  us  here 
are  old  enough  to  remember, — Mr.  John  Sergeant.  I  would  mention, 
as  an  evidence  of  the  consideration  in  which  he  was  held  here,  that  he 
was  sent  to  Congress  by  the  nominations  and  votes  of  both  parties  at  the 
same  time.  The  gentleman  who  will  respond  is  his  grandson,  the  Hon. 
JOHN  SERGEANT  WISE,  of  Virginia." 

MR.  WISE  said, — 

"  MR.  CHAIRMAN  AND  GENTLEMEN  OF  THE  BAR, — In  the  course  of  a  some- 
what crowded  and  episodical  life  I  have  had  many  surprises.  While  yet  a 
boy,  and  filled  with  the  boyish  ardor  which  prefers  surprise  to  inactivity,  I 
have  been  snatched  from  sweet  slumber  by  the  rattling  drums  and  hurried 
to  meet  sudden  emergency.  In  the  more  sedate  period  of  manhood 
I  have  seen  the  sudden  point  arise  in  an  important  cause  when  least 
expected  and  become  the  all-absorbing  question,  requiring  the  best  of 
mental  energies  to  crystallize  the  facts  and  'catch  them  living  as  they 
rose.'  I  have  been  drenched  with  cold  water  from  an  unseen  hand  while 
walking  down  a  crowded  street  with  my  best  hat  and  suit.  I  have  been 
in  my  day  in  railroad  accidents  where  they  were  least  expected ;  fired 
upon  from  ambush  in  a  quiet  road,  and  otherwise  shaken  up  consider- 
ably by  surprises  of  one  sort  and  another.  But  I  am  frank  to  say  that, 
reviewing  all  these  experiences,  I  have  never  encountered  a  situation 
more  sudden  than  this,  or  had  made  upon  me  a  demand  which  caused 
me  more  of  trepidation  and  misgiving  as  to  my  capacity  to  fill  it. 

"  I  entered  the  banquet  hall  as  an  humble  member  of  our  splendid  pro- 
fession, with  no  feeling  that  I  had  a  right  to  be  selected  or  expectation  that 
I  would  be  chosen  as  a  representative  lawyer  to  speak  for  the  American  bar. 
I  came,  my  brethren,  with  a  sort  of  truant  feeling,  and  grateful  that  you  still 
permitted  me  to  mingle  with  you  unpretentiously,  because  I  still  remember 
the  maxim  of  my  old  professor,  that  the  law  is  a  jealous  mistress,  who  will 


328  BREAKFAST  TO    THE 

tolerate  no  toying  with  other  loves,  and  demands  the  sole  and  entire  wor- 
ship of  her  devotees,  and  I  confess  that  in  my  blood  and  brain  there  has 
always  been,  much  as  I  love  the  law,  a  yearning  I  could  never  suppress 
for  political  life,  that  has  more  or  less  diverted  my  attention  from  that  strict 
pursuit  of  the  profession  of  the  law  which  it  is  claimed  can  alone  produce 
the  great  and  fully-equipped  lawyer. 

"  I  came  also  with  the  assurance  that  your  managers  had  wisely  chosen 
a  most  distinguished  gentleman  of  national  reputation  as  a  lawyer  to 
respond  for  the  '  American  lawyer,'  and  filled  with  pleasant  anticipations 
of  the  intellectual  treat  in  store  for  us  from  the  lips  of  that  representa- 
tive of  the  great  State  of  Maryland,  which  has  furnished  the  legal  world 
with  names  like  Pinkney,  Luther  Martin,  and  Reverdy  Johnson. 

"  But  quick  as  the  flash  of  electricity  all  this  has  changed.  In  the 
midst  of  delightful  and  unconventional  social  enjoyment,  nay,  even  after 
the  first  courses  of  your  most  charming  banquet,  you  have  summoned  me, 
all  unprepared,  to  respond  to  this  sentiment,  and  thrown  over  me  the  mantle 
of  another  without  giving  me  any  warning  or  time  to  prepare  for  execution. 

"  Contemplating  that  mantle,  which  is  by  far  too  large,  and  by  its  ample 
folds  and  creases  shows  the  misfit  so  plainly,  I  am  reminded  of  an  anecdote 
the  point  of  which  you  will  doubtless  see  when  I  shall  have  finished  the 
few  desultory  remarks  I  have  been  able  to  conjure  up. 

"  In  his  '  Memoirs,'  General  Grant  tells  the  story  that  when  the  Con- 
federate peace  commissioners  visited  his  camp,  in  February,  1865,  Alex- 
ander H.  Stephens  first  appeared  to  him  to  be  a  man  of  moderate  size. 
It  was  a  great  surprise  to  him,  as  he  had  heard  much  of  his  diminutive 
stature.  They  retired  to  a  steamer,  where  in  the  warm  saloon  Mr.  Stephens 
proceeded  to  divest  himself  of  an  immense  overcoat  of  Confederate  manu- 
facture and  of  a  thickness  Grant  had  never  witnessed.  Without  his  over- 
coat Grant  quickly  saw  how  small  a  man  he  was.  A  few  days  later,  and 
after  the  commissioners  had  visited  the  President  at  Fortress  Monroe,  Mr. 
Lincoln  visited  Grant.  Soon  after  they  met  Lincoln  said  to  Grant,  '  Did 
you  see  Stephens  ?'  '  Yes.'  '  Did  you  see  that  overcoat  ?'  '  Yes.'  '  Well, 
in  all  your  life  did  you  ever  see  as  big  a  shuck  to  as  small  a  nubbin  ?' 

"  But,  in  all  seriousness,  I  know  you  will  pardon  me,  and  not  attribute 
it  to  silly  affectation  or  unwillingness  to  do  what  I  can,  but  to  a  genuine 
feeling  that  I  could  not  do  justice  on  such  short  notice,  and  under  the  cir- 


JUSTICES   OF  THE  SUPREME   COURT.  329 

cumstances,  to  you  or  to  my  subject,  that  I  hesitated  long  and  yielded  re- 
luctantly to  a  demand  so  full  of  responsibility. 

"  Brethren  of  the  American  bar,  think  but  a  moment  of  where  we  are ; 
think  of  the  presence  in  which  we  stand  think  of  the  theme  on  which  you 
ask  me  to  speak.  We  are  in  historic  Philadelphia,  the  cradle  and  nursing- 
place  of  all  constitutional  liberty,  and  of  all  the  great  thoughts  which  have 
made  the  '  American  lawyer'  a  possibility.  We  are  in  the  presence  of  the 
honored  chief  and  associate  members  of  a  tribunal  created  here,  which, 
although  less  than  a  century  old,  has  attracted  the  attention  and  commands 
the  admiration  of  all  the  crowned  potentates  of  the  oldest  civilized  govern- 
ments of  earth.  We  are  the  assembled  American  guild,  which,  while  we 
say  we  have  no  aristocracy,  represents  the  proudest  aristocracy  of  earth,  the 
aristocracy  of  American  intellect.  And  here,  amidst  these  historic  scenes ; 
here,  in  this  august  presence ;  here,  in  the  midst  of  this  brilliant  galaxy  of 
American  lawyers,  I  consent  to  speak  for  the  'American  lawyer,'  feeling  that 
cold  indeed  must  be  the  heart,  dull  indeed  must  be  the  intellect,  palsied  and 
hesitating  indeed  must  be  the  tongue  that  fails  their  possessor  on  such  an 
occasion,  amid  such  surroundings,  and  with  such  a  theme  to  warm  and 
throb  and  sing  a  song  of  triumph  worthy  of  this  day. 

"Around  us  and  about  us  lies  the  good  old  city  of  Brotherly  Love, 
whose  many-syllabled  name  has  driven  it  out  of  the  possibilities  in  poetic 
writing,  and  yet  whose  history  and  associations  have  made  the  simple  name 
of  Philadelphia  at  once  a  poem  and  a  sermon.  Here,  at  its  birthplace,  we 
assemble  to  commemorate  the  formation  of  a  Constitution  which  throughout 
the  civilized  globe  has  excited  praise  from  all  lovers  of  liberty,  and  which 
even  among  tyrants  and  despots,  who  hate  its  every  teaching,  has  forced 
the  tribute  of  praise  and  homage  to  the  giant  intellects  by  which  it  was 
conceived  and  framed.  Here,  also,  stand  we,  the  guardians  of  that  great 
department  which,  in  the  complex  system  of  the  Constitution,  is  made  the 
balance-wheel  of  our  government,  offering  profound  thanks  that  amidst  all 
the  strains  to  which  that  Constitution  has  been  subjected,  and  in  spite  of 
all  the  gloomy  predictions  of  failure  in  the  past,  the  Constitution  is  pre- 
served, and  our  people  yet  enjoy  the  blessings  of  constitutional  liberty,  and 
testifying  that  for  that  preservation  and  for  those  blessings  the  American 
people  are  even  more  indebted  to  the  wisdom,  the  eloquence,  the  intellect 
of  the  'American  lawyer'  than  to  the  brute  force  of  the  American  soldier. 
VOL.  ii. — 43 


330  BREAKFAST  TO    THE 

If  this  were  the  proper  occasion,  it  would  be  most  interesting  to  trace  the 
evolution  of  the  American  lawyer  within  the  century  agone.  We  might 
picture  him  as  he  was,  the  old  '  Jack-of-all-trades'  lawyer  of  Revolutionary 
days,  carrying  his  papers  in  his  saddle-bags  and  his  law  in  his  head,  prac- 
tising in  all  courts  and  in  any  sort  of  cases,  from  the  committing  magistrate 
to  the  Court  of  Appeals,  from  the  trial  of  a  warrant  before  a  justice  to  a 
will-case  in  the  Supreme  Court  We  might  portray  him  then  and  there, 
with  strong  and  rugged  intellect,  confronting  in  rough  roll-and-tumble  way 
the  new  and  knotty  problems  of  our  early  jurisprudence,  and  making  the 
laws  as  he  went  along.  We  might  trace  the  history  of  our  jurisprudence 
down  through  all  its  stages,  and  at  each  step  find  something  of  interest  and 
instruction,  something  new,  something  wonderful,  until  we  come  down  to 
this  moment,  which  beholds  our  system  fairly  founded,  ably  expounded, 
almost  thoroughly  construed,  and  our  profession  distributed  among  special- 
ties in  such  a  way  that  the  American  lawyer  of  to-day,  each  devoting  him- 
self to  his  specialty,  and  bristling  with  authorities,  bears  no  more  resem- 
blance to  his  progenitor  of  a  century  ago  than  does  the  university  graduate 
to  the  boy  in  the  backwoods  school. 

"  And  yet,  my  brethren,  do  not  understand  me  as  belittling  the  intellect 
or  power  of  the  American  lawyer  of  the  past  He  had  not  the  educational 
facilities  or  opportunities  that  belong  to  us.  But  in  rugged  intellect,  in  mas- 
sive power  of  thought,  in  pioneer  pluck  of  investigation  and  solution,  he 
was  the  peer,  if  not  the  superior,  of  the  clearest  and  best-equipped  intellects 
we  have.  He  made  laws  where  precedents  were  lacking,  and  we  are  leaving 
as  precedents  what  he  originated  with  an  intellectual  power  and  vigor  well 
worthy  of  our  emulation.  It  was  the  intellect  and  foresight  of  the  American 
lawyer  which  discovered  when  the  Constitution  of  our  fathers  was  framed, 
and  when  the  struggle  for  our  liberty  came  on,  that  while  we  had  the  soldiers 
to  gain  our  liberty  and  the  statesmen  to  formulate  our  plan  of  government, 
it  was,  above  all,  necessary  to  select  a  supreme  arbiter  to  construe  the  chart 
of  our  liberties.  For  the  Constitution  as  framed  was  by  no  means  perfect, 
by  no  means  intelligible  in  all  its  parts.  Not  only  were  entirely  new  prob- 
lems of  government  formulated  which  remained  to  be  tested,  but  controver- 
sies were  left  open,  disputed  questions  were  left  undecided,  even  at  the  date 
of  its  adoption.  We  entered  upon  a  career  which  at  best  was  but  an  experi- 
ment. Jealousies  existed  which  jeopardized  the  formation  of  this  govern- 


JUSTICES  OF  THE  SUPREME   COURT.  331 

ment  to  that  extent  that  we  had  to  have  evasion  and  suppression  in  the 
formation  of  our  chart  of  government.  We  had  the  soldiers,  we  had  the 
statesmen ;  it  remained  to  be  seen  whether  we  had  the  lawyers.  It  is  a 
common  thing  to  say  that  we  had  the  whole  code  and  body  of  the  English 
jurisprudence  handed  down  to  us,  and  yet,  think  for  a  moment  of  what  was 
new  and  untried  in  all  we  did.  We  had  a  Constitution  without  precedent. 
From  the  ancient  republics,  so  fully  discussed  in  the  "  Federalist,"  there  was 
nothing,  you  may  say,  to  guide  us  in  the  interpretation  of  our  chart.  In 
the  language  of  Hamilton,  they  but  showed  us  '  the  history  of  conflicting 
interests/  which  made  their  defective  forms  vibrate  between  the  extremes  of 
anarchy  and  tyranny.  All  that  was  given  to  us  was  but  an  experiment. 
The  years  rolled  on  ;  jealousies  increased  ;  conflicts  came ;  blood  was  shed  ; 
the  restoration  came  at  last ;  and  then,  above  all  others,  was  felt  the  power 
of  the  American  lawyer,  speaking  above  the  tumult  of  passion,  and  still 
pleading  for  constitutional  liberty.  The  victors  claimed  more  than  they  had 
won,  the  vanquished  dared  not  claim  what  was  legitimately  left  to  them. 
Through  all  the  years  of  this  excitement  there  was  left  to  us  only  the  cap- 
stone of  American  liberty,  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  United  States,  a 
tribunal  still  unswerved  by  the  excitement,  still  holding  the  balance  evenly. 

"  I  said  that  we  owed  more  to  the  American  lawyer  than  to  the  American 
soldier,  and  I  repeat  it;  for  not  all  the  victories  of  Grant,  or  all  the  marches 
of  Sherman,  have  by  brute  force  done  as  much  to  bulwark  this  people  with 
the  inestimable  blessings  of  constitutional  liberty  as  that  one  decision  of  the 
Supreme  Court  in  the  Slaughter  House  cases,  declaring  what  of  their  ancient 
liberties  remained.  That  decision,  worthy  to  live  through  all  time  for  its 
masterly  exposition  of  what  the  war  did  and  did  not  accomplish,  did  more 
than  all  the  battles  of  the  Union  to  bring  order  out  of  chaos. 

"  War  blasted  and  hurled  in  wild  confusion  the  material.  The  judiciary, 
with  its  master-workmen  of  American  lawyers,  stepped  down  into  the  quarry, 
squared  the  ragged  stone  that  war  had  left,  fitted  the  shattered  fragments 
with  deft  and  cunning  hand,  and  built  afresh,  and  stronger  than  before,  the 
shattered  temple  of  constitutional  liberty.  That  voice,  not  strong  like  the 
trumpet's  blast,  or  the  shout  of  warriors;  not  thunderous  like  battering 
cannon,  but  clear  as  the  sounds  which  come  to  us  in  the  quiet  eventide,  and 
wise  and  firm  in  every  utterance  until  it  seemed  almost  divine,  brought  with 
it  a  hush  to  the  tumult  of  a  nation  ;  consideration  to  the  knotted  brow  of 


332  BREAKFAST  TO    THE 

angry  victory ;  balm  to  the  hurt  minds  of  downcast  defeat ;  and  peace  to  all 
the  people  who  still  enjoy  its  blessings. 

"  Such  is  the  triumph  of  the  American  lawyer.  Such  is  the  good  work 
of  the  judiciary  department,  and  to  it  we  owe  it  that  we  are  what  we  are 
to-day.  For  all  the  State  sovereignty  which  we  enjoy  we  are  indebted  to  a 
creature  of  the  Federal  Constitution, — the  Supreme  Court  of  the  United  States. 

"  And  yet,  my  learned  friend,  the  distinguished  representative  of  Penn- 
sylvania (Justice  Paxson),  appearing  in  a  new  role  for  him,  has  expressed  to 
us  the  fear  that  our  present  danger  is  from  a  tendency  towards  centraliza- 
tion. Oh,  my  friend,  you  are  about  thirty  years  too  late  in  your  apprehen- 
sion. Why,  in  all  America,  who  enjoys  the  most  of  State  sovereignty  ?  Is 
it  South  Carolina,  with  her  jealousy  of  Federal  power  ?  Is  it  Virginia, 
dragged  against  her  will  into  the  heresies  of  dissolution  ?  No.  It  is  Penn- 
sylvania and  Massachusetts,  that  have  always  conceded  the  just  demand  of 
Federal  power  and  lived  in  no  morbid  apprehension  of  encroachment. 
Was  it  bloody  secession  that  stayed  the  hand  of  Federal  power  ?  Was  it 
disunion  that  brought  the  remedy  for  encroachment  ?  No.  When  war  had 
ceased,  when  blood  was  stanched,  when  the  victor  stood  above  his  van- 
quished foe  with  drawn  sword,  the  Supreme  Court  of  this  nation,  when  it 
spoke  in  the  great  decision  of  the  Slaughter  House  cases,  planted  its  foot 
and  said,  '  This  victory  is  not  an  annihilation  of  State  sovereignty,  but  a 
just  interpretation  of  Federal  power.' 

"  '  Peace,'  therefore,  '  hath  her  victories  no  less  renowned  than  war.'  It 
has  taken  a  full  century  to  work  out  the  great  problem,  but  it  has  been 
solved  at  last.  Great  have  been  the  changes.  Men  have  been  born,  grown 
old,  and  died  while  these  great  results  have  still  lived,  and  the  problem  of 
our  national  life  was  still  an  experiment,  and  angry  contention  left  it  still  in 
doubt  whether  we  should  live  or  die. 

"  The  little  village,  first  the  prey  of  the  British  and  then  the  prize  of 
colonists,  now  old  Philadelphia,  the  nurse  of  the  Constitution,  the  mother 
of  all  the  liberty  we  enjoy,  has  grown  until  she  spreads  over  countless 
miles  and  her  populace  numbers  millions.  The  little  nation  that  numbered 
but  a  few  millions  now  mounts  into  the  fifty  or  sixty  millions.  The 
jealousies  of  Federal  power  that  brought  on  war  and  bloodshed  have 
passed  away.  Out  of  clouds  and  darkness  a  reunited  nation  has  sailed  forth 
into  the  summer's  sea  of  peace,  and  national  happiness  and  constitutional 


JUSTICES  OF  THE  SUPREME   COURT.  333 

liberty  seem  at  last  assured.  If  I  were  asked  to-day  who  brought  about 
this  equal-balanced  result  more  than  another,  would  I  say  the  soldier  with 
the  musket  in  his  hand  ?  Shall  I  attribute  it  to  force  of  armed  men  ?  No. 
Was  it  the  angry  politician  with  his  sophistries  just  plausible  enough  to 
satisfy  his  partisans  ?  No.  Were  I  called  upon  to  tell  who  it  was,  like  the 
dove  to  his  cote  my  mind  would  fly,  and  I  would  say  that  amidst  all  this 
complex  machinery,  amidst  all  the  passions  of  the  times,  but  one  of  our 
departments  has  held  aloft  at  all  times  the  even -balanced  scales  of  justice. 
That  department,  the  creature  of  Federal  power,  has  ever,  in  peace  and  in 
war,  while  asserting  the  just  rights  of  this  government,  declared,  '  So  far 
shalt  thou  go,  no  farther;  we  are  a  complex  system,  a  nation  composed 
of  so  many  States  with  certain  rights,  no  more,  no  less.' 

"  It  has  said  that,  while  the  power  of  this  government  may  crush  out 
every  heresy  which  denies  its  just  supremacy,  that  power,  when  it  tran- 
scends its  constitutional  limits,  is  tyranny.  Look  about  you,  fellow- 
members  of  the  bar,  look  around  you  and  see  what  other  power  you  respect 
like  that.  See  what  other  department  there  is  in  this  land  which  compares 
with  it  in  the  distinct  character  of  its  delegated  powers,  in  the  finality  of  its 
decisions,  in  the  immutable  authority  which  is  intrusted  to  it.  There  is 
none.  When  accepting  the  invitation  to  come  here,  expecting  to  come  as 
an  humble  listener  and  in  no  other  capacity,  I  remarked  that  I  felt  honored 
in  attending  a  banquet  given  to  the  highest  tribunal  on  earth.  When  you 
speak  of  the  American  bar,  think  of  the  width  and  the  depth  of  the 
influence  exerted  by  that  power.  Think  of  the  power  of  this  tribunal 
created  from  our  midst,  and  which  each  day  gives  forth  the  law  to  sixty 
million  people, — I  will  not  say  as  immutable  law,  because  law  is  described 
as  a  garden  in  which  that  which  to-day  is  a  flower  to-morrow  becomes  a 
weed,  and  is  dug  up  to  give  place  to  the  new  product  of  the  changing 
necessities  of  the  present.  Yet  it  is  a  tribunal  beyond  the  caprice  of 
politicians,  beyond  the  changes  of  administration,  beyond  the  fluctuating 
supremacy  of  parties, — a  tribunal  standing  respected  by  men  of  all  shades 
of  opinion  in  every  section  of  our  land,  and  permanent,  unchangeable  in  its 
membership  and  constitution  as  is  no  other  department  of  our  government. 
May  we,  the  American  lawyers,  not  feel  justly  proud  of  such  a  body  whose 
members  are  selected  from  our  midst?  May  we  not  feel  justly  honored 
that  we  are  the  trusted  servants  of  that  tribunal  ? 


334       BREAKFAST  TO    THE   JUSTICES  OF  THE  SUPREME   COURT. 

"  To-day  there  marches  beneath  these  windows  the  boasted  power  of 
American  labor.  Far  be  it  from  me  to  decry  or  to  belittle  it.  Agriculture 
is  the  foundation  of  American  thrift,  of  American  liberty,  of  American 
prosperity.  Labor  is  the  splendid  column  of  our  temple.  But  the  Ameri- 
can bar  is  the  Corinthian  capital  which  surmounts  the  pillars  upholding  our 
civilization. 

"  A  word  more  and  I  have  done,  for  I  have  too  long  trespassed  upon 
your  kindness.  I  see  behind  our  honored  Chief  Justice  a  floral  emblem 
representing  the  scales  of  justice  hanging  evenly.  I  am  no  artist,  and  until 
to-day  I  dared  not  call  myself  a  representative  lawyer,  because  I  have 
unfortunately  been  so  constituted  as  to  vibrate  between  the  cross-road  politi- 
cian and  the  Supreme  Court  advocate ;  and  yet,  had  I  been  called  upon 
to  model  that  design,  I  would  present  it  differently.  Its  background  is  of 
dull,  uncertain  hue,  and  the  scales  of  justice  are  filled  with  colored  flowers. 
To  me  it  seems  that  its  background  should  have  been  filled  with  the  varied 
tints  of  our  choicest  conservatories  to  typify  the  diversity  of  talent,  the 
brilliancy,  the  wit,  the  eloquence,  of  the  American  lawyer.  The  scales  of 
justice  I  would  have  filled  with  immortelles  to  typify  the  pure  white  flower 
of  the  blameless  life  and  spotless  purity  of  our  Supreme  Tribunal,  the 
Supreme  Court  of  the  United  States." 


DINNER   OF   THE   HIBERNIAN    SOCIETY. 


AT  a  special  meeting  of  the  Hibernian  Society  of  Philadelphia  for  the 
Relief  of  Emigrants  from  Ireland,  held  at  Dooner's  Hotel,  August  22,  1887, 
the  following  resolution  was  unanimously  adopted : 

"  Resolved,  That  the  President  be  authorized  to  appoint  a  committee  with 
full  power  to  make  arrangements  for  the  proper  celebration  by  the  society, 
upon  September  17,  1887,  of  the  anniversary  of  the  adoption  of  the  United 
States  Constitution." 

In  pursuance  of  the  resolution  the  following  committee  was  appointed 
by  the  Vice-President,  Nicholas  J.  Griffin,  the  President,  John  Field,  being 
absent  in  Europe : 

WILLIAM  BRICE,  CHAS.  J.  HARRAH,  Jr.,  J.  G.  R.  MCCORKELL, 

JOHN  H.  CAMPBELL,  EDWARD  J.  HERATY,  FRANK  MCMANUS,  Jr., 

P.  S.  DOONER,  WILLIAM  JOHNSTON,  FRANK  SIDDALL, 

THOS.  D.  FERGUSON,  Hon.  CHAS.  F.  KING,  JOHN  J.  SHIELDS, 

NICHOLAS  J.  GRIFFIN,  Hon.  WILLIAM  MCALEER,          WILLIAM  M.  SINGERLY, 

Colonel  THOS.  J.  GRIMESON,  HUGH  MCCAFFREY,  EDWIN  S.  STUART, 

PHILIP  J.  WALSH. 

This  committee  met  -upon  August  25,  1887,  and  organized  by  the 
selection  of  John  H.  Campbell  as  chairman,  Thomas  D.  Ferguson  as 
secretary,  and  William  Brice  as  treasurer.  The  letter  of  Secretary 
Ferguson  to  the  President  of  the  United  States  was  approved.  The 
following  is  the  letter : 

"  PHILADELPHIA,  August  18,  1887. 
"  To  THE  PRESIDENT,  GROVER  CLEVELAND  : 

"  DEAR  SIR, — The  Hibernian  Society  of  Philadelphia  hereby  extends  to 
you  a  cordial  invitation  to  be  present  at  its  quarterly  dinner,  upon  the  after- 
noon of  September  17,  1887. 

"  As  you  may  not  be  familiar  with  the  history  of  the  society,  and  may 
wonder  why  its  members  so  confidently  expect,  as  they  do,  that  they  will 

335 


336  DINNER   OF  THE  HIBERNIAN  SOCIETY. 

have  the  pleasure  of  your  company  upon  the  occasion  named,  permit  me 
to  state  that  since  1771,  when  the  original  Society  of  the  Friendly  Sons 
of  St.  Patrick  was  organized,  and  1790,  when  the  original  society  was 
merged  into  the  present  Hibernian  Society,  it  has  also  been  its  custom  to 
entertain  at  its  quarterly  reunions  such  distinguished  persons  as  might 
be  temporarily  sojourning  in  Philadelphia,  and  particularly  the  Presi- 
dents of  the  United  States,  of  whom  the  society  claims  three — General 
Washington,  General  Jackson,  and  General  Grant — as  among  its  members. 

"  The  testimony  of  our  most  distinguished  member,  General  Washing- 
ton, who,  upon  December  22,  1782,  wrote  that  the  society  'has  always 
been  noted  for  the  firm  adherence  of  its  members  to  the  glorious  cause 
in  which  we  are  engaged,'  will  give  you  some  idea  of  the  character  of 
the  society,  every  one  of  whose  members,  during  the  Revolutionary  War, 
was  actively  enlisted  either  in  the  military,  naval,  or  civil  service  of  the 
colonies. 

"  General  Stephen  Moylan  was  our  first  president,  and  the  names  of 
Generals  Wayne,  Thompson,  Irvine,  Shee,  Cadwalader,  Stewart,  Hand, 
Knox,  and  Cochran  ;  Colonel  John  Nixon,  Commodore  John  Barry,  Thomas 
Fitzsimons,  John  Dickinson,  Robert  Morris,  John  Maxwell  Nesbitt,  with 
many  other  well-known  patriots  of  the  Revolution,  appear  upon  our  rolls. 

"  Since  the  Revolution  many  distinguished  men  have  been  members  of 
our  society,  including  Presidents  of  the  United  States,  cabinet  officers, 
ministers  to  foreign  countries,  United  States  senators  and  representatives, 
judges,  members  of  the  bar,  clergymen,  physicians,  and  merchants.  The 
list  would  be  too  long  to  enumerate  them  all,  but  I  might  without  im- 
propriety mention  Generals  Jackson  and  Grant,  Commodore  Stewart  (Old 
Ironsides),  Thomas  McKean,  General  Robert  Patterson,  Richard  Bache, 
General  Acheson,  Chief-Justice  Gibson,  Andrew  Bayard,  Benjamin  Smith 
Barton,  Peter  A.  Browne,  David  Paul  Brown,  John  Sergeant,  Judge  Burn- 
sides,  James  Campbell,  Mathew  Carey,  Henry  C.  Carey,  William  Duane, 
William  Findley,  Blair  McClenachan,  John  K.  Kane,  George  G.  Meade, 
and  R.  Shelton  Mackenzie. 

"  Many  distinguished  visitors  to  Philadelphia  have  been  the  guests  of 
the  society,  and  it  is  our  desire  to  add  to  the  number  your  Excellency. 
The  society  takes  a  lively  interest  in  the  success  of  the  approaching  cele- 
bration of  the  anniversary  of  the  adoption  of  the  Constitution,  and  intends 


DINNER   OF  THE  HIBERNIAN  SOCIETY.  337 

to  make  its  quarterly  dinner,  upon  September  1 7,  a  fitting  part  of  the  cele- 
bration. 

"  Very  respectfully,  your  most  obedient  servant, 

"THOMAS   D.  FERGUSON, 

"  Secretary'' 
The  following  is  the  reply  of  the  President : 

"  EXECUTIVE  MANSION,  WASHINGTON,  September  3,  1887. 
"  THOMAS  D.  FERGUSON,  ESQ.,  Secretary  : 

"  DEAR  SIR, — I  have  delayed  responding  to  the  invitation  of  the  Hiber- 
nian Society  to  attend  their  dinner,  to  be  given  on  the  afternoon  of  I7th 
instant,  for  the  reason  that  I  have  just  learned  definitely  what  my  engage- 
ments will  be  on  that  day  in  connection  with  the  Constitutional  centennial 
celebration.  I  am  only  able  now  to  say  that  it  will  give  me  great  pleasure 
to  be  present  for  a  time  at  the  dinner.  I  am  not  prepared  to  fix  the  exact 
hour  of  my  arrival,  and  beg  to  be  permitted  to  come  without  delay  or  inter- 
ruption of  the  proceedings,  at  such  time  as  my  other  positive  engagements 
will  permit.  With  many  thanks  to  the  society  for  the  courtesy  of  their 

invitation, 

"  I  am  yours,  very  truly, 

"GROVER   CLEVELAND." 

DINNER. 

The  curtains  of  the  stage  of  St.  George's  Hall  were  drawn  closely  to- 
gether, and  in  front  of  them  was  a  large  floral  frame,  in  which  the  shield  of 
the  United  States  was  worked  in  various  kinds  of  roses.  The  windows  and 
balcony  of  the  hall  were  decorated  with  bunting,  and  on  either  side  of  the 
entrance-door  was  a  large  collection  of  palms  and  ferns.  The  table  of 
honor,  which  was  nearly  the  width  of  the  hall,  was  situated  in  front  of  the 
stage ;  and  at  right  angles  with  it,  running  the  length  of  the  hall,  were  four 
tables,  each  having  a  seating  capacity  of  seventy-five  people.  The  table 
decoration  consisted  of  large  plateaus  of  Jacqueminot,  La  France,  Bon 
Silene,  Niphitis,  and  other  varieties  of  roses. 

As  each  man  took  his  seat  at  the  table,  he  found  before  him  a  hand- 
some menu  card,  in  the  centre  of  which  was  embossed  an  American  eagle, 
with  the  escutcheon  of  the  United  States  on  its  breast,  and  a  halo  of  stars 
and  stripes  surrounding  its  head.  Vignettes  of  Washington,  Jackson,  Grant, 

and  Cleveland  were  also  engraved  on  its  face,  as  well  as  the  dates   1771- 
VOL.  IT. — 44 


338  DINNER    OF  THE  HIBERNIAN  SOCIETY. 

1887,  and  the  words:  "Banquet  of  the  Hibernian  Society  of  Philadelphia, 
One  Hundredth  Anniversary  of  the  Adoption  of  the  Constitution  of  the 
United  States,  St.  George's  Hall,  September  17,  1887."  On  the  next  page 
of  the  menu  was  a  list  of  the  officers  and  committees  of  the  society,  and 
opposite  to  this  was  the  bill  of  fare  itself: 

MENU. 


Blue  Points  on  Half  Shell. 

HAUT  SAUTERNE. 

Green  Turtle,  French  Style. 

AMONTILLADO. 

Small  Pate  au  Salpicon. 

Spanish  Olives.  Cucumbers.  Celery. 

Kennebec  Salmon,  Sauce  Genevoise. 

Potatoes  Duchesse. 

Filet  of  Beef  a  la  Macedoine. 

CHATEAU  LA  ROSB. 
Supreme  of  Chicken  a  la  Toulouse  en  Caisse. 

French  Peas.  French  String  Beans. 

Stewed  Terrapin  a  la  Philadelphia. 

Roman  Punch. 

Cigarettes.  MUMM'S  EXTRA  DRY. 

PERRIER  JOUET. 

Reed  Birds  on  Toast.  POMMERY  SEC. 

DUO  DE  MONTEBELLO. 

•  Dressed  Lettuce.  Watercress.  VEUVE  CLICQUOT. 

Chicken  Salad. 
Roquefort  Cheese.  Brie  Cheese. 

Assorted  Fruits. 

Individual  Meringues.  Fancy  Cakes.  Ice  Cream. 

Cafe,  Demi  Tasse. 

Imported  Cigars. 

COGNAC. 

Backing  the  bill  of  fare  was  the  programme  of  the  music,  which  was 
furnished  by  Hassler's  orchestra,  and  then  on  a  page,  in  the  corner  of  which 
was  blazoned,  in  gold,  the  crest  and  motto  of  our  city,  surrounded  by  a 
garter  in  blue,  was  the  toast  card.  Then  came  the  names  of  prominent 
members  of  the  society  now  deceased,  the  list  commencing  with  General 
George  Washington  and  ending  with  R.  Shelton  Mackenzie. 


DINNER   OF  THE  HIBERNIAN  SOCIETY,  339 

At  half-past  three  o'clock  the  following  gentlemen  sat  down  to  dinner : 

GUESTS. 

GROVER  CLEVELAND,  President  of  the  United  States. 

CHARLES  S.  FAIRCHILD,  Secretary  United  States  Treasury. 

JUSANMI  R.  KUKI,  Japanese  minister. 

Cardinal  GIBBONS. 

Governor  JAMES  A.  BEAVER,  Pennsylvania. 

Governor  ROBERT  S.  GREEN,  New  Jersey. 

Governor  FITZHUGH  LEE,  Virginia. 

Governor  JOHN  P.  RICHARDSON,  South  Carolina. 

Governor  S.  B.  BUCKNER,  Kentucky. 

Governor  CHARLES  W.  SAWYER,  New  Hampshire. 

Governor  P.  C.  LOUNSBURY,  Connecticut. 

Governor  BENJAMIN  T.  BIGGS,  Delaware. 

Governor  ALFRED  M.  SCALES,  North  Carolina. 

Governor  E.  WILLIS  WILSON,  West  Virginia. 

Ex-Governor  JAMES  POLLOCK,  Pennsylvania. 

Ex-Governor  HENRY  M.  HOYT,  Pennsylvania. 

Ex-Governor  JOHN  F.  HARTRANFT,  Pennsylvania. 

Major-General  J.  M.  SCHOFIELD,  United  States  Army. 

Rear-Admiral  COLHOUN,  United  States  Navy. 

Commodore  GEORGE  W.  MELVILLE,  United  States  Navy. 

EDWIN  S.  FITLER,  mayor  of  Philadelphia. 

Mayor  O'BRIEN,  of  Boston. 

Archbishop  RYAN,  of  Philadelphia. 

Rev.  JOHN  S.  MACINTOSH,  D.D.,  Philadelphia. 

Hon.  WM.  D.  KELLEY. 

Hon.  A.  C.  HARMER. 

Hon.  WILLIAM  A.  WALLACE. 

Hon.  LEWIS  C.  CASSIDY. 

THOMAS  COCHRAN,  Esq., 

W.  U.  HENSEL,  Esq., 

HAMPTON  L.  CARSON,  Esq., 

Hon.  CHARLES  O'NEILL. 

Colonel  A.  K.  McCLURE. 

WM.  V.  McKEAN,  Esq., 

GEORGE  F.  PARKER,  Esq., 

JAMES  R.  YOUNG,  Esq., 

SAMUEL  LEES,  President  St.  George's  Society. 

CRAIG  D.  RITCHIE,  Vice-President  St.  Andrew's  Society. 

Hon.  H.  G.  JONES,  President  Welsh  Society. 


340 


DINNER    OF  THE  HIBERNIAN  SOCIETY. 


Armon  D.  Acheson. 
Daniel  W.  Ahern. 
Robert  Adams,  Jr. 
Stanislaus  J.  Allen. 
Robert  Arthur. 
William  Boyle. 
P.  J.  Brankin. 
Thomas  Boyle. 
William  Brice. 
Thaddeus  Brady. 
Rev.  James  A.  Brehony. 
W.  K.  Brown,  M.D. 
James  Brady. 
John  Breslin. 
William  M.  Bruner. 
Philip  Barry. 
John  H.  Campbell. 
Hon.  Andrew  G.  Curtin. 
Bernard  Corr. 
Hon.  Eckley  B.  Coxe. 
John  Cadwalader. 
William  Commins. 
Martin  Cleary. 
Patrick  Conroy. 
Dennis  Conway. 
John  B.  Comber. 
Peter  Carrigan. 
John  B.  Colahan. 
Francis  A.  Cunningham. 
James  Connor. 
John  M.  Campbell. 
P.  S.  Dooner. 
M.  J.  Dohan. 
John  M.  Doyle. 
William  H.  Doyle. 
E.  F.  Durang. 
P.  J.  Dolan. 
Patrick  Devine. 
Timothy  M.  Daly. 
Daniel  J.  Duffy. 
James  E.  Dingee. 


MEMBERS. 

Patrick  Dougherty. 

Hon.  Thomas  R.  Elcock. 

Theodore  C.  Engel. 

George  W.  Ennis. 

Thomas  D.  Ferguson. 

Thomas  A.  Fahy. 

Edward  H.  Flood. 

M.  J.  Fahy. 

Philip  Fitzpatrick. 

James  D.  Flynn. 

Nicholas  J.  Griffin. 

Colonel  Thomas  J.  Grimeson. 

Christopher  Gallagher. 

David  Giltinan. 

Charles  J.  Gallagher. 

Robert  A.  Given,  M.D. 

William  Gorman. 

James  E.  Gorman. 

Charles  J.  Harrah,  Jr. 

Lindley  Haines. 

John  F.  Hope. 

William  F.  Harrity. 

P.  T.  Hallahan. 

Edward  J.  Heraty. 

W.  Joseph  Hearn,  M.D. 

Charles  A.  Hardy. 

John  Henry. 

William  B.  Hanna. 

Colonel  B.  K.  Jamison. 

Joshua  R.  Jones. 

William  Johnston. 

Hon.  Charles  F.  King. 

Owen  Kelly. 

Roger  Keys,  M.D. 

James  Kane. 

John  A.  Kelly. 

Robert  G.  Lelar. 

Edward  Lafferty. 

John  W.  Lynch. 

Andrew  J.  Mullin. 

Simon  J.  Martin. 


Edward  T.  Maguire. 
James  Maguire. 
Michael  Magee. 
A.  J.  Montgomery. 
Robt.  Emmet  Monaghan. 
Francis  W.  Murphy. 
Richard  A.  Malone. 
William  Milligan. 
Martin  Maloney. 
Joseph  Martin,  M.D. 
William  Massey. 
Hugh  McCaffrey. 
John  S.  McKinley. 
Hon.  William  McAleer. 
Charles  McCaul. 
Michael  McShain. 
Hon.  H.  J.  McAleer. 
John  J.  McConnell. 
Bernard  J.  McGrann. 
John  G.  R.  McCorkell. 
John  J.  McDevitt. 
Michael  McCarron. 
James  McGuckin. 
John  McLaughlin. 
Nicholas  P.  McNab. 
Frank  McManus,  Jr. 
William  Nolan. 
John  B.  Nelson. 
Colonel  James  O'Reilly. 
Patrick  O'Neill. 
James  A.  O'Brien. 
Michael  O'Hara,  M.D. 
James  Pollock. 
John  E.  Payne. 
Francis  T.  Quinlan. 
Edward  Roth. 
Walter  Raleigh. 
Hon.  James  B.  Reilly. 
John  E.  Rees. 
Thomas  J.  Roche. 
John  J.  Shields. 


DINNER   OF  THE  HIBERNIAN  SOCIETY. 


341 


Frank  Siddall. 
William  M.  Singerly. 
Frank  P.  Snowden. 
William  B.  Smith. 
John  Simmons. 
Patrick  S.  Smith. 
Joseph  F.  Sinnott. 


Edwin  S.  Stuart. 
Patrick  Smith. 
Henry  S.  Smith. 
Jeremiah  J.  Sullivan. 
Thomas  F.  Tierney. 
John  Tunney. 
Colonel  W.  S.  Thomas. 


George  A.  Twibill. 
George  W.  Thompson. 
George  Whiteley. 
James  P.  Witherow. 
Philip  J.  Walsh. 
Joseph  L.  Wells. 
David  Young. 


GUESTS   OF   MEMBERS. 


John  Atkinson. 

John  K.  Bradford. 

Dr.  William  E.  Burke. 

Joel  J.  Baily. 

J.  Hay  Brown. 

J.  W.  Buel. 

Edward  H.  Brennan. 

Martin  L.  Burke. 

Thomas  Callahan. 

James  Christie. 

John  T.  Conroy. 

Samuel  J.  Castner,  Jr. 

D.  F.  Donohue. 

Charles  R.  Deacon. 

Murrell  Dobbins. 

J.  G.  Donoghue. 

Patrick  Dunlevy. 

H.  S.  Eckert. 

George  W.  Fairman. 

C.  R.  Graham. 

James  F.  Gallagher. 

Colonel  P.  Lacy  Goddard. 

Hubert  J.  Horan. 

Thomas  B.  Harned. 

James  T.  Harrity. 

Jesse  G.  Hawley. 

Michael  P.  Heraty. 

General  Thos.  A.  Harris,  Ky. 

General  Charles  P.  Herring. 

Rev.  James  Henry. 


Hon.  J.  G.  Hagenman. 

Samuel  Josephs. 

A.  E.  Jones. 

Miles  King. 

G.  B.  Kerfoot. 

Philip  F.  Kelly. 

Thomas  F.  Kelly. 

John  C.  Lucas. 

Benjamin  Lee. 

William  E.  Littleton. 

Colonel  James  H.  Lambert. 

C.  M.  Lee. 

R.  J.  Lennon. 

William  Linskey. 

Frederick  Munch. 

Peter  Monroe. 

Theodore  W.  Myers. 

Joseph  Murray. 

George  W.  Middleton. 

James  Mulligan. 

Thomas  A.  Maguire. 

James  Miley. 

Merle  Middleton. 

J.  E.  Malone. 

Daniel  H.  Mahony. 

Dr.  John  Mahony. 

John  A.  Maguire. 

John  McAleer. 

John  McGlinn. 

John  McCaffrey. 


James  McGarrigle. 

M.  J.  McGrath. 

I.  E.  McManus. 

Edward  McMichan. 

William  H.  McManus. 

John  Norris. 

Charles  O'Neill. 

Mr.  O'Neill,  Boston. 

Peter  O'Neill. 

R.  G.  Oellers. 

James  O'Neill. 

Captain  Thomas  E.  O'Neill. 

Frank  L.  Pommer. 

John  Quinn. 

Hon.  W.  E.  Robinson. 

Dr.  W.  T.  Robinson. 

James  Reilly. 

A.  S.  L.  Shields. 
Frank  Siddall,  Jr. 

Dr.  George  R.  Starkey. 
Colonel  D.  W.  Sanders,  Ky. 
J.  E.  Sinnott. 
J.  S.  Steinmetz. 
Arthur  Thacher. 
C.  Thomas. 

B.  F.  Van  Schaick. 
Edward  Walden. 
William  R.  Warner. 
Robert  H.  Walch. 
Wilson  Welsh. 


Hon.  Andrew  G.  Curtin,  ex-governor  of  Pennsylvania,  a  member  of  the 
society,  presided. 


342  DINNER   OF  THE  HIBERNIAN  SOCIETY. 

TOASTS    AND    SPEECHES. 

FIRST   TOAST. 

"THE   CONSTITUTION  OF  THE   UNITED   STATES." 

Conceived  in  wisdom  akin  to  inspiration,  and  upheld  for  a  century  with  a  fortitude  and  success 
that  commands  the  respect  of  the  world. 

RESPONDED    TO   BY  HON.    ROBERT  S.    GREEN,    GOVERNOR    OF 

NEW  JERSEY. 

"  MR.  CHAIRMAN, — This  bright  and  beautiful  day  is  the  anniversary  of 
two  auspicious  events.  One  hundred  and  sixteen  years  ago  this  society 
was  founded,  and  one  hundred  years  ago  to-day  our  forefathers  finished 
their  labors  in  formulating  the  Constitution  of  the  country.  The  senti- 
ment of  the  toast  is  replete  with  thought  and  with  wisdom.  Standing 
to-day  upon  the  threshold  of  the  second  century  and  looking  back  over 
the  history  of  these  hundred  years,  it  does  seem  that  the  labor  of  our  fore- 
fathers in  forming  this  Constitution  was  the  work  of  inspiration.  They 
builded  more  wisely  than  they  knew.  They  were  forming  a  more  perfect 
union  for  thirteen  States  which  had  passed  through  a  bloody  conflict  to 
secure  their  independence.  They  were  bound  together  by  ties  of  friend- 
ship which  had  been  formed  in  that  conflict;  and  the  Constitution  which 
they  at  that  time  framed  has,  with  but  immaterial  amendments,  down  to 
the  present  day  formed  the  organic  law  of  this  great  country.  They 
builded  then  but  for  thirteen  States,  but  the  instrument  which  they  then 
formed  has  proven  efficient  from  that  day  to  this." 

SECOND   TOAST. 

"THE   HON.  GROVER   CLEVELAND,  PRESIDENT   OF   THE   UNITED   STATES." 

The  chief  executive  of  a  free  people. 
RESPONDED    TO  BY  HON.    GROVER   CLEVELAND. 

The  chairman,  Hon.  A.  G.  CURTIN, — 

"  In  all  the  history  of  the  world,  from  its  beginning  to  this  day,  the 
most  exalted  position  has  been  that  of  chief  magistrate  of  the  American 
republic.  Whatever  may  be  said  of  sovereignty  or  of  the  rights  that  con- 
trol by  other  means,  it  will  not  be  denied  that  the  present  incumbent  of 


DINNER   OF  THE  HIBERNIAN  SOCIETY.  343 

the  chief  magistracy  of  the  nation  is  entitled,  not  only  by  the  exalted  posi- 
tion he  holds,  but  by  his  personal  character,  to  the  respect  and  deference 
of  all  proper-minded  people.  Especially  is  this  true  in  this  classic  city, 
where  the  great  bell  rung  out  liberty  to  all,  where  the  Declaration  of  Inde- 
pendence was  given  to  the  world,  where  the  new  ideas  of  the  rights  of 
man  were  proclaimed,  and  where  the  Constitution  was  formed;  for  here 
we  have  made  the  people  of  this  great  country  realize  that  they  are  of 
one  community  and  one  brotherhood.  The  animosities  and  the  strifes 
which  may  be  kept  up  by  a  few  for  selfish  purposes  are  all  forgotten  by 
the  masses  of  the  American  people.  I  now  have  the  honor  to  ask  the 
President  of  the  United  States  to  respond  to  the  toast  which  has  been  pre- 
pared in  his  honor." 

At  this  point  the  assemblage  manifested  its  respect  and  consideration 
for  the  distinguished  guest,  the  President  of  the  United  States,  by  rising 
and  cordially  saluting  him.  The  response  of  President  Cleveland  was  liber- 
ally interspersed  and  followed  by  applause  from  all  present. 

"  GENTLEMEN, — I  never  feel  more  embarYassed  than  I  do  when  reminded, 
as  I  am  by  reading  this  toast,  that  annexed  to  the  title  of  my  office  is  the 
declaration,  'The  chief  executive  of  a  free  people.'  These  words  bring 
with  them  such  a  sense  of  solemn  responsibility  that  I  congratulate  myself 
that  the  idea  is  not  oftener  enforced.  I  should  hardly  feel  that  my  partici- 
pation in  the  centennial  exercises  had  been  satisfactory  if  I  did  not  have  the 
opportunity  of  meeting,  as  I  do  now,  the  representatives  of  that  ancient 
society  whose  traditions  connect  it  so  nearly  with  the  events  and  the  time 
which  we  commemorate.  That  you  celebrate  this  day  and  this  time  is  a 
reminder  of  the  fact  that  in  the  troublous  and  perilous  times  of  our  country 
many  whose  names  were  upon  your  membership  roll  nobly  fought  in  the 
cause  of  a  free  government  and  for  the  homes  which  they  had  found  upon 
our  soil.  I  am  sure  there  is  no  corporation,  no  association,  which  has  in  its 
charter  or  in  its  history  or  traditions  a  more  valuable  certificate  of  patriotic 
worth  than  you  have  found  in  the  words  of  Washington  when  he  declared, 
as  he  did  in  1782,  that  your  society  was  '  noted  for  the  firm  adherence  of 
its  members  to  the  noble  cause  in  which  they  are  engaged.'  These  are 
priceless  words,  and  they  render  eminently  fitting  the  part  which  the  Hiber- 
nian Society  is  assuming  to-day.  I  notice,  upon  a  letter  which  I  have 


344  DINNER   OF  THE  HIBERNIAN  SOCIETY. 

received  from  your  secretary,  that  one  object  of  your  association  is  the 
assistance  of  emigrants  from  Ireland;  and  this  leads  me  to  reflect  how 
closely  allied  is  the  love  of  country  to  a  broad  humanity,  and  how  proper 
is  this  assistance  which  you  purport  to  render  to  the  needy  and  the  stranger 
coming  to  our  shores,  how  appropriately  it  follows  the  patriotism  in  which 
your  society  had  its  origin.  I  say,  long  live  the  Hibernian  Society  and 
long  may  its  beneficent  and  benevolent  objects  be  prosecuted.  When 
another  centennial  day  shall  be  celebrated,  may  those  whose  names  are  then 
borne  upon  your  membership  roll  be  imbued  with  the  same  spirit  of  patriot- 
ism and  join  as  ardently  and  actively  in  the  general  felicitation  as  do  those 
whom  I  see  about  me  here  to-day." 

THIRD  TOAST. 

"THE   FRIENDLY   SONS   OF   ST.    PATRICK." 

They  were  in  the  van  of  the  struggle  for  civil  and  religious  liberty,  and  will  always  be  found 
there  when  its  principles  are  assailed. 

RESPONDED    TO   BY  JOHN  H.    CAMPBELL,   ESQ. 

Mr.  CAMPBELL,  upon  arising,  said,  "  In  consideration  of  the  lateness 
of  the  hour,  and  of  the  fact  that  the  official  duties  of  many  of  the  guests 
in  connection  with  the  Constitutional  celebration  compel  them  to  leave 
early,  I  will,  as  chairman  of  the  committee  of  arrangements,  take  the  liberty 
of  omitting  my  speech,  so  that  the  assembled  members  may  hear  from  the 
distinguished  visitors  who  are  assigned  to  respond  to  the  other  toasts." 

FOURTH  TOAST. 

"THE   ARMY   AND   NAVY." 
The  nucleus  around  which  our  millions  of  freemen  gather  to  defend  and  maintain  their  rights. 

RESPONDED    TO   BY  MAJOR-GENERAL    J.  M.  SCHOFIELD, 
UNITED   STATES  ARMY. 

"  MR.  CHAIRMAN  AND  GENTLEMEN, — Not  expecting  to  be  called  upon,  I 
was  about  leaving  the  hall,  when  I  was  requested  by  a  representative  of  the, 
society  to  respond  to  the  sentiment  just  announced.  I  beg  you  to  excuse 
me  from  any  attempt  to  make  a  speech ;  I  rise  simply  to  thank  you  for  the 
honor  you  have  done  me  in  inviting  me  to  this  entertainment,  and  to  ex- 
press my  regret  that  General  Sheridan  is  not  here  to  respond  to  the  compli- 
ment tendered  by  you  in  toasting  the  army  and  the  navy.  I  feel  sure  that 


DINNER   OF  THE  HIBERNIAN  SOCIETY.  345 

all  of  you  who  witnessed,  on  yesterday,  the  demonstration  made  by  the 
military  representatives  not  only  of  the  United  States,  but  of  the  States  of 
the  Union,  are  satisfied  that  the  military  and  naval  establishments  of  the 
United  States  are  yet  capable  of  making  a  display  worthy  of  the  present 
occasion,  and  that  the  true  military  spirit  of  1776  still  survives.  It  is  but 
just  that  I  should  add  that  the  best  possible  appearance  was  made  yester- 
day ;  for,  while  it  is  true  that  the  personnel  of  the  army,  the  navy,  and  the 
national  guard,  so  far  as  it  may  go,  is  all  that  could  be  desired,  unfor- 
tunately we  did  not  have  such  a  display  of  the  materiel  of  the  army  and 
navy  as  we  would  like  to  have  had.  But  I  hope  you  will  all  join  with  me 
in  the  earnest  wish,  and  in  an  effort  to  accomplish  the  realization  of  that 
wish,  that  not  many  more  years  will  elapse  before  the  army  and  navy  of  the 
United  States,  and  the  fortifications  and  armaments  of  the  United  States, 
will  show  a  progress  similar  to  that  which  your  industrial  interests-  dis- 
played here  on  the  day  before  yesterday,  and  that  that  progress  will  con- 
tinue during  the  next  century.  When  that  time  shall  have  arrived,  may  you 
all,  as  citizens  of  the  United  States,  have  reason  to  feel  proud  of  the  prog- 
ress made  in  that  direction.  I  thank  you,  Mr.  Chairman  and  gentlemen,  for 

your  courteous  attention." 

FIFTH    TOAST. 

"THE   THIRTEEN   ORIGINAL   STATES." 
Their  heroism,  valor,  and  suffering  in  the  cause  of  human  liberty  merits  our  eternal  gratitude. 

RESPONDED    TO   BY  HON.  JAMES  A.  BEAVER,  GOVERNOR    OF 
PENNS  YL  VANIA. 

Chairman  CURTIN, — 

"As  there  are  gentlemen  present  whose  engagements  require  their 
presence  elsewhere  during  the  afternoon,  the  chair  must  depart  from  the 
order  in  which  the  list  of  toasts  has  been  arranged,  so  as  to  promote  the  per- 
sonal convenience  of  some  of  the  gentlemen  who  have  been  requested  to  re- 
spond to  the  sentiments  assigned  them.  The  next  toast  will  be  '  The  Thirteen 
Original  States,'  the  response  to  which  will  be  made  by  Governor  Beaver." 

"  MR.  CHAIRMAN, — It  is  not  fair  to  this  distinguished  company  that  the 
orderly  arrangement  of  the  programme  should  be  interfered  with ;  and  yet, 
being  compelled  to  depart,  and  the  management  being  unwilling  to  allow 
me  to  do  so  until  I  have  said  a  few  words  in  response  to  the  toast  as- 
signed me,  I  am  obliged  to  avail  myself  of  the  consideration  which  you 
VOL.  ii  — 45 


346  DINNER   OF  THE  HIBERNIAN  SOCIETY. 

suggest.  New  Hampshire,  Massachusetts,  Rhode  Island  and  Providence 
Plantations,  Connecticut,  New  York,  New  Jersey,  Pennsylvania,  Delaware, 
Maryland,  Virginia,  North  Carolina,  South  Carolina,  and  Georgia, — no  thir- 
teen names  anywhere  call  to  mind  a  graver  story  of  suffering  and  a  brighter 
record  of  achievement  than  do  these  names  of  the  original  thirteen  States. 
Yet,  Mr.  Chairman,  those  States  but  formed  the  gate-way  of  this  great 
country  of  ours,  whose  dominion  extends  from  sea  to  sea,  and  whose  out- 
goings are  to  the  uttermost  parts  of  the  earth.  Proud  as  we  are  of  their 
achievements,  appreciating  as  we  do  their  sufferings,  and  noble  as  was  the 
ancestry  that  fought  for  it,  I  confess  to-day  that  I  would  rather  be  living  in 
the  nineteenth  century,  after  one  hundred  years  of  progress,  than  in  the 
eighteenth  century,  when  that  progress  was  yet  undeveloped.  As  the  cap- 
stone is  more  glorious  than  the  corner-stone,  so  it  is  more  glorious  for  us,  it 
seems  to  me,  to  live  in  the  splendid  light  of  the  fulfilled  achievements  of  our 
ancestors  than  to  have  lived  in  that  day  when  blood  and  battle  were  but  the 
beginning  of  our  country's  history.  I  would  rather  look  forward  to  the 
hundred  years  to  come,  to  the  grand  achievements  to  be  rolled  up  by  us  and 
our  children,  than  to  look  backward  to  the  hundred  years  which  are  gone. 
The  thirteen  original  States  have  multiplied  to  thirty-eight,  and  have 
stretched  across  the  continent.  We  have  gathered  within  ourselves  the 
people  of  all  lands,  who  have  united  in  building  up  this  great  country,  and 
in  making  it  what  it  shall  be,  God'  willing,  for  our  children  and  their  chil- 
dren's children  to  the  remotest  generation.  Gentlemen,  I  hope  that  your 
dinner  will  not  be  further  interrupted  by  gentlemen  who  are  compelled  to 
leave  you.  I  confess  that  I  would  much  rather  sit  down  here  at  this  hour, 
with  the  good  cheer  that  you  have  and  the  eloquent  speeches  which  you 
are  to  hear,  than  to  go  to  the  more  formal  banquet  to  which  I  am  called ; 
but  I  have  been  detailed  to  escort  one  of  my  visiting  brethren  to  the  table, 
and  my  orders  say,  '  Be  at  the  Academy  promptly  at  half-past  five.'  I  have 
just  five  minutes  in  which  to  get  there;  therefore  I  know  you  will  kindly 
excuse  me  at  this  moment,  as  the  time  left  me  is  short." 

When  about  to  resume  his  seat,  Governor  Beaver,  observing  the  pres- 
ence of  Governor  Fitzhugh  Lee,  of  Virginia,  who  had  just  arrived,  added, 
amid  general  applause,  "  By  the  way,  here  is  my  visitor,  whom  I  was  detailed 
to  escort  to  the  Academy."  At  this  point,  in  intervals  between  toasts,  the 
following  remarks  were  made  : 


DINNER   OF  THE  HIBERNIAN  SOCIETY. 


347 


REMARKS   OF  HON.   FITZHUGH  LEE,    GOVERNOR    OF   VIRGINIA. 

The  CHAIRMAN, — 

"  We  have  here  to-day  a  gentleman  whom  I  am  glad  to  call  my  friend, 
though  during  the  war  he  was  in  dangerous  and  unpleasant  proximity  to 
me.  He  once  threatened  the  capital  of  this  great  State.  I  did  not  wish 
him  to  come  in,  and  was  very  glad  when  he  went  away.  He  was  then  my 
enemy  and  I  was  his.  But,  thank  God,  that  is  past ;  and  in  the  enjoyment 
of  the  rights  and  interests  common  to  all  as  American  citizens,  I  am  his 
friend  and  he  is  my  friend.  I  introduce  to  you  Governor  Fitzhugh  Lee." 

Hon.  FITZHUGH  LEE,  Governor  of  Virginia,  responded,  his  remarks 
being  accompanied  by  frequent  outbursts  of  humor  and  assurances  of 
appreciation.  He  said  : 

"  MR.  CHAIRMAN  AND  GENTLEMEN  OF  THE  HIBERNIAN  SOCIETY, — I  am 
very  glad  indeed  to  have  the  honor  of  being  present  in  this  society  once 
more ;  as  it  was  my  good  fortune  to  enjoy  a  most  pleasant  visit  here  and  an 
acquaintance  with  the  members  of  your  society  last  year.  My  engage- 
ments were  such  to-day  that  I  could  not  get  here  earlier;  and  just  as 
I  was  coming  in  Governor  Beaver  was  making  his  excuses  because,  as 
he  said,  he  had  to  go  to  pick  up  a  visitor  whom  he  was  to  escort  to  the 
entertainment  to  be  given  this  evening  at  the  Academy  of  Music.  I  am  the 
visitor  whom  Governor  Beaver  was  looking  for.  He  could  not  capture  me 
during  the  war,  but  he  has  captured  me  now.  I  am  a  Virginian,  and  used 
to  ride  a  pretty  fast  horse,  and  he  could  not  get  close  enough  to  me.  By 
the  way,  you  have  all  heard  of  '  George  Washington  and  his  little  hatchet' 
The  other  day  I  heard  a  story  that  was  a  little  variation  upon  the  original, 
and  I  am  going  to  take  up  your  time  for  a  minute  by  repeating  it  to  you. 
It  was  to  this  effect:  Old  Mr.  Washington  and  Mrs.  Washington,  the  parents 
of  George,  found  on  one  occasion  that  their  supply  of  soap  for  the  use 
of  the  family  at  Westmoreland  had  been  exhausted,  and  so  they  decided  to 
make  some  family  soap.  They  made  the  necessary  arrangements  and  gave 
the  requisite  instructions  to  the  family  servant.  After  an  hour  or  so  the 
servant  returned  and  reported  to  them  that  he  could  not  make  that  soap. 
'Why  not,'  he  was  asked,  'haven't  you  all  the  materials?'  'Yes,'  he  re- 
plied, '  but  there  is  something  wrong.'  The  old  folks  proceeded  to  inves- 


348  DINNER   OF  THE  HIBERNIAN  SOCIETY. 

tigate,  when  they  found  they  had  actually  got  the  ashes  of  the  little  cherry- 
tree  that  Washington  had  cut  down  with  his  hatchet,  and  there  was  no 
lye  in  it.  Now,  I  assure  you,  there  is  no  'lie'  in  what  I  say  to  you  this 
afternoon,  and  that  is,  that  I  thank  God  that  the  sun  of  the  Union,  which 
was  once  obscured,  is  now  again  in  the  full  stage  of  its  glory,  and  that 
its  light  is  shining  over  Virginia  as  well  as  over  the  rest  of  this  country. 
We  have  had  our  differences.  I  do  not  see,  upon  reading  history,  how 
they  could  well  have  been  avoided,  because  they  resulted  from  different 
constructions  of  the  Constitution,  which  was  the  helm  of  the  ship  of  the 
republic.  Virginia  construed  it  one  way,  Pennsylvania  construed  it  in 
another,  and  they  could  not  settle  their  differences;  so  they  went  to  war, 
and  Pennsylvania,  I  think,  probably  got  a  little  the  best  of  it.  The  sword, 
at  any  rate,  settled  the  controversy.  But  that  is  behind  us.  We  have  now 
a  great  and  glorious  future  in  front  of  us,  and  it  is  Virginia's  duty  to 
do  all  that  she  can  to  promote  the  honor  and  glory  of  this  great  republic. 
We  fought  to  the  best  of  our  ability  for  four  years ;  and  it  would  be  a 
great  mistake  to  assume  that  you  could  bring  men  from  their  cabins,  from 
their  ploughs,  from  their  homes,  and  from  their  families  to  make  them 
fight  as  they  fought  in  that  contest  unless  they  were  fighting  for  a  belief. 
Those  men  believed  that  they  had  the  right  construction  of  the  Constitution, 
and  that  a  State  that  voluntarily  entered  the  Union  could  voluntarily 
withdraw  from  it.  They  did  not  fight  for  Confederate  money.  It  was  not 
worth  ten  cents  a  yard.  They  did  not  fight  for  Confederate  rations, — you 
would  have  had  to  curtail  the  demands  of  your  appetite  to  make  it  cor- 
respond with  the  size  and  quality  of  those  rations.  They  fought  for  what 
they  thought  was  a  proper  construction  of  the  Constitution.  They  were  de- 
feated. They  acknowledged  their  defeat.  They  came  back  to  their  father's 
house,  and  there  they  are  going  to  stay.  But  if  we  are  to  continue  pros- 
perous, if  this  country,  stretching  from  the  gulf  to  the  lakes  and  from  ocean 
to  ocean,  is  to  be  mindful  of  its  own  best  interest  in  the  future,  we  will  have 
to  make  concessions  and  compromises,  we  will  have  to  bear  with  each  other 
and  to  respect  each  other's  opinions.  Then  we  will  find  that  that  harmony 
will  be  secured  which  is  as  necessary  for  the  welfare  of  States  as  it  is  of 
individuals.  I  have  become  acquainted  with  Governor  Beaver ;  I  met  him 
in  Richmond ;  you  could  not  make  me  fight  him  now.  If  I  had  known  him 
before  the  war,  perhaps  we  would  not  have  got  at  it.  If  all  the  governors 


DINNER   OF  THE  HIBERNIAN  SOCIETY.  349 

had  known  each  other,  and  if  all  the  people  of  different  sections  had  been 
known  to  each  other,  or  had  been  thrown  together  in  business  or  social 
communication,  the  fact  would  have  been  recognized  at  the  outset,  as  it  is 
to-day,  that  there  are  just  as  good  men  in  Maine  as  there  are  in  Texas, 
and  just  as  good  men  in  Texas  as  there  are  in  Maine.  Human  nature  is 
everywhere  the  same;  and  when  intestine  strifes  occur,  we  will  doubtless 
always  be  able  by  a  conservative,  pacific  course  to  pass  smoothly  over  the 
rugged,  rocky  edges,  and  the  old  ship  of  State  will  be  brought  into  a  safe, 
commodious,  Constitutional  harbor  with  the  flag  of  the  Union  flying  over 
her,  and  there  it  will  remain." 

At  this  point  the  following  additional  remarks  were  made,  in  response  to 
the  call  of  the  chair : 

REMARKS  OF  CHIEF-ENGINEER  MELVILLE. 

Chief-Engineer  GEORGE  W.  MELVILLE,  United  States  Navy,  after  briefly 
observing  that  so  many  good  things  had  been  said  that  he  realized  his 
inability  to  add  to  their  number,  humorously  remarked  that,  if  his  polar 
explorations  had  given  color  to  the  assumption  that  he  was  a  frozen  man, 
that  assumption  was  an  unwarranted  one,  as  the  warm  Celtic  blood  which 
pulsated  through  his  veins  would  attest.  He  had  been  three  times  around 
the  world,  twice  in  one  direction  and  once  in  the  opposite  direction ;  three 
times  in  the  Arctic  regions,  and  once  on  a  voyage  to  the  South  Pole, — but 
from  all  his  travelling  abroad  he  had  always  been  glad  to  get  back  to  old 
Philadelphia,  the  polar  centre  of  his  love  and  life  and  of  all  that  he  held 
dear  upon  earth. 

SIXTH   TOAST. 

"THE   PRESS." 

The  unrivalled  educator  of  the  world. 
RESPONDED    TO  BY  COLONEL  A.   K.   MCCLURE,    OF  PHILADELPHIA. 

"  MR.  CHAIRMAN  AND  GENTLEMEN  OF  THE  HIBERNIAN  SOCIETY, — I  am 
prouder  of  Philadelphia,  prouder  of  Pennsylvania,  prouder  of  the  Constitu- 
tional republic  to-day  than  I  have  ever  been  in  the  course  of  my  sixty  years 
of  life.  I  am  glad,  indeed,  to  meet  here  a  society  upon  the  list  of  whose 
membership  is  enrolled  the  name  of  Washington,  a  society  which  antedates 
not  only  the  event  we  celebrate, — the  framing  of  our  Constitution, — but 
which  from  the  date  of  the  declaration  of  freedom  has  ever  been  faithful 


350  DINNER    OF  THE  HIBERNIAN  SOCIETY. 

to  the  high  mission  of  the  republic,  to  liberty,  and  to  law.  We  have  lived 
in  an  age  of  the  greatest  events  in  all  the  world's  history.  No  people  of 
any  nation  or  clime  have  ever  witnessed  achievements  in  the  struggle  of 
man  for  humanity  such  as  we  have  witnessed  in  the  generation  in  which 
we  have  lived.  And  we  shall  witness,  in  this  generation,  even  greater 
achievements  in  behalf  of  human  rights  than  were  those  of  the  past.  The 
spectacle  has  been  presented  to  us  to-day  of  the  maimed  soldier,  governor 
of  Pennsylvania,  side  by  side  with  Pennsylvania's  great  war  governor, 
welcoming  Fitzhugh  Lee,  the  great  Confederate  trooper,  the  governor  of 
Virginia.  No  men  have  spoken  more  earnestly  and  patriotically  than  have 
these  governors,  upon  the  one  side  and  the  other,  in  asserting  their  devotion 
to  the  Union  and  to  the  Constitution.  Who  could  have  conceived,  twenty 
years  ago,  amidst  the  tempest  of  sectional  passion,  that  the  time  would  ever 
come  when  Curtih  and  Beaver  would  sit  side  by  side  at  the  same  table 
with  the  governor  of  Virginia  and  interchange  mutual  assurances  of  devo- 
tion to  the  Union  ?  Gentlemen  of  the  Hibernian  Society,  let  me  make  a 
single  prediction.  Those  of  you  who  may  live  to  see  the  end  of  another 
quarter  of  a  century  will  see  the  Hibernian  Society  and  the  Sons  of  St. 
George  congratulating  each  other  and  themselves  over  '  Home  Rule." 
The  Englishman  whom  God  made  is  just  as  much  a  lover  of  freedom  as 
the  Irishman  whom  God  made.  Who  that  turns  to  the  great  events  in 
Ireland  and  England  within  the  last  decade  can  fail  to  calculate  that  within 
a  quarter  of  a  century  the  cause  of  freedom  and  self-government  abroad 
will-  have  triumphed  ?  Look  at  what  has  been  achieved  within  a  year ! 
Look  at  the  grandest  statesman  of  the  world  to-day  heading  the  column  for 
free  government  at  home!  This  nation,  this  great  republic  has  been  the 
tutor,  the  educator,  under  whose  teaching  these  great  events  have  been 
made  possible.  America  has  tempered  the  worst  despotisms  of  the  world. 
The  influence  of  her  example  has  had  a  restraining  effect  upon  the  mon- 
archies of  the  old  world,  and  her  influence  will  continue  to  be  felt  until  the 
masses  of  the  old  world,  as  well  as  of  the  new,  shall  exercise  the  rights  of 
self-government.  I  repeat  the  prediction  that  we  shall  see,  in  our  genera- 
tion, the  members  of  the  Hibernian  and  St.  George  Societies  interchanging 
congratulations  upon  the  fact  that  the  mother  countries  are  as  free  as  our 
own  green  land  of  America." 


B  A.  N  Q  U  KT 

GIVEN    BY   THE 

LEARNED    SOCIETIES     OF     PHILADELPHIA 

AT   THE 

AMERICAN   ACADEMY   OF   MUSIC, 

SEPTEMBER    17,  1887, 

CLOSING  THE   CEREMONIES   IN   COMMEMORATION   OF   THE 
FRAMING  AND   SIGNING 

OF   THE 

CONSTITUTION   OF  THE   UNITED  STATES. 


THE  thought  naturally  suggested  itself  that  on  the  occasion  of  the  cen- 
tennial celebration  of  the  framing  and  promulgation  of  the  Constitution  of 
the  United  States  the  older  institutions  of  learning,  of  art,  and  of  science 
in  Philadelphia  should  bear  some  important  part.  Their  origin  was  due  to 
the  same  intelligent  and  energetic  public  spirit  which  made  Philadelphia 
the  home  of  the  Declaration  of  Independence  and  of  the  Constitution,  and 
which  has  caused  her  to  become  the  shrine  of  American  patriotic  senti- 
ment. Their  prosperous  careers,  beginning  at  the  time  when  it  was  the 
ambition  of  every  man  of  scientific  attainments  to  become  a  member  of  the 
American  Philosophical  Society,  when  every  physician  regarded  Benjamin 
Rush  as  the  head  of  his  profession,  and  every  artist  felt  a  pride  in  the 
recognition  accorded  to  the  talents  of  Benjamin  West,  continued  down  to 
the  present,  as  exemplified  in  the  activities  of  the  University  of  Pennsyl- 
vania, the  Franklin  Institute,  and  The  Historical  Society  of  Pennsylvania, 
are  a  proof  that  under  the  Constitution  which  provides  for  civil  govern- 
ment and  protects  religious  liberty  is  also  fostered  every  agency  needful  for 
the  development  of  the  highest  civilization.  The  dignity  of  these  institu- 
tions, and  their  harmonious  relations  towards  each  other,  made  it  emi- 

35 1 


352  BANQUET  GIVEN  BY  THE 

nently  proper  that,  acting  in  concert,  they  should,  in  some  suitable  way, 
entertain  the  distinguished  guests  of  Philadelphia,  and  close  the  scene  of 
that  impressive  celebration. 

The  suggestion  made  in  the  first  instance  by  the  University  of  Penn- 
sylvania met  with  a  cordial  response  from  the  other  societies  interested, 
and  resulted  in  the  appointment  of  committees  from  the  active  member- 
ship of  each  of  them.  They  were  : 

WILLIAM  PEPPER,  M.D., 
Provost  of  the  University  of  Pennsylvania. 

FREDERICK  FRALEY, 
President  of  the  American  Philosophical  Society. 

S.  WEIR  MITCHELL,  M.D., 
President  of  the  College  of  Physicians  of  Philadelphia. 

ISAAC  ELWELL, 
President  of  the  Law  Academy  of  Philadelphia. 

BRINTON  COXE, 
President  of  The  Historical  Society  of  Pennsylvania. 

JOSEPH  M.  WILSON, 
President  of  the  Franklin  Institute  of  the  State  of  Pennsylvania. 

GEORGE  S.  PEPPER, 
President  of  the  Pennsylvania  Academy  of  the  Fine  Arts. 

JOSEPH  LEIDY,  M.D., 
President  of  the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences  of  Philadelphia. 

CHARLES  C.  HARRISON,  WILLIAM  SELLERS, 

SAMUEL  DICKSON,  WILLIAM  P.  TATHAM, 

SAMUEL  W.  PENNYPACKER,  EDWIN  T.  EISENBREY, 

CADWALADER  BIDDLE,  FREDERICK  D.  STONE, 

WHARTON  BARKER,  CHARLES  HENRY  HART, 

WILLIAM  A.  INGHAM,  HENRY  WHELEN,  Jr., 

JOHN  ASHHURST,  Jr.,  M.D.,  JOHN  H.  PACKARD,  M.D., 

RICHARD  A.  CLEEMANN,  M.D.,  THOMAS  MEEHAN, 

J.  GRANVILLE  LEACH,  JACOB  BINDER, 

RICHARD  C.  MCMURTRIE,  WILLIAM  HENRY  RAWLE, 

GEORGE  DE  B.  KEIM,  THEODORE  D.  RAND. 

The  following  organization  was  effected : 

WILLIAM  PEPPER,  M.D.,  Chairman. 
WHARTON  BARKER,  Treasurer.  FREDERICK  D.  STONE,  Secretary. 


LEARNED  SOCIETIES  OF  PHILADELPHIA.  353 

LIST   OF   COMMITTEES. 

EXECUTIVE. 

SAMUEL  W.  PENNYPACKER,  CHARLES  HENRY  HART, 

S.  WEIR  MITCHELL,  M.D.,  J.  GRANVILI.E  LEACH, 

SAMUEL  DICKSON,  THEODORE  D.  RAND, 

CADWALADER  BIDDLE,  WILLIAM  P.  TATHAM. 

FINANCE. 

FREDERICK  FRALEY,  WILLIAM  SELLERS, 

WHARTON  BARKER,  GEORGE  DE  B.  KEIM, 

CHARLES  C.  HARRISON. 

INVITATIONS. 

J.  GRANVILLE  LEACH,  SAMUEL  DICKSON, 

S.  WEIR  MITCHELL,  M.D.,  JOHN  ASHHURST,  Jr.,  M.D., 

CHARLES  HENRY  HART. 

RECEPTION. 

CHARLES  HENRY  HART,  JOHN  H.  PACKARD,  M.D., 

S.  WEIR  MITCHELL,  M.D.,  WILLIAM  A.  INGHAM, 

HENRY  WHELEN,  Jr. 

MUSIC  AND   DECORATION. 

EDWIN  T.  EISENBREY,  THOMAS  MEEHAN, 

RICHARD  A.  CLEEMANN,  M.D.,  JACOB  BINDER, 

THEODORE  D.  RAND. 

DINNER. 

RICHARD  A.  CLEEMANN,  M.D.,  EDWIN  T.  EISENBREY, 

CADWALADER  BIDDLE,  HENRY  WHELEN,  Jr., 

WILLIAM  A.  INGHAM. 

TOASTS. 

SAMUEL  DICKSON,  RICHARD  C.  MCMURTRIE, 

WILLIAM  PEPPER,  M.D.,  WILLIAM  P.  TATHAM, 

ISAAC  ELWELL. 

Invitations  were  sent  to  the  President  of  the  United  States  and  members 

of  his  cabinet ;  the  Chief  Justice  and  the  associate  justices  of  the  Supreme 

Court ;  the  leading  members  of  Congress ;   the  general  of  the  army ;   the 

admiral  of  the  navy ;  foreign  ministers,  and  other  persons  noted  for  their 

VOL.  n. — 46 


354  BANQUET  GIVEN  BY  THE 

achievements  in  war  and  in  state-craft,  for  their  attainments  in  literature,  art, 
and  science,  and  for  their  social  prominence. 

Invitations  were  accepted  by  the  following  persons : 

GUESTS. 

President  GROVER  CLEVELAND. 

Ex-President  RUTHERFORD  B.  HAYES. 

Ex-Vice-President  HANNIBAL  HAMLIN. 

Secretary  of  State  THOMAS  F.  BAYARD. 

Secretary  of  the  Treasury  CHARLES  S.  FAIRCHILD. 

Chief- Justice  MORRISON  R.  WAITE. 

Justice  SAMUEL  F.  MILLER. 

Justice  JOHN  M.  HARLAN. 

Justice  STANLEY  MATTHEWS. 

Justice  SAMUEL  BLATCHFORD. 

Justice  HORACE  GRAY. 

Ex- Justice  WILLIAM  STRONG,  Pennsylvania. 

General  PHILIP  H.  SHERIDAN. 

General  J.  M.  SCHOFIELD. 

Rear-Admiral  S.  B.  LUCE. 

CHANG  YEN  HOON,  Minister  of  China. 

SHU  CHEOU  PON,  P'irst  Secretary. 

LIANG  SHUNG,  Attache. 

Li  JAR  YEU,  China. 

CHU  KAI  Doi,  China. 

M.  JUSANMI  RIUICHI  KUKI,  Minister  of  Japan. 

Senor  DON  VISCENTE  G.  QUESADA,  Argentine  Republic. 

Sefior  DOMINGO  GANA,  Minister  of  Chili. 

Count  GASTON  D'ARSCHOT,  Belgium  Legation. 

Sir  LYON  PLAYFAIR,  England. 

Count  CHAMBRUN,  France. 

S.  P.  MAKIETCHANG,  Special  Imperial  Envoy  of  China. 

Consul-General  J.  R.  PLANTEN,  Netherlands. 

Count  GALLI,  Italy. 

Hon.  JOHN  JAMES  INGALLS,  President  pro  tempore  United  States  Senate. 

Hon.  WILLIAM  M.  EVARTS,  New  York. 

Hon.  CARL  SCHURZ,  New  York. 

Hon.  JOSEPH  R.  HAWLEY,  Connecticut. 

Hon.  J.  RANDOLPH  TUCKER,  Virginia. 

Hon.  SAMUEL  J.  RANDALL,  Pennsylvania. 

Hon.  CHARLES  FRANCIS  ADAMS,  Massachusetts. 

Hon.  JOHN  JAY,  New  York. 


LEARNED  SOCIETIES  OF  PHILADELPHIA.  355 

Hon.  JOHN  LEE  CARROLL,  Maryland. 

Hon.  GEORGE  GRAY,  Delaware. 

Commodore  COLBY  M.  CHESTER,  U.S.N. 

General  JOHN  C.  FREMONT. 

General  JOHN  F.  HARTRANFT,  Philadelphia. 

General  RICHARD  C.  DRUM,  Adjutant-General  U.S.A. 

General  DAVID  McM.  GREGG,  U.S.A. 

General  RICHARD  H.  JACKSON,  U.S.A. 

Colonel  DANIEL  C.  LAMONT,  Private  Secretary  to  the  President. 

Colonel  FREDERICK  D.  GRANT,  New  York. 

Colonel  JOHN  P.  NICHOLSON,  Philadelphia. 

Colonel  MICHAEL  V.  SHERIDAN,  U.S.A. 

Colonel  STANHOPE  BLUNT,  U.S.A. 

Colonel  SANFORD  C.  KELLOGG,  U.S.A. 

Commander  FRANCIS  M.  GREEN,  U.S.N. 

Captain  ROBERT  BOYD,  U.S.N. 

Colonel  COMMYS,  Netherland  Navy. 

Colonel  Louis  H.  CARPENTER,  U.S.A. 

General  DANIEL  H.  HASTINGS,  Adjutant-General  of  Pennsylvania. 

General  WILLIAM  S.  STRYKER,  Adjutant-General  of  New  Jersey. 

Hon.  EDWARD  M.  PAXSON,  Supreme  Court  of  Pennsylvania. 

Hon.  HENRY  GREEN,  Supreme  Court  of  Pennsylvania. 

Hon.  JAMES  P.  STERRETT,  Supreme  Court  of  Pennsylvania. 

Chief- Justice  JOSEPH  P.  COMEGYS,  Delaware. 

Judge  HUGH  L.  BOND,  Baltimore. 

Judge  JOHN  ALEXANDER  JAMESON,  Chicago. 

Hon.  W.  H.  W.  ALLEN,  Supreme  Court  of  New  Hampshire. 

Hon.  GEORGE  A.  BINGHAM,  Supreme  Court  of  New  Hampshire. 

Hon.  LEWIS  W.  CLARK,  Supreme  Court  of  New  Hampshire. 

Hon.  ISAAC  W.  SMITH,  Supreme  Court  of  New  Hampshire. 

Hon.  ANDREW  D.  WHITE,  Ex-President  of  Cornell  University. 

CHARLES  KENDALL  ADAMS,  President  of  Cornell  University. 

Rev.  ISRAEL  W.  ANDREWS,  President  of  Marietta  College. 

Rev.  HENRY  MCCRACKEN,  President  of  New  York  University. 

CHARLES  S.  VENABLE,  University  of  Virginia. 

Rev.  SAMUEL  M.  HAMILL,  D.D.,  President  of  New  Jersey  Historical  Society. 

Rt.  Rev.  Ozi  WILLIAM  WHITAKER,  Bishop  of  Pennsylvania. 

Rt.  Rev.  HENRY  C.  POTTER,  Bishop  of  New  York. 

Most  Rev.  PATRICK  JOHN  RYAN,  Archbishop  of  Philadelphia. 

Rev.  GEORGE  DANA  BOARDMAN,  D.D.,  Philadelphia. 

Rev.  JOHN  S.  MACINTOSH,  D.D.,  Philadelphia. 

Rev.  THOMAS  F.  DAVIES,  D.D.,  Philadelphia. 

MONCURE  D.  CONWAY,  New  York. 

ABRAHAM  JACOBI,  M.D.,  New  York. 


356  BANQUET  GIVEN  BY  THE 

THOMAS  ADDIS  EMMET,  M.D.,  New  York. 

CORNELIUS  R.  AGNEW,  M.D.,  New  York. 

LENNOX  BROWNE,  M.B  ,  F.R.S.,  London. 

FORDYCE  BARKER,  M.D.,  New  York. 

T.  DE  VALCOURT,  M.D.,  France. 

SINCLAIR  COGHILL,  M.D.,  England. 

BENJAMIN  H.  KIDDER,  Medical  Inspector,  U.S.N. 

Colonel  GEORGE  H.  WANING,  Georgia. 

Colonel  THEODORE  E.  WIEDERSHEIM. 

JOSEPH  R.  SMITH,  Surgeon  U.S.A. 

Hon.  JOHN  S.  WISE,  Virginia. 

Hon.  JAMES  M.  LEACH,  North  Carolina. 

Hon.  HENRY  M.  HOYT,  Pennsylvania. 

Hon.  ANDREW  G.  CURTIN,  Pennsylvania. 

Hon.  LYMAN  K.  BASS,  New  York. 

Hon.  GEORGE  A.  JENKS,  Washington,  B.C. 

Hon.  JAMES  P.  KIMBALL,  Washington,  B.C. 

Hon.  BENJAMIN  BUTTERWORTH,  Ohio. 

Hon.  WILLIAM  HENRY  SMITH,  Chicago. 

Baron  NICHOLAS  KORFF,  St.  Petersburg. 

Hon.  WILLIAM  S.  KIRKPATRICK,  Pennsylvania. 

Hon.  COURTLAND  PARKER,  New  Jersey. 

GEORGE  H.  MOORE,  LL.B.,  New  York. 

CHARLES  J.  BONAPARTE,  Baltimore. 

JOHN  LAFARGE,  New  York. 

BERNHARD  UHLE,  Philadelphia. 

PETER  F.  ROTHERMEL,  Philadelphia. 

THOMAS  HOVENDEN,  Pennsylvania. 

Professor  E.  OTIS  KENDALL,  Philadelphia. 

Professor  FREDERICK  A.  GENTH,  Philadelphia. 

Professor  EDWARD  E.  PERRY,  Columbia  College. 

THOMAS  M.  THOMPSON,  Philadelphia. 

RICHARD  W.  GILDER,  Editor  Century  Magazine. 

Hon.  CHARLES  J.  CHAPMAN,  Portland,  Maine. 

CHARLES  F.  GUILD,  Paymaster  U.S.N. 

JACKSON  MC£LMELL,  Chief  Engineer  U.S.N. 

JOHN  S.  ABBOTT,  Lieutenant  U.S.N. 

JOSEPH  PULITZER,  New  York. 

R.  ALONZO  BROCK,  Virginia. 

Captain  JAMES  BELL,  Yacht  Thistle. 

S.  C.  EASTMAN,  Vice-President  Historical  Society  of  New  Hampshire. 


LEARNED  SOCIETIES  OF  PHILADELPHIA.  357 

GOVERNORS   OF  STATES. 

Hon.  SIMON  P.  HUGHES,  Arkansas. 

Hon.  PHINEAS  C.  LOUNSBURY,  Connecticut. 

Hon.  EDWARD  A.  PERRY,  Florida. 

Hon.  JOHN  B.  GORDON,  Georgia. 

Hon.  WILLIAM  LARRABEE,  Iowa. 

Hon.  JOSEPH  R.  BODWELL,  Maine. 

Hon.  CHARLES  H.  SAWYER,  New  Hampshire. 

Hon.  ROBERT  S.  GREEN,  New  Jersey. 

Hon.  ALFRED  M.  SCALES,  North  Carolina. 

Hon.  SYLVESTER  PENNOYER,  Oregon. 

Hon.  JAMES  A.  BEAVER,  Pennsylvania. 

Hon.  JOHN  W.  DAVIS,  Rhode  Island. 

Hon.  JOHN  P.  RICHARDSON,  South  Carolina. 

Hon.  FITZHUGH  LEE,  Virginia. 

Hon.  E.  WILLIS  WILSON,  West  Virginia. 

CENTENNIAL   COMMISSIONERS. 

Hon.  JOHN  A.  KASSON,  President,  Iowa. 

Hon.  AMOS  R.  LITTLE,  Vice- President,  Pennsylvania. 

Hon.  OSCAR  R.  HUNDLEY,  Alabama. 

Hon.  SAMUEL  A.  HENSZEY,  Arizona. 

Hon  HENRY  C.  ROBINSON,  Connecticut. 

Hon.  N.  G.  ORDWAY,  Dakota. 

Hon.  JOHN  H.  RODNEY,  Delaware. 

Hon.  NELSON  TIFFT,  Georgia. 

Hon.  CHARLES  H.  REEVE,  Indiana. 

Hon.  CHARLES  E.  FENNER,  Louisiana. 

Hon.  CLINTON  P.  PAINE,  Maryland. 

Hon.  HENRY  CABOT  LODGE,  Massachusetts. 

Hon.  ALEXANDER  RAMSEY,  Minnesota. 

Hon.  MARCELLUS  GREEN,  Mississippi. 

Hon.  THOMAS  T.  GANTT,  Missouri. 

Hon.  WILLIAM  M.  ROBERTSON,  Nebraska. 

Hon.  BENJAMIN  A.  KIMBALL,  New  Hampshire. 

Hon.  CHARLES  G.  GARRISON,  New  Jersey. 

Hon.  LEWIN  W.  BARRINGER,  North  Carolina. 

Hon.  ALFRED  T.  GOSHORN,  Ohio. 

Hon.  ROWLAND  HAZARD,  Rhode  Island. 

Hon.  JAMES  A.  HOYT,  South  Carolina. 

Hon  L  E.  CHITTENDEN,  Vermont. 

Hon.  WILLIAM  WIRT  HENRY,  Virginia. 

HAMPTON  L.  CARSON,  Secretary,  Pennsylvania. 

F.  C.  BREWSTER,  Jr.,  Assistant  Secretary,  Pennsylvania. 


358 


BANQUET  GIVEN  BY  THE 


The  following  members  of  the  societies  participating,  and  their  friends, 
were  also  present: 


Adler,  John  M.,  M.D. 
Agnew,  D.  Hayes,  M.D. 
Allen,  Harrison,  M.D. 
Allen,  Robert  P. 
Allinson,  Edward  P. 
Ashburner,  C.  A. 
Ashhurst,  Richard  L. 
Ashman,  Hon.  William  N. 
Baeder,  Charles  B. 
Baily,  Joel  J. 
Baird,  John. 
Baird  John  E. 
Baird,  Thomas  E. 
Baker,  Alfred  G. 
Baker,  William  de  Ford. 
Baker,  William  S. 
Banes,  Charles  H. 
Banks,  George  W. 
Barker,  Abraham. 
Barker,  Wharton. 
Baugh,  Daniel. 
Bausman,  J.  W.  B. 
Beaman,  Charles  C. 
Beasley,  C.  Oscar. 
Belfield,  T.  Brown. 
Bergner,  C.  W. 
Biddle,  Alexander. 
Bidclle,  Cadwalader. 
Biddle,  Thomas  A. 
Binder,  Jacob. 
Bispham,  George  Tucker. 
Blanchard,  William. 
Blankenburg,  Rudolph. 
Bodine,  Francis  L. 
Bonnaffon,  F.  V. 
Bonwill,  W.  G.  A. 
Boye,  Martin  H. 
Bradford,  T.  Hewson,  M.D. 
Brock,  Arthur. 
Brock,  Robert  C.  H. 


Brockie,  William. 
Brooke,  Francis  M. 
Broomall,  John  M. 
Brown,  Alexander  P. 
Budd,  Henry. 
Bullitt,John  C. 
Cadwalader.Charles  E.,  M.D. 
Cadwalader,  John. 
Caldwell,  Stephen  A. 
Cassidy,  Lewis  C. 
Catherwood,  J.  H. 
Catherwood,  H.  W. 
Cattell,  Henry  S. 
Cattell,  Rev.  William  C. 
Caven,  Joseph  L. 
Childs,  George  W. 
Clapp,  B.  Frank. 
Clark,  E.  W. 

Cleemann,  Richard  A.,  M.D. 
Coates,  Edward  H. 
Coates,  George  M. 
Coates,  William  M. 
Cochran,  Thomas. 
Cochran,  William. 
Cohen,  Charles  J. 
Cohen,  J.  Solis,  M.D. 
Coleman,  H.  T. 
Comegys,  B.  B. 
Cooper,  Thomas  V. 
Cox,  John  Bellangee, 
Coxe,  Brinton. 
Coxe,  Eckley  B. 
Coxe,  Edwin  T. 
Cramp,  Charles  H. 
Cramp,  Theodore. 
Cramp,  William  M. 
Cresson,  George  V. 
Cruice,  Robert  B.,  M.D. 
Cummin,  H.  H. 
Cummins,  D.  B. 


Da  Costa,  J.  M.,  M.D. 
Darrach,  James,  M.D. 
Delamater,  G.  W. 
Delano,  Eugene. 
Dick,  Frank  M. 
Dickson,  Samuel. 
Disston,  Hamilton. 
Dixon,  Edwin  S. 
Dixon,  Samuel  G.,  M.D. 
Dolan,  Thomas. 
Donaldson,  Thomas. 
Dougherty,  James. 
Dreer,  Ferdinand  J. 
Drexel,  Anthony  J. 
Dudley,  Thomas  H. 
Dupont,  Henry  A. 
Edelheim,  Carl. 
Edmunds,  Henry  R. 
Egle,  William  Henry,  M.D. 
Eisenbrey,  Edwin  T. 
Ellison,  Rodman  B. 
Elwell,  Isaac. 
Embick,  Colonel  F.  E. 
Emery,  Titus  S. 
Faries,  Edgar  D. 
Farrelly,  Stephen. 
Fell,  John  R. 
Fields,  Charles  J. 
Fisher,  Ellicott. 
Fisher,  George  Harrison. 
Fisher,  Henry  M.,  M.D. 
Filler,  Edwin  H. 
Fotterall,  Stephen  B. 
Fox,  Daniel  M. 
Fox,  George  S. 
Fraley,  Frederick. 
French,  H.  B. 
Friesen,  Baron,  Oldenburg. 
Garrison,  Abraham. 
Gibbs,  W.  W. 


LEARNED  SOCIETIES  OF  PHILADELPHIA. 


359 


Gibson,  Henry  C. 
Gillinghnm,  Joseph  E. 
Goodell,  C.  William,  M.D. 
Goodman,  H.  Ernst,  M.D. 
Goodwin,  William  W. 
Graff,  Frederick. 
Gray,  Hemy  W. 
Grey,  Samuel  H. 
Griscom,  Clement  A. 
Griscom,  W.  W. 
Gross,  A.  Haller. 
Grove,  J.  H.,  M.D. 
Haldeman,  George  W. 
Hale,  John  Mills. 
Hall,  Augustus  R. 
Hallowell,  Frederick  Fraley. 
Handy,  Moses  P. 
Hargraves,  W.  H.  C. 
Harrah,  Charles  J. 
Harris,  Joseph  S. 
Harrison,  Alfred  C. 
Harrison,  Charles  C. 
Hart,  Charles. 
Hart,  Charles  Henry. 
Haydon,  James  C. 
Helme,  William. 
Hensel,  W.  U. 
Hildeburn,  Charles  R. 
Hill,  R.  H.  C. 
Hollings worth,  Samuel  S. 
Homer,  Wm.  Macpherson. 
Horstman,  Walter. 
Houston,  Edwin  J. 
Houston,  Henry  H. 
Houston,  Samuel  F. 
Houston,  William  C.,  Jr. 
Howe,  H.  M.,  M.D. 
Hutton,  Addison. 
Ingham,  William  A. 
Jayne,  Eben  C. 
Jayne,  Horace. 
Jefferis,  W.'W. 
Jones,  B.  F. 
Jones,  Horatio  Gates. 


Jones,  J.  Levering. 
Jordan,  John  W. 
Kaercher,  George  R. 
Keen,  Gregory  B. 
Keim,  George  De  B. 
Keim,  Henry  M. 
Kelley,  William  D. 
Kennedy,  Elias  D. 
King,  Charles  R. 
Klotz,  Robert. 
Knight,  Edward  C. 
La  Lanne,  Frank  D. 
Lambert,  William  H. 
Leach,  J.  Granville. 
Lewis,  Saunders. 
Lichtenstadter,  Samuel. 
Lippincott,  J.  Dundas. 
Little,  Amos  R. 
Lockwood,  E.  Dunbar. 
Longstreth,  Edward. 
Ludlow,  J.  L.,  M.D. 
McClure,  Alexander  K. 
Mcllhenny,  John. 
McKean,  Thomas. 
McKean,  William  V. 
McMichael,  Morton. 
McMurtrie,  Richard  C. 
MacAlister,  James. 
Macfarlane,  John  J. 
Mackellar,  Thomas. 
Meade,  George. 
Meehan,  Thomas. 
Meigs,  William  M. 
Meredith,  William  M. 
Miles,  Thomas  J. 
Miller,  Andrew  H. 
Miller,  Edgar  G. 
Miller,  J.  Rulon. 
Mitchell,  James  T. 
Mitchell,  S.  Weir,  M.D. 
Montgomery,  Thomas  H. 
Morris,  John  T. 
Munday,  Eugene  H. 
Norris,  Isaac. 


North,  H.  M. 
Oberrender,  E.  A. 
Opdyke,  B.  P. 
Ostheimer,  Alfred  J. 
Packard,  John  H.,  M.D. 
Page,  S.  Davis. 
Pancoast,  William  H.,  M.D. 
Parrish,  Joseph. 
Parsons,  James. 
Parvin,  Theophilus,  M.D. 
Patterson,  Joseph. 
Pennypacker,  Samuel  W. 
Penrose,  Clement  B. 
Pepper,  George  S. 
Pepper,  William,  M.D. 
Perot,  T.  Morris. 
Pollock,  James. 
Potter,  Beverly  R. 
Potter,  Thomas,  Jr. 
Potter,  W.  Hubley. 
Potts,  Francis  L. 
Potts,  Joseph  D. 
Potts,  William  M. 
Pratt,  D.  T. 
Price,  J.  Sergeant. 
Pri chard,  Frank  P. 
Rand,  Theodore  D. 
Rawle,  William  Brooke. 
Rawle,  William  Henry. 
Reakirt,  Edwin  L. 
Redner,  Lewis  H. 
Reed,  Henry. 
Reeves,  Francis  B. 
Remak,  Stephen  S. 
Rex,  Walter  E. 
Reyburn,  W.  S. 
Rhawn,  William  H. 
Riche,  George  Inman. 
Ricketson,  John  H. 
Riter,  Frank  M. 
Roberts,  Charles. 
Roberts,  Edward,  Jr. 
Roberts,  George  B. 
Roberts,  Percival. 


360 


BANQUET  GIVEN  BY  THE 


Robinson,  E.  R. 
Rogers,  John  I. 
Samuel,  John. 
Santee,  Charles. 
Sayre,  Robert  H. 
Schaffer,  Charles,  M.D. 
Schellenberger,  J.  Monroe. 
Scott,  John  M. 
Scott,  Lewis  A. 
Sellers,  William. 
Shapley,  Rufus  E. 
Shipley,  Samuel  R. 
Shippen,  Edward. 
Shortridge,  N.  Parker. 
Singerly,  William  M. 
Sinnott,  Joseph  F. 
Smedley,  Samuel  L. 
Smith,  Charles. 
Smith,  Charles  Emory. 
Smith,  D.  Wharton. 
Smith,  Uselma  C. 
Smyth,  Lindley. 
Snowden,  A.  Loudon. 
Snowden,  George  R. 
Sparhawk,  John,  Jr. 


Staake,  William  H. 
Starr,  Louis,  M.D. 
Steel,  Edward  T. 
Still6,  Charles  J. 
Stokes,  E.  D. 
Stone,  Charles  W. 
Stone,  Frederick  D. 
Strawbridge,  William  C. 
Supplee,  J.  Wesley. 
Sutter,  Daniel. 
Tatham,  William  P. 
Taylor,  Lewis  H.,  Jr. 
Thomas,  Charles  H.,  M.D. 
Thomas,  Samuel  Hinds. 
Thomas,  William  G. 
Thompson,  John  J. 
Thomson,  William,  M.D. 
Tobias,  Joseph  F. 
Trotter,  Charles  W. 
Tyler,  Sidney  F. 
Valentine,  John  K. 
Wallace,  William  A. 
Warwick,  Charles  F. 
Watkins,  Samuel  P. 
Weidman,  Grant. 


Wells,  Calvin. 
Welsh,  Henry  D. 
Wetherill,  John  Price. 
Wheeler,  Andrew. 
Wheeler,  Joseph  K. 
Whelen,  Edward  S. 
Whelen,  Henry,  Jr. 
Williams,  Charles. 
Williams,  Edward  H. 
Wilson,  Albert  Lapsley. 
Wilson,  Elwood,  M.D. 
Wilson,  John  A. 
Wilson,  Joseph  M. 
Winship,  Richard  C. 
Wister,  Aven  J.,  M.D. 
Wister,  W.  Rotch. 
Wister,  Owen  J.,  M.D. 
Wood,  Alan,  Jr. 
Wood,  George. 
Wood,  R.  Francis. 
Wood,  Stuart. 
Wood,  Walter. 
Yarnall,  Francis  C. 
Yates,  David  G. 
Ziegler,  Henry  Z. 


The  Academy  was  tastefully  and  appropriately  decorated.  Over  the  back 
part  of  the  stage  was  a  large  scroll  made  of  flowers  bearing  the  motto  of 
the  State  of  Pennsylvania, — "Virtue,  Liberty,  and  Independence."  Sus- 
pended under  the  middle  word  was  a  representation  in  evergreens  of  the 
Liberty  Bell.  The  seats  of  the  parquet  circle  were  hid  from  view  by  a 
thick  screen  of  evergreens,  palms,  and  flowers,  reaching  to  the  floor  of  the 
balcony  above.  Upon  the  stage  appeared  a  forest  scene.  Tropical  plants 
filled  every  available  space,  giving  a  uniform  appearance  to  the  whole 
surroundings.  A  carpeted  floor  one  hundred  and  forty-two  feet  in 
length  covered  the  parquet  and  stage,  and  on  it  sixteen  tables  were 
arranged  as  shown  in  the  accompanying  plan.  An  orchestra  of  forty 
pieces  was  placed  in  the  parquet  circle.  Covers  were  laid  for  five  hundred 
guests. 

Probably  never  before  had  so  distinguished  a  company  been  assembled 
at  a  banquet  in  America. 


LEARNED  SOCIETIES  OF  PHILADELPHIA. 


361 


OT 

OS 

2 

D 


•SJOUJ3AOQ 


REAR  OF  STAGE. 


VOL.  II. — 47 


362 


BANQUET  GIVEN  BY  THE 


The  chairman  of  the  committee,  Provost  PEPPER,  presided,  with  President 
CLEVELAND  on  his  right  and  Ex-President  HAYES  on  his  left.  At  the 
same  table  places  were  assigned  to  Secretary  BAYARD,  GEORGE  W.  CHILDS, 
Secretary  FAIRCHILD,  EDWARD  C.  KNIGHT,  Ex-Vice-President  HANNIBAL 
HAMLIN,  JOSEPH  PATTERSON,  HENRY  M.  HOYT,  FREDERICK  FRALEY,  JOHN 
JAY,  ALEXANDER  BIDDLE,  CHARLES  FRANCIS  ADAMS,  WILLIAM  S.  BAKER, 
Hon.  CARL  SCHURZ,  and  WILLIAM  SELLERS. 

The  Judiciary  Table  was  presided  over  by  RICHARD  C.  McMuRTRiE, 
with  Chief-Justice  WAITE  on  his  right ;  the  Congressional  Table,  by  Hon. 
WILLIAM  D.  KELLEY,  with  Senator  INGALLS  on  his  right ;  the  Army  and 
Navy  Table,  by  General  JOHN  F.  HARTRANFT,  with  General  SHERIDAN  and 
Rear-Admiral  LUCE  on  his  right  and  left  respectively;  the  Foreign  Table, 
by  WHARTON  BARKER  ;  the  Municipal  Table,  by  Hon.  EDWIN  H.  FITLER, 
with  Hon.  CHARLES  J.  CHAPMAN,  mayor  of  Portland,  Me.,  on  his  right; 
the  Governors'  Table,  by  Hon.  JAMES  A.  BEAVER,  on  his  right  Governor 
FITZHUGH  LEE,  of  Virginia ;  the  Centennial  Commission  Table,  by  AMOS  R. 
LITTLE,  Esq.,  on  his  right  Hon.  JOHN  A.  KASSON,  president  of  Centennial 
Commission. 

The  menu  was  printed  on  six  sheets  of  Holland  and  India  papers  orna- 
mented with  etched  designs  emblematic  of  the  occasion  and  of  the  objects 
of  the  societies  giving  the  banquet. 

While  the  banquet  was  in  progress  a  reception  was  being  given  to 
Mrs.  CLEVELAND  in  the  foyer  by  the  ladies  of  Philadelphia.  The  committee 
in  charge  was  composed  of — 


Mrs.  DUNDAS  LIPPINCOTT, 
Mrs.  EDWIN  H.  FITLER, 
Mrs.  CHARLES  HENRY  HART, 
Mrs.  SAMUEL  DICKSON, 
Mrs.  THOMAS  M.  THOMPSON, 
Mrs.  R.  L.  ASHHURST, 
Mrs.  GEORGE  W.  CHILDS, 
Mrs.  J.  GRANVILLE  LEACH, 
Mrs.  GEORGE  HARRISON  FISHER, 
Mrs.  AMOS  R.  LITTLE, 
Mrs.  E.  D.  GILLESPIE, 
Mrs.  MORTON  McMicHAEi., 
Mrs.  GEORGE  B.  ROBERTS, 


Mrs.  FRANK  M.  DICK, 
Mrs.  HENRY  WHELEN,  Jr., 
Mrs.  CLARENCE  H.  CLARK, 
Mrs.  A.  LOUDON  SNOWDEN, 
Mrs.  Louis  STARR, 
Mrs.  WILLIAM  PEPPER, 
Mrs.  C.  H.  C.  BROCK, 
Mrs.  GEORGE  MEADE, 
Mrs.  CHARLES  C.  HARRISON, 
Mrs.  CHARLES  H.  BANES, 
Mrs.  WILLIAM  SELLERS, 
Mrs.  HENRY  C.  GIBSON. 


LEARNED  SOCIETIES  OF  PHILADELPHIA.  363 

At  half-past  eight  o'clock  Mrs.  CLEVELAND,  accompanied  by  Mrs.  WAITE, 
wife  of  the  Chief  Justice  of  the  United  States ;  Mrs.  MILLER,  wife  of 
Justice  MILLER  of  the  United  States  Supreme  Court;  Mrs.  SHERIDAN, 
wife  of  General  SHERIDAN  ;  Mrs.  DANIEL  C.  LAMONT,  and  Mrs.  J.  DUNDAS 
LIPPINCOTT,  entered  the  balcony  box  on  the  south  side  of  the  Academy. 
The  doors  of  the  balcony  were  then  thrown  open  for  the  entrance  of  the 
ladies  who  had  received  invitations,  and  in  a  few  minutes  nearly  every 
seat  was  occupied. 

TOASTS  AND   SPEECHES. 

At  nine  o'clock  Provost  PEPPER  arose  and  said, — 

"  In  Washington's  Diary,  as  quoted  in  the  Pennsylvania  Magazine,  the 
following  entry  occurs  for  Monday,  September  17,  1787:  'Met  in  conven- 
tion when  the  Constitution  received  the  unanimous  assent  of  eleven  States 
and  of  Colonel  Hamilton,  of  New  York,  the  only  delegate  from  thence  in 
Convention,  and  was  subscribed  to  by  every  member  present  except  Gover- 
nor Randolph  and  Colonel  Mason  from  Virginia,  and  Mr.  Gerry  from 
Massachusetts.  The  business  being  thus  closed,  the  members  adjourned 
to  the  City  Tavern,  dined  together,  and  took  a  cordial  leave  of  each  other. 
After  which  I  returned  to  my  lodgings,  did  some  business  and  received  the 
papers  from  the  Secretary  of  the  Convention,  and  retired  to  meditate  on  the 
momentous  work  which  had  been  executed.' 

"  There  is  nothing  but  this  scant  record  of  that  meeting,  but  of  the  men 
who  sat  around  the  table  in  the  old  tavern  in  that  old-time  Philadelphia  with 
her  forty  thousand  people,  there  is  much  written  on  the  pages  of  history ; 
and  of  the  work  which  they  had  that  day  completed  we  are  assembled, 
after  the  lapse  of  a  century,  to  testify  that,  judged  by  its  marvellous  results, 
by  the  loyal  and  unanimous  approval  of  America's  sixty  million  citizens, 
and  equally  by  the  opinion  of  the  wisest  of  other  lands,  it  was  the  most 
remarkable  work  produced  by  the  human  intellect,  at  a  single  stroke,  so  to 
speak,  in  its  application  to  political  affairs. 

"  We  have  heard  this  morning  a  memorable  account  of  that  great  docu- 
ment, the  Constitution  of  the  United  States,  from  the  lips  of  one  whose 
place  is  with  the  very  foremost  of  its  expounders  and  supporters.  Created 
by  an  overruling  spirit  of  wisdom  from  the  mutual  antagonisms  of  conflict- 
ing interests,  it  has  maintained  an  equilibrium  among  the  mighty  bodies 


364  BANQUET  GIVEN  BY  THE 

and  forces  subject  to  it,  like  that  of  the  solar  system,  whose  countless 
members  pursue  their  allotted  courses,  orb  within  orb,  under  the  all-per- 
vading power  of  gravitation.  Many  of  the  ceremonies  which  one  hundred 
years  ago  formed  part  of  the  celebration  of  the  success  of  the  Federal 
Convention  of  1787  have  been  reproduced  at  this  time.  But  it  is  not 
merely  in  imitation  of  the  dinner  to  which  I  have  alluded  that  a  number  of 
the  literary  and  scientific  bodies  of  Philadelphia  have  united  in  extending 
the  invitation  which  has  been  so  courteously  accepted. 

"  In  the  name  of  these  societies,  the  organization  and  constitutions  of  a 
number  of  which  antedate  our  national  existence,  I  extend  to  you  all, 
representatives  of  all  departments  of  our  national  and  local  governments, 
of  our  own  and  of  the  sister  States  in  this  Union,  and  of  the  greater  sister- 
hood of  foreign  nations,  with  all  of  whom,  thank  God,  our  relations  are, 
and  bid  fair  ever  to  be,  friendly  and  cordial, — to  you  all  I  extend  a  hearty 
greeting. 

"  It  was  much  to  have  secured  for  a  nation  liberty, — personal,  political, 
religious.  This  it  is  which  forms  the  essential  basis  of  all  that  renders  life 
most  precious.  But  scarcely  less  remarkable  than  the  statesmanship  and 
political  foresight  of  the  men  who  founded  this  government,  was  their 
appreciation  of  the  fact  that  for  national  progress  and  development,  for 
stability  of  government,  and,  most  of  all,  for  human  happiness,  there  must 
be  not  only  universal  liberty  but  universal  education,  and  the  largest 
encouragement  of  letters,  arts,  and  science. 

"  True  as  this  was  of  the  leading  men  of  other  States  and  cities,  it  was 
pre-eminently  true  of  those  of  Pennsylvania  and  of  Philadelphia,  and  I 
should  fail  in  my  loyal  duty  were  I  to  omit  mention  of  what  resulted  from 
labors  of  such  men  as  Rush  and  Morgan  and  Cadwalader  and  Biddle  and 
Shippen  and  Clymer  and  Morris  and,  above  all,  of  Franklin.  I  know  that 
our  friends  in  Massachusetts  claim  Franklin  as  an  illustrious  Bostonian  who 
passed  a  few  years  of  his  later  life  in  Philadelphia.  At  least  they  were 
fruitful  years ;  and  those  of  us  who  doubt  at  times  whether  the  individual 
counts  for  much  in  this  crowded  life  may  take  heart  on  seeing  what  this 
one  man  did.  Time  does  not  now  permit  even  a  bare  allusion  to  all  the 
institutions  he  organized,  among  them  to  the  Library  Company  of  Phila- 
delphia, founded  in  1731,  the  first  public  library  in  America;  to  the  Penn- 
sylvania Hospital,  founded  in  1755,  the  oldest  on  this  continent. 


LEARNED  SOCIETIES  OF  PHILADELPHIA.  36*5 

"  Of  those  societies  which  have  the  honor  of  being  your  hosts  this 
evening,  the  University  of  Pennsylvania,  founded  in  1749,  fifth  of  American 
colleges  in  order  of  seniority,  looks  to  him  as  its  founder ;  the  American 
Philosophical  Society  for  Promoting  Useful  Knowledge,  by  far  the  earliest 
of  its  kind  in  this  country,  was  organized  by  him  in  1743,  and  was  the 
direct  outgrowth  of  the  Junto,  a  less  formal  society  started  by  him  in  1727; 
and  the  Franklin  Institute  for  the  Promotion  of  the  Mechanic  Arts  was 
organized  in  1824  by  men  thoroughly  imbued  with  the  spirit  of  Franklin, 
and  by  them  was  named  in  honor  of  the  great  philosopher.  It  may  truly 
be  added,  that  by  its  long  career  of  constantly  enlarging  usefulness,  and  by 
the  powerful  encouragement  it  has  given  to  scientific  education  and  to  the 
mechanic  arts,  it  has  indeed  reflected  honor  upon  him  whose  name  it  bears. 

"  Of  the  record  of  the  work  done  by  the  American  Philosophical 
Society  during  the  first  century  of  its  existence,  its  distinguished  librarian, 
Professor  Lesley,  well  says,  '  It  is  not  so  much  the  record  of  the  growth  of 
an  American  society  as  a  record  of  the  growth  of  society  in  America.' 
The  potent  ideas  which  make  their  first  appearance  in  those  pages ;  the 
first  steps  in  far-reaching  scientific  paths  there  shown ;  the  distinguished 
names  from  all  sections  which  adorn  it,  indicate  clearly  the  powerful  and 
pervasive  influence  exerted  by  this  venerable  society,  which  to-day,  as  at 
all  times,  numbers  among  its  members  the  leading  men  in  American  and 
European  science  and  letters. 

"  In  all  communities  where  artificial  conditions  do  not  interfere,  a 
prominent  part  is  played  in  public  and  in  social  life  by  members  of  the 
medical  and  legal  professions.  America  has  been  no  exception  to  this  rule, 
and  nowhere  in  America  has  the  organization  of  these  professions  been  so 
good  and  their  influence  so  potent  as  in  Philadelphia. 

"  In  the  early  part  of  this  year  was  celebrated  fitly  the  centennial 
anniversary  of  the  College  of  Physicians  of  this  city,  the  oldest  medical 
society  in  America,  except  the  State  medical  organizations  of  New  Jersey 
and  Massachusetts.  Housed  in  a  building  comporting  with  her  dignity, 
richly  endowed  with  funds,  and  with  collections  surpassed  only  by  those  of 
our  government,  and,  above  all,  with  the  traditions  of  a  century  of  duty 
faithfully  done,  of  the  highest  standard  of  private  and  public  professional 
work  steadily  maintained,  and  of  a  hundred  years  without  one  break  in  the 
meetings  of  scientific  work  save  when  pestilence  thrust  upon  her  members  a 


366  BANQUET  GIVEN  BY  THE 

more  imperative  service,  this  venerable  society  holds  up  before  the  medical 
world  of  to-day  the  example  of  her  founders  for  gratitude  and  emula- 
tion. 

"  I  know  that  not  a  few  of  those  whom  I  have  the  honor  of  welcoming 
this  evening  were  yesterday  the  guests  of  the  Bar  Association ;  and  I  am 
assured  that  this  interesting  occasion  was  not  allowed  to  pass  without  an 
eloquent  account  of  the  elder  sister  society,  the  Law  Academy ;  for  whether 
we  assume  1783,  the  date  of  the  earliest  steps  in  the  direction  of  this 
organization,  or  1823,  the  year  of  actual  incorporation,  as  its  starting-point, 
it  may  fairly  be  claimed  to  have  exerted  throughout  these  long  years  a  con- 
stant and  powerful  influence  upon  the  improvement  of  legal  education,  and 
upon  the  maintenance  of  that  lofty  standard  of  professional  feeling  and 
conduct  which  is  the  just  pride  of  our  bar. 

"  Has  not  already  enough  been  said  to  establish  the  fact  that,  under  our 
democratic  form  of  government,  institutions  of  the  most  varied  kinds  may 
develop  and  thrive  as  vigorously  as  though  fostered  by  royalty's  most  lavish 
favor  ?  Nay,  will  not  one  who  looks  over  the  length  and  breadth  of  this 
land  and  notes  the  growing  strength  and  numbers  of  these  institutions,  with 
their  magnificent  endowment  and  equipment,  be  led  to  conclude  that  a  con- 
sciousness that  such  foundations  are  needful  for  the  stability  as  well  as  for 
the  grace  of  the  social  fabric  in  this  country  is  rapidly  developing  the  delib- 
erate purpose  among  those  intrusted  with  large  wealth  of  devoting  much 
of  it  to  such  enduring  monuments  ?  Here  in  this  city  stand  the  Academy 
of  Natural  Sciences,  founded  in  1812,  within  whose  walls  are  garnered  the 
constantly-increasing  and  well-nigh  priceless  collections  from  all  quarters 
of  the  globe;  and  the  Academy  of  Fine  Arts,  founded  in  1805,  the  first  art 
academy  in  America,  whose  vigorous  work,  with  that  of  her  sister  acade- 
mies, is  rapidly  developing  a  genuine  school  of  American  art.  For,  if  true 
art  requires  for  its  growth  an  impressionable  and  imaginative  race,  with  an 
heroic  and  picturesque  history,  in  contact  with  an  environment  of  natural 
beauty  marvellous  in  variety  and  perfection,  and  under  the  influence  of  lofty 
ideals  of  personal  and  national  duty,  it  were  strange  if  in  the  glorious 
Augustan  age  on  which  America  is  entering  there  should  not  develop  a 
school  of  art  whose  splendor  shall  outshine  the  lustre  of  our  more  material 
achievements. 

"  Even  now  our  active  workers  are  gathering  in  the  records  of  the  early 


LEARNED  SOCIETIES  OF  PHILADELPHIA.  367 

life  of  this  country.  Within  the  stately  rooms  of  our  own  Historical 
Society,  founded  in  1824,  where,  under  the  influence  of  the  new  quickening 
and  reviving  of  all  intellectual  movements,  there  is  marvellous  activity  in 
collection  and  research,  are  rapidly  accumulating  the  materials  for  many  a 
thrilling  romance  or  moving  ballad  or  impassioned  canvas.  Nor  is  it  the 
least  important  feature  of  this  grand  growth  that,  although  originating  inde- 
pendently yet  from  a  common  thought,  these  various  institutions,  both 
here  and  elsewhere,  are  working  in  concert  for  the  higher  education  of  the 
people,  and  are  lending  their  powerful  aid  towards  the  extension  of  the 
scope  and  influence  of  our  great  university  system.  The  American  univer- 
sity is  the  university  of  the  people,  not  of  a  class.  There  is  no  fear  of  too 
much  nor  of  too  high  education  in  this  country.  He  who  pursues  the 
humblest  calling  will  pursue  it  the  more  contentedly  because  he  has  some 
sources  of  consolation  within  himself.  And  to  all  with  the  natural  ability 
and  with  the  energy  to  use  it  must  the  road  be  open,  clear  and  straight,  to 
the  highest  education,  which  being  sound  and  thorough  will  develop  all  that 
is  good  and  great  in  each,  and  will  fit  him  for  the  highest  usefulness  and 
success.  * 

"  I  stand  here  by  the  accident  of  my  official  relation  to  the  University 
of  Pennsylvania,  and  it  were  impossible  to  mention  the  name  of  this  insti- 
tution without  testifying  again  to  the  wisdom  and  the  devotion  and  the  self- 
sacrifice  of  those  who  founded  her,  and  of  those  who  through  nearly  a 
century  and  a  half  have  labored  to  promote  her  welfare,  until  she  stands 
to-day  the  intellectual  centre  of  this  vast  community,  beloved  and  hon- 
ored on  account  of  her  earnest  labors  in  the  cause  of  truth  and  sound 
learning,  served  gladly  and  zealously  by  the  wise  and  learned  in  all  her 
departments,  and  supported  by  the  generous  devotion  of  thousands  of  her 
children  who  in  all  lands  on  which  the  sun  shines  are  holding  her  in 
loving  remembrance  for  the  happiness  and  the  help  she  gave  them. 

"  It  is  by  such  hosts,  Mr.  President  and  gentlemen  who  are  now  the 
honored  guests  of  Philadelphia  and  of  Pennsylvania,  that  you  are  welcomed 
here  to-night.  And  if  in  this  one  city,  illustrious  though  it  be,  there  stands 
such  an  array  of  organized  powers  co-operating  as  willing  servants  with  the 
vast  spiritual  forces  of  our  American  churches,  and  with  the  great  silent 
influence  of  our  Constitution  and  our  political  institutions,  for  the  diffusion 
of  truth  and  the  elevation  of  society,  surely  we  must,  when  we  recall  that  in 


368 

every  centre  and  every  corner  of  this  continent  there  are  similar  agencies  at 
work,  look  forward  with  confidence  to  the  future. 

"  Can  earth  hold  in  store  for  any  man  greater  honor  than  to  be  called — 
the  elect  of  such  a  nation — to  the  post  of  highest  authority  over  it  ?  Of 
the  dignity  of  this  office,  of  the  tremendous  power  and  responsibility  de- 
volving on  him  who  assumes  it,  it  were  impossible  for  me  to  speak 
adequately.  And  equally  so  were  it  to  depict  the  dignified  yet  reverent 
homage  which  is  paid  by  this  vast  people  to  their  uncrowned  king, — 
when  seen  to  wear  the  purple  robe  of  authority  unstained  by  partisan  or 
personal  purpose.  But  we  are  honored  to-night  by  the  presence  of  him 
who  now,  and  with  not  unequal  strength,  holds  this  lofty  place,  and  it  is 
from  the  President  of  the  United  States  that  we  beg  to  hear  in  response 
to  the  toast  to  his  high  office." 

"  THE  PRESIDENT  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES." 

"  On  such  a  day  as  this,"  responded  President  CLEVELAND,  "  and  in  the 
atmosphere  that  now  surrounds  him,  I  feel  that  the  President  of  the 
United  States  should  be  thoughtfully  modest  and  humble.  The  great 
office  he  occupies  stands  to-day  in  the  presence  of  its  maker;  and  it  is 
especially  fitting  for  this  servant  of  the  people  and  creature  of  the  Con- 
stitution, amid  the  impressive  scenes  of  this  centennial  occasion,  by  a  rigid 
self-examination,  to  be  assured  concerning  his  loyalty  and  obedience  to  the 
law  of  his  existence.  He  will  find  that  the  rules  prescribed  for  his  guidance 
require  for  the  performance  of  his  duty  not  the  intellect  or  attainments 
which  would  raise  him  far  above  the  feeling  and  sentiment  of  the  plain 
people  of  the  land,  but  rather  such  a  knowledge  of  their  condition  and 
sympathy  with  their  wants  and  needs  as  will  bring  him  near  to  them. 
And  though  he  may  be  almost  appalled  by  the  weight  of  his  responsibility 
and  the  solemnity  of  his  situation,  he  cannot  fail  to  find  comfort  and  en- 
couragement in  the  success  the  fathers  of  the  Constitution  wrought  from 
their  simple  patriotic  devotion  to  the  rights  and  interests  of  the  people. 
Surely  he  may  hope  that,  if  reverently  invoked,  the  spirit  which  gave  the 
Constitution  life  will  be  sufficient  for  its  successful  operation  and  the 
accomplishment  of  its  beneficent  purpose. 

"  Because  they  are  brought  nearest  to  the  events  and  scenes  which 
marked  the  birth  of  American  institutions,  the  people  of  Philadelphia 


LEARNED  SOCIETIES  OF  PHILADELPHIA.  369 

should  of  all  our  citizens  be  most  imbued  with  the  sentiments  of  the 
broadest  patriotism.  The  first  Continental  Congress  and  the  Constitu- 
tional Convention  met  here,  and  Philadelphia  still  has  in  her  keeping  Car- 
penters' Hall,  Independence  Hall  and  its  bell,  and  the  grave  of  Franklin. 
"  As  I  look  about  me  and  see  here  represented  the  societies  that  ex- 
press so  largely  the  culture  of  Philadelphia,  its  love  of  art,  its  devotion  to 
science,  its  regard  for  the  broadest  knowledge,  and  its  studious  care  for 
historical  research, — societies  some  of  which  antedate  the  Constitution, — I 
feel  that  I  am  in  a  notable  company.  To  you  is  given  the  duty  of  preserving 
and  protecting  for  your  city,  for  all  your  fellow-countrymen,  and  for  man- 
kind, the  traditions  and  the  incidents  related  to  the  establishment  of  the 
freest  and  best  government  ever  vouchsafed  to  man.  It  is  a  sacred  trust ; 
and  as  time  leads  our  government  farther  and  farther  from  the  date  of  its 
birth,  may  you  solemnly  remember  that  a  nation  exacts  of  you  that  these 
traditions  and  incidents  shall  never  be  tarnished  nor  neglected ;  but  that, 
brightly  burnished,  they  may  always  be  held  aloft,  fastening  the  gaze  of  a 
patriotic  people  and  keeping  alive  their  love  and  reverence  for  the  Con- 
stitution." 

SECOND   TOAST. 

In  proposing  the  next  toast,  "  To  THE  FEDERAL  JUDICIARY,"  Dr.  PEPPER 
said, — 

"  While  the  eloquent  and  forcible  words  of  the  distinguished  orator  of 
to-day  are  still  ringing  in  our  ears,  and  while  we  retain  fresh  and  unimpaired 
the  impression  of  the  splendid  demonstration  he  gave  us  of  the  powers  and 
virtues  of  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States,  it  is  fitting  that  we  should 
pay  our  tribute  of  respect  to  that  body  of  men  to  whom  in  an  especial  sense 
is  intrusted  the  interpretation,  the  custody,  and  the  maintenance  of  that 
immortal  document.  I  am  tempted  to  quote  from  a  well-known  speech 
made  in  1805  by  Joseph  Hopkinson,  a  member  and  a  vice-provost  of  our 
Law  Academy,  in  defence  of  a  justice  of  the  Supreme  Court  on  his  im- 
peachment before  the  Senate  of  the  United  States.  In  glowing  sentences, 
which  have  often  been  repeated,  he  enforces  the  supreme  necessity  of  a  pure 
and  upright  judiciary,  and  adds,  '  If  I  am  called  upon  to  declare  whether 
the  independence  of  judges  were  more  essentially  important  in  a  monarchy 
or  a  republic,  I  should  say  in  the  latter.  ...  If  you  have  read  of  the  death 
of  Seneca,  under  the  ferocity  of  a  Nero,  you  have  read,  too,  of  the  murder 

VOL.  II. — 48 


37O  BANQUET  GIVEN  BY  THE 

of  Socrates,  under  the  delusions  of  a  republic.  An  independent  and  firm 
judiciary,  protected  and  protecting  by  the  laws,  would  have  snatched  the 
one  from  the  fury  of  a  despot,  and  preserved  the  other  from  the  madness  of 
a  people.' 

"  Have  we  not  seen  the  immortal  Marshall,  while  the  majesty  of  law 
seemed  heightened  by  the  simple  grandeur  of  his  character,  hold  with  true 
and  level  hand  the  balance,  though  in  one  scale  there  was  but  a  wretched 
life,  and  in  the  other  the  fury  and  hatred  of  a  nation  ?  Have  we  not  seen 
the  august  body  of  our  highest  court  plant  itself  upon  the  side  of  truth  and 
right  in  momentous  issues,  and  still  the  raging  of  the  people  by  its  inflexible 
and  incorruptible  strength  ? 

"  It  is  with  deep  veneration,  therefore,  that  I  propose  to  you  the  toast  of 
the  '  FEDERAL  JUDICIARY,'  whether  of  the  Supreme  or  Circuit  Courts,  illus- 
trious for  learning,  integrity,  and  independence,  and  call  upon  Mr.  Justice 
Matthews,  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  United  States,  to  respond." 

Justice  MATTHEWS  said, — 

"  The  display  of  national  power  and  prosperity  witnessed  by  the  three 
days  now  fitly  closing ;  the  consciousness  of  the  strength  and  fulness  of  our 
national  life,  now  swelling  in  the  hearts  of  so  many  millions  of  freemen, 
citizens  of  the  United  States,  attest  the  wise  frame  of  our  civil  and  political 
institutions.  A  retrospect  of  a  hundred  years  enables  the  present  generation 
to  judge  how  far  the  work  of  our  fathers  has  fulfilled  its  hope  and  promise. 
The  organization,  function,  and  development  of  the  judicial  power  of  the 
United  States  under  the  Federal  Constitution,  as  concerned  in  the  growth  of 
our  national  life,  is  the  subject  presented  to  you  by  the  sentiment  to  which 
I  respond. 

"  A  judicial  establishment  was  essential  to  the  idea  of  a  government  as 
distinguished  from  a  league  or  confederacy.  A  judicial  establishment  co- 
ordinate with  and  independent  of  the  legislative  and  executive  departments 
was  essential  to  the  idea  of  a  government  intended  to  establish  justice  and 
secure  the  blessings  of  liberty.  For  the  very  definition  of  despotism  is  the 
concentration  of  power  in  a  single  will. 

"  It  was  necessary  that  two  other  constituents  should  enter  into  its 
organization.  The  government  of  the  United  States  was  to  be  autonomous, 
self-maintaining,  self-sufficient,  and  independent  of  the  separate  governments 


LEARNED  SOCIETIES  OF  PHILADELPHIA,  371 

of  the  several  States,  to  which,  however,  and  to  the  people  of  the  States, 
was  reserved  all  powers  not  delegated,  either  expressly  or  by  reasonable 
implication,  to  the  government  of  the  United  States.  Hence  it  was  declared 
by  the  Constitution  that  the  judicial  power  of  the  United  States  shall 
extend  to  all  cases  in  law  or  equity  arising  under  this  Constitution,  the  laws 
of  the  United  States,  and  treaties  made,  or  which  shall  be  made,  under  their 
authority;  to  all  cases  affecting  ambassadors,  other  public  ministers,  and 
consuls;  to  all  cases  of  admiralty  and  maritime  jurisdiction;  to  con- 
troversies to  which  the  United  States  shall  be  a  party;  to  controversies 
between  two  or  more  States,  between  a  State  and  citizens  of  another  State 
(limited  by  the  Eleventh  Amendment  to  cases  where  the  State  is  the 
plaintiff),  between  citizens  of  different  States,  between  citizens  of  the 
same  State  claiming  lands  under  grants  of  different  States,  and  between 
a  State,  or  the  citizens  thereof,  and  foreign  states,  citizens,  or  subjects. 

"  It  was  further  necessary  that  within  the  whole  area  of  this  jurisdiction 
the  judicial  power  of  the  United  States  should  be  final,  and,  in  the  last 
resort,  exclusive.  It  was  therefore  declared  by  the  Constitution  that  '  This 
Constitution  and  the  laws  of  the  United  States  which  shall  be  made 
in  pursuance  thereof,  and  all  treaties  made,  or  which  shall  be  made, 
under  the  authority  of  the  United  States,  shall  be  the  supreme  law 
of  the  land;  and  the  judges  in  every  State  shall  be  bound  thereby; 
anything  in  the  constitution  or  laws  of  any  State  to  the  contrary  notwith- 
standing. 

"Thus  was  cast  upon  the  Federal  judiciary  the  burden  and  the  duty, 
in  the  due  course  of  judicial  determination  between  litigant  parties,  of 
enforcing  the  supreme  law  of  the  land,  even  though  it  became  essential, 
in  doing  so,  to  declare  void  acts  of  Congress  and  of  the  legislatures  of  the 
States.  This  is  the  logical  necessity  of  liberty  secured  by  written  con- 
stitutions of  government  unalterable  by  ordinary  acts  of  legislation.  If  the 
prohibitions  and  limitation  of  the  charters  of  government  cannot  be 
enforced  in  favor  of  individual  rights,  by  the  judgments  of  the  judicial  tri- 
bunals, then  there  are  and  can  be  no  barriers  against  the  exactions  and 
despotism  of  arbitrary  power;  then  there  is  and  can  be  no  guarantee 
or  security  for  the  rights  of  life,  liberty,  or  property ;  then  everything  we 
hold  to  be  dear  and  sacred  as  personal  right  is  at  the  mercy  of  a  monarch 
or  a  mob. 


372  BANQUET  GIVEN  BY  THE 

"This  function,  it  will  be  observed,  is  judicial  as  distinguished  from 
political.  The  judicial  power  does  not  act  as  critic  or  censor  of  the 
legislative  or  executive  departments  of  either  the  State  governments  or 
of  the  government  of  the  United  States.  It  adjudges  only  between 
parties  within  its  jurisdiction  by  process  of  law,  and  what  it  declares 
or  determines  as  to  the  validity  of  the  acts  of  other  departments  of 
government  is  collateral  and  incidental  only.  It  nevertheless  binds  and 
obliges  the  parties  to  the  judgment  and  furnishes  a  precedent  for  subse- 
quent decisions  in  like  cases.  And  as  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States 
is  the  Constitution  and  supreme  law  of  each  State,  so  the  courts  and  judges 
of  the  United  States  are  the  courts  and  judges  of  each  State  in  and  for 
which  they  may  be  sitting  to  hold  pleas ;  they  are  not  and  ought  not  to 
be  regarded  as  aliens  and  strangers,  administering  a  foreign  and  hostile 
jurisprudence.  The  law  they  declare  and  administer  in  every  case  within 
their  jurisdiction  is  as  much  the  domestic  law  of  the  State  in  which  it  is 
applied  as  though  it  derived  its  authority  solely  from  State  legislation  and 
was  adjudged  by  State  tribunals.  It  is  not  a  patriotic  part  to  encourage  the 
feeling  or  inculcate  the  opinion  that  the  exercise  of  a  jurisdiction  under  the 
laws  of  the  Union  is  an  invasion  of  the  sphere  of  local  government,  or  to 
diminish  the  respect  due  to  lawful  authority  by  the  prejudice  or  jealousy  of 
local  pride. 

"  Although  the  Federal  judiciary  are  invested  with  no  political  power, 
nevertheless  the  exercise  of  judicial  power  has  necessarily  resulted  in 
important  political  consequences.  In  the  interpretation  of  the  Constitution 
of  the  United  States,  and  of  the  acts  of  Congress,  and  of  the  executive 
departments,  and  of  the  legislation  of  the  States,  while  prescribing  rules  foi 
the  regulation  of  private  conduct,  the  courts  have  also  necessarily  fixed  the 
lines  of  public  law  along  and  within  which  official  action  must  move  so  as 
to  be  effective.  The  Federal  judiciary,  therefore,  has  been  a  prime  factor  in 
the  political  education  of  the  people  by  practical  exhibition  of  their  political 
institutions  in  actual  legal  operation  upon  their  affairs,  and  affecting  in  the 
most  important  particulars  their  interests  and  their  rights.  The  plan  and 
system  of  their  double  government  has  been  taught  in  a  series  of  impres- 
sive object-lessons,  establishing  the  doctrine,  in  the  language  of  a  late  chief 
justice,  of  an  indestructible  Union  of  indestructible  States,  and  vindicating 
the  confidence  of  every  individual  in  the  protection  afforded  by  the  law  of 


LEARNED  SOCIETIES  OF  PHILADELPHIA.  373 

the  land  against  arbitrary  power  of  government,  whether  State  or  national, 
seeking  to  deprive  him  of  life,  liberty,  or  property. 

"  With  what  success  the  courts  of  the  United  States  have  fulfilled  the 
purposes  of  the  Constitution  is  recorded  in  the  annals  of  the  century  which 
closes  to-night.  It  is  to  be  found  in  the  history  of  the  great  controversies 
which  they  have  settled  to  the  public  satisfaction,  and  in  the  roll  of  great 
names  made  famous  by  the  part  those  who  bore  them  have  taken  in  their 
decision.  They  are  too  many  to  be  enumerated  here  now.  Suffice  it  to 
say  that  the  judgments  in  which  that  history  is  contained  form  a  body  of 
jurisprudence,  which  for  originality  and  scientific  accuracy  and  beauty 
distinguishes  American  constitutional  and  public  law  among  all  the  codes 
and  systems  of  civilized  states,  while  no  name  of  higher  rank  has  been 
given  to  the  jurisprudence  of  the  world  than  that  of  John  Marshall. 

"  How  it  may  be  in  the  future  the  future  must  be  left  to  tell.  If  the 
judges  of  to-day,  and  those  who  shall  come  after  them  in  the  new  century 
on  whose  threshold  we  now  stand,  prove  not  to  be  so  greatly  endowed  as 
those  who  have  preceded  them  in  those  days  when  there  were  giants,  never- 
theless their  task  will  be  easier.  The  foundations  have  been  laid  well  and 
strong  and  deep.  The  plan  of  the  building  and  its  lines  are  already  fixed 
and  plain.  It  is  our  part,  and  the  part  of  those  who  come  after,  to  build  on 
this  foundation  according  to  this  plan  and  within  these  lines.  We  have  but 
to  follow  where  others  have  led  and  pursue  the  ancient  ways. 

"  Mistakes  doubtless  will  be  made.  Errors  cannot  always  be  avoided. 
But  fortunately  they  are  not  irremediable  even  when  committed  by  judicial 
tribunals  of  last  resort.  There  is  after  all  always  a  remaining  appeal.  For 
it  is  only  what  is  just  and  right  and  true  that  will  abide.  The  judgments  of 
the  Supreme  Court  are  constantly  reviewed  by  itself  after  further  enlighten- 
ment, and  are  subject  always  to  the  ultimate  consensus  of  professional  public 
opinion  which  sooner  or  later  takes  away  the  authority  of  every  bad  prece- 
dent. The  law,  as  embodied  in  judicial  decision,  is  a  progressive  and  not  a 
fixed  science.  It  takes  part  in  the  general  social  growth  and  keeps  even 
step  with  the  march  of  improvement  in  every  department  of  life. 

"  It  thus  vindicates  its  divine  origin  and  quality  by  meeting  and  pro- 
viding for  every  human  need." 


374  BANQUET  GIVEN  BY  THE 

THIRD  TOAST. 

Dr.  PEPPER  then  proposed  the  next  toast  in  the  following  words : 
"  In  proposing  the  next  toast, — to  the  legislative  branch  of  our  govern- 
ment,— I  may  well  leave  to  the  honorable  and  eloquent  senator  who  will 
reply  all  allusion  to  the  functions,  powers,  and  privileges  of  this  enviable 
body.  Truly  our  forefathers  builded  even  better  than  they  knew  in  devising 
our  unique  system  of  representation.  Examples  in  abundance  they  had 
before  them  of  leagues  and  confederations.  But  at  the  touch  of  time  and 
practical  experience  they  had  all  fallen  asunder.  Never  had  this  supreme 
problem  of  statesmanship — the  mode  of  securing  the  permanent  union  of 
many  separate  and  independent  States  of  unequal  power — been  solved  until 
the  Federal  Convention  of  1787  devised  the  American  plan  by  which  the 
strong  is  strengthened,  but  its  power  of  aggression  is  curbed,  while  the  weak 
is  made  strong  to  maintain  its  equal  rights.  The  final  proof  of  the  success 
of  this  plan  is  that  despite  changes  and  vicissitudes,  greater  than  have  befallen 
any  nation  known  to  history  in  an  equal  period,  our  Constitution  stands 
practically  unchanged,  with  but  sixteen  amendments  in  one  hundred  years. 

"  Point  me  to  a  single  system  of  government,  unless  we  go  so  far  off  as 
Russia  or  as  China,  in  which  it  can  be  said  that  more  serious  and  radical 
changes  have  not  been  made  during  the  past  century  than  have  been  found 
necessary  in  what  must  have  seemed  a  wild  and  Utopian  scheme.  For  its 
share  in  this  grand  result  too  much  praise  cannot  be  awarded  to  Congress 
for  the  self-controlled  and  law-abiding  manner  in  which  have  been  discharged 
its  mighty  functions.  So  that  while  few  of  us  seem  to  doubt  our  ability  to 
become,  on  short  notice,  competent  members  of  that  august  body,  yet  all 
will  unite  in  a  hearty  recognition  of  the  high  standard  of  efficiency  and 
practical  wisdom  maintained  by  it,  and  in  approving  the  toast  of  '  THE 
CONGRESS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES,'  to  which  I  shall  beg  the  Hon.  J.  J. 
INGALLS,  of  Kansas,  the  president  of  the  Senate,  to  respond." 

Mr.  INGALLS  said, — 

"  MR.  PRESIDENT  AND  GENTLEMEN  OF  THE  PHILADELPHIA  SOCIETIES, — 
I  rise  to  respond  to  this  sentiment  with  serious  and  unaffected  embarrass- 
ment, from  the  fact  that  the  honorable  provost  of  the  University  in  his 
invitation  informed  me  that,  in  consequence  of  the  great  number  of  speakers 


LEARNED  SOCIETIES  OF  PHILADELPHIA.  375 

and  the  length  of  the  programme,  my  reply  should  be  limited  to  eight  or 
ten  minutes.  Those  who  are  familiar — as  I  presume  most  of  you  are — with 
the  somewhat  prolix  and  loquacious  verbosity  of  the  debates  in  Congress 
will  appreciate  the  difficulty  under  which  I  labor  on  account  of  this  restric- 
tion and  limitation. 

"  And  I  may  say  further,  at  the  outset,  that  I  should  fail  in  the  discharge 
of  my  duty  to  that  great  body  of  which  you  have  designated  me  as  the 
representative,  were  I  not  to  call  the  attention  of  the  learned  and  distin- 
guished societies  of  which  we  are  the  guests  to  the  fact  that  the  first  article 
of  the  Constitution  defines  the  powers  and  duties  of  Congress.  The  second 
article  describes  the  prerogatives  of  the  executive,  and  the  third  the  functions 
of  the  judiciary.  Our  hosts  in  the  order  of  precedence  have  declared  that 
the  first  shall  be  last.  I  protest  against  this  violation  of  the  great  charter 
of  our  liberties,  and  serve  notice  upon  the  Committee  of  Arrangements  that, 
should  I  be  present  at  the  next  centennial,  I  shall  insist  upon  reversal  of 
this  order,  and  demand  for  Congress  its  constitutional  priority  in  the  festivi- 
ties of  the  day.  But  for  the  next  century  I  waive  the  question  of  etiquette. 

"  I  cannot  suffer  this  fortunate  occasion  to  pass  without  an  expression  of 
my  pride  and  gratification  at  the  unique  and  unapproachable  completeness 
and  perfection  of  the  ceremonies  of  which  this  splendid  hour  is  the  fitting 
crown  and  close.  There  has  been  no  defect  in  design  or  detail.  Even  the 
heavens  have  seemed  to  smile  upon  the  patriotic  undertaking,  and  earth 
and  sky  have  conspired  with  man  to  make  the  occasion  auspicious  and 
memorable  among  the  events  of  the  century.  Every  guest  will  depart  with 
a  deeper  sense  of  the  superb  hospitality  of  Philadelphia, — already  pro- 
verbial,— and  with  a  profounder  appreciation  of  the  glory  and  strength  and 
grandeur  of  the  republic  of  which  we  are  all  proud  to  claim  that  we  are 
citizens. 

"  Sir,  the  proceedings  we  have  witnessed  in  commemoration  of  the  first 
centennial  of  the  Constitution  have  not  been  merely  a  painted  pageant  or 
dramatic  spectacle.  Far  more  than  that.  Though  the  pomp  and  splendor 
of  the  stately  procession  have  charmed  the  senses  with  music  and  color, 
with  rhythmic  movement  and  picturesque  tableaux,  contrasting  the  present 
and  the  past,  beneath  it  all  has  appeared  a  profound  intellectual  conception 
of  the  histoiy  and  destiny  of  the  republic ;  of  the  ideas  which  are  the 
basis  and  foundation  of  civil  liberty  and  constitutional  government ;  a  con- 


376  BANQUET  GIVEN  BY  THE 

ception  wrought  out  with  singular  strength  and  effectiveness,  which  reflect 
great  honor  upon  those  who  have  been  charged  with  the  accomplishment 
of  this  great  design.  What  might  have  degenerated  into  a  mercenary 
advertisement  or  an  empty  and  senseless  parade  has  been  a  majestic  and 
instructive  lesson  of  history,  an  inspiring  and  irresistible  prophecy  of  our 
coming  destiny. 

"  We  could  not  fail  to  learn,  from  the  demonstration  of  the  results  of 
our  experiment  in  popular  government,  that  the  Constitution  was  made  for 
the  people  and  not  the  people  for  the  Constitution ;  and  that  there  is  no 
rigid  and  fixed  formula  that  can  be  applied  to  the  changing  processes  of 
the  daily  life  of  a  nation.  Much  as  I  revere  the  Constitution  and  the 
wisdom  of  the  great  men  who  framed  it,  I  feel  that  there  is  something  more 
sacred  than  charters,  more  venerable  than  the  Constitution,  and  that  is  the 
rights  and  prerogatives  of  the  people  which  it  was  ordained  to  establish 
and  maintain. 

"The  Constitution  of  1787,  under  the  constructions  of  Congress  and 
the  decisions  of  the  courts,  is  widely  different  from  the  Constitution  of 
1887.  It  is  perhaps  not  too  much  to  say  that  we  could  not  have  survived 
the  first  century  of  our  existence  under  a  strict  application  of  the  written 
letter  of  the  Constitution.  Its  most  remarkable  feature  is  its  elastic  flexi- 
bility and  its  latent  power  through  which  it  has  been  enabled  to  conform  to 
the  necessities,  the  passions,  and  the  aspirations  of  the  people. 

"  Without  entering  into  the  domain  of  politics,  I  doubt  whether  the 
Constitution  contains  any  definite  affirmative  declaration  of  the  power  of 
Congress  to  enact  a  protective  tariff.  But  the  great  lesson  of  the  display 
on  Thursday  was  that  the  people  of  the  United  States  have  determined  to 
achieve  for  themselves,  and  those  who  come  after  them,  absolute  industrial 
independence.  They  have  resolved  that  they  will  make  for  themselves  what- 
ever they  eat  or  drink  and  use  and  wear,  building  up  and  fortifying  the 
nation  with  intelligent  and  loyal  wage-workers,  whose  compensation  shall  be 
ample  and  adequate  to  secure  for  themselves  and  their  families  the  blessings 
of  education  and  the  opportunities  for  happiness. 

"  I  am  not  sure  that  the  Constitution  has  delegated  to  Congress  the 
power  to  acquire  and  annex  territory  or  to  enlarge  the  boundaries  of  the 
republic ;  but  in  addition  to  the  determination  to  secure  industrial  indepen- 
dence has  been  that  kindred  and  companion  passion  for  continental  unity. 


LEARNED  SOCIETIES  OF  PHILADELPHIA.  377 

"And  therefore,  although  the  Constitution  was  silent,  the  people  pur- 
chased Louisiana,  admitted  Texas,  and  have  extended,  through  the  diplo- 
macy of  the  predecessors  of  my  distinguished  friend  from  New  York,  who 
sits  near  me,  our  boundaries  to  the  Northwest  so  far  that  while  the  light 
of  the  morning  sun  gilds  the  rocky  headlands  of  Maine  its  parting  rays  still 
linger  upon  the  snowy  summits  of  the  mountains  of  Alaska.  And  this 
peaceful  conquest  will  proceed ;  this  purpose  will  prevail.  I  doubt  not  that 
when  the  next  centennial  of  the  Constitution  is  celebrated,  in  this  place  and 
at  this  anniversary,  it  will  be  celebrated  by  the  representatives  of  a  mighty, 
indissoluble,  continental  republic,  whose  shores  will  extend  from  the  waters 
of  the  frozen  zone  to  the  warm  waves  of  the  tropic  sea. 

"  The  next  century  will  witness  a  growth  in  glory,  wealth,  and  pros- 
perity in  this  republic  which  the  imagination  cannot  conceive,  and  to 
which  the  annals  of  nations  afford  no  precedent  or  parallel.  Perils  there 
may  be  without  and  dangers  within,  but  the  rolling  drums  and  the  martial 
tread  of  the  armed  hosts  that  yesterday  saluted  the  flag  are  an  assurance  of 
the  determination  of  the  people  to  make  this  a  government  of  laws  and  not 
of  men,  and  against  Anarchist  or  Nihilist  or  foreign  foe  to  preserve  unim- 
paired those  sacred  objects  for  which  the  Constitution  was  ordained, — 
union,  justice,  tranquillity,  liberty  for  ourselves  and  for  our  posterity." 

FOURTH  TOAST. 

"  When  we  try  to  picture  to  ourselves,"  said  Dr.  PEPPER,  "  the  sessions 
of  the  Federal  Convention  of  1787,  as  the  long  and  doubtful  debates  wore 
on,  a  few  men  and  a  few  groups  of  men  stand  out  conspicuously  clear. 
Though  it  might  seem  invidious  to  discriminate,  yet  surely  none  can  doubt 
that  the  foremost  place  should  be  given  to  that  State  which  was  the  first  to 
appoint  delegates,  whose  representatives  were  the  earliest  to  suggest  and  the 
most  strenuous  to  support  the  plan  adopted  finally,  and,  above  all,  which 
sent  to  the  Convention  the  man  who,  more  than  all  others,  commanded  the 
confidence  and  the  attachment  of  the  people, — the  immortal  Washington. 
It  is  peculiarly  appropriate,  therefore,  that  in  proposing  the  next  toast,  '  To 
THE  UNITED  STATES  OF  1787,'  I  should  call  upon  the  Hon.  FITZHUGH  LEE, 
Governor  of  Virginia,  for  a  response  on  behalf  of  the  original  thirteen 
States,  who  own  the  proud  heritage  of  those  early  struggles." 
VOL.  ii. — 49 


378  BANQUET  GIVEN  BY  THE 

Hon.  FITZHUGH  LEE  said, — 

"  YOUR  EXCELLENCY,  THE  PRESIDENT  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES,  MR. 
CHAIRMAN,  AND  GENTLEMEN, — In  selecting  a  speaker  to  respond  to  the 
toast  just  read,  I  recognize  a  compliment  to  the  great  commonwealth  of 
Virginia,  tendered  not  only  for  the  prominent  part  she  took  in  the  events 
we  celebrate,  but  also  because  she  furnished  one  of  her  citizens  to  be  the 
president  of  the  Convention  which  framed  the  Federal  Constitution.  Oh,  if 
the  eyes  of  the  great  Washington,  looking  from  everlasting  realms,  could 
rest  upon  this  scene,  or  could  his  vision,  sweeping  infinity,  across  the  crystal 
seas  whose  waters  wash  eternal  shores,  behold  this  great  celebration  in  this 
historic  city,  he  would  indeed  rejoice  that  the  architects  of  the  Constitu- 
tion had  erected  an  edifice  which  had  not  only  withstood  the  sunshine  of 
peace,  but  the  rude  blasts  of  war;  and  to-day  is  stronger,  greater,  and 
grander — ay,  more  assured  of  perpetuity — than  at  any  hour  of  its  existence. 

"  The  common  sufferings  of  thirteen  British  colonies  were  transferred 
into  the  common  glory  of  thirteen  American  States  when,  on  the  4th  of 
July,  1776,  the  declaration  of  their  independence  was  passed.  Previous  to 
that,  however,  good  old  Benjamin  Franklin  had  sketched  the  Articles  of 
Confederation  and  Perpetual  Union  between  the  States ;  and  the  year  after 
the  declaration  of  independence,  in  1777,  Congress  passed  these  Articles 
of  Confederation.  Weak  from  the  beginning,  it  nevertheless  represented  the 
federal  power  for  nearly  twelve  years.  Then  a  change  came.  Anarchy 
crept  into  the  federal  system.  It  was  found  that  the  federal  power  was  not 
great  enough  in  some  respects.  The  ship  of  the  republic  flying  the  flag  of 
the  confederation  was  sinking.  It  would  have  to  be  brought  back  to  the 
shore  for  repairs  lest  it  go  down,  and  in  going  down  bury  in  the  boundless 
sea  the  experiment  of  a  free  government  founded  upon  human  liberty. 

"  The  crisis  was  at  hand.  It  was  now  an  impending  catastrophe.  The 
hour  for  its  dissolution  had  almost  arrived,  and  Old  England's  lap  was  being 
prepared  for  her  truant  colonies  again.  The  man,  oh,  where  was  he  ?  the 
patriot  who  could  come  forward  and  rescue  his  country  and  save  the  union 
of  the  States  ?  And  now,  may  I  be  pardoned  if  I  say  that  old  Virginia,  who 
had  cast  into  the  common  lot  the  sword  of  a  Washington,  the  pen  of  a 
Jefferson,  and  the  eloquence  of  a  Henry,  who,  with  more  than  Demosthenic 
power,  kept  burning  so  brightly  the  fires  of  the  Revolution,  was  equal  to 
this  emergency,  and  produced  a  James  Madison  ? 


LEARNED  SOCIETIES  OF  PHILADELPHIA.  379 

"  This  citizen,  seeing  the  impending  danger,  offered  for  the  legislature  of 
his  county,  was  elected,  and  it  was  due  to  his  efforts  that  Virginia  passed 
the  resolution  requesting  the  meeting  of  delegates  from  the  States  to  be  held 
at  Annapolis.  But  four  States  responded.  New  York  was  there,  Delaware 
was  there,  New  Jersey  was  there,  Pennsylvania  was  there.  And  these  repre- 
sentatives, owing  largely  to  the  efforts  of  Madison,  there  passed  the  resolu- 
tions, drawn  up  by  Alexander  Hamilton,  requesting  the  legislatures  of  the 
States  to  send  deputies  from  all  the  States  to  meet  in  this  city  of  Philadelphia. 
And  so  the  Constitutional  Convention  was  born ;  so  the  framers  met  here  on 
the  25th  of  May,  1787. 

"  But  what  a  time  that  was  when  big-hearted  Robert  Morris,  of  Pennsyl- 
vania, arose  and  nominated  for  the  president  of  that  Convention  George 
Washington,  Esq.,  late  commander-in-chief  of  the  colonial  forces  and  a 
deputy  from  Virginia !  It  came  with  peculiar  grace,  we  are  told,  from  the 
Pennsylvania  delegation  because  she  had  in  her  delegation  the  only  member 
that  could  possibly  be  a  competitor  with  Washington  for  that  position.  Dr. 
Franklin,  the  gentleman  to  whom  I  refer,  intended  to  place  Washington  in 
nomination  himself,  but  the  state  of  the  weather  and  his  own  health  pre- 
vented him  from  being  present.  Under  these  auspices  this  Convention  met, 
and  for  four  months  they  labored  to  perfect  a  scheme  for  human  government. 
Oh,  my  friends,  what  an  anxious  period  that  was  !  We  have  seen  divisions 
charging  the  fiery  heights,  while  both  armies  waited  and  wondered.  And 
we  have  read  of  the  charge  of  the  six  hundred  at  Balaklava,  while  both 
sides  stood  trembling  and  looking  on.  But  here  these  patriots  were  en- 
gaged in  their  work,  and  the  whole  world  wondered  whether  they  would 
succeed.  Think  of  it !  Forty-nine  delegates  were  present  making  a  form 
of  government  for  four  millions  of  people.  Here  were  great  mountains, 
whose  swelling  sides  hid  the  wealth  of  centuries  underneath ;  here  were 
broad  rivers,  whose  currents  were  inviting  the  sails  of  commerce ;  here  were 
huge  forests,  whose  trees  were  waving  for  the  saw ;  here  were  cities — great 
cities — waiting  for  the  magic  touch  of  the  workman  ;  here  were  waters  wait- 
ing idle  for  the  wheel  of  the  manufacturer.  Ay,  these  patriots  were  equal 
to  their  task,  and  they  produced  what  Mr.  Gladstone  but  yesterday  again 
repeated  as  the  greatest  work  yet  struck  off  with  a  single  stroke  of  the  brain 
and  purpose  of  man.  There  were,  however,  gentlemen,  two  disturbing  influ- 
ences left  unsettled.  It  is  hard  at  this  hour  to  imagine  how  those  patriotic 


380  BANQUET  GIVEN  BY  THE 

framers  of  the  Constitution  could  have  settled  them  then  and  there.  They 
were  left.  I  refer  to  the  slavery  question,  and  to  that  question  of  the  right 
of  the  withdrawal  of  a  State  from  the  Union  they  were  then  forming. 
Brilliant,  bright  John  Randolph,  who  was  a  boy  when  he  witnessed  the  in- 
auguration of  Washington,  said :  '  I  see  what  but  two  other  men  in  the 
country  see.  I  see  the  poison  under  the  wing  of  the  American  eagle,  now 
being  plumed  for  his  flight,  and  it  should  be  extracted  lest  it  shed  pestilence 
and  death  over  the  country,  whose  destiny  it  is  to  protect.'  This  disturbing 
influence,  I  say,  was  left.  But  the  sword,  I  have  reason  to  know,  stepped  in 
from  1 86 1  to  1865  and  destroyed  the  disturbing  influences,  and  the  poison 
has  dropped  from  under  the  wing  of  the  eagle. 

"  What  then,  gentlemen,  is  to  prevent  this  great  country  from  going 
on  and  fulfilling  its  destiny?  The  strings  of  the  patriotic  hearts  of  the 
founders  of  the  republic  were  touched  by  the  hand  of  compromise  and 
mutual  concession,  and  fraternal  music  floated  over  the  land.  And  so,  if 
we,  the  men  of  1887,  should  be  guided  by  the  examples  of  moderation 
and  concession  and  compromise  of  the  men  of  1787,  in  1987  the  celebra- 
tion to  which  my  learned  friend  from  Kansas  has  referred,  will  take  place. 
And  I  pray  to  God  that  every  footstep  in  the  life  of  the  republic  from 
this  period  to  that  may  be  marked  by  blessed  peace,  union,  fraternity, 
progress,  and  prosperity.  We  are  told  that  behind  the  chair  of  President 
Washington,  when  he  presided  over  the  Convention,  was  the  representa- 
tion of  a  sun  near  the  horizon,  and  good  old  Dr.  Franklin  said,  as  he 
sat  there,  that  he  had  always  understood  it  was  difficult  for  the  painter 
to  so  paint  the  sun  close  to  the  horizon  so  as  to  tell  whether  the  sun  was 
rising  or  setting.  '  But,'  said  he,  after  the  Constitution  had  been  passed 
and  the  last  members  were  signing,  '  I  looked  at  the  sun  behind  President 
Washington,  and  I  saw  for  the  first  time  that  it  was  a  rising  sun.'  Oh, 
Dr.  Franklin,  it  was  indeed  a  rising  sun !  It  has  been  obscured  tempo- 
rarily since,  but  now  it  is  shining  in  all  the  splendor  of  an  unclouded 
majesty,  bearing  peace  and  happiness  into  the  hearts  and  homes  of  sixty 

millions  of  people." 

i 
FIFTH  TOAST. 

"  You  have  heard,"  said  Dr.  PEPPER,  "  one  of  the  many  anecdotes  of 
Franklin  in  connection  with  the  Federal  Convention,  and  I  am  reminded 
of  the  quaint  use  he  makes  of  an  observation  that  some  flies  apparently 


LEARNED  SOCIETIES  OF  PHILADELPHIA.  381 

drowned  in  a  bottle  of  Madeira  were  revived  by  exposure  to  the  rays  of 
the  sun.  '  I  wish  it  were  possible/  said  he,  '  from  this  instance  to  invent 
a  method  of  embalming  drowned  persons  in  such  a  manner  that  they  may 
be  recalled  to  life  at  any  period,  however  distant ;  for,  having  a  very  ardent 
desire  to  see  and  observe  the  state  of  America  a  hundred  years  hence,  I 
should  prefer  to  any  ordinary  death  the  being  immersed  in  a  cask  of 
Madeira  wine  with  a  few  friends  till  that  time,  to  be  then  recalled  to  life 
by  the  solar  warmth  of  my  dear  country.'  With  the  glorious  vision  to 
which  he  would  awake  of  sixty  millions  of  people,  happy,  prosperous,  and 
united,  we  are  too  familiar  to  be  mindful  of  its  real  significance.  Cer- 
tainly, had  he  stood  with  us  this  morning  while  in  the  clear  air  there  rang 
out  that  fine  refrain, — 

'  While  the  stars  in  heaven  shall  burn, 
While  the  ocean  tides  return, 
Ever  shall  the  circling  sun 
Find  the  many  still  are  one,' — 

he  would  have  gratefully  recognized  the  completion  of  his  old  prophecy 
in  the  glowing  words  of  our  centennial  poet. 

"  Our  triumphs  of  this  past  century  have  not  been  wholly  material  ones, 
but  moral  and  political  and  intellectual  and  artistic  as  well.  And  he  who  is 
to  respond  to  the  toast  of  'THE  UNITED  STATES  OF  1887'  must  keep  touch 
at  many  points  with  this  new  world.  Difficult  as  the  task,  you  will  agree 
it  is  assigned  to  most  worthy  hands  when  I  call  on  Hon.  CHARLES  FRAN- 
CIS ADAMS,  of  Massachusetts,  for  a  response." 

"You  have  called  upon  me,  Mr.  Chairman,"  responded  Mr.  ADAMS,  "to 
say  a  word  for  the  present,  as  contradistinguished  from  the  past ;  the  year 
that  now  is,  is  set  face  to  face  with  the  year  a  century  gone.  I  must  seek  to 
compress  the  significance  of  an  hundred  years  into  a  sentence.  Looking 
back  over  that  century, — gathering  up  in  one  confused  glance  all  the  revo- 
lutions, material,  intellectual,  and  political,  which  have  been  crowded  into  it 
(for  from  1789  to  the  day  that  now  is  it  has  been  replete  with  revolutions), 
— gathering  all  this  in,  I  say,  at  a  glance,  at  first  it  does  not  seem  that  any 
written  form  of  government  possible  to  be  devised  by  man  could  contain 
within  itself  the  elements  of  strength,  vitality,  and  elasticity  to  enable  it  to 


382  BANQUET  GIVEN  BY  THE 

meet  successfully  the  trials  to  which  our  national  Constitution  has  perforce 
been  subjected. 

"  During  that  century — almost  wholly  during  it — man  has  obtained  his 
scientific  mastery  over  material  forces.  When  the  Convention  of  1787  met 
in  this  city,  those  composing  it  came  hither  on  the  back  of  the  wind  or  the 
back  of  the  horse,  neither  so  rapidly  nor  so  conveniently  as  the  conclaves 
of  the  Church  had  gathered  at  Rome  through  a  thousand  years.  Franklin 
had  indeed,  half  a  century  before,  and  within  the  limits  of  this  city,  drawn 
down  the  lightning  from  heaven;  but  another  half-century  was  to  elapse 
before  it  was  to  be  rendered  docile  and  subjected  to  the  uses  of  man.  This 
has  been  the  era  of  the  steam-engine  and  the  telegraph ;  and  in  presence  of 
powers  like  these,  men,  and  constitutions  made  by  man,  become  like  play- 
things of  an  hour. 

"  Consider  for  an  instant  the  influence  these  material  forces  have  had  on 
the  development  of  that  which  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States  was 
intended  to  control.  Strange  as  it  may  sound,  I  do  not  hesitate  to  say  that 
these  forces  of  steam  and  electricity  have  within  the  century  not  only  saved 
the  Constitution,  making  its  perpetuity  possible,  but  they  have  actually 
made  the  wrong  construction  of  it  the  right  construction,  and  the  right  con- 
struction wrong. 

"  But  let  me  explain.  From  the  very  beginning  there  have  been  two 
views  of  the  Constitution, — the  liberal  view  and  the  strict  view.  In  the 
first  cabinet  of  Washington,  Hamilton  represented  one  side  of  the  great  de- 
bate which  has  gone  on  from  that  day  to  this,  and  Jefferson  the  other.  Both 
parties  to  this  debate  have,  I  submit,  been  for  a  part  of  the  time  right ;  both 
have  been  for  a  part  of  the  time  wrong.  The  unexpected  occurred  :  steam 
and  electricity  have  in  these  days  converted  each  thoughtful  Hamiltonian 
into  a  believer  in  the  construction  theories  of  Jefferson ;  while,  none  the  less, 
events  have  at  the  same  time  conclusively  shown  that  in  his  own  day  Jeffer- 
son was  wrong  and  Hamilton  was  right. 

"  This,  as  Hamlet  says,  '  was  sometime  a  paradox,  but  now  the  time 
gives  it  proof;'  in  other  words,  an  equally  thoughtful  and  observant  man, 
looking  before  and  after,  understanding  the  physical  conditions  of  his 
country,  and  desirous  only  of  its  good, — such  a  man,  in  the  light  of  all 
subsequent  events,  could  not  but  have  felt  that  a  strong  central  govern- 
ment— such  a  government  as  could  only  be  secured  through  a  liberal  con- 


LEARNED  SOCIETIES  OF  PHILADELPHIA.  383 

struction  of  the  Constitution — was  for  the  United  States  of  the  time  anterior 
to  1830  a  political  necessity.  Without  it  the  country  must  fall  to  pieces. 
So  Hamilton  was  right  and  Jefferson  was  wrong.  Then  the  railroad  and 
the  telegraph  came  upon  the  stage,  and  under  the  new  conditions  they 
created  and  imposed  the  shield  was  reversed, — Jefferson  became  right  and 
Hamilton  wrong. 

"  Why,  consider  for  a  moment  the  kaleidoscopic  changes  of  the  problem. 
During  the  first  half  of  its  constitutional  century  the  United  States  was 
a  vast  and  sparsely-settled  country,  devoid  of  means  of  communication, 
and  with  little  diversity  of  industries ;  its  parts  recognized  no  centres  of 
thought  or  of  business,  and  teemed  with  sectional  pride  and  local  jeal- 
ousies ;  it  was  a  country  always  on  the  verge  of  dissolution  from  mere 
lack  of  the  very  elements  of  cohesiveness ;  in  other  words,  the  centrifugal 
tendency  continually  threatened  to  overcome  the  centripetal  force.  Unless 
it  was  doomed  to  destruction,  it  was  for  the  government  to  hold  such  a 
country  together.  This  was  Hamilton's  political  faith,  and  in  his  day 
and  generation  Hamilton  was  right.  But  ours  is  another  day  and  a  differ- 
ent generation.  Science  has  supplied  that  cohesive  element  which  then  it 
was  the  study  of  the  statesman  to  provide.  It  is  from  the  other  side  of 
the  circle  that  danger  is  now  to  be  anticipated ;  everything  to-day  cen- 
tralizes itself;  gravitation  is  the  law.  The  centripetal  force,  unaided  by 
government,  working  only  through  scientific  sinews  and  nerves  of  steel 
and  steam  and  lightning, — this  centripetal  force  is  daily  overcoming  all 
centrifugal  action.  The  ultimate  result  can  by  thoughtful  men  no  longer 
be  ignored.  Jefferson  is  right,  and  Hamilton  is  wrong. 

"  And  thus,  as  the  political  error  of  yesterday  becomes  the  truth  of 
to-day,  it  is  the  thoroughly  consistent  man  only  who  is  hopelessly  in  error. 
The  destinies  of  nations  are  much  more  frequently  decided  in  the  work- 
shops of  mechanics  than  in  the  cabinets  of  statesmen.  When  thus  re- 
garded, how  small  and  immaterial  appear  the  wrangling  debates  of  the 
Senate  and  the  clamor  of  the  hustings !  We  turn  from  them  to  watch 
the  genius  of  Franklin  as  from  yonder  hill  it  soars  with  his  kite  to  the 
cloud,  or  to  think  of  Watt  patiently  bending  in  thought  over  the  steam  that 
jets  from  the  nozzle  of  a  tea-kettle.  It  is  these  men  who  within  the  cen- 
tury have  saved  for  us  the  Constitution  and  shaped  it  to  our  needs. 

"  But  to-day,  Mr.  Chairman,  and  in  this  presence,  I  cannot  speak  only 


384  BANQUET  GIVEN  BY  THE 

of  the  present  or  of  the  influence  of  its  science  on  the  constitutional 
theories  of  the  past.  I  remember  that  I  am  speaking  for  Massachusetts 
as  well  as  for  the  year  that  is,  and  so  my  mind  insensibly  reverts  to  other 
times  and  other  men,  and  to  another  member  of  the  Old  Thirteen. 

"  We  have  heard  somewhat  of  late  of  the  originators  of  what  is  called 
'the  written  Constitution,'  and  of  the  framers  of  that  particular  instrument, 
the  centennial  of  which  we  celebrate.  I  would  in  no  degree  detract  from 
the  credit  which  is  theirs  by  right,  nor  from  the  encomiums  which  have 
here  been  lavished  upon  them.  Honor  to  whom  honor  is  due;  and 
much  honor  from  us,  at  least,  is  due  to  them.  Verily,  as  of  old,  so  also 
now,  is  that  saying  true, — '  One  soweth  and  another  reapeth ;  .  .  .  other 
men  labored,  and  ye  are  entered  into  their  labors.' 

"  But  it  was  Pope,  I  believe,  who  wrote,  fifty  years  before  the  Consti- 
tution was  passed, — 

'  For  forms  of  government  let  fools  contest ; 
Whate'er  is  best  administered  is  best.' 

While  no  one  would,  I  suppose,  give  unqualified  assent  to  this  epigram- 
matic couplet,  yet  few  will  deny  that  it  is  a  far  less  difficult  task  to  devise 
and  frame  a  paper  constitution  than  to  put  a  constitution,  fresh  from  the 
hands  of  its  framers,  in  practical  and  successful  operation.  Indeed,  the 
world  during  the  last  hundred  years  and  more  has  swarmed  with  consti- 
tution-makers,— or  constitution-mongers,  as  they  are  sometimes  irreverently 
called.  Nearly  a  century  ago,  Burke  contemptuously  described  them,  with 
their  '  whole  nests  of  pigeon-holes  full  of  constitutions  ready-made,  ticketed, 
sorted,  and  numbered,  suited  to  every  season  and  every  fancy ;  some  with 
the  top  of  the  pattern  at  the  bottom,  and  some  with  the  bottom  at  the 
top ;  some  plain,  some  flowered,  some  distinguished  for  their  simplicity, 
others  for  their  complexity ;  some  in  long  coats,  and  some  in  short  cloaks  ; 
some  in  pantaloons,  some  without  breeches  ;  some  with  five-shilling  quali- 
fications, some  totally  unqualified.' 

"  In  a  world  thus  full  of  governmental  contrivance,  it  has  been,  as  Pope 
truly  put  it,  less  a  question  of  ingenuity  on  paper  than  of  administrative 
skill.  Many  nations  on  both  continents  have  before  and  since  the  year 
1 800  framed  cunningly-devised  charters  and  forms  of  fundamental  laws ; 
the  difficulty  has  almost  invariably  been  that,  when  set  upon  its  feet,  the 


LEARNED  SOCIETIES  OF  PHILADELPHIA.  385 

constitution,  as  Carlyle  phrased  it,  '  would  not  walk ;'  it  is  our  boast  that 
in  America  alone  has  the  miracle  been  accomplished.  Our  Constitution 
has  now  '  walked'  for  an  hundred  years,  and  that  is  why  we  are  here. 

"  Why  has  this  Constitution  '  walked'  when  so  many  others  fell  ?  That 
it  did  so  was,  I  hold,  due  to -two  men  more  than  to  all  other  men  and 
all  other  circumstances,  save  one,  combined, — those  two  men  were  not  sons 
of  Massachusetts,  but  of  Virginia, — and  to  these  two,  more,  far  more,  than 
to  the  framers,  are  the  honors  of  this  occasion  due. 

"  The  aged  historian  of  the  United  States,  whose  gathered  years  well- 
nigh  cover  the  whole  life  of  the  nation,  has  recently  recorded  that  the  im- 
mediate successor  of  Washington,  when  in  doubt  as  to  whom  the  people 
would  choose  to  the  high  office  soon  to  be  made  vacant,  declared  that  the 
Constitution  was,  even  then,  already  so  perfectly  established  that  the  system 
of  government  could  not  be  departed  from  by  any  one,  no  matter  who 
might  be  chosen  President.  '  Even  Jefferson,'  he  wrote,  '  could  not  stir  a 
step  in  any  other  system  than  that  which  was  begun.  .  .  .  There  is  no  more 
danger  in  a  change  [of  the  President]  than  there  would  be  in  changing  a 
member  of  the  Senate,  and  whoever  lives  to  see  it  will  own  me  a  prophet.' 
Thus,  in  1796  the  miracle  had  already  been  performed, — the  Constitution 
'  walked ;'  for  eight  years  it  had  been  administered  by  Washington,  who 
during  these  years  proved  himself  greater — far  greater — in  peace  than 
before  he  had  proved  himself  in  war. 

"  Still  the  Constitution,  even  as  late  as  1800,  was,  as  it  were,  but  in  the 
gristle  and  not  yet  hardened  into  the  bone.  The  work  of  administration 
had  been  done ;  that  of  construction  remained  to  do.  Nations  change, 
grow,  expand ;  new  and  unforeseen  conditions  are  developed ;  science,  as  I 
have  already  shown,  works  its  results  in  the  body  politic  much  as  the  strong 
sap  works  in  the  young  tree, — it  is  the  unanticipated  which  occurs.  Would 
the  Constitution  adapt  itself  as  a  garment  to  growing  limbs,  or  would  it 
bind  them  in  swaddling-clothes  of  iron  ?  This  was  the  momentous  ques- 
tion in  the  early  years  of  the  century.  Again  it  was  a  son  of  Virginia  who 
proved  to  be  the  right  man  in  the  right  place;  and  for  more  than  thirty 
years  John  Marshall  presided  over  the  tribunal  which  during  that  eventful 
period  gave  strength  and  consistence,  elasticity  and  permanence,  power  to 
resist  and  capacity  to  receive, — steel  and  India-rubber,  gutta-percha  and 
adamant, — to  that  Constitution  which  Washington  had  taken  from  the 
VOL.  ii. — 50 


386  BANQUET  GIVEN  BY  THE 

hands  of  its  framers  and  first  made  to  '  walk.'     The  result  we  see  to-day ; 
and  to  these  two  men  that  result  in  greatest  part  is  due. 

"  And  in  lauding  them  we  laud  ourselves.  It  has  well  been  said  that 
for  the  ordinary  man  it  is  enough  of  honor  to  speak  great  Shakespeare's 
tongue ;  and  so  we  Americans  may  well  take  pride  that  we  are  descended 
from  those  who  made  Washington  and  Marshall  possible.  No  individual 
can  move  far  in  advance  of  the  people  and  of  the  age  in  which  his  lot  is 
cast.  I  hold,  therefore,  that  it  is  praise  enough  for  the  average  citizen  of 
the  United  States,  during  the  century  which  has  now  come  to  a  close,  to 
say  that  he  was  one  of  the  supporting  column  at  the  head  of  which  walked 
George  Washington  and  John  Marshall ;  for  how  shall  even  wise  and 
valiant  captains  prevail  unless  they  be  followed  by  soldiers  brave  and  in- 
telligent, and  what  availeth  a  prophet  unless  he  speaks  to  those  who,  having 
ears,  are  no  less  capable  of  understanding  than  of  hearing?  What  vol- 
umes, then,  does  it  speak  of  the  political  capacity  and  moral  worth  of  a 
whole  people  when  history  records  that  in  the  hour  of  trial  men  like  Wash- 
ington and  Marshall  came  forth  from  the  ranks ;  that  the  whole  people  put 
those  men  in  their  high  places,  followed  and  sustained  them  while  they 
lived,  and  now,  when  only  their  work  survives,  honor  and  revere  them  and 
give  ear  unto  their  precepts.  As  it  was  with  our  fathers  so  may  it  be  with 
us ;  let  us  put  our  feet  in  their  tracks,  in  which  we  can  neither  wander  nor 
stumble." 

SIXTH  TOAST. 

The  CHAIRMAN  then  said, — 

"  Emblem  of  our  sovereign  power,  and  itself  of  mighty  force,  because 
the  sword  now  borne  sheathed  would,  if  drawn  in  a  righteous  cause  by  an 
united  America,  become  wellnigh  irresistible,  I  give  you  the  toast  of  '  THE 
ARMY  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES,'  and  call  on  that  most  gallant  of  soldiers  and 
truest-hearted  of  comrades,  Lieutenant-General  PHILIP  H.  SHERIDAN,  for  a 
response." 

General  SHERIDAN  said, — 

"  MR.  CHAIRMAN, — I  never  discussed  the  Constitution  very  much,  nor 
made  many  speeches  upon  it,  but  I  have  done  a  good  deal  of  fighting  for  it. 
But  I  cannot  let  this  occasion  pass  without  expressing  my  thanks,  my  grate- 
ful acknowledgments,  and  my  sincere  gratitude  to  the  Centennial  Commis- 


LEARNED  SOCIETIES   OF  PHILADELPHIA.  387 

sion  and  to  the  citizens  of  Philadelphia  for  inviting  me  to  be  present  on  this 
occasion.  It  has  been  a  delightful  occasion  to  me,  and  it  is  one  which  will 
always  be  dear  to  my  memory.  It  is  the  first  centennial  of  the  adoption  of 
the  Constitution  of  the  United  States,  and  I  have  no  doubt  that  every 
soldier  in  the  army  entertains  the  sentiments  I  feel,  because  the  old  regular 
army  has  a  representation  here.  As  you  know,  for  many  years  we  have 
been  cut  off  from  all  these  occasions  where  there  was  a  chance  for  a  little 
patriotic  feeling,  and  we  have  been  as  it  were  forgotten.  Now,  I  hope,  we 
are  to  come  in  and  will  be  able  to  participate  in  these  celebrations  the  same 
as  other  citizens. 

"  The  so-called  army  of  the  United  States,  gentlemen,  is  very  small,  I 
am  sorry  to  say,  but  it  is  the  army  of  sixty  millions  of  people,  and  if  they 
are  satisfied  with  it  nobody  has  any  right  to  complain.  The  officers  of  that 
army  are  a  highly-educated  body  of  gentlemen.  There  is  none  more  so  in 
any  profession.  The  soldiers  are  well  disciplined,  subordinate,  and  obedient 
to  all  demands  made  upon  them. 

"  We  see  the  time  coming  when  we  will  not  be  so  much  engaged  in 
Indian  hostilities.  Then  we  will  be  willing  to  come  and  join  with  the  State 
forces  and  cordially  co-operate  with  them,  so  that,  in  the  event  of  any 
necessity,  we  can  mobilize  a  good  strong  army  in  this  country.  The 
regular  army  of  the  United  States  is  a  mere  fiction.  The  real  army  of 
the  United  States  is  all  the  able-bodied  citizens  of  the  United  States  capable 
of  bearing  arms.  Mobilized  it  would  amount  to  four  or  five  million  good 
soldiers. 

"  Now,  if  all  the  shipping  in  Europe  were  allowed  to  come  over  here 
carrying  men  and  materials  of  war,  and  the  navy  under  Admiral  Luce  was 
to  let  them  come  over,  without  interfering  with  them  in  any  way,  they 
could  not  carry  men  and  war-material  enough  to  make  one  campaign.  So 
that  the  army  of  the  United  States,  in  that  sense,  would  be  about  the 
largest  army  in  the  world ;  but,  as  it  is  found  to-day,  it  is  about  the 
smallest. 

"  I  am  rather  on  the  side  of  Senator  Ingalls  in  what  he  said  to-night. 
He  wants  to  make  a  continental  republic  of  this  country.  But  there  is  one 
thing  that  you  should  appreciate,  and  that  is  that  the  improvement  in  guns 
and  in  the  material  of  war,  in  dynamite  and  other  explosives,  and  in  breech- 
loading  guns,  is  rapidly  bringing  us  to  a  period  when  war  will  eliminate 


388  BANQUET  GIVEN  BY   THE 

itself,  when  we  can  no  longer  stand  up  and  fight  each  other  in  battle,  and 
when  we  will  have  to  resort  to  something  else.  Now,  what  will  that  '  some- 
thing else'  be  ?  It  will  be  arbitration.  I  mean  what  I  say  when  I  express 
the  belief  that  if  any  one  now  present  here  could  live  until  the  next  cen- 
tennial he  would  find  that  arbitration  will  rule  the  world." 

SEVENTH  TOAST. 

The  CHAIRMAN  said, — 

"  Peace  is  most  sure  when  war  is  least  to  be  feared.  The  glorious 
annals  of  our  navy  remain  among  our  proudest  possessions.  Our  gallant 
officers  and  men  are  now,  we  know,  as  brave  as  ever  were  the  bravest. 
But  proud  recollections  and  present  security  may  dull  the  ear  to  calls  of 
future  needs.  And  in  giving  you  the  toast  of  '  THE  NAVY  OF  THE  UNITED 
STATES/  I  would  couple  with  it  the  prayer  that  a  wisely  liberal  policy  on 
the  part  of  successive  governments  may  ever  maintain  it  as  befits  the 
dignity  and  the  position  of  this  great  wave-washed  land. 

"  I  would  beg  to  call  on  Rear-Admiral  STEPHEN  B.  LUCE  to  respond." 

Admiral  LUCE  replied  as  follows : 

"  In  behalf  of  my  brother  officers  of  the  naval  profession  and  myself,  I 
return  our  cordial  thanks  for  the  honor  conferred  upon  the  navy  upon  this 
momentous  occasion.  And,  in  doing  so,  it  is  with  a  feeling  of  exultation 
that  I  find  myself  able  to  announce  that,  in  the  grand  march  of  events 
which  has  distinguished  the  centennial  year  just  closed,  the  navy  has  not 
fallen  in  the  rear.  Small  in  mere  numerical  force,  it  has  yet  kept  pace  with 
the  intellectual  progress  of  the  age.  In  that  respect,  at  least,  it  may  safely 
challenge  a  comparison  with  any  of  the  navies  of  the  Old  World. 

"  While  the  century  was  still  young,  the  school  of  the  naval  officer  was 
on  the  quarter-deck.  It  was  there  that  the  '  young  gentlemen'  learned  their 
first  lessons  in  that  art  of  seamanship  which  formed  one  of  the  distinguish- 
ing features  of  our  early  navy,  and  contributed  so  largely  to  our  successes  in 
the  War  of  1812. 

"In  1838  the  first  attempt  to  furnish  our  midshipmen  with  something 
like  educational  facilities  was  made  here  in  the  city  of  Philadelphia,  at  the 
Naval  Asylum,  then  under  the  governorship  of  the  gallant  Commodore 
James  Biddle,  of  this  city.  It  was  at  the  Naval  Asylum  that  the  distin- 


LEARNED  SOCIETIES  OF  PHILADELPHIA.  389 

guished  admiral  of  the  navy  and  the  vice-admiral  passed  their  examinations 
for  promotion. 

"  But  a  longing  on  the  part  of  our  officers  for  wider  fields  of  knowledge 
soon  developed  itself.  The  Naval  Lyceum,  established  at  the  navy-yard, 
New  York,  in  1833,  was  organized  for  the  express  purpose  of  'promoting 
a  diffusion  of  useful  knowledge.'  It  published  a  Naval  Magazine,  at  that 
time  the  only  one,  and  for  many  years  the  best,  that  had  appeared  in  this 
country.  This  was  followed  in  1838  by  the  exploring  expedition  under 
Lieutenant  (the  late  Rear-Admiral)  Charles  Wilkes.  A  depot  of  charts  and 
instruments  had  already  been  established  in  the  Navy  Department  as  early 
as  1830,  and  astronomical  observations  had  been  made  by  Lieutenant 
Wilkes,  the  first,  it  is  believed,  undertaken  in  this  country.  On  the  depart- 
ure of  the  exploring  expedition,  commanded  by  the  officer  just  named, 
these  observations,  conducted  by  Lieutenant  James  M.  Gillis,  were  con- 
tinued, by  order  of  the  Secretary  of  the  Navy,  for  the  purpose  of  determin- 
ing differences  of  longitude  with  the  stations  which  might  be  occupied  by 
the  expedition. 

"  Such  was  the  origin  of  the  Naval  Observatory  at  Washington,  an  insti- 
tution which,  besides  its  valuable  contributions  to  the  science  of  astronomy, 
has  done  so  much  towards  the  more  thorough  instruction  of  our  officers  in 
nautical  astronomy  and  the  cultivation  of  their  taste  for  the  science  itself. 

"Astronomical  observations,  originally  undertaken  in  an  unpretending 
manner  by  our  naval  officers,  carried  on  in  conjunction  with  the  great  naval 
expedition,  undertaken  in  the  interests  of  science,  and  continued  for  the 
better  part  of  the  century  under  the  superintendency  of  naval  officers,  it  is 
only  natural  that  we  have  always  claimed,  and  always  will  claim,  the  out- 
growth of  these  early  endeavors,  the  Naval  Observatory  at  Washington,  as 
our  peculiar  property.  It  is  the  living  witness  of  the  progressive  spirit  of 
the  navy.  And  it  is  a  high  tribute,  indeed,  to  the  success  of  the  naval 
administration  of  the  observatory  that  the  French  government,  profiting  by 
our  example,  has  placed  a  naval  officer,  Rear-Admiral  Mouchez,  in  charge 
of  the  National  Observatory  in  France. 

"  The  coast  survey  had  already  begun  its  great  work,  employing  many 
naval  officers  on  the  hydrography  of  our  rivers  and  harbors,  and  on  the 
in-shore  and  deep-sea  soundings.  This  special  branch  of  the  public  service 
has  expanded  with  the  rest.  The  hydrographic  office,  with  its  extensive 


390  BANQUET  GIVEN  BY  THE 

fields  of  research,  is  rendering  good  service  to  our  navigation  interests,  as  all 
our  seaport  towns  will  attest,  and  the  labors  of  Commander  C.  D.  Sigsbee 
and  Lieutenant  J.  E.  Pillsbury,  United  States  Navy,  with  ingeniously-con- 
trived instruments,  of  their  own  invention,  in  examining  the  origin,  extent, 
phenomenon,  and  influence  of  the  Gulf  Stream,  will  doubtless  prove  among 
the  most  valuable  contributions  of  the  day  to  the  physical  geography  of 
the  sea.  The  deep-sea  soundings  and  surveys  in  distant  parts  of  the  world, 
the  correction  of  longitude  by  telegraphic  comparisons  of  time,  the  light- 
house service,  all  give  employment  to  a  body  of  officers  who,  while  render- 
ing good  service  to  the  country,  are  obtaining  more  extended  knowledge 
and  experience  in  those  special  branches  of  their  profession. 

"  That  our  naval  officers  are  found  qualified  for  so  much  scientific  work 
is  due,  mainly,  to  the  Naval  Academy. 

"  The  Naval  Academy  rendered  possible,  or  rather  has  resulted  in,  the 
Naval  Institute,  which  was  established  '  for  the  advancement  of  professional 
and  scientific  knowledge  in  the  navy.'  Its  publications  have  already  enriched 
our  professional  literature. 

"  The  Naval  Academy  rendered  possible  the  office  of  naval  intelligence, 
which,  though  of  recent  origin,  has,  by  its  rapid  growth  and  extensive  re- 
searches, become  one  of  the  most  important  adjuncts  of  the  Navy  Department. 
And  by  a  natural  law  of  development  the  Naval  Academy  has  produced  the 
Torpedo  School  and  that  crowning  glory  of  our  educational  system,  the 
Naval  War  College,  the  like  of  which,  for  the  breadth  and  comprehensive- 
ness of  its  scheme  of  lectures  on  the  science  and  art  of  war  and  on  inter- 
national law,  is  not  to  be  found  in  any  other  country  in  the  world. 

"This  is  a  record  of  which  the  navy  may  be  justly  proud. 

"  Nor  have  our  seamen  been  neglected.  Our  training  squadron  is  bring- 
ing out  a  class  of  young  sailors,  who  for  their  loyalty,  habits  of  discipline, 
intelligence,  and  their  remarkable  aptitude  for  acquiring  a  knowledge  of  the 
use  of  modern  arms  and  the  various  naval  appliances  to  be  found  on  board 
the  later  types  of  ships  of  war  will  compare  favorably  with  any  body  of 
seamen  in  the  world. 

"  Thus  much  for  the  personnel  of  the  navy. 

"  With  regard  to  ships  of  war  we  certainly  enjoy  an  enviable  reputation. 
In  numerical  force  alone  have  we  been  found  wanting. 

"  From  the  frigates  built  in   1797  to  those  launched  in  1855  we  have  ex- 


LEARNED  SOCIETIES  OF  PHILADELPHIA.  391 

celled  other  nations  in  the  beauty,  strength,  and  fighting  qualities  of  our 
men-of-war. 

"  Those  magnificent  specimens  of  naval  architecture  known  as  the  Min- 
nesota class,  carrying  batteries  until  then  unthought  of,  were  for  years  the 
objects  of  universal  admiration. 

"  Will  any  one  have  the  hardihood  to  say  that  this  bright  chapter  in  our 
history  shall  suddenly  and  forever  close  ? 

"The  history  of  every  navy  shows  that  each  in  its  turn  has  had  its 
flood-tide  of  prosperity,  as  well  as  its  periods  of  depression.  Our  own  forms 
no  exception  to  the  rule.  But  the  extremes  with  us  have  never  been  ex- 
cessive. 

"  In  the  early  days  of  the  century  ship-building  flourished  most  gener- 
ously where  ship-timber  abounded,  and  during  long  years  ship-building 
formed  one  of  the  principal  industries  of  our  eastern  coasts.  But  now  the 
naval  architect,  abandoning  the  timber-lands,  looks  for  his  materials  in  the 
iron-  and  coal-regions,  and  the  banks  of  the  Delaware  have  now  become  the 
birthplace  and  cradle  of  the  new  navy. 

"  The  city  of  Philadelphia  has  been  associated  with  the  history  of  the 
navy  in  a  peculiar  manner. 

"  The  remains  of  the  Alliance,  the  last  ship  of  the  Continental  navy,  and 
consort  of  the  Bonhomme  Richard  during  her  celebrated  fight  under  Paul 
Jones,  in  1779,  now  lies  upon  her  shores. 

"  During  an  interval  of  twelve  years  we  had  no  navy.  But  the  Conti- 
nental navy  died  only  as  the  fruitful  seed  dies,  to  germinate  and  bring  forth 
more  abundantly;  and  not  long  after  the  adoption  of  the  Constitution 
measures  were  taken  to  build  a  navy,  and  the  frigate  United  States, 
launched  in  Philadelphia  in  1797,  was  the  first  ship  afloat  of  the  navy  under 
our  government  as  at  present  organized. 

"And  now  we  have  the  beautiful  Dolphin,  the  first  ship  of  the  navy  of 
steel. 

"  The  navy  is  small  indeed,  and  if  sixty  millions  of  people  deem  that 
it  shall  remain  so,  we,  of  the  profession,  cheerfully  acquiesce  in  their 
decision. 

"  But  when,  in  the  fulness  of  time  and  the  wisdom  of  Congress,  the 
burdens  which  now  embarrass  our  mercantile  marine  shall  be  removed,  and 
our  ocean  commerce  shall  once  more  spread  over  every  sea,  then  will  the 


392  BANQUET  GIVEN  BY  THE 

navy  attain  its  full  and  natural  growth,  not  in  numbers,  perhaps,  but  in  the 
perfection  of  its  organization  and  means  and  capacity  of  expansion. 

"  A  change  in  the  colors  or  device  of  a  flag  generally  indicates  a  change 
in  the  political  conditions  of  the  country  it  represents. 

"  But  our  beautiful  flag,  during  the  century  just  closing,  has  changed 
only  in  the  lustre  and  abundance  of  the  stars  in  its  canton.  Let  us  pray 
that  those  stars — symbols  of  our  States — may  never  be  subject  to  perturba- 
tion nor  occultation ;  but  that  each  one  may,  like  the  celestial  spheres, 
silently  and  steadfastly  follow  its  appointed  course  in  perfect  harmony  with 
law  and  order,  and  in  humble  submission  to  the  will  of  the  Great  Ruler 

of  all." 

^EIGHTH  TOAST. 

"  In  rising  to  propose  the  next  toast,"  said  the  CHAIRMAN,  "  I  confess  I 
feel  myself  almost  unable  to  confine  within  the  limits  of  a  few  formal 
phrases  the  thoughts  and  emotions  which  are  suggested  by  the  theme. 
Deep  in  the  very  constitution  of  our  natures,  stamped  ineradicably  in  the 
structure  of  our  frames,  the  qualities  of  race  assert  themselves.  The  force 
of  heredity  cannot  be  evaded.  Temporary  dissensions  may  alienate,  fierce 
passions  may  throw  into  deadly  conflict,  the  members  of  a  family,  the  sec- 
tions of  a  race.  Wide  separation,  divergent  interests,  may  wellnigh  efface 
all  apparent  kinship  for  a  time.  But  the  fundamental  and  germinal  prin- 
ciples still  persist  in  common ;  and,  though  evolution  permits  variety,  it  will 
never  break  the  links  which  bind  the  distant  descendants  to  the  ancestral 
type.  Here  in  America  we  have  welcomed  millions  from  many  lands.  Our 
race  is  no  longer  of  simple  strain,  but  the  manifold  currents  have  crossed 
and  blended,  and  have  flowed  through  such  new  environment  of  climate  and 
social  conditions,  that  out  of  this  it  might  seem  as  though  there  would  come 
a  new  type, — a  new  race.  Yet  we  may  be  sure  that  forever  there  will  be 
stamped  on  its  character  those  grand  prominent  traits  which  mark  the 
Anglo-Saxon ;  that  as  our  people  become  more  thoroughly  acclimated  there 
will  be  a  tendency  to  revert  to  the  parent  type ;  and  that  there  will  remain 
an  abiding  and  it  may  well  be  an  ever-deepening  and  strengthening  sense  of 
true  kinship  with  the  older  portions  of  the  race.  The  Greater  Britain  and 
the  Greater  America  must  have  many — very  many — things  in  common  in 
their  future.  And  surely  the  time  will  never  come,  no  matter  what  tempo- 
rary differences  of  policy  may  arise,  when  the  very  magnitude  of  our 


LEARNED  SOCIETIES  OF  PHILADELPHIA.  393 

common  interests ;  when  the  interests  and  aspirations  of  our  common  race ; 
when  the  glorious  heritage  of  our  common  possessions — our  language,  our 
history,  our  heroes,  our  law,  our  liberty,  civil  and  religious — will  not  make 
us  Americans  ready  as  now  to  gladly  pledge  '  England,  our  Mother 
Country.' 

"  We  had  hoped  to  have  with  us  to-night  one  who  through  a  long  career 
has  devoted  his  splendid  powers  and  his  inexhaustible  energy  to  the  sacred 
cause  of  liberty,  political  and  religious.  But  although  Mr.  Gladstone  is 
unavoidably  absent,  we  are  favored  with  the  presence  of  one  who  embodies 
in  himself  in  a  peculiar  sense  all  that  could  entitle  him  to  reply  to  this  toast 
on  this  historic  occasion, — a  profound  scholar  and  scientist ;  eminent  as  an 
educator,  liberal  and  progressive  as  a  statesman ;  endeared  to  all  by  his  ser- 
vices in  the  cause  of  truth  and  liberty,  and  yet  further  allied  to  America  by 
the  closest  ties  a  man  can  form. 

"  I  call  on  Rt.  Hon.  Sir  LYON  PLAYFAIR  to  respond  to  this  toast  of 
'  ENGLAND,  OUR  MOTHER  COUNTRY.'  " 

Sir  LYON  PLAYFAIR  said, — 

"  MR.  CHAIRMAN, — It  is  impossible  for  an  Englishman  to  reply  without 
emotion  to  a  toast  such  as  this,  or  without  mingled  feelings  of  pride,  humil- 
iation, and  confidence.  With  pride,  because  this  celebration  is  the  triumph 
of  the  principles  of  political  liberty  and  of  constitutional  government  of  a 
people  by  the  people,  in  entire  accord  with  the  great  traditions  which  have 
made  England  the  cradle  of  political  liberty.  With  humiliation,  because 
England,  in  the  reaction  which  followed  the  Cromwellian  revolution  and 
which  lasted  until  the  close  of  the  reign  of  George  III.,  forgot  many  of  its 
old  traditions,  and  in  its  relation  with  the  American  colonies  tried  to  sup- 
press instead  of  foster  the  growth  of  government  by  the  people.  With  con- 
fidence, because  England  and  the  United  States  now  know  that  they  are  the 
chief  guardians  of  political  liberty  and  constitutional  government  throughout 
the  world,  and  that  they  ought  to  be  linked  for  evermore  by  the  bonds  of 
friendship  and  kinsmanship. 

"  On  such  an  occasion  as  this  you  will  not  desire  that  I  should  refer  to 
the  political  blunders  of  England  which  led  to  the  wars  of  the  indepen- 
dence and  of  1812.  In  our  present  mood  you  would  rather  acknowledge 
the  benefits  which  you  have  received  from  the  mother  country  in  laying  the 
VOL.  ii. — 51 


394  BANQUET  GIVEN  BY  THE 

foundations  of  constitutional  government.  Your  ancestors  brought  with 
them,  as  their  most  precious  birthright,  the  principles  of  constitutional  lib- 
erty. The  Magna  Charta,  the  Habeas  Corpus  Act,  the  Bill  of  Rights,  and 
the  common  law  are  your  safeguards  for  liberty  as  they  are  our  safeguards 
in  England. 

"  Cromwell  was  the  political  father  of  Washington,  because  both  were 
champions  of  individual  and  constitutional  liberty^  and  they  both  taught 
kings  that  government  can  only  secure  permanent  obedience  when  it  con- 
sults the  safety  and  happiness  of  the  people.  The  acts  which  led  to  the  out- 
break at  Lexington  and  the  battle  of  Bunker  Hill  were  in  themselves  not 
very  oppressive,  but  they  were  a  continuation  of  slow  and  constant  inter- 
ference with  the  natural  growth  of  constitutional  liberty.  The  whole  coun- 
try uprose  after  the  final  tea-party,  which  was  given  to  the  British  at  Griffin's 
Wharf,  in  Boston,  because  the  people  knew,  though  they  had  scarcely  felt 
the  tyranny,  that  the  mere  exposure  to  it  was  the  destruction  of  freedom. 

"  '  For  what  avail  the  plough  or  sail 
Or  land  or  life,  if  freedom  fail  ?' 

"  How  I  wish  that  either  of  those  whom  I  am  proud  to  call  my  friends, 
William  E.  Gladstone  or  John  Bright,  were  here  to-day  to  reply  to  the  toast 
now  given.  I  am  only  an  humble  Englishman,  half  scientist,  half  politician, 
with  no  other  claim  to  address  you  than  the  fact  that  while  I  ardently  love 
my  own  country,  I  warmly  love  yours  also. 

"  I  speak  in  a  city  which  framed  the  Declaration  of  Independence  and 
built  the  Constitution.  If  Boston  may  claim  the  credit  of  infusing  fresh 
blood  into  the  young  commonwealth,  it  was  in  Philadelphia  that  its  brain 
was  nurtured  and  matured. 

"  The  occasion  of  this  celebration,  the  place  and  all  its  environments, 
inspire  thoughts,  but  do  not  fit  them  for  condensation  into  an  after-dinner 
speech.  I  shall  say  nothing  more  as  to  your  War  of  Independence  beyond 
this,  that  without  it  you  would  never  have  become  a  great  nation.  Great 
nations  must  have  a  history,  and  that  war  created  history  for  you  and  gave 
you  illustrious  traditions  and  ancestors  of  your  own  to  whom  you  can  point 
with  pride  as  the  founders  of  your  fatherland. 

"  This  day  we  are  celebrating  your  second,  though  peaceful,  revolution. 


LEARNED  SOCIETIES  OF  PHILADELPHIA.  395 

It  is  true  that  the  thirteen  States  had  become  a  nation  by  a  loose  confedera- 
tion. But  that  nation,  though  of  one  promise,  had  thirteen  performances, 
and  no  nation  has  ever  preserved  its  unity  with  even  two  executives.  It 
was,  therefore,  a  veritable  revolution  when  the  Convention  of  1787  framed 
that  marvellous  production  of  human  genius,  political  foresight,  and  prac- 
tical sagacity, — the  Constitution  of  the  United  States.  Its  first  words, 
'  We,  the  people  of  the  United  States,'  not '  We,  the  States,'  show  the  great- 
ness of  the  revolution.  It  was  as  if  the  people  had  instructed  the  Conven- 
tion in  the  words  of  Shakespeare,  '  We  must  have  liberty  withal,  as  large  a 
Charter  as  the  wind.'  The  Anglo-Saxon  spirit  breathes  through  every 
word  of  the  Constitution.  Notwithstanding  your  boundless  and  continuous 
territory,  its  framers  recollected  that  great  free  nations  only  succeed  when 
they  are  composed  of  smaller  States,  because  there  is  a  longing  among  men 
of  our  race  for  local  independence  as  opposed  to  centralization.  With  what 
skill  and  wisdom  were  the  executive  powers  given  to  the  nation  while  all  the 
essentials  of  local  government  were  reserved  for  the  States.  Ah,  there  were 
intellectual  giants  in  those  days.  When  will  you,  or  the  lovers  of  liberty 
throughout  the  world,  ever  forget  the  names  of  the  master  builders  of  the 
Constitution, — Washington,  Hamilton,  Sherman,  Madison,  Pinckney,  and 
the  aged  Franklin  ?  It  does  not  lessen  but  enhances  the  value  of  the  Con- 
stitution that  the  best  parts  of  English  constitutional  law  are  preserved  in  it 
set  like  jewels  in  a  golden  casket.  Hamilton  gloried  in  this  fact  at  a  later 
time.  And  so  the  Constitution,  both  in  its  inception  and  execution,  even  in 
your  last  terrible  struggle  for  unity,  has  remained  the  bright  polar  star  of 
liberty.  When  I  think  of  it  I  feel  inclined  to  exclaim,  in  the  words  of 
Shakespeare,  '  How  beauteous  mankind  is :  O,  brave  new  world  that  has 
such  people  in't.' 

"  But  in  speaking  of  the  object  of  this  celebration  I  have  left  but  a  few 
moments  to  reply  to  the  sentiment  of  the  toast,  '  Our  Mother  Country.' 
The  people  of  the  United  States  as  well  as  the  people  of  the  United  King- 
dom are  the  joint  and  common  possessor  of  their  respective  glories  and 
traditions. 

"  Shakespeare,  Milton,  Bacon,  and  Locke,  Burns,  Scott,  and  Moore,  are 
your  great  authors  as  they  are  ours.  When  I  see  their  statues  in  your 
parks  or  museums  I  think  it  quite  as  natural  as  when  I  see  the  monument 
of  Longfellow  in  Westminster  Cathedral.  As  you  grow  older  in  history 


396  BANQUET  GIVEN  BY  THE 

our  great  Walhalla  in  London  will  claim  its  right  to  possess  a  record  and 
share  in  the  illustrious  men  born  on  this  side  of  the  Atlantic.  Even  now 
Emerson,  Longfellow,  Wendell  Holmes,  and  Whittier  are  the  cherished  in- 
mates of  every  cultivated  English  home.  Hume  and  Macaulay  teach  his- 
tory to  your  schools  just  as  Prescott,  Motley,  and  Parkman  extend  historical 
knowledge  in  England.  Science  has  no  country,  though  its  investigators 
have  birthplaces.  In  Philadelphia  I,  as  an  ex-professor,  cannot  forget  that 
one  man  to  whom  all  my  life  I  have  given  hero-worship  lived  and  labored 
in  this  city.  In  his  old  age  he  co-operated  with  Washington  to  humble 
King  George  III.  But  before  that  he  had  actually  swept  out  of  the  universe 
a  much  more  powerful  prince.  When  Benjamin  Franklin  drew  down  light- 
ning from  the  clouds  he  freed  religion  from  a  degrading  superstition.  Till 
then  the  '  Prince  of  the  Power  of  the  Air'  troubled  the  world  with  thunder- 
storms, and  Popes  blessed  bells  and  set  them  ringing  to  frighten  the  turbu- 
lent prince.  Franklin  was  more  powerful  than  the  Popes,  for  he  knocked 
the  prince  on  the  head, — 

"'Eripuil  c<zlo  fulmen  sceptrumque  tyrannis? 

"  Another  of  your  great  Americans,  Benjamin  Thompson  (Count  Rum- 
ford),  taught  mankind  the  correlation  of  forces  and  founded  the  Royal  In- 
stitution in  London,  which  has  produced  a  Davy,  a  Faraday,  and  a  Tyndall. 
It  was  right  that  an  Englishman  should  found  your  great  Smithsonian 
Institution  at  Washington. 

"  Long  may  we  cherish  our  common  possessions  and  national  sym- 
pathies. When  America  rejoices  England  is  glad.  When  you  mourn  a 
great  national  calamity  we  join  in  your  grief.  When  Lincoln  and  Garfield 
fell  by  the  acts  of  assassins  the  colors  of  English  ships  all  over  the  world 
were  lowered  '  half-mast'  in  honor  of  their  great  names.  At  the  death  of 
your  great  general,  Grant,  I  felt  I  was  with  you  in  body  and  spirit  when 
I  attended  the  solemn  services  at  Westminster  Cathedral  in  commemora- 
tion of  his  services  to  your  country  and  to  the  cause  of  liberty  through- 
out the  world.  When  Ireland,  unhappy  Ireland,  suffered  from  famine,  we 
do  not  forget  that  the  United  States  sent-  over  a  frigate  laden  with  pro- 
visions for  the  starving  people.  Your  acts  of  sympathy  with  us  in  our  joys 
and  sorrows  have  been  many.  Let  us  continue  to  cherish  our  common 


LEARNED  SOCIETIES  OF  PHILADELPHIA.  397 

glories  and  past  traditions,  and  never  cease  to  aim  at  a  community  of  in- 
terests and  pride  in  our  national  prosperity. 

"  It  is  no  insignificant  evidence  of  the  friendly  feeling  now  existing 
between  England  and  the  United  States  that  a  memorial,  signed  by  more 
than  two  hundred  members  of  Parliament,  is  about  to  be  presented  to  the 
President,  urging  that  any  political  differences  which  may  from  time  to 
time  arise  between  the  two  countries  should  in  the  last  resort  be  settled 
by  arbitration.  This  memorial  is  the  actual  outcome  of  the  workingmen 
of  England,  who  have  pressed  it  upon  their  representatives. 

"  I  know  that  I  have  been  far  too  long,  but  you  will  forgive  me  because 
the  toast  unites  two  great  nations  in  one  sentiment.  The  small  islands  in 
the  northern  seas  from  which  your  ancestors  came  to  found  this  great  nation 
even  now  contain  only  thirty-six  millions  of  people,  while  already  you  have 
sixty  millions,  and  have  in  your  vast  continent  an  immense  potentiality  of 
growth.  We  know  that  you  must  become  our  big  brother,  and  we  ask  you 
to  cherish  in  the  future  that  feeling  of  pride  in  our  common  ancestry  and 
that  sympathy  for  an  allied  people  which  we  now  possess.  If  we  do  so  the 
great  Anglo-Saxon  race  throughout  the  world  will  become  a  security  for 
peace  and  a  surety  for  the  continued  growth  of  constitutional  liberty." 

NINTH  TOAST. 

Provost  PEPPER, — 

"  If  time  permitted,  it  would  be  pleasant  to  have  placed,  instead  of  the 
toast  which  is  now  to  be  offered,  a  series  embracing  all  of  the  foreign  powers 
which,  by  their  friendly  attitude  during  and  after  the  Revolution,  did  so 
much  to  cheer  the  courage  and  strengthen  the  hands  of  the  struggling 
nation.  It  indicates  no  lack  of  grateful  remembrance  of  each  and  all  of 
them  that  we  have  felt  ourselves  restricted  to  a  special  mention  of  that  one 
power  which,  by  her  enthusiastic  sympathy,  by  the  prestige  of  her  powerful 
friendship,  by  her  repeated  and  liberal  advances  of  money,  by  the  services 
of  her  gallant  sons,  contributed  so  influentially  to  our  success.  It  would, 
indeed,  be  strange  if,  on  such  an  occasion  as  this,  we  should  not  give  voice 
to  the  deep  feelings  of  gratitude  which  we  have  ever  continued  to  entertain 
for  her, — a  gratitude  heightened  by  the  enthusiastic  attachment  long  felt  for 
the  chivalrous  and  high-minded  Lafayette,  the  beloved  friend  of  our  great 
leader.  As  late  as  1824,  Everett  could  say,  addressing  Lafayette  at  Harvard 


398  BANQUET  GIVEN  BY  THE 

College,  '  that  he  had  returned  in  his  age  to  receive  the  gratitude  of  the 
nation  to  which  he  devoted  his  youth/  and  could  bid  him  '  enjoy  a  triumph 
such  as  never  conqueror  or  monarch  enjoyed,  the  assurance  that  throughout 
America  there  is  not  a  bosom  which  does  not  beat  with  joy  and  gratitude 
at  the  sound  of  his  name.'  Deeply  as  Philadelphia  has  been  stirred  at  this 
historic  time,  the  arrival  of  Lafayette  in  this  city  evoked  an  almost  equal 
enthusiasm.  Nor  was  this  excessive  or  unwarranted,  because  it  was  univer- 
sally felt  that  in  him  were  symbolized  not  only  personal  heroism  and  devo- 
tion to  the  cause  of  human  liberty,  but  the  generous  and  almost  fraternal 
sentiments  and  conduct  of  France  towards  us  at  the  most  critical  moment  in 
our  history.  It  is  a  most  felicitous  coincidence  that  we  are  favored  to-night 
by  the  presence  of  one  who  has  kindly  consented  to  respond  to  the  toast  I 
am  about  to  offer,  and  who  not  only  appears  as  a  most  fitting  representative 
of  France,  but,  through  family  ties,  of  Lafayette  also.  I  would  pledge, 
therefore,  '  FRANCE, — OUR  OLD  ALLY,'  and  request  the  MARQUIS  DE  CHAM- 
BRUN  to  reply  to  this  toast." 

The  MARQUIS  DE  CHAMBRUN  said, — 

"  MR.  PRESIDENT,  LADIES,  AND  GENTLEMEN, — The  history  of  the  alliance 
between  the  United  States  and  France  is  in  some  respects  a  very  curious 
one.  A  solemn  treaty  was  signed  in  1778  between  the  Court  of  Versailles 
and  the  government  of  the  insurgent  colonies ;  according  to  the  stipulations 
contained  therein,  France  sent  her  army  and  her  fleet  to  assist  the  thirteen 
colonies  in  the  Revolutionary  War,  and  history  has  recorded  with  what  suc- 
cess this  determined  action  was  attended.  But,  a  few  years  later,  when  the 
government  of  France  called  upon  the  United  States  to  execute  in  turn  its 
obligations  under  the  same  treaty,  President  Washington,  supported  by  the 
most  prominent,  the  most  patriotic  men  of  his  time,  declined  to  comply  with 
such  a  demand ;  he  asserted  the  international  independence  of  the  United 
States,  enforced  a  policy  of  absolute  neutrality,  and  in  his  farewell  address 
warned  his  countrymen  against  a  policy  of  '  entangling  alliances.'  At  first 
blush  what  strange  contrast  this  change  of  faith  seems  to  disclose.  Never- 
theless, France  so  well  appreciated  the  wisdom  of  Washington  that,  in  1 800, 
the  First  Consul,  Bonaparte,  assented  to  the  abrogation  of  the  Treaty  of 
Alliance.  And  I  may  say  that  to-day  an  examination  of  the  statute  books 
show  that  there  are  fewer  treaty  stipulations  in  force  between  the  United 


LEARNED  SOCIETIES  OF  PHILADELPHIA.  399 

States  and  France  than  between  the  United  States  and  Belgium,  for  in- 
stance. 

"  Nevertheless,  I  claim  that  there  is,  as  there  always  has  been,  a  feeling 
of  friendship  existing  between  the  two  countries  which  Is  above  and  beyond 
the  scope  of  treaty  stipulations  and  of  '  entangling  alliances.'  What  is  the 
cause  of  it?  The  cause  is  the  same  that  a  celebrated  moralist,  Pascal, 
ascribed  to  love.  Pascal  said  that  love  could  not  exist  without  a  '  linking 
of  thoughts ;'  and  I  claim  that  as  between  France  and  the  United  States 
there  is  a  linking  of  thoughts.  The  French  mind  was  the  first  in  Europe 
which  foresaw  what  this  continent  would  become ;  it  was  also  the  first  which 
came  forward  to  assist  in  its  growth.  Here  let  me  quote  to  you  an  anec- 
dote which  I  do  not  believe  has  ever  been  printed.  In  1800,  or  a  little 
later,  General  Lafayette  was  invited  to  a  state  dinner  given  by  General 
Bonaparte,  then  First  Consul.  At  that  state  dinner  were  Moreau,  Massena, 
and  nearly  all  those  generals  who  had  fought  in  Europe  for  about  eight 
years,  and  who  had  conquered  part  of  it.  During  the  dinner  the  conversa- 
tion turned  upon  the  victories  of  each  of  those  men.  General  Lafayette 
remained  perfectly  silent  until  Bonaparte  turned  to  him  and  said,  '  Why, 
General  Lafayette,  you  do  not  say  anything  about  your  campaigns  in 
America?  Please  speak  to  us  on  them.'  The  general,  noticing  a  little 
smile  of  derision  on  the  lips  of  the  generals  who  had  just  spoken,  said,  '  I 
will  not  allude,  Citizen  First  Consul,  to  such  skirmishes,  though  these 
skirmishes  have  decided  the  fate  of  a  continent.' 

"  I  say,  again,  that  no  European  thinkers  and  writers  have  understood 
American  institutions  so  well  as  the  French  have  done.  I  ask  the  gentlemen 
of  great  learning  who  are  here  to-night  whether  there  is  a  more  philosophical 
book,  a  more  graphic  description  of  the  United  States  than  that  written  by 
Alexis  de  Tocqueville  under  the  title  of '  Democracy  in  America  ?'  Far  from 
contradicting  what  a  distinguished  Englishman  has  said  to-night,  I  agreed 
with  him  when  he  stated  that  as  between  you  and  England  there  is  the 
tie  of  the  Magna  Charta,  of  the  Habeas  Corpus,  the  '  linking  of  thoughts,' 
binding  together  both  countries,  the  writings  of  Shakespeare  that  have 
prepared  and  maintained  the  intellectual  unity  of  all  the  English-speaking 
people,  and  this  still  greater  fact  that  England  has  produced  America. 

"  But,  on  the  other  hand,  I  contend  on  behalf  of  France  that  as  between 
the  United  States  and  France  there  exist  these  very  '  linking  of  thoughts' 


400  BANQUET  GIVEN  BY  THE 

that  resulted  in  both  countries  from  the  application  of  such  democratic 
principles,  of  such  ideas  of  intellectual  freedom,  which  in  many  respects 
unite  to-day  both  nations  in  the  work  of  securing  the  moral,  the  intellectual, 
and  the  material  progress  of  the  people. 

"•My  friend,  if  he  will  allow  me  to  call  him  such,  General  Sheridan, 
spoke  of  the  army  of  the  United  States  and  of  the  possible  creation  of  an 
army  of  millions  of  soldiers.  If  he  will  allow  me  I  will  suggest  to  him 
that  besides  these  millions  of  armed  men  there  are  still  other  millions  of 
soldiers  who  are  continually  on  duty  in  this  country, — I  refer  to  those 
immense  armies  of  pioneers  that  have  opened  the  West  and  created  new 
countries.  They  have  done  this  not  by  war,  not  at  the  cost  of  human 
lives,  but  by  the  most  legitimate,  the  most  honest,  and  the  most  peaceful 
means.  They  have  conquered  the  wilderness  and  appropriated  it  to  the 
uses  of  Christian  communities,  so  that  to-day  millions  of  human  beings  are 
thanking  God  for  the  home  and  the  freedom  that  was  secured,  and  for  the 
civilization  that  was  bestowed  upon  them  under  the  Constitution  and  under 
the  laws  of  the  United  States. 

"  I  think  that  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States  is  the  most  perfectly- 
written  Constitution  in  the  history  of  the  world.  To  test  it,  it  must  be  com- 
pared with  three  other  Constitutions :  with  the  constitution  of  Rome,  with 
that  of  Venice,  and  with  that  of  England.  So  long  as  Rome  maintained  her 
liberty  she  never  succeeded  in  casting  aside  the  privileges  of  a  few  families, 
and  when  the  idea  of  a  certain  equality  among  classes  and  to  a  certain 
extent  among  men  began  to  prevail  the  despotism  of  the  emperors  had 
suppressed  the  liberty  of  the  Roman  world. 

"  Venice  was  governed  for  five  hundred  years  by  a  close   aristocracy. 

"  England  alone  has  transformed  her  institutions  by  the  slow  process  of 
reform  which  political  freedom  has  secured,  so  that  she  is  nearing  every  day 
the  very  principles  the  enforcement  of  which  the  constitutions  of  the  various 
States  of  America  and  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States  secured  one 
hundred  years  ago  on  this  continent ;  and  let  me  express  this  sentiment  that 
I  do  heartily  wish  that  these  very  principles  that  America  has  first  asserted, 
that  England  is  tending  to  recognize,  that  France  proclaimed  in  turn  ninety- 
eight  years  ago,  may  be  maintained  where  they  are  in  full  vigor,  may  be 
developed  where  they  are  asserting  themselves,  and  grow  where  they  are 
hardly  in  existence." 


LEARNED  SOCIETIES  OF  PHILADELPHIA.  401 

TENTH  TOAST. 

In  proposing  the  next  toast  Dr.  PEPPER  said, — 

"  I  trust  that  all  here  would  have  felt  this  centennial  celebration  to  have 
been  somewhat  incomplete  without  this  closing  event  which  emphasizes  not 
so  much  the  material  progress  we  have  made,  nor  yet  the  material  forces 
which  we  hold  in  reserve,  as  the  vast  power  which  education  exerts  among 
us,  and  the  rapid  development  which  has  been  effected,  under  the  influence 
of  our  free  institutions,  by  our  societies  for  the  promotion  of  letters,  arts, 
and  sciences.  It  is  the  wide  diffusion  of  education  in  America  which,  more 
than  anything  else,  has  made  possible  the  successful  adaptation  of  the  Con- 
stitution to  every  phase  of  our  national  life.  It  is  to  the  continued  exten- 
sion of  education,  conjoined  with  the  holy  teachings  of  religion,  that  we 
look  with  confidence  as  the  means  by  which  all  threatened  dangers  to  our 
system  of  government  shall  be  averted.  I  beg,  therefore,  to  propose  the 
toast  of  'AMERICAN  EDUCATION,'  and  to  call  for  a  response  from  Hon. 
ANDREW  D.  WHITE,  ex-president  of  Cornell  University  and  formerly  min- 
ister to  the  Court  of  Berlin,  one  of  our  most  distinguished  educators,  and 
an  admirable  example  of  the  value  of  the  scholar  in  public  life." 

Mr.  WHITE  said, — 

"  MR.  PROVOST, — Nothing  could  seem  at  first  sight  more  remote  from  the 
Constitution  of  the  United  States  than  the  present  growth  of  American  edu- 
cation. 

"  A  vast  growth  it  is,  indeed,  with  its  schools  numbered  by  hundreds  of 
thousands,  from  the  log  cabin  of  our  frontiers  to  the  stately  edifices  of  our 
universities,  with  millions  on  millions  of  scholars  of  every  grade,  with  hun- 
dreds of  millions  of  money  lavished  upon  it  by  the  nation,  the  States,  the 
municipalities,  the  rural  hamlets,  and  with  a  growth  of  private  munificence 
such  as  the  world  has  never  before  seen  ;  and  yet  not  a  word  in  the  Consti- 
tution provides  for  this  growth  or  even  foreshadows  it  And  still  it  would 
not  be  hard  to  prove,  first,  that  when  the  Constitution  had  been  framed  a 
vast  educational  development  must  follow  normally  and  logically ;  and  it 
would  be  still  more  easy  to  prove,  next,  that  this  great  growth  of  education 
must  take  substantially  its  present  form  and  no  other. 

"  For,  sir,  what  is  the  central  and  germinating  force  in  this  great  edu- 

VOL.  II. — 52 


402  BANQUET  GIVEN  BY  THE 

cational  evolution  ?  Inherited  ideas,  the  zeal  of  sects,  the  ambition  of 
localities,  the  pride  or  patriotism  of  individuals,  have  doubtless  contributed 
much,  yet  they  explain  but  a  small  part  of  it.  What  is  the  cause  under- 
lying a  growth  so  deep,  so  broad,  so  vigorous  ? 

"  My  answer  is  that  it  is  an  instinct — an  instinct  developed  out  of  a  con- 
viction— an  instinct  and  conviction  growing  ever  more  and  more — that, 
without  adequate  provision  for  the  education  and  enlightenment  of  the 
great  majority  of  our  citizens,  we  have  no  security  for  the  maintenance  of 
this  vast  complex  of  institutions,  and  especially  of  the  Constitution  of  the 
United  States,  which  is  their  radiant  centre. 

"  The  thoughtful  observer  of  human  history  knows  that  this  instinct  is 
well  founded ;  he  knows  that  all  the  great  republics  of  antiquity  and  of  the 
mediaeval  period  failed  for  want  of  that  enlightenment  which  could  enable 
their  citizens  to  appreciate  free  institutions  and  maintain  them.  He  knows, 
too,  that  most  of  the  great  efforts  for  republican  institutions  in  modern 
times  have  been  drowned  in  unreason,  fanaticism,  anarchy,  and  blood, — 
nay,  he  knows,  even  as  to  republics  which  are  to-day  successful,  that  un- 
enlightened political  conduct  subjects  them  to  the  greatest  dangers  at  home, 
and  gives  force  and  point  to  the  arguments  of  their  enemies  abroad. 

"  I  am  aware  that  many  have  claimed  that  a  special  divine  illumination 
or  inspiration  is  possessed  by  political  aggregations  of  the  human  species-; 
that  there  is  in  such  great  bodies,  when  they  come  to  discuss  political  sub- 
jects, an  inerrancy,  an  infallibility,  which  prevents  their  going  far  wrong. 
This  doctrine  takes  shape  in  the  famous  declaration  that  the  '  voice  of  the 
people  is  the  voice  of  God.'  In  one  sense  history  shows  this  statement  to  be 
true,  for  the  voice  of  any  people,  whose  God-given  powers  of  mind,  heart, 
and  soul  have  not  been  properly  developed,  has  ever  been  the  voice  of  an 
avenging  God  against  human  unreason.  The  voice  of  an  illiterate  people 
made  Marcus  Aurelius  and  Philip  II.  more  popular  than  Charles  V. ;  Fer- 
dinand, of  Austria,  more  popular  than  Joseph  II.;  Henry  VIII.  and  Charles 
II.,  of  England,  more  popular  than  William  III. ; — nay,  does  not  every  child 
know  that  Barabbas  was  more  popular  than  Jesus  ?  An  illiterate  mass  of 
men,  large  or  small,  is  a  mob.  If  such  a  mob  has  a  hundred  million  of 
heads,  if  it  extends  from  ice  to  coral,  it  is  none  the  less  a  mob,  and  the 
voice  of  a  mob  has  been  in  all  time  evil,  for  it  has  ever  been  the  voice  of  a 
tyrant,  conscious  of  power,  unconscious  of  responsibility. 


LEARNED  SOCIETIES  OF  PHILADELPHIA.  403 

"  There  are  many,  also,  who  attribute  to  a  Constitution  so  revered  as 
ours  a  sort  of  magic  force  to  restrain  the  wilder  elements  of  liberty ;  but, 
after  all,  what  constitution  shall  curb  the  despotism  of  a  mob  ?  The  des- 
potism of  an  individual  may  be,  and  has  been,  tempered  by  assassins,  by 
epigrams,  by  historians,  by  a  sense  of  responsibility;  but  how  shall  any  such 
forces,  how  shall  any  sense  of  responsibility,  be  brought  to  bear  upon  a 
mob  ?  It  passes  at  one  bound  from  extreme  credulity  towards  demagogues 
to  extreme  scepticism  towards  statesmen ;  from  mawkish  sympathy  for 
criminals  to  blood-thirsty  ferocity  against  the  innocent;  from  the  wildest 
rashness  to  the  most  abject  fear.  To  rely  upon  a  constitution  to  control 
such  a  mob  would  be  like  relying  upon  a  cathedral  organ  to  still  the  fury 
of  a  tornado.  Build  your  Constitution  as  lordly  as  you  may,  let  its  ground 
tone  of  justice  be  the  most  profound,  let  its  utterances  of  human  right  be 
trumpet-tongued,  let  its  combinations  of  checks  and  balances  be  the  most 
subtle ;  yet  what  statesman  shall  so  play  upon  its  mighty  keys  as  to  still  the 
howling  tempest  of  party  spirit,  or  sectional  prejudice,  or  race  hatreds, 
sweeping  through  an  illiterate  mob  crowding  a  continent? 

"  And,  finally,  it  is  said  that  a  nation  is  educated  to  freedom  by  events 
and  institutions.  That  is  largely  true;  but  the  question  is  a  question  of 
price.  The  price  of  political  education  in  a  nation  without  intellectual  and 
moral  training  is  large  indeed.  It  is  generally  centuries  of  time  and  oceans 
of  blood  and  treasure.  Think  of  the  price  paid  for  religious  liberty  in 
Germany,  for  civil  liberty  in  England,  for  political  liberty  in  France,  for 
national  unity  everywhere. 

"The  great  masses  of  our  people  may  not  be  able  to  give  all  the 
elaborate  reasons  for  their  conviction  that  widespread  education  is  a  neces- 
sity, but  these  reasons  have  filtered  down  through  them,  and  in  the  con- 
viction and  instinct  thus  created  resides  the  strength  of  American  educa- 
tion. 

"  So  much,  sir,  for  the  indirect  relation  of  the  Constitution  to  education. 
I  come  now  to  its  direct  effect  in  giving  to  American  education  its  present 
form.  It  was  the  boast  of  a  minister  of  public  instruction  in  one  of  the 
greatest  European  states  that,  at  whatever  hour  in  the  day  he  opened  his 
watch,  he  knew  exactly  what  study  was  at  that  time  occupying  the  atten- 
tion of  every  scholar  in  that  empire.  Under  the  political  system  established 
by  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States  no  such  boast  can  ever  be  possible. 


404  BANQUET  GIVEN  BY  THE 

No  autocrat  or  bureaucrat  or  mandarin  can  ever  thus  confiscate  the  develop- 
ing thought  of  the  nation  to  the  ambition  of  any  sect,  party,  or  individual. 

"  Among  the  most  profound  remarks  ever  made  by  that  great  thinker, 
John  Stuart  Mill,  is  his  statement  that  one  of  the  greatest  misfortunes  in 
the  education  of  a  nation  would  be  the  establishment  of  uniformity  under 
the  name  of  unity ;  that  in  the  best  national  education  there  will  be  freedom 
to  many  systems,  thus  preventing  mandarinism  and  stagnation,  thus  insuring 
that  attrition  between  the  minds  of  men  educated  to  approach  truth  from 
various  sides,  and  to  state  truth  in  various  ways,  which  is  the  best  guarantee 
for  the  healthful  and  perpetual  development  of  the  national  thought. 

"  This  ideal  of  a  national  education  the  Constitution  has  insured  to  us. 
In  the  whole  system  there  is  substantial  unity  but  no  uniformity.  Each 
State,  each  municipality,  every  individual  has  the  largest  freedom  to  work 
out  the  best  results.  Especially  true  is  this  of  the  higher  education,  and, 
though  to  a  superficial  observer  the  whole  system  is  chaotic,  the  closer 
thinker  will  see  a  great  cosmic  force  shaping  the  whole  and  developing  a 
complete  well-grounded  system,  growing  with  the  growth  and  strengthen- 
ing with  the  strength  of  the  republic.  Of  good  omen  is  it,  too,  that  the 
higher  education  throughout  our  country  is  occupying  itself  with  the  study 
of  social  and  political  problems  as  never  before,  and  that  more  and  more  are 
coming  from  our  universities  men  who,  in  the  light  of  the  best  modern 
thought,  can  discuss  the  most  important  problems  arising  in  this  second 
century  of  the  Constitution, — through  the  press,  from  the  pulpit  and  pro- 
fessor's chair,  and  in  the  halls  of  legislation.  Especially  noteworthy  is  the 
noble  example  set  in  the  development  of  these  studies  by  the  University  of 
Pennsylvania. 

"  At  the  centre  of  the  whole,  Congress  has  established  a  bureau  of 
education.  This  would  seem  the  logical  outcome  of  our  system, — not  its 
lord,  but  its  servant,  keeping  as  it  were  the  standard  time  of  the  whole, 
recording  the  best  results  of  experiments  here  and  there,  enabling  all  to 
profit  by  the  example  of  each  and  each  to  profit  by  the  example  of  all,  but 
without  a  particle  of  power  to  impose  a  central  will.  It  may,  indeed,  be 
said  that  in  the  whole  growth  of  American  education  there  is  much  boastful 
immaturity.  This  is  true,  but  immaturity  in  a  living  organism  means 
growth,  and  whatever  boastfulness  there  may  be  is  but  a  sign  of  growth, 
robust,  luxuriant — not  exotic,  but  prophetic  of  strength  and  long  service. 


LEARNED  SOCIETIES  OF  PHILADELPHIA.  405 

"  It  is  true,  also,  that  this  growth  is  not  what  many  good  men  would 
have  it.  Some  would  have  a  vast  system  of  primary  schools  and  nothing 
more ;  some  would  stop  with  high-schools  and  intermediate  colleges ;  some 
would  care  for  nothing  save  the  universities. 

"  But  the  very  laws  of  growth  in  the  whole  system  bring  all  such  nar- 
row views  to  naught.  For  in  this  whole  living  growth  of  American  educa- 
tion the  public  schools  are  the  roots,  pushing  deeply  and  broadly  among 
the  whole  people  and  drawing  in  life  from  them ;  the  academies  and  high- 
schools  are  the  stalwart  trunk,  rising  strong  from  the  roots  and  binding 
the  whole  growth  in  unity ;  and  the  universities,  now  beginning  to  spread 
broadly  forth,  are  its  boughs  and  branches  bearing  its  foliage  and  bloom 
and  fruitage,  gathering  in  light  and  life  and  aspiration  from  what  is  best 
in  the  whole  atmosphere  of  the  world's  science  and  literature  and  art, 
bringing  it  to  circulate  back  through  trunk  and  root,  repaying  what  it  has 
drawn  from  the  people  by  new  currents  of  ennobling  and  strengthening 
thought  and  endeavor. 

"As  well  try,  then,  to  cultivate  a  vast  oak  in  hope  of  having  it  all 
root  or  all  trunk  or  all  foliage  as  to  create  a  worthy  system  of  American 
education  without  these  three  divisions  of  the  organic  whole. 

"  In  the  atmosphere  diffused  by  this  growth  of  American  education  we 
may  have  confidence  that  the  Constitution  will  go  on  as  a  blessing  to  cen- 
tury after  century ;  that  it  will  enable  us  to  regard  this  ever-growing  mass 
of  citizens  with  assured  hope  of  prosperity  and  to  look  into  the  faces  of 
its  soldiers  without  fear  for  liberty.  We  may  have  confidence  that  the 
foundations  of  the  Constitution  will  grow  ever  firmer  in  the  right  reason 
of  the  people ;  that  its  mighty  buttresses  will  grow  ever  stronger  in  en- 
lightened patriotism ;  that  the  mists  of  faction  which  ignorance  would  throw 
around  it  shall  be  more  and  more  dispelled  until  it  shall  stand  in  splendor 
unobscured,  raying  forth  justice  and  freedom  to  all  the  nations  of  the 
earth." 

ELEVENTH   TOAST. 

The  CHAIRMAN, — 

"  I  am  sure  that  all  who  have  enjoyed  the  splendid  ceremonies  of  these 
three  days  will  gladly  join  in  the  toast  I  am  about  to  propose.  But  did 
all  know — as  we  do  who  have  been  able  to  watch  closely — the  long  and 
anxious  and  skilful  labor  needed  to  secure  the  wellnigh  perfect  result,  they 


406  BANQUET  GIVEN  BY  THE 

would  pledge,  in  the  fullest  bumpers  of  the  evening,  'THE  CENTENNIAL 
COMMISSION  AND  THEIR  ASSOCIATES/  to  whose  devoted  and  self-sacrificing 
exertions  the  country  owes  the  success  of  this  great  celebration.  I  beg  to 
call  on  Hon.  JOHN  A.  KASSON,  of  Iowa,  the  president  of  the  Commission, 
for  a  response. 

He  said, — 

"  MR.  CHAIRMAN  AND  GENTLEMEN, — There  is  little  need  to  interpret 
the  purpose  of  the  Commission  in  the  celebration  which  has  just  closed. 
All  who  have  listened  to  the  speeches  here  to-night  must  be  convinced 
that  the  demonstration  of  the  three  days  has  made  one  impression  upon 
the  hearts  of  every  lover  of  our  country  from  the  North  and  South,  East 
and  West. 

"  We  had,  indeed,  a  moral  object  in  this  celebration.  At  the  end  of  a 
century  of  enormously  augmented  riches  the  time  had  come,  in  our  judg- 
ment, to  remind  each  true  son  of  America — 

" '  Thou  wast  not  made  for  lucre, 

For  pleasure  nor  for  rest, 
Thou  that  art  sprung  from  Freedom's  loins 
And  lipped  thy  milk  from  War's  stern  breast.' 

On  no  previous  occasion  had  there  been  a  special  effort  to  assemble  repre- 
sentatives of  all  orders  and  classes,  and  from  all  parts  of  the  country,  with 
a  view  to  harmony  of  feeling  and  purpose.  And  we  thought  on  this  occa- 
sion that  the  North  and  East,  the  South  and  West,  the  common  people,  the 
rich  and  poor,  the  religious  and  secular,  scientific  and  artistic,  politicians  of 
all  loyal  colors,  in  a  word,  that  every  element  of  national  progress,  should  be 
put  upon  one  footing,  one  common  ground,  where  all  loyal  people  of  this 
country  could  stand ;  which  ground  was  the  very  foundation  of  their  liber- 
ties and  their  prosperity.  To  emphasize  their  constitutional  devotion  we 
summoned  also  the  descendants  of  the  fathers  of  our  country,  of  the  great 
names  of  the  Revolution,  and  invited  them  to  come  and  witness  the  popular 
devotion  to  the  chartered  liberties  which  their  ancestors  had  established. 
Many  of  them  came,  and  recalled  with  fitting  pride  the  memories  of  their 
fathers. 

"  God  grant  that  our  efforts  may  not  have  resulted  in  a  vain  show.     You 


LEARNED  SOCIETIES  OF  PHILADELPHIA.  407 

have  heard  the  sentiments  which  have  been  expressed  by  the  representatives 
of  the  South,  the  North,  the  East,  and  the  West  to-night ;  and  I  hear  it  of 
one  representative  from  the  distant  South,  that  before  he  came  to  Philadel- 
phia he  had  doubted  whether  this  Constitution  would  stand  another  hundred 
years.  He  should  return  feeling  that  its  existence  would  not  be  limited  by 
the  year  1987,  but  that  centennials  of  its  creation  might  be  celebrated  upon 
their  recurrence  hereafter  from  century  to  century.  Mr.  President,  we  feel 
gratified  at  this  and  other  like  testimony  to  the  morals  inspired  by  our 
national  festivities.  Interpreting  the  sentiments  of  the  Commission,  I  need 
only  say  that  we  acknowledge,  with  gratitude,  the  sympathetic  and  important 
aid  which  we  have  received  from  all  the  country,  and  especially  from  the 
people  of  your  city.  We  heartily  express  our  wish  that  Philadelphia  may 
find  at  the  centennial  one  hundred  years  hence  all  parts  of  the  continent 
joyously  represented,  and  all  animated  by  increased  fervor  and  devotion  to 
the  interests  of  the  Union  and  the  Constitution." 

TWELFTH  TOAST. 

The  CHAIRMAN, — 

"  It  is  unnecessary  to  preface  by  any  words  of  mine  the  last  toast  of  this 
evening,  since  it  was  offered  one  hundred  years  ago  at  that  memorable 
dinner  to  which  allusion  has  already  been  made  more  than  once.  I  beg  you 
to  join  with  me  in  the  sentiment,  '  HONOR  AND  IMMORTALITY  TO  THE  MEM- 
BERS OF  THE  FEDERAL  CONVENTION  OF  1787,'  to  which  Hon.  HENRY  M. 
HOYT,  of  Pennsylvania,  will  respond." 

He  said, — 

"  MR.  PRESIDENT  AND  GENTLEMEN, — The  last  act  of  the  week's  pageant 
has  been  performed.  The  last  blare  of  the  trumpet  has  been  silenced  and 
the  tread  of  freemen  is  no  longer  heard  on  our  streets.  The  issues  of  a 
century  of  political  and  social  life  have  been  displayed  in  your  presence. 

"  The  time  has  come  for  the  last  word  to  be  spoken.  The  hour  admon- 
ishes us  that  this  word  should  be  short.  Yet  the  pious  gravity  of  the  senti- 
ment you  propose  demands  more  than  the  momentary  consideration  we  can 
give  it, — 

" '  Honor  and  immortality  to  the  members  of  the  Federal  Convention 
of  1787.' 


408  BANQUET  GIVEN  BY  THE 

"  These  were  the  large  and  stately  words  with  which  the  verdict  of  futu- 
rity was  invoked  upon  the  actors  in  the  work  just  then  completed  and 
accepted  by  a  body  of  citizens  assembled,  as  you  are,  in  thoughtful  and 
patriotic  festivities. 

"This  solemn  appeal  to  the  judgment  of  mankind  has  now  been  in  the 
air  for  a  hundred  years.  This  prophetic  submission  of  the  fame  of  these 
men  to  the  coming  ages  has  reverberated  through  the  ears  of  all  men 
everywhere,  and  now,  at  the  end  of  a  century,  returns  to  us  as  no  empty 
echo.  This  brave  challenge  of  their  historical  fate,  in  the  final  summary 
which  posterity  will  make,  then  reverently  risked  in  the  terms  of  hope,  we 
now  accept  in  the  terms  of  accomplished  fact. 

"  Who  were  these  men  ? 

"  Taken  individually  they  were  large-minded,  sincere,  and  brave  men, 
who  led  honorable  and  honored  lives  among  their  fellows  and  at  the  end 
descended  into  modest  and,  in  some  instances,  obscure  graves.  The  whole 
earth  is  now  their  sepulchre.  We  need  not  follow  their  personal  fortunes. 
Our  reverent  duty  to  them  is  as  'members  of  the  Convention  of  1787.' 

"  What,  gentlemen,  did  this  group  of  men,  less  than  half  a  hundred  in 
number, — what  did  they  do  which  had  not  been  done  by  their  predeces- 
sors in  the  aforetime  ?  What  was  the  precise  work  which  they  wrought, 
upon  which  we  now,  in  the  year  of  grace,  1887,  predicate,  with  such  abso- 
luteness, 'honor  and  immortality.' 

"  Surely  the  idea  of  civil  liberty  was  not  a  new  one  in  their  day.  An 
older  group  of  Englishmen,  who,  five  hundred  years  before,  had  put  the 
clamps  on  King  John,  their  feudal  overlord,  had  not  escaped  the  sweep  of 
their  historic  survey.  This  group  had  asserted  and  defined  forever  the 
fundamental  personal  rights  of  life,  liberty,  and  property.  '  Magna  Charta 
and  all  our  statutes/  says  Sir  Edward  Coke,  '  are  absolute  and  without  any 
saving  of  sovereign  power.  Magna  Charta  is  such  a  fellow  that  he  will 
have  no  sovereign.' 

"A  hundred  years  before,  in  1688,  these  same  English  forbearers  had 
taught  the  final  lesson  of  constitutional  government, — the  institution  built 
on  the  supremacy  of  certain  fixed  principles, — 'the  true,  ancient,  and  in- 
dubitable rights  of  Englishmen.' 

"  Precedents  already  existed  of  a  government  of  the  people  by  the 
people.  Perhaps  its  solution  did  not  stand  out  clear  and  distinct,  but  this 


LEARNED  SOCIETIES  OF  PHILADELPHIA.  409 

problem  had  already  been  partly  solved.  It  is  to  be  reckoned  among  the 
beatitudes  which  have  descended  upon  the  authors  of  the  Constitution  of 
1787  that  their  constituencies— the  husbandmen  strung  along  the  Atlantic 
coast — were  a  free,  proud,  self-respecting  people  who  rightly  conceived 
their  rights.  In  their  profound  consciousness  of  the  infinite  destiny  of 
humanity  they  had  already,  in  their  daily  lives,  exercised  the  political 
power  necessary  to  protect  their  personal  rights  against  any  merely  human 
authority  which  they  themselves  had  not  set  up.  Their  corporate  thought, 
definitely  apprehended,  only  needed  the  wise  and  skilful  formulation  in 
clear-cut  phrase  which  it  received  at  the  hands  of  these  faithful  trustees 
of  human  interests. 

"  Human  interests  were  presented  in  new  aspects  and  with  new  possi- 
bilities to  the  group  of  men  of  whom  we  speak.  They  had  not  ignorantly 
generalized  the  facts  of  history.  The  career  of  Athens  under  its  democracy 
will  always  fill  some  of  the  brightest  and  freshest  pages  in  the  annals  of 
the  race.  Yet  that  was  a  government  by  the  citizens  of  a  single  city.  The 
pride  and  passion  of  mere  citizenship  has,  perhaps,  never  reached  the 
height  attained  in  the  democracy  of  Kleisthenes  and  Pericles.  Students  of 
constitutional  history  lament  the  failure  of  the  Greek  to  have  enlarged  his 
idea  of  nationality  so  as  to  include  the  fortunes  of  all  Hellenes.  The 
Macedonian  soldier  made  an  easy  conquest  of  the  splendid  but  warring 
cities  whose  statesmen  had  never  reached  the  conception  of  a  federal 
union  of  free  cities  having  the  same  ideals  and  aspirations.  The  group  of 
philosophers  and  orators  who  moved  the  Ekklesia,  and  whose  words  still 
move  us,  did  not,  at  last,  present  an  object-lesson  from  which  the  members 
of  the  Convention  of  1 787  could  gather  many  maxims  of  practical  conduct. 

"  But,  after  the  Macedonian  conquest,  another  group  of  men  did  arise  in 
Greece,  who  did  reach  the  Federal  idea  and  undertook  to  appropriate  it. 
The  Achaian  League  furnishes  us  with  the  first  and  most  instructive  lesson 
in  the  form  of  confederated  States.  This  league  is  the  great  exemplar  of 
our  own  Union  of  republics,  and  its  analogies  were  widely  sought  and  dis- 
cussed in  its  formation.  The  idea  of  a  federal  union  is  a  subtle  and  arti- 
ficial one,  and  has  only  been  attained  three  or  four  times  in  the  history  of 
the  human  family.  Markos,  Aratos,  and  their  group,  the  authors  of  the 
Achaian  League,  missed  the  point  of  sovereignty,  divided  in  balanced  and 
harmonious  measure  between  the  separate  States  and  the  league.  It  was 
VOL.  ii.— 53 


410  BANQUET  GIVEN  BY  THE 

reserved  to  the  members  of  the  Convention  of  1787  to  disentangle  the  re- 
finements of  the  dual  sovereignty,  and  devise,  for  the  first  time,  a  frame  of 
government  which,  while  conceding  the  absolute  municipal  freedom  and 
sovereignty  of  the  States,  should,  at  the  same  time,  lead  the  people — the 
people  of  the  whole  nation — up  to  the  exercise  and  performance  of  acts  of 
sovereignty,  original,  and,  in  certain  spheres,  unlimited. 

"  This  sounds  commonplace  to  us.  It  is,  however,  of  the  essence  of  the 
work  of  the  members  of  the  Convention  of  1787.  It  would  unworthily 
become  us  to  forget  that  our  fathers  borrowed  something  from  the  con- 
federation of  the  Swiss  cantons,  upon  which  the  Alpine  heights  have  for 
ages  shed  the  light  of  freedom,  whose  organizing  power  and  unifying  in- 
spiration found  their  centre  at  Geneva.  Nevertheless,  it  remains  true  that 
the  Constitution  of  1787  is  the  most  complete  compact  between  free  and 
equal  States  which  has  yet  issued  from  the  hand  of  man.  Whether  con- 
sciously wrought  or  not,  it  has  stood  the  practical  test  of  two  foreign  wars. 
Our  civil  war  has  served  to  renew  and  energize  the  sense  of  nationality 
which  that  Constitution,  as  it  left  the  hands  of  its  framers,  brought  into 
existence.  We  now  know  that  the  continent  is  not  broad  enough  to  hold 
the  warring  legions,  nor  the  free  air  expansive  enough  to  contain  the  hos- 
tile banners  of  a  race,  one  in  lineage,  one  in  aspirations,  and  one  in 
destiny. 

"  Everything  which  came  down  to  these  men  out  of  the  past,  in  any  way 
touched  with  human  interest,  underwent  a  clarifying  and  perfecting  process 
at  their  hands.  They  reduced  to  plain  and  easy  propositions  the  wild 
speculations  and  the  vague  and  rhetorical  declamation  over  the  rights  of 
man  with  which  that  other  group  of  propagandists — the  Encyclopedists — 
were,  during  the  eighteenth  century,  inflaming  the  minds  of  France.  These 
Saxons  handed  back  to  their  Latin  brethren  their  problem — solved. 

"Our  own  great  group — the  group  of  1787,  bearing  the  names  of 
Washington  and  Hamilton  in  their  front — now  take  their  places  at  the 
head  of  the  column  of  immortals.  These  men  made  a  government,  self- 
poised,  self -preserving,  everlasting,  we  may  believe. 

"  A  great  nation  has  more  than  the  mere  legal  or  political  side  of  its 
life.  There  is  the  mighty  congeries  of  activities  which  constitute  its  entire 
civic  and  social  life.  The  Constitution  of  1787  does  something  more  than 
define  the  relation  of  the  States  to  the  sovereignty  which  that  Constitution 


LEARNED  SOCIETIES  OF  PHILADELPHIA.  411 

creates.  Our  fathers  did  not  intend  to  state  a  mere  metaphysical  puzzle, 
over  which  we  were  to  go  on  forever  chopping  our  vicious  logic.  That 
Constitution  lays  down  and  secures  the  entire  body  of  rights  under  which 
all  individuals  unite  in  the  pursuit  of  their -happiness,  and  of  those  common 
aims  of  society  which  constitute  what  we  call  our  civilization.  Under  it  we 
exercise  the  vast  energies,  and  by  virtue  of  its  shield  we  organize  the  vast 
industries  and  conduct  the  vast  enterprises  which  make  us  a  nation, — one 
people, — something  very  different  from  the  simple  sum  of  units,  whether 
individuals  or  States,  composing  it.  In  this  aspect  of  the  Constitution  of 
1787  we  may  contemplate  it  as  containing  the  final  form  of  a  human  com- 
pact under  which  all  nations  may  unite  in  a  common  federal  bond. 

"  Thus,  after  the  voices  of  the  orators  in  the  Pnyx  had  for  twenty  cen- 
turies been  silenced  by  the  imperialism  of  the  Csesars,  and  strangled  by  the 
sacerdotal  absolutism  of  the  Vatican, — '  the  ghost  of  the  old  Roman  empire 
sitting  on  the  grave  thereof/ — the  voices  of  these  men  recalled  awakened 
humanity  to  their  rightful  possessions  and  dignity.  Demos  again  became 
king,  to  remain  enthroned  forever. 

"  Thus,  after  a  struggle,  which  for  two  thousand  years  had  thwarted  the 
efforts  of  Europe  to  find  out  how  to  reverse  the  edicts  of  tyrants,  the  re- 
scripts of  emperors,  and  the  decretals  of  pontiffs,  this  group  of  plain  states- 
men and  philosophers  in  America  stripped  these  bonds  from  their  limbs, 
and,  emerging  into  the  welcome  sunlight  of  liberty  and  toleration,  from  the 
supreme  heights  they  had  gained,  defined  to  the  right  reason  and  wrote  into 
the  literature  of  the  race  the  forms  and  limitations  of  organic  law  which 
freemen  may  be  willing  to  impose  on  themselves. 

"  Thus,  at  last,  the  long  reign  of  sterile  scholasticism  and  infertile  dogma 
was  broken.  The  oppressive  and  degrading  parenthesis  of  the  dark  ages, 
in  which  all  intellect  had  been  locked  up,  was  at  an  end.  The  basis  of 
human  thought  was  transformed.  One  of  the  great  forward  movements  of 
the  world  was  started. 

"And,  thus,  the  Philadelphia  of  1787  became  the  climax  of  the  Runny- 
mede  of  1215, — the  one  as  the  definition  and  assertion  of  the  essential  rights 
of  man,  as  man;  the  other,  as  the  mechanism  for  their  security  and  the 
Ark  of  the  preservation  of  free  institutions. 

"But,  gentlemen,  before  parting  with  you,  and  remanding  you  to  the 
fate  which  must  overtake  us  all  in  the  course  of  the  next  hundred  years,  I 


412  BANQUET  GIVEN  BY  THE 

plead  a  moment  in  which  I  may  speak  to  you  from  my  stand-point,  as  a 
citizen  of  Pennsylvania  and  its  metropolis,  the  city  of  Philadelphia. 

"  We  have  always  held  ourselves  ready  to  extend  such  hospitalities  to 
the  friends  of  the  republic  as  our  resources  permitted.  We  have  dedicated 
our  halls  and  our  streets,  our  hearthstones  and  our  hearts,  to  the  service  of 
the  friends  of  constitutional  liberty.  From  the  days  which  really  tried  men's 
souls,  out  of  which  emerged  in  1776  the  Declaration  of  Independence, — 
through  the  uncertain  crisis  when  the  delegates  of  the  people  were  here  in 
1787  endeavoring  to  formulate  their  thoughts;  in  the  glad  centennial  exhi- 
bition in  1876  of  the  fruits  of  a  first  century's  progress, — up  to  this  crown- 
ing display  in  1887  of  a  people's  power  and  happiness,  we  have  endeavored 
to  respond  to  every  impulse  which  embodied  the  national  purpose.  When, 
a  hundred  years  hence,  our  successors  come  here,  as  they  will,  let  them  read 
the  memorial  we  now  set  up,  of  our  homage  to  the  men  who  framed  our 
Constitution.  Let  them  find  the  pledges,  which  we  now  renew,  of  our 
eternal  constancy  and  fidelity  to  the  work  of  our  fathers  and  to  the  principles 
which  they  made  immortal.  When,  a  hundred  years  hence,  our  children 
place  a  mightier  pageant  on  these  streets,  as  they  will,  let  them  find  that  we 
have  dedicated  to  their  uses,  for  their  glory  and  happiness,  all  the  resources 
of  science  and  industry,  literature  and  art,  culture  and  conscience  which  may 
illustrate  the  power  of  a  free  people  and  adorn  the  annals  of  a  State  whose 
escutcheon  bears  the  words,  '  Virtue,  Liberty,  and  Independence.'  May 
they  find  the  people  everywhere  seated  on  the  throne  of  true  power.  May 
they  solve  the  social  problems  yet  outstanding  on  the  lines  laid  down  by  the 
single-minded  men  whom  we  now  commemorate. 

"  They  left  a  Constitution  capable  of  taking  up  all  human  interests  so 
long  as  the  people  possess  constitutional  morality  enough  to  defend  and 
preserve  it.  Pennsylvania  contributed  eight  signers  to  that  instrument. 
The  people  behind  them  promptly  ratified  their  work.  They  have  had  no 
misgivings  about  it  since.  We  desire  no  separate  existence  as  a  State.  We 
never  had  a  scheme  or  a  purpose  which  we  could  not  execute  to  the  full, 
in  virtue  of  our  membership  in  this  Union.  So  long  as  our  mountain  peaks 
point  to  the  heavens,  and  so  long  as  our  rivers  flow  to  the  sea,  we  shall 
render  our  supreme  allegiance  to  the  United  States  of  America.  God  help 
us  so  to  do." 


LEARNED  SOCIETIES  OF  PHILADELPHIA.  413 

REMARKS   OF  EX-PRESIDENT  HAYES. 

Continuous  calls  being  made  for  Ex-President  RUTHERFORD  B.  HAYES, 
he  was  introduced  by  the  Chairman,  and  spoke  as  follows : 

"  MR.  CHAIRMAN  AND  GENTLEMEN, — It  has  been  my  preference  and  I 
suppose  my  duty  to  remain  to  the  end  of  the  programme,  not  expecting  to 
be  called  upon  to  add  to  it.  The  hour  is  too  late  to  discuss  any  of  these 
topics,  and  it  seems  to  me  if  I  were  to  say  anything  it  would  be  simply  to 
try  to  make,  from  what  we  have  heard  to-night,  a  short  catalogue  of  results, 
for  it  is  these  which  at  last  determine  the  value  of  every  human  effort. 

"  The  truth  is  that,  as  to  this  frame  of  government  that  began  one  hun- 
dred years  ago,  the  time  has  not  come  for  deciding  finally  upon  its  value. 
One  hundred  years  is  not  a  lifetime  in  the  history  of  a  nation ;  it  is  hardly 
long  enough  for  judging  of  the  governmental  framework ;  and  yet  already 
this  Constitution  has  borne  great  fruit.  First,  it  found  us  a  weak  confedera- 
tion of  States,  loosely  bound  together  by  a  rope  of  sand,  and  now,  after  one 
hundred  years,  as  we  hear  from  the  South  and  the  North  and  from  all 
directions,  ours  is  a  nation  bound  together  for  good  and  bound  together  for- 
ever, and  is  such  a  nation  that  we  can  say  of  it  what  can  be  said  of  no 
other  nation  of  the  globe.  It  can  do  without  a  great  army  because  it  needs 
none.  It  can  do  without  a  splendid  navy,  because  it  needs  none.  It  can  do 
without  extensive  fortifications,  because  it  has  no  use  for  them.  The 
prestige,  the  credit,  the  wealth,  the  future  of  this  country,  under  the  Con- 
stitution, are  such  that  the  country  needs  none  of  these  things. 

"  We  hear  of  such  a  nation  being  the  great  war  power  of  a  continent, 
and  of  such  another  as  the  great  naval  power  of  the  world.  It  is  the  glory 
of  America,  under  the  Constitution,  to  be  the  great  pacific  power  of  the 
globe, — able  without  an  army  or  navy  to  keep  peace  at  home,  and  to  com- 
mand respect  and  consideration  abroad.  I  thank  the  general  of  the  army, 
that  gallant  soldier  whom  we  all  admire  so  much,  for  the  remarks  he  has 
made.  He  has  foreseen  the  position  which  this  country  is  to  occupy  in  the 
future  in  favor  of  arbitration  as  a  means  of  settling  international  difficulties. 
Our  position  is  such  that  we  can  command  a  hearing  by  the  world. 

"  Statesmen  abroad  expend  all  their  powers  in  financial  management  to 
preserve  their  national  credit ;  and  yet,  as  all  men  can  see,  with  their  great 
debts  growing  larger  and  larger,  all  nations  other  than  our  own  find  their 


414  BANQUET  GIVEN  BY  THE  LEARNED  SOCIETIES. 

credit  growing  weaker  and  weaker  and  poorer  and  poorer,  while  we,  in 
spite  of  perennial  financial  blunders,  find  our  credit  growing  better  and  better. 
The  task  of  statesmanship  abroad  is  to  avoid  a  deficiency  in  revenue ;  our 
concern  is  how  to  get  rid  of  our  surplus.  So  it  goes  through  the  whole 
story. 

"  Mr.  Chairman,  it  seems  that  I  have  got  into  a  speech  at  the  end  of  the 
programme,  but  I  will  finish  with  a  sentence  or  two.  To  Washington,  more 
than  to  any  other  man,  we  are  indebted  for  the  Constitution  made  by  the 
fathers.  He  was  attached  to  it  with  a  devotion  that  was  the  master-passion 
of  his  soul.  We  call  him  '  the  father  of  his  country/  because  he  led  it 
through  the  War  of  the  Revolution.  That  was  title  enough.  But  he 
doubly  earned  that  title  by  giving  us,  with  his  compatriots,  our  matchless 
Constitution  which  is  now  one  hundred  years  old.  That  Constitution  was 
the  work  also  of  Adams,  Hamilton,  Madison,  Sherman,  Franklin,  and  the 
immortal  patriots  associated  with  them.  It  challenges  the  admiration  and 
praise  of  the  great  statesmen  of  Europe.  Lincoln,  a  name  that  ne'er  shall 
sink  while  there  is  an  echo  left  in  the  air,  upheld  it  in  the  most  anxious 
period  in  all  our  country's  history,  living  for  the  Constitution  and  at  last 
dying  for  the  Constitution. 

"  Finally,  my  friends,  it  is  the  best  and  the  highest  aspiration  that  I  can 
utter  for  America  and  America's  children  in  the  ages  that  are  to  come,  that 
they  may  be  always,  and  altogether,  worthy  of  the  Constitution  that  their 
fathers  bequeathed  to  them." 

The  CHAIRMAN  then  brought  the  banquet  to  a  close  with  the  following 
words  : 

"  With  these  few  heartfelt  words  of  farewell  we  close  the  ceremonies  of 
the  first  centennial  celebration  of  the  framing  of  the  Constitution.  We  have 
striven  to  express,  as  best  we  might,  our  admiration  for  the  men  who 
founded  this  government.  Let  us  all  enter  the  coming  century  with  the 
resolution  to  so  cherish  the  Constitution  they  gave  to  us,  and  to  so  serve 
the  institutions  which  have  grown  up  under  its  influence,  that  they  who  shall 
meet  here  one  hundred  years  from  to-night  shall  look  back  to  us  as  to  men 
who,  at  whatever  distance,  followed  faithfully  in  the  footsteps  of  the  immor- 
tal members  of  the  Federal  Convention  of  1787." 


DI  N  N  KR 
GIVEN    BY    THE    CITIZENS    OF    PHILADELPHIA 

TO    THE 

HON.  JOHN  A.   KASSON, 

PRESIDENT    OF   THE   CONSTITUTIONAL   CENTENNIAL   COMMISSION, 

OCTOBER  13,  1887. 


"  He  has  done  nobly,  and  cannot  go  without  any  honest  man's  voice." — CORIOLANUS. 


AFTER  the  close  of  the  ceremonies  to  celebrate  the  Centennial  Anni- 
versary of  the  Promulgation  of  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States, 
a  number  of  citizens  of  Philadelphia  were  desirous  of  expressing  to  the 
Honorable  JOHN  A.  KASSON  their  appreciation  of  the  services  he  had 
rendered  as  president  of  the  Commission  that  had  the  celebration  in 
charge,  and  to  congratulate  him  upon  the  successful  termination  of  his 
labor. 

To  accomplish  this,  the  following  letter,  signed  by  GEORGE  W.  CHILDS, 
A.  J.  DREXEL,  JOEL  J.  BAILY,  A;  K.  MC.CLURE,  CHARLES  EMORY  SMITH,  and 
CLAYTON  McMicHAEL,  was  addressed  to  Mr.  KASSON  : 

"  DEAR  SIR, — As  president  of  the  Centennial  Commission  you  were  the 
head  of  the  official  organization  charged  with  the  preparation  and  direction 
of  the  centennial  celebration  of  the  Constitution,  and  to  your  intelligent, 
earnest,  and  unselfish  labors  its  success  was  largely  due.  The  citizens  of 
Philadelphia  desire  to  express  their  appreciation  of  your  patriotic  and  de- 
voted service,  and  on  behalf  of  the  gentlemen  whose  names  appear  on  the 
opposite  page  we  beg  you  to  accept  a  public  dinner  at  such  time  as  may  best 
suit  your  convenience." 

415 


41 6      DINNER   GIVEN  BY  THE   CITIZENS  OF  PHILADELPHIA 
The  following  are  the  names  alluded  to  in  the  above  letter : 


FREDERICK  FRALEY. 
H.  H.  HOUSTON. 
A.  J.  DREXEL. 
EDWARD  T.  STEEL. 

R.  C.  McMURTRIE. 

N.  PARKER  SHORTRIDGE. 
GEORGE  DE  B.  KEIM. 
CHAS.  C.  HARRISON. 
JAS.  T.  MITCHELL. 
GEORGE  W.  CHILDS. 
JOHN  W.  WOODSIDE. 
WM.  J.  LATTA. 
WM.  HENRY  LEX. 
ALEX.  P.  BROWN. 
EDWIN  T.  EISENBREY. 
L.  CLARK  DAVIS. 
WM.  G.  THOMAS. 
P.  F.  GODDARD. 
EDWARD  SHIPPEN. 
SAMUEL  DICKSON. 
WM.  PEPPER,  M.D. 
EDWARD  LONGSTRETH. 


CHARLES  J.  HARRAH. 
JOSEPH  D.  POTTS. 
DAVID  G.  YATES. 
WM.  H.  RHAWN. 

J.  E.  GlLLINGHAM. 

JOSEPH  L.  CAVEN. 
EBEN  C.  JAYNE. 
JOSEPH  F.  SINNOTT. 
THOMAS  COCHRAN. 
E.  DUNBAR  LOCKWOOD. 
E.  W.  CLARK. 
JOEL  J.  BAILY. 
MORTON  MCMICHAEL. 
CLAYTON  MCMICHAEL. 
ALEXANDER  BIDDLE. 
ANDREW  WHEELER. 
WHARTON  BARKER. 
MOSES  P.  HANDY. 
THOMAS  H.  DUDLEY. 
HAMILTON  DISSTON, 
GEO.  S.  Fox. 
GEO.  D.  MCCREARY. 


JOHN  PRICE  WETHERILL. 
N.  PENROSE  ALLEN. 
A.  K.  McCLURE. 
ANDREW  H.  MILLER. 
GEORGE  WOOD. 
GEO.  R.  KAERCHER. 
WM.  BROCKIE. 
JOHN  W.  JORDAN. 
STEPHEN  FARRELLY.  • 
THOS.  DONALDSON. 
HENRY  C.  GIBSON. 
ISAAC  H.  CLOTHIER. 
GEO.  D.  KRUMBHAAR. 
FRANCIS  W.  KENNEDY. 
JOSEPH  F.  TOBIAS. 
FRANK  B.  EVANS. 
WALTER  LIPPINCOTT. 
P.  P.  BOLLES. 

P.  A.  B.  WlDENER. 

WM.  L.  ELKINS. 

F.  D.  STONE. 

CHARLES  EMORY  SMITH. 


To  this  Mr.  KASSON  replied  as  follows : 

"WASHINGTON,  D.  C.,  Oct.  8,  1887. 

"  GENTLEMEN, — I  have  the  honor  to  acknowledge  your  note  under  date 
of  the  1 6th  inst.  inviting  me  to  accept  a  public  dinner  tendered  by  you  in 
token  of  your  appreciation  of  my  services  as  president  of  the  Constitutional 
Commission. 

"  Were  it  not  for  the  assurance  given  that  this  proposed  honor  to  me 
involves  no  lack  of  appreciation  of  the  services  of  my  colleagues,  without 
whom  the  splendid  results  of  our  efforts  could  not  have  been  attained,  I 
should  have  felt  great  embarrassment  in  accepting  your  invitation.  Indeed, 
as  I  read  the  names  attached  to  your  invitation,  I  feel  it  would  be  more 
fitting  that  I,  representing  the  non-resident  members  of  the  Commission, 
should  tender  a  feast  to  you,  the  resident  and  generous  promoters  of  the 
great  demonstration,  the  success  of  which  was  as  gratifying  to  the  whole 
country  as  it  was  to  the  citizens  of  Philadelphia. 


TO    THE  HON.  JOHN  A.   K ASS  ON.  417 

"  Thursday,  the  I3th  inst.,  is  the  latest  day  at  my  disposal  before  my 
departure  for  Iowa.  If  that  day  shall  prove  acceptable  to  you,  I  will  have 
the  honor  then  of  renewing  my  agreeable  association,  as  proposed  in  your 
very  complimentary  invitation,  with  my  fellow-workers  in  the  celebration  of 
the  birthday  of  our  Constitution  and  Union. 

"  I  am,  gentlemen,  your  very  faithful  and  obedient  servant, 

"JOHN  A.   KASSON." 

The  banquet  was  served  in  the  hall  of  the  Historical  Society  of  Pennsyl- 
vania, on  the  evening  of  October  1 3,  at  seven  o'clock.  In  addition  to  the 
books  and  portraits  of  distinguished  men  that  adorn  the  walls,  there  was 
a  profusion  of  floral  decorations  that  added  to  the  general  effect. 

Mr.  CHARLES  EMORY  SMITH  presided,  with  Mr.  KASSON  on  his  right 
hand  and  Mr.  AMOS  R.  LITTLE,  chairman  of  the  Executive  Committee,  on 
his  left.  At  the  same  table  or  near  to  it  were  HAMPTON  L.  CARSON,  Esq., 
secretary  of  the  Commission ;  Colonel  A.  LOUDON  SNOWDEN,  chief  mar- 
shal of  the  Industrial  Parade ;  THOMAS  M.  THOMPSON,  chairman  of  the  Re- 
ception Committee;  General  JOHN  F.  HARTRANFT,  of  the  Military  Com- 
mittee ;  Colonel  THEODORE  E.  WIEDERSHEIM,  secretary  of  the  Military 
Committee ;  Colonel  JOHN  P.  NICHOLSON,  and  others  who  had  been  active 
during  the  celebration. 

On  the'mfttu  was  emblazoned  the  arms  of  Philadelphia,  with  the  follow- 
ing inscription  : 

"  THE  CITIZENS  OF  PHILADELPHIA  TO  THE  HON.  JOHN  A.  KASSON. 
" '  He  has  done  nobly,  and  cannot  go  without  any  honest  man's  voice.' — CoRiOLANUS." 

At  the  conclusion  of  the  dinner  President  SMITH  rose  and  said, — 
"  I  am  here  in  the  chair,  not  by  my  own  choice,  but  in  obedience  to  the 
command  of  your  committee.  I  am  here  on  this  occasion,  as  you  all  are, 
not  merely  as  a  matter  of  choice  and  earnest  desire,  but  through  a  deep 
sense  of  the  grateful  tribute  we  owe  to  a  distinguished  man  who  has  ren- 
dered great  and  signal  service  to  our  city  and  our  country. 

"  Mr.  Lincoln  used  to  tell  a  story  of  a  droll  friend  who  was  custodian  of 

the  State  capitol  at  Springfield,  and  to  whom  an  itinerant  lecturer  applied 

for  the  use  of  the  hall  of  the  House  of  Representatives  to  deliver  a  course 

of   lectures.      'May  I  ask   the   subject?'    inquired    Mr.    Lincoln's    friend. 

VOL.  ii. — 54 


418       DINNER   GIVEN  BY  THE   CITIZENS  OF  PHILADELPHIA 

'  Certainly,  the  subject  is  "  The  second  coming  of  the  Lord."  '  '  No  use,' 
rejoined  Mr.  Lincoln's  friend  ;  '  take  my  advice  and  don't  waste  any  time, 
for  I  tell  you  that  if  the  Lord  has  ever  been  in  Springfield  once  you'll  never 
get  Him  here  a  second  time.' 

"  That  is  not  true  of  Philadelphia  and  of  centennials.  We  trust  it  is  not 
true  of  those  who  come  here  to  do  the  Lord's  good  work,  whether  it  be  in 
the  direct  name  of  the  Lord  or — what  is  much  the  same  thing — in  the  name 

o 

of  the  American  Constitution  and  liberty.  We  have  already  had  the  second 
coming  of  the  centennial,  and  we  are  even  now  looking  forward  to  the  third. 
It  may  not  come  till  1976,  but  we  are  so  well  pleased  with  both  of  the  others 
that  we  have  all  resolved  to  be  there,  including  our  young  friend,  Frederick 
Fraley,  whom  we  are  glad  to  see  here. 

"  Walt  Whitman  begins  one  of  his  poems  with  these  words :  '  I  sing 
myself  Gentlemen,  after  the  glories  of  our  two  great  centennials  I  think 
we  of  Philadelphia  may  be  pardoned  if  we  sing  ourselves  and  chant  our 
own  works.  Possibly  we  must  add,  with  the  late  lamented  Artemus  Ward, 
'We  are  saddest  when  we  sing, — and  so  are  those  who  hear  us,'  espe- 
cially if  they  live  in  New  York  or  Boston.  But  all  the  same,  when  New 
York  undertakes  to  celebrate  the  inauguration  of  George  Washington, 
whom  we  kindly  loaned  to  Wall  Street,  as  we  do  some  other  things,  for  that 
purpose,  and  when  Boston  attempts  again  to  celebrate  Bunker  Hill,  if  they 
will  only  come  to  us  we  will  take  great  pleasure  in  showing  them  how. 

"  In  fact,  gentlemen,  we  are  so  well  satisfied  that  we  feel  as  liberal  as 
Daniel  Webster  did  at  the  dinner  in  Buffalo,  when,  in  his  boundless  gener- 
osity and  exuberant  patriotism,  he  offered  to  pay  off  the  entire  national  debt 
himself.  We  have  reached  just  about  the  same  happy  stage  of  the  dinner. 

"  Philadelphia  could  not  do  less  than  she  has  done.  Here  our  freedom 
had  its  birth.  Here  the  old  Liberty  Bell  rang  out  the  inspiring  music  of 
independence.  Here  was  framed  the  Constitution  which  for  a  century  has 
been  the  unchanging  and  unfailing  chart  of  our  ship  of  state  in  its  splendid 
progress.  Here  Washington  and  Franklin,  Hamilton  and  Adams,  Jefferson 
and  Madison,  Sherman  and  Lee — immortal  and  unequalled  company  of 
the  world's  elect — walked  the  same  streets  which  we  now  daily  tread,  and 
shaped  the  destiny  of  mankind  in  the  same  sacred  hall  where  we  may  go 
and  bow  with  reverence.  If  it  was  the  glory  of  the  fathers  that  they  gave 
constitutional  liberty  to  America  and  to  mankind,  let  it  be  the  proudest 


TO    THE  HON.   JOHN  A.   KASSON.  419 

boast  of  the  children  here  in  this  one  pre-eminent  American  city  that  they 
have  shown  themselves  not  unworthy  of  the  richest  heritage  of  historic 
inspiration  possessed  by  any  people  on  earth. 

"  But  we  would  not,  and  we  cannot  if  we  would,  dwarf  the  celebration 
of  the  Constitutional  Centennial  to  a  local  event  or  claim  exclusive  credit. 
Far  from  it.  It  was  a  great  national  occasion,  and  its  significance  and 
honor  belong  to  the  whole  country.  The  splendid  demonstration  which  for 
three  days  filled  our  streets  and  focused  the  eye  of  the  world  was  no  mere 
idle  pageant  and  no  empty  ceremonial.  On  the  contrary,  it  was  a  practical, 
vivid,  magnificent  object-lesson  for  all  mankind  in  the  achievements  and  the 
blessings  of  constitutional  government.  Fisher  Ames  described  monarchy 
as  a  stately  ship  which  rode  in  beautiful  proportions  and  courtly  sweep 
when  the  seas  were  calm,  but  which  was  tossed  and  rocked  and  riven  when 
the  tempest  came,  while  he  pictured  the  democracy  as  a  raft  less  sightly  to 
the  eye,  but  which  no  tumult  of  the  waves  could  shatter.  That  was  a 
hundred  years  ago,  when  our  American  experiment  was  still  in  embryo. 
The  development  of  a  century  has  improved  the  figure.  The  American 
republic,  in  its  full  glory,  unites  the  strength  and  endurance  of  the  raft  with 
the  splendor  and  power  of  the  full-rigged  ship.  It  is,  indeed,  the  peerless 
American  '  Volunteer,'  with  all  sails  set,  with  its  broad  canvas  catching 
every  breeze,  sailing  closer  to  the  adverse  wind  than  any  rival,  speeding 
before  the  favoring  wind  beyond  all  competition,  unequalled  for  any  trial 
whether  in  calm  or  in  storm,  with  the  glorious  Constitution  as  its  steadying 
and  saving  centre-board,  and  it  beats  the  world  ! 

"  Gentlemen,  I  have  said  that  our  celebration  of  the  adoption  'of  this 
Constitution  was  no  local  event,  and  that  we  can  claim  no  exclusive  credit. 
On  the  contrary,  we  have  a  profound  sense  of  the  national  and  patriotic 
spirit  with  which  the  whole  country  shared  in  the  commemoration.  We 
were  soldiers  in  the  ranks ;  the  Constitutional  Centennial  Commission  was 
the  general  in  command.  That  board  was  worthy  of  the  occasion.  It  had 
representatives  from  every  State.  Massachusetts  sent  a  scholar  and  states- 
man who  traces  his  honored  lineage  from  Plymouth  Rock.  Connecticut 
sent  a  distinguished  son  who  embodies  the  dignity  and  the  spirit  of  the 
land  of  Roger  Sherman  and  Jonathan  Trumbull.  Virginia  sent  one  who 
blends  the  two  names  of  Wirt  and  Henry.  Pennsylvania  was  fortunately 
and  nobly  represented  by  an  eminent  citizen  of  Philadelphia,  Mr.  Amos  R. 


420      DINNER   GIVEN  BY  THE   CITIZENS   OF  PHILADELPHIA 

Little,  who  as  the  chairman  of  the  Executive  Committee  was  the  wheel- 
horse  of  the  Commission,  and  to  whom  the  people  of  this  city  owe  a  debt 
of  gratitude  for  his  long  and  arduous  labors  which  they  can  never  repay. 
And  other  States  were  equally  well  represented. 

"  This  Commission,  when  it  met  in  Philadelphia  a  year  ago,  chose  as  its 
president  the  man  of  highest  and  broadest  public  career  among  all  its 
members.  He  had  served  with  great,  distinction  for  many  terms  in  Con- 
gress. He  had  been  the  successful  ambassador  of  his  country  at  the  courts 
both  of  Vienna  and  Berlin.  He  had  been  the  fourth  and  the  only  other 
man  present  at  the  memorable  meeting  between  the  Emperor  William  and 
Prince  Bismarck  on  the  one  hand  and  General  Ulysses  S.  Grant  on  the  other, 
when  the  crowned  sovereign  of  Germany  and  the  uncrowned  leader  of 
America  clasped  hands  on  the  friendship  of  the  two  nations.  To  his  work 
as  president  of  the  Commission  he  brought  large  public  experience,  ripe 
knowledge,  and  great  ability,  and  though  residing  in  a  distant  State,  one 
thousand  miles  away,  he  has  for  months  given  his  time  and  energy  without 
stint  and  without  reward  to  this  labor  of  love  and  duty,  and  with  a  spirit 
and  success  which  place  the  people  of  the  country,  and  especially  of  Phila- 
delphia, under  lasting  obligations  to  him. 

"  Mr.  Kasson,  we  have  invited  you  to  this  dinner  as  a  slight  evidence 
of  our  deep  appreciation  of  your  great  and  invaluable  service  as  president 
of  the  Constitutional  Centennial  Commission.  You  have  taught  us  all  new 
reverence  for  the  sacred  charter  of  our  liberty.  You  have  exemplified  in 
your  own  action  that  devotion  to  the  Constitution  spans  the  whole  conti- 
nent. To  your  wise  guidance  and  earnest  labor  is  due  in  large  degree  the 
success  of  this  great  commemorative  celebration,  which  has  commanded  the 
admiration  of  the  world.  And  in  the  name  of  all  the  gentlemen  around 
this  board, — nay,  more,  I  do  not  presume  too  much  in  speaking  on  this 
subject,  in  the  name  of  all  the  people  of  Philadelphia, — I  beg  you  to  accept 
our  heartfelt  acknowledgments. 

"  Gentlemen,  I  now  propose  the  health  of  our  guest,  the  president  of  the 
Constitutional  Centennial  Commission,  Hon.  JOHN  A.  KASSON." 

Mr.  Kasson's  health  was  drunk  as  proposed,  and  it  was  followed  with  an 
outburst  of  welcoming  applause  as  he  began  to  speak. 

In  a  conversational  voice,  only  raised  a  little  now  and  then  for  some 


TO    THE  HON.   JOHN  A.   KASSON.  42 1 

special  emphasis,  but  distinctly  heard  throughout  the  hall,  Mr.  KASSON  held 
the  perfect  attention  of  his  hearers.     He  said : 

"  MR.  CHAIRMAN  AND  GENTLEMEN  OF  THE  COMMISSION, — It  can  no  longer 
be  said,  as  was  said  by  the  chairman  a  moment  ago,  that  the  president  of 
the  Commission  gave  his  services  without  reward.  No  man  who  appre- 
ciates the  kind  regards  and  opinions  of  his  fellow-men  can  fail  to  accept  this 
testimonial  here  to-night — even  aside  from  the  eloquent  language  in  which 
your  chairman  has  expressed  your  sentiments — as  one  of  the  highest  re- 
wards which  any  public  service  can  receive. 

"  It  is  useless  for  me, — I  wish  I  had  the  eloquence  of  my  friend,  the  chair- 
man, to  express  it,  but  I  have  not, — it  is  useless  for  me  to  attempt  to  express 
to  you  how  very  sincerely  and  profoundly  I  appreciate  a  testimonial  of  this 
nature  from  the  citizens  of  Philadelphia.  In  the  course  of  my  career  no 
occasion  has  presented  itself  which  has  been  so  gratifying  to  me  as  the 
present,  and  upon  which  I  shall  look  back  with  so  much  pleasure,  as  this 
meeting  with  the  gentlemen  of  Philadelphia,  whose  reputation  is  not  con- 
fined to  this  city,  but  extends  over  the  country,  from  the  Atlantic  to  the 
Pacific. 

"  One  town  is  called  the  Crescent  City,  another  the  Garden  City,  another 
the  Empire  City ;  but  there  is  but  one  city  in  the  country  that  can  claim  one 
title  by  eminence  above  all  others,  and  that  is  Philadelphia,  as  the  city  of 
patriotism  and  of  generosity.  If,  gentlemen,  there  is  one  cause  which  has 
contributed  more  than  anything  else  to  the  success  which  you  have  chosen 
to  celebrate  to-night,  it  is  that  spirit  of  unity,  of  harmony,  of  concord,  of 
united  action,  which  characterizes  now,  as  it  has  characterized  heretofore, 
the  citizens  of  Philadelphia.  When  it  comes  to  questions  which  appeal  to 
the  patriotism  of  the  country,  I  find  that  here,  as  nowhere  else  in  the 
country,  all  elements  of  faction  or  of  partisanship,  all  elements  of  disunion, 
are  laid  aside,  and  the  citizens  of  Philadelphia  work  shoulder  to  shoulder 
and  hand  to  hand.  It  is  by  that  energy  of  your  city,  by  that  union  of  your 
citizens,  that  the  reputation  of  Philadelphia  has  been  acquired  throughout 
the  nation  as  the  greatest  city  of  the  Union  for  all  patriotic  effort  and  public- 
spirited  enterprise.  It  is  deserved,  in  my  opinion.  I  am  not  here  to  bandy 
compliments ;  it  is  not  the  place  for  them,  nor  are  you  the  people  to  whom 
they  should  be  addressed.  I  only  express  to  you  not  merely  my  opinion, 


422       DINNER   GIVEN  BY  THE   CITIZENS   OF  PHILADELPHIA 

but  the  opinion  that  exists  throughout  the  country,  that  Philadelphia  can  do 
more  when  she  wills  to  do  it  than  any  city  of  America,  irrespective  of  its 
wealth  or  its  population. 

"  There  was  a  matron  of  old  who  was  asked  to  display  her  jewels,  but 
her  only  answer,  as  she  stood  in  the  midst  of  her  children,  was  "Circum- 
spice.'  If  you  ask  me  to  point  out  the  men  who  secured  the  success  of  the 
celebration  so  recently  passed,  I  answer,  gentlemen,  as  I  stand  in  your 
midst,  '  Circumspice.'  Here,  at  every  table,  are  the  men  who  made  the 
success  of  your  celebration  by  their  union,  harmony,  and  generous  spirit. 
It  is  to  that  you  owe  the  very  eminent  success  which  has  attended  the  cele- 
bration of  the  centennial  of  the  Constitution's  birth.  Now,  gentlemen, 
enough  of  that. 

"  Let  me  add  another  to  the  thoughts  which  may  be  as  gratifying  to 
you  as  they  are  to  me.  This  Constitution  of  ours  had  become  a  sort  of 
dead  letter,  an  ancient  document,  filed  away  in  the  archives  of  the  State 
Department  at  Washington,  and  principally  used  as  an  incentive  to  and 
an  occasion  for  much  political  wrangling.  Like  a  text  of  Scripture,  it  had 
become  overloaded  with  commentaries  and  burdened  with  speeches  by 
partisans  of  theories  of  all  sorts.  The  people  of  the  country  had  lost  sight 
of  the  Constitution  itself  and  its  practical  living  forces  as  applied  to  our 
institutions  in  the  presence  of  these  disputatious  theories.  Our  great  suc- 
cess was  not  in  what  met  the  eyes  of  the  people  of  Philadelphia  on  the 
three  days  of  the  celebration.  The  real  moral  success  began  with  and 
followed  the  close  of  the  celebration  itself.  It  is  found  in  the  revival  of 
interest  in  the  history  of  the  Constitution  and  of  the  self-denying  labors 
of  its  founders.  All  the  distinguished  representatives  of  the  various  States 
and  Territories  who  were  present  here  have  carried  away  with  them  in- 
creased reverence  for  that  great  instrument  which  organized  American 
liberty  and  initiated  principles  of  government  which  have  resulted  in  a 
prosperity  so  unparalleled  as  that  of  the  United  States.  The  study  of  the 
Constitution  itself  has  been  stimulated,  the  patriotism  of  its  founders  is  now 
better  appreciated,  and  the  force  of  the  example  left  by  the  fathers  of  the 
republic  will  be  more  surely  impressed  upon  our  children.  There  has  been 
a  revival  of  the  love  for  that  instrument  which  created  and  which  per- 
petuates for  our  posterity  the  union  of  the  States. 

"  I  am  led  to  believe  that  a  revival  of  the  study  of  the  Constitution 


TO    THE  HON.   JOHN  A.   KASSON.  423 

will  have  as  beneficial  an  effect  upon  the  patriotic  spirit  of  the  country  as 
would  a  church  revival  upon  a  congregation  which  had  lapsed  into  negli- 
gence of  the  spirit  of  the  gospel  and  of  the  history  of  its  founder. 

"  It  has  been  an  earnest  faith  with  me  that  the  i/th  of  September 
should  be  established  as  an  additional  holiday  of  equal  importance  with 
the  Fourth  of  July.  When  it  is  considered  that  the  Declaration  of  Inde- 
pendence was  simply  a  noble  intellectual  composition,  a  declaration  of 
general  principles,  we  appreciate  the  difference  between  an  act  of  that 
character  and  the  achievement  of  organizing  a  great  and  perpetual  gov- 
ernment in  all  its  branches.  One  man  could  write  a  declaration  of  inde- 
pendence. The  organization  of  the  Union  and  its  government  required 
grave  consideration,  great  organizing  statesmanship,  and  a  heroic  spirit  of 
self-sacrifice  in  respect  to  the  local  and  political  sentiments  of  the  various 
States.  This  great  work  of  organizing  a  republic  in  the  face  of  all  mo- 
narchical institutions,  and  with  vital  forces  sufficient  for  its  defence  against 
them  in  all  the  future,  was  of  such  vast  magnitude  and  historic  impor- 
tance that  it  deserves  to  be  commemorated  annually,  with  even  greater 
merit  than  the  event  which  has  distinguished  the  Fourth  of  July.  We 
have  not  too  many  national  holidays. 

"  I  venture  to  call  your  attention,  gentlemen,  to  this  consideration,  as  you 
have  the  means  of  arousing  the  attention  of  the  country  and  so  securing  for 
our  people  an  annual  celebration  which  shall  keep  alive  the  interest  in  our 
great  charter,  and  be  the  means  of  educating  our  children  in  love  and 
reverence  for  it. 

"  Gentlemen,  we  have  one  more  work  to  consummate  which,  we  hope, 
will  contribute  to  the  moral  effect  of  the  great  celebration.  It  is  the  prepa- 
ration of  a  volume  which,  while  commemorating  the  great  historical  event 
of  the  late  celebration,  will  also  contain  elements  of  instruction  and  of  interest 
for  our  people  in  connection  with  the  Constitution  and  its  history.  This,  in 
permanent  form,  we  hope  will  go  far  to  perpetuate  and  enlarge  the  interest 
to  which  the  celebration  itself  gave  rise.  If  our  efforts  to  this  end  shall 
meet  your  approbation  and  that  of  the  country,  we  shall  be  still  more  con- 
vinced that  our  labor  in  the  recent  splendid  commemoration  of  our  Consti- 
tution and  of  its  great  founders  will  not  have  been  in  vain. 

"  Allow  me  to  renew  the  expression  of  my  deep  and  grateful  sense  of 
your  appreciation  of  the  services  of  my  colleagues  and  myself,  and  to  hope 


424 

that  this  will  not  be  the  last  occasion  upon  which  we  may  happily  meet  in 
remembrance  of  our  common  services  to  the  cause  of  the  Constitution  and 

the  Union." 

SECOND   TOAST. 

"THE   CENTENNIAL  COMMISSION." 

RESPONDED     TO    BY  HAMPTON  L.    CARSON,   SECRETARY  OF   THE   COM- 
MISSION. 

"  MR.  CHAIRMAN, — Knowing  as  I  do  the  sentiments  entertained  by  the 
gentlemen  who  were  intrusted  with  the  work  assigned  by  the  Commission 
to  its  various  committees,  I  feel  that  I  would  be  unjust  to  them  if  I  failed  to 
express  their  high  appreciation  of  the  extraordinary  value  of  the  services  of 
our  honored  guest,  in  promoting  the  success  of  the  great  enterprise  which 
they  had  so  much  at  heart.  To  kindle  national  enthusiasm,  to  weld  into 
harmonious  action  the  separate  exertions  of  more  than  thirty-five  States  and 
Territories,  to  obtain  the  co-operation  of  the  heads  of  the  Federal  govern- 
ment, to  secure  the  presence  of  the  army  and  navy,  to  allay  local  jealousies 
and  sectional  prejudice,  to  awaken  patriotism,  to  touch  the  cord  of  sympathy 
which  binds  far  distant  communities  together,  and  cause  an  electric  thrill  to 
run  from  one  end  to  the  other  of  this  vast  country,  required  the  hand  of  a 
master.  It  required  a  leader  of  acknowledged  eminence,  of  liberal  views 
and  exalted  aims,  of  public  spirit  and  diplomatic  skill,  of  tact  and  judgment, 
of  ripe  experience,  of  ample  knowledge  of  men  and  affairs,  of  literary  ability 
and  persuasive  eloquence,  of  unflagging  industry,  one  possessed  of  the  un- 
selfish determination  to  devote  himself,  at  every  hour  of  the  day  and  night, 
through  months  of  weary  labor,  to  the  promotion  of  the  cause.  In  you,  sir, 
Mr.  Kasson,  the  Constitutional  Centennial  Commission  found  that  man. 
Although  well  known  to  all  of  us  as  a  statesman  whose  services  in  the 
cabinet,  upon  the  floor  of  Congress,  and  in  the  courts  of  Europe  entitled 
you  to  the  respect  and  esteem  of  your  fellow-countrymen,  you  came  to  us 
personally  as  a  stranger.  We  part  with  you  as  a  friend ;  and  to  our  sense 
of  profound  obligation  for  what  you  have  accomplished  we  add  the  senti- 
ment of  affectionate  regard.  Long  may  you  be  spared  in  health  and  strength 
to  the  service  of  the  country  which  you  have  so  greatly  honored. 

"  The  task  assigned  to  the  Commission  was  both  delicate  and  difficult. 
Few  men,  except  those  who  had  studied  the  subject,  appreciated  the  magni- 
tude and  sublimity  of  the  then  approaching  anniversary.  Every  one  knew 


TO    THE  HON.  JOHN  A.   KASSON.  425 

of  the  Fourth  of  July,  and  in  a  general  way  understood  its  significance.  But 
few  knew  of  the  I7th  of  September,  or  cared  to  consider  its  claims  to 
national  recognition.  It  became  necessary  to  educate  public  sentiment.  The 
movement  originated  in  certain  resolutions  introduced  upon  the  i8th  of 
June,  1886,  into  the  Legislature  of  New  Jersey  at  the  instance  of  that 
venerable  patriot,  Colonel  Jesse  E.  Peyton,  of  Haddonfield,  whose  name  will 
always  be  honorably  associated  with  our  national  centennial  celebrations. 
In  pursuance  of  these  resolutions,  the  governors  of  six  of  the  original  thir- 
teen States  met  in  Philadelphia  on  the  i/th  of  September,  1886,  in  the 
historic  hall  of  the  Carpenters'  Company,  and  with  appropriate  ceremonies 
formally  inaugurated  the  movement.  As  a  result  of  this  conference  a  corre- 
spondence was  conducted  with  the  governors  of  all  the  States  and  Territories 
of  the  Union  and  with  the  Federal  authorities,  which  led  to  the  appointment 
of  commissioners,  who  organized,  in  December  last,  the  Constitutional  Cen- 
tennial Commission.  From  that  hour  the  work  went  forward  in  a  way 
known  only  to  those  on  whom  the  burden  fell  of  conducting  its  infinite 
details.  An  application  for  a  Congressional  appropriation  failed  of  success, 
and  what  should  have  been  undertaken  by  the  nation  was  left  to  the  action 
of  the  States.  Pennsylvania,  always  foremost  in  good  deeds  and  keenly 
alive  to  the  importance  of  reviving  the  recollection  of  our  great  historical 
events,  responded  nobly  to  the  request  of  the  Commission  by  an  appropria- 
tion of  seventy-five  thousand  dollars.  Philadelphia,  the  Mecca  of  America, 
the  city  of  the  Declaration  of  Independence  and  of  the  Constitution,  through 
the  liberality  of  her  citizens  to  whom  no  appeal  has  ever  been  made  in  vain, 
responded  with  an  alacrity  and  a  splendor  of  preparation  and  hospitality 
which  astonished  even  those  most  familiar  with  her  spirit,  and  which  baffled 
the  utmost  power  of  descriptive  skill.  Massachusetts  followed  with  a  more 
than  ample  provision,  while  Connecticut,  Rhode  Island,  and  Delaware  did 
the  same.  New  Jersey,  New  York,  Maryland,  Virginia,  South  Carolina, 
Ohio,  Georgia,  North  Carolina,  Maine,  Iowa,  West  Virginia,  and  the  District 
of  Columbia  sent  representations  of  their  militia,  from  companies  of  well- 
equipped  men  to  splendid  regiments.  The  North  Atlantic  Squadron  appeared 
in  the  waters  of  the  Delaware,  while  the  army  was  represented  under  the 
command  of  General  Sheridan.  The  President  of  the  United  States  and 
the  members  of  his  cabinet,  the  only  living  ex-President  and  ex-Vice-Presi- 
dent  of  the  United  States,  the  Chief  Justice  and  associate  justices  of  the 
VOL.  ii. — 55 


426       DINNER   GIVEN  BY  THE   CITIZENS   OF  PHILADELPHIA 

Supreme  Court  of  the  United  States,  senators  and  representatives,  governors 
of  States  and  Territories,  with  the  members  of  their  staffs,  distinguished 
jurists,  physicians,  and  divines,  men  prominent  in  every  walk  and  relation 
in  life,  gave  dignity  to  the  occasion,  while  the  fair  daughters  of  America 
added  by  their  presence  an  indescribable  charm.  I  need  not  recount  the 
ceremonies  of  each  day.  They  are  fresh  in  the  recollection  of  you  all ;  nor 
could  I  allude  to  the  great  work  accomplished  by  the  chief  marshal  of  the 
civic  and  industrial  procession  without  trespassing  upon  the  ground  of  the 
gentleman  who  is  to  follow.  Let  me  say,  however,  that  to  his  faithful  and 
laborious  exertions,  under  the  direction  of  his  executive  skill  and  genius  for 
organization,  we  owe  the  grandest  trades  display  ever  witnessed  in  America ; 
one  which  taught  the  people  to  appreciate  how  much  had  been  accomplished 
by  the  arts  of  peace  in  the  course  of  one  hundred  years  under  the  protection 
of  the  Constitution  and  the  laws :  an  exhibition  which  taught  lessons  of 
industrial  independence,  of  unconquerable  determination  to  win,  of  marvel- 
lous inventive  skill,  and  indomitable  perseverance.  In  describing  the  scenes 
of  military  day,  the  modern  Plutarch  will  commemorate  a  far  different  spec- 
tacle from  that  witnessed  by  him  who  wrote  two  thousand  years  ago.  No 
Paulus  ^milius  crowned  with  Delphic  laurel,  nor  ambitious  Pompey  decked 
with  the  spoils  of  plundered  provinces,  appeared  in  that  procession.  No 
wailing  victims  of  the  fate  of  war  were  there  to  grace  in  captive  bonds  the 
chariot-wheels  of  the  conqueror ;  no  bullocks  were  led  out  to  slaughter ;  no 
savage  games  were  thrown  open  to  the  people,  where  tigers,  famished  into 
madness,  tore  the  flesh  of  men  but  little  less  ferocious  than  themselves ;  but 
the  lo  TRIUMPHE  of  the  American  people  rang  out  above  the  heads  of  the 
marching  squadrons,  as  they  wound  their  glittering  length  through  our 
great  highways,  to  bow  in  reverence  at  the  shrine  of  the  Constitution,  of 
liberty,  of  order,  and  of  law. 

"  The  third  day  witnessed  ceremonies  far  more  impressive  than  those  ever 
known  to  the  Field  of  the  Cloth  of  Gold,  the  Champs  de  Mars,  Westminster 
Abbey,  or  even  to  our  Independence  Square.  All  classes  and  conditions  of 
persons,  of  all  sects  and  creeds,  of  all  nationalities,  of  all  ranks  and  stations, 
met  under  the  shadow  of  the  clock-tower  of  the  State  House,  in  the 
presence  of  a  vast  concourse  of  people  controlled  not  by  bayonets  but  by 
the  civil  authorities,  to  testify  their  allegiance  to  the  Constitution  and  to  the 
flag  of  the  United  States ;  and  in  the  mute  yet  expressive  eloquence  of  their 


TO    THE  HON.  JOHN  A.   KASSON.  427 

unbroken  silence  to  assert  the  truth  of  their  belief  that  in  the  Constitution 
of  the  United  States  there  was  vouchsafed  to  man  the  greatest,  the  grandest, 
and  the  freest  chart  of  government  on  the  face  of  the  earth. 

"  From  the  ceremonies  of  these  three  days  impressive  lessons  may  be 
drawn  for  ourselves,  as  well  as  for  our  children.  Let  us,  rising  above  the 
petty  jealousies  and  partisan  strife  of  the  present,  above  all  sordid  ambitions 
and  grovelling  aims,  all  trafficking  in  the  spoils  of  office  and  betrayals  of 
public  trust,  climb  to  altitudes  as  yet  unsealed  by  statesmanship.  Thus 
standing  on  the  summit  of  exalted  principle,  and  gazing  on  the  sea  of  cen- 
turies to  come,  well  may  we  exclaim,  in  the  words  of  our  prophetic  bard, — 

"  '  Thy  sun  is  risen,  and  shall  not  set 

Upon  thy  day  divine ! 

Ages  of  unborn  ages  yet, 

America,  are  thine !'  " 

THIRD    TOAST. 

"THE   INDUSTRIES   OF   PHILADELPHIA." 
RESPONDED    TO   BY  COLONEL   A.    LOUD  ON  SNOWDEN. 

"  MR.  CHAIRMAN  AND  GENTLEMEN, — I  sincerely  regret  that  a  very  severe 
cold,  which  has  nearly  deprived  me  of  voice,  will  prevent  my  making  such 
a  response  to  your  toast  as  it  deserves.  The  excessive  labor  that  has 
devolved  upon  me  for  the  last  three  months,  although  borne  with  good 
health  during  that  period,  seems  at  last  to  have  produced  its  legitimate 
result  in  a  general  relaxation  of  the  system,  which  has  rendered  me  an  easy 
victim  to  a  slight  imprudent  exposure.  I  may,  however,  be  permitted  to 
say  in  an  imperfect  manner  that  the  honor  of  this  occasion  fitly  falls  upon 
my  friend,  whom  I  have  known  for  the  last  quarter  of  a  century.  My 
acquaintance  with  him  began  when  he  was  assistant  postmaster-general  of 
the  United  States.  Subsequently,  as  chairman  of  the  Committee  on  Coin- 
age in  the  House  of  Representatives,  I  was  brought  in  close  relations  with 
him,  and  from  my  earliest  acquaintance  to  the  present  time  I  have  at  all 
times  found  him  earnest,  capable,  and  patriotic  in  the  discharge  of  every 
trust  committed  to  his  care.  The  public  is  to  be  congratulated  on  his  selec- 
tion as  president  of  the  Commission  which  has  rendered  such  valuable 
service. 

"  In  so  far  as  I  have  been  personally  identified  with  the  work  of  the 


428       DINNER   GIVEN  BY  THE   CITIZENS   OF  PHILADELPHIA 

Commission,  I  may  say  that  it  was  to  me  a  work  of  love.  I  undertook  it 
knowing  full  well  the  exactions,  responsibility,  and  labor  that  would  attend 
the  duty  assigned  to  me.  I  was,  however,  sustained  throughout  by  a 
knowledge  of  the  value  a  creditable  result  would  confer  not  only  on  Phila- 
delphia but  on  the  country  at  large,  and  if  the  demonstration  of  the  i$th  of 
September  met  the  expectation  of  the  public,  as  I  believe  it  did,  I  am  more 
than  repaid  for  all  the  labor  and  anxiety  bestowed  in  its  creation. 

"  That  it  was  not  what  I  hoped  it  to  be,  those  closest  to  me  know.  The 
time  was  so  very  short,  and  the  means  at  my  disposal  so  limited,  that  it  was 
impossible,  perhaps,  to  accomplish  all  that  I  expected.  My  desire  was  to 
make  it  a  great  object-lesson  that  would  illustrate  the  progress  of  a  century 
in  all  departments  of  life,  all  branches  of  enterprise,  and  in  all  that  goes  to 
make  up  the  life  of  a  great  people.  This  was  a  comprehensive  scope  to  fill. 
That  it  was  not  filled  to  my  entire  satisfaction  is  to  me  a  great  source  of 
regret.  What  we  did  do  was  enough,  however,  to  satisfy  the  doubting  and 
discontented  that  the  government  under  the  Constitution  has  brought  peace, 
plenty,  prosperity,  and  power  such  as  has  not  been  vouchsafed  to  any  other 
people  within  the  same  period  of  time. 

"  That  our  school  system  was  not  illustrated  in  the  demonstration  was  a 
great  sorrow  to  me.  I  labored  to  have  it  fully  presented,  as  we  all  appre- 
ciate that  our  educational  system  is  the  foundation  upon  which  alone  the 
republic  can  rest  in  safety.  If  the  advance  in  the  modes  of  transportation 
so  grandly  represented  by  the  Pennsylvania  Railroad  was  instructive  and 
startling ;  if  the  development  of  Indian  civilization  from  savagery  to  culture 
was  suggestive  and  remarkable,  how  much  more  striking,  indeed  over- 
whelming, would  have  been  the  presentation  of  our  educational  system  by 
a  representation  of  its  various  branches,  from  the  common  school  to  the 
university,  with  intellectual  and  manual  training  exhibited,  and  with  the 
statistics  presented  on  floats  indicating  the  condition  of  culture  one  hundred 
years  ago,  with  the  number  of  colleges,  schools,  professors,  and  pupils  as 
contrasted  with  those  of  1887.  The  marvellous  increase  in  the  educational 
facilities  of  the  continent,  as  well  as  the  methods  of  education,  would  have 
been  a  lesson  of  incalculable  value  to  the  hundreds  of  thousands  of  our 
own  citizens  and  the  strangers  who  were  '  within  our  gates.'  That  I  failed 
to  present  it  was  no  fault  of  mine.  I  trusted  to  others,  who  promised,  per- 
haps without  due  consideration,  and  whose  promises  were  not  fulfilled. 


TO    THE  HON.  JOHN  A.   KASSON.  429 

"  The  great  difficulty  I  encountered  on  the  threshold  of  my  labors  was 
the  entire  absence  of  any  public  interest  in  the  celebration.  My  first  effort, 
and,  indeed,  the  great  effort  I  had  to  make,  was  the  creation  of  a  public 
sentiment  in  Philadelphia  that  would  culminate  in  a  demonstration  worthy 
of  the  occasion  and  of  our  people.  To  effect  this  purpose  I  opened  corre- 
spondence with  the  executives  of  every  State  and  Territory,  inviting  co- 
operation, although  I  knew  full  well  that  the  industrial  display  must  depend 
almost  exclusively  for  its  success  upon  the  generous  support  and  interest  of 
the  citizens  of  Philadelphia.  To  awaken  this  interest  was  my  main  object 
and  effort.  The  correspondence  with  the  different  governors,  when  pub- 
lished, was  a  great  lever  in  attaining  the  desired  end.  The  correspondence 
was  not  only  published  in  all  our  own  papers,  but  was  printed  and  editori- 
ally commented  upon  in  nearly  every  newspaper  in  the  whole  country. 
These  and  many  other  means  were  employed,  and  gradually,  but  surely, 
after  a  month's  constant  effort,  the  result  began  to  manifest  itself,  so  that 
within  a  few  weeks,  or  rather  days,  of  the  demonstration,  our  whole  people 
were  thoroughly  aroused  to  a  profound  appreciation  of  the  importance  of 
the  occasion  and  the  duty  that  devolved  upon  them.  The  result  was  such 
a  demonstration  as  was  never  before  witnessed  in  this  country,  or,  perhaps, 
in  any  other.*  It  was  not  a  demonstration  made  up  of  unmeaning  exhibits, 
advertisements,  or  societies,  but  one  illustrating,  from  the  first  division  to  its 
close,  the  progress  of  a  century  under  constitutional  government. 

"  We  may,  I  think,  congratulate  ourselves  that  this  second  grand  cen- 
tennial celebration  of  Revolutionary  events  in  our  city  was  a  great  and  un- 
qualified success.  If  the  great  World  Exhibition  in  honor  of  the  Declara- 
tion of  Independence  was  valuable  to  the  country,  so  we  may  say  with  equal 
truth  that  the  brief  but  suggestive  programme  under  which  was  celebrated 
the  centennial  of  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States  was  instructive,  illus- 
trative, and  valuable,  not  alone  to  the  city  of  Philadelphia,  but  to  our 
common  country.-  Statesmen  who  visited  us  have  gone  away  with  an  en- 
larged conception  of  the  marvellous  power  and  physical  resources  of  the 
republic.  They  left  us  with  a  higher  sense  of  their  obligations  to  their 
country,  and  with,  I  trust,  a  broader  and  more  patriotic  love  for  the  insti- 
tutions under  which  such  marvellous  prosperity  can  alone  exist.  This 
lesson  to  the  statesmen  of  the  land  was  worth  much  more  than  the  cost  of 
the  whole  celebration ;  besides,  the  youth  of  the  city  and  country  have  taken 


430      DINNER   GIVEN  BY  THE   CITIZENS   OF  PHILADELPHIA 

away  impressions  that  will  never  die  out.  Each  one  will  widen  this  influ- 
ence by  telling  what  he  saw  in  this  great  city  that  indicated  the  marvellous 
growth  of  the  republic.  Thus  each  individual  will  become  the  centre  of  a 
circle  of  influence  that  will  widen  to  the  outer  limits  of  the  republic.  Who 
can  tell  the  mighty  conservative  power  that  will  be  exercised  through  the 
far-reaching  influence  of  this  great  celebration,  which  was  intended  to  ex- 
press the  rejoicings  of  the  people  over  a  hundred  years  of  constitutional 
government,  but  which,  in  addition  to  that,  illustrated  in  the  most  striking 
manner  a  century's  progress  in  the  arts  of  peace  that  has  placed  the  republic 
in  absolute  independence  of  all  the  world." 

FOURTH  TOAST. 

"THE   CELEBRATIONS   OF   1876  AND    1887." 
RESPONDED    TO  BY  MR.  MORTON  MC MICH  A  EL. 

"  MR.  CHAIRMAN  AND  GENTLEMEN, — To  dwell  upon  the  material  glories 
of  the  Centennial  Celebrations  of  '76  and  '87  would,  I  feel,  be  repeating 
a  thrice-told  tale  to  our  honored  guest ;  so,  in  this  hall,  redolent  with  the 
spirit  of  history,  it  may  not  be  amiss  to  recall  some  results  of  the  events 
then  fitly  commemorated  which  have  affected  all  Christendom. 

"  The  birth-time  of  the  nation  was  a  period  of  storm  arrd  stress,  and 
long  after  the  soldier  had  sheathed  his  victorious  sword  the  statesmen 
struggled  on  in  bitter  and  often  discouraging  effort  before  the  young  re- 
public could  be  made  to  stand  firmly  and  take  the  first  step  in  that 
magnificent  march  of  progress  which  is  our  honest  pride  and  the  world's 
object-lesson.  The  long-burning  camp-fires  of  our  war  of  independence 
shone  far  afield,  and  sparks  from  those  fires  carried  across  the  wide  Atlan- 
tic, falling  on  the  decaying  edifice  of  the  French  monarchy,  kindled  a 
conflagration  which  swept  into  indiscriminate  and  sudden  ruin  institutions 
the  growth  of  ages. 

"  In  that  fierce  and  cruel  outbreak  much  happened  which  humanity 
must  ever  deplore,  but  no  informed  mind  can  doubt  that  mankind  has 
been  the  gainer.  For  example,  take  the  condition  of  the  peasant  pro- 
prietor of  France,  a  very  numerous  class  even  a  centuiy  ago.  So  severe 
were  the  taxes,  restrictions,  and  obligation  of  service  under  which  he 
labored  that  in  some  provinces  sixty  and  seventy  per  cent,  of  the  gross 
product  of  the  soil  represented  the  sum  of  the  exactions,  a  burden  which 


TO    THE  HON.  JOHN  A.   K ASS  ON.  43  i 

made  life  impossible  except  under  conditions  of  unspeakable  toil  and  misery. 
If  by  some  happy  chance  he  found  himself  with  better  means,  such  was 
his  well-grounded  fear  of  further  extortion  that  he  dared  not  re-roof  his 
miserable  cottage  or — save  with  such  precaution  as  the  Huguenot  used  in 
holding  family  worship — treat  himself  or  his  guest  to  any  but  the  coarsest 
food  and  drink.  By  contrast,  in  1871  that  same  class  of  peasant  farmers 
subscribed  milliards  of  francs  to  the  war  indemnity ;  and  though  they  still 
exercise  a  frugality  unknown  with  us,  it  is  rather  from  choice  than  neces- 
sity. 

"  France,  rising  Phcenix-like  from  the  ashes  of  a  dead  past,  sent  forth 
her  armies  to  spread  the  fires  of  liberty.  Those  armies  were  republican 
even  after  they  seated  their  Imperator  on  a  throne,  for  remember  that 
although  before  1789  none  but  a  noble  whose  grandfather  had  been  a 
noble  as  well  could  hold  a  commission  as  an  officer,  after  '93  it  was  no 
figure  of  speech  but  a  demonstrated  fact  that  the  common  soldier  carried 
a  marshal's  baton  in  his  knapsack.  From  the  Mediterranean  to  the  North 
Sea,  from  the  rock  of  Gibraltar  to  the  hostile  plains  of  Russia,  the  repub- 
lican armies  carried  the  idea  of  liberty  and  equality ;  wherever  they  marched 
they  found  people  under  the  iron  heel  of  despotic  government,  without 
education,  without  hope,  torture  a  common  adjunct  of  jurisprudence,  and 
serfdom,  but  little  modified  from  that  which  existed  in  the  darkest  ages, 
the  lot  of  the  peasant. 

"  Much  blood  was  shed,  many  tears  flowed,  but  seed  was  planted  which 
has  been  and  yet  is  bearing  fruit, — in  larger  or  smaller  portion  as  the 
ground  of  intelligence  was  rich  or  sterile,  but  always  something.  Two 
events  of  surpassing  importance  to  modern  Europe,  the  unification  of  Ger- 
many and  of  Italy,  are  directly  traceable  to  the  lessons  of  that  time. 

"  A  century  ago  the  idea  of  bringing  under  one  homogeneous  govern- 
ment the  two  hundred  and  odd  principalities  and  powers  which  are  now 
fused  into  the  empire  over  which  Kaiser  William  holds  undisputed  sway 
would  have  seemed  a  hopeless  aspiration  to  the  most  patriotic  soul  in 
the  Fatherland  ;  but  when  the  grand  army  advanced  on  Russia,  and  men 
from  each  of  those  states,  from  great  kingdoms  to  petty  bishoprics,  found 
themselves  following  in  one  array  the  eagles  of  Napoleon  at  his  sole  com- 
mand, who  could  fail  to  learn  that  given  the  soul  to  dare  and  power  to 
do  Germany  might  be  one  ?  Years  passed,  but  at  last  Bismarck  came ; 


432       DINNER   GIVEN  BY  THE   CITIZENS  OF  PHILADELPHIA 

and  our  children  shall  see  the  German  people  as  free  as  they  are  mighty. 
Bonaparte  taught  his  native  land  the  same  lesson  he  did  the  hardy  Guelph, 
and  Italy,  under  the  wise  rule  of  a  true  king,  to-day  rejoices  in  a  unity 
which  she  never  before  enjoyed,  save  when  imperial  Rome  at  the  very  apex 
of  her  power  held  at  bay  the  ever  threatening  barbarians  and  enforced 
obedience  to  one  law  from  Alps  to  Adriatic. 

"Time  forbids  further  illustration  save  one  vital  to  ourselves.  The 
beacon  fire  of  freedom,  builded  strong  and  high  and  steadily  maintained 
through  peace  and  war  for  a  century,  has  shone  from  this  western  shore 
across  the  '  multitudinous  seas  incarnadine,'  until  '  the  people  who  sat  in 
darkness  have  seen  a  great  light,'  and  to  that  light  have  pressed  millions  of 
men  to  find  homes  and  happiness.  If  among  the  multitude  there  are  many 
unfitted  by  brutish  vices,  sad  inheritance  of  centuries  of  oppression,  to  en- 
joy the  freedom  we  offer,  let  us  trust  that  in  the  providence  of  God  this 
great  republic  can  and  will  control  them  until  such  time  as  they  learn  the 

better  way." 

FIFTH  TOAST. 

"THE   STATE   OF   PENNSYLVANIA,   WHERE   THE   CONSTITUTION  WAS 

FRAMED." 

RESPONDED    TO  BY  SAMUEL    W.   PENNYPACKER,   ESQ. 

"  MR.  PRESIDENT  AND  GENTLEMEN, — Although  the  old  French  proverb 
has  it  that  it  is  the  first  step  that  costs,  it  is  the  end  that  crowns  the  work. 
We  are  told  that  when  the  worthies  of  a  century  ago  had  satisfactorily  com- 
pleted the  task  which  gathered  them  in  convention  and  had  signed  the 
immortal  paper  which  among  its  other  great  results  led  up  to  this  celebra- 
tion, the  last  thing  they  did  together  was  to  go  around  to  the  City  Tavern 
and  have  something  to  eat  and  to  drink.  It  gives  me  pleasure  to  see  this 
evening  that  the  distinguished  president  of  the  Centennial  Commission,  and 
his  no  less  distinguished  compeers,  followed  so  readily  in  the  footsteps  of 
their  illustrious  predecessors. 

"  I  was  given  to  understand  for  the  first  time  this  morning  that  I  must 
come  to  this  dinner  and  make  a  speech.  It  seems  that  Governor  Beaver,  who 
it  had  been  expected  would  respond  to  the  toast  of  Pennsylvania,  had  been 
unavoidably  detained,  and  it  is  certainly  extremely  uncomplimentary  to  the 
rest  of  you  that  the  committee,  in  looking  over  the  list  of  those  here,  could 
find  no  one  better  fitted  than  myself  to  take  his  place.  My  friend,  Mr. 


TO    THE  HON.  JOHN  A.   KASSON.  433 

Smith,  has  just  said,  in  referring  to  some  of  the  honorable  events  in  the 
remarkable  career  of  our  guest,  that  at  one  time  he  was  sitting  beside 
General  Grant  and  at  another  beside  the  emperor  of  Germany.  While  I 
can  claim  for  myself  no  such  great  distinction,  it  is  certain  that  during  the 
whole  of  this  livelong  day  I  have  been  going  over  papers  with  Mr.  Ma-Kie- 
Chang,  the  Mandarin  who  represents  in  his  person  the  dignity  of  the  empire 
of  China,  and  however  instructive  and  interesting  the  interview,  it  was  not 
conducive  to  the  preparation  of  an  after-dinner  speech.  Still,  I  were  an 
unworthy  son  of  Pennsylvania  if,  upon  this  occasion  and  in  this  presence,  I 
could  not  recall  to  your  recollection  some  of  the  achievements  of  the 
people  of  this  commonwealth.  Many  pleasing  and  complimentary  charac- 
terizations have  been  uttered  and  repeated  about  Pennsylvania  by  persons 
whose  misfortune  it  has  been  that  they  were  not  born  within  her  borders. 
A  very  celebrated  New  England  author  has  written  that  Pennsylvania  is  '  an 
agreeable  residence  for  average  people,'  and  that  it  '  is  the  neutral  centre  of 
the  continent  where  the  fiery  enthusiasms  of  the  South  and  the  keen  fanati- 
cisms of  the  North  meet  in  their  outer  limits,  resulting  in  a  compound 
which  turns  neither  litmus  red  nor  turmeric  brown.'  We  were  told  long 
ago  that  the  two  most  noted  citizens  of  Pennsylvania  in  public  life  were 
'  Benjamin  Franklin,  of  Massachusetts,  and  Albert  Gallatin,  of  Switzerland.' 
It  is  the  meed  of  Pennsylvania  not  simply  that  within  the  halls  of  her 
metropolis  the  colonies  were  declared  independent  and  the  Constitution 
which  bound  them  together  into  one  government  was  framed,  but  that  her 
people,  better  than  those  of  any  other  of  the  provinces,  represented  the 
principles  involved  in  that  Declaration,  and  more  than  any  others  had  to  do 
with  the  inception  and  promulgation  of  that  Constitution.  It  is  a  fact,  well 
established  by  historical  investigation,  that  the  very  earliest  suggestion  of 
the  union  of  the  colonies  was  made  by  her  founder,  the  illustrious  Quaker, 
William  Penn.  When  Benjamin  Franklin,  '  of  Massachusetts,'  went  to  the 
Albany  Convention  of  1754,  he  carried  with  him  a  plan  of  union  sub- 
stantially the  same  as  that  prepared  and  published  in  1722,  years  before  he 
had  shaken  the  Boston  dust  from  his  feet,  by  Daniel  Coxe,  a  Philadelphia 
lawyer,  and  later  one  of  the  judges  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  New  Jersey. 
The  scheme  adopted  at  Albany  is  but  an  elaboration  of  that  of  Coxe. 

"  Much  was  said  during  the  progress  of  the  late  celebration  of  the  part 
taken  in  the  Convention  of  1787  by  George  Washington,  who  presided  over 
VOL.  ii. — 56 


434      DINNER   GIVEN  BY  THE   CITIZENS   OF  PHILADELPHIA 

its  sessions.  Much  was  said  of  the  part  borne  by  Franklin,  though  his  par- 
ticipation consisted  mainly  in  pointing  to  a  picture  of  the  sun,  and  suggest- 
ing the  witticism  that  it  was  not  setting  but  rising  ;  but  if  you  will  take  the 
trouble  to  examine  the  records  and  proceedings  of  that  Convention  you  will 
find  that  James  Wilson,  a  Pennsylvania  lawyer,  who  was  afterwards  a  justice 
of  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  United  States,  had  far  more  to  do  with  its 
deliberations  and  conclusions  than  either  of  them.  And  when  the  work  had 
been  completed,  when  the  papers  had  been  drafted  and  signed,  and  the  plan 
was  submitted  to  the  people  of  the  different  States  for  their  approval  or  dis- 
approval, the  earliest  to  adopt  it  were  the  three  lower  counties  of  Pennsyl- 
vania,— I  refer  to  the  State  of  Delaware.  The  next  was  the  great  State  of 
Pennsylvania  herself;  and  Mr.  Bancroft  is  authority  for  the  statement  of  the 
belief  that  the  final  success,  after  much  delay  and  opposition,  of  the  efforts 
to  secure  its  adoption  was  largely  due  to  the  vigorous  and  prompt  action  of 
this  influential  commonwealth.  But  when  and  where  and  under  what  cir- 
cumstances did  the  colonies,  planted  at  various  times  along  the  shore  of 
the  Atlantic,  separate  in  autonomy  and  sovereignty,  differing  in  origin,  tra- 
ditions, laws,  and  interests,  become  welded  together  into  a  nation  ?  It  was 
not  when  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States  was  framed  and  promul- 
gated. After  the  execution  of  the  agreement  came  the  interpretation  and 
the  action  under  it.  Never  in  the  history  of  human  affairs  has  the  mere 
underwriting  of  a  paper  made  a  government.  Governments  are  the  results 
of  germination  and  growth,  of  development  from  conditions,  of  the  work- 
ing out  of  consequents  from  existing  cause.  It  was  not  in  the  debates  in 
Congress,  not  upon  the  floor  of  the  Senate  when  Webster  overthrew  the 
fallacies  of  Hayne,  important  as  were  the  effects  of  that  great  effort  in  teach- 
ing American  citizens  to  appreciate  the  value  of  the  Union  into  which  they 
had  entered.  Nor  was  it  in  the  decisions  of  that  august  tribunal,  the 
Supreme  Court  of  the  United  States,  amid  the  conflicting  opinions  of  John 
Marshall  and  Roger  B.  Taney.  I  opine  that  the  philosophical  historian  of 
the  future,  carefully  analyzing  our  institutions  and  reading  events  from  the 
safe  stand-point  of  distance,  secure  in  the  certainty  of  results  attained,  will 
tell  the  generations  yet  to  be  that  the  American  people  never  became  a 
nation  until  George  G.  Meade,  of  Pennsylvania,  wrote  with  his  sword  the 
final  interpretation  of  the  Constitution  of  his  country  upon  the  crests  of 
Kulp's  Hill  and  Round  Top.  Surely  it  was  no  accident  that  all  through 


TO    THE  HON.   JOHN  A.   KASSON.  435 

the  records  of  that  tremendous  struggle  of  which  Gettysburg  was  the 
culmination  are  inscribed  the  names  of  Meade,  McClellan,  Reynolds,  Frank- 
lin, Gibbon,  Hancock,  Humphreys,  Gregg,  Hartranft,  Geary,  and  Beaver; 
of  Curtin,  Cameron,  Stanton,  and  Jay  Cooke.  Surely  it  was  no  accident 
that  in  the  supreme  moment,  when  the  acme  was  reached,  when  Pickett 
made  that  charge  at  Cemetery  Hill  which  fastened  the  attention  of  the 
world  and  marked  the  farthest  surge  of  the  rebellion,  the  men  who  met  his 
forces  and  overthrew  them  were  a  brigade  of  the  sons  of  Pennsylvania.  It 
was  the  outcome  of  the  laws  which  govern  the  universe,  it  was  the  provi- 
dence of  God." 

With  Mr.  Pennypacker's  speech  the  toasts  closed,  and  Colonel  SNOWDEN, 
rising,  said  that  he  would  like  to  pay  a  tribute  to  AMOS  R.  LITTLE,  chair- 
man of  the  Executive  Committee.  The  guests  at  the  table  rose  and  drank 
to  Mr.  Little,  who  responded  in  a  few  brief  words. 

JOHN  W.  WOODSIDE  then  made  a  motion  that  the  company  resolve 
themselves  into  a  centennial  association,  to  celebrate  each  year  the  anni- 
versary of  the  event  by  a  banquet  similar  to  that  of  the  evening.  The 
motion  was  carried,  and  it  was  then  suggested  to  appoint  a  committee  of 
five  to  consider  the  matter,  which  was  agreed  to.  President  SMITH  said 
he  would  do  this  at  his  leisure,  and  then  formally  announced  the  conclu- 
sion of  the  banquet. 


APPENDIX. 


PLANS    FOR    THE    UNION 


OF   THE 


BRITISH    COLONIES    OF    NORTH    AMERICA, 

1643-1776. 


COMPILED    BY 

:   D. 


[The  following  plans  for  the  united  government  of  the  colonies  that 
formed  the  United  States  were  proposed  between  1643  and  1776.  Others 
may  have  been  suggested,  but  what  are  here  printed,  together  with  such 
documents  as  were  given  forth  by  inter-colonial  congresses  are  sufficient  to 
show  the  development  of  concerted  action. 

During  the  civil  war  that  preceded  the  establishment  of  the  com- 
monwealth, England  was  unable  to  furnish  assistance  to  her  American 
colonies,  and  those  of  New  England  found  it  necessary  to  unite  their 
strength  to  protect  themselves  against  the  Dutch  and  the  Indians.  For  this 
purpose  the  following  compact  was  entered  into  in  1643.] 

ARTICLES   OF   CONFEDERATION 

Betweene  the  plantations  vnder  the  Gouernment  of  the  Massachusetts,  the  Plantacons  vnder  the 
Gouernment  of  New  Plymouth,  the  Plantacons  vnder  the  Gouernment  of  Connectacutt,  and 
the  Gouernment  of  New  Haven  with  the  Plantacons  in  combinacon  therewith. 

WHEREAS  wee  all  came  into  these  parts  of  America  with  one  and  the 
same  end  and  ayme,  namely,  to  advaunce  the  kingdome  of  our  Lord  Jesus 
Christ,  and  to  enjoy  the  liberties  of  the  Gospell  in  puritie  with  peace.  And 
whereas  in  our  settleinge  (by  a  wise  Providence  God)  we  are  further 

439 


440  PLANS  FOR    THE   UNION  OF  THE 

dispersed  vpon  the  Sea  Coasts  and  Riuers  then  was  at  first  intended,  so  that 
we  cannot  according  to  our  desire,  with  convenience  communicate  in  one 
Gouernment  and  Jurisdiccon.  And  whereas  we  live  encompassed  with 
people  of  seuerall  Nations  and  strang  languages  which  heareafter  may 
proue  injurious  to  vs  or  our  posteritie.  And  forasmuch  as  the  Natives  have 
formerly  committed  sondry  insolences  and  outrages  vpon  seueral  Plantacons 
of  the  English  and  have  of  late  combined  themselues  against  vs.  And 
seing  by  reason  of  those  sad  Distraccons  in  England,  which  they  have 
heard  of,  and  by  which  they  know  we  are  hindred  from  that  humble  way 
of  seekinge  advise  or  reapeing  those  comfortable  fruits  of  protection  which 
at  other  tymes  we  might  well  expecte.  Wee  therefore  doe  conceiue  it  our 
bounden  Dutye  without  delay  to  enter  into  a  present  consotiation  amongst 
our  selues  for  mutual  help  and  strength  in  all  our  future  concernements : 
That  as  in  Nation  and  Religion,  so  in  other  Respects  we  bee  and  continue 
one  according  to  the  tenor  and  true  meaninge  of  the  ensuing  Articles : 
Wherefore  it  is  fully  agreed  and  concluded  by  and  betweene  the  parties 
or  Jurisdiccons  aboue  named,  and  they  joyntly  and  seuerally  doe  by  these 
presents  agreed  and  concluded  that  they  all  bee,  and  henceforth  bee  called 
by  the  Name  of  the  United  Colonies  of  New-England. 

II.  The  said   United  Colonies,  for  themselues  and  their  posterities,  do 
joyntly  and  seuerally,  hereby  enter  into  a  firme  and  perpetuall  league  of 
friendship  and  amytie,  for  offence   and  defence,  mutuall  advise  and  suc- 
cour, vpon  all  just  occations,  both   for  preserueing  and  propagateing  the 
truth  and  liberties  of  the  Gospel,  and  for  their  owne  mutuall  safety  and 
wellfare. 

III.  It  is  further  agreed  That  the  Plantacons  which  at  present  are  or 
hereafter   shalbe  settled  within  the  limmetts  of  the  Massachusetts,  shalbe 
forever  vnder  the  Massachusetts,  and  shall  have  peculiar  Jurisdiccon  among 
themselues  in  all  cases  as  an  entire  Body,  and  that  Plymouth,  Connecktacutt, 
and  New  Haven    shall  eich   of  them  haue  like  peculier  Jurisdiccon  and 
Gouernment  within  their  limmetts  and  in  referrence  to  the  Plantacons  which 
already  are  settled  or  shall  hereafter  be  erected  or  shall  settle  within  their 
limmetts  respectiuely ;  prouided  that  no  other  Jurisdiccon  shall  hereafter  be 
taken  in  as  a  distinct  head  or  member  of  this  Confederacon,  nor  shall  any 
other  Plantacon  or  Jurisdiccon  in  present  being  and  not  already  in  comby- 
nacon  or  vnder  the  Jurisdiccon  of  any  of  these  Confederats  be  received  by 


BRITISH  COLONIES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA,  1643-1776.  441 

any  of  them,  nor  shall  any  two  of  the  Confederats  joyne  in  one  Jurisdiccon 
without  consent  of  the  rest,  which  consent  to  be  interpreted  as  is  expressed 
in  the  sixth  Article  ensuinge. 

IV.  It  is  by  these  Confederats  agreed  that  the  charge  of  all  just  warrs, 
whether  offensiue  or  defensiue,  upon  what  part  or  member  of  this  Confed- 
eraccon  soever  they  fall,  shall  both  in  men  and  provisions,  and  all  other 
Disbursements,  be  borne  by  all  the  parts  of  this  Confederacon,  in  different 
proporcons  according  to  their  different  abilitie,  in  manner  following,  namely, 
that  the  Commissioners  for  eich  Jurisdiccon  from  tyme  to  tyme,  as  there 
shalbe  occation,  bring  a  true  account  and  number  of  all  the  males  in  every 
Plantacon,  or  any  way  belonging  to,  or  under  their  seuerall  Jurisdiccons,  of 
what  quality  or  condicion  soeuer  they  bee,  from  sixteene  yeares  old  to  three- 
score, being  Inhabitants  there.    And  That  according  to  the  different  numbers 
which  from  tyme  to  tyme  shalbe  found  in  each  Jurisdiccon,  upon  a  true  and 
just  account,  the  service  of  men  and  all  charges  of  the  warr  be   borne 
by  the  Poll :  Eich  Jurisdiccon,  or  Plantacon,  being  left  to  their  owne  just 
course  and  custome  of  rating   themselues  and  people  according  to  their 
different  estates,  with  due  respects  to  their  qualities  and  exemptions  among 
themselues,  though  the  Confederacon  take  no  notice  of  any  such  priviledg : 
And  that  according  to  their  different  charge  of  eich  Jurisdiccon  and  Plan- 
tacon, the  whole  advantage  of  the  warr  (if  it  please  God  to  bless  their 
Endeavours)  whether  it  be  in  lands,  goods  or  persons,  shall  be  proportion- 
ably  deuided  among  the  said  Confederats. 

V.  It  is  further  agreed  That  if  any  one  of  these  Jurisdiccons,  or  any 
Plantacons  vnder  it,  or  in  any  combynacon  with  them  be  envaded  by  any 
enemie  whomsoeuer,  vpon  notice  and  request  of  any  three  majestrats  of  that 
Jurisdiccon  so  invaded,  the  rest  of  the  Confederates,  without  any  further 
meeting  or  expostulacon,  shall  forthwith  send  ayde  to  the  Confederate  in 
danger,  but  in  different  proporcons  ;  namely,  the  Massachusetts  an  hundred 
men  sufficiently  armed  and  provided  for  such  a  service  and  jorney,  and 
eich  of  the  rest  fourty-fiue  so  armed  and  provided,  or  any  lesse  number,  if 
lesse  be  required,  according  to  this  proporcon.     But  if  such  Confederate  in 
danger  may  be  supplyed  by  their  next  Confederate,  not  exceeding  the  num- 
ber hereby  agreed,  they  may  craue  help  there,  and  seeke  no  further  for  the 
present.     The  charge  to  be  borne  as  in  this  Article  is  exprest :  And,  at  the 
returne,  to  be  victualled  and  supplyed  with  poder  and  shott  for  their  journey 

VOL.  ii. — 57 


442  PLANS  FOR    THE   UNION  OF  THE 

(if  there  be  neede)  by  that  Jurisdiccon  which  employed  or  sent  for  them : 
But  none  of  the  Jurisdiccons  to  exceed  these  numbers  till  by  a  meeting  of 
the  Commissioners  for  this  Confederacon  a  greater  ayd  appeare  necessary. 
And  this  proporcon  to  continue,  till  upon  knowledge  of  greater  numbers  in 
eich  Jurisdiccon  which  shall  be  brought  to  the  next  meeting  some  other 
proporcon  be  ordered.  But  in  any  such  case  of  sending  men  for  present 
ayd  whether  before  or  after  such  order  or  alteracon,  it  is  agreed  that  at  the 
meeting  of  the  Commissioners  for  this  Confederacon,  the  cause  of  such  vvarr 
or  invasion  be  duly  considered :  And  if  it  appeare  that  the  fault  lay  in  the 
parties  so  invaded,  that  then  that  Jurisdiccon  or  Plantacon  make  just  Satis- 
faccon,  both  to  the  Invaders  whom  they  have  injured,  and  beare  all  the 
charges  of  the  warr  themselves  without  requireing  any  allowance  from  the 
rest  of  the  Confederats  towards  the  same.  And  further,  that  if  any  Juris- 
diccon see  any  danger  of  any  Invasion  approaching,  and  there  be  tyme  for 
a  meeting,  that  in  such  case  three  majestrats  of  that  Jurisdiccon  may  summon 
a  meeting  at  such  convenyent  place  as  themselues  shall  think  meete,  to  con- 
sider and  provide  against  the  threatned  danger,  Provided  when  they  are  met 
they  may  remoue  to  what  place  they  please,  Onely  whilst  any  of  these  foure 
Confederats  have  but  three  majestrats  in  their  Jurisdiccon,  their  request  or 
summons  from  any  two  of  them  shalbe  accounted  of  equall  force  with  the 
three  mentoned  in  both  the  clauses  of  this  Article,  till  there  be  an  increase 
of  majestrats  there. 

VI.  It  is  also  agreed  that  for  the  mannaging  and  concluding  of  all  affairs 
proper  and  concerneing  the  whole  Confederacon,  two  Commissioners  shalbe 
chosen  by  and  out  of  eich  of  these  foure  Jurisdiccons,  namely,  two  for  the 
M attach u setts,  two  for  Plymouth,  two  for  Connectacutt  and  two  for  New 
Haven ;  being  all  in  Church  fellowship  with  us,  which  shall  bring  full  power 
from  their  seuerall  generall  Courts  respectively  to  heare,  examine,  weigh  and 
determine  all  affaires  of  our  warr  or  peace,  leagues,  ayds,  charges  and  num- 
bers of  men  for  warr,  divission  and  spoyles  and  whatsoever  is  gotten  by 
conquest,  receiueing  of  more  Confederats  for  plantacons  into  combinacon 
with  any  of  the  Confederates,  and  all  things  of  like  nature  which  are  the 
proper  concomitants  or  consequence  of  such  a  Confederacon,  for  amytie, 
offence  and  defence,  not  intermeddling  with  the  gouernment  of  any  of  the 
Jurisdiccons  which  by  the  third  Article  is  preserued  entirely  to  themselves. 
But  if  these  eight  Commissioners,  when  they  meete,  shall  not  all  agree,  yet 


BRITISH  COLONIES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA,  1643-1776.  443 

it  is  concluded  that  any  six  of  the  eight  agreeing  shall  have  power  to  settle 
and  determine  the  business  in  question :  But  if  six  do  not  agree,  that  then 
such  proposicons  with  their  reasons,  so  farr  as  they  have  beene  debated,  be 
sent  and  referred  to  the  foure  generall  Courts,  vizt.  the  Mattachusetts,  Ply- 
mouth, Connectacutt,  and  New  Haven :  And  if  at  all  the  said  Generall 
Courts  the  businesse  so  referred  be  concluded,  then  to  bee  prosecuted  by  the 
Confederates  and  all  their  members.  It  is  further  agreed  that  these  eight 
Commissioners  shall  meete  once  every  yeare,  besides  extraordinary  meetings 
(according  to  the  fift  Article)  to  consider,  treate  and  conclude  of  all  affaires 
belonging  to  this  Confederacon,  which  meeting  shall  ever  be  the  first  Thurs- 
day in  September.  And  that  the  next  meeting  after  the  date  of  these 
presents,  which  shalbe  accounted  the  second  meeting,  shalbe  at  Bostone  in 
the  Massachusetts,  the  third  at  Hartford,  the  fourth  at  New  Haven,  the  fift 
at  Plymouth,  the  sixt  and  seaventh  at  Bostone.  And  then  Hartford,  New 
Haven  and  Plymouth,  and  so  in  course  successiuely,  if  in  the  meane  tyme 
some  middle  place  be  not  found  out  and  agreed  on  which  may  be  commo- 
dious for  all  the  jurisdiccons. 

VII.  It  is  further  agreed  that  at  eich  meeting  of  these  eight  Commis- 
sioners, whether  ordinary  or  extraordinary,  they,  or  six  of  them  agreeing, 
as  before,  may  choose  their  President  out  of  themselues,  whose  office  and 
worke  shalbe  to  take  care  and  direct  for  order  and  a  comely  carrying  on  of 
all  proceedings  in  the  present  meeting.    But  he  shalbe  invested  with  no  such 
power  or  respect  as  by  which  he  shall  hinder  the  propounding  or  progresse 
of  any  businesse,  or  any  way  cast  the  Scales,  otherwise  then  in  the  pre- 
cedent Article  is  agreed. 

VIII.  It  is  also  agreed  that  the  Commissioners  for  this  Confederacon 
hereafter  at  their  meetings,  whether  ordinary  or  extraordinary,  as  they  may 
have  commission  or  opertunitie,  do  endeavoure  to  frame  and  establish  agree- 
ments and  orders  in  generall  cases  of  a  civill  nature  wherein  all  the  planta- 
cons  are  interested  for  preserving  peace  among  themselues,  and  preventing 
as  much  as  may  bee  all  occations  of  warr  or  difference  with  others,  as  about 
the  free  and  speedy  passage  of  Justice  in  every  Jurisdiccon,  to  all  the  Con- 
federats  equally  as  their  own,  receiving  those  that  remoue  from  one  planta- 
con  to  another  without  due  certefycats ;  how  all  the  Jurisdiccons  may  carry 
it  towards  the  Indians,  that  they  neither  grow  insolent  nor  be  injured  with- 
out due  satisfaccion,  lest  warr  break  in  vpon  the  Confederates  through  such 


444  PLANS  FOR  THE  UNION  OF  THE 

miscarryage.  It  also  agreed  that  if  any  servant  runn  away  from  his  master 
into  any  other  of  these  confederated  Jurisdiccons,  That  in  such  Case,  vpon 
the.  Certyficate  of  one  Majistrate  in  the  Jurisdiccon  out  of  which  the  said 
servant  fled,  or  upon  other  due  proofe,  the  said  servant  shalbe  deliuered 
either  to  his  Master  or  any  other  that  pursues  and  brings  such  Certificate  or 
proofe.  And  that  vpon  the  escape  of  any  prisoner  whatsoever  or  fugitiue 
for  any  criminal  cause,  whether  breaking  prison  or  getting  from  the  officer 
or  otherwise  escaping,  upon  the  certificate  of  two  Majistrats  of  the  Juris- 
diccon out  of  which  the  escape  is  made  that  he  was  a  prisoner  or  such  an 
offender  at  the  tyme  of  the  escape.  The  Majestrates  or  some  of  them  of 
that  Jurisdiccon  where  for  the  present  the  said  prisoner  or  fugitive  abideth 
shall  forthwith  graunt  such  a  warrant  as  the  case  will  beare  for  the  appre- 
hending of  any  such  person,  and  the  delivery  of  him  into  the  hands  of  the 
officer  or  other  person  that  pursues  him.  And  if  there  be  help  required  for 
the  safe  returneing  of  such  offender,  then  it  shalbe  graunted  to  him  that 
craves  the  same,  he  paying  the  charges  thereof. 

IX.  And  for  that  the  justest  warrs  may  be  of  dangerous  consequence, 
espetially  to  the  smaler  plantacons  in  these  vnited  Colonies,  It  is  agreed  that 
neither  the  Massachusetts,  Plymouth,  Connectacutt  nor  New-Haven,  nor  any 
of  the  members  of  any  of  them  shall  at  any  tyme  hereafter  begin,  undertake, 
or  engage  themselues  or  this  Confederacon,  or  any  part  thereof  in  any  warr 
whatsoever  (sudden  exegents  with  the  necessary  consequents  thereof  ex- 
cepted)  which  are  also  to  be  moderated  as  much  as  the  case  will  permit) 
without  the  consent  and  agreement  of  the  forenamed  eight  Commissioners, 
or  at  least  six  of  them,  as  in  the  sixt  Article  is  provided  :  And  that  no  charge 
be  required  of  any  of  the  Confederats  in  case  of  a  defensiue  warr  till  the 
said  Commissioners  haue  mett  and  approued  the  justice  of  the  warr,  and 
have  agreed  vpon  the  sum  of  money  to  be  levyed,  which  sum  is  then  to  be 
payd  by  the  severall   Confederates  in  proporcon  according  to  the  fourth 
Article. 

X.  That  in  extraordinary  occations  when  meetings  are  summoned  by 
three  Majistrats  of  any  Jurisdiccon,  or  two  as  in  the  fift  Article,  If  any  of 
the  Commissioners  come  not,  due  warneing  being  given  or  sent,  It  is  agreed 
that  foure  of  the  Commissioners  shall  have  power  to  direct  a  warr  which 
cannot  be  delayed  and  to  send  for  due  proporcons  of  men  out  of  eich  Juris- 
diccon, as  well  as  six  might  doe  if  all  mett ;  but  not  less  than  six  shall  deter- 


BRITISH  COLONIES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA,  1643-1776.  445 

mine  the  justice  of  the  warr  or  allow  the  demanude  of  bills  of  charges  or 
cause  any  levies  to  be  made  for  the  same. 

XI.  It  is  further  agreed  that  if  any  of  the  Confederates  shall  hereafter 
break  any  of  these  present  Articles,  or  be  any  other  wayes  injurious  to  any 
one  of  thother  Jurisdiccons,  such  breach  of  Agreement,  or  injurie,  shalbe  duly 
considered  and  ordered  by  the  Commissioners  for  thother  Jurisdiccons,  that 
both  peace  and  this  present  Confederacon  may  be  entirely  preserued  without 
violation. 

XII.  Lastly,  this  perpetuall  Confederacon  and  the  several  Articles  and 
Agreements   thereof  being   read   and   seriously   considered,   both   by   the 
Generall  Court  for  the  Massachusetts,  and  by  the  Commissioners  for  Ply- 
mouth, Connectacutt  and  New  Haven,  were  fully  allowed  and  confirmed  by 
three  of  the  forenamed  Confederates,  namely,  the  Massachusetts,  Connecta- 
cutt and  New-Haven,  Onely  the  Commissioners  for  Plymouth,  having  no 
Commission  to  conclude,  desired  respite  till  they  might  advise  with  their 
Generall  Court,  wherevpon  it  was  agreed  and  concluded  by  the  said  court  of 
the  Massachusetts,  and  the  Commissioners  for  the  other  two  Confederates, 
That  if  Plymouth  Consent,  then  the  whole  treaty  as  it  stands  in  these  present 
articles  is  and  shall  continue  firme  and  stable  without  alteracon :  But  if  Ply- 
mouth come  not  in,  yet  the  other  three  Confederates  doe  by  these  presents 
confirme  the  whole  Confederacon  and  all  the  Articles  thereof,  onely,  in  Sep- 
tember next,  when  the  second  meeting  of  the  Commissioners  is  to  be  at 
Bostone,  new  consideracon  may  be  taken  of  the  sixt  Article,  which  concernes 
number  of  Commissioners  for  meeting  and  concluding  the  affaires  of  this 
Confederacon  to  the  satisfaccon  of  the  Court  of  the  Massachusetts,  and  the 
Commissioners  for  thother  two  Confederates,  but  the  rest  to  stand  vnques- 
tioned. 

In  testymony  whereof,  the  Generall  Court  of  the  Massachusetts  by  their 
Secretary,  and  the  Commissioners  for  Connectacutt  and  New-Haven  haue 
subscribed  these  presente  articles,  this  xixth  of  the  third- month,  commonly 
called  May,  Anno  Domini,  1643. 

At  a  meeting  of  the  Commissioners  for  the  Confederacon,  held  at  Boston, 
the  Seaventh  of  September.  It  appeareing  that  the  Generall  Court  of  New 
Plymouth,  and  the  severall  Towneships  thereof  have  read,  considered  and 
approoued  these  articles  of  Confederacon,  as  appeareth  by  Commission  from 
their  Generall  Court  beareing  Date  the  xxixth  of  August,  1643,  to  Mr. 


PLANS  FOR    THE   UNION  OF  THE 

Edward  Winslowe  and  Mr.  Will  Collyer,  to  ratifye  and  confirme  the  same 
on  their  behalf,  wee  therefore,  the  Commissioners  for  the  Mattachusetts, 
Conecktacutt  and  New  Haven,  doe  also  for  our  seuerall  Gouernments,  sub- 
scribe vnto  them.* 

JOHN   WINTHROP, 

Governor  of  Massachusetts. 
THO.   DUDLEY, 
GEO.   FENWICK, 
THOMAS   GREGSON, 
THEOPH.   EATON, 
EDWA.   HOPKINS. 

[Immediately  after  the  restoration,  Charles  II.  created  a  Council  for 
Foreign  Plantations.  From  its  Commission,  which  is  dated  July  4,  1660, 
we  extract  the  following :] 

We  have  judged  it  meete  and  necessary  that  soe  many  remote  Colo- 
nies and  Governments,  soe  many  ways  considerable  to  our  crowne  and 
dignitie  and  to  wch  wee  do  beare  soe  good  an  esteeme  and  affection,  should 
now  longer  remaine  in  a  loose  and  scattered  but.  should  be  collected  and 
brought  under  such  an  uniforme  inspeccon  and  conduct  that  Wee  may  the 
better  apply  our  royale  councells  to  their  future  regulacon  securitie  and 
improvement^ 

[It  was  the  duty  of  this  body  to  correspond  with  the  governors  of  the 
colonies,  and  to  devise  means  to  bring  them  into  "  a  more  certain  civil  and 
uniform  government"!  For  some  time  after  the  conquest  of  the  New 
Netherlands  by  the  English  the  colonies  had  little  to  fear  of  a  hostile  char- 
acter, except  from  the  Indians,  who  continued  to  furnish  cause  of  alarm. 
"In  1677,  Maryland  invited  Virginia  to  join  with  itself  and  with  New  York 
in  a  treaty  of  peace  with  the  Seneca  Indians,  and  in  the  month  of  August 
a  conference  was  held  with  that  tribe  at  Albany.§  In  1682,  Culpepper  of 
Virginia  proposed  that  no  colony  should  make  war  without  the  concurrence 


*  "  Preston's  Documents,"  p.  87. 
f  "  New  York  Colonial  Documents,"  vol.  iii.,  p.  33. 
%  Frotheringham's  "  Rise  of  the  Republic,"  p.  50. 
\  Bancroft,  "  Centenary  Edition,"  vol.  ii.,  p.  17. 


BRITISH  COLONIES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA,  1643-1776.  447 

of  Virginia,  and  Nicholson,  eight  or  ten  years  later,  advocated  a  federation.* 
In  1684  a  conference  with  the  Five  Nations  was  held  at  Albany  under  the 
auspices  of  Governor  Dongan,  at  which  Virginia,  Maryland,  Massachu- 
setts, and  New  York  were  represented.  "  In  this  conference,"  Mr.  Frother- 
ingham  writes,  "  the  North  and  the  South  met  for  the  first  time,  and  delib- 
erated for  the  attainment  of  a  common  object,"f  but  he  appears  to  have 
overlooked  the  treaty  made  with  the  Senecas  by  Virginia,  Maryland,  and 
New  York,  in  1677. 

Between  1685  and  1688  James  II.,  by  the  exercise  of  the  prerogative, 
endeavored  to  bring  the  colonies  directly  under  the  crown  by  vacating  all 
colonial  patents,  and  to  unite  under  one  vigorous  government  the  various 
plantations  between  the  rivers  Delaware  and  St.  Lawrence.  This  territory 
was  to  be  governed  by  a  legislative  council  composed  of  the  chief  inhabi- 
tants of  the  different  colonies,  who  were  to  be  chosen  by  the  king,!  and  a 
captain-general.  This  last  office  was  conferred  upon  Sir  Edmund  Andross, 
but  the  downfall  of  James  put  an  end  to  the  scheme. 

The  war  caused  by  the  accession  of  William  and  Mary,  in  1689, 
awakened  fears  of  an  attack  from  Canada,  and  in  New  England  it  was  pro- 
posed to  renew  the  confederation  of  1643  that  had  received  a  crushing  blow 
from  the  royal  commission  under  Nichols,  in  1665.  This,  however,  was  not 
accomplished.  The  massacre  of  Schenectady,  in  1690,  prompted  the 
General  Court  of  Massachusetts  to  invite  New  York,  Virginia,  Maryland, 
and  the  parts  adjacent  to  meet  the  New  England  colonies  in  a  conference 
to  be  held  in  New  York  in  April.  Delegates  from  Massachusetts, 
Plymouth,  Connecticut,  and  New  York  attended,  and  on  May  i  agreed  to 
raise  eight  hundred  and  fifty-five  men  for  the  strengthening  of  Albany,  and 
"  by  the  help  of  Almighty  God,  subduing  the  French  and  Indian  enemies."§ 
Mr.  Bancroft  and  Mr.  Frotheringham  agree  in  calling  this  THE  FIRST 
AMERICAN  CONGRESS. 

In   1693  Governor  Fletcher,  by  order  of  the  king,  called  a  meeting  of 


*  "  Narrative  and  Critical  History  of  America,"  by  Justin  Winson,  vol.  v.,  p.  6n. 
f  "  Rise  of  the  Republic,"  pp.  86,  87. 

\  Introduction    to   the   "  History   of    the    Revolt  of    the   American    Colonies,"    by   George 
Chalmers,  vol.  i.,  pp.  179,  184. 

\  Frotheringham's  "  Rise  of  the  Republic,"  pp.  88,  92. 


448  PLANS  FOR    THE   UNION  OF  THE 

representatives  of  the  colonies  at  New  York,  but,  as  only  a  portion  of  the 
colonies  sent  delegates,  nothing  was  done. 

In  1694  the  number  of  troops  furnished  by  each  colony  was  settled  by 
the  home  government,  and  Fletcher  was  appointed  commander  of  these 
forces. 

This  proved  unsatisfactory  to  several  of  the  colonies,  whose  agents  laid 
their  complaint  before  the  proper  authorities.*  The  matter  was  referred  to 
the  attorney-general,  who  gave  the  following  opinion] : 

APRIL  2,  1694. 

We  are  humbly  of  opinion  that  the  Charrs  and  Grants  of  those  Colonies 
do  give  the  Ordinary  Powers  of  the  Militia  to  the  respective  Governments 
thereof.  But  do  also  conceive  that  their  Majesties  may  constitute  a  Chief 
Commander,  who  may  have  authority  at  all  times  to  Command  or  order 
such  portions  of  the  Forces  of  each  Colony  or  Plantation  as  their  Maj18 
shall  think  fit,  And  forther  in  times  of  Invasion  and  approach  of  the  Enemy 
with  ye  advice  and  assistance  of  the  Governors  of  the  Colonies  to  Conduct 
and  Command  the  rest  of  the  Forces  for  the  preservation  and  defence  of 
such  of  those  Colonies  as  shall  most  stand  in  need  thereof  not  leaving  the 
rest  unprovided  of  a  competent  force  for  their  defence  and  safety,  But  in 
time  of  peace  "and  when  the  danger  is  over,  the  Militia  within  each  of  the 
said  Provinces  ought  as  we  humbly  conceeve  to  be  under  the  Government 
and  disposition  of  the  respective  Governors  of  the  Colonies  according  to 
their  Charters.f 

[But  the  plan  failed  to  be  effective,  and  the  importance  of  a  union  of 
some  kind  was  urged  on  all  sides.  In  1695  William  Penn  received  a  letter 
from  P.  D.  La  Noy,  dated  New  York,  June  13.  After  complaining  of 
Fletcher,  he  wrote], — 

I  wish  his  Majty  would  place  a  Generall  Govern1  over  New  England, 
New  York  and  the  Jerseys,  so  as  the  Assemblys,  Courts  of  Judicature  and 
Laws  of  the  respective  colonys  may  remaine  and  be  kept  separate  and 
entire  as  they  now  are ;  for  our  laws  &  manner  of  trade  are  different  from 
one  another  and  the  distance  betwixt  us  would  make  very  uneasie  for  the 

*  "  New  York  Colonial  Documents,"  vol.  iv.,  p.  103.  f  Ibid.,  p.  105. 


BRITISH  COLONIES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA,  1643-1776.  449 

rest  of  the  Provinces  to  resort  to  any  one  for  comon  justice  But  a  Union 
under  one  Govern1"  would  be  very  convenient  and  particularly  in  time  of 
war,  and  be  a  terrour  to  the  French  of  Canada  who  assume  a  boldness 
purely  from  our  divisions  into  separate  bodyes  and  the  piques  that  are  to 
comon  amongst  the  several  govern18  of  which  the  French  don't  want  a 
constant  intelligence.* 

[The  Council  for  Foreign  Plantations,  established  by  Charles  II.,  was 
abolished  in  1674,  and  colonial  business  intrusted  to  a  committee  of  the 
Privy  Council.  In  1696  a  new  body  was  created,  entitled  The  Lords  of 
Trade  and  Plantations.  To  it  all  matters  relating  to  American  affairs  were 
addressed.  On  September  30,  1696,  that  body  reported  to  the  Lords 
Justices :  "  We  humbly  conceive  that  the  strength  of  the  English  there  [in 
America]  cannot  be  made  use  of  with  that  advantage  it  ought  for  the  pres- 
ervation of  those  Colonies  unless  they  be  united." 

On  December  1 1 ,  1 696,  William  Penn  appeared  before  the  Lords  of 
Trade  as  a  Proprietor  of  East  Jersey.  After  protesting  against  the  collec- 
tion of  customs  by  New  York  on  goods  sent  to  Jersey,  "  he  spoke  also  of 
the  Quota  required  from  the  neighboring  Colonies  for  the  defence  of  New 
York  And  said  that  he  conceived  the  best  way  of  regulating  it  would  be,  by 
stated  Deputies  from  each  Province,  to  meet  in  one  common  Assembly: 
The  effecting  of  which  was  observed  to  require  one  Captain  General  or 
Vice  Roy  to  preside.  But  upon  these  heads  he  was  desired  and  he 
promised  to  draw  up  a  scheme  more  fully  in  writing."f 

In  conformity  with  this  promise,  on  February,  169^-  he  submitted  the 
following :] 

WILLIAM   PENN'S    PLANS   FOR   A  UNION  OF  THE  COLONIES,  8TH  FEBRUARY, 

1694. 

A  Briefe  and  Plaine  Scheam  how  the  English  Colonies  in  the  North 
parts  of  America  Viz :  Boston  Connecticut  Road  Island  New  York  New 
Jersey,  Pensilvania,  Maryland,  Virginia  and  Carolina  may  be  made  more 
usefull  to  the  Crowne,  and  one  anothers  peace  and  safety  with  an  universall 
concurrance. 

*  "  New  York  Colonial  Documents,"  vol.  iv.,  p.  224.  f  Ibid.,  p.  246. 

VOL.  II. — 58 


450  PLANS  FOR  THE  UNION  OF  THE 

ist.  That  the  severall  Colonies  before  mentioned  do  meet  once  a  year, 
and  oftener  if  need  be,  during  the  war,  and  at  least  once  in  two  years  in 
times  of  peace,  by  their  stated  and  appointed  Deputies,  to  debate  and 
resolve  of  such  measures  as  are  most  adviseable  for  their  better  under- 
standing, and  the  publick  tranquility  and  safety. 

2.  That  in  order  to  it  two  persons  well  qualified  for  sence  sobriety  and 
substance  be  appointed  by  each  Province  as  their  Representatives  or  Depu- 
ties, which  in  the  whole  make  the  Congress  to  consist  of  twenty  persons. 

3.  That  the  King's  Commissioners  for  that  purpose  specially  appointed 
shall  have  the  Chaire  and  preside  in  the  said  Congresse. 

4.  That  they  shall  meet  as  near  as  conveniently  may  be  to  the  most 
centrall  Colony  for  ease  of  the  Deputies. 

5.  Since  that  may  in  all  probability,  be  New  York  both  because  it  is 
near  the  Center  of  the  Colonies  and  for  that  it  is  a  Frontier  and  in  the  Kings 
nomination,  the  Govr  of  that  Colony  may  therefore  also  be  the  Kings  High 
Commissioner  during  the  Session  after  the  manner  of  Scotland. 

6.  That  their  business  shall  be  to  hear  and  adjust  all  matters  of  Com- 
plaint or  differences  between  Province  and  Province,  As   Ist  where  persons 
quit  their  own  Province  and  goe  to  another,  that  they  may  avoid  their  just 
debts   tho   they  be   able  to  pay  them,  2d  where  offenders  fly  Justice,  or 
Justice   cannot  well  be   had   upon  such   offenders   in    the    Provinces   that 
entertaine  them,  3dly  to  prevent  or  cure  injuries  in  point  of  commerce,  4th,  to 
consider  of  ways   and   means  to  support  the   union  and  safety  of  these 
Provinces  against  the  publick  enemies.     In  which  Congresse  the  Quotas  of 
men  and  Charges  will  be  much  Easier,  and  more  equally  sett,  then  it  is 
possible  for  any  establishment  made  here  to  do  ;  for  the  Provinces,  knowing 
their  own  condition  and  one  anothers,  can  debate  that  matter  with  more 
freedome  and  satisfaction  and  better  adjust  and  ballance  their  affairs  in  all 
respects  for  their  common  safty. 

7ly  That  in  times  of  war  the  Kings  High  Commissioner  shall  be  generall 
or  Chief  Commander  of  the  severall  Quotas  upon  service  against  the  Com- 
mon Enemy  as  he  shall  be  advised,  for  the  good  and  benefit  of  the  whole.* 


*  "  New  York  Colonial  Documents,"  vol.  iv.,  p.  296.  There  is  no  date  given  in  that  collection 
to  the  paper,  but  it  is  supplied  in  "  Memoirs  of  the  Historical  Society  of  Pennsylvania,"  vol.  iv., 
part  ii.,  p.  265.  The  plan  is  also  printed  in  "  Preston's  Documents,"  p.  146. 


BRITISH  COLONIES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA,  1643-1776.  451 

[On  February  25,  169!-,  the  following  was  presented  to  the  king  by 
the  Lords  of  Trade  :] 

REPORT  OF  THE  BOARD  OF  TRADE  ON  THE  UNION  OF  NEW  YORK  WITH 

OTHER  COLONIES. 

To  the  King's  most  Excellent  Majesty 

May  it  please  your  Majesty 

In  obedience  to  your  Majesty's  Order  in  Council  dated  the  ioth  of  De- 
cember last  we  having  taken  into  consideration  the  Representation  of  your 
Majesty's  Lieutenant  Governor,  Councill  and  Assembly  of  the  Massachu- 
setts Bay  in  New  England  thereunto  annexed,  humbly  praying  that  your 
Majesty's  severall  governments  within  those  territories  may  be  jointly  con- 
cerned in  the  prosecution  of  the  war  and  supporting  the  charges  thereof; 
and  having  at  the  same  time  received  several  memorialls  from  the  Agents  of 
that  Province  here,  and  from  other  persons  concerned  both  in  that  and  the 
neighbouring  colonies  relating  to  an  Union  proposed  to  be  made  amongst 
them  for  common  defence ;  we  humbly  beg  leave  to  lay  before  Your  Majesty 
the  state  of  what  has  been  offered  to  us  upon  that  subject. 

The  importance  and  advantages  of  an  Union  for  mutual  defence  and 
common  security  are  by  all  sides  agreed  on  ;  but  the  objections  against  the 
methods  proposed  for  putting  it  in  execution  are  various,  according  to  the 
different  interests  of  those  by  whom  they  are  made. 

The  proposition  chiefly  insisted  on  in  the  forementioned  Memorials  is 
that  the  person  whom  Your  Majesty  shall  be  pleased  to  send  Governour  of 
the  Massachusetts  Colony  may  also  be  the  Civil  Governour  of  New  York 
and  New  Hampshire  and  Generall  of  all  the  forces  of  the  Massachusetts 
New  York  and  New  Hampshire  Connecticut,  Rhode  Island  and  the  Jerseys. 

But  to  this  the  agent  of  Connecticut  here  (in  the  name  of  the  Governour 
and  Company  of  that  Colony)  has  objected,  that  the  imposing  even  a  Mili- 
tary Governor  over  them,  with  the  power  to  demand  men  ammunition  and 
provisions,  and  to  lead  and  carry  their  men  at  the  pleasure  of  the  said  Gen- 
eral out  of  the  said  Colony,  without  consent  and  advice  of  the  said  Govern- 
our and  Company,  will  be  hard  on  the  inhabitants,  and  (as  they  conceive) 
contrary  to  their  charter. 

The  proprietor  of  New  Hampshire  (who  by  your  Majesties  appointment 
is  the  present  Governour  thereof)  has  also  objected  to  us  his  reasons  against 


452  PLANS  FOR    THE   UNION  OF  THE 

the  subjecting  of  that  Province  to  the  Government  of  the  Massachusetts ;  as 
tending  to  increase  a  charge  upon  the  inhabitants  there,  without  any  addi- 
tion to  their  securety,  and  without  any  appearance  (as  he  argues)  of  as- 
surance to  Your  Majesty  that  the  government  of  the  said  Province  will  be 
better  administered  by  strangers  than  by  the  said  Proprietor  and  the  inhabi- 
tants themselves. 

The  Agents  of  New  York  have  more  particularly  than  others  opposed 
the  Union  of  that  Province  and  the  Massachusetts  under  one  Civill  Gov- 
ernor by  the  following  considerations  : — The  nearest  limits  of  those  Provinces 
(say  they)  are  two  hundred  miles  distant  from  one  another,  Connecticut  and 
Rhode  Island  lye  between  them,  New  York  being  the  less  both  in  bounds 
and  strength  &  being  most  exposed  to  the  enemy  is  incapable  of  giving  any 
assistance  to  the  Massachusetts  in  time  of  danger,  the  towns  of  New  York 
&  Boston  having  been  always  rivalls  in  trade  this  Union  would  (in  that 
respect)  be  very  prejudiciall  to  the  former.  The  residence  of  the  Governour 
of  New  Yorke  at  Boston  would  oblige  the  inhabitants  of  New  Yorke  to 
repaire  thither,  upon  many  occasions  relating  to  the  Civill  Administration 
and  be  very  grievous  and  burdensome  to  them.  The  Sallary  of  the  Gov- 
erner  of  New  York  being  paid  out  of  certain  funds  raised  by  the  General 
Assembly  of  that  Province  for  a  limited  time,  and  expended  by  him  amongst 
them,  it  would  seem  a  hardship  to  them  if  that  money  should  be  issued  out 
of  the  Province  for  the  support  of  the  Governour  residing  at  Boston. 

To  which  the  forementioned  Agents  of  the  Massachusetts  have  an- 
swered : — that  the  distance  between  the  territories  of  New  York  and  the 
Massachusetts  is  much  less  than  the  Agents  of  New  York  here  represented 
it,  and  that  the  inconveniences  by  them  said  to  be  consequential  of  the  resi- 
dence of  a  Governor  at  Boston  may  be  avoided  by  his  removall  sometimes 
(as  occasion  shall  require)  to  New  Yorke,  and  at  other  times  by  having 
constantly  a  Deputy  there.  But  what  they  finally  pray  is,  that  the  ad- 
vantages of  a  Military  Head  or  Captain  Generall  being  agreed  to,  Your 
Majesty  would  therefore  be  pleased  to  appoint  one  accordingly,  and  the 
support  of  such  a  Captain  Generall  requiring  necessarily  a  much  greater 
expence  than  any  other  particular  Governour,  they  submit  the  proposition 
of  uniting  the  Governments  of  the  Massachusetts,  New  York  and  New 
Hampshire  (in  order  to  the  better  defraying  of  that  charge)  unto  Your 
Majesty's  Royall  pleasure. 


BRITISH  COLONIES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA,  1643-1776.  453 

This  being  the  state  of  that  matter  as  it  hath  been  sett  forth  to  us  the 
forementioned  Memorials ;  and  we  having  also  humbly  laid  before  their  Ex- 
cellencies the  late  Lords  Justices  (by  our  Representation  dated  the  30*  of 
September  last)  our  opinion  that  it  is  hardly  possible  Your  Majesty's  Colo- 
nies on  the  Northerne  Continent  of  America  can  be  preserved  unlesse  Your 
Majesty  shall  be  pleased  to  constitute  during  this  war,  some  active  vigilant 
and  able  man  to  be  Captain  Generall  of  all  Your  Majesty's  forces  and  of  all 
the  Militias  of  those  Colonies ;  which  opinion  we  then  grounded  upon  a 
report  of  Your  Majesty's  Attorney  and  Solicitor  Generall  dated  the  2d  of 
April  1694  declaring  it  Your  Majesty's  right  to  constitute  a  Chief  Com- 
mander with  such  authority,  especially  during  the  war ;  and  further  also  we 
having  more  particularly  proposed  to  Your  Majesty  (by  our  Representation 
dated  the  25th  of  November  last)  that  the  Governour  whom  Your  Majesty 
shall  please  to  constitute  over  the  Province  of  the  Massachusetts  Bay  may 
likewise  have  the  superior  command  throughout  all  New  England  for  the 
security  and  defence  thereof  during  the  war :  We  now  humbly  crave  leave 
to  add  that  the  distinct  Proprieties,  Charters  and  ^different  forms  of  Govern- 
ment in  several  of  those  neighbouring  Colonies,  make  all  other  Union  ex- 
cept under  such  a  Military  Head  (in  our  opinion)  at  present  impracticable, 
and  that  what  hath  yet  been  done  towards  such  a  Military  Union  for  Com- 
mon defence  (by  the  appointment  of  a  Quota  in  the  year  1694)  hath  been  so 
little  complied  with,  that  it  requires  the  exertion  of  a  more  vigorous  power 
than  hath  hitherto  been  practised,  to  make  it  produce  the  desired  effect 

But  upon  the  whole,  it  being  evident  that  notwithstanding  the  different 
constitutions  of  the  Governments  of  the  Massachusetts,  New  Hampshire  and 
New  York,  yet  Your  Majesty  hath  the  right  of  appointing  Governours  in 
all  those  places,  and  also  (according  to  the  forementioned  opinion  of  Your 
Majesty's  Attorney  and  Sollicitor  Generall)  the  right  of  constituting  a  Mili- 
tary Head  both  over  them  and  all  other  Your  Majesty's  Provinces,  Colonies 
and  Plantations  in  America  during  the  time  of  war :  We  are  humbly  of 
opinion  that  Your  Majesty  be  graceously  pleased  to  constitute  a  fit  person 
to  be  Governor  over  the  Provinces  of  New  York,  Massachusetts  Bay  and 
New  Hampshire  and  that  the  same  person  be  also  Captaine  Generall  of  all 
Your  Majesty's  forces  both  there  and  in  Connecticut,  Rhode  Island  and  the 
Jerseys,  and  that  the  chief  residence  of  such  Governor  or  Captain  Generall 
during  the  war  be  appointed  to  be  at  New  York,  that  the  Province  being 


454  PLANS  FOR    THE   UNION  OF  THE 

most  in  danger  to  be  attacked  by  the  enemy,  and  the  inhabitants  not  one 
fourth  part  of  the  number  that  are  in  Massachusetts,  and  also,  because  the 
sallary  of  £600  now  paid  to  that  Governor  arises  (as  has  been  alleged)  out 
of  subsidies  granted  by  the  Assembly  there.  But  neverthelesse  that  the  said 
Governor  or  Captain  Generall  may  have  liberty  to  remove  from  thence  to 
Boston  and  back  againe  from  time  to  time  leaving  Lieutenants  in  either  place 
respectively  as  occasion  shall  require. 

And  in  the  last  place  we  are  also  humbly  of  the  opinion  that  the  Generall 
Assemblies  of  all  those  neighbouring  Colonies  by  the  prudent  conduct  of 
such  a  Captaine  Generall  may  be  made  to  understand  their  own  true  interests 
and  thereby  induced  to  enact  such  laws  in  their  respective  governments  as 
shall  be  necessary  to  enable  the  said  Captaine  Generall  to  execute  Your 
Majesty's  Commissions,  so  as  shall  be  most  for  Your  Majesty's  service,  their 
own  defence  and  generall  advantage. 

All  of  which  neverthelesse  is  most  humbly  submitted. 

Signed  J    BRIDGEWATER 

TANKERVILLE 

WHITEHALL  PH    MEADOWS 

February  the  25  JNO.    POLLEXFEN 

169*  ABR   HILL* 

• 

[Acting  on  this  advice  the  king  appointed  Richard,  Earl  of  Bellomont, 
captain-general  and  governor  of  the  province  of  New  York  and  the  terri- 
tories depending  thereon  in  America.  Frotheringham  says  his  authority 
extended  over  New  Jersey,  New  York,  New  Hampshire,  and  Massachu- 
setts. In  1698,  Charles  D'Avenant,  in  "  Discourses  on  the  Public  Revenues 
and  of  the  Trade  of  England,"  proposed  the  establishment  of  a  Council 
of  Trade  for  the  general  management  of  the  commerce  of  the  country. 
He  then  adds :] 

D'AVEN ANT'S   PLAN,  1698. 

If  such  a  scheme  of  a  council  of  trade  ...  be  not  thought  advisable, 
it  is  submitted  to  public  consideration,  whether  the  Plantations  are  not  of 
importance  enough  to  deserve  a  particular  council  to  be  established  by 

*  "  New  York  Colonial  Documents,"  iv.  259. 


BRITISH  COLONIES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA,  1643-1776.  455 

the  King,  for  the  inspection  of  affairs  thereunto  relating,  in  the  following, 
or  some  such  like  method. 

Ist  That  the  care  of  America  be  made  the  province  of  a  select  number 
of  lords  and  gentlemen  of  reputation,  both  for  parts  and  fortunes,  and  in 
such  a  number  as  will  admit  of  two  committees,  that  so  business  may  be 
better  despatched, 

2dly,  That  they  be  authorized  under  the  great  seal  of  England,  by  the 
name  and  stile  of  Lords  Commissioners  for  the  English  Plantations  in 
America,  to  consider  and  inspect  all  affairs  relating  to  the  Government, 
Trade,  Revenues,  Plantations,  and  further  improvement  of  those  countries. 

3dly  And  no  business  being  well  done  in  this  kingdom,  where  attend- 
ance is  not  recompensed  with  some  advantage,  that  every  commissioner 
have  a  salary  of  looo/pr  ann. 

4thly  That  the  respective  Colonies  be  required  to  send  a  true  state  of 
their  case  to  these  Lords ;  as  for  example,  of  their  situation,  extent  of  terri- 
tory, numbers  of  people,  produce,  revenue,  civil  policy,  with  proposals  which 
way  to  improve  every  country,  to  their  own  and  the  nation's  profit ;  and  all 
to  be  registered  in  the  Plantation  Office. 

[He  prints,  also,  the  heads  of  Penn's  plan,  which  he  approved  of,  and 
says :  "  This  constitution  has  some  resemblance  with  the  court  of  the  Am- 
phictiones,  which  was  a  kind  of  council  where  the  general  affairs  of  Greece 
were  debated ;  which  if  they  could  have  preserved  in  its  original  purity, 
and  to  the  first  design  of  it,  that  country  had  not  been  so  easy  a  conquest 
to  the  Romans."  He  also  adds :] 

A  model  has  been  offered  in  this  Discourse,  to  public  consideration,  for 
erecting  the  ten  provinces  or  places  that  lie  Northward  into  one  national 
assembly,  where  all  things  relating  to  their  better  government  may  be 
transacted.  And  it  is  submitted  to  better  judgments,  Whether  it  would  not 
greatly  tend  to  the  welfare  and  safety  of  those  places,  that  laws  not  contrary 
to  the  law  of  England,  enacted  in  such  an  assembly  should  remain  in  force, 
till  altered  by  the  legislative  power  of  this  kingdom.* 

[The_plans  of  Penn  and  D'Avenant  were  criticised  by  a  Virginian  (in  a 
pamphlet  entitled  "An  Essay  upon  the  Government  of  the  English  Planta- 

*  "Works  of  Charles  D'Avenant,"  vol.  ii.(  pp.  29,  41. 


456  PLANS  FOR    THE   UNION  OF  THE 

tions  on  the  Continent  of  America."      By  an  American.      London,  1701. 
Pages  68-86),  who  writes  :] 

A  VIRGINIAN'S   PLAN,  1701. 

And  here  I  must  beg  leave  to  take  notice  of  a  Scheme,  for  the  General 
good  Government  of  these  Northern  Plantations,  set  down  in  the  afore- 
mentioned Discourses  of  the  Publick  Revenues,  &c.  Part  2d.  Page  259. 
which  Scheme  with  some  little  Alteration  [the  Government  of  the  Colonies 
being  rightly  constituted]  will  perhaps  prove  the  most  effectual  Remedy  for 
all  Grievances  of  this  Nature,  that  can  be  proposed ;  but  under  the  present 
Management,  or  whilst  so  many  Colonies  are  governed  by  Proprietors,  per- 
haps nothing  can  be  proposed  more  prejudicial  to  the  Interest  of  England. 

The  first  Contriver  of  that  Scheme  was  a  Person  not  well  acquainted 
with  the  State  of  every  particular  Colony  here,  and  therefore  no  wonder  if 
he  hath  committed  an  Error,  in  proposing  an  equal  number  of  Deputies  for 
the  several  Provinces,  when  they  are  so  vastly  different,  for  numbers  of 
People,  extent  of  Territory,  and  of  the  Value  of  them  in  their  Trade,  espe- 
cially that  to  Europe. 

Therefore  with  submission  I  conceive,  that  those  Deputies  would  be 
more  equally  proportion'd  in  manner  following,  viz.  Virginia  four,  Mary- 
Land  three,  New-  York  two,  Boston  three,  Connecticut  two,  Rhode  Island  two, 
Pennsylvania  one,  the  two  Carolina's  one,  each  of  the  two  Jersey's  one. 

And  as  Angry  as  the  Gentleman  seems  to  be  with  Virginia,  I  think  he 
cannot  find  fault  with  allowing  one  Deputy  more  for  that,  than  for  any  of 
the  rest,  because  it  hath  the  most  Inhabitants,  is  the  eldest  and  most  profitable 
of  all  the  English  Plantations  in  America ;  and  if  at  such  a  Convention,  we 
should  pretend  to  take  place  of  all  our  Neighbours,  perhaps  they  may  not 
give  any  good  Reason  to  the  contrary. 

It  is  there  proposed  that  these  Deputies  may  always  meet  at  New  York, 
and  that  the  Chief  Governour  there  for  the  time  being,  shall  preside  as  High 
Commissioner  amongst  them ;  this  was  well  designed  no  doubt  by  the  Pro- 
poser ;  But  under  favour  I  presume  it  would  be  much  more  convenient  and 
useful  too,  if  they  met  by  turns,  sometimes  in  one  Province,  and  sometimes 
in  another ;  and  the  chief  Governour  in  the  Province  where  they  meet,  being 
commissionated  by  his  Majesty,  may  preside  as  Commissioner  in  manner 
aforementioned. 


BRITISH  COLONIES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA,  1643-1776.  457 

The  Court  of  the  Amphictiones,  in  Imitation  of  which  this  is  proposed, 
did  not  always  meet  in  one  place,  but  sometimes  at  Pylce,  and  sometimes  at 
Delphi,  and  without  question  there  were  a  great  many  Reasons  for  their  so 
doing ;  but  in  this  Case  I  conceive  there  are  more. 

1.  It  is  necessary  that  those  Deputies  should  be  well  acquainted  with  the 
true  State  of  the  whole  Continent,  which  at  present  they  know  little  of,  and 
no  way  more  proper  to  instruct  them  in  it,  than  by  holding  these  Conven- 
tions, sometimes  at  one  place,  and  sometimes  at  another ;  which  in  time 
would  make  the   most   considerable   Persons  of  every  Province,  become 
personally  acquainted ;  for  the  better  sort  of  People  would  look  upon  it  as  a 
piece  of  Gentile  Education,  to  let  their  Sons  go  in  Company  of  the  Deputies 
of  the  Province  to  these  Conventions. 

2.  It  seems  a  little  unreasonable,  that  the  Province  of  New   York,  and 
consequently  the  Governour  thereof  for  the  time  being,  should  be  so  much 
advanced  in  Dignity  above  the  rest  of  the  Colonies  and  their  Governours ; 
some  of  the  other  are  more  considerable,  the  Governments  more  valuable, 
and  more  immediately  depending  upon  the  King,  and  by  far  the  more  profit- 
able to  England. 

3.  It  is  unequal  that  New  York  should  have  such  an  Opportunity  of 
drawing  so  much  Money  to  it  every  Year  from  all  the  other  Colonies. 

To  obviate  these  and  many  other  Objections  of  this  nature  which  may 
be  made,  it  is  humbly  proposed,  That  the  whole  Continent  be  divided  into 
five  Circuits  or  Divisions,  thus,  I.  Virginia.  2.  Mary-land.  3.  Penn- 
sylvania, and  the  two  Jersey's.  4.  Ne^v'York.  5.  Boston,  Connecticut,  and 
Rhode  Island ;  in  each  of  which  Divisions,  let  it  be  held  by  turns  one  after 
another,  in  a  certain  Order. 

4.  The  next  general  Head  is  as  much  as  may  be  to  remedy  the  Griev- 
ances that  may  happen  to  the  Plantations  by  their  Governours. 

Under  the  Head  of  Laws  it  is  already  proposed,  That  the  last  Resort  of 
Justice  in  any  Province,  may  not  be  to  the  chief  Governour  there;  the 
Reason  is  plain,  to  wit,  it  is  very  dangerous  to  establish  any  Judicature, 
which  cannot  be  called  to  Account  for  male-administrations ;  and  that  the 
Governours  of  the  Plantations  are  so,  is  already  made  appear  in  the  Griev- 
ances before  complained  of  under  this  Head. 

For  the  better  Regulation  and  Management  of  these  Plantations,  it  is 
humbly  proposed,  That  the  Government  of  them  all  may  be  annexed  to  the 
VOL.  n. — 59 


458  PLANS  FOR    THE   UNION  OF  THE 

Crown  by  Act  of  Parliament,  for  without  that,  it  will  be  impossible  to  keep 
them  upon  an  equal  Foot ;  but  some  Tricks  or  other  will  be  plaid  by  the 
Charter  Governments,  let  their  Pretentions  be  never  so  fair.  Without  ques- 
tion New  England  Men  pretend,  that  they  would  not  entertain  Pyrates  upon 
any  account  in  the  World,  and  yet  it  is  observable,  that  tho'  they  have  long 
used  those  Parts,  none  of  them  have  been  taken  till  of  late,  since  the  Gov- 
ernment of  the  Earl  of  Bellamont,  who  may  properly  be  called  the  first 
Govornour  of  the  English  Interest  in  that  Province. 

I  am  not  ignorant  that  many  Persons  whose  Interests  are  concerned, 
will  look  upon  this  as  a  very  unjust  Proposition,  and  object  the  great  In- 
justice of  such  an  Action,  as  very  much  tending  to  the  Destruction  of 
Property,  and  the  like;  to  all  which  I  shall  make  but  little  Answer,  and 
that  in  this  manner. 

That  in  the  beginning,  Virginia  was  planted  by  a  Company,  who  had  a 
Charter  for  their  so  doing ;  and  afterwards  [the  good  of  the  whole  so  re- 
quiring] not  only  the  Government,  but  the  very  Property  of  the  Land  was 
taken  into  the  King's  Hands,  and  so  remains  at  this  day. 

The  Government  of  Mary-Land,  is  now  in  the  King's  Hands,  and  yet 
the  Lord  Baltimore  enjoys  his  Property  in  the  Land  as  he  did  heretofore, 
and  not  only  so,  but  all  other  Revenues  that  were  settled  on  him  by  the 
Assembly  of  that  Province. 

The  Government  of  New-England,  is  now  in  the  King's  Hands ;  and  if 
the  Publick  Welfare  required  it,  why  should  not  the  Proprieties  of  Pensyl- 
vania,  the  Jersey's,  and  the  Carolina's  be  likewise  governed  in  the  same 
manner  ? 

2.  The  Propriety  of  the  Soil  may  remain  to  the  Proprietor,  as  hereto- 
fore, and  need  not  be  prejudiced  by  the  King's  appointing  Governours  in 
those  Parts :  And  if  this  be  not  satisfactory,  but  they  still  pretend  to  have 
the  Governments  intirely  in  their  own  Hands,  I  beg  leave  to  admonish  them 
to  consult  with  their  Councellours  at  Law,  how  far  the  King  hath  Power 
to  grant  the  Supream  Government  of  the  Plantations,  to  any  Person  or  Per- 
sons, and  their  HeirS)  without  the  assent  of  the  Parliament 

I  shall  say  no  more  to  this  Point  at  present ;  tho  it  may  very  reasonably 
be  urged,  that  in  times  of  Danger,  England  must  be  at  the  Charge  to  de- 
fend them  all,  which  cannot  well  be  done  without  taking  the  Government. 
That  it  is  necessary  for  all  the  Colonies  to  be  united  under  one  Head, 


BRITISH  COLONIES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA,  1643-1776.  459 

for  their  common  Defence ;  and  that  it  will  be  much  more  so,  if  the  French, 
or  any  other  Nation,  possess  themselves  of  the  River  Messachippe,  and  the 
Lakes  to  the  Westward. 

That  in  case  of  a  War  with  Spain,  nothing  could  tend  more  to  the  advan- 
tage of  England,  than  having  all  these  Colonies  under  the  Crown,  to  give 
such  Assistance  as  should  be  necessary  towards  any  Design  upon  the  West 
Indies,  which  would  never  be  done  by  the  Proprieties,  unless  they  saw  some 
extraordinary  private  Advantage  by  it. 

I  say,  all  these  Considerations  may  reasonably  be  urged,  but  Time  per- 
mits me  not  to  examine  them  at  present. 

LIVINGSTON'S   PLAN,  1701. 

[On  May  13,  1701,  Robert  Livingston,  of  New  York,  wrote  to  the  Lords 
of  Trade  regarding  colonial  affairs,  and,  suggesting  certain  ends  to  be  accom- 
plished, added :] 

To  the  carrying  on  this  design  of  extending  the  Christian  settlements 
and  English  forts  into  the  Indian  Country  for  the  security  of  all  His 
Majesty's  Plantations  on  this  North  Continent  of  America : — 

I  humbly  begg  leave  to  propose  that  it  be  best  to  be  done  in  time  of  peace 
with  France. 

Ist  That  one  form  of  government  be  establish'd  in  all  the  neighbouring 
Colonies  on  this  main  Continent. 

That  they  be  divided  into  three  distinct  governments — to  wit. 

That  Virginia  and  Maryland  be  annexed  to  South  and  North  Carolina. 

That  some  part  of  Connectticut,  New  York,  East  and  West  Jersey, 
Pennsylvania  and  New  Castle  be  added  together. 

And  that  [to]  the  Massachusetts  be  added  New  Hampshire  and  Rhode 
Island  and  the  rest  of  Connectticut. 

2dly  That  according  to  the  regulation  of  Quotas  proposed  by  your 
Lordships  for  raising  ^5000  there  will  be  raised  annually  for  ten  years 
following  15000  pounds  towards  that  work,  and  that  Commissioners  be 
appointed  from  each  of  the  three  governments  to  be  at  Albany  to  give  their 
advise  and  oversee  the  management  and  disposition  of  the  money  to  those 
uses  and  not  otherwise,  and  that  Accounts  thereof  be  remitted  quarterly  to 
his  Majesty  and  to  the  respective  Governours. 

3dly  That  his  Majesty  send  over  arms,  artillery,  ammunition  spades  shovells, 


460  PLANS  FOR  THE  UNION  OF  THE 

pickaxes  and  falling  axes,  for  said  service  with  soldiers  to  garrison  the  said 
forts  and  defend  the  labourers. 

4thly  That  a  certain  quota  of  labouring  men  be  had  from  each  government 
to  work  at  the  said  forts,  who  are  to  be  paid  out  of  the  said  money,  as  are 
all  other  charges.* 

EARL  OF  STAIR'S   PROPOSALS    FOR    A    SCHEME    TOWARDS    THE    BETTER 
GOVERNMENT    OF   THE   WEST   INDIES.f 

[In  1721  the  following  was  proposed  by  John,  Earl  of  Stair,  which  we 
believe  is  printed  now  for  the  first  time :] 

Ist  That  there  be  a  Captain  General  or  Governor  in  Chief  appointed  over 
all  the  Continent  of  West  Indies,  whose  Commission  to  supersede  all  other 
Gouvernors  of  Provinces,  in  which  he  shall  go  on  occasion  of  defence  or 
other  necessity,  and  his  Residence  to  be  in  the  middlemost  Province  upon 
the  Continent  from  North  to  South,  for  the  being  more  at  hand  to  succour 
any  that  shall  want. 

2.  That  the  Province,  where  he  resides,  be  under  him  as  the  immediate 
Governor,  and  he  to  exercise  the  same  powers  only,  and  preserve  the  same 
Forms  in  Government  as  they  now  have ;  and  also  that  all  other  Provinces 
under  their  separate  Governors  do  the  same. 

3.  That   the   said    Captain    General  ...  be  attended   with   a   general 
Council,  to  be  constituted  of  two  Members  from  the  Assembly  of  each 
Province;  and  that  one  Representative  or  Deputy  from  each  Province  be 
changed  or  re-elected  every  year,  which  would  the  better  inform  the  said 
Council  of  the  Condition  of  every  Province  to  the  contributing  towards  the 
preservation  of  the  whole. 

4.  That  the  general  council  with  the  Captain  General  have  power  to 
allot  the  portion  of  Men  and  Money,  (or  Money  and  Men,)  which  shall  be 
the  Appointment  of  each  Province,  to  be  fixed  in  gross,  and  the  Assembly 
of  the  Province  to  direct  by  a  Law  the  ways  of  raising  it. 

5.  That  this  general  Council  do  not  meddle  with,  or  alter  the  manner  of 
Government  in  any  Province,  but  that  the  said  general  Council  may  send 
advice  to  the  Assembly  of  any  Province  touching  any  matter  which  they 
conceive  may  be  to  the  advantage  of  the   Province. 

*  "  New  York  Colonial  Documents,"  iv.  874. 

f  British  Museum,  King's  Manuscript,  No.  205,  p.  972. 


BRITISH  COLONIES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA,  1643-1776.  461 

6.  That  the  said  general  Council  do  not  act  of  Decree,  but  with  the 
Majority  of  the  Representatives  ...  of  all  the  Provinces  .  .  .  present  in 
Council;   and  then  by  the  majority  of  Voices  present. 

7.  That  the  Salaries  or  Allowances  to  the  several  Councillors  be  paid 
and  settled  by  each  Province,  with  the  travelling  expences  to  attend  the 
Captain  General,  when  needfull. 

8.  That  there  be  a  reasonable  allowance  settled  from  each  province,  as  a 
competent  Salary  to  the  Captain  General,  over  and  above  the  Allowance  of 
his  Government,  where  he  resides ;  as  also  to  defray  the  Expences  of  the 
said  general  Council,  and  the  Salary  of  the  officers  attending. 

9.  That  there  be  a  reasonable  sum  raised  and  paid  every  year  from  each 
Province  for  erecting  Forts,  where  proper,  and  repairing  the  old ;  and  for 
providing  the  said  Forts  with  Arms  and  Ammunition  &c.  the  better  to  enable 
the  Provinces  to  extend  their  Territories  backward. 

10.  That  no  Establishment  for  Men  or  Money  be  for  less  than  one  year 
or  more  than  three  years,  because  of  the  improvement  or  decay  in  Trade  of 
any  Province. 

11.  That  it  be  the  Establishment  to  every  Province  annually  to  have 
appointed  one  of  their  Representatives,   Councillors   in   the  said  general 
Council  to  be  the  Treasurer  General  and  Receiver  for  the  Money  paid  by  the 
several  Provinces  towards  the  general  expence  of  Government,  and  a  copy 
of  the  said  account  to  be  transmitted  every  year  to  the  Board  of  Trade, 
and  to  each  Assembly  of  every  Province,  what  hath  been  received  and  how 
expended,  the  said  Money  to  be  issued  by  the  Governor  general  in  Council. 

12.  That  there  be  a  Post  established  to  pass  once  a  week,  at  least  through 
all  the  Provinces  from  the  Southermost  settlement  to  the  most  northerly, 
that  is  possible,  with  Orders  to  send  Intelligences ;  and  that  every  Governor 
may  correspond  with  the  General  on  all  occasions. 

1 3.  That  the  Captain  General  have  all  Powers  proper  for  his  Office,  and 
needful  for  his  Service,  even  the  suspension  of  Governors,  where  His  Majesty's 
Commands  by  him  are  disputed  without  being  causelessly  neglected,  or  will- 
fully disregarded. 

14.  That  the  standing  military  Forces,  that  shall  be  thought  needful  for 
the  defence  of  all  the  Provinces,  be  on  any  Vacancies  filled  up  by  the  said 
Captain  General,  to  be  confirmed  by  His  Majesty's  Commission. 

15.  That  the  said  Captain  General  have  power  to  remove  any  Officer  in 


462  PLANS  FOR    THE   UNION  OF  THE 

the  Militia  of  any  Province,  when  under  his  Command  upon  Service ;  but  to 
fill  up  the  Vacancies  with  persons  only  of  the  Province,  to  which  the  said 
Militia  belonged. 

1 6.  That  the  Captain  Gen1  have  power  to  order  and  march  the  Militia  of 
any  Province  to  the  defence  of  another,  (this  Article  to  be  settled  under 
reasonable  Rules,  Allowances,  and  restrictions.) 

17.  That  the  said  General  always  correspond  with  the  Board,  and  to 
transmit  constantly  copies  of  all  his  and  the  Council's  proceedings  to  the 
said  Board  of  Trade ;  and  where  anything  doth  happen,  that  he  can't  in  time 
receive  His  Majesty's  directions  about  it,  there  to  suspend  acting  till  His 
royal  pleasure  be  known. 

1 8.  That  the  Bahama  Islands  and  all  other  to  the  northward  (except 
Bermudas)  be  comprised  under  the  said  general  government. 

19.  That,  until  the  said  Provinces  shall  be  enabled  thereto,  His  Majesty 
would  allow  8  or  10  small  Men  of  War  constantly  to  attend  this  general 
government,  and  to  protect  the  Trade ;  which  Ships  to  be  under  the  Com- 
mand and  direction  of  the  said  Captain  general,  and  to  be  paid  their  Wages 
by  the  joint  government  of  the  whole  Continent,  so  soon  as  the  Ability  of 
this  new  general  government  can  allow  of. 

20.  For  the  effectual  and  more  easy  dispatch  of  all  affairs  relating  to  the 
West  Indies,  and  thereby  the  Men  readier  to  preserve  their  obedience  and 
Attachment  to  the  Crown  of  England,  and  the  Mother  Kingdom. 

21.  That  the  first  Commissioner  of  Trade,  who  is  appointed  in  the  acting 
part  of  the  Commission,  should  be  deemed  to  be  and  act  as  fourth  Secretary 
of  State  in  all  things  for  the  affairs  of  West  Indies  only,  and  have  all  power 
of  admittance  to  His  Majesty,  as  such,  so  often  as  need  shall  require  to  lay 
papers  before  him,  and  to  receive  his  Commands  to  be  communicated  to  the 
Board  of  Trade  for  execution,  without  the  tedious  delay  of  sending  about  by 
other  officers. 

22.  That  the  second  Commissioner  of  Trade  acting  be  a  Treasurer  for 
the  West  Indies  to  receive  His  Majesty's  Revenues  from  thence  from  the 
several  Rent-gatherers,  discharge  all  Expences,  and  then  annually  to  pay 
the  neat  Ballance  to  His  Majesty's  Exchequer;  and  that  the  Accounts  be 
controled  and  examined  by  the  Board  of  Trade,  and  by  them  attested,  to 
be  laid  before  the  Treasury,  or  that  the   third   Commissioner   acting  be 
appointed  a  Comptroller  or  Auditor  for  that  purpose. 


BRITISH  COLONIES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA,  1643-1776.  463 

23.  That  upon  Sickness  or  other  necessary  absence  of  the  first  Commis- 
sioner the  next  on  the  Commission  to  be  allowed  admittance  to  his  Majesty 
in  his  stead  for  the  same  purpose. 

24.  That  for  the  settling  a  firm  obedience  and  to  enable  His  Majesty  to 
settle  this  or  any  other  scheme  for  the  benefit  and  preservation  of  the  West 
Indies,  an  Act  or  Acts  of  Parliament  be  passed  to  compel  all  Proprietors 
and  other  Governments  to  give  obedience  to  His  Majesty's  Commands ;  and 
where  any  Laws  have  slipped  derogatory  to,  and  are  contrary  to  the  interest 
of  this  Kingdom,  and  to  the  publick  welfare  of  the  whole  Continent,  such 
Laws  to  be  declared  null  and  void ;  with  other  regulations  proper  for  their 
future  behaviour,  as  may  be  after  devised. 

25.  That  there  be  an  Act  of  Parliament  passed,  establishing  the  present 
Revenues,  or  such  as  shall  be  thought  proper  and  worthy  the  acceptance  of 
able,  honest  Men  for  the  maintenance  of  Governors  and  other  officers  in  the 
several  Provinces,  especially  in  the  proprietary  Governments ;  and  that  it  be 
declared  under  severe  Penalties,  that  whether  such  Governors  be  nominated, 
elected,  chosen  or  appointed,  he  do  not  presume  to  accept  the  same,  so  as  to 
act  or  do  any  matter  or  thing,  as  Governor,  until  he  shall  have  obtained  the 
Royal  Approbation  for  his  so  acting,  as  Governor,  either  by  Sign  Manual 
signified,  or  by  Order  in  Council ;  and  that  he  hath  first  qualified  himself 
according  to  Law,  and  shall  have  given  proper  security  for  his  dutiful  beha- 
viour, his  observance  of  all  the  Laws  of  Trade  and  navigation,  and  of  all 
such  orders  as  from  time  to  time  be  sent  unto  him  ;  and  it  be  declared,  that 
the  Governor,  so  qualified,  shall  continue  his  said  office,  till  another  is  quali- 
fied to  succeed  him  any  Law,  Charter,  Statute,  Custom,  or  Usage  to  the 
contrary  notwithstanding. 

26.  Lastly  the  melancholy  situation  of  the  Affairs  in  the  West  Indies 
requires  a  very  serious  consideration,  and  to  be  speedily  put  in  execution  by 
putting  them  upon  a  footing  for  the  preservation  of  themselves  which  would 
save  a  vast  expense  to  this  Nation,  and  prevent  them  from  setting  up  for  an 
independancy  of  Government,  to  the  unspeakable  loss  and  detriment  of  this 
Kingdom.     The  said  West  Indies,  if  rightly  managed  here  from   Home, 
before  it  be  too  late,  will  prove  a  greater  Treasure  annually  to  us,  than  that 
part  which  belongs  to  Spain  doth  to  Old  Spain ;  and  that  all  the  business 
and  Matters,  relating  to  the  Plantations,  may  have  their  regular  dispatch, 
and  not  be  retarded  by  undue  preferences,  or  kept  back  by  partial  voices,  it 


464  PLANS  FOR    THE   UNION  OF  THE 

is  necessary,  that  no  clerk  or  other  Officer  in  His  Majesty's  Offices  of  the 
Council,  Secretary's  offices,  the  Board  of  Trade,  or  other  Offices,  do  Act,  as 
agent  for  any  of  the  Plantations. 

PLAN   OF   THE   LORDS   OF   TRADE,  1721. 

[On  September  8,  1721,  the  Lords  of  Trade  submitted  to  the  king  an 
elaborate  report  on  colonial  affairs,  which  they  close  as  follows :] 

But  the  most  effectual  Way  to  put  in  Execution  what  we  have  already 
offered  upon  this  subject  to  your  Majesty's  Consideration  and  to  render  the 
several  Provinces  on  the  Continent  of  America,  from  Nova  Scotia  to  South 
Carolina,  mutually  subservient  to  each  others  support,  will  be  to  put  the 
whole  under  the  Government  of  one  Lord  Lieu*  or  Captain  General  from 
whom  all  other  Governors  of  particular  Provinces  should  receive  their  Orders 
in  all  cases  for  Your  Majesty's  Service,  &  Cease  to  have  any  Command 
respectively  in  such  province  where  the  said  Captain  General  shall  at  any 
time  reside,  as  is  at  present  practised  in  the  Leewd  Islands  where  each  Island 
has  a  particular  Govr,  but  one  General  over  the  whole. 

The  said  Captain  General  should  constantly  be  attended  by  two  or  more 
Councillors  deputed  from  each  Plantation,  he  should  have  a  fixed  Salary 
sufficient  to  support  the  Dignity  of  so  Important  an  Employment,  indepen- 
dent of  the  Pleasure  of  the  Inhabitants ;  and  in  our  humble  opinion  ought 
to  be  a  person  of  good  Fortune ;  Distinction  and  Experience. 

By  this  means  a  general  Contribution  of  men  &  Mony  may  be  raised, 
upon  the  several  Colonies  in  proportion  to  their  respective  Abilities,  and  the 
Utility  of  this  proposal  is  so  Evident,  that  We  shall  not  trouble  Your  Majesty 
with  any  further  reasons  to  inforce  the  same ;  but  in  case  Your  Majesty 
Should  be  graciously  pleased  to  approve  thereof,  We  shall  take  a  further 
opportunity  of  explaining  in  what  manner  it  may  be  best  executed. 

But  we  humbly  crave  leave  to  inform  Your  Majesty,  that  it  will  be  further 
necessary  for  Your  Service  that  whoever  presides  at  this  Board,  may  be  par- 
ticularly and  distinctly  Charged  with  Your  Majesty's  immediate  Orders  in 
the  dispatch  of  all  matters  relating  to  the  Plantations,  in  such  manner  as  the 
first  Commissioner  of  the  Treasury  and  Admiralty  do  now  receive  &  execute 
Your  Majesty's  Commands,  with  whom  the  said  Captain  General  &  all  other 
Governors  of  Your  Majesty's  Plantations,  may  correspond. 

We  the  rather  mention  this,  because  ye  present  Method  of  dispatching 


BRITISH  COLONIES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA,  1643-1776.  465 

Business  relating  to  the  Plantations  is  lyable  to  much  delay  and  Confusion ; 
in  as  much  as  there  are  at  present  no  less  than  three  different  Ways  of  pro- 
ceeding herein,  that  is  to  say,  by  immediate  application  to  Your  Majesty  by 
one  of  Your  Secretaries  of  State,  by  Petition  to  Your  Majesty  in  Council, 
&  by  Representation  to  Your  Majesty  from  this  Board;  from  whence  it 
happens  that  no  one  office  is  thro'ly  informed  of  all  matters  relating  to  the 
Plantatn3  &  sometimes  Orders  are  obtained,  by  Surprize,  disadvantageous  to 
Your  Majesty's  Service,  whereas  if  the  Business  of  the  Plantations  were 
wholly  confined  to  one  office  these  inconveniences  would  be  thereby 
avoided. 

All  which  is  most  humbly  submitted.* 

M.   BLADEN, 
I.    CHETWYND, 
E.   ASHE, 
P.   DOCMINIQUE. 

WHITEHALL,  Sepr.  8,  1721. 

[In  1722,  Daniel  Coxe,  of  New  Jersey,  in  "A  Description  of  the  English 
Province  of  Carolina,"  proposed :] 

The  only  expedient  I  can  at  present  think  of,  or  shall  presume  to  men- 
tion (with  the  utmost  deference  to  His  Majesty  and  his  ministers)  to  help 
and  obviate  these  absurdities  and  inconveniences,  and  apply  a  remedy  to 
them,  is  that  all  the  colonies  appertaining  to  the  crown  of  Great  Britain  on 
the  northern  continent  of  America,  be  united  under  a  legal,  regular,  and 
firm  establishment,  over  which,  it's  propos'd,  a  Lieutenant,  or  Supreme  Gov- 
vernour,  may  be  constituted,  and  appointed  to  preside  on  the  spot,  to  whom 
the  Governours  of  each  colony  shall  be  subordinate. 

It  is  further  humbly  propos'd,  that  two  deputies  shall  be  annually  elected 
by  the  council  and  assembly  of  each  province,  who  are  to  be  in  the  nature 
of  a  great  council,  or  general  convention  of  the  estates  of  the  colonies ;  and 
by  the  order,  consent  or  approbation  of  the  Lieutenant  or  Governour  Gen- 
eral, shall  meet  together,  consult  and  advise  for  the  good  of  the  whole ; 
settle  and  appoint  particular  quota's  or  proportions  of  money,  men,  pro- 
visions, &c,  that  each  respective  government  is  to  raise,  for  their  mutual 

*  From  a  manuscript  copy  made  from  the  original.     The  paper  is  also  printed  in  "  New  York 
Colonial  Documents,"  vol.  v.,  p.  629. 
VOL.  n. — 60 


466  PLANS  FOR    THE   UNION  OF  THE 

defence  and  safety,  as  well  as,  if  necessary,  for  offence  and  invasion  of  their 
enemies ;  in  all  which  cases  the  Governour  General  or  Lieutenant  is  to  have 
a  negative ;  but  not  to  enact  anything  without  their  concurrence,  or  that  of 
a  majority  of  them. 

The  quota  or  proportion,  as  above  allotted  and  charg'd  on  each  colony, 
may,  nevertheless,  be  levy'd  -and  rais'd  by  its  own  assembly,  in  such  man- 
ner, as  they  shall  judge  most  easy  and  convenient,  and  the  circumstances 
of  their  affairs  will  permit. 

Other  jurisdictions,  powers,  and  authorities,  respecting  the  honour  of 
His  Majesty,  the  interest  of  the  plantations,  and  the  liberty  and  property 
of  the  proprietors,  traders,  planters  and  inhabitants  in  them,  may  be  vested 
in  and  cognizable  by  the  abovesaid  Governour  General  or  Lieutenant,  and 
grand  Convention  of  the  estates,  according  to  the  laws  of  England,  but  are 
not  thought  fit  to  be  touch'd  on  or  inserted  here ;  this  proposal  being  gen- 
eral, and  with  all  humility  submitted  to  the  consideration  of  our  superiors, 
who  may  improve,  model,  or  reject  it,  as  they  in  their  wisdom  shall  judge 
proper. 

A  coalition  or  union  of  this  nature,  temper'd  with  and  grounded  on 
prudence,  moderation  and  justice,  and  a  generous  encouragement  given  to 
the  labour,  industry,  and  good  management  of  all  sorts  and  conditions  of 
persons  inhabiting,  or  any  ways,  concern'd  or  interested  in  the  several  colo- 
nies above  mention'd,  will,  in  all  probability,  lay  a  sure  and  lasting  foun- 
dation of  dominion,  strength  and  trade  sufficient  not  only  to  secure  and 
promote  the  prosperity  of  the  plantations,  but  to  revive  and  greatly  increase 
the  late  flourishing  state  and  condition  of  Great  Britain,  and  thereby  render 
it,  once  more,  the  envy  and  admiration  of  its  neighbours. 

Let  us  consider  the  fall  of  our  ancestors,  and  grow  wise  by  their  mis- 
fortunes. If  the  ancient  Britains  had  been  united  amongst  themselves,  the 
Romans,  in  all  probability,  had  never  become  their  masters :  for  as  Caesar 
observed  of  them,  dum  singuli  pugnabant,  universi  vincebantur ;  whilst  they 
fought  in  separate  bodies,  the  whole  island  was  subdued.  So  if  the  Eng* 
lish  colonies  in  America  were  consolidated  as  one  body,  and  joyn'd  in  one 
common  interest,  as  they  are  under  one  gracious  sovereign,  and  with  united 
forces  were  ready  and  willing  to  act  in  concert,  and  assist  each  other,  they 
would  be  better  enabled  to  provide  for  and  defend  themselves,  against  any 
troublesome  ambitious  neighbour  or  bold  invader.  For  union  and  con- 


BRITISH  COLONIES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA,  1643-1776.  467 

cord  increase  and  establish  strength  and  power,  whilst  division  and  dis- 
cord have  the  contrary  effects.* 

[It  has  been  asserted  that  Sir  William  Keith,  Governor  of  Pennsylvania 
from  1717  to  1726,  at  one  time  proposed  a  plan  for  uniting  the  Colonies,  but 
such  a  measure  is  so  at  variance  with  his  known  views  that  it  is  altogether 
improbable  that  he  ever  considered  it.  In  I728,f  in  speaking  of  the  want 
of  harmony  existing  between  the  colonies,  and  of  their  envies  and  jealousies 
of  each  other  regarding  trade,  he  said :  "  The  wisdom  of  the  Crown  of 
Great  Britain  therefore  by  keeping  its  colonies  in  such  a  situation  is  very 
much  to  be  applauded ;  for  while  they  continue  so  it  is  morally  impossible 
that  any  dangerous  Union  can  be  form'd  among  them."  He  also  questioned 
how  far  it  would  "  consist  with  good  policy  to  accustom  all  the  able  men  in 
the  colonies  to  be  well  exercised  in  arms."  It  is  true  he  did  propose  "  send- 
ing judges  from  England  to  take  their  circuits  by  turns  in  the  several  colo- 
nies," and  in  1739!  favored  the  appointment  of  a  Captain  General  by  the  king. 

In  1751  Archibald  Kennedy  issued  a  pamphlet  entitled  "The  Importance 
of  Gaining  and  Preserving  the  Friendship  of  the  Indians  to  the  British 
Interest  Considered,"  New  York,  1751,  in  which  the  following  occurs:] 

KENNEDY'S    PLAN   OF    1751. 

That  a  number  of  Commissioners  from  all  the  Colonies,  be  appointed  to 
meet  Yearly  at  New  York  or  Albany,  in  order  to  fix  their  respective  Quotas 
for  the  general  Expence,  and  for  erecting  such  other  Forts  and  Block-Houses 
as  may  be  thought  necessary. 

[The  hostile  attitude  assumed  by  the  French  and  Indians  in  1753  made 
the  importance  of  a  union  of  the  colonies  evident  to  the  home  government 
and  to  the  colonists.  The  Lords  of  Trade  directed  that  a  conference  should 
be  held  with  the  Indians  in  alliance  with  the  British  at  Albany,  and  ad- 
vised the  colonies  to  aid  each  other.  Acting  on  this,  Massachusetts  ap- 
pointed delegates  to  meet  those  of  the  other  colonies  to  carry  out  the 
wishes  of  the  Lords  of  Trade,  "  as  also  for  entering  into  articles  of  Union 

*  Coxe's  "  Carolana,"  London,  1722. 

f  See  "  Collection  of  Papers  and  other  Tracts,"  etc.,  by  Sir  William  Keith,  London,  1740. 

J  See  two  papers  on  the  subject  of  Taxing  the  British  Colonies  in  America,  London,  1767. 


468  PLANS  FOR  THE  UNION  OF  THE 

and  Confederation  with  the  aforesaid  Governments  for  the  General  Defence 
of  his  Majesty's  Subjects  and  Interests  in  North  America  as  well  in  Time  of 
Peace  as  of  War."  Representatives  from  New  Hampshire,  Massachusetts, 
Rhode  Island,  Connecticut,  New  York,  Pennsylvania,  and  Maryland  met  at 
Albany  on  the  iQth  of  June.  Virginia  was  not  represented.  Sparks  says  (see 
"Works  of  Franklin,"  iii.,  p.  25)  that  Governor  Dinwiddie  "had  a  scheme 
of  his  own,  which  stood  in  the  way  of  his  joining  in  a  general  union.  The 
year  before,  he  had  recommended  to  the  Board  of  Trade  that  the  colonies 
should  be  divided  into  two  parts,  constituting  a  northern  and  a  southern 
district,  in  each  of  which  some  kind  of  supervising  power  was  to  be  estab- 
lished." As  early  as  May  9,  1754,  after  the  news  of  the  capture  of  Trent's 
party  by  the  French  on  the  Ohio  had  been  received,  Franklin  published  in 
his  Gazette  "  Short  Hints  towards  a  Scheme  for  uniting  the  Northern  Colo- 
nies." To  these  he  appended  the  device  of  a  serpent  separated  into  parts, 
each  part  designating  a  colony,  and  over  it  the  motto  "  JOIN  OR  DIE."  These 
"  Hints"  he  elaborated  and  submitted  to  the  Commissioners  at  Albany. 
After  considerable  debate,  they  were  adopted  in  the  form  in  which  we  print 
them,  and  sent  to  the  Lords  of  Trade  and  the  Colonial  Assemblies.  Frank- 
lin's comments  on  them,  and  other  interesting  papers  on  the  subject,  will 
be  found  in  his  "  Works,"  edited  by  Sparks,  vol.  iii.,  p.  22.] 

ALBANY   PLAN,    1754. 

Plan  of  a  Proposed  Union  of  the  several  Colonies  of  Massachusetts  Bay,  New  Hampshire,  Con- 
necticut, Rhode  Island,  New  York,  New  Jerseys,  Pennsylvania,  Maryland,  Virginia,  North 
Carolina,  and  South  Carolina,  for  their  mutual  Defence  and  Security,  and  for  extending  the 
British  Settlements  in  North  America. 

That  humble  Application  be  made  for  an  Act  of  the  Parliament  of 
Great  Britain,  by  Vertue  of  which  one  general  Government  may  be  formed 
in  America,  including  all  the  said  Colonies,  within  and  under  which  Govern- 
ment each  Colony  may  retain  its  present  Constitution,  except  in  the  particu- 
lars wherein  a  Change  may  be  directed  by  the  said  Act,  as  hereafter  follows. 

That  the  said  general  Government  be  administered  by  a  President  Gen- 
eral to  be  appointed  and  supported  by  the  Crown,  and  a  Grand  Council  to 
be  chosen  by  the  Representatives  of  the  People  of  the  several  Colonies  met 
in  their  respective  Assemblies. 

That  within Months  after  the  passing  of  such  Act,  the  House 


BRITISH  COLONIES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA,  1643-1776.  469 

of  Representatives  in  the  several  Assemblies  that  happened  to  be  sitting 
within  that  Time,  or  that  shall  be  especially  for  that  Purpose  convened,  may 
and  shall  chuse  Members  for  the  Grand  Council  in  the  following  Propor- 
tions, that  is  to  say : 

Massachusetts  Bay 7 

New  Hampshire 2 

Connecticut 5 

Rhode  Island 2 

New  York 4 

New  Jerseys 3 

Pennsylvania 6 

Maryland 4 

Virginia v. 7 

North  Carolina 4 

South  Carolina 4 

48 

Who  shall  Meet  the  first  Time  at  the  City  of  Philadelphia,  in  Pennsyl- 
vania, being  called  by  the  President  General  as  soon  as  conveniently  may  be 
after  his  Appointment. 

That  there  shall  be  a  new  Election  of  Members  for  the  Grand  Council 
every  Three  Years,  and  on  the  Death  or  Resignation  of  any  Member  his 
Place  shall  be  supplied  by  a  new  Choice  at  the  next  Sitting  of  the  Assembly 
of  the  Colony  he  represented. 

That  after  the  first  Three  Years,  when  the  Proportion  of  Money  arising 
out  of  each  Colony  to  the  general  Treasury  can  be  known,  the  Number  of 
Members  to  be  chosen  for  each  Colony  shall  from  Time  to  Time  in  all 
ensuing  Elections  be  regulated  by  that  Proportion  [yet  so  as  that  the 
Number  to  be  chosen  by  any  one  Province  be  not  more  than  Seven  nor  less 
than  two]. 

That  the  Grand  Council  shall  meet  once  in  every  Year,  and  oftener  if 
Occasion  require,  at  such  Time  and  Place  as  they  shall  adjourn  to  at  the 
last  preceding  Meeting,  or  as  they  shall  be  called  to  meet  at  by  the  Presi- 
dent General  on  any  Emergency,  he  having  first  obtained  in  Writing  the 
Consent  of  Seven  of  the  Members  to  such  Call  and  sent  due  and  timely 
Notice  to  the  Whole. 

That  the  Grand  Council  have  Power  to  chuse  their  Speaker,  and  shall 


47O  PLANS  FOR    THE   UNION  OF  THE 

neither  be  dissolved,  prorogued,  nor  continued  Sitting  longer  than  Six 
Weeks  at  one  Time  without  their  own  Consent  or  the  Special  Command  of 
the  Crown. 

That  the  Members  of  the  Grand  Council  shall  be  allowed  for  their  Ser- 
vice Ten  Shillings  Sterling  ^  Diem  during  their  Sessions  and  Journey  to 
and  from  the  Place  of  Meeting,  Twenty  Miles  to  be  reckoned  a  Day's 
Journey. 

That  the  Assent  of  the  President  General  be  requisite  to  all  Acts  of  the 
Grand  Council,  and  that  it  be  his  Office  and  Duty  to  cause  them  to  be  car- 
ried into  Execution. 

That  the  President  General,  with  the  Advice  of  the  Grand  Council,  hold 
or  direct  all  Indian  Treaties  in  which  the  general  Interest  or  Welfare  of  the 
Colonies  may  be  concerned,  and  make  Peace  or  declare  War  with  the  Indian 
Nations,  That  they  make  such  Laws  as  they  judge  necessary  for  regulating 
all  Indian  Trade. 

That  they  make  all  Purchases  from  Indians  for  the  Crown  of  Lands  now 
not  within  the  Bounds  of  particular  Colonies,  or  that  shall  not  be  within 
their  Bounds  when  some  of  them  are  reduced  to  more  convenient  Dimen- 
sions. 

That  they  make  new  Settlements  on  such  Purchases  by  granting  Lands 
in  the  King's  Name,  reserving  a  Quit  Rent  to  the  Crown  for  the  use  of  the 
general  Treasury. 

That  they  make  Laws  for  regulating  and  governing  such  new  Settle- 
ments till  the  Crown  shall  think  fit  to  form  them  into  particular  Govern- 
ments. 

That  they  raise  and  pay  Soldiers,  and  build  Forts  for  the  Defence  of  any 
of  the  Colonies,  and  equip  Vessels  of  Force  to  guard  the  Coasts,  and  protect 
the  Trade  on  the  Ocean,  Lakes,  or  great  Rivers. 

But  they  shall  not  impress  Men  in  any  Colony  without  the  Consent  of 
its  Legislature. 

That  for  these  Purposes  they  have  Power  to  make  Laws  and  lay  and  levy 
such  general  Duties,  Imposts,  or  Taxes,  as  to  them  shall  appear  most  equal 
and  just,  considering  the  Ability  and  other  Circumstances  of  the  Inhabitants 
in  the  several  Colonies,  and  such  as  may  be  collected  with  the  least  Incon- 
venience to  the  People,  rather  discouraging  Luxury  than  loading  Industry 
with  unnecessary  Burthens. 


BRITISH  COLONIES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA,  1643-1776.  471 

That  they  may  appoint  a  general  Treasurer  and  a  particular  Treasurer  in 
each  Government  when  necessary,  and  from  Time  to  Time  may  order  the 
Sums  in  the  Treasuries  of  each  Government  into  the  General  Treasury  or 
draw  on  them  for  special  Payments,  as  they  find  most  convenient. 

Yet  no  Money  to  issue  but  by  joint  Orders  of  the  President  General 
and  Grand  Council,  except  where  Sums  have  been  appropriated  to  partic- 
ular Purposes  and  the  President  General  is  previously  empower'd  by  an  Act 
to  draw  for  such  Sums. 

That  the  General  Accounts  shall  be  yearly  settled  and  reported  to  the 
several  Assemblies. 

That  a  quorum  of  the  Grand  Council,  empowered  to  act  with  the  Presi- 
dent General,  do  consist  of  Twenty-five  members,  among  whom  there  shall 
be  One  or  More  from  a  Majority  of  the  Colonies. 

That  the  Laws  made  by  them  for  the  Purposes  aforesaid  shall  not  be 
repugnant,  but  as  near  as  may  be  agreeable  to  the  Laws  of  England,  and 
shall  be  transmitted  to  the  King  in  Council  for  Approbation  as  soon  as  may 
be  after  their  passing,  and  if  not  disapproved  within  Three  Years  after  Pre- 
sentation to  remain  in  Force. 

That  in  Case  of  the  Death  of  the  President  General,  the  Speaker  of  the 
Grand  Council  for  the  Time  being  shall  succeed,  and  be  vested  with  the 
same  Powers  and  Authorities,  to  continue  till  the  King's  Pleasure  be 
known. 

That  all  military  Commission  Officers,  whether  for  Land  or  Sea  Service, 
to  act  under  this  general  Constitution  shall  be  nominated  by  the  President 
General,  but  the  Approbation  of  the  Grand  Council  is  to  be  obtained  before 
they  receive  their  Commissions.  And  all  Civil  Officers  are  to  be  nominated 
by  the  Grand  Council,  and  to  receive  the  President  General's  Approbation 
before  they  officiate. 

But  in  Case  of  Vacancy  by  Death  or  Removal  of  any  Officer,  Civil  or 
Military,  under  this  Constitution,  the  Governor  of  the  Province  in  which 
such  Vacancy  happens  may  appoint,  till  the  Pleasure  of  the  President  Gen- 
eral and  Grand  Council  can  be  known.  That  the  particular  Military  as  well 
as  Civil  Establishments  in  each  Colony  remain  in  their  present  State,  this 
general  Constitution  notwithstanding. 

And  that  on  sudden  Emergencies  any  Colony  may  defend  itself,  and  lay 
the  Accounts  of  Expence  thence  arisen  before  the  President  General  and 


472  PLANS  FOR    THE   UNION  OF  THE 

Grand  Council,  who  may  allow  and  order  Payment  of  the  same,  as  far  as 
they  judge  such  Accounts  just  and  reasonable.* 

[Franklin  says  that  other  plans  were  offered.  Those  by  Pownall  and 
Johnson,  printed  in  the  "  New  York  Colonial  Documents"  (vol.  vi.,  p.  893 
and  897),  are  purely  military  papers ;  but  in  the  "  Pennsylvania  Archives" 
(vol.  ii.,  p.  197)  there  is  a  paper  supposed  to  be  in  the  handwriting  of  the 
Rev.  Richard  Peters,  who  was  a  delegate  to  the  Albany  Convention  from 
Pennsylvania.  It  is  probably  one  of  the  plans  spoken  of  by  Franklin  as 
having  been  offered  at  Albany  proposing  to  form  the  colonies  into  several 
distinct  unions.] 

"ROUGH    DRAFT   OF  A   PLAN   FOR   A   GENERAL   UNION,"  1754-! 
A  Plan  for  a  General  Union  of  the  British  Colonies  of  North  America. 

That  the  Legislature  of  Each  Colony  appoint  a  Committee  of  Union, 
whose  Business  it  shall  be  to  correspond  with  all  the  other  Committees, 
particularly  with  those  of  the  Division  of  the  Provinces  to  which  it  belongs, 
to  appoint  the  times  &  Places  of  Meeting  in  each  Division,  and  to  propose 
to  their  Respective  Governments  the  Heads  of  such  matters  as  shall  be 
judg'd  necessary  to  be  imediately  done,  &c.,  as  there  may  be  more  branches 
of  Business  assigned  them. 

That  Delegates  of  the  Committees  of  Each  division  shall  have  one 
annual  Stated  time  of  Meeting,  and  others  occasionally,  as  in  their  Corre- 
spondencies they  shall  find  it  necessary.  The  place  to  be  previously  agreed 
on  by  them. 

That  there  shall  be  four  Divisions  of  the  Provinces,  viz: 

iBt  Division.     Georgia, 

South  Carolina, 

North  Carolina. 
2d   Division.     Virginia, 

Maryland, 

Pennsylvania. 
3d   Division.     Jersey, 

New  York. 

*  Printed  from  copy  in  "  Colonial  Records  of  Pennsylvania,"  vol.  vi.,  p.  105. 
f  Indorsement. 


BRITISH  COLONIES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA,  1643-1776.  473 

4th  Division.     Connecticut, 
Rhode  Island, 
Massachusetts, 
New  Hampshire. 

That  one  Company  consisting  of  one  hundred  Men  complete,  exclu- 
sive of  Officers,  shall  be  raised  by  every  Province  &  a  Regiment  formed 
of  ye  13  Companies  to  be  called  the  Union  regiment,  to  be  commanded 
by  one  Colonel,  Lieutenant  Coll.  &  Major  to  be  appointed  by  the 
King. 

The  General  Officers  to  be  paid  by  the  King  or  Country,  as  shall  be 
thought  proper  &  called  the  Union  Regiment. 

That  these  Companies  shall  subsist  'till  the  French  desist  from  their 
Encroachments,  and  there  be  establish'd  on  the  Lakes  a  free  Navigation 
for  English  Vessels  and  proper  Forts  built  at  the  Head  of  every  great 
River  where  Cities  or  Trading  towns  are  situated  at  the  Mouth  in  the 
Atlantick  Ocean,  and  likewise  other  Forts  be  built  to  bridle  the  present 
Forts  built  by  the  French,  and  till  a  Fort  be  built  on  the  Straits  of  Niagara 
in  particular,  to  secure  the  Navigation  of  the  Lakes. 

That  for  the  pay  of  these  Companies,  a  Duty  shall  be  laid  on  such 
things  as  are  m  most  general  use,  y*  all  may  pay  alike  Excise  on  Rum, 
Shoes,  Leather,  &c.,  &  in  each  Division  if  one  Company  be  too  much 
to  be  supported  by  any  one  Colony,  that  it  be  eased  by  other  in  its 
Division. 

That  the  Governors  of  each  Colony  shall  have  a  power  to  draw  on 
this  Fund  on  the  Application  of  the  Commanding  Officer  or  the  Union 
Committee  of  each  Province. 

That  this  little  standing  Army  shall  assist  in  making  Roads,  build- 
ing Forts  or  any  other  necessary  work ;  all  men  whilst  in  Work  to 
receive  double  Pay.  Directors  of  ye  Work  &  Tools  to  be  found  at  the 
Expense  of  the  Fund,  by  the  Respective  Provinces  where  the  work  is 
doing. 

That  out  of  this  Fund  shall  be  built  by  said  Division,  one  Vessel  for 
the  Navigation  of  the  Lakes. 

That  a  certain  Quantity  of  Indian  Trade,  to  ye  amount  of  shall 

be  carried  on  by  the  Committees  of  each  Division,  (but  not  an  exclusive 

VOL.  II. — 6 1 


474  PLANS  FOR  THE  UNION  OF  THE 

Trade,)  and  that  the  Prices  of  Goods  shall  be  fixed,  as  well  as  the  Prices 
of  Beaver  &  Skins,  and  the  Profits  go  into  the  Union  Fund. 

The  Capital  Sum  used  in  the  Indian  Trade,  to  be  advanced  by  the  As- 
semblys  and  repaid  once  a  year. 

That  Maps  of  each  Province  be  immediately  prepared  by  the  Commit- 
tee, and  all  of  them  join'd  together  by  some  Person  in  America,  or  if 
hard  to  be  got,  by  Mr  Jeffery's  the  King's  Geographer,  and  a  Copy  of  this 
General  Map  to  be  given  to  the  Board  of  Trade  &  Privy  Council. 

That  a  certain  Sum  of  Money,  not  to  exceed  sum,  shall  be 

struck  in  every  Colony ;  to  be  emitted  on  loan  on  good  Securities. 
Money  arising  from  ye  Interest,  to  go  to  ye  Union  Fund. 

That  for  ye  present  there  be  built  8  Forts,  viz. :  two  Forts  in  Virginia, 
one  on  the  Ohio,  one  on  Lake  Erie,  Two  in  New  York  or  Pennsylvania, 
as  it  may  happen,  one  in  the  lower  County,  on  or  near  the  Straits  of 
Niagara,  and  another  on  Onondaga  Lake,  Two  in  the  Massachusetts,  and 
two  in  New  Hampshire. 

Out  of  a  Fund  to  be  raised  for  this  p'ticular  purpose  by  every  Prov- 
ince, called  the  Fort  Fund,  and  to  be  put  unto  one  general  Direction,  viz., 
of  the  Delegates  of  ye  Division  Commissioners.  In  the  building  of  each 
Fort,  I  would  have  one  at  least  of  every  Division  in  ye  Direction,  to  pre- 
vent embezzlements  or  Jobbing. 

All  to  be  submitted  to  his  Majesty,  &  such  reasonable  alterations  to, 
or  additions  made,  as  he  in  Council  shall  direct. 

[The  Massachusetts  Assembly  sent  the  Albany  plan  to  a  Committee 
that  prepared  a  substitute  providing  for  a  union  of  only  a  part  of  the 
colonies.  Both  plans  were  rejected  by  the  Assembly  and  a  new  committee 
was  appointed.  The  plan  submitted  by  it  is  known  as  Hutchinson's  plan.] 

PLAN   OF  UNION,   IN  THE   HANDWRITING   OF   THOMAS   HUTCHINSON. 

A  PLAN  of  Union  of  His  Majesty's  Colonies  on  the  continent  for  their 
mutual  defence  and  security. 

It  is  humbly  proposed  by  act  of  Parliament  that  the  House  of  Represent- 
atives of  each  colony  be  enjoined,  within  a  limited  time  after  the  passing 
of  such  act,  to  choose  members  to  represent  them  in  a  grand  council,  in 
the  following  proposition  ;  viz : — 


BRITISH  COLONIES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA,  1643-1776.  475 

Massachusetts  Bay 7 

Connecticut 5 

New  York 4 

Pennsylvania 6 

Virginia      7 

South  Carolina 4 

New  Hampshire    ....        2 

Rhode  Island 2 

New  Jersey 3 

Maryland 4 

North  Carolina 4 

In  the  whole ^g 

That  the  President  for  said  Grand  Council  be  appointed  by  and  receive 
his  salary  from  the  Crown,  and  that,  as  soon  as  conveniently  may  be  after 
such  appointment,  he  call  a  meeting  of  the  Council,  to  be  held  first  in  the 
city  of  Philadelphia. 

That  the  assent  of  the  President  be  made  necessary  to  all  acts  of  the 
Council,  saving  the  choice  of  a  speaker. 

That  the  Council  without  their  own  consent  shall  neither  be  dissolved, 
nor  prorogued,  nor  continued  sitting  longer  than  six  weeks  at  any  one 
time. 

That  the  Council  shall  meet  once  in  every  year,  and  at  such  other 
times  as  they  shall  adjourn  to  as  occasion  shall  require;  the  place  for 
the  next  meeting  always  to  be  determined  before  such  adjournment  and 
upon  an  emergency.  The  President,  having  obtained  in  writing  the 
consent  of  seven  of  the  members,  may  call  a  special  meeting  of  the  Council 
at  any  time  or  place,  provided  due  and  timely  notice  be  given. 

That  the  members  of  the  Council  be  paid  ten  shillings  sterling  for 
every  day's  journeying  and  attendance,  twenty  miles  to  be  accounted  a  day's 
travel. 

That  upon  the  expiration  of  three  years  there  shall  be  a  new  election  of 
members  for  the  Council,  and  always  upon  the  death  or  resignation  of  any 
member  shall  be  supplied  by  a  new  choice  at  the  next  sitting  of  the 
House  of  Representatives  of  the  colony  to  which  the  deceased  or  resigning 
member  belonged. 

That  no  member  of  the  Council  shall  be  chosen  or  appointed  to  any 
office,  civil  or  military,  by  the  President  or  Council. 


476  PLANS  FOR    THE   UNION  OF  THE 

That  twenty-five  members  shall  be  a  quorum,  provided  there  be  among 
them  one  or  more  members  from  a  major  part  of  the  colonies. 

That  in  case  of  the  death  or  other  incapacity  of  the  President,  the 
speaker  of  the  Council  for  the  time  being  shall  be  vested  with  the  powers 
and  authorities  of  a  President,  to  continue  until  there  be  an  appointment  by 
the  Crown. 

That  the  President,  by  the  advice  of  the  Council,  may  hold  and  manage 
all  Indian  treaties  in  which  the  general  interest  or  welfare  of  the  colonies 
may  be  concerned ;  and  shall  have  the  sole  power  of  making  peace  with  or 
declaring  war  against  the  Indian  nations,  of  restraining  and  regulating  all 
Indian  trade  by  laws  and  orders,  with  penalties  annexed  not  extending  to 
life  and  limb,  all  offences  against  such  laws  or  orders  to  be  tried  and  deter- 
mined within  the  government  where  the  offence  shall  be  committed,  ac- 
cording to  the  course  of  judicial  proceeding  in  such  government,  in  like 
manner  as  if  such  offence  had  been  committed  against  the  laws  of  such 
colony,  and  any  offence  that  may  be  committed  in  any  parts  that  shall  not 
be  within  the  certain  bounds  of  any  colony  shall  and  may  be  tried  and 
determined  in  the  colony  where  the  offender  shall  be  taken. 

That  the  President  and  Council  shall  have  power  to  raise  and  pay 
soldiers,  and  build  forts  for  the  defence  of  any  of  the  colonies,  and  for  re- 
moving all  encroachments  upon  His  Majesty's  territories,  and  for  the  annoy- 
ance of  His  Majesty's  enemies,  but  not  to  impress  men  in  any  colony  with- 
out the  consent  of  its  legislature. 

And  in  order  to  raise  moneys  sufficient  for  these  purposes. 

That  the  said  President  and  Council  be  empowered  to  lay  some  general 
duty  on  wines  and  spirituous  liquors  or  other  luxurious  consumptions  as 
shall  appear  to  them  just  and  equal  on  the  several  colonies,  each  colony  to 
pay  in  proportion  to  their  members ;  and  if  it  shall  appear  that  the  sum 
raised  by  any  colony  falls  short  of  such  proportion,  and  the  deficiency  shall 
not  forthwith  be  paid  by  such  colony,  then,  and  as  oft  as  it  shall  so  happen, 
the  said  President  and  Council  shall  have  power  to  lay  additional  duty  on 
such  colony  until  the  deficiency  be  made  good ;  and  if  the  sum  raised  from 
any  colony  shall  exceed  its  proportions,  the  surplus  shall  remain  or  be  paid 
into  the  general  treasury  of  such  colony.  And  the  accounts  of  the  depo- 
sition of  all  moneys  raised  shall  be  annually  settled,  that  the  members  of 
the  council  may  make  report  of  the  same  to  the  respective  assemblies. 


BRITISH  COLONIES   OF  NORTH  AMERICA,  1643-1776.  477 

That  the  President  and  Council  shall  appoint  officers  for  collecting  all 
such  duties  as  shall  be  agreed  on ;  and  all  laws  and  orders  for  enforcing  the 
payment  thereof  in  any  and  every  colony,  and  also  all  laws  and  orders  for 
restraining  supplies  to  and  communication  with  any  of  His  Majesty's  ene- 
mies, whether  by  flags  of  truce  or  in  any  other  manner,  shall  be  as  fully  and 
effectively  observed  and  executed  as  if  they  had  been  the  laws  of  that  par- 
ticular colony  where  any  offence  shall  be  committed,  and  all  offences  against 
such  laws  and  orders  shall  be  tried  and  determined  accordingly. 

That  the  President  and  Council  may  appoint  a  general  treasurer,  to  reside 
in  such  colony  as  they  shall  judge  most  convenient,  and  also  a  particular 
treasurer  for  each  colony,  and  from  time  to  time  may  order  the  sums  in  each 
treasury  into  the  general  treasury,  or  draw  on  any  particular  treasurer  as 
they  shall  think  proper ;  but  no  money  shall  issue  out  of  any  treasury  with- 
out the  special  order  of  the  President  by  the  advice  of  the  Council,  except 
where  sums  have  been  appropriated  to  particular  purposes,  and  the  President 
shall  be  specially  empowered  to  draw  for  such  sums. 

That  the  supreme  command  of  all  the  military  force  employed  by  the 
President  and  Council  be  in  the  President,  and  that  all  subordinate  military 
officers  be  appointed  and  commissioned  by  the  President,  with  the  advice  of 
the  Council ;  and  all  civil  officers,  as  treasurers,  collectors,  clerks,  etc.,  shall 
be  chosen  by  the  Council  and  approved  by  the  President ;  and  in  case  of 
vacancy  in  any  civil  or  military  office,  the  Governor  of  the  colony  where  the 
vacancy  shall  happen  may  appoint  some  person  to  supply  the  same  until  the 
pleasure  of  the  Governor  and  Council  shall  be  known. 

That  notwithstanding  the  powers  granted  to  the  President  and  Council 
for  the  general  defence  of  the  colonies,  yet  any  colony  shall  be  at  liberty 
upon  an  emergency  to  come  into  any  measures  for  their  particular  defence, 
or  for  the  defence  of  any  neighboring  colony  when  attacked,  the  reasonable 
charge  whereof  to  be  allowed  by  the  President  and  Council,  and  paid  out  of 
the  general  stock ;  but  no  colony  shall  be  at  liberty  to  declare  war  against 
any  enemy,  or  to  begin  any  hostilities,  except  they  have  the  direction  and 
allowance  of  the  President  and  Council. 

That  the  continuation  of  the  powers  granted  to  the  President  and  Council 
be  limited  to  the  term  of  six  years  from  their  first  meeting,  unless  at  the 
expiration  of  said  six  years  there  should  be  war  between  Great  Britain  and 
France,  in  which  case  the  said  powers  shall  continue  until  the  end  of  said 


478  PLANS  FOR    THE   UNION  OF  THE 

war  and  then  expire ;  and,  in  case  any  stock  shall  then  remain  in  the  general 
treasury,  the  same  shall  be  restored  to  the  several  governments  in  proportion 
to  their  respective  contributions. 

Which  is  humbly  submitted.* 

P.  SAML.  WATTS,  PER  ORDER. 
In  Council,  Dec.  26,  1754.     Read  and  sent  down. 

[Before  the  Albany  plan  reached  England  the  Lords  of  Trade  had  agreed 
upon  a  scheme  that  received  the  assent  of  the  king.  It  showed  little  more 
liberality  than  that  proposed  in  169^,  and  was  simply  a  measure  of  defence 
permitting  the  colonies  to  raise  and  pay  men  for  their  own  protection,  that 
were  to  be  commanded  by  a  captain-general  holding  a  royal  commission. 
The  Albany  plan  was  promptly  rejected  by  the  Lords  of  Trade  as  it  was  by 
the  Colonial  Assemblies.  Franklin  says,  "  The  Assemblies  all  thought  there 
was  too  much  prerogative  in  it,  and  in  England  it  was  thought  to  have  too 
much  of  the  democratic." 

The  plan  of  the  Lords  of  Trade  is  here  given :] 

PLAN   OF   THE   LORDS   OF   TRADE,  1754. 

The  Draught  of  a  plan  or  project  for  a  General  Concert  to  be  entered  into  by  His  Majesty's  several 
Colonies  upon  the  Continent  of  North  America,  for  their  mutual  and  common  Defence,  and  to 
prevent  or  remove  any  encroachments  on  His  Majesty's  dominions.  9  Aug.  1754. 

It  is  proposed  that  a  Circular  Letter  or  Instruction  be  forthwith  sent  to 
the  Governors  of  all  the  Colonies  upon  the  Continent  of  North  America  to 
the  following  purport  and  effect,  viz*. 

To  set  forth  the  danger  to  which  they  are  exposed  from  the  encroach- 
ments and  invasions  of  a  foreign  Power. 

That  the  only  effectual  method  of  putting  a  stop  to  these  encroachments, 
and  invasions,  and  preventing  the  like  for  the  future  will  be  forthwith  to 
agree  upon  a  Plan  for  maintaining  and  supporting  a  proper  number  of  Forts 
upon  the  Frontiers,  and  in  such  other  places  as  shall  appear  to  be  necessary 
for  the  general  security  of  the  Colonies ;  for  raising  and  subsisting  regular 
Independant  Companies  for  garrisoning  such  Forts ;  For  making  provision 

*  From  "The  Rise  of  the  Republic  of  the  United  States."  By  Richard  Frotheringham, 
P.  613. 


BRITISH  COLONIES   OF  NORTH  AMERICA,  1643-1776.  479 

for  defraying  the  expenses  of  presents  for  the  Indians,  and  for  the  other  con- 
tingent charges  of  that  service,  and  for  putting  Indian  Affairs  under  one 
general  direction ;  and  for  raising  and  maintaining  troops  for  the  general 
security,  service,  and  defence  of  the  whole,  upon  any  attack  or  invasion. 

To  state  the  urgent  necessity  there  is,  of  an  immediate  Union  of  the 
several  Colonies  upon  the  Continent,  for  this  purpose. 

To  direct  the  Governors  forthwith  to  recommend  these  points  to  the 
serious  consideration  of  their  respective  Councils  and  Assemblies,  and  to 
propose  to  them  to  appoint  proper  persons,  (one  for  each  Colony)  subject  to 
the  Governor's  approbation,  to  meet  at  such  time,  and  place,  as  His  Majesty 
shall  appoint,  in  order  to  treat  and  deliberate  upon  this  matter. 

That  the  persons  appointed  to  be  the  Commissioners  for  this  purpose,  be 
instructed  to  consider,  in  the  first  place,  of  the  number  of  Forts  necessary 
to  be  maintained,  and  supported,  and  what  number  of  regular  forces  will  be 
sufficient  for  garrisoning  such  Forts,  and  to  prepare  an  estimate  of  the 
annual  expense  thereof,  and  of  the  expense  of  Presents  to  the  Indians,  and 
other  contingent  charges  attending  this  Service. 

That  provision  be  likewise  made  in  such  estimate  for  maintaining  Com- 
missaries to  be  established  by  His  Majesty  in  such  Forts  as  shall  be  thought 
proper  for  the  regulation  and  management  of  Indian  Affairs. 

That  in  order  to  settle  these  estimates,  with  the  greater  exactness  the 
Commissioners  be  furnished  with  authenticated  Accounts  of  the  particular 
expense  which  each  Colony  has  been  at,  for  twenty  years  last  past,  for 
these  services,  and  in  what  manner  the  money  has  been  applied  and  dis- 
posed of. 

That  when  the  Estimates  shall  have  been  settled,  the  Commissioners  do 
agree  upon  the  quantum  of  money  to  be  supplied  by  each  Colony  for  defray- 
ing expence  of  this  service. 

That  in  settling  such  Quantum,  regard  be  had  to  the  number  of  inhabi- 
tants, trade,  wealth,  and  revenue  of  each  Colony ;  for  which  purpose  the 
Commissioners  are  to  be  furnished  with  veiy  full  and  authenticated  accounts 
of  these  particulars,  and  of  the  state  of  each  Colony  respectively. 

That  the  said  Commissioners  do  agree  that  in  case  of  any  emergency  by 
invasion,  or  otherwise,  whereon  it  may  be  necessary  to  raise  troops  for  the 
general  defence  of  the  whole,  beyond  the  number  upon  the  ordinary  estab- 
lishment, the  expence  thereof  shall  be  defrayed  by  each  Colony,  according 


480  PLANS  FOR  THE  UNION  OF  THE 

to  the  proportion  each  Colony  is  to  bear  of  the  ordinary  established  Charge 
for  Forts  &c. 

That  the  Governors  do  signify  to  their  respective  Councils  and  Assem- 
blies, thaf  His  Majesty  will  appoint  a  proper  person  to  be  Commander  in 
Chief  of  all  His  Majesty's  Forts  and  Garrisons  in  the  Colonies  in  North 
America,  and  of  all  Troops  already  raised  there,  or  which  may  hereafter  be 
raised  or  sent  thither  upon  any  emergency,  and  also  Commissary  General  for 
Indian  Affairs ;  and  that  provision  may  be  made  in  the  estimate  for  the  ordi- 
nary established  service,  for  a  proper  salary  for  such  Commander  in  Chief. 

That  it  be  settled  and  agreed  by  the  Commissioners  at  the  general 
meeting,  that  the  said  Commander  in  Chief,  and  Commissary  for  Indian 
Affairs,  be  impowered  from  time  to  time  as  occasion  may  require,  to 
draw  upon  the  Treasurer,  Collector,  Receiver,  or  other  proper  officer 
appointed  to  receive  the  Taxes  or  Duties  levyed  and  raised  in  each  Colony 
respectively,  for  such  sums  of  money  as  shall  be  necessary  for  maintaining 
and  supporting  the  several  Forts  and  Garrisons,  making  Presents  to  the 
Indians,  and  all  other  contingent  charges,  according  to  the  general  estimate 
agreed  upon  for  the  ordinary  established  service  &c  in  proportion  to  the 
Quantum  settled  for  each  Colony :  taking  care  to  transmit  annually  to  each 
Colony  a  particular  estimate,  expressing  the  particular  service  for  which 
such  draughts  are  made. 

That  in  all  cases  of  attack  or  invasion,  whereon  it  may  be  necessary  to 
raise  troops  for  repelling  such  invasion  or  attack,  beyond  the  number  on  the 
ordinary  Establishment,  the  estimate  of  the  charge  of  such  troops,  of 
extraordinary  presents  to  the  Indians,  and  of  other  Contingent  Expences, 
shall  be  formed  by  the  Governor,  Council,  and  Assembly  of  the  Colony 
invaded,  or  attacked,  and  immediate  notice  thereof  transmitted  by  the 
Governor  of  such  Colony  with  a  Copy  of  the  estimate  so  prepared  as 
aforesaid  to  the  Governors  Councils  and  Assemblys  of  the  other  Colonies 
upon  the  Continent ;  and  that  it  be  settled  and  agreed  by  the  Commissioners 
at  the  general  meeting,  that  upon  such  notice  so  sent,  a  Commissioner  shall 
be  forthwith  nominated  and  appointed  to  each  Colony  respectively  to  meet 
at  such  place  as  the  Commander  in  Chief  shall  appoint,  in  order  to  take 
into  consideration  and  deliberate  upon  the  aforementioned  estimate  so 
prepared  by  the  Colony  invaded,  with  full  power  to  alter  the  same  in  such 
manner  as  shall  be  thought  expedient,  and  that  when  the  same  shall  have 


BRITISH  COLONIES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA,  1643-1776.  481 

been  agreed  upon  by  the  majority  of  the  Commissioners  who  shall  be  there 
present,  any  five  of  which  shall  make  a  Quorum,  the  Commander  in  Chief 
shall  be  impowered  by  them  to  draw  upon  the  Treasurer  or  other  proper 
officer  of  each  Colony  for  the  respective  Quotas  each  Colony  is  to  bear  of 
such  expence,  in  proportion  to  the  ordinary  established  estimate  for  Forts  &c. 

That  the  draughts  of  the  Commander  in  Chief  as  well  for  the  ordinary 
as  extraordinary  service  be  paid  by  the  Treasurer  &c.  of  each  Colony 
respectively  out  of  any  money  lying  in  his  hands,  in  preference  to  all  other 
services  whatever,  and  that  in  case  it  shall  so  happen  that  the  Treasurer  of 
any  Colony  shall  not  have  in  his  hands  a  sufficient  sum  to  answer  such 
draughts  he  be  empower'd,  by  the  general  agreement,  to  borrow  such  a  sum 
as  shall  be  necessary ;  for  repayment  of  which  provision  is  to  be  forthwith 
made  by  the  Assembly. 

That  it  be  signified,  that  the  said  Commander  in  Chief  will  be  directed  to 
transmit  to  each  Colony  once  in  every  year,  an  account  upon  oath  of  all  his 
disbursements  for  the  publick  service,  and  that  he  will  be  obliged  to  account 
in  His  Majesty's  Exchequer  for  all  money  received  and  disposed  of  by  him. 

That  each  Colony  may  appoint  a  Commissioner  to  view  and  inspect 
from  time,  to  time,  as  they  shall  think  proper  the  state  of  the  several  Forts 
and  Fortifications,  and  of  the  repairs  made  thereon,  and  to  make  report 
thereof  to  the  Governor,  Council,  and  Assembly  of  such  Colony  respec- 
tively, and  that  each  Colony  may  likewise  make  Representations  from  time 
to  time,  to  the  Commander  in  Chief,  of  the  state  of  each  Colony,  and  pro- 
pose to  him  such  measures  as  shall  occur  to  be  necessary  for  the  general 
good  of  the  whole. 

That  when  the  Commissioners  have  deliberated  upon  and  settled  the 
foregoing  points,  they  do  transmit  to  His  Majesty's  Secretary  of  State  and 
to  the  Commissioners  for  Trade  and  Plantations,  to  be  laid  before  His 
Majesty,  attested  copies  of  all  their  Minutes  and  Proceedings,  and  that  they 
do  prepare  a  Project  or  draught  of  a  General  Convention  upon  the  fore- 
going Points  and  transmit  copies  thereof  to  the  respective  Colonies  to  be 
forthwith  laid  before  the  Governors,  Councils,  and  Assemblies,  who  are  to 
take  the  same  into  immediate  consideration,  and  having  made  such  altera- 
tions therein  or  additions  thereto,  as  they  shall  think  necessary,  shall  return 
them  to  the  Commissioners  within  two  months,  and  when  all  the  copies 
shall  have  been  returned  the  Commissioners  shall  resume  their  delibera- 
VOL.  n. — 62 


482  PLANS  FOR    THE   UNION  OF  THE 

tions ;  and  having  finally  settled  the  whole  the  Convention  shall  be  fairly 
drawn  up  and  signed  by  each  Commissioner  and  transmitted  hither  in  order 
to  be  laid  before  His  Majesty  for  his  approbation. 

And  in  case  it  shall  so  happen  that  any  of  the  Colonies  shall  neglect  to 
appoint  a  Commissioner  to  be  present  at  the  General  Meeting,  or  such  Com- 
missioner, when  appointed,  shall  neglect  or  refuse  to  attend,  such  neglect  or 
refusall  shall  not  prevent  the  Commissioners  present,  (any  seven  of  which  to 
be  a  Quorum)  from  proceeding  upon  the  consideration  of  the  foregoing 
points ;  but  that  the  Convention  shall  be  proceeded  upon,  and  finally  settled 
and  agreed  by  a  Majority  of  the  Commissioners,  and  when  so  settled,  and 
ratified  by  His  Majesty,  shall  be  binding  upon  the  whole. 

That  the  Governors  be  directed  to  signify  to  their  respective  Councils 
and  Assemblies,  that  His  Majesty  does  not  intend  to  withdraw  that  part  of 
the  expence  which  the  Crown  has  been  usually  at,  for  the  security  and  pro- 
tection of  the  Colonies ;  but  that  he  will  be  graciously  pleased  to  continue 
to  maintain  and  subsist  such  a  number  of  his  troops  as  shall  appear  to  be 
necessary  to  be  stationed  in  America ;  and  does  also  consent  that  whatever 
sums  of  money  have  been  usually  given  by  His  Majesty  for  Indian  Services, 
shall  be  deducted  from  the  generall  estimate,  as  the  share  His  Majesty  is 
willing  to  bear  of  the  ordinary  establishment  for  this  service,  and  that  upon 
any  great  emergency  they  shall  receive  such  support  from  His  Majesty  as 
shall  be  thought  reasonable  upon  a  due  consideration  of  ihe  Nature  of  the 
case  and  of  what  the  Circumstances  and  conditions  of  the  Colonies  shall 
seem  to  require.* 

[In  1760,  Dr.  Samuel  Johnson,  president  of  King's  College,  New  York, 
sent  the  following  suggestions  to  the  Archbishop  of  Canterbury,  submitting 
to  him  the  propriety  of  publishing  them  in  the  London  Magazine,  they 
being  addressed  to  the  editor  of  that  journal:] 

QUESTIONS   RELATING   TO   THE   UNION   AND   GOVr.   OF   THE  PLANTATIONS. 

To  THE  AUTHOR  OF  THE  London  Magazine. 

As  I  have  at  once  a  most  intense  affection  for  this  my  native  country, 
and  the  highest  veneration  for  our  ancient  Mother  Country,  I  beg  leave  by 

*  "New  York  Colonial  Documents,"  vol.  vi.,  p.  903. 


BRITISH  COLONIES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA,  1643-1776.  483 

your  very  useful  collection,  humbly  to  suggest  to  the  consideration  of  the 
publick  the  following  Queries  relating  to  what  I  apprehend,  may  be  of  the 
utmost  consequence  to  these  American  Colonies. 

Query  Ist  Whether  it  be  not  of  very  great  importance  to  the  weal  of 
the  Mother  Country,  that  she  do  now,  in  consequence  of  the  peace  enter 
upon  the  consideration  of  what  may  most  contribute  to  the  best  future  and 
joint  weal  of  these  her  daughters  ? 

Query  2nd  Whether  it  would  not  be  of  great  advantage  to  the  best  weal 
of  the  daughters  that  their  Constitution,  or  form  of  government,  should  be 
as  near  as  possible,  the  same  one  with  another,  and  all,  as  near  as  may  be, 
conformable  to  that  of  the  Mother  ? 

3d  Whether,  since  it  is  not  very  probable  that  they  would  agree  among 
themselves,  to  any  variation  from  their  present  modes,  it  would  not  become 
the  wisdom  and  goodness  of  the  Mother,  by  an  act  of  her  Legislature  to 
establish  a  model  for  them  ? 

4th  In  doing  this,  she  would  doubtless  proceed  with  as  great  tenderness 
as  could  consist  with  the  public  good,  but  Qu :  Whether  it  is  for  the  best 
public  good,  that  the  Charter  Governments  should  continue  in  their  present 
Republican  form,  which  is  indeed  pernicious  to  them,  as  the  people  are 
nearly  rampant  in  their  high  nptions  of  liberty,  and  thence  perpetually  run- 
ning into  intrigue  and  faction  and  the  rulers  so  dependant  on  them  that  they 
in  many  cases,  are  afraid  to  do  what  is  best  and  right  for  fear  of  disobliging 
them. 

5th  Whether  it  might  not  consist  with  all  proper  tenderness,  by  an  Act 
of  the  Legislature  at  home,  to  oblige  them  to  accept  of  a  model  that  would 
reduce  them  to  a  nearer  resemblance  to  their  mother  and  sisters?  and 
whether  this  might  not  in  all  reason  be  done,  without  giving  umbrage  for 
any  dark  apprehensions  to  the  Corporations  at  home  ? 

6th  The  Colonies  of  Massachusetts,  Rhode  Island  and  Connecticut,  are 
nearly  allied  in  their  situation,  principles  and  interests,  nor  does  there  appear 
any  manner  of  reason  why  the  two  latter,  should  not  be  contented,  at  least 
with  the  like  constitution  with  the  former. 

Qu  :  Therefore  since  the  constitution  of  the  Massachusetts  comes  nearer 
to  that  of  the  other  governments  than  they,  whether  it  might  not  consist 
with  the  wisdom  and  goodness  of  the  Legislature  to  oblige  the  Colonies  of 
Rhode  Island  and  Connecticut  to  accept  of  the  same  establishment  with  the 


484  PLANS  FOR    THE   UNION  OF  THE 

Massachusetts  ?  I  am  sure  it  would  be  vastly  best  for  them,  and  I  have 
good  reason  to  believe  if  they  were  polled,  by  far  the  majority  of  consid- 
erate persons  would  chose  it. 

N.B.  They  have  especially  besides  others,  two  monstrous  absurdities 
viz :  That  they  have  vastly  too  numerous  and  unequal  a  representative, 
and  that  they  make  their  General  Assemblies,  Courts  of  Equity,  where,  in 
many  cases,  perhaps  not  above  four,  or  five  in  a  hundred  understand  any- 
thing of  the  matter. 

7th  As  the  King  is  by  the  English  Constitution,  the  head  of  the  Legis- 
lature and  the  fountain  of  all  executive  power,  whether  it  be  not  ex- 
tremely fit  and  best,  that  the  Governor  of  each  Province  be  immediately 
appointed  by  the  King?  and  whether  some  method  could  not  be  found 
to  reduce  the  Proprietary  Govts.  under  the  same  regulation  with  the 
rest? 

8th  As  the  disunited  state  of  our  Colonies  was  found  attended  with 
many  disadvantages  at  the  beginning  of  the  War,  and  was  one  great  occa- 
sion of  our  ill  success  at  first,  and  would  at  any  time  and  on  any  occa- 
sion be  attended  with  many  fatal  effects ; 

Qu :  Whether  some  scheme  could  not  be  pitched  upon  that  for  the 
future,  might  be  a  principle  of  Union  ? 

9th  Let  it  be,  in  particular,  considered,  whether  it  would  not  be  a  wise 
expedient  for  this  purpose,  that  some  gentleman  of  great  dignity  and 
worth,  should  be  appointed  by  the  King  to  be  in  the  nature  of  a  Vice 
Roi,  or  Lord  Le.  to  reside  at  New  York,  as  being  best  situated,  to  pre- 
side over  and  inspect  the  whole,  with  a  commission  to  continue  only  for 
three  years. 

ioth  Whether  it  would  not  contribute  to  the  same  good  end  that 
once  every  year,  two  from  each  Province,  one  of  the  Council  and  one  of 
the  Assembly,  (or  three  from  the  largest  Provinces)  should  be  chosen  and 
appointed  by  each  Legislature,  as  a  representative,  to  meet  at  New  York 
to  attend  on  the  Lord  L*.  and  under  his  presidency,  to  represent  and 
consult  whatever  may  contribute  to  the  union  stability  and  good  of  the 
whole, — something  in  nature  of  the  Amphictyons  of  the  ancients  States 
of  Greece  ?  Here  the  common  affairs  of  war,  trade,  &c.  might  be  con- 
sidered and  the  confirming  or  negativing  the  Laws  passed  in  each  govern- 
ment, and  the  result  to  be  confirmed  or  negatived  by  the  King. 


BRITISH  COLONIES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA,  1643-1776.  485 

1 1 — The  only  objection  I  can  foresee  against  such  a  scheme  for  an 
union  would  be  an  apprehension  of  the  possibility,  in  the  course  of  time, 
of  an  affectation  of  independency  on  the  Mother  Country;  But  this,  I 
must  think  will  be  scarce  ever  possible  under  such  a  regulation,  in  such 
a  distant  set  of  Provinces  separate  from  each  other,  and  dispersed  over 
so  large  a  tract,  especially  if  the  true  loyal  principles  of  Christianity  be 
perpetually  well  inculcated,  there  being  the  strongest  connection  between 
fearing  God  and  honouring  the  King.  To  this  purpose  should  not  some- 
thing be  done  for  the  better  regulation  of  the  affairs  of  Religion  in  these 
Plantations  ?  And  particularly, 

1 2th  As  there  are  multitudes  of  each  denomination  of  Protestants  in  these 
Colonies,  will  it  not  be  best  that  no  one  should  labor  under  any  discourage- 
ments from  either  of  the  other  but  preserve  as  far  as  possible,  a  spirit  of 
harmony,  mutual  indulgence  and  forbearance,  with  regard  to  each  other, 
avoiding  everything  unkind  and  invidious. 

And  13th  Would  it  not  be  well  to  consider,  whether  it  is  not  very  dis- 
honorable to  the  Mother  Country,  and  extremely  unbecoming  in  itself  as 
well  as  a  great  detriment  to  religion,  that  the  Church  which  is  established  in 
England  and  consequently  an  essential  part  of  the  British  Constitution  and 
hath  ever  been  the  greatest  friend  to  loyalty,  should  not  be,  at  least,  upon  as 
good  a  foot  as  the  other  denominations,  as  complete  in  her  kind  as  they  in 
theirs  ?  And  consequently  as  they  enjoy  as  they  ought,  each  their  own  form 
and  method  of  government,  worship  and  discipline  without  molestation,  is 
it  not  a  great  hardship  that  those  of  the  Church  should  be  destitute  of  any 
part  of  theirs  ?  And  particularly  can  any  good  reason  be  given  why  the 
Church  should  not  have  Bishops,  at  least  two,  or  three,  in  this  vast  tract,  to 
ordain  and  govern  their  Clergy,  and  instruct  and  confirm  their  Laity,  which 
they  are  as  conscientiously  persuaded  they  ought  to  have,  as  any  other  de- 
nomination can  be  of  their  respective  tenets  and  practices  ? 

N.B.  It  is  not  proposed  that  the  Episcopal  gov*  should  have  any  superi- 
ority, or  authority  over  other  denominations,  or  make  any  alterations  relating 
to,  or  interfering  with  any  civil  matters  as  they  now  stand. 

14th  And  lastly,  Whether  considering  the  trouble  and  confusion  attend- 
ing the  endless  diversity  of  money,  it  would  not  be  best  by  an  Act  of 
the  Legislature  at  home,  to  establish  one  medium  to  obtain  in  the  Colo- 

o 

nies? 


486  PLANS  FOR    THE   UNION  OF  THE 

These  things,  Sir,  if  you  think  proper,  are  humbly  submitted  to  public 

consideration  by 

Sir 

Your  most  humble  Serv* 

PHILANGLUS   AMERICANUS. 

America,  1760.* 

[The  repeated  suggestions  of  a  union  of  the  colonies  for  general  defence, 
and  the  custom  of  the  governors  and  representatives  of  the  same  acting  to- 
gether in  conferences  with  the  Indians,  naturally  produced  a  feeling  of 
mutual  dependence.  This  found  practical  expression  in  the  plan  of  the 
Albany  Convention,  and,  after  the  conquest  of  Canada,  when  the  colonies 
were  virtually  free  from  all  danger  of  a  foreign  foe,  and  the  home  government 
attempted  to  extort  from  them  what  they  believed  to  be  an  unjust  tax,  it  was 
equally  natural  that  this  feeling  should  have  aroused  an  organized  opposition. 
The  Stamp  Act  Congress  of  1765  called  forth  no  plan  for  a  union  of  the 
colonies,  but  its  assembling  was  an  ACT  OF  UNION  of  the  first  importance. 
The  Declaration  of  Rights  it  put  forth  shows  how  thoroughly  the  rights  of 
the  colonies  had  been  studied.] 

RESOLVES   OF   THE   STAMP-ACT   CONGRESS,  OCTOBER    19,   1765. 

The  members  of  this  Congress,  sincerely  devoted,  with  the  warmest 
sentiments  of  affection  and  duty  to  his  Majesty's  person  and  government, 
inviolably  attached  to  the  present  happy  establishment  of  the  Protestant 
succession,  and  with  minds  deeply  impressed  by  a  sense  of  the  present  and 
impending  misfortunes  of  the  British  colonies  on  this  continent;  having 
considered  as  maturely  as  time  will  permit,  the  circumstances  of  the  said 
colonies,  esteem  it  our  indispensable  duty  to  make  the  following  declara- 
tions of  our  humble  opinion  respecting  the  most  essential  rights  and  liberties 
of  the  colonists,  and  of  the  grievances  under  which  they  labor,  by  reason  of 
the  several  late  acts  of  parliament. 

i.  That  his  Majesty's  subjects  in  these  colonies,  owe  the  same  allegiance 
to  the  crown  of  Great  Britain,  that  is  owing  from  his  subjects  born  within 
the  realm ;  and  all  due  subordination  to  that  august  body,  the  parliament  of 
Great  Britain. 


"  New  York  Colonial  Documents,"  vol.  vii.,  p.  441. 


BRITISH  COLONIES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA,  1643-1776.  487 

2.  That  his  Majesty's  liege  subjects,  in  these  colonies,  are  entitled  to  all 
the  inherent  rights  and  liberties  of  his  natural  born  subjects  within  the  king- 
dom of  Great  Britain. 

3.  That  it  is  inseparably  essential  to  the  freedom  of  a  people,  and  the 
undoubted  right  of  Englishmen,  that  no  taxes  be  imposed  on  them  but  with 
their  own  consent,  given  personally,  or  by  their  representatives. 

4.  That  the  people  of  these  colonies  are  not,  and  from  their  local  cir- 
cumstances  cannot  be,  represented  in  the   House  of  Commons,  in   Great 
Britain. 

5.  That  the  only  representatives  of  the  people  of  these  colonies,  are  per- 
sons chosen  therein  by  themselves,  and  that  no  taxes  ever  have  been,  or  can 
be  constitutionally  imposed  on  them,  but  by  their  respective  legislatures. 

6.  That  all  supplies  to  the  crown  being  the  free  gifts  of  the  people,  it  is 
unreasonable  and  inconsistent  with  the  principles  and  spirit  of  the  British 
constitution,  for  the  people  of  Great  Britain  to  grant  to  his  Majesty,  the 
property  of  the  colonists. 

7.  That  trial  by  jury,  is  the  inherent  and  invaluable  right  of  every  British 
subject  in  these  colonies. 

8.  That  the  late  act  of  parliament,  entitled  An  act  for  granting  and 
applying  certain  stamp  duties,  and  other  duties,  in  the  British  colonies  and 
plantations  in  America,  etc.,  by  imposing  taxes  on  the  inhabitants  of  these 
colonies,  and  the  said  act,  and  several  other  acts,  by  extending  the  jurisdic- 
tion of  the  courts  of  admiralty  beyond  its  ancient  limits,  have  a  manifest 
tendency  to  subvert  the  rights  and  liberties  of  the  colonists. 

9.  That  the  duties  imposed  by  several  late  acts  of  parliament,  from  the 
peculiar  circumstances  of  these  colonies,  will  be  extremely  burthensome  and 
grievous ;  and  from  the  scarcity  of  specie,  the  payment  of  them  absolutely 
impracticable. 

10.  That  as  the  profits  of  the  trade  of  these  colonies  ultimately  centre  in 
Great  Britain,  to  pay  for  the  manufactures  which  they  are  obliged  to  take 
from  thence,  they  eventually  contribute  very  largely  to  all  supplies  granted 
there  to  the  crown. 

1 1 .  That  the  restrictions  imposed  by  several  late  acts  of  parliament  on 
the  trade  of  these  colonies  will  render  them  unable  to  purchase  the  manu- 
factures of  Great  Britain. 

12.  That  the  increase,  prosperity  and  happiness  of  these  colonies,  depend 


488  PLANS  FOR    THE   UNION  OF  THE 

on  the  full  and  free  enjoyments  of  their  rights  and  liberties,  and  an  inter- 
course with  Great  Britain,  mutually  affectionate  and  advantageous. 

13.  That  it  is  the  right  of  the  British  subjects  in  these  colonies  to  petition 
the  king,  or  either  house  of  parliament. 

Lastly.  That  it  is  the  indispensable  duty  of  these  colonies,  to  the  best  of 
sovereigns,  to  the  mother  country,  and  to  themselves,  to  endeavour  by  a  loyal 
and  dutiful  address  to  his  Majesty,  and  humble  applications  to  both  houses 
of  parliament,  to  procure  the  repeal  of  the  act  for  granting  and  applying 
certain  stamp  duties,  of  all  clauses  of  any  other  acts  of  parliament,  whereby 
the  jurisdiction  of  the  admiralty  is  extended,  as  aforesaid,  and  of  the  other 
late  acts  for  the  restriction  of  American  commerce.* 

[The  Congress  of  1774,  like  the  Stamp-Act  Congress,  put  forth  no  plan 
of  union,  but  its  acts  were  acts  of  union,  as  are  shown  in  the  following 
papers  that  it  gave  forth :] 

DECLARATION   AND   RESOLVES   OF  THE   CONGRESS   OF    1774. 

WHEREAS,  since  the  close  of  the  last  war,  the  British  parliament  claim- 
ing a  power,  of  right,  to  bind  the  people  of  America  by  statutes,  in  all  cases 
whatsoever,  hath  in  some  acts  expfessly  imposed  taxes  on  them,  and  in 
others,  under  various  pretences,  but  in  fact  for  the  purpose  of  raising  a 
revenue,  hath  imposed  rates  and  duties  payable  in  these  colonies,  es- 
tablished a  board  of  commissioners  with  unconstitutional  powers,  and  ex- 
tended the  jurisdiction  of  courts  of  admiralty,  not  only  for  collecting  the 
said  duties,  but  for  the  trial  of  causes  merely  arising  within  the  body  of  a 
country. 

AND  whereas,  in  consequence  of  other  statutes,  judges,  who  before  held 
only  estates  at  will  in  their  offices,  have  been  made  dependant  on  the  crown 
alone  for  their  salaries,  and  standing  armies  kept,  in  times  of  peace :  And 
whereas  it  has  lately  been  resolved  in  parliament,  that  by  force  of  a  statute, 
made  in  the  thirty-fifth  year  of  the  reign  of  King  Henry  the  eighth,  colonist 
may  be  transported  to  England  and  tried  there  upon  accusations  for  treasons 
and  misprisions,  or  concealments  of  treasons  committed  in  the  colonies ;  and 
by  a  late  statute,  such  trials  have  been  directed  in  cases  therein  mentioned. 

*  Authentic  Account  of  the  Proceedings  of  the  Congress  at  New  York,  etc.     London,  1767. 


BRITISH  COLONIES   OF  NORTH  AMERICA,  1643-1776.  489 

AND  whereas  in  the  last  session  of  parliament,  three  statutes  were  made ; 
one  entitled,  "  An  act  to  discontinue  in  such  manner,  and  for  such  time  as 
are  therein  mentioned,  the  landing  and  discharging,  lading  or  shipping  of 
goods,  wares  and  merchandize,  at  the  town,  and  within  the  harbor  of 
Boston,  in  the  province  of  Massachusetts-Bay,  in  North  America."  Another 
entitled,  "  An  act  for  the  better  regulating  the  government  of  the  province 
of  the  Massachusetts-Bay,  in  New-England."  And  another  entitled,  "  An 
act  for  the  impartial  administration  of  justice,  in  the  cases  of  persons 
questioned  for  any  act  done  by  them  in  the  execution  of  the  law,  or  for  the 
suppression  of  riots  and  tumults,  in  the  province  of  the  Massachusetts-Bay, 
in  New-England."  And  another  statute  was  then  made,  "  for  making  more 
effectual  provision  for  the  government  of  the  province  of  Quebec,  &c." 
All  which  statutes  are  impolitic,  unjust,  and  cruel,  as  well  as  unconstitu- 
tional, and  most  dangerous  and  destructive  of  American  rights. 

AND  WHEREAS,  assemblies  have  been  frequently  dissolved,  contrary  to 
the  rights  of  the  people,  when  they  attempted  to  deliberate  on  grievances ; 
and  their  dutiful,  humble,  loyal  and  reasonable  petitions  to  the  crown  for 
redress,  have  been  repeatedly  treated  with  contempt  by  his  Majesty's  min- 
isters of  state. 

THE  good  people  of  the  several  colonies  of  New-Hampshire,  Massachu- 
setts-Bay, Rhode-Island  and  Providence  plantations,  Connecticut,  New- York, 
New-Jersey,  Pennsylvania,  New-Castle  Kent  and  Sussex  on  Delaware,  Mary- 
land, Virginia,  North-Carolina,  and  South-Carolina,  justly  alarmed  at  these 
arbitrary  proceedings  of  parliament  and  administration,  have  severally  elected, 
constituted,  and  appointed  deputies  to  meet  and  sit  in  general  congress  in 
the  city  of  Philadelphia,  in  order  to  obtain  such  establishment,  as  that  their 
religion,  laws,  and  liberties  may  not  be  subverted :  Whereupon  the  deputies 
so  appointed  being  now  assembled,  in  a  full  and  free  representation  of  these 
colonies,  taking  into  their  most  serious  consideration  the  best  means  of 
attaining  the  ends  aforesaid,  do  in  the  first  place,  as  Englishmen  their  ances- 
tors in  like  cases  have  usually  done,  for  asserting  and  vindicating  their  rights 
and  liberties,  DECLARE, 

THAT  the  inhabitants  of  the  English  colonies  in .  North  America,  by  the 
immutable  laws  of  nature,  the  principles  of  the  English  constitution,  and  the 
several  charters  or  compacts,  have  the  following  RIGHTS. 

Resolved,  N.  C.D.     I.  THAT  they  are  entitled  to  life,  liberty,  and  property : 

VOL.  II. — 63 


490  PLANS  FOR    THE   UNION  OF  THE 

and  they  have  never  ceded  to  any  sovereign  power  whatever,  a  right  to  dis- 
pose of  either  without  their  consent. 

Resolved,  N.  C.  D.  2.  THAT  our  ancestors,  who  first  settled  these  colonies, 
were  at  the  time  of  their  emigration  from  the  mother  country,  entitled  to  all 
the  rights,  liberties,  and  immunities  of  free  and  natural  born  subjects,  within 
the  realm  of  England. 

Resolved,  N.  C.  D.  3.  THAT  by  such  emigration  they  by  no  means  for- 
feited, surrendered,  or  lost  any  of  those  rights,  but  that  they  were,  and  their 
descendants  now  are,  entitled  to  the  exercise  and  enjoyment  of  all  such  of 
them,  as  their  local  and  other  circumstances  enable  them  to  exercise  and 
enjoy. 

Resolved,  4.  THAT  the  foundation  of  English  liberty  and  of  all  free  gov- 
ernment, is  a  right  in  the  people  to  participate  in  their  legislative  council ; 
and  as  the  English  colonists  are  not  represented,  and  from  their  local  and 
other  circumstances  cannot  properly  be  represented  in  the  British  parlia- 
ment, they  are  entitled  to  a  free  and  exclusive  power  of  legislation  in  their 
several  provincial  Legislatures,  where  their  right  of  representation  can  alone 
be  preserved,  in  all  cases  of  taxation  and  internal  polity,  subject  only  to  the 
negative  of  their  sovereign,  in  such  manner  as  has  been  heretofore  used  and 
accustomed :  But  from  the  necessity  of  the  case,  and  a  regard  to  the  mutual 
interests  of  both  countries,  we  cheerfully  consent  to  the  operation  of  such 
acts  of  the  British  parliament,  as  are  bona  fide,  restrained  to  the  regulation 
of  our  external  commerce,  for  the  purpose  of  securing  the  commercial  ad- 
vantages of  the  whole  empire  to  the  mother  country,  and  the  commercial 
benefits  of  its  respective  members,  excluding  every  idea  of  taxation  internal 
or  external,  for  raising  a  revenue  on  the  subjects  in  America  without  their 
consent 

Resolved,  N.  C.  D.  5.  THAT  the  respective  colonies  are  entitled  to  the 
common  law  of  England,  and  more  especially  to  the  great  and  inestimable 
privilege  of  being  tried  by  their  peers  of  the  vicinage,  according  to  the  course 
of  that  law. 

Resolved,  6.  THAT  they  are  entitled  to  the  benefit  of  such  of  the  English 
statutes,  as  existed  at  the  time  of  their  colonization ;  and  which  they  have, 
by  experience,  respectively  found  to  be  applicable  to  their  several  local  and 
other  circumstances. 

Resolved,  N.  C.  D.    7.  THAT  these,  his  Majesty's,  colonies  are  likewise  en- 


BRITISH  COLONIES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA,  1643-1776.  491 

titled  to  all  the  immunities  and  privileges  granted  and  confirmed  to  them  by 
royal  charters,  or  secured  by  their  several  codes  of  provincial  laws. 

Resolved,  N.  C.  D.  8.  THAT  they  have  a  right  peaceably  to  assemble,  con- 
sider of  their  grievances,  and  petition  the  King ;  and  that  all  prosecutions, 
prohibitory  proclamations,  and  commitments  for  the  same,  are  illegal. 

Resolved,  N.  C.  D.  9.  THAT  the  keeping  a  standing  army  in  these  colo- 
nies, in  times  of  peace,  without  the  consent  of  the  legislature  of  that  colony 
in  which  such  army  is  kept,  is  against  law. 

Resolved,  N.  C.  D.  10.  IT  is  indispensibly  necessary  to  good  government, 
and  rendered  essential  by  the  English  constitution,  that  the  constituent 
branches  of  the  legislature  be  independent  of  each  other;  that,  therefore,  the 
exercise  of  legislative  power  in  several  colonies,  by  a  council  appointed, 
during  pleasure,  by  the  crown,  is  unconstitutional,  dangerous,  and  destruc- 
tive to  the  freedom  of  American  legislation. 

ALL  and  each  of  which,  the  aforesaid  deputies  in  behalf  of  themselves, 
and  their  constituents,  do  claim,  demand,  and  insist  on,  as  their  indubitable 
rights  and  liberties ;  which  cannot  be  legally  taken  from  them,  altered  or 
abridged  by  any  power  whatever,  without  their  own  consent,  by  their 
representatives  in  their  several  provincial  legislatures. 

IN  the  course  of  our  inquiry,  we  find  many  infringements  and  violations 
of  the  foregoing  rights ;  which,  from  an  ardent  desire  that  harmony  and 
mutual  intercourse  of  affection  and  interest  may  be  restored,  we  pass  over 
for  the  present,  and  proceed  to  state  such  acts  and  measures  as  have  been 
adopted  since  the  last  war,  which  demonstrate  a  system  formed  to  enslave 
America/ 

Resolved,  N.  C.  D.  THAT  the  following  acts  of  parliament  are  infringe- 
ments and  violations  of  the  rights  of  the  colonists ;  and  that  the  repeal  of 
them  is  essentially  necessary,  in  order  to  restore  harmony  between  Great 
Britain  and  the  American  colonies,  viz. 

THE  several  acts  of  4  Geo.  III.  ch.  15.  and  ch.  34. — 5  Geo.  III.  ch.  25. 
— 6  Geo.  III.  ch.  52. — 7  Geo.  III.  ch.  41.  and  ch.  46. — 8  Geo.  III.  ch.  22. 
which  impose  duties  for  the  purpose  of  raising  a  revenue  in  America,  ex- 
tend the  power  of  the  admiralty  courts  beyond  their  ancient  limits,  deprive 
the  American  subjects  of  trial  by  jury,  authorise  the  judges  certificate  to 
indemnify  the  prosecutor  from  damages,  that  he  might  otherwise  be  liable 
to,  requiring  oppressive  security  from  a  claimant  of  ships  and  goods  seized, 


492  PLANS  FOR  THE  UNION  OF  THE 

before  he  shall  be  allowed  to  defend  his  property,  and  are  subversive  of 
American  rights. 

ALSO  12  Geo.  III.  ch.  24.  intituled,  "An  Act  for  the  better  securing  his 
Majesty's  dock-yards,  magazines,  ships,  ammunition  and  stores,"  which  de- 
clares a  new  offence  in  America,  and  deprives  the  American  subjects  of  a 
constitutional  trial  by  jury  of  the  vicinage,  by  authorising  the  trial  of  any 
person  charged  with  the  committing  any  offence  described  in  the  said  act 
out  of  the  realm,  to  be  indicted  and  tried  for  the  same  in  any  shire  or 
county  within  the  realm. 

ALSO  the  three  acts  passed  in  the  last  session  of  parliament  for  stopping 
the  port  and  blocking  up  the  harbour  of  Boston,  for  altering  the  charter  and 
government  of  Massachusetts-Bay,  and  that  which  is  intituled,  "  An  Act  for 
the  better  administration  of  justice,  &c." 

ALSO  the  act  passed  in  the  same  session  for  establishing  the  Roman 
Catholic  Religion  in  the  province  of  Quebec,  abolishing  the  equitable 
system  of  English  laws,  and  erecting  a  tyranny  there,  to  the  great  danger, 
(from  so  total  a  dissimularity  of  religion,  law,  and  government)  of  the 
neighbouring  British  colonies,  by  the  assistance  of  whose  blood  and  treasure 
the  said  country  was  conquered  from  France. 

ALSO  the  act  passed  in  the  same  session  for  the  better  providing  suitable 
quarters  for  officers  and  soldiers  in  his  Majesty's  service  in  North-America. 

ALSO,  that  the  keeping  a  standing  army  in  several  of  these  colonies,  in 
time  of  peace,  without  the  consent  of  the  legislature  of  that  colony  in  which 
such  army  is  kept,  is  against  law. 

To  these  grievous  acts  and  measures  Americans  cannot  submit,  but  in 
hopes  their  fellow  subjects  in  Great-Britain  will,  on  a  revision  of  them,  restore 
us  to  that  state,  in  which  both  countries  found  happiness  and  prosperity,  we 
have  for  the  present  only  resolved  to  pursue  the  following  peaceable  meas- 
ures; i.  To  enter  into  a  non-importation,  non-consumption,  and  non-expor- 
tation agreement  or  association.  2.  To  prepare  an  address  to  the  people  of 
Great-Britain,  and  a  memorial  to  the  inhabitants  of  British  America.  And 
3.  To  prepare  a  loyal  address  to  his  Majesty  ;  agreeable  to  resolutions  already 
entered  into.* 

*  From  "Journals  of  Congress,"  p.  58:  Philadelphia,  1775. 


BRITISH  COLONIES   OF  NORTH  AMERICA,  1643-1776.  493 

THE   ASSOCIATION   OF    1774. 

WE,  his  Majesty's  most  loyal  subjects,  the  Delegates  of  the  several  Col- 
onies of  New-Hampshire,  Massachusetts-Bay,  Rhode-Island,  Connecticut, 
New- York,  New-Jersey,  Pennsylvania,  the  Three  Lower  Counties  of  New- 
castle, Kent  and  Sussex  on  Delaware,  Maryland,  Virginia,  North-Carolina, 
and  South-Carolina,  deputed  to  represent  them  in  a  continental  Congress 
held  in  the  city  of  Philadelphia,  on  the  fifth  day  of  September,  1774,  avow- 
ing our  allegiance  to  his  Majesty,  our  affection  and  regard  for  our  fellow- 
subjects  in  Great-Britain  and  elsewhere,  affected  with  the  deepest  anxiety, 
and  most  alarming  apprehensions  at  those  grievances  and  distresses,  with 
which  his  Majesty's  American  subjects  are  oppressed,  and  having  taken 
under  our  most  serious  deliberation,  the  state  of  the  whole  continent,  find, 
that  the  present  unhappy  situation  of  our  affairs  is  occasioned  by  a  ruinous 
system  of  colony  administration  adopted  by  the  British  Ministry  about  the 
year  1763,  evidently  calculated  for  inslaving  these  Colonies,  and,  with  them, 
the  British  Empire.  In  prosecution  of  which  system,  various  Acts  of  Par- 
liament have  been  passed  for  raising  a  Revenue  in  America,  for  depriving 
the  American  subjects,  in  many  instances,  of  the  constitutional  trial  by  jury, 
exposing  their  lives  to  danger,  by  directing  a  new  and  illegal  trial  beyond 
the  seas,  for  crimes  alledged  to  have  been  committed  in  America :  And  in 
prosecution  of  the  same  system,  several  late,  cruel,  and  oppressive  Acts  have 
been  passed  respecting  the  town  of  Boston  and  the  Massachusetts-Bay,  and 
also  an  Act  for  extending  the  province  of  Quebec,  so  as  to  border  on  the 
western  frontiers  of  these  Colonies,  establishing  an  arbitrary  government 
therein,  and  discouraging  the  settlement  of  British  subjects  in  that  wide 
extended  country;  thus  by  the  influence  of  civil  principles  and  ancient 
prejudices  to  dispose  the  inhabitants  to  act  with  hostility  against  the  free 
Protestant  Colonies,  whenever  a  wicked  Ministry  shall  chuse  so  to  direct 
them. 

To  obtain  redress  of  these  grievances,  which  threaten  destruction  to  the 
lives,  liberty,  and  property  of  his  Majesty's  subjects  in  North-America,  we 
are  of  opinion,  that  a  non-importation,  non-consumption,  and  non-expor- 
tation agreement,  faithfully  adhered  to,  will  prove  the  most  speedy,  effectual, 
and  peaceable  measure :  And  therefore  we  do,  for  ourselves  and  the  inhabi- 
tants of  the  several  Colonies,  whom  we  represent,  firmly  agree  and  associate 
under  the  sacred  ties  of  virtue,  honor  and  love  of  our  country,  as  follows. 


494  PLANS  FOR    THE   UNION  OF  THE 

First.  THAT  from  and  after  the  first  day  of  December  next,  we  will  not 
import  into  British  America,  from  Great  Britain  or  Ireland,  any  goods, 
wares  or  merchandize  whatsoever,  or  from  any  other  place  any  such  goods, 
wares  or  merchandize,  as  shall  have  been  exported  from  Great-Britain  or 
Ireland ;  nor  will  we,  after  that  day,  import  any  East-India  tea  from  any  part 
of  the  world ;  nor  any  molasses,  syrups,  paneles,  coffee  or  piemento,  from 
the  British  plantations,  or  from  Dominica ;  nor  wines  from  Madeira,  or  the 
Western  Islands  ;  nor  foreign  indigo. 

Second.  WE  will  neither  import,  nor  purchase  any  slave  imported  after 
the  first  day  of  December  next ;  after  which  time,  we  will  wholly  discontinue 
the  slave  trade,  and  will  neither  be  concerned  in  it  ourselves,  nor  will  we 
hire  our  vessels,  nor  sell  our  commodities  or  manufactures  to  those  who  are 
concerned  in  it. 

Third.  As  a  non-consumption  agreement,  strictly  adhered  to,  will  be 
an  effectual  security  for  the  observation  of  the  non-importation,  we,  as 
above,  solemnly  agree  and  associate,  that,  from  this  day,  we  will  not  pur- 
chase or  use  any  Tea  imported  on  account  of  the  East-India  company,  or 
any  on  which  a  duty  hath  been  or  shall  be  paid ;  and  from  and  after  the 
first  day  of  March  next,  we  will  not  purchase  or  use  any  East-India  tea 
whatever ;  nor  will  we,  nor  shall  any  person  for  or  under  us,  purchase  or 
use  any  of  those  goods ;  wares  or  merchandize,  we  have  agreed  not  to 
import,  which  we  shall  know,  or  have  cause  to  suspect,  were  imported  after 
the  first  day  of  December,  except  such  as  come  under  the  rules  and  direc- 
tions of  the  tenth  article  hereafter  mentioned. 

Fourth.  THE  earnest  desire  we  have  not  to  injure  our  fellow-subjects  in 
Great-Britain,  Ireland  or  the  West-Indies,  induces  us  to  suspend  a  non- 
exportation,  until  the  tenth  day  of  September  1775  ;  at  which  time,  if  the 
said  Acts  and  parts  of  Acts  of  the  British  parliament  herein  after  men- 
tioned are  not  repealed,  we  will  not,  directly  or  indirectly,  export  any  mer- 
chandize or  commodity  whatsoever  to  Great  Britain,  Ireland  or  the  West- 
Indies,  except  rice  to  Europe. 

Fifth.  SUCH  as  are  merchants,  and  use  the  British  and  Irish  trade, 
will  give  orders,  as  soon  as  possible,  to  their  factors,  agents  and  corre- 
spondents, in  Great-Britain  and  Ireland,  not  to  ship  any  goods  to  them, 
on  any  pretence  whatsoever,  as  they  cannot  be  received  in  America ;  and 
if  any  merchant,  residing  in  Great-Britain  or  Ireland,  shall  directly  or  in- 


BRITISH  COLONIES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA,  1643-1776.  495 

directly  ship  any  goods,  wares  or  merchandize,  for  America,  in  order  to 
break  the  said  non-importation  agreement,  or  in  any  manner  contravene 
the  same,  on  such  unworthy  conduct  being  well  attested,  it  ought  to  be 
made  public;  and,  on  the  same  being  so  done,  we  will  not  from  thence- 
forth have  any  commercial  connexion  with  such  merchant. 

Sixth.  THAT  such  as  are  owners  of  vessels  will  give  positive  orders 
to  their  captains,  or  masters,  not  to  receive  on  board  their  vessels  any 
goods  prohibited  by  the  said  non-importation  agreement,  on  pain  of  im- 
mediate dismission  from  their  service. 

Seventh.  WE  will  use  our  utmost  endeavours  to  improve  the  breed 
of  sheep  and  increase  their  number  to  the  greatest  extent,  and  to  that 
end,  we  will  kill  them  as  sparingly  as  may  be,  especially  those  of  the 
most  profitable  kind ;  nor  will  we  export  any  to  the  West-Indies  or  else- 
where ;  and  those  of  us,  who  are  or  may  become  overflocked  with,  or 
can  conveniently  spare  any  sheep,  will  dispose  of  them  to  our  neighbours, 
especially  to  the  poorer  sort,  on  moderate  terms. 

Eighth.  WE  will  in  our  several  stations  encourage  frugality,  ceconomy, 
and  industry ;  and  promote  agriculture,  arts,  and  the  manufactures  of  this 
country,  especially  that  of  wool ;  and  will  discountenance  and  discourage 
every  species  of  extravagance  and  dissipation,  especially  all  horse  racing, 
and  all  kinds  of  gaming,  cock  fighting,  exhibitions  of  shews,  plays,  and 
other  expensive  diversions  and  entertainments.  And  on  the  death  of  any 
relation  or  friend,  none  of  us,  or  any  of  our  families  will  go  into  any 
further  mourning  dress  than  a  black  crape  or  ribbon  on  the  arm  or  hat 
for  Gentlemen,  and  a  black  ribbon  and  necklace  for  Ladies,  and  we  will 
discontinue  the  giving  of  gloves  and  scarfs  at  funerals. 

Ninth.  SUCH  as  are  venders  of  goods  or  merchandize  will  not  take 
advantage  of  the  scarcity  of  goods  that  may  be  occasioned  by  this  asso- 
ciation, but  will  sell  the  same  at  the  rates  we  have  been  respectively 
accustomed  to  do,  for  twelve  months  last  past. — And  if  any  vender  of 
goods  or  merchandize  shall  sell  any  such  goods  on  higher  terms,  or  shall 
in  any  manner,  or  by  any  device  whatsoever,  violate  or  depart  from  this 
Agreement,  no  person  ought,  nor  will  any  of  us  deal  with  any  such  per- 
son, or  his,  or  her  factor  or  agent,  at  any  time  thereafter,  for  any  com- 
modity whatever. 

Tenth.     IN  case  any  merchant,  trader,  or  other  persons  shall  import  any 


496  PLANS  FOR    THE   UNION  OF  THE 

goods  or  merchandize  after  the  first  day  of  December,  and  before  the  first 
day  of  February  next,  the  same  ought  forthwith,  at  the  election  of  the 
owner,  to  be  either  reshipped  or  delivered  up  to  the  Committee  of  the  county, 
or  town  wherein  they  shall  be  imported,  to  be  stored  at  the  risque  of  the 
importer,  until  the  non-importation  Agreement  shall  cease,  or  be  sold  under 
the  direction  of  the  Committee  aforesaid ;  and  in  the  last  mentioned  case,  the 
owner  or  owners  of  such  goods  shall  be  reimbursed  (out  of  the  sales)  the 
first  cost  and  charges,  the  profit,  if  any,  to  be  applied  towards  relieving  and 
employing  such  poor  inhabitants  of  the  town  of  Boston,  as  are  immediate 
sufferers  by  the  Boston  Port-Bill ;  and  a  particular  account  of  all  goods  so 
returned,  stored,  or  sold,  to  be  inserted  in  the  public  papers ;  and  if  any 
goods  or  merchandizes  shall  be  imported  after  the  said  first  day  of  February, 
the  same  ought  forthwith  to  be  sent  back  again,  without  breaking  any  of  the 
packages  thereof. 

Eleventh.  THAT  a  Committee  be  chosen  in  every  county,  city,  and  town, 
by  those  who  are  qualified  to  vote  for  Representatives  in  the  Legislature, 
whose  business  it  shall  be  attentively  to  observe  the  conduct  of  all  persons 
touching  this  association ;  and  when  it  shall  be  made  to  appear  to  the  satis- 
faction of  a  majority  of  any  such  Committee,  that  any  person  within  the 
limits  of  their  appointment  has  violated  this  association,  that  such  majority 
do  forthwith  cause  the  truth  of  the  case  to  be  published  in  the  Gazette,  to 
the  end,  that  all  such  foes  to  the  rights  of  British  America  may  be  publicly 
known,  and  universally  contemned  as  the  enemies  of  American  liberty ;  and 
thenceforth  we  respectively  will  break  off  all  dealings  with  him  or  her. 

Twelfth.  THAT  the  Committee  of  Correspondence  in  the  respective 
Colonies  do  frequently  inspect  the  entries  of  their  Custom-Houses,  and  in- 
form each  other  from  time  to  time  of  the  true  state  thereof,  and  of  every 
other  material  circumstance  that  may  occur  relative  to  this  association. 

Thirteenth.  THAT  all  manufactures  of  this  country  be  sold  at  reasonable 
prices,  so  that  no  undue  advantage  be  taken  of  a  future  scarcity  of  goods. 

Fourteenth.  AND  we  do  further  agree  and  resolve,  that  we  will  have  no 
trade,  commerce,  dealings  or  intercourse  whatsoever,  with  any  colony  or 
province,  in  North  America,  which  shall  not  accede  to,  or  which  shall  here- 
after violate  this  association,  but  will  hold  them  as  unworthy  of  the  rights 
of  freemen,  and  as  inimical  to  the  liberties  of  their  country. 

AND  we  do  solemnly  bind  ourselves  and  our  constituents,  under  the  ties 


BRITISH  COLONIES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA,  1643-1776.  497 

aforesaid,  to  adhere  to  this  Association  until  such  parts  of  the  several  Acts 
of  Parliament  passed  since  the  close  of  the  last  war,  as  impose  or  continue 
duties  on  tea,  wine,  molasses,  syrups,  paneles,  coffee,  sugar,  piemento, 
indigo,  foreign  paper,  glass,  and  painters  colours,  imported  into  America, 
and  extend  the  powers  of  the  Admiralty  courts  beyond  their  ancient 
limits,  deprive  the  American  subject  of  trial  by  jury,  authorize  the 
Judge's  certificate  to  indemnify  the  prosecutor  from  damages,  that  he 
might  otherwise  be  liable  to  from  a  trial  by  his  peers,  require  oppres- 
sive security  from  a  claimant  of  ships  or  goods  seized,  before  he  shall  be 
allowed  to  defend  his  property,  are  repealed — And  until  that  part  of  the  Act 
of  the  12.  G.  3.  ch.  24.  entitled,  "  An  Act  for  the  better  securing  his  Majesty's 
dock  yards,  magazines,  ships,  ammunition,  and  stores,"  by  which,  any  persons 
charged  with  committing  any  of  the  offences  therein  described,  in  America, 
may  be  tried  in  any  shire  or  county  within  the  realm,  is  repealed — And  until 
the  four  Acts  passed  in  the  last  session  of  Parliament,  viz.  that  for  stopping 

the  port  and  blocking  up  the  harbour  of  Boston That  for  altering  the 

charter  and  government  of  the  Massachusett's-Bay And  that  which  is 

entitled,  "  An  Act  for  the  better  administration  of  justice,  &c." And  that 

"  For  extending  the  limits  of  Quebec,  &c."  are  repealed.  And  we  recom- 
mend it  to  the  provincial  conventions,  and  to  the  committees  in  the  respec- 
tive Colonies,  to  establish  such  farther  regulations  as  they  may  think  proper, 
for  carrying  into  execution  this  Association. 

THE  foregoing  Association  being  determined  upon  by  the  CONGRESS,  was 
ordered  to  be  subscribed  by  the  several  Members  thereof;  and  thereupon  we 
have  hereunto  set  our  respective  names  accordingly.* 

In  Congress,  Philadelphia,  October  24. 

Signed,  PEYTON    RANDOLPH,  President. 

[While  the  Congress  of  1774  put  forth  no  plan  of  union,  there  was  one 
presented  for  its  consideration  by  Joseph  Galloway,  who  was  anxious  to 
restore  harmony  between  the  mother  country  and  the  colonies.  It  was 
offered  on  28th  of  September,  and,  after  being  considered  and  sent  to  a 
committee,  was  reconsidered,  and  with  all  debate  upon  it  was  stricken 
from  the  records  of  the  Congress.  Franklin's  comments  on  it  will  be  found 
in  Sparks's  "  Franklin,"  vol.  viii.,  p.  144.] 

*  From  "Journals  of  Congress,"  p.  68:  Philadelphia,  1775.     "  Preston's  Documents,"  199. 
VOL.  II. — 64 


498  PLANS  FOR    THE   UNION  OF  THE 

GALLOWAY'S   PLAN   OF   1774. 

A  PLAN  of  a  proposed  UNION  between  Great  Britain  and  the  Colonies  of  New  Hampshire, 
the  Massachuset's  Bay,  Rhode  Island,  Connecticut,  New  York,  New  Jersey,  Pennsylvania, 
Maryland,  the  three  Lower  Counties  on  the  Delaware,  Virginia,  North  Carolina,  South 
Carolina,  and  Georgia. 

THAT  a  British  and  American  legislature,  for  regulating  the  ad- 
ministration of  the  general  affairs  of  America,  be  proposed  and  established 
in  America,  including  all  the  said  Colonies,  within  and  under  which 
government  each  Colony  shall  retain  its  present  constitution,  and  powers 
of  regulating  and  governing  its  own  internal  police  in  all  cases  whatever. 

That  the  said  Government  be  administered  by  a  President  General  to 
be  appointed  by  the  King,  and  a  Grand  Council  to  be  chosen  by  the  Repre- 
sentatives of  the  people  of  the  several  Colonies  in  their  respective  Assem- 
blies, once  in  every  three  years. 

That  the  several  Assemblies  shall  chuse  Members  for  the  Grand 
Council  in  the  following  proportions,  viz. 

New  Hampshire,  Connecticut, 

Massachuset's  Bay,  New  York, 

Rhode  Island,  New  Jersey, 

Pennsylvania,  North  Carolina, 

Delaware  Counties,  South  Carolina, 

Maryland,  Georgia, 
Virginia, 

who  shall  meet  at  the  city  of  for  the  first  time,  being  called  by  the 

President  General,  as  soon  as  conveniently  may  be  after  his  appointment. 

That  there  shall  be  a  new  election  of  members  for  the  General  Council 
every  three  years ;  and  on  the  death,  removal,  or  resignation  of  any  mem- 
ber, his  place  shall  be  supplied  with  a  new  choice  at  the  next  sitting  of  the 
Assembly  of  the  Colony  he  represented. 

That  the  Grand  Council  shall  meet  once  in  every  year,  if  they  shall 
think  it  necessary,  and  oftener  if  occasion  shall  require,  at  such  time 
and  place  as  they  shall  adjourn  to  at  the  last  preceding  meeting,  or 
as  they  shall  be  called  to  meet  at  by  the  President  General,  on  any 
emergency. 


BRITISH  COLONIES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA,  1643-1776.  499 

That  the  General  Council  shall  have  power  to  chuse  their  own  Speaker, 
and  shall  hold  and  exercise  all  the  like  rights,  liberties,  and  privileges  as 
are  held  and  exercised  by  and  in  the  House  of  Commons  of  Great  Britain. 

That  the  President  General  shall  hold  his  office  during  the  pleasure  of 
the  King ;  and  his  assent  shall  be  requisite  to  all  acts  of  the  Grand  Council, 
and  it  shall  be  his  office  and  duty  to  cause  them  to  be  carried  into  execution. 

That  the  President  General,  by  and  with  the  advice  and  consent  of  the 
General  Council,  hold  and  exercise  all  the  legislative  rights,  powers,  and 
authorities,  necessary  for  regulating  and  administering  all  the  general  police 
and  affairs  of  the  Colonies,  in  which  Great  Britain  and  the  Colonies,  or  any 
of  them,  the  Colonies  in  general,  or  more  than  one  Colony,  are  in  any 
manner  concerned,  as  well  civil  and  criminal  as  commercial. 

That  the  said  President  General  and  Grand  Council  be  an  inferior  dis- 
tinct branch  of  the  British  Legislature,  imited  and  incorporated  with  it  for  the 
aforesaid  general  purposes,  and  that  any  of  the  said  general  regulations  may 
originate,  and  be  formed  and  digested,  either  in  the  Parliament  of  Great 
Britain  or  in  the  said  Grand  Council,  and  being  prepared,  transmitted  to  the 
other  for  their  approbation  or  dissent ;  and  that  the  assent  of  both  shall  be 
requisite  to  the  validity  of  all  such  general  acts  or  statutes. 

That  in  time  of  war,  all  bills  for  granting  aids  to  the  Crown,  prepared 
by  the  Grand  Council,  and  approved  by  the  President  General,  shall  be 
valid,  and  passed  into  a  law,  without  the  assent  of  the  British  Parliament.* 

["  The  following  articles,"  writes  Dr.  Sparks,  "  exhibit  the  first  sketch 
of  a  plan  of  confederation  which  is  known  to  have  been  presented  to  Con- 
gress. They  seem  to  have  been  proposed  by  Dr.  Franklin  in  his  individual 
capacity,  and  not  as  a  member  of  any  committee.  They  were  brought  for- 
ward on  the  2 ist  of  July,  1/75."] 

FRANKLIN'S   SKETCH   OF  ARTICLES   OF   CONFEDERATION,  1775. 
ARTICLES  OF  CONFEDERATION  AND  PERPETUAL  UNION,  PROPOSED  IN  GENERAL  CONGRESS. 

ARTICLE    I. 

The  name  of  this  Confederacy  shall  henceforth  be  THE  UNITED  COLONIES 
OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

*  From  "The  Examination  of  Joseph  Galloway,  Esq.,  by  a  Committee  of  the  House  of 
Commons."  Edited  by  Thomas  Balch,  Imp.  Philadelphia,  1855,  p.  47. 


500  PLANS  FOR    THE   UNION  OF  THE 

ARTICLE    II. 

The  said  United  Colonies  hereby  severally  enter  into  a  firm  league  of 
friendship  with  each  other,  binding  on  themselves  and  their  posterity,  for 
their  common  defence  against  their  enemies,  for  the  securities  of  their  liber- 
ties and  properties,  the  safety  of  their  persons  and  families,  and  their  mutual 
and  general  welfare. 

ARTICLE    III. 

That  each  colony  shall  enjoy  and  retain  as  much  as  it  may  think  fit  of 
its  own  present  laws,  customs,  rights,  privileges,  and  peculiar  jurisdictions 
within  its  own  limits ;  and  may  amend  its  own  constitution,  as  shall  seem 
best  to  its  own  Assembly  or  Convention. 

ARTICLE    IV. 

That,  for  the  more  convenient  management  of  general  interests,  delegates 
shall  be  annually  elected  in  each  colony,  to  meet  in  general  Congress  at  such 
time  and  place  as  shall  be  agreed  on  in  the  next  preceding  Congress.  Only, 
where  particular  circumstances  do  not  make  a  duration  necessary,  it  is 
understood  to  be  a  rule,  that  each  succeeding  Congress  be  held  in  a  different 
colony,  till  the  whole  number  be  gone  through ;  and  so  in  perpetual  rotation ; 
and  that  accordingly  the  next  Congress  after  the  present  shall  be  held  at 

Annapolis,  in  Maryland. 

ARTICLE  v. 

That  the  power  and  duty  of  the  Congress  shall  extend  to  the  determining 
on  war  and  peace ;  the  sending  and  receiving  ambassadors,  and  entering  into 
alliances  (the  reconciliation  with  Great  Britain) ;  the  settling  all  disputes  and 
differences  between  colony  and  colony,  about  limits  or  any  other  cause,  if 
such  should  arise;  and  the  planting  of  new  colonies  when  proper.  The 
Congress  shall  also  make  such  general  ordinances  as,  though  necessary  to 
the  general  welfare,  particular  Assemblies  cannot  be  competent  to,  viz.  those 
that  may  relate  to  our  general  commerce,  or  general  currency ;  the  estab- 
lishment of  posts ;  and  the  regulation  of  our  common  forces.  The  Congress 
shall  also  have  the  appointment  of  all  general  officers,  civil  and  military, 
appertaining  to  the  general  confederacy,  such  as  general  treasurer,  secretary, 
&c. 

ARTICLE   VI. 

All  charges  of  wars,  and  all  other  general  expenses  to  be  incurred  for 
the  common  welfare,  shall  be  defrayed  out  of  a  common  treasury,  which  is 


BRITISH  COLONIES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA,  1643-1776.  501 

to  be  supplied  by  each  colony  in  proportion  to  its  number  of  male  polls  be- 
tween sixteen  and  sixty  years  of  age.  The  taxes  for  paying  that  proportion 
are  to  be  laid  and  levied  by  the  laws  of  each  colony. 

ARTICLE   VII. 

The  number  of  delegates  to  be  elected  and  sent  to  Congress  by  each 
colony  shall  be  regulated,  from  time  to  time,  by  the  number  of  such  polls 
returned ;  so  as  that  one  delegate  be  allowed  for  every  five  thousand  polls. 
And  the  delegates  are  to  bring  with  them  to  every  Congress  an  authenti- 
cated return  of  the  number  of  polls  in  the  respective  provinces,  which  is  to 
be  taken  triennially,  for  the  purposes  above  mentioned. 

ARTICLE   VIII. 

At  every  meeting  of  the  Congress,  one  half  of  the  members  returned,  ex- 
clusive of  proxies,  shall  be  necessary  to  make  a  quorum  ;  and  each  delegate 
at  the  Congress  shall  have  a  vote  in  all  cases,  and,  if  necessarily  absent, 
shall  be  allowed  to  appoint  any  other  delegate  from  the  same  colony  to  be 
his  proxy,  who  may  vote  for  him. 

ARTICLE    IX. 

An  executive  Council  shall  be  appointed  by  the  Congress  out  of  their 
own  body,  consisting  of  twelve  persons  ;  of  whom,  in  the  first  appointment, 
one  third,  viz.  four,  shall  be  for  one  year,  four  for  two  years,  and  four  for 
three  years ;  and,  as  the  said  terms  expire,  the  vacancies  shall  be  filled  by 
appointments  for  three  years ;  whereby  one  third  of  the  members  will  be 
changed  annually.  This  Council,  of  whom  two  thirds  shall  be  a  quorum  in 
the  recess  of  Congress,  is  to  execute  what  shall  have  been  enjoined  thereby; 
to  manage  the  general  Continental  business  and  interests ;  to  receive  appli- 
cations from  foreign  countries ;  to  prepare  matters  for  the  consideration  of 
the  Congress ;  to  fill  up,  pro  tern  pore,  continental  offices,  that  fall  vacant  ; 
and  to  draw  on  the  general  treasurer  for  such  moneys  as  may  be  necessary 
for  general  services,  and  appropriated  by  the  Congress  to  such  service. 

ARTICLE  x. 

No  colony  shall  engage  in  an  offensive  war  with  any  nation  of  Indians 
without  the  consent  of  the  Congress,  or  grand  Council  above  mentioned, 
who  are  first  to  consider  the  justice  and  necessity  of  such  war. 


502  PLANS  FOR    THE   UNION  OF  THE 

ARTICLE   XI. 

A  perpetual  alliance,  offensive  and  defensive,  is  to  be  entered  into  as 
soon  as  may  be  with  the  Six  Nations ;  their  limits  to  be  ascertained  and 
secured  to  them ;  their  land  not  to  be  encroached  on,  nor  any  private  or 
colony  purchases  made  of  them  hereafter  to  be  held  good ;  nor  any  contract 
for  lands  to  be  made,  but  between  the  great  Council  of  the  Indians  at  Onon- 
daga  and  the  general  Congress.  The  boundaries  and  lands  of  all  the  other 
Indians  shall  also  be  ascertained  and  secured  to  them  in  the  same  manner, 
and  persons  appointed  to  reside  among  them  in  proper  districts ;  and  shall 
take  care  to  prevent  injustice  in  the  trade  with  them ;  and  be  enabled  at  our 
general  expense,  by  occasional  small  supplies,  to  relieve  their  personal  wants 
and  distresses.  And  all  purchases  from  them  shall  be  by  the  Congress,  for 
the  general  advantage  and  benefit  of  the  United  Colonies. 

ARTICLE  XII. 

As  all  new  institutions  may  have  imperfections,  which  only  time  and  ex- 
perience can  discover,  it  is  agreed,  that  the  general  Congress,  from  time  to 
time,  shall  propose  such  amendments  of  this  constitution  as  may  be  found 
necessary ;  which,  being  approved  by  a  majority  of  the  colony  Assemblies, 
shall  be  equally  binding  with  the  rest  of  the  articles  of  this  Confederation. 

ARTICLE   XIII. 

Any  and  every  colony  from  Great  Britain  upon  the  continent  of  North 
America,  not  at  present  engaged  in  our  association,  may,  upon  application 
and  joining  the  said  association,  be  received  into  the  Confederation,  viz. 
Ireland,  the  West  India  Islands,  Quebec,  St.  John's,  Nova  Scotia,  Bermudas, 
and  the  East  and  West  Floridas ;  and  shall  thereupon  be  entitled  to  all  the 
advantages  of  our  union,  mutual  assistance,  and  commerce. 

These  articles  shall  be  proposed  to  the  several  provincial  Conventions  or 
Assemblies,  to  be  by  them  considered ;  and,  if  approved,  they  are  advised  to 
empower  their  delegates  to  agree  to  and  ratify  the  same  in  the  ensuing  Con- 
gress. After  which  the  union  thereby  established  is  to  continue  firm,  till 
the  terms  of  reconciliation  proposed  in  the  petition  of  the  last'  Congress  to 
the  King  are  agreed  to ;  till  the  acts  since  made,  restraining  the  American 
commerce  and  fisheries,  are  repealed ;  till  reparation  is  made  for  the  injury 
done  to  Boston,  by  shutting  up  its  port,  for  the  burning  of  Charlestown,  and 


BRITISH  COLONIES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA,  1643-1776.  503 


for  the  expense  of  this  unjust  war  ;  and  till  all  the  British  troops  are 
drawn  from  America.  On  the  arrival  of  these  events,  the  colonies  will  re- 
turn to  their  former  connexion  and  friendship  with  Britain  ;  but,  on  failure 
thereof,  this  confederation  is  to  be  perpetual.* 

[It  is  unnecessary  to  continue  further  the  series  of  plans  of  union  that 
preceded  the  formation  of  the  Constitution  as  they  are  given  in  volumes 
generally  accessible.  The  Declaration  of  Independence  made  necessary  a 
form  of  general  government  binding  on  all  of  the  colonies,  and  before  it  was 
adopted,  a  committee  was  appointed  by  Congress,  on  June  12,  1776,  "to 
prepare  and  digest  the  form  of  a  confederation  to  be  entered  into  between 
the  colonies."  Its  first  report  was  presented  on  July  12,  and  is  in  the  hand- 
writing of  John  Dickinson.  It,  together  with  all  Congressional  debates  on 
the  subject  and  the  completed  document,  forming  a  history  of  the  forma- 
tion of  the  Articles  of  Confederation,  will  be  found  in  "  Secret  Journals  of 
Congress,"  vol.  i.,  pp.  274  to  448,  inclusive.  When  they  were  under  con- 
sideration by  the  Assembly  of  South  Carolina,  William  Henry  Drayton 
submitted  a  plan  that  will  be  found  in  Niles's  "  Principles  and  Acts  of  the 
Revolution,"  p.  104.  The  assent  of  Maryland,  the  last  of  the  States  to 
accept  the  Articles  of  Confederation,  was  not  given  until  March  i,  1781. 
These  Articles  continued  in  force  until  the  Constitution  went  into  effect,  in 
1789.  The  Virginia  plan,  offered  in  the  Federal  Convention  by  Randolph, 
will  be  found  in  "Elliot's  Debates,"  vol.  v.,  p.  127.  Paterson's  plan,  ibid., 
191.  That  of  Hamilton  given  in  his  speech  of  June  18,  ibid.,  205.  Paper 
of  the  same  handed  to  Madison,  ibid.,  584.  The  report  of  the  Committee 
of  Detail  of  the  Convention,  ibid.,  377.  The  Constitution  and  Amendments 
in  vol.  i.,  p.  238,  of  this  work.] 

*  "  Secret  Journals  of  Congress,"  vol.  i.,  p.  267  ;  Sparks's  "  Works  of  Franklin,"  vol.  v.,  pp. 
91  to  96,  inclusive. 


INDEX. 


Academy  of  Music,  banquet  at,  ii.  351. 

Academy  of  Natural  Sciences  takes  part  in  ban- 
quet, Sept.  17,  ii.  352. 

Academy  of  the  Fine  Arts  takes  part  in  ban- 
quet, Sept.  17,  ii.  352. 

Adams  Express  Company,  exhibit  of,  ii.  122. 

Adams,  Hon.  Charles  Francis,  speech  of,  at 
banquet,  Sept.  17,  ii.  381. 

Adams,  John  Quincy,  letter  from,  i.  424. 

Adams,  W.  F.,  &  Co.,  ii.  63. 

Address  of  Governor  Fitz-Hugh  Lee,  i.  264 ;  of 
Richard  K.  Belts,  i.  265 ;  of  Hampton  L. 
Carson,  i.  265 ;  of  Committee  of  Governors 
of  Colonial  Stales,  i.  269 ;  of  Commission  to 
People  of  United  States,  i.  276 ;  of  Executive 
Commitlee  lo  President  of  Ihe  United  States, 
i.  279 ;  same  to  People  of  United  States,  i.  296. 

Adriance,  Plait  &  Co.,  exhibit  of,  ii.  27. 

Agnew,  Daniel,  letler  from,  i.  424. 

Agnew,  Rev.  B.  L.,  letter  from,  i.  433. 

Agricultural  Display,  ii.  25. 

Albany,  Plan  of  Union  proposed  at  Congress  at, 
in  1754,  ii.  468. 

Allen,  W.  A.,  ii.  159. 

Allison,  W.  B.,  letter  from,  i.  417. 

Altemus,  W.  W.,  &  Sons,  exhibit  of,  ii.  113. 

Amendments  to  the  Conslitution  of  the  United 
States,  i.  255;  history  of,  i.  130,  259;  letter 
from  Geo.  Ticknor  Curtis  on,  i.  403. 

Annapolis  Convention,  i.  26. 

Armour  &  Co.,  exhibit  of,  ii.  163. 

Ashton,  William  E.,  Medical  Purveyor,  report 
of,  i.  253. 

VOL.  II. — 65 


Association  of  1774,  ii.  493. 
Augers  and  Bits,  exhibit  of,  ii.  75. 
Awnings,  Tents,  etc.,  exhibit  of,  ii.  158. 

Bailey,  J.  T.,  &  Co.,  exhibit  of,  ii.  104. 

Baily,    Joel    J.,    Chairman   of    Committee    on 

Finance,  i.  307. 
Bakeries,  exhibit  of,  ii.  160. 
Baldwin,  Abraham,  biographical   sketch  of,  i. 

206. 

Baldwin  Locomotive  Works,  exhibit  of,  ii.  129. 
Balfour,  Alexander,  exhibit  of,  ii.  36. 
Bancroft,  George,  letler  of  regret  from,  i.  400. 
Banquel  at  Academy  of  Music,  i.  393;  ii.  351. 
Bar,  the,  of  Philadelphia,  Commitlee  of,  i.  307  i 

breakfasl  of,  to  Supreme  Court,  ii.  303. 
Bardsley,  John,  Chairman  of  Commiltee  of  City 

Councils,  i.  311. 
Bartlelt,  S.,  letter  from,  i.  438. 
Bassetl,  Richard,  biographical  sketch  of,  i.  182. 
Beaver,  Hon.  James  A.,  proclamation  of,  i.  299 ; 

reception  by,  i.  361  ;  speech  of,  at  dinner  of 

Hibernian  Society,  ii.  345. 
Bedford,  Gunning,  Jr.,  biographical  sketch  of, 

i.  178. 

Benson,  Egle,  exhibit  of,  ii.  26. 
Betls,  Richard  K.,  remarks  of,  i.  265. 
Bills  of  Credit,  etc.,  i.  93. 
Elaine,  James  G.,  letler  from,  i.  409. 
Blair,  John,  biographical  skelch  of,  i.  188. 
Bleloch,  W.  C.,  exhibil  of,  ii.  34. 
Blount,  William,  biographical  sketch  of,  i.  193. 
Boker,  George  H.,  letter  from,  i.  428. 

S°5 


506 


INDEX. 


Bonaker  &  Jones,  exhibit  of,  ii.  37. 
Borgner  &  O'Brien,  exhibit  of,  ii.  149. 
Bower,  John,  &  Co.,  exhibit  of,  ii.  162. 
Brainard  &  Armstrong,  exhibit  of,  ii.  108. 
Breakfast   to   the   Supreme   Court,  i.  368;    ii. 

3°3- 

Brearley,  David,  biographical  sketch  of,  i.  156. 

Brewers'  Display,  ii.  86. 

Brewster,  F.  C.,  Jr.,  Secretary  of  Executive 
Committee,  i.  278. 

Bricklayers,  Master,  ii.  53 ;  Journeymen  Pro- 
tective Association,  ii.  134. 

Brickmakers'  Exhibits,  the  combined,  ii.  52 ;  As- 
sociation, ii.  53;  floats,  etc.,  of  the,  ii.  54. 

Bridesburg  Manufacturing  Company,  ii.  112. 

Bright,  John,  letter  of  regret  from,  i.  140. 

Bromley  Brothers,  limited,  exhibit  of,  ii.  107. 

Broom,  Jacob,  biographical  sketch  of,  i.  183. 

Brown,  Thomas  D.,  exhibit  of,  ii.  153. 

Brunswick  Manufacturing  Company,  exhibit  of, 
ii.  160 

Buhler,  Bonbright  &  Co.,  exhibit  of,  ii.  76. 

Builders'  Exhibit,  ii.  49. 

Building  Trades'  Exhibit,  ii.  51. 

Burkhardt's  Sons,  exhibit  of,  ii.  115. 

Burnham,  Parry,  Williams  &  Co.,  exhibit  of,  ii. 
129. 

Burr  &  Dodge,  exhibit  of,  ii.  144. 

Butler,  Pierce,  biographical  sketch  of,  i.  203. 

Byrd,  John,  exhibit  of,  ii.  58. 

Cameron,  Simon,  letter  from,  i.  415. 

Campbell  &  Co.,  exhibit  of,  ii.  35. 

Campbell,  John  H.,  remarks  of,  at  dinner  of 

Hibernian  Society,  ii.  344. 
Carlisle,  J.  G.,  letter  from,  i.  414. 
Carlisle,  Pa.,  Indians  from  school  at,  ii.  39. 
Carnell,  George,  exhibit  of,  ii.  57. 
Carpenters'  and  Joiners'  Protective  Association 

Exhibit,  ii.  139. 

Carpenters'  and  Stair-builders'  Exhibit,  ii.  67. 
Carpenters'   Company  of  Philadelphia,  exhibit 

of,  ii.  24. 


Carpenters'  Hall,  Philadelphia,  not  the  place 
where  the  Federal  Convention  met,  i.  135; 
claimed  as  the  birthplace  of  the  Constitution, 
i.  265 ;  meeting  of  Governors  at,  i.  265. 

Carriages  and  Wagons,  exhibit  of,  ii.  157. 

Carroll,  Charles,  of  Carrollton,  i.  137. 

Carroll,  Daniel,  biographical  sketch  of,  i.  187. 

Carson,  Hampton  L.,  biographical  sketches  of 
members  of  Federal  Convention,  by,  i.  135 ; 
history  of  the  Centennial  Commission,  by,  i. 
261 ;  address  of,  to  Governors  of  Colonial 
States  in  Carpenters'  Hall,  i.  265;  elected 
Secretary  of  Committee,  i.  269;  same  of 
Commission,  i.  272 ;  speech  of,  at  dinner  to 
Mr.  Kasson,  ii.  424. 

Casualties,  list   of,   during  the   Celebration,   i. 

347- 

Catholic  Total  Abstinence  Union  takes  part  in 
Celebration,  ii.  136. 

Celebration  described  by  a  French  spectator,  i. 

447- 

Chambers  Brothers  &  Co.,  exhibit  of,  ii.  34,  56. 
Chambrun,  Marquis  de,  speech  of,  at  banquet, 

Sept.  17,  ii.  398. 
Charles,  J.  E.,  exhibit  of,  ii.  26. 
Childs,  George  W.,  reception  by,  to  Mrs.  Cleve- 
land, i.  391. 
Chocolate,  exhibit  of  the  manufactures  of,  ii. 

163,  164. 

Christy,  William  John,  exhibit  of,  ii.  156. 
Cigars,   exhibit    of   the    manufacturers    of,  ii. 

165- 

Cincinnati,  Society  of,  i.  15,  20. 
Citizens'  Committee,  i.  307. 
Citizens'  Fund  of  Philadelphia,  subscribers  to, 

i.  285. 
Civic  and  Industrial  Display,  report  of  the  Chief 

Marshal,  ii.  I ;  formation  of,  ii.  15,  19. 
Clay  Assembly  of  Knights,  ii.  53. 
Cleborne,  Dr.  C.  J.,  Chairman  of   Red  Cross 

Committee,  i.  313;  report  of,  i.  338;  thanked 

by  the  Commission,  i.  354. 
Cleveland,  Mrs.,  portrait  of,  ii.  153. 


INDEX. 


507 


Cleveland,  Hon.  Grover,  President  of  the  United 
States,  message  of,  to  Congress  regarding  the 
Celebration,  i.  280;  arrival  of,  in  Philadelphia, 
i.  371;  reception  to,  i.  362;  speech  of,  at 
Commercial  Exchange,  i.  375 ;  speech  of,  at 
Independence  Square,  Sept.  17,  ii.  259; 
letter  of,  to  Hibernian  Society,  ii.  337; 
speech  of,  at  dinner  of  Hibernian  Society, 
ii.  342;  speech  of,  at  banquet,  Sept.  17,  ii. 
368. 

Clews,  Henry,  letter  from,  i.  435. 

0 

Clinton,  George,  in  favor  of  strengthening  the 
powers  of  Congress,  i.  9. 

Cloud,  Joseph,  exhibit  of,  ii.  146. 

Clover  Club,  dinner  at,  i.  378. 

Clymer,  George,  biographical  sketch  of,  i. 
1 68. 

Cochran,  Thomas,  presides  at  dinner  at  Fair- 
mount  Park,  i.  271 ;  welcomes  Commissioners 
to  Philadelphia,  i.  272;  Chairman  of  Citizens' 
Committee,  i.  307. 

Coining-Press,  exhibit  of,  ii.  75. 

College  of  Physicians  takes  part  in  banquet, 
Sept.  17,  ii.  352. 

Colored  People's  Display,  ii.  70. 

Comegys,  Joseph  P.,  letter  from,  i.  439. 

Commerce,  powers  to  regulate,  i.  88. 

Commission,  Constitutional  Centennial,  history 
of,  i.  261 ;  preliminary  correspondence  of,  i. 
271 ;  organization  and  proceedings  of,  i.  272; 
work  of  the  Sub-Commission,  i.  278;  en- 
deavors to  secure  Congressional  action,  i. 
278;  memorial  of,  to  Congress,  i.  280;  en- 
deavors to  secure  State  action,  i.  284 ;  records 
of,  to  be  deposited  in  Historical  Society  of 
Pennsylvania,  i.  328;  selections  from  corre- 
spondence, i.  401. 

Commissioners,  lists  of,  i.  272,  314;  meeting  of, 
December  2,  1886,  i.  272;  meeting,  Sept.  14, 
1887,  i.  315. 

Compensation  of  members  of  Congress  provided 
for  in  the  Constitution,  i.  84. 

Confectionery,  exhibit  of,  ii.  163. 


Confederation,  preliminaries  of,  i.  3;  Articles 
of,  signed,  i.  10;  mentioned,  i.  ii;  draft  of, 
prepared  by  Franklin,  ii.  499. 

Congressional  action  solicited,  i.  278. 

Conkling,  Roscoe,  letter  from,  i.  415. 

Connecticut,  plan  submitted  to  the  Convention, 
i.  38;  troops  from,  take  part  in  celebration, 
ii.  225. 

Constitution  of  the  United  States,  text  of,  i.  238 ; 
causes  which  led  to  its  adoption,  by  John  A. 
Kasson,  i.  I;  preliminaries  of,  i.  16;  Legis- 
lative Department  of,  i.  39,  46;  Executive 
Department,  i.  40,  60;  Judicial  Department, 
i.  40,  58 ;  miscellaneous  powers  of,  i.  40,  72 ; 
slavery  and  the,  i.  80  ;  internal  improvements 
under,  i.  8l ;  impeachment  under,  i.  82 ;  elec- 
tion of  members  of  Congress  under,  i.  83; 
compensation  of  members  of  Congress  under, 
i.  84;  power  of,  to  tax  imports,  i.  87;  power 
of,  to  regulate  commerce,  i.  88;  on  paper 
money,  i.  93 ;  on  treaties  and  their  force,  i. 
95 ;  money  bills  to  be  originated  under,  i. 
101 ;  admission  of  new  States  in  the  Union 
under,  i.  106 ;  control  of,  over  States,  i.  109 ; 
guarantee  of  republican  form  of  government 
to  States  by,  112;  how  it  was  to  be  ratified, 
i.  116;  oaths  of  State  officers  to  support,  i. 
120;  signing  and  publishing  of,  i.  122;  rati- 
fication of,  by  States,  i.  125;  amendment  to, 
i.  130,  255  ;  history  of  amendments,  i.  259, 
403  ;  order  of  ratification  by  States  and  votes 
of  same,  i.  260. 

Convention,  Federal,  i.  33 ;  sessions  secret,  i. 
36;  meets  in  Independence  Hall,  i.  135; 
members  of,  i.  137. 

Correspondence  of  the  Commission,  preliminary, 
i.  271 ;  selections  from  that  of  the  Commis- 
sion, i.  401 ;  of  Colonel  Snowden,  ii.  167. 

Cottage,  the  modern,  ii.  68. 

Councils  of  Philadelphia,  Committee  of,  i.  311. 

Coxe  Brothers,  exhibit  of,  ii.  122. 

Coxe,  Daniel,  plan  for  Union  of  the  Colonies 
proposed  by,  ii.  465. 


508 


INDEX. 


Craig,  Finley  &  Co.,  exhibit  of,  ii.  35. 
Cramp,  William,  Ship-Building  Company,  ex- 
hibit of,  ii.  127. 
Crawford,  F.  Marion,  letter  from,  i.  427 ;  national 

hymn  by,  ii.  272. 
Creamery  Exhibit:  Wilson's,  ii.  28;  Herndon 

Manufacturing  Company,  ii.  28;  Vermont,  ii. 

28;  Reid,  A.  H.,  ii.  28;  Mosely  &  Stoddard, 

ii.  28 ;  Carter,  J.  S.,  ii.  28. 
Croft  &  Allen,  exhibit  of,  ii.  163. 
Cruelty  to  Animals,  Society  for  the  Prevention 

of,  ii.  137. 

Cunningham  &  Co.,  exhibit  of,  ii.  91. 
Curtin,  Hon.  Andrew  G.,  presides  at  dinner  of 

Hibernian  Society,  ii.  341 ;   remarks  of,  ii. 

342,  347- 
Curtis,  George   Ticknor,  quoted,  i.   136,    137; 

letter  from,  on  the  Amendments,  i.  403. 

D'Avenant,  Charles,  on  Union  of  the  Colonies, 
ii.  454. 

Davie,  William  Richardson,  biographical  sketch 
of,  i.  231. 

Dayton,  Jonathan,  biographical  sketch  of,  i.  160. 

Deering,  William,  &  Co.,  exhibit  of,  ii.  27. 

Delaware,  troops  from,  take  part  in  Celebration, 
i.  207. 

Dickinson,  John,  biographical  sketch  of,  i.  179; 
draft  of  Articles  of  Confederation  in  his  hand- 
writing, ii.  503. 

Dickson,  Samuel,   appointed   to   select   orator, 

i-  305. 
Dinner  at  Academy  of  Music,  given  by  Learned 

Societies  of  Philadelphia,  Sept.  17,  ii.  351. 
Dinner  of  Hibernian  Society,  Sept.  17,  ii.  335. 
Disston,  Henry,  &  Sons,  exhibit  of,  ii.  72. 
District  of  Columbia,  troops  from,  take  part  in 

Celebration,  ii.  237. 

District  Telegraph  Company,  exhibit  of,  ii.  147. 
Door,  Sash,  and  Mill  Work,  exhibit  of,  ii.  60. 
Dreydopple,  W.,  exhibit  of,  ii.  156. 
Duane,  James,  on  the  Articles  of  Confederation, 

i.  10. 


Dunn,  T.  J.,  &  Co.,  exhibit  of,  ii.  165. 
Duval,  Gabriel,  i.  137. 

Edelheim,  C.,  exhibit  of,  ii.  160. 
Edgerton,  Jos.  K.,  letter  from,  i.  440. 
Edmunds,  Geo.  F.,  letter  from,  i.  417. 
Election   of   members  of   Congress   under  the 

Constitution,  i.  83. 
Elliott,  A.  G.,  &  Co.,  ii.  35. 
Ellsworth,  Oliver,  biographical  sketch  of,  i.  219. 
Emmet,  Thos.  Addis,  M.D.,  i.  139. 
Energy  Manufacturing  Company,  exhibit  of,  ii. 

145. 

Estey  Organ  Company,  exhibit  of,  ii.  155. 
Eureka  Mower,  exhibit  of,  ii.  27. 
Eveleth,  C.  M.,  exhibit  of,  ii.  154. 
Executive  Committee  of  the  Commission  created, 

i.  278. 
Executive  Department  of  the  Government,  i.  40, 

60. 
Exhaust   Ventilator    Company,    exhibit   of,   ii. 

142. 
Exley,  Robert,  exhibit  of,  ii.  164. 

Farrell  &  Co.,  exhibit  of,  ii.  150. 

Ferry,  Irad,  statue  of,  ii.  77. 

Few,  William,  biographical  sketch  of,  i.  205. 

Finance  Committee  of  Commission,  i.  306,  307. 

Fire-Brick,  etc.,  exhibit  of,  ii.  149. 

Fire  Department  of  Philadelphia,  exhibit  of,  ii. 

S3- 

Fire-Engines  in  Civic  Parade,  ii.  78. 
Firemen,  Volunteer,  ii.  77 ;  Convention,  ii.  83. 
Fitzsimons,  Thomas,  biographical  sketch  of,  i. 

169. 
Flag  of  the  United  States,  where  the  first,  was 

made,  i.  450. 

Flasch,  Rt.  Rev.  Kilian  C.,  letter  from,  i.  445. 
Fleishmann's  Vienna  Bakery,  exhibit  of,  ii.  160. 
Folding-Beds,  exhibit  of,  ii.  159. 
Folwell  Brothers  &  Co.,  exhibit  of,  ii.  106. 
Ford,  Paul  Leicester,  i.  137. 
Fowler,  Mahlon  F.,  exhibit  of,  ii.  154. 


INDEX. 


509 


Franklin,  Benjamin,  proposes  Union  of  Colonies 
in  1754,  i.  3;  biographical  sketch  of,  i.  162; 
Plans  of  Union  by,  ii.  468,  499. 

Franklin  Institute  takes  part  in  banquet  of  Sept. 

17,  »•  352. 

Freeman,  F.  A.,  &  Sons,  exhibit  of,  ii.  114. 
French  Spectator,  Celebration  described  by  a, 

i.  447. 

Frotheringham,  O.  B.,  letter  from,  i.  428. 
Furguson,  Thos.  D.,  letter  from,  to  the  President, 

»•  335- 
Furniture,  exhibit  of,  ii.  159. 

Galloway,  Joseph,   Plan  of,  for  Union  of  the 

Colonies,  ii.  498. 

Garfield,  Mrs.  James  A.,  letter  from,  i.  430. 
Garrett,  C.  S.,  &  Sons,  exhibit  of,  ii.  35. 
Gaskill,  Bauer  &  Conderman,  exhibit  of,  ii.  35. 
Gayarre,  Charles,  letter  from,  i.  443. 
Georgia,  troops  from,  take  part  in  Celebration, 

ii.  224. 
German  Society  of  Pennsylvania  takes  part  in 

the  Celebration,  ii.  139. 

Gerry,  Elbridge,  biographical  sketch  of,  i.  209. 
Geyser  Manufacturing  Company,  exhibit  of,  ii. 

27. 
Gibbons,  Cardinal,  letter  from,  i.  430;  prayer 

offered  by,  ii.  298. 

Gilman,  Nicholas,  biographical  sketch  of,  i.  144. 
Gilmour,  R.,  Bishop,  letter  from,  i.  432. 
Girard  College  Cadets  take  part  in  Celebration, 

ii.  220. 

Gladstone,  Wm.  E.,  letter  from,  i.  402. 
Glass,  exhibit  of,  ii.  64. 
Glass,  C.  A.,  exhibit  of,  ii.  156. 
Goodwin,  F.  O.,  exhibit  of,  ii.  148. 
Gorham,  Nathaniel,  does  not  think  the  Union 

will  last,  i.  77  ;  biographical  sketch  of,  i.  147. 
Governors  of  thirteen  original  States,  meeting 

of,  i.  262. 
Grand   Army   of    the   Republic  takes   part  in 

Celebration,  ii.  238. 
Grant,  Mrs.  U.  S.,  letter  from,  i.  429. 


Grates,  etc.,  exhibit  of,  ii.  63. 

Green,  Hon.  Robert  S.,  speech  of,  at  dinner  of 

Hibernian  Society,  ii.  342. 
Greene,  General  Nathaniel,  urges  union,  i.  9. 
Greer,  B.  W.,  &  Hetzel,  exhibit  of,  ii.  108. 
Gregg  &  Bowe,  exhibit  of,  ii.  157. 
Grocers'  Association  takes  part  in  Celebration, 

ii.  163. 
Gutekunst,  F.,  exhibit  of,  ii.  151. 

Hail  Columbia,  new  version,  by  O.  W.  Holmes, 
ii.  290. 

Hale,  Edward  Everett,  letter  from,  i.  426. 

Hamilton,  Alexander,  biographical  sketch  of, 
i.  152. 

Hamilton,  Alexander  (2d),  letters  from,  i.  412, 
419. 

Hamilton,  Thomas,  exhibit  of,  ii.  145. 

Hams,  etc.,  exhibit  of,  ii.  163. 

Handy,  M.  P.,  Chairman  of  Committee  of  Press, 
i.  312. 

Haney,  White  &  Co.,  exhibit  of,  ii.  77. 

Hardware  and  Mill  Work,  exhibit  of,  ii.  77. 

Hare,  Hon.  J.  I.  Clark,  speech  of,  at  Bar  Break- 
fast, ii.  315. 

Harrison,  Robert  H.,  biographical  sketch  of,  i. 

137- 

Hartford  Convention  of  1780,  i.  9. 

Hartman,  Geo.  W.,  exhibit  of,  ii.  143. 

Hartnett  &  Brothers,  exhibit  of,  ii.  34 

Hartranft,  General  John  F.,  ii.  196,  197. 

Hawley,  Joseph,  proposes  a  Union  of  the  Colo- 
nies, i.  4. 

Hayes,  Hon.  Rutherford  B.,  speech  of,  at  ban- 
quet, Sept.  17,  ii.  413. 

Heaters,  Ranges,  etc.,  exhibit  of,  ii.  63,  143. 

Hench  &  Dromgold,  exhibit  of,  ii.  26. 

Henry,  Patrick,  i.  264. 

Hibernian  Society,  banquet  to  Governors  of 
Colonial  States,  i.  270;  dinner  of,  Sept.  17,  i. 

290;  ".  335- 

Hinges,  patent,  exhibit  of,  ii.  76. 
Hires  &  Co.,  exhibit  of,  ii.  65. 


INDEX. 


Historical  Society  of  Pennsylvania,  banquet  of, 
to  Commissioners,  Dec.  1886,  i.  277 ;  recep- 
tion to  same,  i.  368 ;  takes  part  in  banquet  of 
Sept.  17,  ii.  352. 

Hitner,  H.  A.,  &  Sons,  exhibit  of,  ii.  144. 

Hoadly,  George,  letter  from,  i.  422. 

Hod-Carriers,  exhibit  of,  ii.  54. 

Hofmann,  General  John  William,  i.  304 ;  Chief 
of  Staff  of  Industrial  Display,  ii.  3,  15. 

Holmes,  Oliver  Wendell,  new  version  of  Hail 
Columbia,  by,  ii.  290. 

Home-Made  Bread  Company,  exhibit  of,  ii.  160. 

Hopkinson,  Francis,  account  of  Celebration  of 
1788,  by,  i.  291. 

Houston,  William  Churchill,  biographical 
sketch  of,  i.  221. 

Houstoun,  William,  biographical  sketch  of,  i. 

233- 

Hewlett,  E.  J.,  &  Sons,  exhibit  of,  ii.  35. 

Hoyt,  Hon.  Henry  M.,  speech  of,  at  banquet, 
Sept.  17,  ii.  407. 

Hoyt,  Hon.  James  A.,  Vice-President  of  Com- 
mission, i.  276. 

Humphreys,  R.  A.,  exhibit  of,  ii.  158. 

Huntington,  C.  P.,  letter  from,  i.  421. 

Hutchinson,  Thomas,  plan  of,  for  Union  of  the 
Colonies,  ii.  474. 

Hymn,  National,  by  F.  Marion  Crawford,  ii. 
292. 

Ice  Companies,  exhibits  of :  Commercial,  ii.  94 ; 
Knickerbocker,  ii.  94 ;  Mutual  Beneficial,  ii. 

95- 

Impeachment  under  the  Constitution,  i.  82. 
Imports,  right  to  tax,  i.  87. 
Independence  Hall,  Convention  meets  in,  i.  138. 
Independence  Square,  ceremonies  in,  on  Sept. 

17,  ii.  251. 
Indians  take  part  in  Celebration :  from  Carlisle 

School,  ii.  39 ;  of  Lincoln  Institution,  ii.  43. 
Industrial  Display,  i.  361,  368;  ii.  I. 
Ingalls,  Hon.  J.  J.,  speech  of,  at  banquet,  Sept. 

17,  «.  374- 


Ingersoll,  Jared,  biographical  sketch  of,  i.  170. 

Insurance  Patrol,  exhibit  of,  ii.  82. 

Invitations  issued,  i.  301. 

Iowa,  troops  from,  take  part  in  Celebration,  ii. 
236. 

Irwin,  Megargee  &  Co.,  exhibit  of,  ii.  36. 

Italian  Beneficial  Society  takes  part  in  Cele- 
bration, ii.  137. 

Jackson,   William,   biographical    sketch    of,   i. 

207. 

Jarden,  L.  E.,  &  Co.,  exhibit  of,  ii..  58. 
Jastrow,  M.,  letter  from,  i.  439. 
Jenefer,   Daniel   of   St.   Thomas,  biographical 

sketch  of,  i.  185. 
Jessup  &  Moore  Paper  Company,  exhibit  of,  ii. 

36. 

Johnson,  Eneu,  exhibit  of,  ii.  35. 
Johnson,   Samuel,   plan   of,  for   Union   of  the 

Colonies,  ii.  482. 
Johnson,  William  Samuel,  biographical  sketch 

of,  i.  149. 

Journalists'  Club,  reception  by,  i.  380. 
Journeymen  Bricklayers'  Protective  Association, 

ii-  134- 
Journeymen  Carpenters'  and  Joiners'  Protective 

Association,  ii.  139. 

Judicial  Department  of  the  Government,  i.  40, 58. 
Junior  Order  of   United  American  Mechanics, 

ii.  103. 

Kasson,  Hon.  John  A.,  causes  which  led  to  the 
formation  of  the  Constitution  of  the  United 
States,  by,  i.  I ;  chosen  President  of  the  Com- 
mission, i.  272,  275 ;  speech  of,  at  Indepen- 
dence Square,  ii.  255  ;  speech  of,  at  banquet, 
Sept.  17,  ii.  406;  dinner  to,  by  citizens  of  Phil- 
adelphia, ii.  415 ;  speech  at,  ii.  421. 

Keith,  Sir  William,  opposes  a  Union  of  the  Colo- 
nies, ii.  467. 

Kelso,  J.  C.,  letter  from,  i.  442. 

Kennedy,  Archibald,  plan  of,  for  Union  of  the 
Colonies,  ii.  467. 


INDEX. 


Kensington  Base-Ball  Club  takes  part  in  Cele- 
bration, ii.  137. 

Kernan,  Francis,  letter  from,  i.  418. 

Kindling- Wood  Exhibit,  ii.  159. 

King,  Rufus,  biographical  sketch  of,  i.  148. 

Kinney,  N.  M.,  exhibit  of,  ii.  57. 

Kirkpatrick,  Hon.  W.  S.,  speech  of,  at  Bar 
Breakfast,  ii.  321. 

Knight,  E.  C.,  &  Co.,  exhibit  of,  ii.  162. 

Knights  of  Sherwood  Forest,  ii.  137. 

Knights  of  the  Golden  Eagle,  ii.  96. 

Knitting-Machine,  exhibit  of,  ii.  113. 

Koch,  E.  H.,  exhibit  of,  ii.  144. 

Koelle,  William,  exhibit  of,  ii.  154. 

Landis,  John  L.,  exhibit  of,  ii.  26 
Lane's,  D.  M.,  Sons,  exhibit  of,  ii.  157. 
Langdon,  John,  biographical  sketch  of,  i.  144. 
Lansing,  John,  Jr.,  biographical   sketch   of,  i. 

234- 

Lathers'  Exhibit,  ii.  6l. 
Latta,  General  James  W.,  ii.  204. 
Latta,  William  J.,  Chairman  of  Committee  on 

Transportation,  i.  306;  report  of,  i.  331. 
Laurens,  Henry,  i.  137. 
Law  Academy  takes  part  in  banquet  of   Sept. 

17,  "•  352. 

Lee,  Fitz-Hugh,  Hon.,  address  of,  at  meeting  of 
Governors,  1886,  i.  264;  elected  Chairman  of 
Committee,  i.  269 ;  speech  of,  at  dinner  of 
Hibernian  Society,  ii.  347;  speech  of,  at  ban- 
jjuet,  Sept.  17,  ii.  378. 

Lee,  R.  H.,  letter  from,  i.  436. 

Lee,  Richard  Henry,  opposed  to  granting  powers 
to  Congress,  i.  18,  23 ;  mentioned,  i.  137. 

Lee,  Thomas  Sim,  i.  137. 

Legal  Tender  Question,  {.93. 

Legislative  Department  of  the  Government,  i. 

39»  46. 
Legislature  of   Pennsylvania,  committee  of,  i. 

3"- 

Leibrandt  &  McDowell  Stove  Company,  exhibit 
of,  ii.  142. 


Lex,  William  Henry,  Chairman  of  Committee 
on  Music,  i.  306 ;  report  of,  i.  398. 

Liberty  Stove  Works,  exhibit  of,  ii.  142. 

Life-Boat,  Ottinger's  exhibit  of,  ii.  158. 

Life-Saving  Exhibit,  ii.  126. 

Light,  Artificial,  exhibit  of,  ii.  148. 

Lightning  Conductors,  exhibit  of,  ii.  148. 

Lincoln  Institution  of  Philadelphia  takes  part  in 
Celebration,  ii.  43. 

Link  Belting,  exhibit  of,  ii.  144. 

Little,  Amos  R.,  chosen  Chairman  of  Sub-Com- 
mittee and  Executive  Committee  of  Commis- 
sion, i.  278 ;  thanked,  ii.  435. 

Livingston,  Robert,  plan  of,  for  Union  of  the 
Colonies,  ii.  459. 

Livingston,  William,  biographical  sketch  of,  i. 

155- 

Lodge,  Henry  Cabot,  elected  Vice-President  of 
Commission,  i.  276. 

Locomotive  Works,  Baldwin,  exhibit  of,  ii.  129. 

Log  Cabin  in  Industrial  Parade,  ii.  67. 

London,  Berry  &  Orton,  exhibit  of,  ii.  50. 

Longacre  &  Co.,  exhibit  of,  ii.  36. 

Looking-Glasses,  exhibit  of,  ii.  152,  154, 

Lords  of  Trade,  plans  of,  for  uniting  the  Colo- 
nies, ii.  451,  464,  478. 

Lowe,  Albert  C.,  exhibit  of,  ii.  154. 

Luce,  Rear- Admiral  Stephen  B.,  ii.  199 ;  speech 
of,  at  banquet,  Sept.  17,  ii.  388. 

Lumberman's  Exchange,  exhibit  of,  ii.  50. 

Macdonald,  Sir  John,  letter  from,  i.  417. 

MacKellar,  Smiths  &  Jordan  Company,  exhibit 
of,  ii.  32. 

Mackie  &  Hilton,  exhibit  of,  ii.  159. 

Madison,  James,  takes  steps  to  have  the  Conven- 
tion called,  i.  26 ;  biographical  sketch  of,  i,  189. 

Maine,  troops  from,  take  part  in  Celebration,  ii. 

235- 

Mansfield,  J.  W.,  exhibit  of,  ii.  114. 
Mantels,  Wooden,  exhibit  of,  ii.  154. 
Marine  Battalion  takes  part  in  Celebration,  ii. 

206. 


INDEX. 


Martin,  Alexander,  biographical  sketch  of,  i.  230. 

Martin,  Luther,  biographical  sketch  of,  i.  225. 

Marvin  Safe  Company,  exhibit  of,  ii.  150. 

Maryland,  troops  from,  take  part  in  Celebration, 
ii.  226. 

Mason,  George,  biographical  sketch  of,  i.  214. 

Massachusetts,  troops  from,  take  part  in  Celebra- 
tion, ii.  225. 

Mast,  P.  P.,  &  Co.,  exhibit  of,  ii.  26. 

Master  Builders  take  part  in  Celebration,  ii.  49. 

Matthews,  Hon.  Stanley,  speech  of,  at  banquet, 
Sept.  17,  ii.  370. 

McClure,  A.  K.,  speech  of,  at  dinner  of  Hiber- 
nian Society,  ii.  349. 

McClurg,  James,  biographical  sketch  of,  i.  228. 

McEwen  &  Lawrence,  exhibit  of,  ii.  28. 

McHenry,  James,  biographical  sketch  of,  i.  183. 

Mclntosh,  Seymour  &  Co.,  exhibit  of,  ii.  74. 

McMichael,  Morton,  speech  of,  at  dinner  to  Mr. 
Kasson,  ii.  430. 

McMurtrie,  Richard  C.,  Chairman  of  Committee 
of  the  Bar,  i.  307 ;  speech  of,  at  Bar  Breakfast, 
ii.  310. 

Medical  Committee,  i.  313;  report  of,  i.  338. 

Mechanics,  Junior  Order  of  United  American, 
ii.  103. 

Melville,  Chief  Engineer  Geo.  W.,  remarks  of, 
at  dinner  of  Hibernian  Society,  ii.  349. 

Members  of  the  Federal  Convention,  biographi- 
cal sketches  of,  by  Hampton  L.  Carson,  i.  135. 

Memorial  Day,  i.  364;  ceremonies  on,  in  Inde- 
pendence Square,  ii.  251. 

Mercer,  John  Francis,  biographical  sketch  of,  i. 
223. 

Metal  Workers,  exhibit  of,  ii.  62. 

Mifflin,  Geo.  B.,  letter  from,  i.  438. 

Mifflin,  Thomas,  biographical  sketch  of,  i.  165. 

Military  Display,  i.  305,  361,  377;  report  of 
Committee  on,  ii.  195  ;  summary  of  troops  in, 
ii.  241 ;  circulars  issued  by  Committee,  ii.  242. 

Millbourne  Mills  Company,  exhibit  of,  ii.  29. 

Mill  Machinery,  exhibit  of,  ii.  25. 

Mill  Work,  exhibit  of,  ii.  77. 


Miller,  Hon.  Samuel  F.,  chosen  Orator,  i.  305; 
oration  by,  ii.  262. 

Miller,  Rev.  Theo.  D.,  letter  from,  i.  434. 

Mint,  United  States,  employes  take  part  in  Cele- 
bration, ii.  93. 

Mintzer,  H.  Z.,  exhibit  of,  ii.  158. 

Miscellaneous  Powers  of  the  Government,  i. 
40,  72. 

Modern  College  in  Industrial  Parade,  ii.  68. 

Money  Bills,  right  to  originate,  i.  101. 

Moore,  S.  W.,  exhibit  of,  ii.  28. 

Morris,  Gouverneur,  biographical  sketch  of,  i. 

173- 

Morris,  Robert,  biographical  sketch  of,  i.  166. 
Morse  Underground  Conduit,  exhibit  of,  ii.  147. 
Mower,  Eureka,  exhibit  of,  ii.  27. 
Murdock,  Professor  Samuel,  ii.  292. 
Music,  Committee  on,  i.  306;  report  of,  i.  398. 
Musical  Instruments,  exhibit  of,  ii.  154,  155. 

Naval  Display,  ii.  199,  205. 

Navy,  United  States,  exhibit  of,  ii.  124. 

Nelson,  Thomas,  i.  137. 

New  England  Confederation  of  1643,  i.  3;  text 
of,  ii.  439. 

New  Jersey  Plan,  i.  38 ;  troops  from,  take  part 
in  Celebration,  ii.  221. 

Newman,  Geo.  C.,  exhibit  of,  ii.  152. 

New  States,  admission  of,  provided  for,  i.  106. 

New  York,  troops  from,  take  part  in  Celebra- 
tion, ii.  230. 

North  Carolina,  troops  from,  take  part  in  Cele- 
bration, ii.  233. 

North,  F.  A.,  exhibit  of,  ii.  154. 

Oath  of  State  Officers  to  support  the  Constitution 

required,  i.  1 20. 

Ocean  Steamship  Company,  exhibit  of,  ii.  127. 
Ohio,  troops  from,  take  part  in   Celebration,  ii. 

234- 

Orders  of  General  Sheridan,  ii.  246. 
Orr  &  Hess  Company,  exhibit  of,  ii.  74. 
Osborne,  D.  M.,  &  Co.,  exhibit  of,  ii.  27. 


INDEX. 


513 


Otis,  James,  proposes  Union  of  Colonies,  i.  4. 
Ottinger,  Captain  D.,  exhibit  of,  ii.  158. 

Packers  and  Provision  Dealers,  exhibit  of,  ii. 
162. 

Paine,  Clinton  P.,  Vice- Chairman  of  Executive 
Committee,  i.  278 ;  in  charge  of  Military  Dis- 
play, i.  305  ;  report  of,  ii.  195. 

Paine,  Thomas,  advocates  Union  of  Colonies, 
i.  4. 

Painters,  Master,  take  part  in  Celebration,  ii. 
66;  Journeymen,  66. 

Paints,  etc.,  exhibit  of,  ii.  64. 

Paints  and  Glass,  exhibit  of,  ii.  64. 

Paper  Hanging,  exhibit  of,  ii.  154. 

Paper  Makers,  exhibit  of,  ii.  35. 

Paper  Money,  i.  93. 

Paterson,  William,  biographical  sketch  of,  i.  158. 

Patriotic  Order  of  Sons  of  America  take  part 
in  Celebration,  ii.  20. 

Patten,  Stafford  &  Myers,  exhibit  of,  ii.  27. 

Pattison,  Hon.  Robert  E.,  address  of,  i.  263. 

Paxson,  Hon.  Edward  M.,  speech  of,  at  Bar 
Breakfast,  ii.  318. 

Peden,  James  A.,  letter  from,  i.  444. 

Penn,  William,  proposes  a  Union  of  Colonies, 
i.  3;  text  of  his  plan,  ii.  449. 

Pennsylvania,  troops  from,  take  part  in  Celebra- 
tion, ii.  1 1 8. 

Pennsylvania  Railroad,  exhibit  of,  ii.  118. 

Pennypacker,  Samuel  W.,  speech  of,  at  dinner 

•    to  Mr.  Kasson,  ii.  432. 

Pepper,  William,  M.D.,  speeches  of,  as  presid- 
ing officer,  at  banquet,  Sept.  17,  ii.  363,  369, 
374,  377,  380,  386,  388,  392,  397,  401,  405, 
407,  441. 

Pettit,  David,  &  Co.,  exhibit  of,  ii.  63. 

Philadelphia,  list  of  citizens  of,  who  subscribed 
to  Citizens'  Fund,  i.  285. 

Philosophical  Society,  the  American,  takes  part 
in  banquet,  Sept.  17,  ii.  352. 

Photography,  exhibit  of,  ii.  151. 

Picture-Frames,  exhibit  of,  ii.  152. 
VOL.  II. — 66 


Pierce,  William,  biographical  sketch  of,  i.  232. 
Pinckney,  Charles,  plan  of,  i.  37 ;  biographical 

sketch  of,  i.  202. 
Pinckney,    Charles     Cotesworth,     biographical 

sketch  of,  i.  199. 

Planished  Ware,  exhibit  of,  ii.  146. 
Plans  of  Union  proposed  for  the  Colonies,  ii.  439. 
Plasters,  exhibit  of,  ii.  61. 
Playfair,  Sir  Lyon,  speech  of,  at  banquet,  Sept. 

17,  »•  393- 
Ploughs,  exhibit  of:  Wiard  Co.,  ii.  25;  Syracuse, 

ii.  25 ;  Clipper,  ii.  26. 

Plumbers  and  Trade  School,  exhibit  of,  ii.  59. 
Polk,  Mrs.  James  K.,  letter  from,  i.  429. 
Portuondo,  J.  F.,  exhibit  of,  ii.  165. 
Post- Office,  United  States,  employes  take  part  in 

Celebration,  ii.  91. 
Potter,  Rt.  Rev.  H.  C.,  letter  from,  i.  430;  prayer 

of,  ii.  253. 

Powderly,  T.  V.,  letter  from,  i.  435. 
Powers  &  Co.,  exhibit  of,  ii.  50. 
Prayer  of  Bishop  Potter,  ii.  253;    of  Cardinal 

Gibbons,  ii.  298. 
Press,  Committee  of,  i.  312. 
Printers,  exhibit  of,  ii.  32. 
Procession,  Civic  and  Industrial,  report  on,  ii.  I ; 

formation  of,  ii.   15,  19;   correspondence  re- 
garding, ii.  167. 
Proclamation  of  Governor  James  A.  Beaver,  i. 

299. 
Pugh,  Job  T.,  exhibit  of,  ii.  75. 

Randolph,  Edmund,  biographical  sketch  of,  i. 

211. 

Ranges,  etc.,  exhibit  of,  ii.  63. 

Ratification  of  the  Constitution,  provided  for,  i. 

116;  by  the  States,  i.  125  ;  dates  and  votes  of 

the  same,  i.  260. 

Read,  George,  biographical  sketch  of,  i.  176. 
Reception,  by  Governor  James  A.  Beaver,  i.  361, 

370;  tendered  to  President  Cleveland,  i.  362, 

381 ;  by  Historical  Society  of  Pennsylvania,  i. 

368 ;  by  Catholic  Club,  i.  369 ;  by  Commer- 


5H 


INDEX. 


cial  Exchange,  i.  374;  Military  and  Naval,  i. 
379;  by  Journalists'  Club,  i.  380;  of  Citizens 
of  Philadelphia  by  the  President,  i.  387;  by 
Geo.  W.  Childs,  i.  391. 

Reception  Committee  appointed,  i.  306;  report 
of,  i.  355  ;  members  of,  i.  357  ;  aides,  i.  359. 

Red  Cross  Committee,  i.  313 ;  report  of,  i.  338. 

Remington  Type  Writer,  exhibit  of,  ii.  37. 

Remmey,  R.  C.,  exhibit  of,  ii.  148. 

Report  of  Committee  of  Commission  and  Citi- 
zens on  character  of  Celebration,  i.  273. 

Republican  Form  of  Government  guaranteed  to 
States,  i.  112. 

Reyburn,  John  E.,  Chairman  of  Committee  of 
Legislature  of  Pennsylvania,  i.  311. 

Rhode  Island,  troops  from,  take  part  in  Celebra- 
tion, ii.  233. 

Riche,  Geo.  I.,  letter  from,  i.  436. 

Richie,  Sir  John,  letter  from,  i.  416. 

Richmond  Brothers,  exhibit  of,  ii.  159. 

Ridgway,  Edward,  exhibit  of,  ii.  108. 

Riehle  Brothers,  exhibit  of,  ii.  143. 

Road  Machine  Company,  the  American,  exhibit 
of,  ii.  28. 

Roberts  Machine  Company,  exhibit  of,  ii.  27. 

Roofing,  exhibit  of,  ii.  58,  59. 

Rutledge,  B.  H.,  letter  from,  i.  437. 

Rutledge,  Edward,  proposes  Union  of  the  Colo- 
nies, i.  8. 

Rutledge,  John,  biographical  sketch  of,  i.  196. 

Safes,  Fire-proof:  exhibits  of  Farrell  &  Co.,  ii. 

150;  of  Marvin  Company,  ii.  150. 
Sash  and  Mill  Work,  exhibit  of,  ii.  60. 
Saw-Makers,  exhibit  of,  ii.  72. 
Sewing-Machines,  exhibit  of,  ii.  140. 
Scales  and  Testing  Machines,  exhibit  of,  ii.  143. 
Schaeffer,  Merkel  &  Co.,  exhibit  of,  ii.  27. 
Schofield,  General  J.  M.,  speech  of,  at  dinner  of 

Hibeniian  Society,  ii.  34. 
Schuyler,  Eugene,  letter  from,  i.  439. 
Schweinitz,  de,  Rt.  Rev.  Edmund,  letter  from, 

431- 


Scott  Paper  Company,  exhibit  of,  ii.  36. 

Sheridan,  General  Philip  H.,  ii.  199,  204;  or- 
ders of,  ii.  246 ;  speech  of,  at  banquet  Sept. 
17,  ii.  286. 

Sherman,  General  William  T.,  letter  from,  i.  413. 

Sherman,  Roger,  biographical  sketch  of,  i.  150. 

Silk,  exhibit  of,  ii.  108,  109. 

Slavery  and  the  Constitution,  i.  80. 

Smith,  Charles  Emory,  speech  of,  as  presiding 
officer  at  dinner  to  Mr.  Kasson,  ii.  417. 

Smith,  William  B.,  Mayor'of  Philadelphia,  ad- 
dress of,  ii.  264. 

Snowden,  Colonel  A.  London,  appointed  Chair- 
man of  Civic  and  Industrial  Display,  i.  304; 
report  of,  ii.  I;  correspondence  of,  ii.  167; 
speech  of,  at  dinner  to  Mr.  Kasson,  ii.  427. 

Soap,  Borax,  exhibit  of,  ii.  156. 

Soldiers'  Orphans  take  part  in  Celebration,  ii. 
1 20. 

Sons  of  America,  Patriotic  Order  of,  takes  part  in 
Celebration^  ii.  20. 

Sons  of  Veterans  take  part  in  Celebration,  ii. 
240. 

South  Carolina,  troops  from,  take  part  in  Celebra- 
tion, ii.  229. 

Spaight,  Richard  Dobbs,  biographical  sketch  of, 
i.  194. 

Spangler  Manufacturing  Company,  exhibit  of, 
ii.  26. 

Spinner,  F.  E.,  letter  from,  i.  425. 

Staake,  William  H.,  Secretary  of  Reception  Com- 
mittee, i.  358. 

Stained  Glass,  exhibit  of,  ii.  153. 

Stair-Builders,  exhibit  of,  ii.  67. 

Stair,  Earl  of,  Plan  of,  for  uniting  the  Colonies, 
ii.  460. 

Stamp- Act  Congress,  Resolves  of,  ii.  486. 

State  appropriations  solicited,  i.  284,  291. 

States,  dates  of  admission  into  the  Union,  i. 
260. 

Steam-Engine,  one  of  the  oldest  in  America,  ii. 

74- 
Stedman,  Edmund  C.,  letter  from,  i.  428. 


INDEX. 


515 


Stoddard  Manufacturing  Company,  exhibit  of, 

ii.  27. 
Stone,  Frederick  D. ,  various  plans  for  Union  of 

Colonies,  compiled  by,  ii.  439. 
Stone-Masons,  exhibit  of,  ii.  52. 
Stone,  Thomas,  exhibit  of,  ii.  137. 
Stone-Ware,  exhibit  of,  ii.  148. 
Stove  Works,  Leibrandt  &  McDowell,  exhibit  of, 

ii.  142 ;  Liberty,  exhibit  of,  ii.  142. 
Stowe,  H.  B.,  letter  from,  i.  427. 
Strawbridge  &  Clothier,  exhibit  of,  ii.  116. 
Streatfield,  Henry,  letter  from,  i.  412. 
Street-Sweeping  Machine,  exhibit  of,  ii.  165. 
Strong,  Caleb,  biographical  sketch  of,  i.  215. 
Sub-Committees  of  Commission,  i.  304. 
Sugar  Refiners,  exhibit  of,  ii.  162. 
Superior  Grain  Drill  Company,  exhibit  of,  ii.  26. 
Suspender  exhibit,  ii.  114. 

Tanks  and  Vats,  exhibit  of,  ii.  115. 

Taxation  of  Imports,  i.  87. 

Taylor,  W.  Curtis,  exhibit  of,  ii.  152. 

Territories,  dates  of  organization  of,  i.  260. 

Textile  Machinery,  exhibit  of,  ii.  112,  113;  pro- 
ducts, exhibit  of,  ii.  104. 

Thompson,  Thomas  M.,  Chairman  of  Reception 
Committee,  i.  306  ;  report  of,  i.  355. 

Thomson,  W.  J.,  &  Co.,  exhibit  of,  ii.  157. 

Thorn,  J.  S.,  exhibit  of,  ii.  62. 

Tiles,  etc.,  exhibit  of,  ii.  63. 

"  Times,  The,"  exhibit  of,  ii.  33. 

Transportation,  Committee  on,  i.  306 ;  report  of, 
i.  331;  Pennsylvania  Railroad  exhibit  of 
methods  of,  ii.  118. 

Treaties  and  their  Force,  i.  95. 

Trenholm,  W.  L.,  letter  from,  i.  423. 

Troth,  William  J.,  exhibit  of,  ii.  163. 

Tucker,  J.  Randolph,  letter  from,  i.  416. 

Type- Writer,  exhibit  of,  ii.  37. 

Typographia,  No.  I,  takes  part  in  Celebration, 
ii.  39. 

Typographical  Society  of  Philadelphia  takes 
part  in  Celebration,  ii.  33. 


Typographical  Union,  No.  2,  takes  part  in  Cele- 
bration, ii.  34. 

Union,  Plans  of,  proposed  for  the  North  Ameri- 
can Colonies  between  1643  and  1776  :  New 
England  Confederation,  1643,  ii.  439;  Penn's 
Plan,  169^,  ii.  449;  Plan  of  Lords  of  Trade, 
169^,  ii.  451 ;  D'Avenant's  Plan,  1698,  ii. 
454;  a  Virginian's  Plan,  1701,  ii.  456;  Liv- 
ingston's Plan,  1701,  ii.  459;  Earl  of  Stair's 
Plan,  1721,  ii.  460;  Plan  of  Lords  of  Trade, 
1721,  ii.  464;  Coxe's  Plan,  1722,  ii.  465; 
Kennedy's  Plan  of  1751,  ii.  467 ;  Albany  Plan 
(Franklin),  1754,  ii.  468;  Rough  draft  of  a 
Plan,  1754,  ii.  472;  Hutchinson's  Plan,  1754, 
ii.  474;  Plan  of  the  Lords  of  Trade,  1754,  ii. 
478;  Johnson's  Plan,  1760,  ii.  482;  Resolves 
of  Stamp-Act  Congress,  1765,  ii.  486;  Decla- 
ration and  Resolves  of  the  Congress,  1774,  ii. 
488;  Association  of  1774,  ii.  493;  Galloway's 
Plan,  1774,  ii.  498;  Franklin's  Sketch  of 
Articles  of  Confederation,  1775,  ii.  499;  other 
plans  referred  to,  1776  to  1787,  ii.  503. 

United  States,  troops  of,  take  part  in  Celebra- 
tion, ii.  205. 

University  of  Pennsylvania  takes  part  in  ban- 
quet of  Sept.  17,  ii.  352. 

Upholstery,  exhibit  of,  ii.  154. 

Ventilator  Company,  exhibit  of,  ii.  142. 
Virginia,  plan  proposed  by  members  from,  in 

Convention,  i.  37 ;  ii.  503 ;  troops  from,  take 

part  in  Celebration,  ii.  229. 
Virginian,  a,  on  a   Union  of  the    Colonies,  ii. 

456. 
Vossion,  L.,  Celebration  described  by,  i.  447. 

Wagons  and  Carriages,  ii.  157. 
Waite,  Hon.  Morris  R.,  speech  of,  at  Bar  Break- 
fast, ii.  312. 

Wallace,  General  Lew,  letter  from,  i.  425. 
Wanamaker  &  Brown,  exhibit  of,  ii.  116. 
Washing-Machines,  exhibit  of,  ii.  159. 


INDEX. 


Washington,  George,  urges  Union,  i.  7,  22,  28, 
34  ;  appeals  to  the  army  not  to  sully  its  record, 
i.  20;  biographical  sketch  of,  i.  139;  carriage 
of,  exhibited,  ii.  157. 

Water-Pipes,  Old  and  New,  exhibit  of,  ii.  59,  60. 

Water-Sprinkler,  exhibit  of,  ii.  164. 

Weidner,  A.  J.,  exhibit  of,  ii.  148. 

Weld,  Rev.  H.  H.,  letter  from,  i.  434. 

West  Virginia,  troops  from,  take  part  in  Cele- 
bration, ii.  236. 

Weyman,  H.  A.,  &  Sons,  exhibit  of,  ii.  156. 

Wherewithall  Company,  exhibit  of,  ii.  48. 

White,  Hon.  Andrew  D.,  speech  of,  at  banquet, 
Sept.  17,  ii.  401. 

Whiting  Paper  Company,  exhibit  of,  ii.  35. 

Whittier,  John  G.,  letter  from,  i.  426. 

Wiedersheim,  Colonel  Theo.  E.,  Secretary  of 
Military  Committee,  i.  305 ;  ii.  195. 


Wilbur,  H.  O.,  &  Sons,  exhibit  of,  ii.  164. 
Williamson,  Hugh,  biographical    sketch  of,  i. 

195- 

Wilson,  James,  biographical  sketch  of,  i.  171. 
Winthrop,  Robert  C.,  letter  from,  i.  414. 
Wire-Workers,  exhibit  of,  ii.  145. 
Wise,  John  S.,  speech  of,  at  Bar  Breakfast,  ii. 

237. 
Witherspoon,  Rev.  Jerry,  letter  from,  i.  431 ; 

benediction  by,  ii.  299. 
Wood,  R.  D.,  &  Co.,  exhibit  of,  ii.  60. 
Woodside,  John  W.,  motion  of,  ii.  435. 
Wrightson,  A.,  exhibit  of,  ii.  113. 
Wythe,    George,    biographical    sketch    of,    i. 

227. 

Yates,  Robert,  biographical  sketch  of,  i.  235. 
Young,  W.  C.,  exhibit  of,  ii.  153. 


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History  of  the         v.2 
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