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^ HISTORY

OF THE

CHEROKEE INDIANS

AND

Their Legends and Folk Lore

EMMET STARR

Published by

THE WARDEN COMPANY

Oklahoma City, Okla.

1921

77
5S«

FEB 21 1922

PREFACE.

This humble effort is attempted for the purpose of perpetuating some
of the facts relative to the Cherokee tribe, that might otherwise be lost. The
object has been to make it as near a personal history and biography of as
many Cherokees as possible.

Without the assistance of the magnanimous, wholesoul membership of
the nation, the work would not have been possible and for that reason 1 wish
to thank each and every member, for their hearty collaboration and express
my regret that the work has not the merit with which many others might have
invested it.

Emmet Starr.
Claremore, Okla.
December 12, 1^2 I.

From Press and Bindery of the Warden Co.

Contents

Page
CHAPTER 1.

\/Origin, Religion, Ciiaracteristics 2 1

CHAPTER II.
Trouble with the Chickamaugau, Attack at Knoxville, Mussel Shoals
Massacre, Removal to Arkansas, First Printed Laws 35

CHAPTER III.
Convention of Delegates, Constitution Adopted -- 55

CHAPTER IV.
Proclamation of May 28, 1828 67

CHAPTER V.
Treaty with the Cherokees, 1835 85

CHAPTER VI.
The Emigration from Georgia, Cost Detachment, Resolutions of Protest,
Political Differences, Civil War Averted 103

CHAPTER VII.

Act of Union Between the Eastern and Western Cherokees 121

CHAPTER VIII.
Treaty with the Cherokees, 1846. Schools Established. Old Settler Pay-
ments. Keetoowah Society Organized. Organization of Military
Companies. Cherokees Enter the Civil War. General Waite Sur-
renders -- 137

CHAPTER IX.
Treaty with the Cherokees, 1866. Delawares Acquire Full Rights. Shaw-
nees Adopted by Cherokees. Land Sold to Osages. Officers' Sala-
ries Fixed. Land Donated to Masons. Lodges 167

CHAPTER X.

The Texas Cherokees 1820-30. Grant from Mexico. Grant from
Texas. Treaties. Expulsion 187

CHAPTER XL

/ Public School System Established. National Officials. Male and Female

Seminary. Graduates. Eleemosynary Institutions --_225

CHAPTER XII.

Missionary Activities, First Printing 247

12 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

CHAPTER XIII.
Officers of the Cherokee Nation, September 9, 1839, to June 30, 1908__26l

CHAPTER XIV.
Old Families and Their Genealogy 303

CHAPTER XV.
Continuation of Old Families __ — 335

CHAPTER XVI.

Continuation of Old Families 363

CHAPTER XVII.

Continuation of Old Families 374

CHAPTER XVIII.
Continuation of Old Families 399

CHAPTER XIX.
Continuation of Old Families -- 419

CHAPTER XXi.
Redbird Smith. The Nig'hthawk Branch of the Keetoowah Organization.
Election of Chief Levi Gritts 477

CHAPTER XXI.
Continuation of Old Families 543

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

HON. ROBT. L. OWEN

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

O. H. P. BREWER
Oliver Hazard Perry Brewer, the son of Lieutenant Colonel Oliver Hazard Perry and
Delilah (Vann) Brewer, was born in Canadian District on March 15, 1871. A member of
the senior class at the Male Seminary he was expelled about a couple of months before
graduation day for condemning the action of the principal of that school in unmercifully
beating one of the smaller boys. Brewer then attended Arlcansas University and gradu-
ated on December 6, 1803. He was elected Senator from Canadian District on August 5,
1901. Elected a memtier of the Cherokee National School Board and chosen as its presi-
dent in November. 1903. A democrat, he was elected delegate to the Oklahoma State
Constitutional Convention from District Number Seventy-seven on November 6, 1906.
Appointed postmaster of Muskogee in 1917.

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

D. M. cFAULKNER

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

(pPh.J^c:£>

(SHQU(JYAH)

CHEROKEE ALPHABET.

CHARACTERS SYSTEMATICALLY AR-
RANGED WITH THE SOUNDS

I-

S*i

Jl7

-b

lui

rau

^1 (

nti

nil a

ne nail ni

ci)

qua

que

qni

quo

qau

quv

.* T>

J .T V

tia

do t

di t

IIU

dia

I la

tic

cle

tlo

tin

tlv

tH^

ise

isi

tso

t()U

tsv

iSS

W V

yi;

SOUNDS REPRESENTED BY VOWELS

A as a in father, or short, ae a in rival.

E as a in hate, or short, as e in met.

I as i in pique, or short as i in pin.

O as 0 in note, but aw approaching to aw in law.

U as 00 in moon, or sliori as u in pull.

V as u in buf, nasalized.

CONSONANT SOUNDS.
G, IS sounded bard approachioif to k; sometimen he
fore e, I, u and v, its gound is k. D has a sound be
iween the English a and i; pomeiimcs, before o, n,
and V its sound is I; wuen written before I and 8 the
same analogy prevails
All other letters as iu English.
Syllables beginning wiih g, except ga have
sometimes the power of k; syllables when
written with tl, except tIa sometimes vary to
dla.

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

CHAPTER I
Origin, Religion, First Civilizatioyi. Early Wars

■^ OR four hundred years the question: "From whence came the In-
TT dian?" has been a recurrent problem. Four centuries of quest and
^"^ investigation have not brought the solution nearer and it's sanest an-
swer of today is conjecture.

Every person, who has made an extended study of Indians either as a
tribe or as a race, has naturally evolved some idea of their possible origin and
this is very often based on tribal migration legends.

.At some ancient period, so remote that even legend does not note it, the
earth most probably came so ear the sphere of influence of some other planet,
that it momentarily swung out of its solar trend, causing a cataclysm that in-
stantly transforme dthe zones so suddenly that the giant mammoths were
frozen as they stood, to be later incased in great masses of ice and preserved
so well that as it melted away from their bodies the flesh \vas so fresh that ii
was eaten by dogs and other animals.

The immense glaciers were left in the temperate and possibly the torrid
zones. .4s to whether any land was raised at that time there is a question,
but there is very little doubt that much of the land connecting northern Eu-
rope and America was submerged, leaving only Greenland, Iceland and a few
other elevated portions above sea level. The flora and fossil remains indicate
a previous continuity and the charts of the ocean bed show a well defined
plateau at only a comparatively shallow depth extending from Labrador to
Norway.

These seismic and climatic convulsions most prDbably very nearly de-
stroyed the cave dwellers of what had been the united continent of Euro-
merica. but on account of their peculiar hardiness a few survived to repopulate
the riven continent.

Aeons later, so late that even the historians of the early civilizations were
able to gather bits of legends concerning it, the fabled continent of Atlantis,
lying west of Spain and possibly joining southern Europe or Northern Africa
with South or Central America, sank with its mythical civilization and possibly
leaving parts of a homogenous people in America, North Africa and Eurasia.

Other people possibly came to western America from Asia and the South
Sea Islands. As the people became more numerous they commenced to
migrate. The Cherokees, with the soft accents of the underbills, which was
obviously the mother dialect, were evidently from a southern country, for the
pleasant fluent languages always come from a southern people in contradis-

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

f thP north This tribe moved gradually to
tinction from the harsher tones o ^ ^^ ,„i„,i3, ohio, Virginia

the north and east as .s ^^■f"^^^^^^;^;^,^ showed artifactuary and thhnic
and Tennessee that have been e>cpl«red and sho ^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^^

composition almost ■^-/'•- ,^^"f , ;;:S\norcrematory marks of this tribe
and handicraft. In each of these toe .^1 k ^^ ^^^.^^ ^^^ ^.^^^^

were found; the charred post ^^ ^^e apex or ^^^^ _^^^^^_ ^j^^^.

had been bound. The h^'-d'^"^^^^"^^^^''',;;'L t e n^ound had been added

century. , , r-i ov, r^nro-in and on the surface of the

• ,n the center of a mound ^^^ ^-h, G or^^ ^.d o ^^^^^^ ^^ ^^^^

ground were found two copper plates Fh,. ten to > ^.^^.^^^ ^^_

Len inhabited ^y^i'-^^^-^tnlTnTericrYucat n and^he Levant.

signs to these are those of Central f "7''^' , , 3 t as far east as Dela-

mmmmm

that when they came to the black grass counu\

sippi. This probably has reference to the frost hue. coastland

The Cherokees came so suddenly and unexpectedly mto the coistlani
that the Senecas and many other tribes thought that they came froni the earth
and a led te,; -.cave men" or "the people that came from a hole m he
e ound ' The ancient Delawares, who called themselves "Lenm Lenape" 0
■The Peop e' ■ called the Cherokees, ■■Allegans." The Cherokees wer
known to the Shawnees, another Algonquin tribe as he Keeoow a . The
Shawnees called the Muskogees, "Swamp People" or "Humaskog. and this
foreign name was slightly changed and adopted by the Muskogees when they
formed their confederacy, but the Muskogees changed the word to Emmussuk,
of Medicine, referring to the "black wash" and ogee, meaning confederacy or
the confederacy of those who drank the black wash, a stringent emmenagogue
and chologague for purification purposes immediately preceding the green
corn dance and on other stated occasions. The Muskogees were probably
driven out of Mexico by the Aztecs, Toltecs or some other of the northwestern
tribal invasions of the ninth or preceding centuries. This is evidenced by the
customs and devices that were long retained by the Creeks.

The Cherokees were forced back from the vicinity of the Great Lakes
and Atlantic by assailants, led by the valorous Iroquois, until they reached the
southern Appalachian mountains, where they held all enemies at bay and ere-

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

ated a neutral strip extending- north to Ohio river, nn which no tribe or war
nor dared settle with impunity.

_ When the earlv missionaries came amono- the Cherokees. they were as-
omshed at the simihiritv of the religious traditions of the Cherokees to the
b.bhcal accounts. I„ recountino- the religious views of the Cherokees thev
stated that rom tuKe immemorial the tribe had been divided in sentiment
That whde the greater part had been idolatrous, worshiping the sun, moon
.tars and other gods; a small portion denied that system and taught that there
were three benigs above, who created all things and will judge all men. That
hey fixed the time and manner of death. Their names were : U-ha-he-ta-qua
the great head of all power; A-ta-no-ti and U-squa-hu-la. These three beino-;
were said to be always unanimous in thought and action and always will be
Ihey s.t on three white seats above and are the only objects to which worship
and prayers should be directed. The Angels are their messengers and come
down to earth to attend to the affairs of men.

They claimed that Yehowa was the name of a great king. He was a
man and yet a spirit, a great and glorious being. His name was never to be
spoken in common talk. This great king commanded them to rest every sev-
enth day. They were told not to work on this day and that they should de-
vote it to talking about God\

Yehowa created the world in seven days at Nu-ta-te-qua or the first new
moon of autunm, with the fruits all ripe^^. God made the first man of red
clay and he was an Indian, and made woman of one of his ribs.''' All people
were Indians or red people before the flood. They had preachers and proph-
ets who taught the people to obey God and their parents. They warned the
people of the approaching flood, but said that the world would only be de-
stroyed by water once, and that later it would be destroyed by fire, when God
would send a shower of pitch and then a shower of tire' which would burn up
everything. They also taught that after death the good and the bad would
he separated, the good would take a path that would lead to happiness, where
It would always be light, but the bad would be urged along another path which
Hou.d lead to a deep chasm over which lay a pole with a do- at each end
liey would be urged on to this pole and the dogs, by movin- it, would throw
|hem off into the gulf of fire beneath. But if they' got over they would be
transfixed with red hot bars of iron and thus be tormented forever>

A little before the flood men grew worse and worse. At length God sent
a messenger from above to warn the people of the flood unless^hey lurred
from their wickedness. God then told a man to make a house that would
swim, take his family and some of the dit^'erent kinds of animals into it' Th-
rain commenced and continued for forty days and forty nights, while the water
at the same time gushed out of the ground, so that as" much came up as came
down from the clouds".

The house was raised upon the waters and borne away. At lenoth the
man sent out a raven, and after some time, sent a dove, which came back with
a leaf in her mouth. Soon after this the man found the house was resting
on 01 y ground on the top of a mountain. This being in the spring of the year

24 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

tlic lamily and all the animals left the house and the family descended to the
botton of the mountain and commenced their farming operations'.

The Cherokees detailed to the missionaries parallels to practically every
one of the stories of the Bible. They called Abraham, Aquahami; Moses was
called Wasi. These accounts were so circumstantial that many investig-ators
were led to believe that the Cherokees were of Semitic origin. But it is
palpable that they had been told these stories by Priber during his short stay
among them and that they had forgotten their origin within seventy years and
attributed it to legends that had descended from the mythical Kutani and their
primal religion. On account of the fact that the Cherokees thought that the
missionaries were bringing back to them their old religion, it was a compara-
tively easy task to convert them from a tribe of savages to a Christian nation
within the comparatively short period of thirty years. When they were con-
verted, they, at the behest of the missionaries cast aside every vestige of their
ancient customs to such an extent that not any of their mythology has ever
been preserved, even among those of the tribe that speak the Cherokee lan-
guage preferably.

On May 10, 1540, De Soto, according to the historiographer, "a gentle-
man of Elvas, '■ entered the province of Chelaque, which was most pro-
bably one of the Underbill settlements, as the use of the sound of the
letter 'i" was universal with them in preference to the letter "r" which
was occasionally used by the Overhills, notably in the word oochera in con-
tradistinction to oochela, as used by the Underbills. After traveling a north-
ward course through their country he came to Xualla, probably Qualla, an 1
then turning westward the Spaniards traversed the entire Cherokee country,
visiting Canasauga on the way.

In the decade of 1666-1676 an exploring party sent out from Appomailox
by Sir William Berkeley, Governor of Virginia, came to some abandoned fields
and settlements located on a river flowing to the westward when their Indian
guides refused to proceed, allieging that not far away dwelt a powerful tribe
that never suffered strangers who discovered their towns to return alive'.
This was in the vicinity of the Cherokees, and was thought to allude to them.

Alexander Dougherty, a Virginia trader, was the first white man to marry
a Cherokee, the date was 1690.- The Cherokees in concert with the Mus-
kogee towns of Alabama, Abekas and Conchartys were said to have been in
league to attack the French in 1708 but probably did not do so.

Two hundred and eighteen Cherokees accompanied the colonists under
Colonel Barnwell in 1712 in the subjugation of the Tuscaroras, an Iroquoian
tribe that lived adjacent to and southeast of the Cherokees. Following the
success of this expedition, the tribe then moved northward and joined the
Iroquoian confederacy on the Great Lakes. Three years later the Cherokees
joined the Yamassees, Appalachians and Creeks against the colonists, but they
were defeated and the Yamassees and Appalachian tribes were destroyed.

In January 1716 the Cherokees killed the Frenchmen de Ramsey and de
. .ongueie, the latter being a member of the illustrious de Moyne family that
founded Biloxi and New Orleans and furnished the first two governors of
Louisiana, both of whom were the paternal uncles of young de Lonsjueil. whose

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS l5

father was Governor of Canada. In reprisal for the death of his son, the Gov-
ernor induced the Iroquois to attack and burn two of the Cherolcee towns.

The estimated popuhition of the Cherokee country in 1715 was eleven
thousand, in 1735 fifteen thousand. In 173 8 the ravages of smallpox which
was a hitherto unknown disease with them, reduced their number by one half,
later reports gave their population for 1875, 10,717; ISSo, 21,920; 1890,
28,000; 1900, 32,376 and 1910, 38,300.

De Iberville established Biloxi as the capital of Louisiana in 1690, it was
moved to Mobile in 1702, which was fortified nine years later, and was finally
transferred to New Orleans in 17 18. Fort Toulouse, among the Creeks, Fort
Rosalie among the Natchez and other fortified stations among the Chickasaws
and Choctaws were established' with the consent of those tribes by the French
in 1714 or earlier, and four years later the ambitious promotions of Law
threatened to found a formidable French colony in the lower Mississippi valley.
Of all the tribes east of the great river only the Cherokees remained friendly to
the English and in order to counteract the French influence. Governor Nichol-
son of South Carolina concluded a treaty of peace and commerce with them
in 172 1 by which their boundaries were defined. This was their first treaty
with the whites.

In 1729, Sir Alexander Gumming, of England, was led, by a dream of his
wife's, to undertake a voyage to America with the object of visiting the Chero-
kees. He sailed on September I3th, arrived at Charlestown on December
5th, and on March 1 1, 1730 began his journey to the Cherokee country. At
Keowee, three hundred miles from Charlestown and which was the first im-
portant location on the road, locally called the trace from Charlestown to the
Cherokee nation, he met Ludovic Grant, a Scotch trader from Tellico, who had
lived there since 1720, had married a Cherokee woman and spoke their lang-
uage. He informed Grant that he wanted to visit the Cherokees and prevail-
ed on him to accompany him on the trip. They stopped at the residence of
Joseph Baker, a trader at Keowee and that evening attended a meeting of the
headmen at the townhouse, where the Indians met every night. Sir Alexander
made the first of his stereotyped addresses in which he stated "that he was one
of the Great King George's children but was not sent either by the Great King
or any of his Governors — that he was no public person and only came for his
own private satisfaction to see their country, and that he would drink th.;
King's health hoping that all persons would pledge him, which he accordingly
did upon his knee desiring those present to follow his example He carried
with him into the townhouse, his gun, cutlass and a pair of pistols; upon one of
the traders telling him that the Indians never came there armed and that they
did not like to see others do so, he answered, with a wild loi)k, that his inten-
tion was, "if any of the Indians had refused the King's health I would have
taken a brand from out the fire, that burns in the middle of the room and set
fire to the house. 1 would have guarded the door and put to death every one
that endeavored to make his escape, so that they might have all been con-
sumed in the flames."'

On the next morning he departed from Keowee on a trip of over one
hundred and fifty miles into the center of the nation, during- which time hj

26 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

never stopped for more than one night at a place. When any of the Chero-
kees met him, they would, as was their custom, sliake nanas with him, upon
which he would take down their names in a note book, saying that he had
made a "friend of him."

Sir Alexander was told of the ceremonies that were used in making a "be-
loved man," or ouka; of which there were many in the nation, the word was
ordinarily translated into English as "king" and the cap of red or yellow dyed
opossum skin was generally spoken of as a crown. When Sir Alexander ar-
rived at Neguasse he expressed a desire to see one of the crowns and upon
being shown one, requested that he be allowed to take it to England and pre-
sent it to the King. In an article in the London Daily Journal of October 8,
1730. he made claims to have been made a chief of the tribe and that he was
further allowed to name Mogtog of Tellico as their emperor. He told the In-
dians he would soon return to England and that if any of them would like to
accompany him he would take them. Seven Cherokees signified their willing-
ne.ss to go, two of whom were Attacullaculla and Oconostota. They arrived
at Charlestown on April 13, 1730 and on June 5th they landed at Dover,
England, on the English man-of-war Fox. On the 22nd they were presented
to the King. Sir Alexander laid the opossum skin "crown" at his feet and the
Indians added four scalps and eagle tail feathers to the tribute. This audience
developed the real reason of his activities which were to follow in, a degree, the
machinations of Crozat and Law in France. Among his schemes, was one
for paying off eighty millions of the national debt by settling three million
Jewish families in the Cherokee mountains to cultivate the land, and for re-
lieving the American colonies from taxation by establishing numerous banks
and a local currency, but he could find no one who would take his scheme^
seriously. In a letter from South Carolina bearing date of June 12th and pub-
lished in the Edinburgh Weekly Journal of September 16, 1830 Sir Alexander
was accused of having defrauded the settlers out of large sums of money and
other property by means of fictitious promissory notes. He did not answer
these charges and his chimera collapsed. The Indian delegation was loaded
with presents by the government and returned to Charlestown.

The Principal Chiefs of the Cherokees have been: 1736 Moytog; Atta-
cullaculla, died 1778; Oconostota, died 1785; Tassel, killed in July 1788
Hanging Neaughe, Blackfox; Pathkiller; William Hicks, was chief for only one
year, 1827; John Ross 1828 to 1866; William Potter Ross, Reverend Lewis
Downing, William Potter Ross, Reverend Ochalata, Dennis Wolf BushyheaJ,
Joel Bryan Mayes. Thomas Mitchell Buffington, Colonel Johnson Harris." Sam-
uel Hou.ston Mayes, Thomas Mitchell Buffington and William Charles Rogers.
The Principal Chiefs of the Westeren Cherokees were, consecutively: John
Bowles 1795-18 13; Takatoka 1813-1818; Tahlonteeskee, John Jolly, John
Brown and John Rogers. The latter was deposed in 1839 and his valuable
property at Grand Saline was confiscated by Chief John Ross. John Roger,
was the grandfather of William Charles Rogers, the last Chief of the Cherokees.

Governor Glenn of South Carolina concluded a treaty with the Chero-
kees on November 24, 1855 by which that colony acquired five million five

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 27

hundred twent}' six thousand four hundred acres and the right to construct and
garrison three forts in the Cherokee country, and soon afterwards the Govern-
or built Fort Prince George within gunshot of Keowee and Fort Moore, onj
hundred and seventy miles further down on Keowee River. A treaty of alliance
was made in 1756 between the Cherokees, Catawbas and North Carolina. Dur-
ing this year the Earl of London having been appointed commander in chief
of the British forces in the American colonies, sent Major Andrew Lewis to
build the third fort in the Cherokee nation. He located it on the Tennessee
River within five miles of Schauta, the capital of the nation. The English
translation of Echauta is "place of rest." The English ordinarily spelled the
name Chota. This fort was named London in honor of the Earl. It was
garrisoned with two Scotch companies under Captains Paul Demere and John
Stuart and was over one hundred and fifty miles from the nearest white settle-
nent.

General Hraddock marching to attack Fort Duquense with a well equip-
ped army of more than two thousrnd regulars and the famous Virginia Militi.i
was met in ambush on the Monongahela River by seventy-two French regulars,
two hundred and fifty Canadian volunteers and six hundred thirty seven In-
dians under Captain Marie de Beauyeu and ingloriously defeated. The French
had already ingratiated themselves with all of the western Indians except the
Cherokees and the effect of Braddock's defeat was to encourage the Indians to
scour the frontier in large and small bodies, killing, burning and destroying.
The tide of emigration that had for several years steadily flowed westward over
the Alleghenies commenced to rapidly recede. During this time Colonel
George Washington wrote to his former employer, Lord Fairfax, that three
hundred and fifty wagons had crossed one ford of the Monocacy River, east-
bound, within three days. Colonels William Byrd and Peter Randolph were
deputed by the Colony of Virginia in November 1755 to treat with the Chero-
kees for their active cooperation; as Colonel George Washington expressed
it "without Indians we will be unable to cope with the cruel foes of our coun-
try.'"

-Vlajor Andrew Lewis had led a company of Cherokees in an attack on the
Shawnees, who were allies of the French and while on their return a party of
them was entertained by a back settler in Augusta County, Virginia and when
they had taken their leave, some of his friends, whom he had placed in ambush
for that purpose, fired upon and killed several of them. Those who escaped
arrived in their towns just as Byrd and Randolph were on the point of con-
cluding their treaty.- Great excitement ensued, and but for the devotion of
Silonee and the wisdom and tact of Attacullaculla, the treaty would not only
have been defeated, but the commissioners themselves would have been killed.
Attacullaculla hastened to apprise the commissioners of their danger,
warning them to stay within their tent, and on no account to appear abroad.
Silonee saved the lives of the commissioners by standing in their tent door and
telling a body of warriors that before they got to the commissioners they would
have to kill him, as Colonel Byrd was his friend. In addressing the council
Attacullaculla expressed the indignation that they all felt at the treachery of
the Virginians and declared he would have full satisfaction for the blood of

28 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

his countrvmen. "Let us not, however" he added, "violate our faith, or the
laws of hospitality, by imbruing- our hands in the blood of those who are now
in our power; they came to cement a perpetual alliance with us. Let us
carry them back to their own settlement; conduct them safely to their con-
fines; and then take up the hatchet and endeavor to exterminate the whole
race of them.'" A treaty of alliance was finally concluded.

For three years the Cherokees adhered to their promise made in the treaty
and defended the western frontier, rendered every aid possible to the settlers
and when General Forbes assembled his levies to attack the French a large
number of Cherokees joined him at Winchester. Virginia.- Dr. John Forbes, a
Scotch physician, who had been serving in the Canadian service as a lieutenant
colonel was promoted to a brigadier generalship by James Abercromby, the
new British commander in chief, early in 1758. General Forbes was a strict
disciplinarian who profited much by correcting many of the military mistakes
of Braddock. He was domineering, petulant and at that time in such bad
health that he had to be carried on a litter, and died in March 1759. He did
not understand the irregular but effective mode of warfare as practiced by
his Cherokee allies and his irritable complaints and continuous insults, even to
the magnanimous Attacullaculla, caused the Cherokees to quit his command
on November l5, 1758, ten days before his reduction of Fort Duquesne. On
the nineteenth the General ordered that they be intercepted, their horses, guns
and ammunition be taken from them and if they protested they should be strip-
ped of everything except their breech clouts and then escorted back to their
nation, to prevent them from reprisals. Thus the only tribe that had been
faithful allies of the English for the last thirty seven years, after having been
driven from the army by the continuous petty insults of the commander, was
offered this last indignity and this, by the orders of the general must be exe-
cuted by Colonel Byrd- whose life had been saved in 1755 by Attacullaculla,
who was on this latter occasion the commander of the Cherokees.

In addition to this, the colonial Indian affairs of the army which was
under the "control of Edmund Atkin, Indian Agent,"' were so badly managed
that, instead of receiving the encouragement their services and bravery merit-
ed, they were met by what they considered injustice, neglect and contempt.
At one time ten of them were imprisoned on suspicion of being spies in the
French interest; another party, after having undergone the perils and priva-
tions of their long march, went into action in their destitute condition, behaved
nobly and rendered valuable service to the colony; but on returning with their
trophies of honor, found neither agent nor interpreter to reward or thank
them; nor any one who could tell them why they were thus neglected. But
for the intervention and kind treatment of Colonel George Washington, they
must have returned to their nation, tired with just resentment, if not open
war, against their allies."'

The Cherokees were attacked as they were returning from Forbes' camp
by some of the back settlers, the very same people that they had gratituously
protected, but the settlers did not discriminate between friendly Indians and
enemy Indians, but set upon and killed twelve or more of the unsuspect-
ing Cherokees, alleging that they had stolen some of their horses.

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 29

TIil' younsi' warriors clamored for war but the old chiefs persuaded them
to wait until they had asked satisfaction from the colonies, in accordance with
treaty stipulations. They sought reparation and satisfaction from Virginia,
then North Carolina and afterwards South Carolina, but in vain. War, their
only alternative, began. Among others, two soldiers of the garrison at F.ort
London, who were out hunting, were killed. Governor Lyttleton, of South
Carolina mobilized the colonial militia in the vicinity of the Congarees to
march against the Cherokees. Oconostota and thirty one other chiefs visited
the Governor at Charlestown in an attempt to settle affairs. He told them
that he would make his demands known only when he had reached their
country, and if they were not granted he would take satisfaction by force of
arms; that they must follow his army back to the nation. Upon Oconostota
arising to protest, the Governor forced him to be seated and would not allow
him to utter a word. The chiefs were forced to march behind the army to
the Congarees where they were made prisoners, taken to Fort Prince George
and shut up in a room that was scarcely large enough for the accommodation
of six persons.

The Governor's military ire cooled in proportion to the distance that he
got from Charlestown. When he arrived at Fort Prince George, he sent for
^ttacullaculla, the known friend of the English and upon that chief's arrival
he insolently demanded the twenty-four Cherokees who had been accused of
killing whites. Attacullaculla promised to do whatever he could in their de-
fivery and asked that some of the prisoners be freed so that they might assist
in the endeavor. Oconostota and seven others were accordingly liberated and
the others, although they had gone as peace envoys were detained.

Two of the Indians that had been demanded were brought in and ex-
changed for two of the imprisoned chiefs; and an agreement was entered into
on December 26, 1859 that the others would be delivered, but they had fled
and could not be apprehended. Despairing of being able to rescue the prison-
ers by any other means Oconostota asked the commander of Fort Prince
George for a conference and Captain Cotymore, Lieutenant Dogherty, Ensign
Bill and their interpreter, Foster, met liim on February 16, 1760, the parties
being en opposite banks of the Savannah River. At a signal from Ocono-
stota some warriors who had been hidden near him, fired and wounded all
four of the party from the fort, the Captain being so severely wounded that
he died two or three days later. The Indians stormed the fort but were re-
pulsed and the twenty-two hostages were killed.

War. with all of its dreaded consequences was now on, and the back set-
ters appealed in vain to Governor Nicholson. Colonel Montgomery, who
^-as later Earl Eglington v/as dispatched from New York to Charlestown from
whence he marched against the Cherokees. raised the seige in May 1 76o that
Oconostota was conducting against Fort Prince George, and on June 27, 1760,
he destroyed Etchoe, which had been deserted by its inhabitants, but on ac-
count of the incessant attacks it became necessary for him to retreat and in
doing so he had to destroy and abandon all of his surplus supplies in order to
expedite his progress. He reached Charlestown and sailed for New York.'

At the same time that Oconostota attacked Fort Prince George, Willi-

30 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

naw:i threw a stron? cordon around Fort l.ondon. Mannal by two companies
of Scotch highlanders, the Fort mounted twelve cannon and was amply sup-
plied with ammunition. Runners were sent to Virginia and South Carohna,
but the former was not able to reach their destination on account of the dis-
tance, and the defense of the latter was centered in the fleeing, harassed
Montiomerv, and when his forces were safely away. Oconostota assumed the
command of the investment of Fort London. Courageous, active and vigi-
lant, he had the unaccounable reputation of having never lost a man in battle?
Rations became shorter and shorter, and despite the fact that the Cherokee
wives of many of the soldiers dared death in taking food to their husbands,
the garrison was soon reduced to horse flesh. In this extremity Captain
Stuart, the junior commander, whose wife was Susannah Emory, the quarter
blood 'granddaughter of the Scotch trader Ludovic Grant, and who spoke the
Cherokee language fluently, was known to them on account of his great shock
of blond hair as Oonotota or Bushyhead asked for and had a conference with
the Cherokee Chiefs at the townhouse of Etchauta, and agreed on the follow-
ing articles of capitulation:

"That the garrison of Fort London march out with their arms and drums,
each soldier having as much powder and ball as their officers shall think nec-
essary for their march, and all the baggage they may choose to carry that the
garrison be permitted lo march to Virginia or Fort Prince George, as the com-
manding officer may think proper, unmolested; and that a number of Indians
be appointed to escort them, and hunt for provisions during their march; that
such soldiers that are lame or by sickness disabled from marching, be received
into the Indian towns and kindly used until they recover, and then be allowed
to return to Fort Prince George; that the Indians do provide for the garrison
as many horses as they conveniently can for their march, agreeing with the
officers and soldiers for payment; that the fort, great guns, powder, ball and
spare arms be delivered to the Indians without fraud or further delay, on the
day appointed for the march of the troops."

This agreement was signed by Captain Paul Demere representing the
garrison and by Oconostota and Cunigacatgoae for the Indians.^

The Fort was evacuated on August 7, 1760, the garrison under the escort
if Oconostota and Outacite started for Fort Prince George and encamped thai
evening on Tellico Plains after having travelled some fifteen miles. Noticing
that his escort was gradually leaving him, Captain Demere posted sentries, who
came in early in the morning and reported that Indians painted for war were
quietly approaching in large numbers. Hardly had he formed his men when
a volley was fired into their ranks, killing Captain Demere, three of his officers
and about twenty-six men. The attack continued with war whoops and an in-
cessant rattle of guns from all quarters. The rest of the men were either
killed outright or captured and returned to Fort London. After the soldiers
left, the Indians found that the British had, contrary to agreement, bur'.ed mucn
of their powder and equipment. This breach of faith incensed them and was
the primary reason for the Tellico Plains attack.

As soon as Attacullaculla heard that Captain Stuart had been returned
to Fort London with the other prisoners, he hastened there and purchased him,

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 31

giving in exchange his arms and all of his clothing except his breech clout.
He took his prisoner to Captain Demere's house, which he had appropriated
and entertained him. Oconostota was anxious to renew the investment of
Fort Prince George and proposed that Captain Stuart be compelled to operate
the artillery that they had captured, against the fort. Captain Stuart appealed
to Attacullaculla to save him from this fratricidal position. The Chief stated
that he was going on a hunt and that he intended taking his prisoner with him.
As soon as they were safely in the northern hunting grounds and outside the
Cherokee settlements they turned eastward to Virginia, where Attaculaculla de-
livered Captain Stuart to his friends and retraced his way to Fort London.

Attacullaculla was a small, slender man, distinguished as an orator and
diplomat instead of being a great warrior. The word attacullaculla is trans-
lated as a pole or reed slightly stuck in the earth and leaning; or leaning stick

Captain John Stuart was born in Scotland in the early part of the eigh-
teenth century and died at Pensacola, Florida, February 2 1, 177'i.

The assembly of South Carolina tendered Captain Stuart a vote of thanks,
together with a reward of 1500 pounds for his heroic defense of Fort London
and he was later appointed British Superintendent of Indian Affairs South ot
the Ohio River.

Fort Prince George was strengthened. In January 176 1 Lieutenant
Colonel James Grant, who had succeeded to the command of Colonel Mont-
gomery's Highland Scotch regiment arrived at Charlestown and went into
winter quarters. By the accession of Provincial Militia, Choctaw and Chicka-
saw allies his command was brought up to twenty-six hundred men. They ar-
rived at Fort Prince George on May 2 7, 1761, when they were met by Atta-
cullaculla who plead the cause of his people and begged Colonel Grant to delay
his march until he could return to the nation and attempt to bring about peace.

Colonel Grant refused to listen to him and started from Fort Prince
George on June 7th. After a rapid march he reached a gap in the moun-
tains, where he detailed Lieutenant Francis Marion, who later played such an
important part in the revolution, with thirty men to reconnoiter. Scarcely
had this advance force entered the gap before they were entiladed and twenty-
one of the men fell at the first discharge. The battle lasted for about three
hours with a loss of about sixty men killed on each side and the Cherokees
were defeated. For a month more Colonel Grant devastated the middle
Cherokee settlements, burned every habitation and destroyed all rrops. Driv-
en to distress the Cherokees made a treaty of peace with the South Carolin-
ians in September 1761 and another with the Virginians on November o, 1 761
For fifteen years peace reigned in the Cherokee nation, but on May 9, 1776,
circular letters were sent out by the British Superintendent, Stuart, to the
Cherokees and Tories asking them to fall on and destroy the western American
settlers. The Cherokees at first demurred but finally acceded to the wishes
of King George, as they understood that he was the head of the English. It
was hard for them to understand how one part of any people could fight oth-
ers of their own nationality. But at last many of the young warriors listened
to the persuasive Stuart, who had been their friend and agent for some ten
vears.

32 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

It was agreed to make a simultaneous attack on the western settlers.
For this purpose the Cherokees were to furnish seven hundred warriors to
be divided into three bodies. One of these under Dragging Canoe was to at-
tack the Holston settlements, the second contingent under Abraham of Chil-
howee was to destroy the Watuga settlements and Raven (Colonah) was to
march against Carters Valley. The attack was to be made on the morning
of July 21, 1776. But as soon as she was certain that the preparations were
in earnest Mrs. Nancy Ward, the Ghigan or the beloved woman of the Chero-
kees, who was living at Chota dispatched William Thomas, a white trader and
William Fawling, an eighth blood Cherokee and a son of Rim and Elizabeth
'Emory) Fawling to apprise the settlers of their danger. Hastily assembling
they were ready to meet the advance of the British allies which included
warriors and Tories. The little army from the Holston settlement met Drag-
ging Canoe's contingent at Long Island on July 20, 1776 and after a short
skirmish in which thirteen Cherokees were left dead on the field, Dragging
Canoe withdrew his forces.

On the next mnriiing at sunrise, Abraham attacked Fort Watauga, which
was garrisoned by forty men under Captain James Robertson and Lieutenant
John Seiver and this post was invested for twenty days but the Indians were
finally compelled to retire. On account of the repulse of Dragging Canoe and
Abraham and the further fact that he found the citizens of Carter's Valley fort-
ed up. Raven failed to make the concerted attack.

"Upon the whole, the Indian invasion was a failure, owing to the timely
warning of Nancy Ward, and the concentration of the inhabitants in forts built
in consequence of the information she conveyed. If the well guarded secret
of the Indian campaign had not been disclosed, and they had been permitted
to steal upon the defenseless backwoodsmen, who, in fancied security, had re-
mained scattered over the extensive frontiers, every soul of them would have
been swept from the borders of Tennessee.'"

Isaac Thomas' services were recognized and rewarded by the Virginia
legislature. Mrs. William Bean, the mother of the first white child born in
Tennessee, nnd S;'niuel Mcore, a boy, were captured at the attack on Foit
Watauga. They were taken back to the Cherokee nation where the boy was
burned at the st-'ke and a like punishment was being meted to Mrs. Bean, who
was tied to a stake on the top of the mound that stood in the center of Et-
sauta, the fagots were piled around her and the frenzied savages were gloating;
over their chance to also sacrifice their second. Defeat had whetted their
remorseless appetites, but just as the torch was about to be applied, the Ghigan
exercising her prerogatives approached the pyre, pronounced the pardon of
Mrs. Bean, cut the strands that bound her and took her to her home, kept her
until it was safe to send her under the escort of her brother Longfellow and her
son Firekiller, to her home and husband. Chief Tassel said afterward that
Moore was the only white person that was ever burned by the Cherokees.

In retaliation for the Cherokee attacks North Carolina sent twenty-four
hundred men under Colonel Griffith Rutherford against the Cherokees, two
hundred Georgians under Captain Jack, eighteen "hundred and sixty South
Carolinians and two thousand Virginians under Colonel William Chri^stian at-

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 33

cicked and destroyed most of the nation; destroyed their crops, appropriated
their property and burned fifty of their towns and reduced the people to dire
destitution. Etsauta, the home of Attacullaculla and Ghigau was spared from
destruction by Colonel Christian, the commander of the Virg;inia forces. A
treaty of peace was concluded with the South Carolinians and Georgians ai
De Witt's Corner on May 20, 1777, and exactly two months later another
with Virginia and North Carolina at Long Island of the Holston. By these
two treaties they ceded five million two hundred sixty four thousand acres.
Outacita, Young Tassel and Dragging Canoe did not attend either of these
treaties and the latter chief withdrew with many implacable young warriors and
established the five Chicamauga towns, east of the present city of Chatta-
nooga. Dragging Canoe was at this time a stalwart, subtle and daring warrior
of about twenty four years of age. Outacita was at this time seventy-five years
old, discontented, he moved to the Chicamauga settlements but on account of
his age was not active in their affairs. Young Tassel was a half blood Eng-
lish-Cherokee who was later known as John Watts. He settled in the vicinity
of the Chicamaugas, but did not join them. Chief Attacullaculla died in 1778
and was succeeded by Oconostota. The Chicamauga towns flourished and
became the headquarters of the British authority south of the Ohio. The Brit-
ish agent Colonel Brown and subagent John McDonald were established there.
McDonald's store became the British commissary. Many warriors from thai
community prepared to join Governor Henry Hamilton in a general attack on
the western frontier, but the Governor was arrested on February 25, 1779 by
Colonel George Rogers Clark and the Chicamaugas decided to attack the
Holston settlement, but in the meantime James Robertson who was located
ac Etsauta as the first American Cherokee agent had ascertained their moves
and with a force of five hundred men attacked and destroyed the eleven
Chicamauga towns by way of the Tennessee. Among other property destroy-
ed was one granary of twenty thousand bushels of corn. Upon hearing of
this destruction the Cherokee warriors retraced their way to their devastated
homes.

The lull that followed this destruction enabled the Transylvania troops
to furnish many expert riflemen to the American forces at Kings Mountain,
where the tide of war was changed in favor of the young republic. It also
gave the Chicamaugas time to remobilize their forces for another general
attack, but this was thwarted by a counter attack by Colonel John Sevier in
the winter of 1780-81 in which he destroyed the Overhill towns and those on
the Hiwassee River. In the summer of 1781 a treaty of peace was concluded
with the Overhills. For a third time in three years the western settlements ot
the Cherokees were over run and ruined, this time by Colonel Sevier, in Sep-
tember, 1782.

Conditions were not any longer tenable for the impoverished Chica-
maugas, within the Cherokee settlements, so they moved about forty-five
miles westward and established the Five Lower towns of: Running Water,
Chicamauga, Nickajack, Crow and Lookout Mountain, forming a strategic
point for the assembling of Chicamaugas, Tories, STiawnees and Creeks.
Oconostota resigned the Chieftaincy on account of old age in 1782 and was

34 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

succeded by Tassel. Oconostota died in 1785. The English interpretation ot
his name was pounded ground hog, or popularly called "ground hog sausage."
Fifty-five years before his death he had, as a young chief, visited England, and
for that reason was most probably born about the beginning of the eighteenth
century.

THE LAMENT OF THE CHEROKEE
Bv John Howard Payne, Author of Home, Sweet Home.

O, soft falls the dew, on the twilight descending.
And night over the distant forest is bending
And night over the distant forest is bending

Like the storm spirit, dark, o'er the tremulous main.
But midnight enshrouded my lone heart in its dwelling,

A tumult of woe in niv bosom is swelling
And a tear unbefitting the warrior is telling

That hope has abandoned the brave Cherokee.
Can a tree that is torn from its root by the fountain.

The pride of the valley; green, spreading and fair.
Can it flourish, removed to the rock of the mountain,

Unwarmed by the sun and unwatered by care?
Though vesper be kind, her sweet dews in bestowing.

No life giving brook in its shadows is flowing.
And when the chill winds of the desert are blowing.

So droops the transplanted and lone Cherokee.
Sacred graves of my sires; and 1 left you forever?

How melted my heart when I bade you adieu;
Shall joy light the face of the Indian? Ah, never;

While memory sad has the power to renew.
As flies the fleet deer when the blood hound is started.

So fled winged hope from the poor broken hearted;
Oh, could she have turned ere forever departing.

And beckoned with smiles to her sad Cherokee.
Is it the low w-ind through the wet willows rushing.

That fills with wild numbers my listening ear?
Or is it some hermit rill in the solitude gushing,

The strange playing minstrel, whose music 1 hear?
'Tis the voice of my father, slow, solemnly stealing,

I see his dim form by yon meteor, kneeling
To the God of the White Man. the Christian, appealing.

He prays for the foe of the dark Cherokee.
Great Spirit of Good, whose abode is in Heaven,

Whose wampum of peace is the bow in the sky,
Wilt thou give to the wants of the clamorous ravens,

Yet turn a deaf ear to my piteous cry?
O'er the ruins of home, o'er niv heart's desolation:

No more shalt thou hear my unblest lamentation;
For death's dark encounter, 1 make preparation;

He hears the last groan of the wild Cherokee.

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 35

CHAPTER II

Trouble with th< Chicamaugas, Attack at Knoxville. Mussel Shoals
Massacre, Removal to Arkansas, First Printed Laws.

The lirst treaty between the United States and the Cherokees was made
at Hopewell on the Keowee River on November 28, \S7S, between "Benjamin
Hawkins, Andrew Pickens, Joseph Martin and Lachlan Mcintosh, Commis-
sioners Plenipotentiary of the United States and the Headmen and Warriors
of all the Cherokees." The Commissioners were among the most disting-
uished men of the southern part of the republic. Pickens and Mcintosh had
been brigadier generals of militia in the revolution; Martin and Hawkins had
held honorable positions both in military and civil life. Both parties agreed
to restore all prisoners. The Cherokees acknowledged the exclusive protec-
tion and authority of the United States. Boundary lines were to be definitely
marked, peace declared and the Cherokees should have a right to a delegate
to Congress.

The belligerency of the Chicamaugas was practically unimpeded, although
Dragging Canoe died at Running Water on about the tirst of March l 792 and
was succeeded as town chief by John Bowles, an auburn haired, blue eyed,
half blood Scotch Cherokee aged about thirty-two years. Tassel, head chief
of the Cherokees and a well known friend of the whites, with his son and two
others was invited to the headquarters of Mayor James Hubbert in 1 788. They
came unarmed, under a flag of truce and promise of protection although they
were not at war. As soon as they were within his lines, Habbert had them
conveyed to a vacant house and placing a tomahawk in the hands of a youn^
man whose parents had been killed by a marauding band of Cherokees, told
him to kill all of the visiting Cherokees, which he did while the Mayor stood
guard at the door. This is the only instance of a head chief of the Cherokees
being killed, either while in office or later, excepting the murder of Richard
Fields, the Texas Cherokee Chief. Tassel was the uncle of John Watts, Tab-
lonteeskee and Unakateehee. Scolacutta or Hanging Maugh succeeded
Tassel as head chief of the Cherokees.

A treaty was made by Governor William Blount and the Cherokees on
Holston River on July 2, 1791. It was practically a reiteration of the treaty
of 1785, but granted the Cherokees an annuity of one thousand dollars, and
on February 1 7, of the next year a supplementary treaty was made at Phila-
delphia increasing the annuity to fifteen hundred dollars. This was raised to
five thousand per annum on June 26, 1 794.

While Dragging Canoe was succeeded by John Bowles as town chief
of Running Water, his succession to the leadership of the Chicamaugas passed
by an election by that band to John Watts in the latter part of March 1 792 and
two months later, on Sunday, May 21st, the Chicamaugas met Governor
Blount at Coyateehee in the nation, where elaborate plans had been made by
them to receive and honor him. A ball play was held the following day and
was succeeded by a council in which Watts and the Cherokees again pledged
fealty to the United States. Watts promised that he would visit Governor

36 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

Blount, ten days later, stay a few days with him and then accompany him on
a mission to the Choctaws and Chickasaws.

On the day after the departure of the Governor, Watts went !o Too,uo,
v/here a courier delivered a letter to Watts, from William Panton, :>. wealthy
Scotch merchant at Pen5::ccl?, where he had fled from Georgia after Ins prop-
erty in that province had iu-en confiscated and destroyed because he w;is a
tory. The letter invited Watts and such other friends as he cared to bring, es-
pecially Tahlonteeskee, to visit him and the Spanish Governor O'Neal at his
establishment at Pensacola, where they would be given many presents.

Taking letters of introduction from John McDonald of Chicamauga, late-
Assistant British Superintendent of Indian Afairs; Watts, Tahlonteeskee and a
son of the late Dragging Canoe set out for Pensacola. On arriving there they
were flattered and shown every attention, then were reminded of the pertidious
death of Tassel. They were assured of the fact that neither English nor Span-
iards ever coveted their hunting grounds but that the settlers were continually
encroaching upon them. They were given pack loads of arms, ammunition
and presents and told they might have as much ammunition and arms as they
needed to get satisfaction for the death of their kinsman, Tassel.

On their return to the nation. Watts issued a call to the Chicamaugas to
meet at his residence at Wills Valley on the following green corn dance date,
which was in August. On their assembling. Watts laid before them the prop-
osition of Panton, and while this was bitterly opposed by Bloody Fellow, it
gained almost unanimous approval. The war party started out three days
later against the Cumberland settlements, but hearing that Unakateehee had
arrived at the mouth of Lookout Creek, with a load of whiskey, they had it
brought to Willston where they drank and feasted for several days and were
delayed some ten days longer, debating modes and plans of attack. Tahlon-
teeskee went forward to reconnoiter the Kentucky and Cumberland roads, but
only encountered some travelers, killing one of them. Middlestriker of Wills-
town with fifty-five warriors prepared an ambush near Crab Orchard on the
Walton road, where on September 23, 1792 he attacked Captain Samue!
Handley, who was captured by Arthur Coody and later liberated.

General James Robertson, commander of the Tennessee troops, dispatch-
ed on September 25th, Clayton and Jonathan Gee, two of his most trusted
spies to locate the Cherokees, but they were met by George Fields and John
Walker on a like errand for Watts, and killed. Fields as a captain and Walker,
a major of the Cherokee auxilliaries rendered good account of themselves with
the Americans under General Andrew Jackson at the battle of Horseshoe Bend
in 18 14.

Watts command of about one hundred and sixty seven Cherokees, thirty
Shawnees from Running Water under Shawnee Warrior and eighty three
Creeks under Talotiskee of Broken Arrow got near enough to Buchanan's
Station to hear the lowing of the cows on the evening of the thirtieth of Sep-
tember, where it became necessary to have another conference, as Talotiskee
and Doublehead wished to attack that station, which was small and Watts had
planned to attack Nashville, which was only four miles further and was the
largest station in this vicinity. The adherents of the former proposition were

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 37

successful :uid the attack was made near midnight. After a fierce melee of
several hours it became apparent that General Robertson was approaching
from Nashville and the Indians withdrew. Kiachatalee of Nickajack, Shaw-
nee Warrior of Running Water and Talotiskee of Broken Arrow were killed
and seven Cherokees were wounded, three of whom later died from the effects
of their wounds. John Watts and Unakateehee were among those wounded,
hut both survived. No casualties occurred to those in the blockhouse.

On June 12, 1793, a delegation had gathered at Hanging Maugh's pre-
paring to proceed to Philadelphia in compliance with an invitation from the
President transmitted to them by Governor Blount, the Governor had already
gone ahead, on the seventh of the month to make preparations for their com-
ing and had delegated John McKee to accompany them. Watts, Doublehead
and several other prominent Cherokees were some who had come to see the
delegates off. Without warning, a company of whites under Captain John
Beard, who had been hunting the slayers of Thomas Gillum and his son James,
appeared at Maugh's residence and began firing promiscuously, killing about
twelve and wounding many others, including Hanging Maugh, his wife and
daughter and Elizabeth, the daughter of Nancy Ward. Upon the repeated re-
quests of the Cherokees, Captain Beard was tried before a court martial but
was acquitted.

Finding that the protection that had been promised them by treaties
was of no effect, the Cherokees again commenced to prepare for retaliation
and the settlers for defense. Knoxville had a garrison of forty men. Gen-
eral Sevier with a force of four hundred mounted was at Ish's Station, across
the river from Knoxville, Campbell's Station, fifteen miles west of Knoxville,
one of the strongest posts on the border was well guarded and Cavitt's Station,
half way between Knoxville and Campbell's Station contained people, three
of whom were gun men. John Watts with one thousand warriors crossed
Tennessee River below the mouth of Holston on the evening of September
24, 1793 and marched all night intending to surprise Knoxville at daylight but
on account of the bickering of Doublehead and others who wished to attack
instead of avoid the small stations on the way they arrived near Cavitt's Sta-
tion at the time that Watts had planned to reach Knoxville. An assault was
made on that Station. Alexander Cavitt was killed and five Indians were
killed or wounded. A parley was then held in which the people of the Statior
surrendered on the promise of protection, but they were brutally murdered by
the intractable Doublehead. The Indians, knowing that their plans were
known, then recrossed the Tennessee.

General Sevier with about seven hundred men pursued the hostiles, who
were both Creeks and Cherokees and came up with them at the mouth of Eto-
wah River on October 17, 1793 where after a spirited engagement of only a
few minutes in which less than ten men were killed, the Indians abandoned
the field. After this skirmish the middle towns were at peace with the set-
tlers although daring leaders of the Chicamaugas, either single or with small
bands kept up desultory depredations until Major James Ore destroyed Nicka-
jack and Running Water on September 13, 1794 and put an end to the Chero-
kee war.

38 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

In June 1794 some emigrants who were on their way down Tennessee
River to the western settlements were attacked at Mussel Shoals. John Bowles
and all of his men were killed. "After this bloody tragedy, which is known
as the Mussel Shoals Massacre, the whole party of Cherokees went aboard
the boats, descended the Tennessee, Ohio and Mississippi to the Mouth of the
St. Francis River. There they placed all the white women and children in
one boat, granted to each of the married ladies a female servant, put on board
an ample stock of provisions and four strong and able black men and let them
descend the Mississippi to New Orleans, the place of their destination. With
one of these ladies 1 afterward became acquainted. At her residence 1 have
frequently domiciled when visiting New Orleans, and found her, though a wid-
ow, truly a mother in Israel. She was to New Orleans what Mrs. Isabella
Graham was to New York. It was from her lips that I received the foregoing
particulars. She often spoke of the kindness and courtesy with which she and
all the white ladies and children were treated by Bowl and his party.

But to return to my narrative, after the departure of the boat for New
Orleans, the Bowl and his party ran the other boats, with their contents of
goods, servants, etc., a few miles up the St. Francis River to await the issue of
the affair. They feared that their conduct at the Mussel Shoals would be re-
garded by our government as a violation of the treaty of amity, and as a re-
newal of hostility. As soon as the massacre of Mussel Shoals was known to
the Cherokees in their towns they convened a general council, and in a me-
morial to the United States government, declared that they had no part in the
tragedy; that they wished to be at peace with the United States and that they
would do all in their power to aid the United States in bringing them to justice.
They sent for Bowl and his party to return and submit to a trial for taking
the lives of white citizens of the United States. When this whole matter was
investigated by the government of the United States the Cherokees were fully
justified and the property confiscated and declared by treaty to belong justly
to the perpetrators of the Mussel Shoals Massacre."

The Cherokees had been settling in the St. Francis country for at least
forty years, as Lieutenant Governor Couzat reported to Governor Amazoga
on December 10, 1775 that the Cherokees had driven the miners away from
Mine I.a Motte, fifteen leagues from St. Genevieve.'

"The course pursued by the Cherokee council toward the refugees tended
to alienate their minds from their people in the home of their fathers, and
made them less reluctant to remain in their new homes west of the Mississippi
Added to this, the abundance of game, the fertility of the soil and the bland--
ness of the climate, soon made them prefer their homes here to those where
they had resided in the east. Other parties who crossed the Mississippi foi
the purpose of hunting and trapping, when thev saw the prosperity of the orit;-
nial refugees, joined them.

Louisiana was delivered to the United States government at St. Louis on
March 10, 1804 and all of that portion lying north of the thirtv-fifth parallel
was constituted, on March 8, 1805, the Territory of Louisiana "
,u J^'T^ '!"" '"°"^'' ""^ December 18 1 1, the great siesmatic disturbances of
the St. Francis River country, in which the Cherokees were located, caused

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKHE INDIANS 39

much of this tL'rritory to be submerged; while subterranean rumblin,;; and
roaring continued for many years. Fearing that this country was under the
ban of the Great Spirit, the Cherokees moved en masse to a new location be-
tween the Arkansas and White Rivers.'

On June 4, 1812 the Congress of the United States created the Territory
of Missouri and on the succeeding thirty first day of December, the County of
Arkansas, Territory of Missouri, was created, embracing practically the pres-
ent state of Arkansas, and during the following year Lawrence County was
constituted from that portion of Arkansas County lying north of the mouth of
Little Red River. Thus it will be seen that the Cherokee settlement was suc-
cessively within the Spanish province of Louisiana, Territory of Louisiana, Ter-
ritory of Missouri and the Counties of Arkansas and Lawrence, Territory of
Missouri. During all of which time they had been settlers without warrant
of title to their habitations and it was not until the ratiticaion of the United
States-Cherokee treaty of of July 8, 1817, that they were confirmed in their
rights to their homes.

In 18 13 a considerable accession was made to their number by voluntary
emigration from the old nation and they became so numerous that the United
States sent Samuel Treat to be their agent in the St. Francis country and he
iccompanied them to their new location between the Arkansas and White
Rivers; he was succeeded in 18 13 by William L. Lovely. 9

The rights of the Western Cherokees to their lands in Arkansas was con-
firmed by the treaty of 1817, at Turkeytown in which the government agreed
to give the Arkansas Cherokees as much land "acre for acre" between th::
Arkansas and White Rivers as they would cede of their domain in the east,
besides paying the emigrants that might thereafter move, for their improve--
ments, transport them to their new homes, subsist them for twelve months
after their arrival, besides other perquisites and valuable considerations. The
result of this treaty was a considerable emigration from the east to the west
in the years 1818 and 1810. From that time until their union by the treaty
of 1835, which was not effected, in fact, until 1830, the Arkansas Cherokees
were estimated at one-third of the whole tribe.

In the opening of 18 19 Thomas Nuttall, the naturalist, ascended the
Arkansas River, and gave the following of the Western Cherokees, as he
found them: "Both banks of the river as we proceeded were lined with the
houses and fences of the Cherokee, and although their dress was a mi.xture of
indigenous and European taste, yet in their homes, which were decently fur-
nished, and in their farms, which were well fenced and stocked, we perceived a
happy approach toward civilization. Their numerous families, also, well fei
and clothed, argue a propitious progress in their population. Their superior
industry, either as hunters or farmers, proves the value of property amon^:;
them, and they are no longer strangers to avarice and the distinctions created
by wealth. Some of them are possessed of property to the amount of many
thousands of dollars, have houses handsomely and conveniently furnished, and
their tables are spread with our dainties and luxuries."

The capital of the Cherokee Nation West from 18 13 to 1824 was at
Takatoka's village; from 1824 to 1828 it was at Piney, on Piney Creek; fron-.

40 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

1828 to 1838 at Tahlonteeskee on the south side and near the mouth of the
Illinois River and for a short time in 1839 at Takatoka or Double Springs on
Fourteen Mile Creek.

By the provisions of a treaty between the United States and the Osage
Indians on June 2nd, 1825, the latter ceded to the United Sates all of their
land lying " east of a line to be drawn from the head sources of the Kansas
River southwardly through Rock Saline." This was afterwards marked as the
hundredth meridian, thus becoming automatically the western boundary line
of Arkansas.

It being the policy of the United States to settle all of the Indians that
were located within the organized States and Territories in the extreme western
uncharted lands of the government and the Cherokees wishing to escape the
oppression and inconvenience of being located in a small narrow reservation
where they were continually hampered and disturbed, they exchanged their
lands in the Territory of Arkansas for a like amount lying west of the old line
of Arkansas. In accordance with this treaty the Western Cherokees moved
to their new territory in 1828-29.

Bowles' village was between Shoal and Petit Jean Creeks, on the south
side of the Arkansas River, and consequently not within the territory ceded to
the Cherokees by the treaty of 1817. On account of this fact and also to
gratify a general wish of his townsmen to locate within Soanish territory,
where they thought they would find such pleasant surroundings as they had
encountered in the vicinity of New Madrid in southeast Missouri, but they did
not stop to remember that while that had been Spanish territory, that their
neighbors and officers had been Frenchmen. But nevertheless the sixty fam-
ilies of Bowles' town moved to and located in Texas in the winter of 1819-20.
They were shortly afterwards joined by Richard Fields (Grant 1' 1? 3^ 2*)
a man of striking personality, of considerable intelligence and although he
spoke the English language fluently and preferably, he was not able to sign
his name. From the time that he joined them until his death, he was untiring
in his efforts to obtain a title for the Cherokees, to the land on which they re-
sided. A title to these lands were obtained from the Republic of Texas, by
treaty on February 23, 1836. They were driven from this land on July 16.
1839 by the entire army of the Republic of Texas, commanded by Brigadier
General Kelsey H. Douglas, who was accompanied by Vice and Acting Gov-
ernor David G. Burnett. Secretary of War Albert Sidney Johnson and Adju-
tant General Hugh McLeod, thus making the Republic responsible for their acts.

Three plats of land, each a mile square were set aside by the provisions ot
article two of the treaty of Tellico, of October 25, 1805, ostensibly for gov-
ernment purposes, but in reality, as shown by a second article of the treaty for
Doublehead and Tahlonteeskee as a bribe for their support in making the
treaty. Tahlonteeskee disposed of his two allotments and joined the Chero-
kees in Arkansas, where he became principal chief. Doublehead stayed ir
the Eastern Cherokee Nation where he dared the scorn of his neighbors, in
the summer of 1807, a great ball play was held on Hiwassee River, attended
by more than a thousand Cherokees, after the close of the game, a chief named
Bonepol.sher upbraided Doublehead for his perfidy and Doublehead drew his

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 41

revolver and killed him. During' the evening, Doublehead who had been
drinking entered a tavern where he encountered John Rogers, (Grant 1' l- 2'--)
Ridge (Ridge 1^ It) and Alexander Sanders (Sanders r 2-). Rogers com-
menced to berate him for his crime. Doublehead said to him: "You are a
white man and live by sufferance among us, hush and let me alone or I will kill
you." Doublehead snapped his pistol at him, some one extinguished the
light, a shot was tired and when the lamp was relighted Doublehead was lying
on the floor with a large wound in his lower jaw. Doublehead was then taken
to a neighbor's loft but was found and killed by Sanders, who was accompanied
by Ridge.'.

The progress of a people is best exemplified by their efforts to establish
equal rights for all of their people and their printed laws are the best inde-;
to their advancement. The tlrst printed law of the Cherokees was:

LAWS OF THE CHEROKEE NATION

Resolved by the Chiefs and Warriors in a National Council assembled.
That it shall be, and is hereby authorized, for the regulating parties to be organ-
ized to consist of six men in each company; one Captain, one Lieutenant and
four privates, to continue in service for the term of one year, whose duties
it shall be to suppress horse stealing and robbery of other property within their
respective bounds, who shall be paid out of the National annuity, at the rates
of fifty dollars to each Captain, forty toeach Lieutenant, and thirty dollars to
each of the privates; and to give their protection to children as heirs to their
father's property, and to the widow's share whom he may have had children
by or cohabited with, as his wife, at the time of his decease, and in case a
father shall leave or will any property to a child at the time of his decease,
which he may have had by another woman, then, his present wife shall be en-
titled to receive any such property as may be left by him or them, when sub-
stantiated by two or one disinterested witnesses.

Be it resolved by the Council aforesaid. When any person or persons
v\-hich may or shall be charged with stealing a horse, and upon conviction by
one or two witnesses, he, she, or they, shall be punished with one hundred
stripes on the bare back, and the punishment to be in proportion for stealing
property of less value; and should the accused person or persons raise up with
arms in his or their hands, as guns, axes, spears and knives, in opposition to the
regulating company, or should they kill him or them, the blood of him or them
shall not be required of any of the persons belonging- to the regulators from
the clan the person so killed belonged to.

Accepted. — BLACK FOX, Principal Chief,
PATHKILLER. Sec'd.
TOOCHALAR.
CHAS. HICKS, Sec'y to Council.

Brooms Town, 11th Sept. l8oS.

Be it known. That this day, the various clans or tribes which compose the
Cherokee Nation, have unanimously passed an act of oblivion for all lives for
which thev mav have been indebted, one to the other, and have mutually

42 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

agreed that after this evening the aforesaid act shall become binding upon
every clan or tribe; and the aforesaid clans or tribes, have also agreed that if,
in future, any life should be lost without malice intended, the innocent aggressor
shall not be accounted guilty.

Be it known, also. That should it happen that brother, forgetting his nat-
ural affection, should raise his hand in anger and kill his brother, he shall be
accounted guilty of murder and suffer accordingly, and if a man has a horse
stolen, and overtakes the thief, and should his anger be so great as to cause
him to kill him, let his blood remain on his own conscience, but no satisfaction
shall be demanded for his life from his relatives or the clan he may belong to.
By order of the seven clans.

TURTLE AT HOME,

Speaker of the Council.
Approved— BLACK FOX, Principal Chief,
PATH KILLER, Sec'd.
TOOCHALER.

In the war between the United States and the Creeks in 18 14 a large body
of Cherokees volunteered to assist the army led by Generals Andrew Jackson
and John Colfie. Among the officers were Colonel John Lowry, Major
George Lowry, Major Ridge, Major John Walker, Captain George Fields,
Captain Alexander Sanders, Captain John Rogers, Adjutant John Ross and
private Charles Reese. In the crucial battle of Horse Shoe Bend in which
the Creeks were strongly barricaded behind cypress log ramparts and
were holding their own against the frontal attacks, a detachment of
Cherokees came up on the opposite side of the river, Charles Reese
swam across and towed a canoe to his associates, the canoe load of warriors
crossed the stream and each one got a canoe. In this manner the Cherokee?,
landed in the hack part of the bend, attacked the Creeks from the rear. In
attempting to repel this assault the Creeks so weakened their front that a
breach was made nearly annihilating the belligerent Creek forces. From thai
day Andrew Jackson became increasingly popular. Historians carefully re-
frain from giving the Cherokees mention or credit for a part in this combat
and Reese's family received a silver mounted rifle as acknowledgement for
his actions, three years after his death.

An act of the Cherokee Council that served as a substitute for a consti-
tution was as follows:

Whereas, fifty-four towns and villages have convened in order to delib-
erate and consider on the situation of our Nation, in the disposition of our com-
mon property of lands, without the unanimous consent of the members of
Council, and in order to obviate the evil consequences resulting in such course,
we have unanimously adopted the following form for the future government
of our Nation.

ART. 1st It is unanimously agreed that there shall be thirteen members
elected as a Standing Committee for the term of two years, at the end of which
term they shall be either re-elected or others; and in 'consequence of the death

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 4?

or resignation of any of said Committee, our head Chiefs shall elect another
to fill the vacancy.

ART. 2d. The affairs of the Cherokee Nation shall be committed to the

care of the Standing Committee; hut the acts of this body shall not be binding

on the Nation in our common property and without the unanimous consent

of the members and Chiefs of the Council, which they shall present for their

acceptance or dissent.

ART. 3d. The authority and claim of our common property shall cease
with the person or persons who shall think proper to remove themselves with-
out the Cherokee Nation.

ART. 4th. The improvements and labors of our people by the mother's
side shall be inviolate during the time of their occupancy.

ART. 5th. This Committee shall settle with the Agency for our annual
stipend, and report their proceedings to the members and Chiefs in Council,
but the friendly communications between our head Chiefs and the Agency shall
remain free and open.

ART. 6th. The above articles for our government, may be amended at
our electoral term, and the Committee is hereby required to be governed by
the above articles, and the Chief and Warriors in Council, unanimously pledge
themselves to observe strictly the contents of the above articles. — Whereunto
we have set our hands and seals at Amoah, this 6th day of May. one thousand
eight hundred and seventeen.

Approved in Council, on the day and date above written.
EHNAUTAUNAUEH,

Speaker of the Council
Approved of the within government 1\\- the head Chief,
PATHKILLER.
A. McCoy, Sec'y to the Council.
CHAS' HICKS.

Unanimously agreed, That schoolmasters, blacksmiths, millers, salt petrc
and gun powder manufacturers, ferrymen and turnpike keepers, and mechanics
are hereby privileged to reside in the Cherokee Nation under the following
conditions, viz:

Their employers procuring a permit from the National Committee and
Council for them and becoming responsible for their good conduct and be-
havior, and subject to removal for misdemeanor; and further agree, that
blacksmiths, millers, ferrymen and turnpike keepers, are privileged to improve,
and cultivate twelve acres of ground for the support of themselves and fam-
ilies, should they please to do so.

JNO. ROSS, Pres't. Nat'l. Com.
A. McCOY, Cl'k. Nat'l. Com.

In Committee, New Town, Oct. 26th, ISIO.

On July 8, 1817, a treaty was made with the United States, the main
feature of which was the exchange of land east of the Mississippi for land in
Arkansas, so that the Western Cherokees might have title to their homes. On
February 27. 1919 another treaty was made confirming the treaty of 18 17

44 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

and providing- for the basis of the Cherokee National school fund. The East-
ern Cherokee Nation was divided into eight districts by:

New Town, Cherokee Nation, October 20th. 1820.

Resolved by the National Committee and Council, That the Cherokee
Nation shall be laid off into eight districts, and that a council house shall be
established in each district for the purpose of holding councils to administer
justice in all causes and complaints that may be brought forward for trial, ana
one circuit judge, to have jurisdiction over two districts, to associate with the
district judges in determining all causes agreeable to the National laws, and
the marshals to execute the decisions of the judges in their respective districts,
and the District Councils to be held in the spring and fall seasons, and one
company of lighthorse to accompany each circuit judge on his official duties,
in his respective districts, and to execute such punishment on thieves as th?.
Judges and Council shall decide, agreeably to law, and it shall be the duty
of the marshals to collect all debts, and shall be entitled to eight per cent for
the same; and the Nation to defray the expenses of each District Council, and
in case of opposition to the marshals in execution of their duty, they shall be
justifiable in protectingtheir persons from injury in the same manner as is pro-
vided for the National lighthorse by law.

By order of the National Committee.

JNO. ROSS, Pres't. N. Com.
Approved— PATH KILLER (X) his mark.
CHAS. R. HICKS.
A. McCOY, Clerk,
and the undated act

Resolved by the National Committee and Council, That the Cherokee
Nation be organized and laid off in Districts, and to be bounded as follows:

1st. The first District shall be called by the name of Chickamaugee, and
be bounded as follows: beginning at the mouth of Aumuchee creek, on
Oostennallah river, thence north in a straight course to a spring branch be-
tween the Island and Rackoon village, thence a straight course over the Look-
out Mountain, where the heads of Will's and Lookout creeks opposes against
each other on the Blue Ridge, thence a straight course to the main source of
Rackoon creek, and down the same into the Tennessee river, and up said
river to the mouth of Ooletiwah creek, and up said creek to take the most
southeastern fork, thence a southern course to the mouth of Sugar Creek, into
the Cannasawgee river, and down the said river to its confluence with the
Oostcnallah river, and down the same to the place of beginning.

2d. The second District shall be called by the name of Challoogee, and
be bounded as follows; beginning on the mouth of Rackoon creek, in the Ten-
nessee River, and down the said river to the boundary line, commonly called
Cofiee's line, and along said line where it strikes Will's Creek, and down the
said creek to its confluence with the Coosa river, and thence embracing the
boundary line between the Cherokees and Creeks, run by Wm. Mcintosh and
other Cherokee Commissioners by their respective Nations, running south
eastwardly to its intersection with Chinubee's trace, and along said trace lead-

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEH INDIANS 45

ing- castwardly by Avery Vann's place, inLiudiiig his plantation, and thence on
said trace to where it crosses the Etowah river to its confluence with Oostan-
nallah river, and up said river to the mouth of Aumuchee creek, and to be
bounded by the first District.

3d. The third District shall be called by the name of Coosawatee, and
bounded as follows: beginning- at the widow Fool's ferry, on Ooostannallan
river, where the Alabama road crosses it, along said wagon road eastwardly
leading towards Etowah town to a large creek above Thomas Pettit's planta-
tion, near to the Sixes, and said creek, northeastward, to its source; thence a
straight course to the head of Talloney creek, up which the Federal road leads,
thence a straight course to the Red Bank creek, near Cartikee village; thence
a straight course to the head source of Potatoe Mine creek; thence a straight
course to the most southern head source of Cannasawagee river; thence a
northwestern course to Cannasawgee river, to strike opposite the mouth of
Sugar Creek, into the Cannasawgee river, and to be bounded by the first ann
second Districts.

4th. The fourth District shall be called by the name of Amoah. and be
the third District strikes the said source; thence eastwardly a straight course
bounded as follows: beginning at the head source of Cannasawgee river, where
to Spring Town, above Hiwassee Old Town; thence to the boundary line run
by Col Houston, where it crosses Sloan creek; — thence westwardly along said
line to the Hiwassee river; — thence down said river intn the Tennessee river,
and down the same to the mouth of Oolatiwah creek, and to be bounded by
the first and third Districts.

5th. The fifth District shall be called by the name of Hickory Log, and
shall be bounded as follows: beginning at the head of Potatoe Mine Creek, on
the Blue Ridge to where Cheewostoyeh path crosses said ridge, and along said
path to the head branch of Frog Town creek, and down the same to its con-
fluence with Tahsantee; thence down Chestotee river; thence down the same
into the Chattahoochee river; and down the same to the shallow wagon ford on
said river; above the standing Peach Tree; thence westward along said wag"u

road leading to Town to where it crosses Little river, a fork of the

Etowah river, and down the same to its confluence with Etowah river, and
down the same in a direct course to a large Creek, and up said creek to where
the road crosses it to the opposite side, and to be bounded by the third District.

6th. The sixth District shall be called by the name of Etowah, and be
bounded as follows: beginning on the Chattahoochee river, at the shallow
wagon ford on said river, and down the same to the Buzzard Roost, where the
Creek and Cherokee boundary line intersects the said river; thence along said
boundary line westward, to where it intersects Chinubees trace, and to be
bounded by the fifth and third districts, leaving Thomas Pettit's family in
Etowah District.

7th. The seventh District shall be called by the name of Tahquohee,
and be bounded as follows: beginning where Col. Houston's boundary line
crosses Slare's creek, thence along said boundary line south-eastwardly, to
the Unicoy turnpike road, and along said road to where it crosses the Hiwaseo
river, in the Valley Towns; thence a straight course to head source of Coosa

46 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

creek, on the Blue Ridge above Cheewostoyeh, and along said Ridge east-
wardly, where the Unicoy turnpike road crosses it and thence a direct course
to the head source of Persimon creek; thence down the same to the confluence
of Tahsantee, and with the Frog Town creek; ar.d to be bounded by the third,
the fourth and tifth Districts.

8th. The eighth District shall be called by the name of Aquohee, and
be bounded as follows: beginning where the seventh District intersects the
Blue Ridge, where the Unicoy turnpike road crosses the same; thence east-
wardly along said ridge to the Standing Man, to Col. Houston's boundary line,
thence along said line to the confluence of Nauleyalee, and Little Tennessee
river; thence down the same to Tallassee village, thence along said boundary
line westwardly, to where it intersects the Unicoy turnpike road; and to be
bounded by the Seventh District; and that each District shall hold their re-
spective Councils or Courts, on the following days:

The first Mondays in May and September, for Chicamaugee District; and
on the

First Mondays in May and September for Coosewatee District; and the
Second Mondays in May and September, for Amoah District; and on the
First Mondays in May and September, for Hickory Log District; and the
Second Mondays in May and September, for Etowah District, and on the
First Mondays in May and September for Aquohee District; and on the
Second Mondays in May and September, for Tauquohee District; and
each of the Councils or Courts shall sit five days for the transaction of busi-
ness at each term.

By order of the Committee and Council.

CHAS. R. HICHS,
The above act was passed before October 25, 1820, as other acts re-
lating to the officers of the several districts were passed on that and subsequent
dates. Gambling and drinking were restricted by

New Town, Cherokee Nation, November 8th, 1822.

Whereas, the great variety of vices emanating from dissipation, particu-
larly from intoxication and gaming at cards, which are so prevalent at all
public places, the National Committee and Council, seeking the true interest
and happiness of their people, have maturely taken this growing evil into their
serious consideration, and being fully convinced that no nation of people can
prosper and flourish, or become magnanimous in character, the basis of whose
laws are not found upon virtue and justice; therefore, to suppress, as much as
possible, those demoralizing habits which were introduced by foreign agency,

Resolved by the National Committee, That any person or persons, what-
soever, who shall bring ardent spirits within three miles of the General Coun-
cil House, or to any of the court houses within the several Districts during the
general Council, or the sitting of the courts, and dispose of the same so as to
hitoxicate any person or persons whatsoever, the person or persons so offend-
ing, shall forfeit his or their whiskey, the same to be destroyed; and be it further

Resolved, That gaming at cards is hereby strictly forbidden, and that an\
person or persons whomsoever, who shall game at cards in the Cherokee

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 47

Nation, such person or persons, so offending, shall forfeit and pay a fine of
twenty-five dollars, and further, any person or persons whatsoever, who mr.v
or shall be found playing- cards at any house or camp, or in the woods within
three miles of the general Council House, or any of the court houses of the
several Districts during the session of the General Council, or setting of the
District Courts, such person or persons, so offending, shall forfeit and pay a
fine of fifty dollars each for every such offense, and that any person or persons
whatsoever, who shall bring into the Cherokee Nation and dispose of playing
cards, such person or persons, being convicted before any of the Judges, Mar-
shals, or light horse, shall pay a fine of twenty-five dollars for every pack or
cards so sold; and it shall be the duty of the several Judges, Marshals and light
horse companies, to take cognizance of such offenses and to enforce the above
resolution ; and

And be it further resolved. That all fines collected from persons violating
the above resolution, the money so collected shall be paid into the national
treasury. To take effect and be in full force from and after the first day oi
January next.

By order of the National Committee.

JNO. ROSS, Pres't. N. Com.
Approved— PATH KILLER (X) his mark.
A. McCOV, Clerk of Com.
ELIJAH HICKS, clerk of Coun'l.

Miscegenation was penalized by :

New Town, Cherokee Nation. November 11th, 1824

Resolved by the National Committee and Council, That intermarriages
between negro slaves and Indians, or white, shall not be lawful, and any person
or persons, permitting and approbating his, her or their negro slaves, to inter-
marry with Indians or whites, he or she or they, so offending shall pay a tine of
tifty dollars, one half for the benefit of the Cherokee Nation; and

Be if further resolved, That any male Indian or white man marrying a
negro woman slave, he or they shall be punished with fifty-nine stripes on the
bare back, and any Indian or white woman, marrying a negro man slave, shaii
be punished with twenty-five stripes on her or their bare back.

By order of the National Committee.

JNO. ROSS, Pres't. N. Com.
Approved — PATH KILLER 'X) his mark.
A. McCOY, Clerk of Com.
ELIJAH HICKS, clerk of Coun'l.

New Town, Cherokee Nation, November 11th, 1824

Resolved by the National Committee and Council, That it shall not be
lawful for negro slaves to possess property in horses, cattle or hogs, and that
those slaves now possessing property of that description, be required to dispose
of the same in twelve months from this date, under the penalty of confiscation.

48 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

and any property so confiscated, shall be sold for the benefit of the Cherokee
Nation.

I3y order of the National Committee.

JNO. ROSS, Pres't. N. Com.
Approved— PATH KILLER (X) his mark.
A. McCOY, clerk of Com.

Another step towards a constitution was:

For the better security of the common property of the Cherokee Nation,
and for the protection of the rights and privileges of the Cherokee people, We,
the undersigned members of the Committee and Council, in legislative Council
convened, have established, and by these presents do hereby declare, the
following articles as a fixed and irrevocable principle, by which the Cherokee
Nation shall be governed. These articles may be amended or modified, by a
concurrence of two-thirds of the members of the Committee and Council in
legislative Council convened; viz:

ART 1st. The lands within the sovereign limits of the Cherokee nation,
as defined by treaties, are, and shall be, the common property of the Nation.
The improvements made thereon and in the possession of the citizens of the
Nation, are the exclusive and indefeasible property of the citizens respectively
who made, or may rightfully be in possession of them.

ART. 2d. The annuities arising from treaties with the U. States, and the
revenue arising out of tax laws, shall be funded in the National Treasury, and
be the public property of the Nation.

ART. 3d. The legislative Council of the Nation shall alone possess the
legal power to manage and dispose of, in any manner by law, the public prop-
erty of the Nation, Provided, nothing shall be construed in this article, so as
to extend that right and power to dispossess or divest the citizens of the Na-
tion of their just rights to the houses, farms and other improvements in their
possession.

ART. 4th. The Principal Chiefs of the Nation shall in no wise hold any
treaties, or dispose of public property in any manner, without the express
authority of the legislative Council in Session.

ART. 5th. The members of Committee and Council, during the recess
of the legislative Council, shall possess no authority or power to convene
Councils in their respective districts, or to act officially on any matters, ex-
cepting expressly authorized or delegated by the legislative Council in session.

ART. 6th. The citizens of the Nation, possessing exclusive and indefeas-
ible rights to their respective improvements, as expressed in the first article,
shall possess no right or power to dispose of their improvements to citizens
of the United States, under such penalties, as may be prescribed by law in such
cases.

ART 7th. The several courts of justice in the Nation shall have no cog-
nizance of any case transpiring previous to the organization of courts by law,
and which case may have been acted upon by the chiefs in council, under the
then existing custom and usage of the Nation, excepting there mav be an ex-
press law embracing the case.

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 49

ART 8th. The two Prhicipal Chiefs of the Nation, shall not, jointly or
Separately, have the power of arresting the judgment of either of the courts
or of the legal acts of the National Committee and Council, but that the judic-
iary of the Nation shall be independent and their decisions final and conclusive,
Provided, always, That they act in conformity to the foregoing principles or
articles, and the acknowledged laws of the Nation.

Done in Legislative Council, at New Town, this l5th day of June, 182 5.
JNO. ROSS. Pres't. N. Com.
MAJOR RIDGE, Speaker of Council,
Approved — PATH KILLER (X) his mark.
New Echota was established as the capital by the four following acts:

New Town, Cherokee Nation, November 12th 1825.

Resolved by the National Committee and Council, That one hundred
town lots, of one acre square, be laid off on the Oostenallah river, commencing
below the mouth of the creek, nearly opposite the mouth of Caunausauga river.
The public square to embrace two acres of ground, which town shall be known
and called Echota; there shall be a main street of sixty feet and the other
streets shall be fifty feet wide.

Be it further resolved. That the lots, when laid off, be sold to the highest
bidder. The purchasers right shall merely be occupancy, and transferrable
only to lawful citizens of the Cherokee Nation, and the proceeds arising from
the sales of the lots shall be appropriated for the benefit of the public buildings
in said town; and

Be it further resolved. That three commissioners be appointed to super
intend the laying off the aforesaid lots, marking and numbering the same, and
to act as chain carrier, and a surveyor to be employed to run off the lots and
streets according to the plan prescribed. The lots to be commenced running
off on the second Monday in February ne.\t, and all the ground lying within
the following bounds, not embraced by the lots, shall remain vacant as com-
mons for the convenience of the town; viz: beginning at the mouth of Caun-
ausauga, and up said creek to the mouth of the dry branch to the point of
the ridges, and thence in a circle round along said ridges, by the place oc-
cupied by Crying Wolf, thence to the river.

JNO. ROSS, Pres't. N. Com.
MAJOR RIDGE, Speaker.
Approved — PATH KILLER, (.\) his mark.
CH. R. HICKS.
A. McCOY, clerk of Com.
E. BOUDINOTT, Clerk N. Council.

New Town, Cherokee Nation, November 12th. 1825

Judge Martin, George Saunders and Waller S. .A.dair, are elected com-
missioners to superintend the laying off the lots in the town of Echota.

By order. JNO. ROSS, Pres't N. Com.

A. McCOY, clerk of Com.

50 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

Echota, Cherokee Nation, November 12th. 1825.

The subject of improvements made, and now occupied by individuals, on
the public ground selected for the jurisdiction of the town of Echota, have been
taken up by the National Committee. The question arising- is, whether the
Nation is bound to pay for any such improvements made by individuals since
the site has been selected by the Nation for the establishment of a town as the
seat of government. The decision of the Committee on this question is, that
the Nation is not bound to make compensation for any such improvements,
but in order to extend indulgence toward Alex. McCoy and E. Hicks, who are
now within said bounds, and are in possession of dwelling houses of some
value, it is hereby agreed and

Resolved by the National Committee and Council, That should the dwell-
ing houses of the aforesaid McCoy and Hicks fall with lots which are to be laid
off, they shall have the preference of occupancy to said lots. Provided they pay
for the same at the rate which any other lot of equal value and advantageously
situated may sell for; it is further agreed and admitted, that the improvement
lately occupied by War Club, and the one now in the possession of Crying
Wolf shall be paid for at the public expense; agreeably to the valuation made
by W. Hicks, Geo. Saunders and Jos. Crutchfield.

JNO. ROSS, Pres't. N. Com.
MAJOR RIDGE, Speaker.
Approved— PATH KILLER (X) his mark.
CH. R. HICKS.
A. McCOY, clerk Com.
E. BOUDINOTT, Clerk N. Council.

Echota, Cherokee Nation, November 14th, 1825.

Alexander McCoy is hereby authorized and permitted to cultivate and
raise a crop the ensuing year, in the field lying on the river below the ferry, and
also the one lately owned by the War Club, on the river below the mouth ot
the spring branch, which improvements belong to the public, and lie within the
town of Echota; Provided, said McCoy does not suffer the stakes to be re-
moved which are to separate the town lots, to be laid off in said fields, and that
said McCoy surrender possession of those fields to the public on or before the
second Monday in October next.

JNO. ROSS, Pres't. N. Com.
MAJOR RIDGE, Speaker.
Approved— PATH KILLER (X) his mark.
CH. R. HICKS.
A. McCOY, clerk Com.
E. BOUDINOTT, clerk Coun'l.

Provisions were made for the selection of delegates for a constitutional
convention by:

Whereas, the General Council of the Cherokee Nation, now in session.
havmg taken into consideration the subject of adopting a constitution for the
future Government of said Nation, and after mature deliberation, it is deemed
expedient that a Convention be called, and in order that the wishes of the pec-

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 51

pie of the several Districts may be fairly represented on this all important sub-
ject,

It is hereby resolved by the National Committee and Council, That the
persons hereinafter named be, and they are hereby nominated and recom-
mended to the people of their respective districts as candidates to run an
election for seals in the Convention; and three out of the ten in each District
who shall get the highest number of votes shall be elected; and for the con-
venience of the people in giving- their votes, three precincts in each District
are selected, and superintendents and clerks to the election are chosen; and
no person but a free male citizen who is full grown shall be entitled to a vote;
and each voter shall be entitled to vote for three of the candidates herein
nominated in their respective Districts, and no vote by proxy shall be admitted;
and that all the votes shall be given in viva voce; and in case of death, sickness
or other incident which may occur to prevent all or any of the superintendents
from attending at the several precincts to which they are chosen, the people
of the respective precincts shall make a selection to fill such vacancies. And
in case of similar incident occurring to any of the members elect, the person
receiving the next highest number of votes shall supply the vacancy.

In Chicamauga District, John Ross, Richard Taylor, John Baldridge, Jas
Brown, Sleeping Rabbit, John Benge, Nathaniel Hicks, Sicketowee, Jas. Starr
and Daniel McCoy, are nominated and recommended as candidates; and the
election in the first precinct shall be held at or near Hick's mill, and Charles
R. Hicks, and Archibald Fields, are chosen superintendents, and Leonard Hicks,
clerk. The election in the second precinct shall be held at or near Hunter
Langley's in Lookout Valley, and James Lowrey and Robert Vann are chosen
superintendents, and John Candy, clerk. The election in the third precinct
shall be held in the Court House, and Joseph Coodey and William S. Coodey,
are chosen superintendents and Robert Fields, Clerk.

In Chattanooga District, George Lowrey, Samuel Gunter, Andrew Ross,
David Vann, David Brown, Spirit, The Bark, Salecooke, Edward Gunter and
John Brown, are nominated and recommended as candidates; and the election
in the first precinct in this District shall be held at or near Edward Gunter':
school house in Creek Path valley, and Alexander Gilhreath and Dempsey
Fields are chosen superintendents, and John Gunter, clerk. The election in
the second precinct shall be held at or near Laugh at Mush's house, in Wills
valley, and William Chamberlin and Martin Mcintosh are chosen superintend-
ents and George Lowrey, Jr., clerk. The election in the third precinct shall
De held at the court house, and Charles Vann and James M'lntosh are chosen
superintendents, and Thomas Wilson, clerk.

In Coosawaytee District, John Martin, W. S. Adair, Elias Boudinott, Jo-
seph Vann, John Ridge, William Hicks, Elijah Hicks, John Saunders, Kele-
chulah and Alex McCoy, are nominated and recommended as candidates. The
election in the first precinct in this District shall be held at or near William
Hick's house on Ooukillokee creek, and Edward Adair and G. W. Adair are
chosen superintendents and Stand Watie, clerk. The election in the second

52 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

precinct shall be held at Elechaye, and George Saunders and Robert Saunders,
are chosen superintendents, and James Saunders, clerk. The election in the
third precinct shall be held at the court house, and George Harlin and William
Thompson are chosen superintendents, and Jos. M. Lynch, clerk

In Amohee District, The Hair, Lewis Ross, Thos. Foreman, John Walker,
Jr., Going Snake, George Fields, James Bigbey, Deer-in-water, John M'Intosh,
and Thomas Fields are nominated and recommended as candidates. The elec-
tion in the first precinct in this District shall be held at or near Kalso wee's
house at Long Savannah, and Wm. Blythe and John Fields, are chosen superin
tendents and Ezekiel Fields, clerk. The election in the second precinct shall
be held at or near Bridge Maker's house, at Ahmohee Town, and Ezekiel Starr
and Michael Helterbrand, are chosen superintendents, and James M'Nair, clerk.
The election in the third precinct shall be held at the court house, and David
M'Nair and James M 'Daniel, are chosen superintendents and T. W. Ross, clerk.

In Hickory Log District, James Daniel, George Still, Woman Killer,
Robert Rogers, Moses Harris, John Duncan, Moses Downing, George Ward,
Tahquoh, and Sam Downing, are nominated and recommended as candidates.
The election in the first precinct in this District, shall be held at or near George
Welch's house, at the Cross Roads, and A. Hutson and E. Duncan, are chosen
superintendents, and Joshua Buffington, Clerk. The election in the second
precinct shall be held at or near Big Savannah, and John Downing and E.
M'Laughlin, are chosen superintendents, and John Daniel, clerk. The elec-
tion in the third precinct shall be held at the court house, and John Wright and
Ellis Harlin, are chosen superintendents, and Moses Daniel, clerk.

In Hightower District, George M. Waters, Joseph Vann, Alexander Saun
ders, John Beamer, Walking Stick. Richard Rowe, The Feather, Old Field.
Te-nah-la-wee-stah, and Thomas Pettit, are nominated and recommended as
candidates. The election in the first precinct in this District shall be held at or
near the Old Turkey's house, and Tahchi-see and John Harris, are chosen
superintendents, and John Sanders, clerk. The election in the third precinct
shall be held at th^ court house. ;ind Charles Moore and W. Thompson, are
chosen superintendents, and Joseph Phillips, clerk

In Tahquohee District, Chuwalookee, George Owen, Too-nah-na-lah,
Wm. Bowlin, Chips, Ooclen-not-tah. Soo-wa-keee, Sour John, The Tough, and
Charles, are nominated and recommended as candidates. The election in the
first precinct in this District, shall be held at or near Nahtahyalee, and A. M'
Daniel and Metoy, are chosen superintendents, and Thomas, clerk. The elec-
tion in the second precinct shall be held at or near The Spirit's house, and
Benjamin Timson and Edward Timson, are chosen superintendents, and J. D.
Wofford, clerk.

In Aquohee District, Sitewake, Bald Town George, Richard Walker, John
Timson, Allbone, Robin, (Judge Walker's son-in-law) Ahtoheeskee, Kunsenee,
Samuel Ward, and KalkaHoskee, are nominated and recommended as candi-
dates.^ The election in the first precinct in this District, shall be held at or
near Tasquittee, and Thompson and Dick Downin?;, are chosen superintend-
ents, and William Reid, clerk. The election in the second precinct shall be
held at or near Samuel Ward's house, and Isaac Tucker and John Bighead,

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 53

are chosen superintendents, and David England, clerk. The election at the
third precinct shall be held at the court house, and Whirlwind and Bear Con-
jurer, are chosen superintendents, and Rev. E. Jones, clerk.

Be it further resolved, That the election at the several places herein se-
lected for each District, shall be held on the Saturday previous to the com-
mencement of the Courts for May Term next, and a return of all the votes
o'iven shall be made to the superintendents of the election at the court house
on the Monday following, being the first day of court, with a certificate of the
polls, signed by the superintendents and clerks, and after all the votes being
collected and rendered in, the three candidates having the highest number of
votes shall be duly elected, and the superintendents and clerks at the court
house, shall give to each of the members elected a certificate. And in case
there shall be an equal number of votes between any of the third candidates,
the members of the Convention shall give them the casting vote, and that the
superintendents shall, before entering upon their duties, take an oath for the
faithful performance of their trusts: and that the members so elected shall, on
the 4th day of July next, meet at Echota and form a convention, and proceed
to adopt a Constitution for the Government of the Cherokee Nation.

Be it further resolved, That the principles which shall be established in
the Constitution, to be adopted by the Convention, shall not in any degree go
to destroy the rights and liberties of the free citizens of this Nation, nor to
effect or impair the fundamental principles and laws, by which the Nation is
now governed, and that the General Council to be convened jn the fall of
1827 shall be held under the present existing authorities; Provided neverthe-
less, that nothing shall be so construed in this last clause so as to invalidate
or prevent the Constitution, adopted by the Convention, from going into effect
after the aforesaid next General Council.

New Echota, l3th October, 1826.

JNO. ROSS, Pres't. N. Com.
MAJOR RIDGE, Speaker.
Approved— PATH KILLER (X) his mark.

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

From au old painting

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 55

CHAPTER III

Convention of Delegates, Constitution is Adopted

The elected delegates met and formed the following constitution:

CONSTITUTION OF THE CHEROKEE NATION

Formed by a Convention of Delegates From the Several Districts, at New

Echota, July, 1827

We, the Representatives of the people of the Cherokee Nation, in Con-
vention assembled, in order to establish justice, ensure tranquility, promote
our common welfare, and secure to ourselves and our posterity the blessings of
liberty; acknowledging with humility and gratitude the goodness of the sover-
eign Ruler of the Universe, in offering us an opportunity so favorable to the
design, and imploring His aid and direction in its accomplishment, do ordain
and establish this Constitution for the Government of the Cherokee Nation.

Article 1. — Sec. 1. — The boundaries of this Nation, embracing the lands
solemnly guaranteed and reserved forever to the Cherokee Nation by the
Treaties concluded with the United States, are as follows, and shall forever
hereafter remain unalterably the same, to-wit:

Beginning on ihe north bank of Tennessee river at the upper part of the
Chickasaw old field, thence along the main channel of said river, including all
the islands therein, to the mouth of the Hiwassee river, thence up the main
channel of said river, including islands, to the first hill which closes in on said
river about two miles above Hiwassee Old Town, thence along the ridge which
divides the waters of the Hiwassee and Little Tillico, to the Tennesse river
at Tallassee, thence along the main channel, including islands, to the junction
of the Cowee and Nanteyalee, thence along the ridge in the fork of said river,
to the top of the blue ridge, thence along the blue ridge to the Unicoy Turnpike
road, thence by a straight line to the main source of the Chestatee, thence
along its main channel, including islands, to the Chattahoochy, and thence
down the same to the Creek boundary at Buzzard Roost, thence along the
boundary line which separates this and the Creek Nation, to a point on the
Coosa river opposite the mouth of Wills Creek, thence down along the south
bank of the same to a point opposite Fort Strother, thence up the river to the
mouth of Wills Creek, thence up along the east bank of said creek to the west
branch thereof, and up the same to its source, and thence along the ridge which
separates the Tombeccee and Tennessee waters to a point on the top of said
ridge, thence due north to Camp Coffee on Tennessee river, which is opposite
the Chickasaw Island, thence to the place of beginning.

Sec. 2 — The sovereignty and Jurisdiction of this Government shall ex-
tend over the country within the boundaries above described, and the lands
therein are, and shall remain, the common property of the Nation; but the im-
provements made thereon, and in the possession of the citizens of the Nation,
are the exclusive and indefeasible property of the citizens respectively who
made; or may rightfully be in possession of them; Provided ,that the citizens
of the Nation, possessing exclusive and indefeasible right to their respective

56 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

improvements, as expressed in this article, shall possess no right nor power to
dispose of their improvements in any manner whatever to the United States,
rndividual states, nor individual citizens thereof; and that whenever any such
citizen or citizens shall remove with their effects out of the limits of this Nation,
and become citizens of any other Goverment, all their rights and privileges
as citizens of this Nation shall cease; Provided nevertheless. That the Legislat-
ure shall have power to re-admit by law to all the rights of citizenship, any
such person or persons, who may at any time desire to return to the Nation on
their memorializing the General Council for such readmission. Moreover, the
Legislature shall have power to adopt such laws and regulations, as its wisdom
may deem expedient and proper, to prevent the citizens from monopolizing
improvements with the view of speculation.

Article 11. — Sec. 1. — The power of this government shall be divided into
three distinct departments; the Legislative, the Executive, and Judicial.

Sec. 2 — No person or persons belonging to one of these Departments
shall exercise any of the powers properly belonging to either of the others, ex-
cept in the cases hereinafter expressly directed or permitted.

ARTICLE III — Sec. 1. — The Legislative power shall be vested in two
distinct branches; a Committee and a Council, each to have a negative on the
other, and both to be styled the General Council of the Cherokee Nation; and
the style of their acts and laws shall be.

"Resolved by the Committee and Council, in General Council convened.'

Sec. 2. The Cherokee Nation, as laid off into eight Districts, shall so
remain.

Sec. 3 — The Committee shall consist of two members from each District,
and the Council shall consist of three members from each District, to be chosen
by the qualified electors of their respective Districts, for two years; and the
elections to be held in every District on the First JMonday in August for the
year 1828, and every succeeding two years thereafter; and the General Coun-
cil shall be held once a year, to be convened on the second Monday of October
in each year, at New Echota.

Sec. 4 — No perosn shall be eligible to a seat in the General Council, but
a free Cherokee male citizen, who shall have attained the age of twenty-five
years. The descendants of Cherokee men by all free women, except the
African race, whose parents may have been living together as man and wife,
according to the customs and laws of this Nation, shall be entitled to all the
rights and privileges of this nation, as well as the posterity of Cherokee women
by all free men. No person who is of negro or mulatto parentage, either by
the father or mother side, shall be eligible to hold any office of profit, honor
or trust under this Government.

Sec. 5— The electors and members of the General Council shall, in ail
cases except those of treason, felony, or breach of the peace, be privileged
from arrest during their attendance at election, and at the General Council,
and m going to, and returning from the same.

Sec. 6— In all elections by the people, the electors shall vote viva voce.
Electors for members to the General Council for 1828, shall be held at the

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 57

places of holding; the several courts, and at the other two precincts in each
District which are designated by the law under which the members of this
Convention were elected; and the District Judges shall superintend the elec-
tions within the pricincts of their respective Court Houses, and the Marshals
and Sheriffs shall superintend within the precincts which may be assigned them
by the Circuit Judges of their respective Districts, together with one other per-
son who shall be appointed by the Circuit Judges for each precinct within their
respective Districts; and the Circuit Judges shall also appoint a clerk to each
precinct. — The superintendents and clerks shall, on the Wednesday morning-
succeeding the election, assemble at their respective Court Houses and proceed
to examine and ascertain the true state of the polls, and shall issue to each
member, duly elected, a certificate, and also make an official return of the
state of the polls of election to the Principal Chief, and it shall be the duty of
the Sheriffs to deliver the same to the Executive; Provided nevertheless, The
General Council shall have power after the election of 1828, to regulate by
law the precincts and superintendents and clerks of elections in the several Dis-
tircts.

Sec. 7. — All free male citizens, (excepting negroes and descendants of
white and Indian men by negro women who may have been set free,) who
shall have attained to the age of eighteen years, shall be equally entitled t>»
vote at all public elections.

Sec. 8. — Each house of the General Council shall judge of the qualifica-
tions and returns of its own members.

Sec. 9 — Each house of the General Council may determ'ine the rules of
its proceedings, punish a member for disorderly behavior, and with the con-
currence of two thirds, expel a member; but not a second time for the same
cause.

Sec. 10 — Each house of the General Council, when assembled shall
choose its own officers; a majority of each house shall constitute a quorum to
do business, but a smaller number may adjourn from day to day and compel
the attendance of absent members in such manner and under such penalty as
each house may prescribe.

Sec. 1 1. — The members of the Committee shall each receive from the
public Treasury a compensation for their services which shall be two dollars
and fifty cents per day during their attendance at the General Council; and
the members of the Council shall each receive two dollars per day for their
services during their attendance at the General Council: — Provided, that the
same may be increased or diminished by law, but no alteration shall make
et^ect during the period of service of the members of the General Council, by
whom such alteration shall have been made.

Sec. 12. — The General Council shall regulate by law, by whom and in
what manner, writs of elections shall be issued to till the vacancies which may
happen in either branch thereof.

Sec. 13. — Each member of the General Council before he takes his seat
shall take the following oath or affirmation, to-wit :

"1, A. B., do solemnly swear, (or affirm, as the case may be,) that 1

58 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

have not obtained my election by bribery, treats or any undue and unlawful
means used by myself, or others by my desire or approbation, for that pur-
pose; that I consider myself constitutionally qualified as a member of
and that, on all questions and measures which may come before me, I will so
give my vote, and so conduct myself, as may in my judgment, appear most
conducive to the interest and prosperity of this Nation; and that 1 will bear
true faith and allegiance to the same; and to the utmost of my ability and
power observe, conform to, support and defend the Constitution thereof."

Sec. 14. — No person who may be convicted of felony before any court
of this Nation, shall be eligible to any office or appointment of honor, protit
or trust within this Nation.

Sec. 15. — The General Council shall have power to make all laws and
regulations, which they shall deem necessary and proper for the good of the
Nation, which shall not be contrary to this Constitution.

Sec. 16. — It shall be the duty of the General Council to pass such laws
as may be necessary and proper, to decide differences by arbitrators to be ap-
pointed by the parties, who may choose that summary mode of adjustment.

Sec. 17. — No power of suspending the laws of this Nation shall be ex-
ercised, unless by the Legislature or its authority.

Sec. 1 8. — No retrospective law, nor any law, impairing the obligations
of contracts shall be passed.

Sec. 19. — The legislature shall have power to make laws for laying and
collecting taxes, for the purpose of raising a revenue.

Sec. 20. — All bills making appropriations shall originate in the Com-
mittee, hut the Council may propose amendments or reject the same.

Sec. 21. — All other bills may originate in either house, subject to the
concurrence of rejection of the other.

Sec. 22. — All acknowledged Treaties shall be the Supreme law of the
land.

Sec. 2 3. — The Genera! Council shall have the sole power of deciding on
the construction of all Treaty stipulations.

Sec. 24. — The Council shall have the sole power of impeaching.

Sec. 25. — Any impeachments shall be tried by the Committee; — when
sitting for that purpose, the members shall be upon oath or affirmation; and
no person shall be convicted without the concurrence of two thirds of the
members present.

Sec. 26. — The Principal Chief, assistant principal Chief, and all civil
officers, under this Nation, shall be liable to impeachment for any misdemean-
or in office, but Judgment, in such cases, shall not extend further than re-
moval from office, and disqualification to hold any office of honor, trust or
profit, under this Nation. The party whether convicted or acquitted, shall
nevertheless, be liable to indictment, trial, judgment and punishment, accord-
ing to law.

ARTICLE IV.— Sec. 1. The Supreme Executive Power of this Nation
shall be vested in a Principal Chief, who shall be chosen by the General Coun-
cil, and shall hold his office four years; to be elected as follows,— The General

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 59

Council by a joint vote, shall, at their second annual session, after the rising
of this Convention, and at every fourth annual session thereafter, on the
second day after the House shall be organized, and competent to proceed to
business, elect a Principal Chief.

Sec. 2. — No person, except a natural born citizen, shall be eligible to
the office of Principal Chief; neither shall any person be eligible to that of-
fice, who shall not have attained to the age of thirty-five years.

Sec. 3. — There shall also be chosen at the same time, by the General
Council, in the same manner for four years, an assistant Principal Chief.

Sec. 4. — In case of the removal of the Principal Chief from office, or his
death, resignation, or inability to discharge the powers and duties of the said
office, the same shall devolve on the assistant principal Chief, until the inabil-
ity be removed, or "the vacancy filled by the General Council.

Sec. 5. — The General Council may, by law, provide for the case of re-
moval, death, resignation or inability of both the Principal and assistant Prin-
cipal Chiefs, declaring what officer shall then act as Principal Chief, until the
disability be removed, or a Principal Chief shall be elected.

Sec. 6. — The Principal Chief, shall, at stated times, receive for their ser-
vices,— a compensation — which shall neither be increased nor diminished dur-
ing the period for which they shall have been elected; and they shall not re
ceive, within that period, any other emolument from the Cherokee Nation, or
any other government.

Sec. 7. — Before the Principal Chief enters on the execution of his office,
he shall take the following oath, or affirmation; "1 do solemnly swear (or af-
firm) that 1 will faithfully execute the office of Principal Chief of the Chero-
kee Nation, and will; to the best of my ability, preserve, protect and defend,
the Constitution of the Cherokee Nation."

Sec. 8. — He may, on extraordinary occasions, convene the General
Council at the Seat of Government.

Sec. 9. — He shall from time to time give to the General Council infor-
mation of the State of the Government, and recommend to their considera-
tion such measures as he may think expedient.

Sec. 10. — He shall take care that the laws be faithfully executed.

Sec. 1 1. — It shall be his duty to visit the different districts, at least once
in two years, to inform himself of the general condition of the Country.

Sec. 12. — The assistant Principal Chief shall, by virtue of his office, aid
and advise the Principal Chief in the Administration of the Government, at all
times during his continuance in office.

Sec. 13. — Vacancies that may happen in offices, the appointment of
which is vested in the General Council, shall be filled by the Principal Chief,
during the recess of the General Council, by granting Commissions which shall
expire at the end of the Session.

Sec. 14. — Every Bill which shall have passed both Houses of the Gen-
eral Council, shall, before it becomes a law, be presented to the Principal
Chief of the Cherokee Nation. If he approves, he shall sign it, but if not, he

60 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

shall return it, with his objections, to that house in which it shall have origin-
ated, who shall enter the objections at large on their journals, and proceed to
reconsider it. If, after such reconsideration, two thirds of that House shall
agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent, together with the objections, to the
other house, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered, and if approved by
two thirds of that house, it shall become a law. If any bill shall not be re-
turned by the Principal Chief within five days (Sundays excepted) after it
shall have been presented to him, the same shall be a law, in like manner as
if he signed it; unless the General Council by their adjournment prevent its
return, in which case it shall be a law, unless sent back within three days after
their next meeting.

Sec. 15. — Members of the General Council and all oftlcers. Executive
and Judicial, shall be bound by oath to support the Constitution of this Na-
tion, and to perform the duties of their respective offices with fidelity.

Sec. 16. — In case of disagreement between the two houses with respect
to the time of adjournment, the Principal Chief shall have the power to ad-
journ the General Council to such a time as he thinks proper, provided, it
be not to a period beyond the next Constitutional meeting of the same.

Sec. 1 7. — The Principal Chief shall, during the sitting of the General
Council, attend to the Seat of Government.

Sec. 18. — There shall be a Council to consist of three men to be ap-
pointed by the joint vote of both Houses, to advise the Principal Chief in
the Executive part of the Government, whom the Principal Chief shall have
full power, at his descretion, to assemble; and he, together with the assistant
Principal Chief, and the Counsellors, or a majority of them may, from time
to time, hold and keep a Council for ordering and directing the atfairs of the
Nation according to law.

Sec. 10. — The members of the Council shall be chosen for the term of
one year.

Sec. 20. — The resolutions and advice of the Council shall be recorded
in a register and signed by the members agreeing thereto, which may be call-
ed for by either house of the General Council; and any counsellor may enter
his dissent to the resolution of the majority.

Sec. 2 1. — The Treasurer of the Cherokee Nation shall be chosen by
the joint vote of both Houses of the General Council for the term of two
years.

Sec. 22. — The Treasurer shall, before entering on the duties of his
office, give bond to the Nation with sureties to the satisfaction of the Legis-
lature, for the faithful discharge of his trust.

Sec. 2 3. — No money shall be drawn from the Treasury, but by warrant
from the Principal Chief, and in consequence of appropriations made by law.

Sec. 25.— It shall be the duty of the Treasurer to receive all public
monies, and to make a regular statement and account of the receipts and ex-
penditures of all public monies at the annual Session of the General Council.

ARTICLE v.— Sec. 1.— The Judicial Powers shall be vested in a Su-
preme Court, and such Circuit and Inferior Courts, as the General Council

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 61

may, from time to time ordain and establish.

Sec. 2. — The Supreme Court shall consist of three Judges, any two of
whom shall be a quorum.

Sec. 3. — The Judges of each shall hold their Commissions for four years,
but any of them may be removed from office on the address of two thirds of
each house of the General Council to the Principal Chief, for that purpose.

Sec. 4. — The Judges of the Supreme and Circuit Courts shall, at stated
times, receive a compensation, which shall not be diminished during their con-
tinuance in office, but they shall receive no fees or perquisites of oftice, nor
hold any other office of profit or any other power.

Sec. 5. — No person shall be appointed a Judge of any of the Courts be-
fore he shall have attained to the age of thirty years, nor shall any person
continue to execute the duties of any of the said offices after he shall have
attained to the age of seventy years.

Sec. 6. — The Judges of the Supreme and Circuit Courts shall be appoint-
ed by a joint vote of both houses of the General Council.

Sc. 7. — There shall be appointed in each District, under the Legislative
authority, as many Justices of the Peace as it may be deemed the public good
requires, whose powers, duties and duration in office, shall be clearly desig-
nated.

Sec. 8. — The Judges of the Supreme Court and Circuit Courts shall
have complete criminal Jurisdiction in such cases and in such manner as may
be pointed out by law.

Sec. 9. — Each Court shall choose its own Clerks for the term of four
years; but such Clerks shall not continue in oftice unless their qualifications
shall be adjudged and approved of by the Judges of the Supreme Court, and
they shall be removable for breach of good behaviour at any time, by the
Judges of their respective courts.

Sec. 10. — No Judge shall sit on trial of any cause, where the parties
shall be connected with him by atfinity or consanguinity, except by consent
of the parties. In case all the Judges of the Supreme Court shall be inter-
ested in the event of any cause, or related to all, or either of the parties, the
Legislature may provide by law for the selection of three men of good char-
acter and knowledge, for the determination thereof, who shall be especially
commissioned by the Principal Chief for the case.

Sec. 1 1. — .All writs and other process shall run in the name of the Chero-
kee Nation, and bear test, and be signed by the respective clerks.

Sec. 12. — Indictments shall Cduclude, ''against the peace imd dignity of
the Cherokee Nation."

Sec. 1 1. — The Supreme Court shall hold its session annually at the
seat of Government to be convened on the second MoTiday of October in
each year.

Sec. 14. — In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall have the right
of being heard, of demanding the nature and cause of the accusation against
him, of meeting the witnesses face to face, of having compulsory process for
obtaining witnesses in his favor; and in prosecutions by indictment or infor-

62 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

mation, a speedy public trial by an impartial jury of the vicinage; nor shall
he be compelled to give evidence against himself.

Sec. 15.— The people shall be secure in their persons, houses, papers
and possessions, from unreasonable seizures and searches, and no warrants to
search any place or to seize any person or things, shall be issued without des-
cribing them as nearly as may be, nor without good cause, supported by oath,
or afi'irmation. All prisoners shall be bailable by sufficient security unless for
capital offenses, where the proof is evident, or presumption great.

ARTICLE VI. — Sec. 1. — Whereas, the ministers of the Gospel are, by
their profession, dedicated to the service of God and the care of souls, and
ought not to be diverted from the great duty of their function, therefore, no
minister of the Gospel, or public preacher of any religious persuasion, whilst
he continues in the exercise of his pastoral functions, shall be eligible to the
office of Principal Chief, or a seat in either house of the General Council.

Sec. 2. — No person who denies the being of a God, or a future state of
rewards and punishment, shall hold any office in the civil department of this
Nation.

Sec. 3. — The free exercise of religious worship, and serving God without
distinction shall forever be allowed within this Nation; Provided, That this lib-
erty of conscience shall not be so constructed as to excuse acts of licentiousness,
or justify practices inconsistent with the peace or safety of this Nation.

Sec. 4. — Whenever the General Council shall determine the expediency
of appointing delegates or other Agents for the purpose of transacting business
with the Government of the United States; the power to recommend, and by
the advice and consent of the Committee, shall appoint and commission such
delegates or public agents accordingly, and all matters of interest touching the
rights of the citizens of this Nation, which may require the attention of the
government of the United States, the Principal Chief shall keep up a friendly
correspondence with that Government, through the medium of its proper of-
ficers.

Sec. 5. — All commissions shall be in the name and by the authority of
the Cherokee Nation, and be sealed with the seal of the Nation, and signed
by the Principal Chief.

The Principal Chief shall make use of his private seal until a National
seal shall be provided.

Sec. 6. — A Sheritl" shall be elected in each District by the qualified elec-
tors thereof, who shall hold his office for the term of two years, unless sooner
removed. Should a vacancy occur subsequent to an election, it shall be fill-
ed by the Principal Chief as in other cases, and the person so appointed shall
continue in office until the next general election, when such vacancy shall he
filled by the qualified electors, and the Sheriff then elected shall continue in
office for two years.

Sec. 7. — There shall be a Marshal appointed by a joint vote of both
houses of the General Council, for the term of four years, whose compensation
and duties shall be regulated by law, and whose jurisdiction shall extend over
the Cherokee Nation.

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 63

Sec. 8. — No person shall for the same offense be twice put in jeopardy
of life or limb, nor shall any person's property be taken or applied to public
use without his consent; Provided, That nothing in this clause shall be so con-
strued as to impair the right and power of the General Council to lay and col-
lect taxes. All courts shall be open, and every person for an injury done him
in his property, person or reputation, shall have remedy by due course of law.

Sec. 9 — The right of trial by jury shall remain inviolate.

Sec. 10 — Religion, morality and knowledge being necessary to good gov-
ernment, the preservation of Liberty, and the happiness of mankind, schools
and the means of education shall forever be encouraged in this Nation.

Sec. 1 ! — The appointment of all officers, not otherwise directed by
this Constitution shall be vested in the Legislature.

Sec. 1 2 — All laws in force in this nation at the passing of this Con-
stitution, shall so continue until altered or repealed by the Legislature, ex-
cept where they are temporary, in which case they shall expire at the times
respectively limited for their duration; if not continued by an act of the
Legislature.

Sec. 13 — The General Council may at any time propose such amend-
ments to this Constitution as two-thirds of each house shall deem exped-
ient; and the Principal Chief shall issue a proclamation, directing all the
civil officers of the several Districts to promulgate the same as extensively
as possible within their respective Districts, at least nine months previous
to the next general election, and if at the first session of the General Council
after such general election, two thirds of each house shall, by yeas and nays,
ratify such proposed amendments they shall be valid to all intents and pur-
poses, as part of the Constitution; Provided, That such proposed amend-
ments shall be read on three several days, in each house as well when the
same are proposed as when they are ratified.

Done in Convention at New Echota, this twenty-sixth day of July, in
the year of our Lord, one thousand eight hundred and twenty-seven; In tes-
timony whereof, we hae each of us, hereunto subscribed our names.

JNO. ROSS, Pres't Con.

Jno. Baldrige, Geo. Lowrey, Jno. Brown, Edward Gunter, John Martin,
Joseph Vann, Kelechulee, Lewis Ross, Thomas Foreman, Hair Conrad, James
Daniel, John Duncan, Joseph Vann, Thomas Petitt John Beamer, Ooclenota,
Wm. Boling, John Timson, Situwaukee, Richard Walker,

A. McCOY, Sec'y to Con.

The emigration of Cherokees to Arkansas met with strenuous objections
as may be evidenced by the following acts of council:

"Resolved by the National Committee and Council, That any person or
persons, whatsoever, who shall choose to emigrate to the Arkansas country,
and shall sell the possessions he or they may be in possession of, to any
person or persons whatsoever, he or they, so disposing of their improve-
ments shall forfeit and pay unto the Cherokee Nation the sum of one hundred
and fifty dollars; and be it further

"Resolved, That any person or persons whatsoever, who shall purchase

64 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

any improvements from any person or persons so emigrating, lie or they, so
offending shall also forfeit and pay a fine of one hundred and fifty dollars
to the Nation, to he collected by the marshal of the district. By order or
the National Committee.

JONH ROSS, Pres. National Committee.
ALEXANDER McCOY, Clerk National Committee.
Approved: October 2 7th, 1821.
His

PATH X KILLER.
Mark
Chas. R. Hicks, t

Resolved by the National Committee and Council, in General Council
Convened, That from and after the passage of this act, if any citizen of
the Nation shall bind themselves by enrollment or otherwise as emigrants to
Arkansas, or for the purpose of removing out of the jurisdictional limits of
the Nation, he, she or they so enrolling or binding themselves, shall forfeit
thereby all the rights and privileges he, she or they may have previously
thereto claimed or enjoyed as citizens of this Nation and shall be viewed
in the same light as others not entitled to citizenship, and treated accord-
ingly.

Be it further resolved, That if any person or persons, citizens of this
Nation, shall sell or dispose of his, her or their improvements to any person
or persons so enrolled or otherwise bound as above mentioned, he, she or
they, shall he viewed as having disposed of his, her or their improvements
to a citizen of the United Slates, and shall be ineligible to hold any office
of honor, profit or trust in this Nation, and upon conviction thereof, before
any of the circuit courts of the several districts, be fined in a sum not less
than one thousand dollars, nor exceeding two thousand dollars, and be pun-
ished with one hundred lashes.

Be it further resolved. In order to prevent any person from screening
him, her or them from the penalties above prescribed by pretending to have
sold or disposed of his, her or their improvements to a lawful citizen ana
not an emigrant, all citizens of this Nation who may hereafter buy, sell or
dispose of in any manner their improvements to each other, be, and they
are hereby required, the disposer as well as the purchaser of such improve-
ments, to make affidavit, to be filed in the clerk's office of the district, before
any of the District Judges of Clerks of the several courts, that he, she or
they did not dispose of or transfer, purchase or obtain any improvement
for the purpose ot having it valued by the United States commissioners or
agents, or were not acting as agents or emigrants in making such purchase
or transfer, and in case any such person or persons shall fail to comply with
this requirement, such person or persons shall, upon conviction before any
of the Circuit Courts of the Nation, pay a tine of not less than one dollar,
nor exceeding two hundred dollars, for every offense so committed.

Be it further resolved, That if any citizen or citizens of this Nation
shall dispose of or transfer his, her or their improvements without complying

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 65

with the requirements of the third section nf tliis act, and the person or per-
sons to wiioni tlie sale or transfer of sucii improvements may he made, should
thereafter hy enrollment or otherwise iiecome an emigrant or emij^rants,
and shall j^et said improvement or improvements valued by the agents of the
General Government, within thirty days after such purchase or transfer shall
have been made, or at any time whilst the disposer continues to remain in
possession of the same, then, in that case, the person or persons who may
have so disposed i)f or transferred the improvements as aforesaid shall be
subject to the same penalty prescribed in the second section of this act, for
disposing of improvements to emigrants.

Be it further resolved, That any person or persons, whosoever, who
have bound themselves together by enrollment or otherwise as emigrants un-
der the treaty of 1828, with the Arkansas Cherokees, or who have had, or
inten.d to have their improvements valued by the agents of the General
Government, and do not remove out of the jurisdictional limits of this Nation
withi 1 fifteen days after the passage of this act, they shall be viewed and
treat 'd as intruders in the same manner as those who may become emigrants
heri ifter.

Be it further Resolved, That the Principal Chief of the Nation be, and
he is hereby authorized, by and with the advice of the executive councillor'^,
to order the aprehension of any intruders within the limits of the Nation,
to be delivered over to the agents of the United States for the Cherokees,
tj be prosecuted under the intercourse laws of the United Stales, or to
expel or punish them as they please.

Approved: JOHN ROSS,
Principal Chief, Cherokee Nation.

New Echota, Octoger 3 1, 1820.

Encroachments on the Cherokee Nation in Arkansas were increasingly
troublesome and on May 28, 1828 the following treaty was made by the
delegation at Washington:

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

WILLIAM P. ROSS

Chief, August, 18<)6, to Novombi
Xoveinlier 11, 1>

to Xoveiiibei-, ISTo

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 67

CHAPTER IV

Proclamation Man 28, 1828

TREATY WITH THE WESTERN CHEROKEE, 1828.

May 6, 1828. 7 Stat. 311. Proclamation, May 28, 1828. Articles
uf a Convention, concluded at the City of Washington this sixth day of May,
in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and twenty-eight, between
James Barbour, Secretary of War, being especially authorized therefor bv the
President of the United States, and the undersigned, Chiefs and Head Men of
the Cherokee Nation of Indians, West of the Mississippi, they being dulv
authorized and empowered by their Nation.

Object of the Treaty. Whereas, it being the anxious desire of the Gov-
ernment of the United States to secure to the Cherokee nation of Indians, as
well as those now living within the limits of the Territory of Arkansas, as those
of their friends and brothers who reside in Stales East of the Mississippi, and
who may wish to join their brothers of the West, a permanent home, and
which shall, under the most solemn guarantee of the United States, be, and
remain, theirs forever — a home that shall never, in all future time, be embar-
rassed by having extended around it lines, or placed over it the jurisdiction of
a Territory or State, nor be pressed upon by the extension, in any way, of an.y
of the limits of any existing Territory or State; and. Whereas, the present
locatinn of the Cherokees in Arkansas being unfavorable to their present re-
pose, and tending, as the past demonstrates, to their future degradation ana
misery; and the Cherokees being anxious to avoid such consequences, and yet
not questioning their light to their lands in Arkansas, as secured to them by
Treaty, and resting also upon the pledges given them by the President of the
United States, and the Secretary of War, of March 1818, and 8th October,
iBll, in ret;ard to the outlet to the West, and as may be seen on referring to
the records of the War Department, still being anxious to secure a permanent
home, and to free themselves, and their posterity, from an embarrassing. con-
nection with the Territory of Arkansas, and guard themselves from such con-
nections in future; and. Whereas, it being important, not to the Cherokees
only, but also to the Choctaws, and in regard also to the question which may
be agitated in the future respecting the location of the latter, as well as the for-
mer, within the limits of the Territory or State of Arkansas, as the case may be,
and their removal therefrom; and to avoid the cost which may attend negoti-
ations to rid the Territory or State of Arkansas whenever it may become a
State, of either, or both of those Tribes, the parties hereto do hereby conclude
the following Articles, viz:

Western Boundary of Arkansas Defined. Art. 1. The Western boun-
ary i>f Arkansas shall be, and the same is, hereby defined, viz: A line shall
be run, commencing on Red River, at the point where the Eastern Choctaw
line strikes said River, and run due North with said line to the River Arkansas,

Territory Guaranteed to Cherokees by United States. Art. 2. The
United States agree to possess the Cherokees, and to guarantee it to them for-
thence in a direct line to the South West corner of Missouri.

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

ever -md that guarantee is hc?rebv solemnly pledg-ed, of seven million acres of
land' to be bounded as follows, viz: Commencing at that point on Arkansas
River where the Eastern Choctaw boundary line strikes said River, and run-
ning thence with the Western boundary line of Missouri till it crosses the wat-
ers ""of Neasho, generally called Grand River, thence due west to a point from
which a due South course will strike the present North West corner of Arkansas
Territory, thence continuing due South, on and with the present Western
boundary line of the Territory to the main branch of Arkansas River, thence
down said River to its junction with the Canadian River, and thence up and
between the said Rivers Arkansas and Canadian, to a point at which a line run--
ning North and South from River to River, will give the aforesaid seven mil-
lions of acres. In addition to the seven millions of acres thus provided for.
and bounded, the United States further guarantee to the Cherokee Nation
a perpetual outlet. West, and a free and unmolested use of all the Country 1\-
ing West of the Western boundary of the above described limits, and as far
West as the sovereignty of the United States, ana their right of soil extend.

United States to Run the Lines. Art. 3. The United States agree to
have the lines of the above cession run without delay, say not later than the
lirst of October next, and to remove, immediately after the running of the
Eastern line from the Arkansas River to the South West corner of Missouri, all
white persons from the West to the East of said line, and also all others, should
there be any there, who may be unacceptable to the Cherokees, so that no
obstacles arising out of the presence of a white population, or a population
of any other sort, shall exist to annoy the Cherokees — and also to keep all
such from the West of said line in future.

Persons to Be Appointed to Value Cherokee Improvements. Art. 4.
The United States moreover agree to appoint suitable persons whose duty it
shall be, in conjunction with the Agent, to value all such improvements as the
Cherokees may abandon in their removal from their present homes to the
District of Country as ceded in the second Article of this agreement, and to
pay for the same immediately after the assessment is made, and the amount
ascertained. It is further agreed, that the property and improvements con-
nected with the agency, shall be sold under the direction of the Agent, and
the proceeds of the same applied to aid in the erection, in the country to which
the Cherokees are going, of a Grist, and Saw Mill, for their use. The afore-
said property and improvements are thus defined : Commence at the Arkansas
River opposite William Stinnetts, and run due North one mile, thence due East
to a point from which a due South line to the Arkansas River would include
the Chalybeate, or Mineral Spring, attached to or near the present residence
of the Agent, and thence up said River (.Arkansas) to the place of beginning

Further Agreement. Art. 5. It is further agreed, that the United States,
in consideration of the inconvenience and trouble attending the removal, and
on account of the reduced value of a great portion of the lands herein ceded
to the Cherokees, as compared with that of those in Arkansas which were
made theirs by the Treaty of 18 17, and the Convention of 1819, will pay
to the Cherokees, immediately after their removal which shall be within four-

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 69

teen nmnths of the date of this ai^reement, the sum df tiftv thousand dnllars;
also an annuity for three years, of two thousand dollars, toward defravinjj' the
cost and trouble which may attend upon going- after and recovering their stock,
which may stray into the Territory in quest of the pastures from which thev
may be driven — also, eight thousand seven hundred and sixty dollars, for spoli-
ations committed on them, (the Cherokees, ) which sum will be in full of all
demands of the kind up to this date, as well as those against the Osages, as
those against citizens of the United States — this being the amount of the claims
for said spoliations, as rendered by the Cherokees, and which are believed tr'
be correctly and fairly stated. — Also, one thousand two hundred dollars for
the use of Thomas Graves, a Cherokee Chief, for losses sustained in his prop
erty, and for personal suffering endured by him when confined as a prisoner
on a criminal, but false accusation; also, five hundred dollars for the use o!
George Guess, another CheroKee, for the great benefits he has conferred upon
the Cherokee people, in the beneficial results they are now experiencing from
the use of the Alphabet discovered by him, to whom also, in consideration of
his relinquishing a valuable saline, the privilege is hereby given to locate and
occupy another saline on Lee's Creek. It is further agreed by the United
States, to pay two thousand dollars, annually, to the Cherokees, for ten years,
to be expended under the direction of the President of the United States in the
education of their children, in their own country, in letters and the mechanic
arts; also, one thousand dollars towards the purchase of a Printing Press and
Types to aid the Cherokees in the progress of education, and to benefit and
enlighten them as a people, in their own, and our language. It is agreed fur-
ther that the expense incurred other than that paid by the United States in the
erection of the buildings and improvements, so far as that may have been
paid by the benevolent society who has been, and yet is, engaged in instruct-
ing the Cherokee children, shall be paid to the society, it being the undersand-
ing that the amount shall be expended in the erection of other buildings and
improvements, for like purposes, in the country herein ceded to the Cherokees.
The United States relinquish their claim due by the Cherokees to the late
United States Factory, provided the same does not exceed three thousand five
hundred dollars.

Further Agreement. Art. 6. It is moreover agreed by the United States,
whenever the Cherokees may desire it, to give them a set of plain laws, suit-
ed to their condition — also, when they may wish to lay off their lands, and
own them individually, a surveyor shall be sent to make the surveys at the
cost of the United States.

Cherokees to Surrender Lands in Arkansas Within Fourteen Months.
Art. 7. The Chiefs and He;id Men of the Cherokee Nation, aforesaid, for
and in consideration of the foregoing stipulations and provisions, do hereby
agree, in the name and behalf of their Nation, to give up, and they do hereb_\
surrender to the United States, and agree to leave the same within fourteen
months, as herein before stipulated, all the lands to which they are entitled in
Arkansas, and which were secured to them by the Treaty of 8th January. 18 17.
and the Convention of the 2 7th February, 181^).

70 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

Cost of Emigration, etc., to be Borne By the United States. Art. 8. I lie

Cherokee Nation, West of the Mississippi having, by this agreement, freed
themselves from the harassing and ruinous effects consequent upon a location
amidst a white population, and secured to their posterity, under the solemn
sanction of the guarantee of the United States, as continued in this ag•reemen^
a large extent of unembarrassed country; and that their Brothers yet remaining
in the States may be induced to join them and enjoy the repose and blessings
of such a State in the future, it is further agreed, on the part of the United
States, that to each Head of a Cherokee family now residing within the
chartered limits of Georgia, or of either of the States, East of the Mississippi,
who may desire to remove West, shall be given, on enrolling himself for emi-
gration, a good Rifle, a Blanket, and Kettle, and five pounds of Tobacco: (and
to each member of his family one Blanket,) also, a just compensation for the
property he may abandon, to be assessed by persons to be appointed by the
President of the United States. The cost of the emigration of all such shall
also be borne by the United States, and good and suitable ways opened, and
provisions procured for their comfort, accommodation, and support, by the
way, and provisions for twelve months after their arrival at the Agency; and
to each person, or head of a family, if he take along with him four persons,
shall be paid immediately on his arriving at the Agency and reporting himself
and his family or followers, as emigrants and permanent settlers, in addition
to the above, provided he and they shall have emigrated from within the
Chartered limits of the State of Georgia, the sum of fifty dollars, and this sum
in proportion to any greater or less number that may accompany him from
within the aforesaid Chartered limits of the State of Georgia.

A Certain Tract of Land To Be Reserved for the Benefit of the United
States. Art. 9. It is understood and agreed by the parties to this Conven-
tion, that a Tract of Land, two miles wide and six miles lond, shall be, and
the same is hereby, reserved for the use and benefit of the United States, for
the accommodation of the military force which is now, or which may hereafter
be, stationed at Fort Gibson, on the Neasho, or Grand River, to commence on
said River half a mile below the aforesaid Fort, and to urn thence due East
two miles, thence Northwardly six miles, to a point which shall be two mile;,
distant from the River aforesaid, thence due West to the said River, and down
it to the place of beginning. And the Cherokees agree that the United States
shall have and possess the right of establishing a road through their country for
the purpose of having a free and unmolested way to and from said Fort.

Capt. J. Rogers to be Paid in Full for Property Lost in the Service ot
United States. Art. 10. It is agreed that Captain James Rogers, in consid-
eration of his having lost a horse in the service of the United States, and for
services rendered by him to the United States, shall be paid, in full for the
above, and all other claims for losses and services, the sum of Five Hundred
Dollars.

^ Art. 11. -I his Treaty to be binding on the contractins;- parties so soon as
It is ratified by the President of the United States, by and with the advice and
consent of the Senate.

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 71

Done at tlu' place, and on the day and year above written.

James Barbour. [L. S.l

Black Fox, his x mark, [L. S.l

Thomas Graves, his x mark, [L. S.l
George Guess,* [L. S.]

Thomas Maw,* [L. S.]

George Marvis,* [L. S.]

John Looney, * [L. S.l

John Rogers, [L. S.]

J. W. Flawey, counsellor of Del. [L .S.]
Witnesses: Chiefs of the delegation.

Thos. L. McKenney,

James Rogers, interpreter,

D. Kurtz,

H. Miller,

Thomas Murray,

D. Brown, secretary Cheroki'e delegation,
Pierye Pierya,

E. W. Duval, United States agent, etc.
Ratified with the following proviso:

"Provided, nevertheless, that the said convention shall not be so con-
strued as to extend the northern boundary of he 'perpetual outlet west' pro-
vided for and guaranteed in the second article of said convention, north of the
thirty-sixth degree of north latitude, or so as to interfere with the lands as-
signed, or to be assigned west of the Mississippi river, to the Creek Indians
who have emigrated, or may emigrate, from the States of Georgia and Ala-
bama, under the provisions of any treaty or treaties heretofore concluded be-
tween the United Sates and the Creek tribe of Indians; and provided furthei.
That nothing in the said convention shall be construed to cede or assign to
the Cherokees any lands heretofore ceded or assigned to any tribe or tribes
of Indians, by any treaty now existing and in force, with any such tribe or
tribes."

Department of War,

3 1st May, 1 828.
To the Hon. Henry Clay,

Secretary of State:
Sir: 1 have the honor to transmit, herewith, the acceptance of the terms,
by the Cherokees, upon which the recent convention with them was ratified.
You will have the goodness to cause the same to be attached to the treaty, and
published with it.

1 have the honor to be, very respectfully, your obedient servant,

Sam'l. L. Southard.
To the Secretary of War, Council Room, Williamson's Hotel,

Washington City: Washington, May 3 1st, 1828

72 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

Sir: The undersigned, chiefs of the Cherokee Nation, west of the Mis-
sissippi for and in behaU' of said nation, hereby agree to, and accept of, the
terms upon which the Senate of the United States ratified the convention, con-
cluded at Washington on the sixth day of May, 1828, between the United
States and said nation.

In testimony whereof, they hereunto subscribe their names and affix their

seals.

Thomas Graves, his x mark, [L. S.]

George Maw, his x mark, [L. S.]

George Guess, his x mark, [L. S.]

Thomas Marvis, his x mark, [L. S.]

John Rogers.

Signed and sealed in the presence of —

E. W. Duval, United States agent, etc.

Thomas Murray,

James Rogers, interpreter.

The inaccuracies of this treaty were corrected by:

TREATY WITH THE WESTERN CHEROKEE, 1833.

Articles of agreement and convention made and concluded at Fort Gib-
son, on the Arkansas river on the fourteenth day of February one thousand
eight hundred and thirty-three, by and between Montfort Stokes, Henry L.
Ellsworth and John F. Schermerhorn duly appointed Commissioners on the
part of the United States and the undersigned Chiefs and Head-men of the
Cherokee nation of Indians west of the Mississippi, they being duly authorized
and empowered by their nation.

Preamble. Whereas articles of convention were concluded at the city of
Washington, on the sixth day of May, one thousand eight hundred and twenty-
eight, between James Barbour, Secretary of War, being specially authorized
therefor by the President of the United States, and the chiefs and head men
of the Cherokee nation of Indians west of the Mississippi, which articles of
convention were duly ratified. And whereas it was agreed by the second article
of said convention as follows "That the United States agree to possess the
Cherokees, and to guarantee it to them forever, and that guarantee is solemnly
pledged, of seven millions of acres of land, said land to be bound as follows,
viz, commencing at a point on Arkansas river, where the eastern Choctaw
boundary line strikes said river, and running thence with the western line of
Arkansas Territory to the southwest corner of Missouri, and thence with the
western boundary line of Missouri till it crosses the waters of Neosho, generally
called Grand river, thence due west, to a point from which a due south course
will strike the present northwest corner of Arkansas Territory, thence contin-
uing due south on and with the present boundary line on the west of said
Territory, to the main branch of Arkansas river, thence down said river to its
junction with the Canadian, and thence up, and between said rivers Arkansas
and Canadian to a point at which a line, running north and south, from river
to river, will give the aforesaid seven millions of acres, thus provided for and
bounded. The United States further guarantees to the Cherokee nation a

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 73

perpetual outlet west, and a free and unmolested use of all the country lying
west of the western boundary of the above-described limits; and as far west,
as the sovereignty of the United States and their right of soil extL-nd. And
whereas there was to said articles of convention and agreement, the following-
proviso viz. "Provided nevertheless, that said convention, shall not be con-
strued, as to extend the northern boundary of said perpetual outlet west, pro-
vided for and guaranteed in the second article of said convention, north of the
thirty-sixth degree of north latitude, or so as to interfere with the lands as-
signed or to be assigned, west of the Mississippi river, to the Creek Indians
who have emigrated, or may emigrate, from the States of Georgia and Ala-
bama, under the provision of any treaty, or treaties, heretofore concluded, be-
tween the United States, and the Creek tribe of Indians — and provided further,
that nothing in said convention, shall be construed, to cede, or assign, to the
Cherokees any lands heretofore ceded, or assigned, to any tribe, or tribes of
Indians, by any treaty now existing and in force, with any such tribe or tribes.
And whereas,it appears from the Creek treaty, made with the United States,
by the Creek nation, dated twenty-fourth day of January eighteen hundred and
twenty-six, at the city of Washington; that they had the right to select, a part
of the country described within the boundaries mentioned above in said Cher-
okee articles of agreement — and whereas, both the Cherokee and Creek na-
tions of Indians west of the Mississippi, anxious to have their boundaries settled
in an amicable manner, have met each other in council, and, after full deliber-
ation mutually agreed upon the boundary lines between them — Now there-
fore, the United States on one part, and the chief and head-men of the Chero-
kee nation of Indians west of the Mississippi on the other part, agree as
follows:

Land granted to the Cherokees; Further guaranty. Art. 1. The United
States agree to possess the Cherokees, and to guarantee it to them forever,
and that guarantee is hereby pledged, of seven millions of acres of land, to be
bounded as follows viz: Beginning at a point on the old western territorial line
of Arkansas Territory, being twenty-five miles north from the point, where the
Territorial line crosses Arkansas river — thence running from said
north point, south, on the said Territorial line, to the place where said
Territorial line crosses the Verdi.i;ris river — thence down said Verdigris
river to the Arkans;is river — thence down said Arkansas to a point,
where a stone is placed opposite to the east or lower bank of Grand
river at its junction with the Arkansas — thence running south, forty-four de-
grees west, one mile — thence in a straignh line to a point four miles northerly
from the mouth of the north fork of the Canadian — thence along the said
four miles line to the Canadian — thence down the Canadian to the Arkansas
— thence, down the Arkansas, to that point on the Arkansas, where the east-
ern Choctaw boundary strikes, said river; and running thence with the western
line of Arkansas Territory as now defined, to the southern corner of Missouri
— thence along the western Missouri line, to the land assigned the Senecas
to Grand river; thence up said Grand river, as far as the south line of the
Osage reservation, extended if necessary — thence up and between said south

74 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

Osage line, extended west if necessary and a line drawn due west, from the
point of beginning, to a certain distance west, at wfiicli, a line running north
and south, from said Osage line, to said due west line, will make seven millions
of acres within the whole described boundaries. In addition to the seven mil-
lions of acres of land, thus provided for, and bounded, the United States,
further guarantee to the Cherokee nation, a perpetual outlet to the west and
a free and unmolested use of all the country lying west, of the western bound-
ary of said seven millions of acres, as far west as the sovereignty of the
United States and their right of soil extend — Provided however, that if the
saline, or salt plain, on the great western prairie, shall fall within said limits
prescribed for said outlet, the right is reserved to the United States to permit
other tribes of red men. to get salt on said plain in common with the Chero-
kees — and letters patent shall be issued by the United States as soon as prac-
ticable for the land hereby guaranteed.

Quit claim to the United States of former grant. Art. 2. The Cher^ikee
nation hereby relinquish and quit claim to the United States all the right, in-
terest and title which the Cheerokees have, or claim to have in and to all the
land ceded, or claimed to have been ceded to said Cheerokee nation by said
treaty of sixth of May one thousand eight hundred and twenty-eight, and not
embraced within the limits or boundaries tixed in this present supplementary
treaty or articles of convention and agreement.

Sixth article of treaty of May 6, 1828, annulled. Art. 3. The Cherokee
nation, having particularly requested the United States to annul and cancel the
sixth article of said treaty of sixth May, one thousand eight hundred and
twenty-eight, the United States, agree to cancel the same, and the same is
hereby annulled — Said sixth article referred to, is in the following words —
"It is moreover agreed by the United States, when the Cherokees may de-
sire it, to give them a plain set of laws, suited to their condition — also when
they may wish to lay off their lands and own them individually, a surveyor
shall be sent to survey them at the expense of the United States.

Blacksmith and other workmen, materials and shops. Art. 4. In con-
sideration of the establishment of new boundaries in part, for the
lands ceded to said Cherokee nation, and in view of the improvement of
said nation, the United States will cause to be erected, on land now
guaranteed to the said nation, four blacksmith shops, one wagon maker
shop, one wheelwright shop, and the necessary tools and implements furnished
for the same; together with one ton of iron, and two hundred and fifty pounds
of steel, for each of said blacksmith shops.to be worked up, for the benefit
of the poorer class of red men, belonging to the Cherokee nation — And the
United States, will employ four blacksmiths, one wagon-maker, and one wheel-
wright, to work in said shops respectively, for the benefit of said Cherokee na-
tion; and said materials shall be furnished annually and said services continued,
so long as the president may deem proper — And said United States, will cause
to^ be erected on said lands, for the benefit of said Cherokees, eight patent
railway corn mills, in lieu of the mills to be erected according to the stipula-
tion of the fourth article of said treaty, of sixth May, one thousand eight hun-

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 73

dred twenty-eight, from the avails of the sale of the old a,£;ency.

This supplementary to a former treaty. Art. 5. I'hese articles of agree-
ment and convention are to be considered supplementary, to the treaty before
mentioned between the United States and the Cherokee nation west of the
Mississippi dated sixth of May one thousand eight hundred and twentv-eight,
and not to vary the rights of the parties to said treaty, any further, than said
treaty is inconsistent with the provisions of this treaty, now concluded, or
these articles of convention or agreement.

One mile square for the agency. Art. 6. It is further agreed by the
Cheerokee nation, that one mile square shall be reserved and set apart from
the lands hereby guaranteed, for the accommodation of the Cherokee agency:
and the location of the same shall be designated by the Cherokee nation, in
conjunction with the agent of the Government of the United States.

Treaty binding when ratified. Art. 7. This treaty, or articles of con-
vention, after the same have been ratified, liy the President and Senate shall
be obligatory on the United States and said Cherokee nation.

In testimony whereof, the said Montfort Stokes, Henry L. Ellsworth, and
John F. Schermerhorn, commissioners as aforesaid, and the chiefs and head
men of the Cherokee nation aforesaid, have hereunto set our hands, at For;
Gibson on tlie Arkansas river, on the Nth day of February, one thousand
eight hundred and thirty-three.

Montfort Stokes, Henry I.. Ellsworth,

J. F. Schermerhorn, John Jolly, his x mark.

Black Coat, his x mark, Walter Weller,

Principal chiefs:
John Rogers, President Commissioners.
Glass, president CDuncil.

Signed, sealed, :ind delivered in our presence:
S. C. Stambaugh, secretary commis- Geo. Vashon, agent Cherokees west,
sioners, Jno. Campbell, agent Creeks,

V\. Arbuckle, colonel Seventh Infan- Alexander Brown, his x mark,
try, Jno Hambly,

Interpreters,
Wilson Nesbitt, N. Young, major U. S. Army,

Peter A. Cams, W. Seawell, lieutenant Seventh In-

Wm. Thornton, clerk committee. f;intry,

Charles Webber, clerk council.

The Cherokees had always been an agricultural people and for thai
reason were more attached to their homes than :ire town dwellers. They
had passed an act in May, 1825, imposing a death penalty on anyone who
should propose the sale or exchange of their lands, and although the bound-
aries and acreage of their reservation was not satisfactory to anyone thev
were much displeased with the action of the delegation and many threats wer,.
made against them. The entire Arkansas Cherokee nation moved in the win
ter of 1828-9 to their new western home. Tohlonteeskee, or Deep Creek,
a southern branch of Illinois river, section sixteen, township twelve north.

76 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

ranse twenty-one east, was created the capitol and the nation was divided
into four districts.

THE CIRCUIT COURTS.

Sec. 1. Be it further enacted, That there shall be established two judicial
circuits, and one Judge elected to each circuit.

The following division of the Nation into four Districts shall continue
until otherwise altered by law, to wit:

1. Neosho District. — Commencing at the line of Washington county
where the Saline road crosses the same, and following said road to the head
of Spring creek; thence down the same to Grand river; thence down Grand
river to the Arkansas, and thence along the western boundary of the Nation,
including all the country north and west of the above line.

2. Salisaw District. — Beginning at the line of Washington county near
Wilson's store, where the wagon road crosses the same by Jack Bean's; thence
along said road by Chas. Vann's down the Salisaw to the crossing of the creek
by Dr. Palmer's; thence, south, to the top of the mountain, and along the top
of the same to a point opposite John L. McCoy's; thence to the crossing
of the Salisaw by the military road, and along said road to Grand river.

3. Illinois District. — Commencing at the mouth of Salisaw creek, and
running up the same to the military road; thence along said road to Grand
river, and down the same to the Arkansas, including all the country west of
this line and the Arkansas.

4. Lees Creek District. — Including all the country lying south and east
of the above described lines.

The Northern circuit shall be composed of Neosho and Salisaw Districts;
and the Southern of Illinois and Lee's Creek District. And the following
places are designated in each District for holding courts, viz:

In Neosho District, at Sitewake's Village on Spavinaw.

In Salisaw District, at Tahlequah.

In Illinois District, at Tah-lon-tuskee.

In Lees Creek District, at George Guess'.

The Judges shall hold their respective courts in Neosho and Illinois
Districts, on the first Monday in May and September, and for Salisaw and
Lee's Creek Districts, on the second Monday in May and September.

Sec. 4. The Circuit Court shall have complete jurisdiction, in all crimin-
al matters, and also in civil cases where the amount at issue is not less than
one hundred dollars; hut may also try and decide suits, when the amount is
less than one hundred and over twenty-tive dollars, provided such suit ha.s
been brought by appeal from the District Court; and all decisions where the
sum does not exceed one hundred dollars, shall be final; but if above that
amount, an appeal may be granted to the Supreme Court, if moved for before
the adjournment of such court; and in the trial of all cases, the Clerk shall
write out in full the testimony which may be given by witnesses of both par-
ties. And in the event of an appeal to the Supreme Court, such written tes-
timony, with the proceedings and decisions of the court, being certified to by
the Clerk, sealed and marked on the outside, with the nature of the case

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 77

and the names of the parties, they shall be transmitted by the Sheriff of the
District, directed to the Chief Justice. And the party, so appealing to the
Supreme Court, shall be required to enter into bond with security, to the
satisfaction of the Court, for the maintenance of said suit and payment of
all costs.

This jurisdictional division was in V(),t;ue and it was succeeded by:
An Act to OrgAiiize the Nation into Eight Districts and for Holding Elections.
He it enacted by the National Council, That the following divisions of
the Nation into eight Districts, shall continue until altered by law — to wit:

I.
Skin Bayou District.
Conuiiencing at the mouth of Salisaw Creek, thence up the same to a
point where the Rogue's Path crosses; thence along said path to Bear Meat's
old place; thence on a direct line to the two Knobs or Peaks, running be-
tween the same, to the nearest point of the State line; thence south along
said line to the Arkansas river, and up the same to the place of beginning.

II.
Illinois District.
Commencing at the point where the Rogue's Path crosses Salisaw Creek;
thence on a direct line to Big Bear's (Allen Gafford's) on Elk Creek, and
down said creek to its junction with Illinois river; thence crossing Short Moun-
tain to Eli Harlin's, (including said Harlin in the District;) thence along the
road by Joseph Coodey's and Dennis Biggs' to Grand River, at Fort Gibson;
thence on the main road to the ferry on the Verdigris river, down the same
to the Arkansas river; thence down said river to the mouth of Salisaw Creek,
and up the same to the place of beginning,

III.
Canadian District.
Commencing at the junction of the Arkansas and Canadian rivers; thence
up the Canadian to the Creek boundary; thence along the said boundary to the
Arkansas river, and down the same to the place of beginning.

IV.
Flint District.
Commencing at the point where the Rogue's Path crosses the Salisaw
creek; thence along the line of Illinois District to the Illinois river; thence
up said river to the mouth of Caney creek, and up said creek to Buffington's,
thence along the main old road to the crossing of the south branch of the
Barren Fork of Illinois; thence up said creek to the State line, and along said
line to the line of Skin Bayou District; thence west along said District line
to the place of beginning.

V.
Going Snake District.
Commencing on Caney creek at F:iwn's Camp on the right, and fol-
lowing the path leading to Thos. F. Taylor's until the same forks on the

78 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

mountain; thence along tlie right hand old path (leaving said Taylor's to the
left,) to Dick Sanders' on the Barren Fork; thence along the road to James
McDaniel's on Big Illinois; thence along the road or path leading to the
Grand Saline, to Spring creek, thence up said creek to the crossing of the
vVashington county wagon road, at Gore's old cabin, following said road
to Flint creek, then up said creek to the State line; then south along said line
to Flint District, and along the same to the place of beginning.

VI.
Tahlequah District.

Commencing at Fawn's Camp on Caney Creek, and following the line
of Going Snake District to Spring creek; thence down said creek to Grand
river, and down the same to Fort Gibson; thence along the line of Illinois
District to the Illinois river; thence up said river to Caney creek, and up the
Siime to the place of beginning.

VII.
Delaware District.

Commencing at the point on Spring Creek where Going Snake and
Tahlequah Districts corner; thence to the nearest source of Little Saline Creek,
and down the same to its junction with Big Saline Creek; thence on a direct
line to Grand river at the mouth of Spavinaw creek; thence up said river to
the termination of the Cherokee territory, and including all of the country
east of the above described line to the State line and north of Going Snake
District

VIII.
Saline District.

Commencing at the north-west corner of Delaware District; thence south
along the western line of the said District to Tahlequah District on Spring
creek; thence down said creek to Grand river, and along the same to Fori
Gibson, including all the country west not embraced in any of the before
described Districts.

Be it further enacted. That the election of two members of the National
Committee, and three members of the Council, and one Sheriff for each
District, shall be held on the first Monday in August, 1841: — and all free
male citizens, who shall have attained to the age of eighteen years, shall be
equally entitled tb vote in the District of which they may he residents; and
every voter shall name the person for whom he votes.

Be it further enacted. That there shall be two superintendents at each
precinct, to preside over the elections, who shall appoint a clerk, whose duty
it shall be to make a list of all candidates, and register the name of each
voter, stating the candidate for whom each vote is given.

In the event that any persons hereinafter named as superintendents, are
unable or refuse to serve as such, then the people assembled to vote may
choose others to fill such vacancies as may occur. The register or list of votes
polled at each precinct shall be certified by the superintendents and clerk, and
on the following day after the election, the superintendents shall assemble at

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 79

the first named precincts in this act, in each District, and count all votes
legally given, and issue a written certificate of election to each candidate, who
shall have received the highest number of votes. The certified register of
votes shall then be sealed up, and transmitted to the Principal Chief, marked,

"Election returns for District."

The following places are designated as precincts in the several District.*

1. For Skin Bayou District. — First precinct at the present place o'
holding Courts: — George I.owrey, jr., and Michael Waters, superintendents.
Second precinct at Little Jnn. Rogers': — G. W. Gunter and John Rogers, sup-
erintendents.

2. Flint District. — First precinct at George Chambers' Camp Ground: —
George Chambers and Andrew Ross, superintendents. Second precinct at
Broken Canoe's: — Ezekial Starr and George StHl, superintendents.

3. Illinois District. — First precinct at Moses Smith's: — John Brewer and
Richard Ratcliff, superintendents. Second precinct at Cat Fields: — Archibald
Fields and Alexander Foreman, superintendents.

4. Canadian District. — First precinct at James Thorn's: — Joseph Vann
and John Thorn, superintendents. Second precinct at George Chisholm's: —
Dutch and David Foreman, superintendents.

5. Going Snake District. — First precinct at Hair Conrad's: — Hair Con-
rad and Samuel Foreman, superintendents. Second precinct at Rising Fawn's
in Piney Woods) — Geo. Starr, John Harnage, superintendents.

6. Tahlequah District. — First precinct at Tahlequah : — Stephen Fore ■
man and David Carter, superintendents. Second precinct at William Camp-
bell's:— Thomas Wilson and Thigh Walker, superintendents.

7. Delaware District. — First precinct at J. Buffington's: — Richard Tay-
lor and William Wilson, superintendents. Second precinct at Johnson Fields':
— James D. Wofford and Hiram Landrum, superintendents.

8. Saline District. — First precinct at the Grand Saline: — Nicholas
M'Nair and Brice Martin, superintendents. Second precinct at West's Saline:
— David "Vann and Bluford West, superintendents.

The superintendents and clerks shall be required to take the following
oath: — "You do solemnly swear that you will conduct the election according
to the provisions of the act passed Nov. 4th, 1S40."

Approved— J NO. ROSS.

Tahlequah, Nov. 4th, 1840.

The jurisdiction of Delaware District was extended over the "Neutr;[l
band'' by:

An Act Annexing a Tract Called 800,000 Acres of Land, to Delaware District.

Be it enacted by the National Council. That this section of country ceded
to the Cherokees by the Treaty of 1835, and known as the "eight hundred
thousand acre tract,'' be, and the same is hereby attached to Delaware Dis-
trict, and shall henceforth form a part of said District.

Tahlequah, Dec. 1st, 1846.

Approved— JNO. ROSS.

The name of Skin Bavou District was derived from the local stream.

80 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

which had been named b\' the early courier de hois. It was chansjed by:
An Act Changing the Name of Skin Bayou District.

Be it enacted by the National Council, That the name of Skin Bayou
District be. and the same is hereby changed, and that the said District shall
be called from and after the passage of this act, Se-quo-yah; and so much
of the act passed November 4th, l84o, as militates against this act be and the
same is hereby repealed.

Tahlequah, November 4th, l(S5l.

Approved — JNO. ROSS.
Cooweescoowee District was constituted in 1856 b\-:

An Act Organizing Cooweescoowee District

Be it enacted by the National Council, That all that portion of the terri-
tory belonging to the Cherokee people, within the following boundary, be and
is hereby organized into a District, to be known as Cooweescoowee District,
with all the immunities and corporate capacities of other districts of this
Nation, towit: Commencing at the cornerstone of the Creek Nation, a few
miles north nr northwest of old Union Mission; running thence a due east
course until it strikes the Missouri road, running west of Neosho or Grand
River; then along said road to about one mile northward of the crossing of
Rock Creek; then along a certain trail known as Mathis' tract, until said
trace strikes the northern boundary line of the Cherokee country; then west-
ward along said line, and following the boundary line of the Cherokee outlet
west to the point of beginning.

Be it further enacted. That the precincts for holding elections shall be
and are placed at the following localities:

1. At the Sulphur spring on Dog Creek, near Jim McNair's cow-pen.

2. At the White Spring.

3. At the Yellow Spring.

4. At or near Dick Duck's.

The court house of Cooweescoowee District from 1856 to December 7,
1867, was on Bird Creek in the eastern part of Osage county and was located
by :

An Act to Amend an Act entitled "An Act Relative to the Court House
in Cooweescoowee District."
Be it enacted by the National Council, That the act in relation to building
a court house in Cooweescoowee District, passed December 7, 1867, be so
amended as to require the District Judge to have said court house built at
the Sulphur Springs, on the waters of Dog Creek, near Jesse Henry's, in said
District, instead of the place designated in said act, "Clermont's Mounds."

JOHN YOUNG, Speaker of Council.
Concurred in — PIG SMITH, President of the Senate.
Presented and approved, 24th November, 1868.

LEWIS DOWNING, Principal Chief of the Cherokee Nation.

Tahlequah, C. N., Nov. 13, 1868.
The Eastern Cherokees enacted earlier election laws but the following
was in a fuller and more perfect form:

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 81

Resolved by the Committee and Council, in General Council Convened,
That the elections to be holden hereafter in the several Districts for mem-
bers of the General Council, Sherifl's and Constables, shall be held at the fol-
lowing precincts until otherwise altered by the General Council, viz: Chicka-
mauga District: The first precinct to be at the Court House, the second
at Hunter Langly's in Lookout Valley; third at Hick's Mill and the fourth
at Kah-noh-cloo's. Chattooga District. First precinct at the Court House,
second at Ah-ne-lah-ka-yah's in Turkey Town, third at James Fields', Turnip
Mountain, fourth at Laugh-at-mush's, Will's Valley, fifth at Edward Gunter's
in Creek Path, and sixth at Raccoon Town, at Little Turtle's house. Coosa-
watee District: First at the Court House, and the third at Ellijay. Ah-
mohee District: First at the Court House, second at Squires in Long Sa-
vannah, third at Chee-squah-ne-ta's, fourth at Swimmers, Highwassee Old
Town. Hickory Log District: First at the Court House, second at the old
Court House, third at or near Big Savannah. Hightower District: First at
the Court House, second at Pipes Spring, third at Yon-nah-oo-woh-yee's.
Tahquohee District: First at the Court House, second at Choowalookee's.
third at Oowatee's, fourth at Skenah Town, hfth at Beach Town. Aquohee
iJistrict: First at the Court House, second at Lame Dick's, third at High-
wassee Town, fourth at widow Nettle Carriers', fifth at Chee-yoh-ee.

Be it further Resolved, That two superintendents and one clerk shall
be appointed to take the votes at each precinct, and it shall be the duty of
the Circuit Judges respectively to make such appointments while on their
Judicial Circuit last preceding the general elections for members of the
General Council, and shall notify the managers and clerks of their appoint-
ment, by the Sheriff of the District, and in case either of the Circuit Judges
shall fail to hold his courts agreeably to law, or any of the managers or
clerks shall refuse to act, the District Judge shall be authorized to fill sucii
vacancies; and in case any shall fail to attend on the day of the election, the
voters shall be allowed to choosc some suitable person or persons to act in
his or their stead.

Be it further Resolved, That the clerks shall particularly take down the
names of all persons voting and for whom they may vote; and the managers
and clerks shall meet at the court house in their respective Districts on the
Wednesday succeeding the election, then and there to count the votes and
issue a certificate to each member elect, of his constitutional election.

Be it further Resolved, That the managers and clerks while acting
shall be upon oath, and shall not be entitled to receive any compensation
from the National Treasury for their services.

New Echota, 2d Nov., 182O.

Approved— JNO. ROSS.

The first comprehensive election law of the "Old Settler" Cherokees
was:

An Act Respecting Elections.

Resolved by the Committee and Council, in General Council Convened,
That from and after this date, the members of the National Committee and

82 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

Council, ;ind Ihe officers (Judges and Light-horse) of the Cherokee Nation,
shall he elected hy a vote of the people, given in a't their respective pre-
cincts in each District, and for which purpose it is hereby

Further Resolved, That the people of the Cherokee Nation shall meet
at their respective precincts in each District once in two years, on the second
Monday in July, and proceed to elect by vote, two memebrs of the National
Committee and two members of the National Council, which members shall
be elected to serve two years from the date of their election; and there shall
be also elected at the same time and place two District Judges and two Na-
tional Light-horse to serve two years from the date of their election, whose
duties it shall be to serve in their respective Districts as set forth by law.

Resolved Further, That all elections under the law as herein above speci-
specific purposes, shall be superintended by the Judges of the same District,
and each candidate for the above named offices shall make known to the
Judges superintending the elections, which office they design to run for; and
it shall be the duty of the Judges to have this distinctly understood by the
people before voting, after which they can proceed to vote, one at a time
by calling the names of such candidates which they judge are the best qualified
to fill the office running for, and after all the people present have voted, the
Judges shall count out publicly the number of votes given to each one of the
candidates took up for the same office, and such candidates as have thereby
gained the highest number of votes for the different offices shall thereby be
considered duly and lawfully elected to the respective offices for which they
were candidates and run for. And it shall be the duty of the Judges as before
required under section third to give each member thus elected to the National
Committee and Council, Judges and Light-horse, a certificate of their election,
which shall be their voucher to the National Council of such members, Judges
and Light-horse having been duly elected according to law.

Resolved Further, That all elections under the law as herein above speci-
fied for the purpose of electing members to the National Committee and
Council, Judges and Light-horse shall be and are hereby required to be held
at the following named places in each District: That is the precinct or
place for holding elections under the law; that in Lees Creek District, shall
be at the present residence of Little Charles, of Skin Bayou; that in Salhsaw
District at Fox's residence on Sallisaw Creek; that in Illinois District at the
National Council House (Tah-lon-tee-skee) and that in Neosho District at
John Drew's residence on Bayou Menard.
Tah-lon-tee-skee, May 10, tS?4.

Approved— JOHN JOLLY, Prin'l. Chief.

At various subsequent dates the election laws were changed to conform
with the progress of the Cherokee Nation, but they always adhered to the viva
voci method of voting, recorded by a clerk from each party, judges of election
supervising the work of the opposing party clerk, all parties except the voter
being kept at a distance of fifty feet from the polls by regularly appointed sup-
ervisors or guards. Council met before 1867 on the first Monday of October
and after 1867 on the first Monday of November of each year, the regular ses-

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 8^

sion lasting four weeks. Elections \\-ere held on the first Monday of Au.^ust
of odd numbered years.

It had become apparent to many Cherokees that their retention of their
homes and institutions east of the Mississippi river was of but short duration
John Ross was in favor of selling their lands for twent_\' million dollars but
the government steadfastly refused to pay more than five million for it. Con-
ditions were becoming more untenable each year and as a consequence the
great mass of the people were becoming more and more impoverished. Many
of the wealthier Cherokees had and were moving west at their own expense.
The minority seeing the hopeless condition of their people, within the limits
of Georgia, Tennessee, Alabama and North Carolina, concluded the folUow-
ing treaty:

"^m^'^^

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

LEWIS DOWNING
Chief — November, 1S()7, to November, 1875.

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 85

CHAPTER V

Treaty With The Cherokee, 1835

Dec. 29, 1835. 7 Stat., 478. Proclamation. May 23, 1836. Article of a
trc'iitv, concluded at New Echota in the State o\ Georgia on the 29th day of
Dec. 1835 by General William Carroll and John F. Schermerhorn commis-
sioners on the part of the United States and the Chiefs, Head Men and People
of the Cherokee tribe of Indians.

Preamble . Whereas the Cherokees are anxious to make arrangements
with the Government of the United States whereby the difficulties they have
experienced by a residence within the settled parts of the United States under
the jurisdiction and laws of the State Governments may be terminated' and ad-
justed; and with a view to reuniting their people in one body and securing
a permanent home for themselves and their posterity in the country selected
by their forefathers without the territorial limits of the State sovereignties, and
where they can establish and enjoy a government of their choice and per-
petuate such a state of society as may be most consonant with the views,
habits and conditions; and as may tend to their individual comfort and their
'advancement in civilization.

And whereas a delegation of the Cherokee nation composed of Messrs.
John Ross, Richard Taylor, Danl. McCoy, Samuel Gunter and William Rogers
with full power and authority to conclude a treaty with the United States did
on the 28th day of February 1835 stipulate and agree with the Government of
the United States to submit to the Senate to fix the amount which should be
allowed the Cherokees for their claims and for a cession of their lands east
ot the Mississippi river, and did agree to abide by the award of the Senate of
the United States themselves to recommend the same to their people for their
final determination.

And whereas on such submission the Senate advised ■'that a sum not ex-
ceeding five millions of dollars be paid to the Cherokee Indians for all their
possessions east of the Mississippi river."

And whereas this delegation after said award of the Senate had been
made, were called upon to submit propositions as to its disposition to be
arranged in a treaty which they refused to do, but insisted that the same
"should be referred to their nation and there in general council to deliberate
and determine on the subject to ensure harmon_\' and good feeling among
themselves."

And whereas a certain other delegation composed of John Ridge, Elias
Boudinot, Archilla Smith, S. W. Bell, John West, Wm. A. Davis and Ezekiel
West, who represented the portion of the nation in favor of emigration to
the Cherokee country west of the Mississippi entered into propositions for a
treaty with John F. Schermerhorn commissioner on the part of the United
States which were to be submitted to their nation for their final action and
determination:
And whereas the Cherokee people, at their last October council at Red

86 HISTORY OF THK CHEROKEE INDIANS

Clav, fullv authorized and empowered a delegation or committee of twenty
'persons of their nation to enter into and conclude a treaty with the United
States commissioner then present, at that place or elsewhere and as the people
,had good reason to believe that a treaty would then and there be made or
lat a subsejuent council at New Echota which the commissioners it was well
known and understood, were authorized and instructed to convene for said
purpose; and since the said delegation have gone on to Washington city, with
A view to close negotiations there, as stated by them notwithstanding they
were officially informed by the United States commissioner that they would not
be received by the President of the United States; and that the Government
would transact no business of this nature with them, and that if a treaty was
made it must be done here in the nation, where the delegation at Washington
'last winter urged that it should be done for the purpose of promoting peace
and harmony among the people; and since these facts have also been corrobo-
rated to us by a communication recently received by the commissioner fron]
the Government of the United States and read and explained to the people
in open council and therefore believing said delegation can effect nothing and
..since our difficulties are daily increasing and our situation is rendered more
and more precarious, uncertain and insecure in consequence of the legislation
of the States; and seeing no effectual way of relief, but in accepting the lib-
eral overtures of the United States.

And whereas Gen. William Carroll and John F. Schemerhorn were ap-
pointed commissioners on the part of the United States, with full power and
authority to conclude a treaty with the Cherokees east and were directed by
the President to convene the people of the nation in general council at New
Echota and to submit said propositions to them with power and authority to
'vary the same so as to meet the views of the Cherokees in reference to its
details.

.4nd whereas the said commissioners did appoint and notify a general
(council of the nation to convene at New Echota on the 2 1st day of Decem-
ber 1835; and informed them that the commissioners would be prepared to
make a treaty with the Cherokee people who should assemble there and those
who did not come they should conclude gave their assent and sanction to
whatever should be transacted at this council and the people having met in
council according to said notice.

Therefore the following articles of a treaty are agreed upon and con-
■ciuded between William Carroll and John F. Schermediorn commissioners
on the part of the United States and the chiefs and head men and people of
the Cherokee nation in general council assembled this 29th day of Dec. 18^5.

Cherokees Relinquish to United States all Their Lands East of The Mississippi.

Article 1. The Cherokee nation hereby cede, relinquish and convey to
the United States all the lands owned, claimed or possessed by them east of
the Mississippi river, and hereby release all their claims upon the United
States for spoliations of every kind for and in consideration of the sum of
five millions of dollars to be expended, paid and invested in the manner stipu-

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 87

lated and agreed upon in the following articles. But as a question has arisen
between the commissioners and the Cherokees whether the Senate in their
Resolution by which they advised "that a sum not exceeding five millions of
dollars be paid to the Cherokee Indians for all their lands and possessions east
of the Mississippi river" have included and made any allowance or considera-
tion for claims for spoliations it is therefore agreed on the part of the United
States that this question shall be again submitfed to the Senate for their con-
sideration and decision and if no allowance was made for spoliations thai
then an additional sum of three hundred thousand dollars be allowed for the
■same.

Treaty of May, 1828, and Feb., 1833, Referred to. Art .2. Whereas by the
treaty of May 6th 1828 and the supplementary treaty thereto of Feb. 14tli
183 3 with the Cherokees west of the Mississippi the United States granted and
secured to be conveyed by patent, to the Cherokee nation of Indians the fol-
lowing tract of country "Beginning at a point on the old western territorial
line of Arkansas Territory beginning twenty-tive miles north from the point
where the territorial line crosses Arkansas river, thence running from said
north point south on the said territorial line where the said territorial line
crosses Verdigris river; thence down said Verdigris river to the Arkansas River,
thence down said Arkansas to a point where a stone is placed oppposite the
east or lower bank of Grand river at its junction with the Arkansas; thence
running south forty-five degrees and west one mile; thence in a straight line
to a point four miles northerly, from the mouth of the north fork of the Cana-
dian; thence along the said four mile line to the Canadian; thence down the
Canadian to the Arkansas; thence down the Arkansas where the eastern
Choctaw boundary strikes said river and running thence with the western line
of Arkansas Territory as now delined, ti:i the southwest corner of Missouri;
thence along the western Missouri line to the land assigned the Senecas,
thence on the south line of the Senecas to Grand river as far as the south line
of the Osage reservation, extended if necessary; thence up and between said
south Osage line extended west if necessary, and a line drawn due west from
the point of beginning to a certain distance west, at which a line running north
and south from said Osage line to said due west line will make seven millions
of acres within the whole described boundaries. In addition to the seven mil-
lions of acres of land thus provided for and bounded, the United States further
guaranty to the Cherokee nation a perpetual outlet west, and a free and un-
molested use of all the country west of the western boundary of seven millions
of acres, as far west as the sovereignty of the United States and their right of
soil extend :

Proviso. Provided however: That if the saline or salt plain on the western
prairie shall fall within said limits prescribed for the said outlet, the right is re-
served to the United States to permit other tribes of red men to get salt on said
plain in common with the Cherokees; And letters patent shall be issued by the
United States as soon as practicable for the land hereby guaranteed."

Additional Land Conveyed to The Nation, Etc. And whereas it is
apprehended by the Cherokees that in the above cession there
is not contained sufficient quantity of land for the accommodation o"

88 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

the whole nation on their removal west of the Mississippi the United States
in consideration of the sum of five hundred thousand dollars therefore hereby
covenant and agree to convey to the said Indians, and their descendants by
patent, in fee simple the following additional tract of land situated between
the west line of the State of Missouri and the Osage reservation beginning at
■the Southeast corner of the same and running north along the east line of the
Osage lands fifty miles to the northeast corner thereof; and thence east to
the west line of the State of Missouri; thence with said line south fifty miles;
thence west to the place of beginning; estimated to contain eight hundred
thousand acres of land; but it is expressly understood that if any of the lands
assigned the Quapaws shall fall within the aforesaid bounds the same shall be
reserved and excepted out of the lands above granted and a pro rata reduc-
tion shall he made in the price to be allowed to the United States for the same
by the Chernkees.

Further Agreement. 1830, ch. 148. Right to Establish Forts, Etc.
Article 3. The United States also agrees that the lands above ceded by
the treaty of Feb. 14, 183 3, including the outlet, and those ceded by this
treaty shall all be included in one patent executed to the Cherokee nation
of Indians by the President of the United States according to the provisions
of the act of May 28, 1830. It is, however, agreed that the military reser-
vation at Fort Gibson shall be held by the United States. But should the
United States abandon said post and have no further use for the same it shall
revert to the Cherokee nation. The United States shall always have the
right to make and establish such post and military roads and forts in any
part of the Cherokee country, as they may deem proper for the interest and
protection of the same and the free use of as much land, timber, fuel and
materials of all kinds for the construction and support of the same as may
be necessary; provided that if the private rights of individuals are interfered
with, a just compensation therefore shall be made.

Osage Titles to Reservations to be Extinguished. Article 4. Ihe
United States also stipulate and agree to extinguish for the ben-
efit of the Cherokees the title to the reservations within their country
made in the Osage treaty of 1825 to certain half-breeds and for this purpose
•they hereby agree to pay the persons to whom the same belongs or have
been assigned or to their agents or guardians whenever thev shall execute
after the ratification of this treaty a satisfactory conveyance for the same,
to the United States, the sum of fifteen thousand dollars according to a sched-
ule accompanying this treaty of the relative value of the severarreservations.

Missionary Reservations to be Paid For. And whereas these several
treaties between the United States and the Osage Indians, the Union
and Harmony Missionary reservations which were established for their
benefit ^ are now situated within the country ceded by them to
the United States; the former being situated in the Cherokee "country and
tne latter in the State of Missouri. It is therefore agreed that the United
States shall pay the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions
tor the improvements on the same what they shall be appraised by Capt.

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 89

Geo. Vashon Cherokee, sub-agent Abraham Redfield and A. P. Chouteau or
such persons as the President of the United States shall appoint and the money
allowed for the same shall be expended in schools among the Osages and
improving their condition. It is understood that the United States are to
pay the amount allowed for the reservations in this article and not the Chero-
kees.

Land Perinamently Ceded to the Nation. Article 5. The United
States hereby covenant and agree that the lands ceded to the
Cherokee nation in the foregoing article shall, in no future time
without their consent, be included within the terriorial limits or jurisdiction of
any State or Territory. But they shall secure to the Cherokee nation the right
by their national councils to make and carry into effect all such laws as they
may deem necessary for the government and protection of fhe persons and
property within their own country belonging to their people or such persons
as have connected themselves with them: provided always that they shall
not be inconsistent with the constitution of the United States and such acts
of Congress as have been or may be passed regulating trade and intercourse
with the Indians; and also, that they shall not be considered as extending to
such citizenship and army of the United States as may travel or reside in the
Indian country by permission according to the laws and regulations establish-
ed by the Government of the same.

Peace to be Preserved. Art. 6. Perpetual peace and friendship shall ex-
ist between the citizens of the United States and the Cherokee Indians. The
United States agree to protect the Cherokee nation from domestic strife and
foreign enemies and against internecine wars between the several tribes. Th.;
Cherokees shall endeavor to preserve and maintain the peace of the country
and not make war upon their neighbors they shall also be protected against in-
terruption and intrusion from citizens of the United States, who may attempt
'to settle in the country without their consent; and all such persons shall be
removed from the same by order of the President of the United States. But
this is not intended to prevent the residence among them of useful farmers
mechanics and teachers for the instruction of Indians according to treaty
'Stipulations.

Congress May Allow a Delegate From the Cherokee Nation. Article 7.
great progress in civilization and deeming it important that every proper and
laudable inducement be offered to their people to improve their condition as
well as guard and secure in the most eftectual manner the rights guaranteed
to them in this treaty, and with a view to illustrate the liberal and enlarged
policy of the Government of the United States towards the Indians in their
removal beyond the territorial limits of the States, it is stipulated that they
.shall be entitled to a delegate in the House of Representatives of the United
States \\-henever Congress shall make provisions for the same.

Expenses of Removal to be Paid by United States. Article 8. The
United States also agree and stipulate to remove the Cherokees
to their new homes and to subsist them one year after their arriv-
al there and that a sufficient number of steamboats and barge-wagons shall

90 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

be furnished to remove them comfortably, and so as not to endanger their
health, and that a physician well supplied with medicines shall accompany
each detachment of emigrants removed by the Government. Such persons
and families as in the opinion of the emigrating agent are capable of subsist-
ing and removing themselves shall be permitted to do so; and they shall be
allowed in full for all claims for the same twenty dollars for each member
of their family; and in lieu of their one year's rations they shall be paid the
sum of thirty-three dollars and thirty-three cents if they prefer it.

Such Cherokees also as reside at present out of the nation and shall
■remove with them in two years west of the Mississippi shall be entitled to
allowance for removal and subsistence as above provided.

Agents to Value Improvements Made by Cherokees. Article 9.
The United States agree to appoint suitable agents who shall
make a just and fair valuation of all such improvements now in the possession
of the Cherokees as add any value to the lands; and also of the ferries own-
ed bv them, according to their net income; and such improvements and ferries
from which they have been dispossessed in a lawful manner or under any exist-
ing law of the State where the same may be situated.

The just debts of the Indians shall be paid out of any monies due them
for their improvements and claims; and they shall also be furnished at the
discretion of the President of the United States with a sufficient sum to enable
them to obtain the necessary means to remove themselves to their new homes,
and the balance of their dues shall be paid them at the Cherokee agency west
of the Mississippi. The Missionary establishments shall also be valued and
appraised in a like manner and the amount of them paid over by the United
States to the treasurers of the respective missionary societies by whom they
have been established and improved in order to enable them to erect such
buildings and make such improvements among the Cherokees west of the
Mississippi as they may deem necessary for their benefit. Such teacherrs at
present among the Cherokees as this council may select and designate shall
be removed west of the Mississippi with the Cherokee nation and on the same
.terms allowed to them.

The President to make investments in productive stock. Article 10
The President of the United States shall invest in some safe and most pro-
ductive public stocks of the country for the benefit of the whole Cherokee
nation who have removed or shall remove to the lands assigned by this
treaty to the Cherokee nation west of the Mississippi the following sums
as a permanent fund for the purposes hereinafter specified and pay over
the net income of the same annually to such persons as shall be authorized
or appointed by the Cherokee nation to receive the same and their
receipt shall be full discharge for the amount paid to them viz: the sum of
two hundred thousand dollars in addition to the present annuity of the nation
to constitute a general fund the interest of which shall be applied annually by
ithe council of the nation to such purposes as they may deem best for the
general good of their people. The sum of fifty thousand dollars to consti-
.tute an orphans' fund the annual income of which shall be expended towards

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 91

the support and education of such orphan children as are destitute of the
means of subsistence. The sum of one hundred and fifty thousand dollars in
addition to the present school fund of the nation shall constitute a perm-
anent school fund, the interest of which shall be applied annually by the
council of the nation for the support of common schools and such a literary
institution of a higher order as may be established in the Indian country. And
in order to secure as far as possible the true and beneficial application of the
orphans' and school fund the council of the Cherokee nation when required
.by the President of the United States shall make a report of the applicatio!i
of those funds and he shall at all times have the ris^ht if the funds have been
misapplied to correct any abuse of them and direct the manner of their ap-
plication for the purposes for which they were intended. The council of the
nation may by giving two years' notice of their intention withdraw their funds
by and with the consent of the President and Senate of the United States, and
invest them in such manner as they may deem most proper for their interest.
The United States also agree and stipulate to pay the just debts and claims
against the Cherokee nation held by the citizens of the same and also the
just claims of citizens of the United States for services rendered to the nation
and the sum of sixty thousand dollars is appropriated for this purpose but n?
claims against individual persons of the nation shall be allowed and paid b\-
the nation. The sum of three hundred thousand dollars is hereby set apart
.to pay and liquidate the just claims of the Cherokees upon the United States
for spoliations of every kind, that have not been already satisfied under form-
er treaties.

Commutation cf school fund. Article 11. Ihe Cherokee nation or
Indians believing it will be for the interest of their people to have all their
funds and annuities under their cwn direction and future disposition herehv
agree to commute their permanent annuity of ten thousand dollars for the
sum of two hundred and fourteen thousand dolllars, the same to be invested
by tl:e President of the United States as a part of the general fund of the
nation; and their present school fund amounting to about fifty thousand
dollars shall constitute a part of permanent school fund of the nation.

Provision respecting CheTokees averse to removal. Article 12. Those
Individ. lals and families of the Cherokee nation that are averse to a removal
to the Cherokee country west of the Mississippi and are desirous to become
citizens of the States where they reside and such as are qualitied to take
care of themselves and their property shall be entitled to receive their due
portion of all the personal benefits accruing under this treaty for their claims,
improvements and per capita; as soon as an appropriation is made for this
treaty.

Such heads of Cherokee families as are desirous to reside within the
States of North Carolina, Tennessee and Alabama subject to the laws of the
same; and who are qualified or calculated to become useful citizens shall be
entitled, on the certificate of the commissioners to a preemption right to one
hundred and sixty acres of land or one quarter section at the minimum Con-
gress price; so as to include the present buildings or improvements of those

92 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

who now reside there and such as do not live there at present shall be per-
mitted to locate within two years any lands not already occupied by persons
entitled to pre-emption privileges under this treaty and if two or more fam-
ilies live on the same quarter section and they desire to continue their resi-
dence in these States and are qualified as above they shall, on receiving- their
pre-emption certitlcate be entitled to the right of pre-emption to such lands as
:they may select not already taken by any person entitled to them under this

treaty.

It is stipulated and agreed between the United States and the Cherokee
people that John Ross, James Starr, George Hicks, John Gunter, George
Chambers, John Ridge, Elias Boudinot, George Sanders, John Martin, William
Rogers, Roman Nose Situwake and John Timpson shall be a committee on the
part of the Cherokees to recommend such persons for the privilege of preemp-
tion rights as may be deemed entitled to the same under the above articles and
,to select the missionaries who shall be removed with the nation; and that
they be hereby fully empowered and authorized to transact all business on
the part of the Indians which may arise in carrying into effect the provisions
of this treatv and settling the same with the United States. If any of the
persons above mentioned should decline acting or be removed by death; the
vacancies shall be filled by the committee themselves.

It is also understood and agreed that the sum of one hundred thousand
dollars shall be expended by the commissioners in such manner as the com-
mittee may deem best for the benefit of the poorer class of Cherokees as
shall remove west or have removed west and are entitled to the benefits of
this treaty. The same to be delivered at the Cherokee agency west as soon
after the removal of the nation as possible.

Settlement of claims for former reservations. Article 13. In order to
make a final settlement of all the claims of the Cherokees for reservations
granted under former treaties to any individuals belonging to the nation
by the United States it is therefore hereby stipulated and agreed and ex-
pressly understood by the parties of this treaty — that all the Cherokees
and their heirs and descendants to whom any reservations have been
made under any former treaties with the United States, and who have
not sold or conveyed the same by deed or otherwise and who in the
opinion of the commissioners have complied with the terms on which
the reservations were granted as far as practicable in the several cases; and
which reservations have since been sold by the United States shall constitute
a just claim against the United States and the original reservee or their heirs
or descendants shall be entitled to receive the present value thereof from
the United States as unimproved lands. And all such reservations as have
not been sold by the United States and where the terms on which the reser-
vations were made in the opinion of the commissioners have been complied
with as far as practicable, they or their heirs or descendants shall be entitled
to the same. They are hereby granted and confirmed to them — and also

HISTORY' OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 9_5

rail persons who were entitled to reservations under the treaty of 18 17 an^.l
who as tar as practicable in the opinion of the commissioners, have com-
plied with the stipulations of said treaty, althou,i;h by the treaty of 1819 such
^reservations were included in the unceded lands belonging- to the Cherokee
nation are hereby confirmed to them and they shall be entitled to receive a
grant for the same. And all such reservees as were obliged by the laws of
the States in which their reservations were situated, to abandon the same or
purchase them from the States shall be deemed to have a just claim against
(the United States for the amount by them paid to the States with inerest
thereon for such reservations and if obliged to abandon the same, to the
present value of such reservations as unimproved lands but in all cases where
.the reservees have sold their reservations or any part thereof and conveyed
tne same by deed or otherwise and have been paid for the same, they their
heirs or descendants or their assigns shall not be considered as having any
claims upon the United States under the article of the treaty nor be entitled
to receive any compensation for the lands thus disposed of. It is e.xpressh'
understood bv the parties of this treaty that the amount to be allowed for
.reservations under this article shall not be deducted out of the consideration
money allowed to the Cherokees for their claims for spoliations and the
cession of th.eir lands; but the same is to lie paid for independently by the
United States as it is only a just fulfillment of former treaty stipulations.

Pensions to certain warriors. Article 14. It is also agreed on the part
of the United States that such warriors of the Cherokee nation as were en-
gaged on the side of the United Sta*:es in the late war with Great Britain
and the southern tribes of Indians, and who were wounded in such service
shall be entitled to such pensions as shall be allowed them by the Congres•^
of the United States to commence from the period of disabilit\.

Funds to be divided among the Indians. Article 15. It is expressly
understood and ai^reed between the parties to this treaty that after deducting;
the amount which shall be actually expended for the payment for improve-
ments, ferries, claims, for spoliations, removal subsistence and debts and
claims upon the Cherokee nation and for the additional quantity of land.-,
and t^oods for the poorer class of Cherokees and the several sums to be
inveskd for the general national funds; provided for in several articles of
this treaty the balance whatever the same may be shall be equally divided
between all the people belonging to the Cherokee nation east according to
the census just completed; and such Cherokees as have removed west since
June 183 3 who are entitled by the terms of their enrollment and removal
to all the benefits resulting from the tinal treaty between the United States
and the Cherokees east they shall also be paid for their improvements ac-
cording to their approved value before their removal where fraud has not
already been shown in their valuation.

Indians to remove in two years. Article 16. It is hereby stiplated and
agreed by the Cherokees that they shall remove to their new homes within
two years from the ratification of this treaty and that durmg such time the
United States shall protect and defend them in their possessions and property

94 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

and frt'e use and occupation of the same and such persons as have been dis-
possessed of their improvements and houses; and for which no grant haj
actuallv ii'sued previously to the enactment of the law of the State of Georgia,
of December 1835 to regulate Indian occupancy shall be again put in posses-
sion and placed in the same situation and condition, in reference to the laws
of the State of Georgia, as the Indians that have not been dispossessed; and
if this is not done, and the people left unprotected, then the United States
shall pay the several Cherokees for their losses and damages sustained by
them in consequence thereof. And it is also stipulated and agreed that the
public buildings and improvements on which they are situated at New Echota
for which no grant has been actually made previously to the passage of the
above recited act if not occupied by the Cherokee people shall be reserved
for the public and free use of the United States and the Cherokee Indians for
the purpose of settling and closing all the Indian business arising under this
treaty between the commissioners of claims and the Indians.

The United States, and the several States interested in the Cherokee
■lands shall immediately proceed to survey the lands ceded by this treaty; but
'it is expressly agreed and understood between the parties that the agency
buildings and that tract of land surveyed and laid off for the use of Colonel
R. J. Meigs Indian agent or heretofore enjoyed and occupied by his successors
'in office shall continue subject to the use and occupancy of the United States,
or such agents as may be engaged especially superintending the removal of
'the tribe.

Commissioners to settle claims. Article 17. All the claims arising
under or provided for in the several articles of this treaty, shall be examined
and adjudicated by such commissioners as shall be appointed by the United
States by and with the advice and consent of the Senate of the United States
for that purpose and their decision shall be final and on their certificate of the
amount due the several claimants they shall be paid by the United States.
All stipulations in former treaties which have not been superseded or annulled
by this shall continue in full force and virtue.

United Spates to make advances for provisions, clothing, etc. Article

18. Whereas in consequence of the unsettled alfairs of the Cherokee
people and the early frosts, their crops are insutficient to support their
families and great distress is likely to ensue and whereas the nation will not,
until after their removal be able advantageously to expend the income of the
permanent funds of the nation it is therefore agreed that the annuities of the
nation whkh may accrue under this treaty for two years, the time fixed for
then- removal shall be expended in provisions and clothing for the benefit
ot the poorer class of the nation; and the United States hereby agree to ad-
vance the sum for that purpose as soon after the ratification of 'this treaty
as ;ui appropriation for the same shall be made. It is however not intended
,.n this article to interfere with that part of the annuities due the Cherokees
west by the treaty of 1 8 19.

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 95

Treaty Binding When Ratified. Article 19. This treaty aftji the same
ishall be ratified l\v the President and Senate of the United States shall be ob-
ligatory on the contracing paries.

Article 20. [Supplemental article. Stricken out by Senate.]

In testimony whereof, the commissioners and the chiefs, head men, and
people whose names are hereunto annexed, being duly authorized by the
people in general council assembled, have aflixed their hands and seals for
.themselves ,and in behalf of the Cherokee nation.

I have examined the foregoing treaty, and although not present when it
was made, I approve its provisions generally, and therefore sign it.

Wm. Carroll,
J. P. Schermerhorn.

Major Ridge, his x mark; James Foster, his x mark; Test-ta-esky, his x
mark; Charles Moore, his x mark; George Chambers, his x mark; Tah-yeske,
his X mark; ArchiUa Smith, his x mark; Andrew Ross; William Lassley; Cae-
te-hee, his x mark; Te-gah-e-ske, his x mark; Robert Rogers; John Gunter;
John A. Bell; Charles F. Foreman; William Rogers; George W. Adair; Ellas
Boudinot; James Starr, his x mark; Jesse Half-breed, his x mark [L. S.]

Signed and sealed in presence of —

Western B. Thomas, secretary; Ben F. Currey, special agent; M. Wolfe
Batman, first lieutenant, sixth U. S. Infantry, disbursing agent; John L. Hoop-
er, lieutenant, fourth Infantry; C. M. Hitchcock, M. D., assistant surgeon, U.
S. A.; G. W. Currey; Wm. H. Underwood; Cornelius D. Terhune; John W.
Underwood.

In compliance with instructions of the council at New Echota, we sign
this treaty.

Stand Watie,
John Ridge.

March 1, 1836.

Witnesses:

Elbert Herring, Alexander H. Everett, John Robb, L). Kurtz, Wm. Y.
Hansel], Samuel J. Potts, John l.itle, S. Rockwell.

Dec. 31, 1835. 7 Stat., 487. Whereas the western Cherokees have
appointed a delegation to visit the eastern Cherokees to assure them of the
ifriendly disposition of their people and their desire that the nation should
again be united as one people and to urge upon them the expediency of ac-
cepting the overtures of the Government; and that, on their removal they
may be assured of a hearty welcome and an equal participation with them in
all the benefits and privileges of the Cherokee country west and the undersign-
ed two of said delegation being the only delegates in the nation from the west
at the signing and sealing of the treaty lately concluded at New Echota be-
tween their eastern brethren and the United States; and having fully under-
stood the provisions of the same they agree to it in behalf of the western
Cherokees. But it is expressly understood that nothing in this treaty shall

96 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

affect any claim of the western Cherokees on the United States.

In testimony wehereof, we have, this 3 1st day of December. 1835, here-
unto set our hands and seals.

James Rogers,
John Smith.
Delegates from the western Cherokees.
Test:

Ben. F. Curry, special agent.
M. VV. Batman, first lieutenant. Sixth Infantry.
Jno. L. Hooper, lieutenant, Fourth Infantry.
Elias Boudinot.

Schedule and estimated value of the Osage half-breed reservations within
the territory ceded to the Cherokees west of the Mississippi, (referred to in
article 5 on the foregoing treaty,) viz:

Augustus Clamont one section $6,000

James " " " 1,000

Paul " " " 1,300

Henry " " " 800

Anthony " " " 1,800

Rosalie " " " 1,800

Emilia D., of Mihanga 1,000

Emilia D, of Shemianga 1.300

SI 3,000

I hereby certify that the above schedule is the estimated value of the
Osage reservations; as made out and agreed upon with Col. A. P. Choteau
who represented himself as the agent or guardian of the above reservees.

J. F. Schermerhorn.

March 14, 1835.

March 1, 1836. 7 Stat., 488. Proclamation, May 23, 1836. Supple-
mentary article to a treaty concluded at New Echota, Georgia, December 29,
1835, between the United States and Cherokee people.

Whereas the undersigned were authorized at the general meeting of the
Cherokee people held at New Echota as above stated, to make and assent to
such alterations in the preceding treaty as might be thought necessary, and
whereas the President of the United States has expressed his determination
not to allow any pre-emptions or reservations his desire being that the whole
Cherokee people should remove together and establish themselves in the
country provided for them west of the Mississippi river.

Preemption rights declared void. Article 1. It is therefore agreed that
all the pre-emption rights and reservations provided for in article 1 2 and 1 3
'shall be and are hereby relinquished and declared void.

Article 2. Whereas the Cherokee people have supposed that the sum of
live millions of dollars fixed by the Senate in their resolution of day of

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 97

March, 1835, as the value of the Cherokee lands and possessions east of the
Mississippi river was not intended to include the amount which may be requir-
ed to remove them, nor the value of certain claims which many of their
people had against citizens of the United States, which suggestion has been
.confirmed by the opinion expressed to the War Department by some of the
Senators who voted upon the question and whereas the President is willing
that this subject should be referred to the Senate for their consideration and
if it was not intended by the Senate that the above-mentioned sum of live
millions of dollars should include the objects herein specified that in that case
such further provision should be made therefor as might appear to the Senate
to be just.

Allowance in lieu of preemptions, etc. Article 3. It is therefore agreed
that the sum of six hundred thnusand dnllars shall be and the same is herebv
allowed to the Cherokee people to include the expense of their removal, and
■all claims of every nature and description against the Government of the
United States not herein otherwise expressly provided for, and to be in lieu
of the said reservations and pre-emptions and of the sum of three hundred
thousand dollars for spoliations described in the 1st article of the above-men-
tioned treaty. This sum if six hundred thousand dollars shall be applied and
distributed agreeably to the provisions of the said treaty, and any surplus which
may remain after removal and payment of the claims so ascertained shall be
turned over and belong to the education fund.

But it is expressly understood that the subject of this arcicle is merely
referred hereby to the consideration of the Senate and if they shall approve
the same then this supplement shall remain part of the treatv.

Provisions for agency reservations not to interfere, etc. Article 4. It is

also understood that the provisions in article 16, for the agency reservation
is not intended to interfere with the occupant right of anv Cherokees should
'their improvement fall within the same.

It is also understood and agreed, that the one hundred thousand dollars
appropriated in article 12 for the poorer class of Cherokees and intended as
a set-oft' to the pre-emption rights shall now be transferred from the funds
of the nation and added to the general national fund of four hundred thousand
dollars.

Expense of negotiations to be defrayed by the United States. Article 5.

The necessary expenses attaching the negotiations of the aforesaid treaty and
supplement and also of such persons of the delegation as may sign the same
.shall be defrayed by the United States.

in testimony whereof, John F. Schermerhorn, commissioner on the part
of the United States, and the undersigned delegation have hereunto set their
hands and seals, this first day of March, in the year one thousand eight hun-
dred and thirty-six.

J. F. Schermerhorn.

98 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

Major Ridge, his x mark; James Foster, his x mark; Tah-ye-ske, his x
mark; Long- Shell Turtle, his x mark; ohn Fields, his x mark; George Welch,
his X mark; Andrew Ross; William Rogers; John Gunter; John A. Bell; Jos.
A. Foreman; Robert Sanders; Ellas Boudinot; Johnson Rogers; James Starr,
his X mark; Stand Watie; John Ridge; James Rogers; John Smith, his x
mark, [L. S.]

Witnesses: Elbert Herring, Thos. Glascock, Alexander H. Everett, Jno.
Garland, Major, U. S. Army, C. A. Harris, John Robb, Wm. Y. Hansell.
Saml. J. Potts, S. Rockwell.

Chief Ross strenuously objected to it. Slowly and tediously the United
.States labored to its fulfillment. Emigration officers backed by an army whicli
■was at first under General John E. Wool and later under General Winfield,
two of the most humane officers of the army were dispatched to the Chero-
kee nation to superintend the imigration.

Chief Ross was informed of the unalterable intention of the government,
by the following communication :

"War Department, March 24, 183 7.

Gentlemen: Your memorial of the l6th instant, addressed to the Pres-
ident of the United States, has been laid before him; and I now proceed to
communicate to you his decision upon the proposition you have submitted.

The treaty concluded at New Echota, on the 29th of December, 183 5,
has been ratified, according to the forms prescribed by the constitution and
it is the duty of the Executive to carry into effect all its stipulations, in a
spirit of liberal justice. The considerations to which you have invited the at-
tention of the President were brought to the notice of the Senate, before they
advised its confirmation, and of the House of Representatives, before they
made appropriations therein provided for. Their final action must be regard-
ed as the judgment of these branches of the Government, upon the degree of
weight to which they were entitled. It remains for the Executive to fultill the
treaty, as the supreme law of the land.

Your second and third propositions, therefore, it is considered, cannot
be acceded to, as they involve an admission that the treaty of 1835 is an in-
complete instrument. To your first proposition I can only answer as the De-
partment has already assured you, that any measure suggested by you will re-
jceive a candid examination, if it be not inconsistent with, or in contraven-
ition of. the provisions of the existing treaty.
Very respectfully.

Your most obedient servant,

J. R. Poinsett.
Messrs. John Ross, R. Taylor, James Brown, Samuel Hunter, John Benger.
George Sanders, John Looney, Aaron Price, William Dutch and Wm. S.
Goody, Eastern and Western Cherokees.

Washington."

Chief Ross exerted his influence among his people against the idea of
emigration until July 1838. If a member' o'f the council died, resigned, wai

HISTORY OF TH ECHEROKEE INDIANS 99

expelled or removed west, his place in the body was tilled bv appointment by
Chief Ross.

"Proposition of Cherokee dele.i;ation to General Scott.

Amohe District, Aquohee Camp,

July 23, 1838.

Sir: In respectfully presenting- for your consideration the following
suggestions in relation to the removal of the Cherokee people to the West,
it may be proper very briefly to advert to certain facts which have an im-
portant bearing on the subject.

It is known to you. sir, that the undersigned, delegates of the Cherokee
nation, submitted to the honorable Secretary of War the project of a
treaty, on the basis of a removal of the Cherokee nation from all "the lands
now occupied by them eastward of the Mississippi" and on terms the most
of which the honorable Secretary expresses himself as "not unwilling to grant."
The present condition of the Cherokee people is such, that all disputes as to
the time of emigration are set at rest. Being already severed from their homes
and their property — their persons being under the absolute control of the
commanding general and being altogether dependent on the benevolence and
humanity of that high officer for the suspension of their transportation to the
West at a season and under circumstances in which sickenss and death were
to be apprehended to an alarming extent, all inducements to prolong their stay
in this country are taken away; and, however strong their attachment to the
homes of their fathers may be, their interest and their wishes now are only
■to depart as early as may be consistent with their safety, which will appear
:from the following extract from their proceedings on the subject:

Resolved by the national committee and council and people of the Chero-
kee Nation, in general council assembled. That it is the decided sense and
desire of this general council that the whole business of the emigration of
our people shall be undertaken by the nation; and the delegation are hereby
advised to negotiate the necessary arrangements with the commanding gen-
eral for that purpose.

In conformity, therefore, with the wishes of our people, and with the
fact that the delegation has been referred by the honorable Secretary o!"
War to conclude the negotiation, in relation to emigration, with the com-
manding general in the Cherokee country, we beg leave, therefore, very re-
.spectfullly to propose;

That the Cherokee nation will undertake the whole business of removins(
their people to the West of the Mississippi;

That the emigration shall commence at the time stipulated in a pledge
•given to you by our people, as a condition of the suspension of their trans-
portation until the sickly season should pass away, unless prevented by some
cause which shall appear reasonable to yourself;

That the per capita expense of removal be based on the calculation of
one wagon and team, and six riding, being required for fifteen persons;

That the Cherokees shall have- the selection of physicians and other per-
sons as may be required for the safe and comfortable conducting of the sev-

100

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

eral detachments to the place of destination, their compensation to l^e paid
hv the United States.

We have the honor to be your obedient servants,

John Ross,
Elijah Hicks,
Edward Gunter,
Samuel Gunter,
Situwak.ee,
White Path,
Richard Taylor.
Major General Winlield Scott,

U. S. Army, Commanding, etc."

General Scott acceded to the proposition of the Cherokee delegation on
Julv 23, 1838 with the understanding that the Cherokees take every pre-
caution to get all of the Cherokees except certain ones that had been allowed
':to stay and become citizens of the States and such of the treaty party as might
object to removal under the superintendence of Ross and his associates'. The
arrangement was linally concurred in on the 2 7th of July, " and General Scott
fixed the date for the departure of the lirst contingent on the lirst day of Sep-
tember 3. On July 3 1st the committee submitted an estimate of transporta-
tion for each thousand emigrants, distance eight hundred miles at eighty days
.travel, with twenty persons to the wagon:
Fifty wagons and teams at a daily expense of S35o. including forage S28,000.

Returning, seven dollars for each twenty miles 14,000

250 extra horses, at 40 cents each per day 8,000.

Ferriages, etc. 1,000.

80,000 rations at 16 cents each 12,800.

Conductor, at five dollars per day 400

Assistant conductor at three dollars per day 240.

Physician at five dollars per day 40o

Returning SI 5. for every hundred miles 120.

Commissary at S2.50 per day 2()o.

Assistant commissary at S2.00 per day 100.

Wagon master, at $2.50 per day 200.

Assistant wagon master, at S2.00 per day l6o.

Interpreter, at S2.5o per dav 200.

Total S65.880.

"Cherokee Agency, August 1, 1838.
Gentlemen: in your note of yesterday, y'ou estimate that $65,880. will
be the necessary cost of every thousand Cherokees emigrated by land from
this to their new country.

As I have already stated to some of you in conversation, I think the esti-
mate an extravagant one.

Take the principal item, or basis of your calculation; one wagon and five
^saddle horses for every twenty souls.

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 101

I lia\e already consented, with a view to Ii,t;hten the moveniL'nt by land,
that all the sick, the crippled and superannuated of the nation should be left
at the depots until the rivers be a.i^ain navigable for steamboats. All heavy
articles of property, not wanted on the road may wait for the same mode of
conveyance.

deducting the persons just mentioned, I am confident that it will be
found that among- every thousand individuals, taken in families, without selec-
tion, there are at least 5 00 strong men, women, boys and girls not only cap-
able of marching twelve or fifteen miles a day, but to whom the exercise
would be beneficial, and another hundred able to go on foot half that distance
daily. There would then be left according to your basis, onl\ four hundred
and fifty individuals, most of them children, to ride, and children are light.
The 250 saddle horses or ponies would accommodate as many riders; leav-
,ing but 200 souls to be steadily transporied in fifty wagons, or only four to
a wagon.

Now, the wagons are large, and each drawn by five or six horses, (as
must be presumed from your high estimate of seven dollars for each wagon
going and returning) it strikes me that one such team and five horses ought
•to accommodate, on the route, thirty or thirty-five emigrants including sub-
sistence for a day or two, from depot to depot.

I repeat, that I do not absolutely reject or cut down your estimate (which
I think also too high) in putting down the rations at sixteen cents each. The
whole expense of the emigration is to be paid out of appropriations already
made by Congress, the general surplus of which is to go to the Cherokee na-
tion in various forms; therefore, they have a direct interest in conducting the
movement as economically as comfort will permit. Nevertheless, for the
reasons stated, I wish the several items of the estimate submitted be reconsid-
ered.

I remain, gentlemen, yours respectfully.

'Winfield Scott.
Messrs. J. Ross, E. Hicks, J. Brown and others, agents, etc."'

102

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

CHARLES THOMl'SOX
Chief, November, 1875, to November, 1879.

HISTRY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

103

CHAPTER VI

The Emmigro.tion From Georgia. Cost Detachment. Resolutions
of Protest. Political Differences. Civil War Averted.

Under the provisions of tlie treaty of 183 5 and the congressional acts
to carry it into effect the Cherokee Nation was entitled to $6,537,634. By
the treaty $600,000 were set aside from this amount to defray the expenses
of removal-. The detachments were placed under the following conductors:

No. 1.

10.

11.

12.

13.

The number of emigrants turned over to each conductor was kept by
Captain Page of the United States army and Captain Stephenson of the
United States army made the official report of those that were mustered out
in the west.

Conductor

Started

Arrived west Days on

road

Hair Conrad

August 28, 18 38

January 17, 1838

143

Elijah Hicks

Sept.

1, 1838

January 4, 1839

126

Rev. Jesse Bushyhead

Sept.

3, 1838

February 2 7, 1839

178

John Bengi

Sept.

28, 1838

January 11, 18 39

106

Situwakee

Sept.

7, 1838

February 2, 1839

140

Captain Old Field

Sept.

24, 18 38

February 2 3, 1839

153

Moses Daniel

Sept.

20, 1838

March 2, 1839

164

Choowalooka

Sept.

14, 1838

March 1, 1839

162

James Brown

Sept.

10, 1838

March 5, 1839

177

George Hicks

Sept.

7, 1838

March 14, 1839

189

Richard Taylor

Sept.

20, 1838

March 24, 1839

186

Peter Hildebrand

Oct.

23, 1838

March 25, 1839

154^

John Drew

Dec.

5, 1838

March 18, 1839

104-

No.

Page's

Stephenson's

Ross-

Births

Deaths

Desertions

Acces-
sions

710

654

729

859

744

858

846

898

950

148

171

1079

1132

1200

1205

1033

1250

841

92 1

983

103 1

924

1035

1 120

970

1 150

745

717

850

1031

1039

1 1 1 8

1 1

897

942

1029

1440

1311

1766

219

231

Totals

10813

1 1494

13149

424

182

191

The original contract for removal was at the rate of $65.88 per capita,
to which was added by agreement, Jt proportion of three pounds of soap to
every hundred rations, at fifteen cents per pound? making the cost of the

104

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

removal of each individual §66.24"'. On this basis, Captain Page, as dis-
as "Superintending- Agent of the Cherokee Nation for Cherokee Removal"^
bursing agent of the government paid on November 13. 183 8 to John Ross
$776,393.98'l

General Scott agreed to the proposal of Chief Ross that if the estimated
eighty days were found in any instance a longer period than was necessary
for emigration of any detachment that the ditTerence should be refunded by
Chief Ross to General Scott and if a longer time should be required by any
of the detachments that Chief Ross should be paid proportionately for the
contract of August I, 183 8 was merely an estimate subject to the later
agreement and accordingly tiled a claim for an additional $486, 939. So'^.
This claim was refused by Secretary of War, Poinsett and President Van
Bu^en, but was allowed and paid by John Bell, Secretary of War under John
Tyler on September 6, 1841'', just one week before he relinquished the ofi'ice.
This second award brought the amount that Chief Ross received for the re-
moval to $1,263,338.38 or at the rate of $103.25 per head'. This amount
was deducted from the sum that the Cherokees received for their land east
of the Mississippi River under the provisions of the treaty of 183 5-.
The number of wagons and teams with each of the detachments, were:

No.

Wagons and

Riding

Collec

ed for return of

teams

horses

wagons and teams

288

SI 0080.

344

12040.

3 34

13440.

436

17360.

480

16800.

392

13720.

4 15

14560.

58.

462

16240.

338

1 1 760.

448

15680.

1 1

358

14280.

705

24640."'

Before leaving the Eastern Cherokee Nation, the following resolution
was passed by their council. In the light of later happenings, this act is of
prime importance, as it shows the spirit of the emigrants.

"Whereas, the title of the Cherokee people to their lands is the most
ancient, pure, and absolute, known to man; its date is beyond the reach of
human record; its validity confirmed and illustrated by possession and en-
joyment, antecedent to all pretense of claim by any other portion of the
iumian race:

And whereas, the free consent of the Cherokee people is indispensable
to a valid transfer of the Cherokee title; and whereas, the said Cherokee
people have, neither by themselves nor their representatives, given such con-
sent; It follows, that the original title and ownership of said lands still rest

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 105

in the Cherokee Nation, unimpaired and absolute:

Resolved, therefore, by the Committee and Council and People of the
Cherokee Nation in General Council assembled, that the whole Cherokee
territory, as described in the first article of the treaty of 1819 between the
United States and the Cherokee Nation, and, also, in the constitution of the
Cherokee Nation, still remains the rit;htful and undoubted property of the
said Cherokee Nation; and that all damages and losses, direct or indirect,
resnltino from the enforcement of the alk\5ed stipulations of the pretended
treaty of New Echota, are in justice and equity, char,t;eable to the account
of the United States.

And whereas, the Cherokee people have existed as a distinct national
community, in the possession and exercise of the appropriate and essential
attributes of sovereignty, for a period extending into antiquity beyond the
dates and records and memory of man:

And whereas, these attributes, with the rights and franchises which they
involve, have never been relinquished by the Cherokee people; but are now
in full force and virtue:

And whereas, the natural, political, and moral relations subsisting among
the citizens of the Cherokee Nation, toward each other and towards the
body politic, cannot, in reason and justice, be dissolved by the expulsion of
the nation from its own territory by the power of the United States Govern-
ment:

Resolved, therefore, by the National Committee and Council and People
of the Cherokee Nation in General Council assembled, that the inherent
sovereignty of the Cherokee Nation, together with the constitution, laws, and
usages, of the same, are, and, by the authority aforesaid, are hereby declared
to be, in full force and virtue, and shall continue so to be in perpetuity,
subject to such modifications as the general welfare may render expedient.

Resolved, further. That the Cherokee people, in consenting to an in-
vestigation of their individual claims, and receiving payment upon them, and
for their improvements, do not intend that it shall be so construed as yielding
or giving their sanction or approval to the pretended treaty of 1835; nor as
compromising, in any manner, their just claim against the United States here-
after, for a full and satisfactory indemnification for their country and for
all individual losses and injuries.

Be it further resolved, That the principal chief be, and he is hereby,
authorized to select and appoint such persons as he may deem necessary and
suitable, for the purpose of collecting and registering all individual claims
against the United States, with the proofs, and report to him their proceedings
as they progress.

RICHARD TAYLOR,
President of the National Committee.
GOING SNAKE,
Speaker of the Council.
Captain Broom. " Katetah,

Toonowee, Richard Foreman

106 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

Samuel Foreman, William,

Howester, Beaver Carrier,

Samuel Christy, Kotaquasker.

Si^ened by a committee in behalf of the whole people.

Aquohee Camp. August 1, 1838^.

Upon arriving- in the western Cherokee Nation Chief John Ross settled
at Park Hill. Many of the emigrants camped in the vicinity of his residence,
the earliest written communication from this camp which was known as
"Camp Illinois," was dated April 23, 1839\ The emigrants camped at this
place in large numbers through the spring and summer of that year.

The following letter was written by Chief Ross to the western Cherokees.
"Friends: Through the mysterious dispensations of Providence, we have been
permitted to meet in general council on the border of the great plains of
the West. Although many of us have, for a series of years past, been
separated, yet we have not and cannot lose sight of the fact, that we are all
of the household of the Cherokee family, and of one blood. We have already
met, shook hands, and conversed together. In recognizing and embracing
each other as countrymen, friends and relations, let us kindle our social fire,
and take measures for cementing our reunion as a nation, by establishing the
basis for a government suited to the condition and wants of the whole people,
whereby wholesome laws may be enacted and administered for the security
and protection of property, life, and other sacred rights, of the community.
Our meeting, on this occasion, is full of interest, and is of peculiar importance
to the welfare of our people. I trust, therefore, that harmony and good
understanding will continue to prevail, and that the questions which may
come up for consideration will be maturely weighed previous to a Ihial
decision.

The following letter was sent to the Chiefs of the Western Cherokees.

Friends: On the 8th of December, 18^6, I had the satisfaction, with
other delegates who were associated with me, of meeting our Western
brethren in council, held at Tolunteesky, and submitting before them the
proceedings of the Cherokee Nation, east, in general council held at Red
Clay on the 28th September, 1836, and of receiving the unanimous ap-
proval of the council of the western Cherokee to the same; and also being
associated with a delegation appointed by them for the purpose of co-oper-
ating and uniting with us in a joint ef!"ort to negotiate a treaty with the
United States, for the best interests of the whole Cherokee people. Th;
joint proceedings of these delegations, and the result of the mission, have
been fully made known to you. Since that period, the eastern Cherokees
have done no act to compromise or detract from any of the sentiments ex-
pressed in relation to those matters. But after the seizure and captivity of
the whole Cherokee people east, by the military power of the United States
Government, a set of resolutions was adopted in general council expressive
of their sentiments, and reaffirming all their previous acts in relation to the
rights and interests of the nation. From these facts, it will be clearly seen
that the great body of the people who have recently been removed into this

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 107

country, cniiorated in their nr.tional character, with all the attributes, from
time immemorial, which belonged to them as a distinct community, and
which they have never surrendered; and, although being compelled by the
strong arm of po\\'er to come here, yet, in doing so, they have not trespassed
or infringed upon any of the rights and privileges of the people are equal.
Notwithstanding the late emigrants received in their national capacity, and
constitute a large majority, yet there is no intention nor desire on the part
of their representatives to propose or require any thing but what may be
strictlv equitable and just, and satisfactory to the people. Being persuaded
that these feelings will be fully reciprocated, 1 trust the subject matter of
this council will be referred to the respective representatives of the eastern
and western people; and that, in their joint deliberations, we may speedily
come to some satisfactory conclusion for the permanent reunion and welfare
of our nation. Without referring in detail to our acknowledged treaties, and
other documentary facts to show, I will conclude by remarking that there are
great interests of a public and private character yet to be adjusted with the
Government of the United States, and which can only be secured by a jusi
and amicable course on the part of our nation. The injuries and losses sus-
tained by the nation from the whites, in violation of treaty stipulations,
holds a strong claim on the justice of the people and Government of tl;e
United States, which it is to be hoped will, in the end, be remunerated. The
tenure of the soil on \\hich we now stand, and the relations u'hich shall
hereafter exist between our nation and the United States, are questions of
the tirst magnitude, and necessary to be understood and clearly defined by
a general compact, for the security and protection of the permanent welfare
and happiness of our nation. Let us never forget this self-evident truth;
that a house divided against itself, cannot stand; or, united we stand, divided
we fall.

JOHN ROSS.

June 10, 183Q.'"-

It will be noticed that Chief Ross did not address this letter to any one,
and in that maimer evaded a written recognition of the western Cherokee
otlicers and that he did not append to his signature the customary -'Principal
Chief" and thereby palliated differences.

By stating "a set of resolutions was adopted in general council expressive
of their sentiments, and reaffirming all their previous acts in relation to the
rights and interests of the nation. From these facts, it will be clearly seen
that the great body of the people who have recently been removed into this
country, emigrated in their national character, with all the attributes, from
time immemorial, which belonged to them as a distinct community, and
which thev have never surrendered." Reference was made to the act in the
old nation, at Aquohee on August 1, 1838. This act was unknown to the
western Cherokees, but was published at Washington in H. R. Doc. No. 12')
subsequent to March 12, 1840 after which time it became, for the lirst time,
accessible to the western Cherokees". The purport of the preceding article
obscured by "they have not trespassed or infringed upon any of the rights

108 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

and privileges of tliose who were here previous to themselves," caused the
following correspondence to he issued by President Vann of the National Coun-
cil (Western).

"Takattokah, June 1 1, 1<S.^Q.
The national council is unable to act understandingly upon the pro-
positions of our brother emigrants from the eastern Cherokee Nation. The
subject seems to have been too ambiguously presented by them to be under-
stood what their views and real wishes are. The national council respect-
fullv request that the chiefs would ask Messrs Ross and Lowry to state, in
writing, what they really wish and desire, and to give them in as plain and
simple manner as possible, in order that no misconstruction can be had upon
the subject. After which, the council will act upon it according to your re-
quest, and, if possible, to the satisfaction of our brothers.

A. M. VANN, President National Council.
WM. THORNTON, Clerk.
Messrs. John Brown, Jolm Looney and John Rogers,
Chiefs Cherokee Nation.

We hand this to Messrs. Ross and Lowry. and hope the request of the
council will be complied with as soon as convenient.
John Brown,

John Looney,
John Rogers.

"Council Ground, June 13, 1839.
Gentlemen: From the note which you sent us, it appears that you have
been requested to ask us, to state in writing what we really wish and desire.
We take pleasure to state distinctly, that we desire to see the eastern and
western Cherokees become united, and again live as one people, and our sin-
cere wish is, that this desirable and important object may be harmoniously ac-
complished, to the satisfaction and permanent welfare of the whole Cherokee
people.

The representatives of the eastern Cherokees have this day had this im-
portant subject under consideration, and have adopted a set of resolutions in
reference to it, based upon the strict rules of equity and justice, which we
take pleasure in laying before you, with the hope that it may also be adopted
by the representatives of the western Cherokees.
We are, gentlemen, your obedient servants,
George Lowry, John Ross,

Chiefs of the Eastern Cherokees.
Messrs, John Brown, John Looney and John Rogers,

Chiefs of the Western Cherokees.'"

"Takattokah, June 13, 183".

Whereas, the people of the Cherokee Nation east, having been captured

and ejected from the land of their fathers by the strong arm of the military

power of the United States Government, and forced to remove west of the

river Mississippi:

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS \o<)

And, whereas, previous to the commencement of the emigration, meas-
ures were adopted in general council of the whole nation on the 31st of Julv
and August 1st, iSiS, wherein the sentiments, rights, and interests of the
Cherokee people were fully expressed and asserted; and, whereas, under these
proceedings the removal took place, and the late emigrants arrived in this
country and settled among those of their brethren (who had previously emi-
grated) on lands which had been exchanged for, with the United States, by the
Cherokee Nation, for lands east of the river Mississippi; and, whereas, the re-
union of the people, and the adoption of a code of laws for their future gov-
ernment are essential to the peace and welfare of the whole Nation; and, it be-
ing agreed upon, that the eastern and western Cherokees henceforward be
united as a body politic, and shall establish a government west of the river
Mississippi, to be designated the Cherokee Nation; therefore.

Be it resolved, by the Committee and Council of the eastern and west-
ern Cherokees, in General Council assembled, that the three chiefs of the
eastern and western Cherokees each, to-wit: John Ross, George Lowrv and
Edward Gunter. on the part of the Eastern Cherokees and John Brown, John
Looney and John Rogers, on the part of the Western Cherokees, are hereby
authorized and required to associate with themselves three other persons, to
be selected by them from their respective council or committee, and who shall
form a select joint committee, for the purpose of revising and drafting a code
of laws for the government of the Cherokee Nation, and they be and are here-
by required to lay the same before the general council of the nation to be held

at Takattokah on the day of , 183^); and which, when apprnved,

shall be immediately submitted to the people for their acceptance.

Be it further resolved, that the respective laws and authorities of the
Eastern and Western Cherokees shall continue to be exercised and enforced
among themselves until repealed, and the new government which may be
adopted, shall be organized and take etTect, and that in all matters touching
the public interest of the nation with the Government of the United States
and the Indian nations, the chiefs and representatives of the nation shall act
understandingly and jointly in reference to the same, as well also, in the pas-
sage of any new laws which may be adopted in council after this date affect-
ing the rights, interests, and welfare of the people.

Members of the Committee:
Richard Taylor, President Nat. Com.; Daniel McCoy; Hair Conrad;
Thomas Foreman; George Still; Richard Fields; G. W. Gunter; James
Hawkins; Old Field; Chu-noo-las-kee; William Proctor; George Hicks; Nah-
hno-lah; J. D. Woflord.

Members of Council:
Going Snake, Speaker; Situwakee; Soft Shell Turtle; Bean Stick; Tah-
quoh; John Watts; James Spears; Money Crier; Charles; John Keyes; John
Otterlifter; Small Back; Bark; Young Squirrel; Hunter Langley; Walter
Downing; Walking Stick; Te-nah-lay-we-stah ; Peter.

Takattokah. June 14, 1830.

Gentlemen: The .National Council has taken up your proposition of

June 13, 1839, and given them due consideration. You state that vour wish-

1 10 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

es are to unite the people. As to that matter, it is believed by the National
Council that the two people have already been united. Our chiefs have met
their brother emigrants, and made them welcome in the country; they are,
thereby, made partakers of all the existing laws in the country, enjoy all its
benefits; and are, in every respect, the same as ourselves. Since our chiefs
have made them welcome, they have come to the chiefs and taken them by the
hand, and expressed great satisfaction with the manner in which they have
been received. This is sufficient to justify the belief that the people are, in
general, very well satisfied; consequently, the National Council cannot justify
the course of keeping up the uniting question, merely to protract a debate,
when the uniting of the people has already been fully and satisfactorily ac-
complished.

As it respects your wishes for your original laws, created beyond the
Mississippi, to be brought here, brought to life, and to have full force in this
Nation, it is believed by the National Council that such an admission is, and
would be, entirely repugnant to the government and laws of the Cherokee,
Nation which would thereby create great dissatisfaction among the people.
To admit two distinct laws or governments in the same country, and for the
government of the same people, is something never known to to be admitted
in any country, or even asked for by any people.

A. M. Vann,

President National Committee.
Wm. Thornton, Clerk.

Messrs. Ross and Lowry will please receive this as an answer to their
propositions.

Respectfully yours,
John Brown,
John Looney,
John Rogers,

Chiefs of the Cherokee Nation.
Messrs. John Ross and George Lowry." '

"To the Committee and Council of the Eastern Cherokees

Council Grounds, June 15, 1839.

Gentlemen: Your proceedings of the I3th instant have been submitted
before our Western brethren, as will be seen from the accompanying copy of
a letter which we addressed to them; and the result of their deliberation on
the subject will be found in the copy of a letter receivd from them, bearinv;'
date of the 14th instant,, herewith annexed.

You will no doubt feel the regret and surprise that we do, in relation to
the singular views entertained and expressed by the signers of this letter.

We deem it our duty to lay before you, at this time, the joint resolutions
which were adopted by you, and approved by the people east of the Mississippi
on the 2 1st of July and 1st of August 1838; and you, who are the immediate
representative of the people, and as guardians of their rights, understandino-
their interests, and knowing their sentiments, it is your bounden duty to obey
their will when clearly and publicly expressed by themselves; therefore, should

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 111

we fail in our representative capacity to come to any satisfactory or definite
understanding with those who represent our brethren, in the adoption of meas-
ures for reuniting- the people under some provisional arrangements for the
establishing a new government, it will become your duty to consult the feel-
ings and sentiments of the people, and to take steps for ascertaining their will
in reference to this important subject.

Respectfully submitted,
John Ross,
George Lowry.
Messrs. Rd. Taylor, President Committee and
Going Snake, Speaker of Council."'
The two councils still met at Takatoka, although the meeting places
were quite a distance apart and the deliberations of each were absolutely dis-
tinct from the other. Upon receiving the above given communication from
the Western Cherokee council through Chiefs Ross and Lowry the Eastern
Cherokee council answered with :

"Council Grounds, July 19, 1839.
The National Committee and Council of the Eastern Cherokees hav-
ing had under consideration the communication from those of the Western
Cherokees, cannot but express their regret at the course pursued by their west-
ern brethren, as well as the views entertained by them on a question so im-
portant and so indispensable to the welfare of the great Cherokee family as
the reunion of the two Nations.

To the assertions made in that communication, that, "It is believed by
the National Committee that the two people have already been united," we
are compelled to refuse our assent.

That the ancient integrity of the Eastern Nation should be dissolved, and
her existence annihilated without discussion, without conditions, and without
action of any kind, is utterly inconceivable; and the rejection by the represent-
tatives of our western brethren, of the reasonable proposition to unite the
two nations on the basis of the strictest rules of justice and equality, is an
act equally unlooked for and surprising. Therefore,

Resolved, that the declarations of the general council of the nation, at
Aquohee Camp, on the lirst day of August, 1(S_5S, in reference to attributes
of sovereignty, derived from our fathers, be, and they are hereby, reasserted
and confirmed.

Resolved, That the proceedings of the committee and council be forth-
with laid before the people, that their sen^e may be had upon the subject.

Richard Taylor,

President National Committee.
Going Snake,

Speaker National Council.
Joim Ross,

George Lowry.''
A call was issued on June 20th for a "general council" of the people
of the eastern and western Cherokees to met at the national council at 111-

112 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

inois Camp Grounds on Monday the 3 1st day of July, 1839." It was signed
by George Guess and Captain Bushyhead. On the twenty-first the following-
notice was sent to Agent Stokes.

"Takattokah Council Ground.
June 2 1. 1830.

Sir: We deem it our duty to address you on this occasion, for the pur-
pose of conmiunicating the result of this general council. You are aware that
the olijects for which it was convened were to effect a union of the eastern
and western Cherokees and to take measures for remodeling their government
and laws so as to meet the exigencies of both branches of the Cherokee family,
and to provide equally for the tranquility and permanent welfare of the whole
people. But we regret to say that the reasonable propositions submitted to
the consideration of the representatives of our western brethren have not been
received by them in a manner compatible with the wishes of the whole people.
They require the unconditional submission of the whole body of the people,
who have lately arrived, to laws and regulations, in the making of which thev
have liad no voice. The attempt of a small minority to enforce thier will
over a great majority contrary to their wishes appears to us to. be a course
so repugnant to reason and propriety, that it cannot fail to disturb the peace
of the community, and to operate injuriously to the best interests of the nation.
We are not without hopes, however, that everything will yet be amicablv
settled. The sense of the people who form a branch of this general council,
has been expressed on the subject. They deem it essential to the welfare of
the nation that the desired union should be formed, and equal and wholesouT^
laws established, by which the general prosperity and happiness of the countrv
may be proomted; and to carry their wishes into eftect, they have called a
national convention of the eastern and western Cherokees, to meet at Ill-
inois Camp Ground, on Monday, July 1, 18 30.

Under these circumstances, we feel it due to the interests of the late emi-
grants, as well as to all concerned, to request, through your official authority,
that no disbursements of moneys due to those whom we represent, nor any
other business of a public character affecting their rights be made or transact-
ed by the agent of the Government with any other Cherokee authority than
the undersigned, until a reunion of the people shall be eifected.

We have the honor to be, sir, very rsepectfully your friends and brothers,
John Ross, Principal Chief,
Richard Taylor, President National Com.

George W. Gunter, George Hicks, Thomas Foreman, Hair Conrad,
George Hicks, William Proctor, James Hawkins, James D. Woflord, George
Still, Old Field, Nah-hoolah, Chu-noo-lu-hus-kee, Culsaltehee.
Governor M. Stokes,

United States Agent.'"

Three men had been mainly instrumental in making the treaty of 183,5.
They were Major Ridge, a full blood Cherokee of the Deer clan, born at
Hiwassee in 1771. When still a young man he adopted the manner of living
of the white man, mastered their language and became a well educated man.
This course was at that time very unpopular, as the great mass of the Chero-

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 1 1 ;,

kees were stil full Moods and very jealous of their old customs and anv full
blood that would attempt in any way to take up the ways of the backwoods
provincials was certain to incur the scorn of his tribesmen. But bv sheer force
of character, integrity and worth he gradualy forced himself to a high place
in the nation. He had been president of the committee and was a major ot
the Cherokee allies of the Americans in the Creek war of l 8 14. His son, John
Ridge, aged about forty years, had been educated in Cornwall. Connecticut,
and had returned to the Cherokee nation in 1.S22. He was a close observer,
a brilliant and convincing orator. The third of this trio was Elias Boudinot,
born in 1804. He was the son of Oowatie, the interpretation of whose name
was the ancient or revered. Oowatie was a full brother of Major Ridge.
Killakeena or Buck (male deer) Oowatie or as they were later known as
Watie, while on his way to school at Cornwall, where he attended with his
cousin John Ridge, met in Philadelphia, Elias Boudinot of New Jersey, a
signer of the national constitution and one of the most prominent men of his
day. On account of some favor that he conferred, the boy Buck Watie
adopted the name of his benefactor. Boudinot like his uncle and cousin had
early ascended to high places in the councils of the nation and the three men
seeing the hopeless condition of their exploited people in the east had made
the treaty of 1<S35 that secured to the Cherokee Nation a splendid home in
the west. Men of keen discernment, eloquent and fearless they were public-
ists to be dreaded.

Before daylight on the morning of Satiu'day, June 22, IS^O the home
of John Ridge, near the northwest corner of Arkansas, was surrounded, en-
tered and he was dragged into the _\ard where two men held his arms while
others of their party stabbed him repeatedly and then severed his jugular vein.
A few hours later during the same morning while his father, Major Ridge,
was traveling southward along the Cherokee Nation — Arkansas line road, he
was fired on by an ambushed party and killed. This was some twenty-five
or thirty miles from the scene of the meurder of the son. At about the same
time as the killing of Major Ridge, Elias Boudinot was shingling a new house
near his residence and withing two miles of the residence of Chief John Ross.
Three Cherokees appeared and requested medicine of a sick child of one of the
party. Mr. Boudinot had studied medicine so that he could give gratuitous
services and medicines to the needy. He started with them to get the re-
quired treatment when one of the three stepping behind struck him in the spine
with a bowie knife and his groan was the signal for the others to dispatch
him with tomahawks. The place of his death was about thirty miles from
the murder of Major Ridge and tifty miles from the assassination of John
Ridge. Immediately after his death, Mrs. Boudinot sent word by Rufus Mc-
Williams to Stand Watie and Watie sent his slave, Mike, to inform Johi>
Adair Bell, and in this manner those two escaped mobs that hunted them.
Three da_vs later a party that was hunting Stan Watie, searched the house of
Rev. Samuel A. Worcester in their quest

Chief Ross notified General Arbuckle on the twenty-second of the kill-
ing of Elias Boudinot and that Mrs. Boudinot had informed him that Stan

1 14 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

Watie had determined on raising a company of men for the purpose of tak-
ing Ross' life. He further wrote "I trust that you will deem it expedient forth-
with to interpose and prevent the effusion of innocent blood, by executing-
your authority, in order that an unbiased investigation might be had in the
matter."' General Arbuckle invited Chief Ross to the post at Fort Gibson if
he still thought that there was any danger, he also invited Chiefs Brown.
Looney and Rogers to come to the post by the twenty-fifth so that they might
concert action to avoid civil strife." Chief Ross on the twenty-third asked that
a detachment of troops be sent to protect him."'

"Headquarters, Ind. Dept W. Division.

Fort Gibson, June 24, 183^^.

Dear Sir: A number of friends of Messrs Ridge and Boudinot are here.
I have advised t-hem of your desire to have a full investigation of the late
murders committed in your nation. This, they declare, is all they desire; and
they have requested me to say to you that they expect that you will take im-
mediate measures to have the murderers apprehended and brought to trial,
agreeably to the laws of the Cherokee Nation. Justice to you requires that I
should state to you that they have informed me that they have heard that some
of the murderers are now at your house. If this is the case, I must believe
that you are not apprized of the fact; and if, on inquiry, the report made to
me on this subject is correct, the troops sent out will take charge of them if
turned over, and convey them in safety to this post. I hope you will avail
yourself of the opportunity of the command to visit this post, as I expect the
chiefs named to you in my letter of the 23rd ultimo will be here this evening
or early tomorrow morning.

I am, sir, with much respect, your obedient servant.

M. Arbuckle,

Brevet Brig. General, U. S. A.
John Ross, Esq.
Principal Chief of the Emigrant Cherokees, Illinois."

Chief Ross on account of the disturbed condition of artairs which caused
'.bodies of men to congregate for protection or reprisal, both among the east-
ern and western Cherokees, refused to attend the proposed meeting at Fort
Gibson except that he be allowed to bring a large body guard of emigrant
Cherokees with him.

Fort Gibson, June 28, 1839.

Friends and Brothers: We the undersigned, principal chiefs of the Chero-
kee Nation, having been invited to this post by General Arbuckle, the com-
mandant of the United States troops in this quarter, to take into consideration
matters of the greatest importance to the peace and prosperity of our nation.
We have met here in accordance with that invitation.

We have received information that three of our people, or three Chero-
kees who had been received as citizens of our nation, have been killed, and, it
is believed, by some of the late emigrants. This has caused us much sorrow
.ind distress. And we learn, further, that other Cherokees are threatened with
death wholly or principally for their political acts. This is not all we have

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 115

'O complain of, as it would appear from a communication made by John Ross
and other principal men of the late emigrants to General Stokes, Cherokee
Agent, under date of the 21st June, that the late emigrants have called what
■'hey denominate a convention of the Cherokee Nation, on Monday, the 1st
day of July next, to establish a government for the Cherokee Nation, with-
out the least notice having" been given to the undersigned. It must he appar-
ent to Mr. John Ross, and to those who have called this meeting, that these
proceedings are altogether irregular; and we feel ourselves bound to protest
against all acts that may be passed by the said', nominal convention of th^
Cherokee Nation, that may have the eflect to impair the free and undisturb-
ed authority of said Nation as it existed and was in force before the arrival of
• he late emigrants, all of whom have been received as friends and as citizens
of the present Cherokee Nation, and allowed fully to participate and enjoy all
the privileges and benefits thereby secured to the Cherokee people. It is be-
lieved that this kind and just treatment on our part would have been received
in the spirit in which it was offered; and that, if our present form of govern-
ment was not altogether satisfactory to our brethren late in the east, they
would, at an early period, have an opportunity of having a share in that gov-
ernment, when the desired changes might be made.

The undersigned wish nothing but peace and friendship from their broth-
ers late from the east; but, as it appears they are not satisfied, and that mis-
chief has already taken place, the undersigned, in the hope and wish to spare
the futher shedding of Cherokee blood, will agree to meet their eastern
brethren upon the following terms:

That no individual of the Cherokee Nation shall be killed hereafter for

their former political acts or opinions; that a convention of the Cherokee

Nation shall be held at Fort Gibson, in which both parties shall be equally

represented; and that the said convention shall have power to remodel the

overnment of the Cherokee Nation.

The undersigned do not wish to dictate, or arbitrarily to determine, the
number of which this proposed convention shall consist; but they believe that
sixteen men from each party, of good understanding and approved character,
would be a sufficient number to form a convention calculated to harmonize
and reunite the whole Cherokee people; and that they have power to elect a
president.

If these propositions are acceeded to, it is the sincere belief of the under-
signed that it will tend to the reestablishment of peace and confidence in the
Cherokee Nation, and greatly promote the happiness and prosperity of the
people. If these just and reasonable propositions shall be accepted by our
eastern brethren, we shall be much gratified; but if they are disregarded, and
an appeal to arms be determined on, however much we may deplore the shed-
ding of more Cherokee blood, and the disasters of such a conflict, we and our
friends must meet it, as men unwilling to surrender our own rights, or to in-
vade the rights of others.

If we shall have the good fortune to hear that these propositions, how-
ever uncalled for, are accepted by our eastern friends, we further propose, that

,, ,5 HISTORY OF TH ECHEROKEE INDIANS

he convention meet ;U Fort Gibson, on the twenty-tlfth day of July next, and
proceed to consider and decide upon the important matters confided to them.

The undersigned regard it as a respect due to themselves, and to the
Cherokee people, distinctly to state to the principal men of the late emigrants,
ihat they are not insensible of the indignity otfered to the Cherokee govern-
■ment and themselves by the late outrages and acts which have been com-
mitted in the Cherokee Nation by the late emigrants, and could not, for any
other motive than that given, as the thought of making a further concession
+o them, which they do not conceive they are in justice entitled to.
John Smith, his x mark, John Rogers,

John Looney, his x mark. John Brown,

Executive Council.
Witnesses:

M. S'tokes, Agent for Cherokees,

S. G. Simmons, 1st Lieut. 7th Infantry.
John Ross, Esq..

And other chiefs and principal men of the emigrant Cherokees.'"

Fort Gibson, June 20, 18^0.
Gentlemen: We have the pleasure of enclosing, herewith, a com-
munication to you from the chiefs of the Cherokee Nation, which we hope
will be acceptable to you and your people who have arrived here of late from
the east; as a compliance with the propositions now made to the late emigrants
will, at an early period, enable them to enjoy a full participation in the gov-
ernment of the Cherokee Nation, when such alterations in the government can
be made as will secure justice to the whole nation.

If the proposition now made to you by the old settlers be rejected, we
can scarcely doubt that serious difficulties and misfortunes will happen to the
Cherokee people at an early period, which we hope you will cordially assist
us to prevent. We have done all we could with the chiefs' and others here
to induce them to make the accompanying proposition to you, which we hope
and believe you ought to accept, and that you should, without delay, take
measures to prevent the further eftusion of Cherokee blood. A report was
received here yesterday that a party of Cherokees are now ranging through
the country about Honey creek, with the object of killing three Cherokees;
two of them for former political oft'enses, and the other, as it is supposed, for
an ortense of a personal nature.

We believe that two governments cannot exist in the Cherokee Nation
without producing a civil war, and are of the opinion that the government that \
existed before the arrival of the late emigrants should continue until it is
Changed in a regular and peaceable manner. We hope that you will take the
proposition of the chiefs into consideration, and make an early decision, as
some of the chiefs and others will remain here until they know the result.

We are, gentlemen, \\ith nuich respect, your obedient servants,
M. Arbuckles, Brevet. Brig. General, U. S. A.

^- '"^t^ikes, Agent for Cherokees.

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 117

John Ross Esq. and other Chiefs,

or Principal Men of the late emigrant Cherokees."'

"Park Hill, June 30, ISV).

Gentlemen: "^'ours, wiih the accompan_\ing communication, by Captain
McCall, has been duly received, and is under serious consideration.

We perfectly concide with your judg'ment that two governments cannot
and ought not, fo exist in the Cherokee Nation any longer than arrange-
ments can be made for uniting the two communities; and, in conformity witli
these views, we have used our best endeavors to bring about this desirable
^vent, in a manner which might be satisfactory to all parties and by which all
-ights might be provided for, and the peace and well being of the Cherokees
permanently secured.

We claimed no jurisdiction over our western brethren, nor can we, con-
sistent with the responsibilities with which our constitutents have invested us,
recognize their jurisdiction over us. We claim to stand on equal ground; we
ask for no concessions, nor for any admissions which would be humiliating in
the slightest degree. We have no wish to trample on their laws, nor disre-
gard their rights. And, as proof that we entertained no such disposition, we
have not availed ourselves of the advantage of superior numbers in our in-
tercourses with them.

When they refused to mingle councils with us, for free conversation on
our affairs, and requested that our wishes might be reduced to writing, we
ottered to meet them on equal ground. But our just and reasonable over-
tures were unconditionally rejected by them, and our communication treated
with contempt. We have no disposition, however, to stand upon punctilios,
but what are we to understand by the proposition now made (and even these,
rigorous as they are, it appears, are yielded with reluctance, through your in-
fluence and at your instance.) Is it required that the late emigrants relinquish
all their rights, and appear before the western chiefs in the attitude of sup-
pliants? if such be their wish, and we are compelled to say that we do nor
believe our brethren, the western people, have the least desire to reduce us
to so abject a condition. Indeed, they have expressed their sentiments; and,
in the exercise of their inalienable and indefeasible rights, have appointed a
.national convention for Monda_\', July 1, 18 3'^; and. for ourselves, \\-e are un-
able to perceive any irregularity in their proceedings; they formed an integral
branch of the late general council. Their acts were perfectly legitimate, and
we cannot assume the responsibility of protesting against them, or of declar-
ing them invalid.

it appears to us that the western chiefs, in their communication, blend
questions which, in their nature, are altogether separate and distinct, and, in
so doing, have fallen into glaring inconsistencies. While the eastern Chero-
kees are denied recognition in the character of a political community, and
their representatives are by the western chiefs stripped of their oflicial re-
lations to the people, it would seem somewhat out of character to lay on the
shoulders of these private individuals the burden of controlling the ebulition
of the public feeling, and stopping the effusion of Cherokee blood. Regard-

118 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

less, however, of this inconsistency, we feel forward to use our influence and
exert our utmost efforts to stay the hand of violence, and restore tranquility
with the, least possible delay.

We have thought it proper to say this much in advance, by Captain Mc-
Call, the subject being still under serious consideration. Entertaining the hope
that all excitement may be allayed, and a satisfactory accommodation speedily
effected.

We have the honor to be, gentlemen, your obedient servants,
iohn Ross, George Lowry, Edward Gunter, Lewis Ross.

In behalf of the eastern Cherokees.
Brig. Gen. M. Arbuckle,

United States Army and
His Excellency, Governor M. Stokes,

United States Agent."

P. S. Of the report of a party of Cherokees, "ranging through the
country at Honey creek with the object of killing three Cherokees," we have
heard nothing, except what is contained in your letter. But we beg you to be
assured that no pains, on our part, shall be spared to put a stop to all such
proceedings."

In answer to the letter of the western Cherokees inviting them to a con-
ference to be held at Fort Gibson on the twenty-fifth day of July the eastern
Cherokees reiterated their invitation to the western Cherokees to attend the
convention to be held at Camp Illinois on July 1, 1839.- Chief Ross inform-
ed William Armstrong, Superintendent of Indian Affairs, on June 3 0th that
armed men were congregated in his vicinity "for the sole purpose of acting
on the defensive."'" The convention was convened at the Illinois Camp
ground on August 1, 1839. Two thousand Cherokees were in attendance In-
cluding five old settlers: George Guess, Tobacco Will, David Melton, Looney
Price and William Shory Coody.* Invitations were sent to the Old Settler
chiefs on the second and fifth day of the month to attend and participate. But
the fate of the Ridges and Boudinot and the large body of armed emigrants
at the convention was not reassuring to free speech and action.

"In National Convention,
Illinois Camp ground, July 12, 1839.

Sir: We deem it proper to report further to you, for your information,
the proceedings of the national convention in reference to the late excite-
ment.

In order effectually to stop the further effusion of blood, the convention
has, by decree, buried all past grievances in oblivion, on the sole condition of
the parties giving assurance to maintain the peace in future.

Measures have been taken to inform those persons who claimed pro-
tection at the fort of these proceedings so that the collecting their friends to
"secure themselves from violence is rendered altogether needless.

These provisions, which are in exact conformity with your wishes as well
as with our own, will prove to you our determination to prevent mischief and
to promote peace.

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 119

We have the honor to be, sir, your friends and obedient, humble servants,
George Lowry, President, i^eorge Guess, Vice President,

Elijah Hicks, Secretary, John Ross.

By order of the National Convention.
Brevet Brig. Gen. M. Arbuckle,

United States Army, Commanding.'"

It was required by this act that the prominent treaty men to which it
related should appear at the Illinois Council ground, confess their sorrow for
having signed the treaty of 1835 and pledge themselves to live peaceably,
upon which event they would be permitted to live, but would be inelegible to
hold office in the nation of five years.^ This act was abrogated on January
16. 1840.-

Amnesty to the murderers of Boudinot and the Ridges was granted by:

■'Know all men by these presents, that, in order to stop the further ef-
fusion of blood, to calm the present unhappy excitement, and to restore peace
and harmony and confidence in the community, we, the people of the eastern
and western Cherokees in national convention assembled, in our name, and by
the authority and the exercise of cur plenary powers, do ordain and decree,
and by these presents it is ordained and decreed accordingly, that a full, free
pardon and amnesty be, and is hereby granted to all persons, citizens of the
eastern and western Cherokee nation, who may be chargeable with the act of
murder or homicide, committed on the person of any Cherokee previously to
the passage of this decree, whether the same may have been committed with-
in the limits of the eastern or western Cherokee country or elsewhere. And
by the authority aforesaid, we do further ordain and decree, that all persons so
chargeable are, and by these presents are declared to be, fully exempted, re-
leased, and discharged from all liability to prosecution, punishment, or dis-
abilities of any kind whatever, on the aforesaid account; and that they be re-
stored to the confidence and favor of the community, and to the enjoyment
and protection, and benefits of the laws, to all intents and purposes, as if the
act or acts for which they stand chargeable had not been committed.

Given under our hands, at Illinois camp ground, this lOth day of July
1839. By order of the national convention.'

The following act of union between the eastern and western Cherokees
was signed on August 12, 1839.

120

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

DENNIS B. BITSHYHEAD
November, 1879, to Jauuary, 1888

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 121

CHAPTER VII
Ad of Union Between The Eadern And Western Cherokees

Where;is our Fathers have existed, as a separate and distinct Nation, in
the possession and exercise of the essential and appropriate attributes of sover-
eignty from a period extending into antiquity, beyond the records and mem-
ory of man: And Whereas these attributes, with the rights and franchises
which they involve, remain still in full force and virtue, as do also the national
and social relations of the Cherokee people to each other and to the body
politic, excepting in those particulars which have grown out of the provisions
of the treaties of 1817 and 1819 between the United States and the Cherokee
Nation, under which a portion of our people removed to this country and be-
came a separate community: But the force of the circumstances having re-
cently compelled the body of the Eastern Cherokees to remove to this country,
thus bringing together again the two branches of the ancient Cherokee family,
it has become essential to the general welfare that a union should be formed,
and a system of government matured, adapted to their present condtion, and
providing equally for the protection of each individual in the enjoyment of
all his rights:

Therefore we, the people composing the Eastern and Western Cherokee
Nation, in National Convention assembled, by virtue of our original and un-
alienable rights, do hereby solemnly and mutually agree to form ourselves
into one body politic, under the style and title of the Cherokee Nation.

In view of the union now formed, and for the purpose of making satis-
factory adjustments of all unsettled business which may have arisen before
the consummation of this union, we agree that such business shall be settled
according to the provisions of the respective laws under which it originated,
and the Courts of the Cherokee Nation shall be governed in their decisions
accordingly. Also, that the delegation authorized by the Eastern Cherokees
to make arrangements with Major General Scott for their removal to this
country shall continue in charge of the business, with their present powers, un-
til it shall be finally closed. And also that all rights and title to public Chero-
kee lands on the east or west of the river Mississippi, with all their public in-
terests which may have vested in either branch of the Cherokee family, wheth-
er inherited from our Fathers or derived from any other source, shall hence-
forward vest entire and unimpaired in the Cherokee Nation, as constituted
by this union.

Given under our hands, at Illinois Camp-ground, this 12th day of Jul;.
1830.

By order of the National Convention:

GEORGE LOVVRY,
President of the Eastern Cherokees,
GEORGE GUESS, his x mark.

Eastern Cherokees: R. Taylor, V. P.; James Brown, V. P.; Te-ke-chu-
las-kee, V P.; George Hicks; John Benge; Thomas Foreman; Archibald
Campbell; Jesse Bushyhead; Lewis Ross; Edward Gunter; Te-nah-la-we-stah;

122 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

Stephen Foreman; Daniel McCoy. By order of the National Convention.
JOHN ROSS, Principal Chief Eastern Cherokees.
GOING SNAKE, Speaker of Council.

Western Cherokees: Tobacco Will, V. P.; David Melton, V. P.; John
Drew, V. P.; George Brewer; Thomas Candy; Moses Parris; James Camp-
bell; Loony Riley; Charles Gourd; Lewis Melton; Young Wolf; Charles
Coodey; Ah-sto-la-ta; Jack Spears; Looney Price. By order of the National
Convention.
August 23, 1830. JOHN LOONEY, His x mark.

Acting- Principal Chief Western Cherokees

The foregoing instrument was read, considered, and approved by us this
2 3d day of August, 1839.

Aaron Price, Major PuUum, Young Elders, Deer Track, Young Puppy,
Turtle Fields, July, The Eagle, The Crying Buffalo and a great number ot
respectable Old Settlers and late Emigrants, too numerous to be copied.

It being determined that a constitution should be made for the inchoate
government, men were selected by its sponsors, from those at the IlIinoi>
Camp ground, including as many western Cherokees as could be induced to
sign it; their number being less than two dozen out of a total of eight thous-
and.-' The constitution as drafted by William Shory Coody, was accepted by
the Convention:

Constitution of The Cherokee Nation.

The Eastern and Western Clierokees having again re-united, and become
one body politic, under the style and title of the Cherokee Nation: Therefore,

We, the people of the Cherokee Nation, in National Convntion assembl-
ed, in order to establish justice, insure tranquility, promote the common wel-
fare, and secure to ourselves and our posterity the blessings of freedom —
acknowledging, with humility and gratitude, the goodness of the Sovereign
Ruler of the Universe in permitting us so to do, and imploring His aid and
guidance in its accomplishment — do ordain and establish this Constitution for
the government of the Cherokee Nation.

Article I.

Sec. 1. The boundary of the Cherokee Nation shall be that described
in the treaty of 1833 between the United States and Western Cherokees,
subject to such extension as may be made in the adjustment of the unfinished
business with the United States.

Sec. 2. The lands of the Cherokee Nation shall remain common prop-
erty; but the improvements made thereon, and in the possession of the citizens
of the Nation, are the exclusive and indefeasible property of the citizens re-
spectively who made, or may rightfully be in possession of them: Provided,
I hat the citizens of the Nation possessing exclusive and indefeasible right to
their miprovements, as expressed in this article, shall possess no right or power
to dispose of their improvements, in any manner whatever, to the United
Mates individual States, or to individual citizens thereof; and that, whenever
any citizen shall remove with his effects out of the limits of this Nation, and

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

12 1

become a citizen of any other Governnunt, all liis rights and privileges as a
citizen of this Nation shall cease: Provided, nevertheless, That the National
Council shall have power to re-admit, by law. to all the rights of citizenship,
any such person or persons who may, at any time, desire to return to the
Nation, on memorializing the National Council for such readmission.

Article II.

Sec. 1. The power of the Government shall be divided into three dis-
tinct departments — the Legislative, the Executive, and the Judicial.

Sec. 2. No person or persons belonging to one of these departments
shall exercise any of the powers properly belonging to either of the others,
except in the cases liereinafter expressly directed or permitted.

Article III.

Sec. 1. The Legislative power shall be vested in two distinct branches
— a National Committee, and Council; and the style of their acts shall be —
Be it enacted by the National Council.

Sec. 2. The National Council shall make provision, by law, for laying
ofi the Cherokee Nation into eight Districts; and if subsequently it should be
deemed expedient, one or two may be added thereto.

Sec. 3. The National Committee shall consist of two members from
each District, and the Council shall consist of three members from each Dis-
trict, to be chosen by the qualified electors in their respective Districts for
two years; the elections to be held in the respective Districts every two years,
at such times and place as may be directed by law.

The National Council shall, after the present year, be held annually, to
be convened on the first Monday in October, at such place as may be designat-
ed by the National Council, or, in case of emergency, by the Principal Chief.

Sec. 4. Before the Districts shall be laid off, any election which may
take place shall be by general vote of the electors throughout the Nation for
all offices to be elected.

The first election for all the ofticers of the Government — Chiefs, Ex-
ecutive Council, members of the National Council, Judges and Sheriffs —
shall be held at Tah-le-quah before the rising of this Convention; and the
term of service of all ofticers elected previous to the first Monday in October
1839, shall be extended to embrace, in addition to the regular constitutional
term, the time intervening from their election to the first Monday in October,
1830.

Sec. 5. No person shall be eligible to a seat in the National Council but
a free Cherokee male citizen who shall have attained to the age of twenty-
five years.

The descendants of Cherokee men by free women except the African
race, whose parents may have been living together as man and wife, accord-
ing to the customs and laws of this nation, shall be entitled to all the rights
and privileges of this Nation, as well as the posterity of Cherokee women by
all free men. No person who Is of negro or mulatto parentage, either by

124 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

the father or mother's side, shall he eligible to hold any otl'ice of prolit, honor,
or trust under this Government.

Sec. 6. The electors and members of the National Council shall in al!
cases, except those of treason, felony, or breach of the peace, be privileged
from arrest during their attendance at elections, and at the National Council,
in going to and returning.

Sec. 7. In all elections by the people, the electors shall vote viva voce.

All free male citizens, who shall have attained to the age of eighteen
years shall be equally entitled to vote at all public elections.

Sec. 8. Each branch of the National Council shall judge of the quali-
fications and returns of its own members; and determine the rules of its pro-
ceedings; punish a member for disorderly behaviour, and, with the concur-
rence of two thirds, expel a member; but not a second time for the same of-
fence.

Sec. 9. Each branch of the National Council, when assembled, shall
choose its own officers; a majority of each shall constitute a quorum to do
business, but a smaller number may adjourn from day to day and compel the
attendance of absent members in such manner and under such penalty as
each branch may prescribe.

Sec. 10. The memliers of the National Council, shall each receive from
the public Treasury a compensation for their services which shall be three
dollars per day during their attendance at the National Council; and the mem-
bers of the Council shall each receive three dollars per day for their services
during their attendance at the National Council, provided that the same may
be increased or diminished by law, but no alteration shall take efTect during
the period of service of the members of the National Council by whom such
alteration may have been made.

Sec. 11. The National Council shall regulate by law by whom and in
what manner, writs of elections shall he issued to fill the vacancies which may
happen in either branch thereof.

Sec. 12. Each member of the National Council, before he takes his
seat, shall take the following oath, or aflirmation: 1, A. B. do solemnly swear
(or affirm, as the case may be,) that 1 have not obtained my election by brib-
ery, treats, or any undue and unlawful means used bv myself or others by niv
desire or approbation for that purpose; that I consider mvself constitutionaH'v

qualilied as a member of , and that on all questions "and measures which

may come before me I will so give my vote and so conduct myself as in my
judgment shall appear most conducive to the interest and prosperity of this
Nation, and 1 will bear true faith and allegiance to the same, and to the ut-
most ot my abihly and power observe, conform to, supp.ul and defend the
Constitution thereof.

^''^'C 13. No person who may be convicted of felony shall be eligible
to any otfce or appointment of honor, profit, or trust within this Natiom
TH r.^, ,' !'''"""'" ^°""'" ''^''" '^''1^'^ "le Vower to make all laws

1 Nuio 'T- T ^^ il''- '"'• '"'" "'^"^^■^^>' =^"'^ P'-^P^'- f^-- the good 01
tlK Nation, which shall not be contrary to this Constitution

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 125

Sec. 15. It shall be the duty of the National Council to pass such laws
as may be necessary and proper to decide differences by arbitration, to be
appointed by the parties, who may choose that summary mode of adjustment.

Sec. 16. No power of suspending- the laws of this Nation shall be ex-
ercised, unless by the National Council or its authority.

Sec. 1 7. No retrospective law, nor any law impairing- the obliuation of
contracts, shall be passed.

Sec. 18. The National Council shall have power to make laws for lay-
ing and collecting taxes, for the purpose of raising a revenue.

Sec. 19. All bills making appropriations shall originate in the National
Committee, but the Council may propose amendments or reject the same;
all other bills may originate in either branch, subject to the concurrence or re-
jection of the other.

Sec. 20. All acknowledged treaties shall be the supreme laws of the
land, and the National Council shall have the sole power of deciding on the
construction of all treaty stipulations.

Sec. 2 1. The Council shall have ihe sole power of impeaching. All
impeachments shall be tried by the National Committee. When setting for
that purpose the member shall be upon oath or affirmation; and no person
shall be convicted u-ithout the concurrence of two-thirds of the members pres-
ent.

Sec. 2 2. The Principal Chief, assistant Principal Chief, and all civil
officers shall be liable to impeachment for misdemeanor in office; but judg-
ment in such cases shall not be extended further than removal from office
and disqualification to hold an office of honor, trust, or profit under the Gov-
ernment of this Nation.

The party, whether convicted or acquitted, shall, nevertheless, be liable
to indictment, trial, judgn-ient and punishment according to law.

Article IV.

Sec. 1. The Supreme Executive Power of this Nation shall be vested in
a Principal Chief, who shall be styled the Principal Chief of the Cherokee
Nation.

The Principal Chief shall hold his office for the term of four years; and
shall be elected by the qualified electors on the same day and at the places
where they shall respectively vote for members of the National Council.

The returns of the election for Principal Chief shall be sealed up and
directed to the President of the National Committee, who shall open and pub-
lish them in the presence of the National Council assembled. The person hav-
ing the highest number of votes shall be Principal Chief; but if two or more
shall be equal and highest in votes, one of them shall be chosen by joint vote
of both branches of the Council. The manner of determining contested elec-
tions shall be directed by law.

Sec. 2. No person except a natural born citizen shall be eligible to the
office of Principal Chief; neither shall any person be eligible to that office
who shall not have attained to the age of thirty-five years.

126 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

Sec. 5. There shall also be chosen at the same time by the qualified
electors in the same manner for four years, an assistant Principal Chief, who
shall have attained to the age of thirty-five years.

Sec. 4. In case of the removal of the Principal Chief from office, or of
his death or resignation, or inability to discharge the powers and duties of the
said office, the same shall devolve on the assistant Principal Chief until the
disability be removed or the vacancy filled by the National Council.

Sec. 5. The National Council may by law provide for the case of re-
moval, death, resignation, or disability of both the Principal and assistant
Principal Chief, declaring what officer shall then act as Principal Chief until
the disability be removed or a Principal Chief shall be elected.

Sec. 6. The Principal Chief and assistant Principal Chief shall, at stated
times, receive for their services a compensation which shall neither be in-
creased nor diminished during the period for which they shall have been
elected; and they shall not receive within that period any other emolument
from the Cherokee Nation or any other Government.

Sec. 7. Before the Principal Chief enters on the execution of his of-
fice, he shall take the following oath or affirmation:

"1 do solemnly swear, or affirm, that I will faithfully execute the duties
of Principal Chief of the Cherokee Nation, and will, to the best of my ability,
preserve, protect, and defend the Constitution of the Cherokee Nation."

Sec. 8. He may, on extraordinary occasions, convene the National Coun
cil at the seat of Government.

Sec. 9. He shall from time to time, give to the National Council in-
formation of the state of the Government, and recommend to their consider-
ation such measures as he may deem expedient.

Sec. to. He shall take care that the laws be faithfully executed.

Sec. 11. It shall be his duty to visit the dilTerent districts at least once
in two years, to inform himself of the general condition of the country.

Sec. 12. The Assistant Principal Chief shall, by virtue of his office,
aid and advise the Principal Chief in the administration' of the government at
all times during his continuance in office.

Sec. 1 i. Vacancies that may occur in offices, the appointment of which
IS vested in the National Council, shall be filled by the Principal Chief during
the recess of the National Council by granting commissions which shall expire
at the end of the next session thereof.

Sec. 14. Every bill which shall pass both branches of the National
Council shall, before it becomes a law, be presented to the Principal Chief; if
he approves, he shall sign it; but if not, he shall return it, with his objections
0 hat branch m which it may have originated, who shall enter the objections
Ih !f °"/he.r journals and proceed to reconsider it; if, after such recon-

tt tZhr -h' .r'.'^'* ''''''''' ^'^^" ^S--" *° P^^^ the bill, it shall be
en t toge her with he objections, to the other branch, by which it shall like-

bo,: h w ,r "'.■:; ''"'''"' ^^ ^^^-^^'^^^^ °^ ^^^^ branch, it shall
w Z liv. d"; K "7 '" ''"' '''' ""' '■^^"^"^'^ by the Principal Chief
^^"'"" "V. da^s (Sundays excepted), after the same has been presented to

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 127

him, it shall become a law in like manner as if he had signed it, unless the
National Council, by their adjournment, prevent its return, in which case it
shall be a law, unless sent back within three days after their next meeting.

Sec. 15. Members of the National Council, and all officers, executive
and judicial, shall be bound by oath to support the Constitution of this Nation,
and to perform the duties of their respective offices with fidelity.

Sec. 16. In case of disagreement between the two branches of the
National Council with respect to the time of adjournment, the Principal
Chief shall have power to adjourn the same to such time as he may deem
proper; provided, it be not a period beyond the next constitutional meeting
thereof.

Sec. 17. The Principal Chief shall, during the session of the National
Council, attend at the seat of government.

Sec. 18. There shall be a council composed of five persons, to be ap-
pointed by the National Council, whom the Principal Chief shall have full
power at his discretion to assemble; he, together with the Assistant Principal
Chief and the counselors, or a majority of them, may, from time to time, hold
and keep a council for ordering and directing the affairs of the Nation ac-
cording to law; provided, the National Council shall have power to reduce
the number, if deemed expedient, after the first term of service, to a number
not less than three.

Sec. fO. The members or the executive council shall be chosen fur
the term of two years.

Sec. 20. The resolutions and advice of the council shall be recorded in
a register, and signed by the members agreeing thereto, which may be called
for by either branch of the National Council; and any counselor may enler
his dissent to the majority.

Sec. 2 1. The Treasurer of the Cherokee Nation shall be chosen by
a joint vote of both branches of the National Council for the term of four
years.

Sec. 2 2. The Treasurer shall, before entering un the duties of his office,
give bond to the Nation, with sureties, to the satisfaction of the National
Council, for the faithful discharge of his trust.

Sec. 23. No money shall be drawn from the Treasury but by warrant
from the Principal Chief, and in consequence of appropriations made by law.

Sec. 24. It shall be the duty of the Treasurer to receive all public
moneys, and to make a regular statement and account of the receipts and
expenditures of all public moneys at the annual session of the National
Council.

Article V.

Section 1. The judicial powers shall be vested in a Supreme Court,
and such circuit and inferior courts as the National Council may, from time
to time, ordain and establish.

Sec. 2. The Judges of the Supreme and Circuit courts shall hold their
commissions for the term of four years, but any of them may be removed

^28 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

from olTice on the address of two-thirds of each branch of the National
Council to the Principal Chief for that purpose.

Sec. 3. The Judges of the Supreme and Circuit courts shall, at stated
times" receive a compensation which shall not be diminished during their
continuance in oflice, but they shall receive no fees or perquisites of office,
nor hold any other oflice of profit or trust under the government of this
Nation, or any other power.

Sec. 4. No person shall be appointed a judge of any of the courts until
he shall have attained the age of thirty years.

elected by the National Council, and there shall be appointed in each district
Sec. 5. The Judges of the Supreme and Circuit courts shall be
as many Justices of the Peace as it may be deemed expedient for the public
good, whose powers, duties, and duration in otllce shall be clearly designated
by law.

Sec. 6. The Judges of the Supreme Court and of the Circuit Courts
shall have complete criminal juridiction in such cases, and in such manner as
may be pointed out by law.

Sec. 7. No Judge shall sit on trial of any cause when the parties are
connected [with him] by aliinity or consanguinity, except by consent of the
parties. In case all the Judges of the Supreme Court shall be interested m
the issue of any case, or related to all or either of the parties, the National
Council may provide by law for the selection of a suitable number of persons
of good character and knowledge, for the determination thereof, and who
shall be specially commissioned for the adjudication of such cases by the
Principal Chief.

Sec. 8. .All writs and other process shall run "In the Name of the
Cherokee Nation," and bear test and be signed by the respective clerks.

Sec. 9. Indictments shall conclude — "Against the Peace and Dignity
of the Cherokee Nation."

Sec. 10. The Supreme Court shall, after the present year, hold its
session annually at the seat of government, to be convened on the first Mon-
day of October in each year.

Sec. 11. In all criminal prosecutions the accused shall have the right
of being heard; of demanding the nature and cause of the accusation; of
meeting the witnesses face to face; of having compulsory process for ob-
taining witnesses in his or their favor; and in prosecutions by indictment or
information, a speedy public trial, by an impartial jury of the vicinage; nor
shall the accused be compelled to give evidence against himself.

Sec. 12. The people shall be secure in their persons, houses, papers, ami
possessions from unreasonable seizures and searches, and no warrant to
search any place, or to seize any person or thing, shall issue, without de-
scribing them as nearly as may be, nor without good cause, supported by
oath or atlirmation.

Sec. 13. All persons shall be bailable by sutficient securities, unless
for capital otlenses, where the proof is evident or presumption great.

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 129

Article VI.

Section 1. No person who denies the lieinsj- of a God or future statJ
of reward and punishment, shall hold any office in the civil department in
this Nation.

Sec. 2. The free exercise of relisj'ious worship, and servins;- God with-
out distinction, shall forever be enjoyed within the limits of this Nation;
provided, that this liberty of consicence shall not be so construed as to
excuse acts of licentiousness, or justify practices inconsistent with the peace
or safety of this Nation.

Sec. 3. When the National Council shall determine the expediency of
appointing delegates, or other public agents, for the purpose of transacting
business with the government of the United States, the Principal Chief shall
recommend, and by the advice and consent of the National Committee, ap-
point and commission such delegates or public agents accordingly. On all
matters of interest, touching the rights of the citizens of this Nation, which
may require the attention of the United States government, the Principal
Chief shall keep up a friendly correspondence with that government through
the medium of its proper officers.

Sec. 4. All commissions shall be "In the Name and by the Authority
of the Cherokee Nation," and be sealed with the seal of the Nation, and
signed by the Principal Chief. The Principal Chief shall make use of his
private seal until a National seal shall be provided.

Sec. 5. A sheriff shall be elected in each district by the qualified electors
thereof, who shall hold his office two years, unless sooner removed. Sliould
a vacancy occur subsequent to an election, it shall be filled by the Principal
Chief, as in other cases, and the person so appointed shall continue in office
until the next regular election.

Sec. 6. No person shall, for the same offense, be twice put in jeopardy
of life or limb; nor shall the property of any person be taken and applied to
public use without a just and fair compensation; provided, that nothing in
this clause shall be so construed as to impair the right and power of the
National Council to lay and collect taxes.

Sec. 7. The right of trial by jury shall remain inviolate, and every
person, for injury sustained in person, property, or reputation, shall have
remedy by due course of law.

Sec. 8. The appointment of all officers, not otherwise directed by this
Constitution, shall be vested in the National Council.

Sec. 0. Religion, mortality and knowledge being necessary to good
government, the preservation of liberty, and the happiness of mankind,
schools and the means of education shall forever be encouraged in this Na-
tion.

Sec. 10. The National Council may propose such amendments to th=s
Constitution as two-thirds of each branch may deem expedient, and the
Principal Chief shall issue a proclamation, directing all civil officers of the
several districts to promulgate the' same as extensively as possible within
their respective districts at least six months previous to the next general

no HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

election. And if, at tlie first session of tlie National Council, after such
/■•eneral election, two-thirds of each branch shall, by ayes and noes, ratify
such proposed amendments, they shall be valid to all intent and purposes,
as parts of this Constitution; provided, that such proposed amendments shall
be read on three several days in each branch, as well when the same ari
proposed, as when they are ratified.

Done in convention at Tahlequah, Cherokee Nation, this sixth day of
September, 18^0.

GEORGE LOWRY, President of the National Convention.

Hair Conrad, his x mark; John Benge, his x mark; Archibald Campbell,
his X mark; Thomas Candy; John Drew; George Guess, his x mark; Walter
Scott Adair; Young Elders, his x mark; Will Shorey Coodey; Thomas Fore-
man; Richard Taylor; Thomas Fox Taylor; O-kan-sto-tah Logan, his x
mark; James Spears, his x mark; John Spears; Stephen Foreman; Young
Glars, his x mark; Looney Price; Tobacco Will, his x mark; JV\ajor Pullum,
his X mark; JV\oses Parris; George Washington Gunter; Kench Logan, his
X mark; Young Wolf; Joseph Martin Lynch; Sal-la-tee-skee Watts, his x
mark; George Brewer, his x mark; Joshua Buffington; Jesse Bushyhead;
Jesse Russell; John Fletcher Boot, his x mark; Crying Buffalo, his x mark;
Bark Flute, his x mark; Oo-la-yo-a, his x mark; Soft Shell Turtle, his x
mark; Edward Gunter; Daniel Colston, his x mark; Lewis Ross; George
Hicks; Tah-lah-see-nee, his x mark; James Brown; Charles Coodey; Riley
Keys; Daniel McCoy; Lewis Melton.

PROCLAMATION AND AMENDMENTS TO THE CONSTITUTION
Adopted November 26, 1886. Proclamation by the Principal Chief.

Whereas, The National Council adopted certain amendments to the Con-
stitution of the Cherokee Nation and submitted the same to a general conven-
tion of the people of the Cherokee Nation, called at Tahlequah, on the 26tb
day of November, A. D. 1866, and which said amendments, with the preamble
thereto attached, were in the following words, to-wit:

Whereas, By the treaty executed at Washinglon, on the lOfh day of Julv,
A. D. 1866, between the United Slates and the'cherokee Nation, throus^h its
delegation, ratified by the Senate and officially promulgated by the PresidentN
of the United States, August 1 1, 1866, certain things were agreed to between
the parties to said treaty, involving changes in the Constitution of the Chero-
kee Nation, which changes cannot be accomplished by the usual mode; and

_ Whereas, It is the desire of the people and government of the Cherokee
Nation to carry out in good faith all of its obligations, to the end that law and
■ order be preserved and the institutions of their government maintained; there-
to JV^ 'ff'.''^ ''■■ ^''' ^'''""'''' '^"""'^"' ''^hat the following; amendmenis
0 the Constitution of the Cherokee Nation be submitted to a convention or

dav of^N " r^'f l^ ''''"^^^'' ""^ T'^hl^quah, on the twenty-sixth (26th)
at lie bvs H .""■ ?• "'"' ""'" '''' proclamation hereunto annexed, be
rat.I.ed by said convention, then they shall be officially published, and declare i

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS I5l

by tlK- Principal Chief to be, and siiall constitute a part, or parts, of the Con-
stitution of the Cherolcee Nation.

AMENDMENTS

AMENDMENTS TO ARTICLE I.

Section 1. The boundary of the Cherokee Nation shall be that described
in the treaty of 183 3, between the United States and the Western Cherokees,
subject to such modifications as may be made necessary by the 1 7th article of
the treaty concluded at Washington City on the I9th day of Julv, 1866, be-
tween the United States and the Cherokee Nation.

Sec. 2. The lands of the Cherokee Nation shall remain common pro-
perty until the National Council shall request the survey and allotment of the
same, in accordance with the provisions of Article 20 of the treaty of l9th of
July, 1866, be\\-een the United States and the Cherokee Nation.
AMENDMENTS TO ARTICLE III.

Section 1. The Upper House of the National Council, known as the
National Committee, shall be hereafter known and styled the Senate of the
Cherokee Nation, and shall consist of two Senators for every district in the
Cherokee Nation.

Sec. 2. The Council shall consist of two members from each district,
and when a district shall have to exceed two hundred voters, it shall have an
additional member, and for every additional two hundred voters in said district,
upwards of four hundred, it shall have an additional member; provided, that
when any district shall have less than one hundred voters according to the
census, it shall still be entitled to one representative.

Sec. 3. in order to ascertain and fix the representation to the Council,
provided for above, shall be made before the tirst day of June, and shall gov-
taken, as soon as practicable, a census of the population of the Cherokee Na-
tion, according to districts. A second census shall be taken in like manner in
the year 1870, and each ten years thereafter, and the National Council shall
regularly apportion representation among the several districts, as provided in
the preceding section, agreeably to such census. The first apportionment,
provided for above, shall be made before the first day of June, and shall gov-
ern the election to be held on the first Monday in .August, 1867.

Sec. 4. The National Council shall, after the present year, be held
annually, to be convened on the tirst Monday in November, at such place as
may be designated by the National Council, or in case of emergency, by the
Principal Chief.

Sec. 5. No person shall be eligible to a seat in the National Council but
a male citizen of the Cherokee Nation who shall have attained to the age of
twenty-five years, and who shall have been a bona fide resident of the district
in which he may be elected, at least six months immediately preceding sucii
election. All native born Cherokees. all Indians, and whites legally members
of the Nation by adoption, and all freedmen who have been liberated by volun-
tary act of their former owners or by law, as well as free colored persons who
were in the country at the commencement of the rebellion, and are now resi-

132 HISTOBY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

dents therein, or who may return within six months from the I9th day of
July, 1866, and their descendants, who reside within the limits of the Cherokee
Nation, shall be taken, and deemed to be, citizens of the Cherokee Nation.

Sec. 6. The members of the National Council shall each receive from
the public treasury a compensation for their services, which shall be three dol-
lars per day, during their attendance at the National Council upon any regular
session, not exceeding thirty days; provided, that the per diem allowance may
be increased or diminished by law; but no alteration shall take effect during
the period of service of the members of the National Council, by whom such
alteration may have been made.

Sec. 7. All male citizens, who have attained the age of eighteen years,
shall be deemed qualified electors of the Cherokee Nation, and there shall be
no restrictions by law, save such as are required for persons convicted of
crime, or for such limit as to residence, not exceeding six months in the district
where the vote is offered, as may be required by census or registration.

AMENDMENTS TO ARTICLE V.

Section 1. The Supreme Court shall consist of three judges, who shall
be elected by the National Council, and whose duties, jurisdiction, and com-
pensation, shall be defined by law, in the manner prescribed by the Consti-
tution. The National Council, at its annual session in 1867, shall elect one
of the Supreme Judges for three years, one for two years, and one for one
year, and at each annual session of the National Council thereafter, shall
elect one Supreme Judge, whose official term shall be three years.

vSec. 2. The judges of the Circuit Court shall hereafter be elected
by the people, for the term of four years, and shall have the same juris-
diction, discharge the same duties, and be compensated in the same manner
as is now provided for by the Constitution. There shall be elected in like
manner in and for each district as many judges as it may be deemed ex-
pedient for the public good, whose powers, duties and duration in office
shall be clearly designated by law.

AMENDMENTS TO ARTICLE VII.
Section 1. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, shall ever here-
after exist in the Cherokee Nation, otherwise than in the punishment of
crime, whereof the party shall have been duly convicted; and anv provision
of the Constitution of the Cherokee Nation conflicting with the foregoing
section, is hereby annulled.

^■^'=- -• Jh^ persons now holding olfice shall continue therein, ex-
cept as may be otherwise expressly provided by law for Canadian district.
until their successors be commissioned in November, 1867

lahlequah, Cherokee Nation, November 26, 1866.

SMITH CHRISTIE,

Concurred: WRITER. '''■"''''"* °^ '''''*'°"" Committee.

Speaker of Council
Approved: \\ll,[, p. rqsS.

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 15?

At a sjeneral convention of the people of the Cherokee Nation, held at
Tahlequah, Cherokee Nation, on the 2Sth day of November, A. D. 1866.
for the purpose of taking- Into consideration the foregoing amendments to
the Constitution of the Cherokee Nation; and, whereof, Riley Keys, Chief
Justice of the Supreme Court, was chosen President, and Budd Gritts, Secre-
tary; the said amendments to the Constitution of the Cherokee Nation were
read, considered and severally approved and adopted by the Cherokee people.
In testimony whereof, the President and Secretary of said convention
have subscribed the same at Tahlequah, Cherokee Nation, on this the 28tli
day of November. A. D. 1866.

RILEY KEYS,
President of the Convention.
BUDD GRITTS,

Secretary.
And, Whereas, The foregoing amendments to the Constitution were
duly submitted to the said general convention of the Cherokee people, and
were severally read, considered, and adopted on the 28th day of Novem-
ber, A. D. 1866; now,

Therefore, Be it known that I, William P. Ross, Principal Chief of the
Cherokee Nation, do issue this, my proclamation, declaring said amendments
to be a part of the Constitution of the Cherokee Nation.

In testimony whereof, I have hereunto subscribed my name, this the
7th day of December, A. D. 1866.

WILL P. ROSS,

Principal Chief.
The constitution was generally accepted by the nation on January 10,
1839-^ and October 26, 1840.

Fort Gibson, September 28, 1839.

Sir: We have been required by instructions from the War Department
to arrest and bring to trial the murderers of the Ridges and Boudinot. Al-
though we have the names of several of the individuals charged, yet, as you
are the chief of the emigrant Cherokees, by some of whom we have no doubt
these murders were perpertrated, we therefor deem it proper to apprize you of
this order. We believe that ^'ou can have the prsons charged delivered at this
oost, without resorting to other means, which it is our wish to avoid. Should
we be disappointed in our expectations in this particular, the military force of
.'he United States will be employed in carrying out the instructions of the War
Department. In the meantime, we expect and require of you that no violence
or disability whatever be imposed on the treaty party in consequence of the
treaty of 1835, which has received the sanction of the Government of the
United States.

We extremely regret the unfortunate events to which we have referred;
.and also that no union has taken place beetween the eastern Cherokees, of
whom you are the acknowledged -head, and John Brown, principal chief of
fhe western Cherokees. An early reply to this communication is requested.

^34 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

Respectfully, your very obedient servants,
M. Arbuckle,

Brevet Brig. General, U. S. A.
Wm. Armstrong,

Acting Superintendent, W. T.

ihn Ross,
Princioal Chief nf the emigrant Cherokees.
principal i.n "Tahlequah, Cherokee Nation

September, 3(), 1830.

Gentlemen: Your communication of the 28th instant, came duly to

hand bv express.

You appraise me of having received "instructions from the War De-
partment to arrest and bring to trial the murderers of Ridges and Boudinot,"
•nd express expectations "that I will arrest the persons charged, and deliver
them over to the military post at Fort Gibson without resorting to other
.means." 1 hold myself at all times in readiness, so far as 1 may be concern-
ed, to comply with the established regulations between the United States and
'h.e Cherokee Nation, and for all otTenses which may be committed by indi-
•'idual Cherokees, and over which the United States may have proper juris-
diction, and their courts cognizance assuredly, I could not in duty to the

iation and to myself, but exercise all necessary and proper ertorts to sus-
tain and preserve unimpaired the confidence and friendship of both parties,
'^ou cannot be otherwise than fully impressed with the fact that there exists
in this country a feeling decidedly friendly to the Government and people

-f the United States, and no wish or attempt to cause innovation in the plain
and well understood method of communication and intercourse. In relation
to the particular subject of " arrest and trial" of which you speak, I am wholly
at a loss to conjecture by what right or sound policy the Cherokee people are
'.'0 be deprived of the exercise of their own legislate authority over acts of
:^ne Indian against another. An authority founded upon natural as well as
:onvenlional rights. 1 cannot conceive how, if the persons charged be Chero-
kees, they have violated either treaty stipulation or act of Congress, that they
should be held answerable to the courts of 'the United States, and the miltary

-irce employed for their arrest. Any effort directed to that purpose is de-
nreciated as calculated to disquiet the country, to weaken the confidence of

'^c people in their exertions to allay excitement and the enjoyment of some

^spite from the difficulties and embarrassments which have so long distress-

d them.

None of the persons charged with the act you instructed upon are known
me; some of them may be of the late emigrants, or all for ought I know;
■lor do I feel that it is again necessary for me to review the subject among
•he people, when you are doubtless appraised that they themselves, in con-
•ention, considered and disposed of the matter in a manner satisfactory to
the whole people. You express regret "that no union has taken place" be-
tween th eeastern Cherokees and John Brown, principal chief of the western
- herokees." This may be true to some extent, yet it is equally true that a

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKHH INDIANS 13.S

•lion has been tVirnied between the eastern and western Cherokee people.
"o that union, if it has pleased some to withhold their approbation, and among
em John Brown, still the people acted for themselves. They are the ack-
wleds^ed source of power in this country, and their original acts require not
? sanction of any chief to accredit it \\-ith authority. Many of the old set-
tlers, who could not attend in person, forwarded their names to be enrollea
upi.in that act.

.-although the fact may not have been formally announced to you, yet
it was believed that you were informed of the adoption of a constitution for
the government of the Cherokee Nation, in accordance with the act of union.
Elections have also taken place under its provisions for officers, etc., and the
national council, composed both of old settlers and emigrants, without, how-
ever, any distinction, are now about to terminate its session, having been en-
gaged in passing such laws as were required for the security and protection
of the persons and property of the people.

Fro mthese facts, I trust that you will be fully convinced of the earnest
desire of the Cherokees to preserve and maintain the peace and friendship
which have so long subsisted between them and the citizens of the United
States.

I have the honor to be, gentlemen, ver}- respectfully, }our obedient ser-
vant,

John Ross, Principal Chief.
Brevet Brigadier General M. Arbuekle, U. S. A.
Captain William Armstrong,

Acting Superintendent, W. T. Fort Gibson."'

After a little more desultory correspondence, the matter of prosecution
for the murderers, was dropped.

The public school system of the Cherokee Nation was inaugurated in
1(S42. In the spring of that year Sequoyah started to the southwest in search
of a Cherokee settlement in the neighborhood of the Rio Grande. He died
at San Fernando in August 1843. The Cherokee Advocate, a weekly news-
paper, owned and operated by the Nation and ils oficial organ, publish-
ed volume one, number one at Tahlequah on September 25, 1844.-

Chief Ross married on September 2, 1S44, Mary Brown Stapler a native
of Delaware. On account of the widespread dissatisfaction among the treaty
party and old settlers, a delegation of tifty-four of their leaders left the Chero-
kee Nation for southwest Texas on September 1, 1845. They found a
settlement of sixty-three Cherokees on the bank of Brazos river, at the mouth
of Basky Creek. These Cherokees were from Monclovis, Mexico. While
on this trip Charles Reese died. The delegation returned to Ft. Gibson on
January lo, iS46, not being able to tind a home in the west.

The residence of Return Jonathan Meigs, son-in-law of Chief John R<iss
was burned by Thomas Starr and his band on the night of November 2, 1845
Mr. Meigs, who lived within three miles of his father-in-law, was an estimable
citizen and this act was a part of the feud that had been raged uninterruptedly
since 1839. On the ninth of the month, thirty-two men rode up to the home

136

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

of Janu'S Starr, father of Thomas, and shot him to death. He was one of
the signers of the treaty of 1835 and a member of the first elected Cherokee
committee (senate) from 184 1 to 1843. No prosecution followed this mur-
der.

Delegations from the emigrant, treat}' party and old settlers divisions
of the Cherokee Nation visited Washington in the summer of 1846 where
they in conjunction with representatives of the United States, concluded a
treaty for the purpose of establishing national tranquility and arriving at a
more equitable adjustment of their vested rights:

•li'l.L l;. .\1AVES
Cluei— January USSN, to Oefember 1891

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 137

CHAPTER Vill

Treaty With The Cherokees 18Jf6. Schools Established. Old Settler Pay-
ments. Keetoowah Society Organized. Organization of Military
Companies. Cherokees Enter The Civil War.
General Waitc Surrenders.

Aug. 6, 1846. 9 Stat., 871. Ratified Aug. 8, 1846. Proclaimed Aug.

17, 1846. Articles of a treaty iikilIl and concluded at Washington, in the
District of Columbia, between the United States of America, by three com-
missioners, Edmund Burke. William Armstrong', and Albion K. Parris; and
John Ross, principal chief of the Cherokee Nation; David Vann, William S.
Coody, Richard Taylor, T. H. Walker, Clement V. McNair, Stephen Foreman.
John Drew, and Richard Fields, delegates duly appointed by the regiilarly con-
stituted authorities of the Cherokee Nation; George W. Adair, John A. Bell,
Stand Watie, Joseph M. Lynch, John Huss, and Brice Martin, a delegation
appointed by, and representing that portion of the Cherokee tribe of Indians
known and recognized as the "Treaty Party;" John Brown, Captain Dutch,
John L. McCoy, Richard Drew, anad Ellis Phillips, delegates appointed by
and representing, that portion of the Cherokee Tribe of Indians known and
recognized as "Western Cherokees," or "Old Settlers."

Preamble. Whereas serious difliculties have, for a considerable time
past, existed between the different portions of the people constituting and
recognized as the Cherokee Nation of Indians, which it is desirable should be
speedily settled, so that peace and harmony may be restored among them,
and whereas certain claims exist on the part of the Cherokee Nation, and
portions of the Cherokee people, against the United States; Therefore, with a
view to the linal and amicable settlement of the difficulties and claims before
mentioned, it is mutually agreed by the several parties to this convention as
follows, viz:

Lands Occupied by Cherokee Nation to be Secured to Whole People and
a Patent to be Issued. 1830, Ch. 148. Article 1. That the land now oc
cupied by the Cherokee Nation shall be secured to the whole Cherokee peo-
ple for their common use and benefit; and a patent shall be issued for the
same, including the eight hundred thousand acres purchased, together with
the outlet west"^ promised by the United States, in conformity with the provis-
ions relating thereto, contained in the third article of the treaty of 1835, and
in the third section of the act of Congress, approved May twenty-eighth, 1830.
which authorizes the President of the United States, in making exchanges of
lands with the Indian tribes, "to assure the tribe or nation with which the ex-
change is made, that the United States will forever secure and guarantee to
them, and their heirs or successors, the country so exchanged with them; and
if they prefer it, that the United States will cause a patent or grant to be made
and executed to them for the same: Provided, always. That such lands shall
revert to the United States if the -Indians become extinct or abandon the
same.

,38 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

Reversion to be in United States. All Difficulties and Disputes Adjusted,
and a General Amnesty Declared. Laws to be Passed for Equal Protection,
rnd for the Security of Life, Liberty, and Property. No One to be Punished
for any Crime, Except en Ccnvicttcn by a Jury. Article 2. All dirtcrenc ■ >
heretofore existing between the several parties of the Cherokee Nation are
hererby settled and adjusted, and shall, as far as possible, be forgotten and for-
ever buried in oblivion. All party distinctions shall cease, except so far as
they may be necessary to carry out this convention or treaty. A general am-
nesty is hereby declared. All olfences and crimes committed by a citizen or
citizens of the Cherokee Nation against the nation, or against an individuai or
individuals, are hereby pardoned. All Cherokees who are now out of the
nation are invited and earnestly requested to return to their homes, where they
may live in peace, assured that they shall net be prosecuted for any ortence
heretofore committed against the Cherokee Nation, or any individual there-
of. And this pardon and amnesty shall eextend to all who may now be out
of the nation, and who shall return thereto on or before 1st day of December
next. The several parties agree to unite in enforcing the laws against all
future offenders. Laws shall be passed for equal protection, and for the su-
curity of life, liberty, and property; and full authority shall be given by law
to all or any portion of the Cherokee people, peaceably to assemble and peti-
tion their own government, or the Government of the United States, for the
redress of grievances, and to discuss their rights. All armed police, lighi
horse, and other military organizations, shall be abolished, and the laws en-
forced by the civil authority alone.

No one shall be punished for any crime or misdemeanor except on con-
viction by a jury of his country, and the sentence of a court duly authorized
by law to take cognizance of the otfence. And it is further agreed, all fugitives
from justice, except those included in the general amnesty herein stipulated,
seeking refuge in the territory of the United States, shall be delivered up by
the authorities of the United States to the Cherokee Nation for trial and pun-
ishmeni.

Certain Claims Paid out of the $5,000,000 Fund to be Reimbursed by
the United States. Article 3. Whereas certain claims have been allowed by
the several boards of commissioners heretofore appointed under the treaty
of 1835, for rents, under the name of improvements and spoliations, and for
property of which the Indians were dispossessed, provided for under the I6th
article of the treaty of 1835; and whereas the said claims have been paid out
of the 55,000,000 fund; and whereas said claims were not justly chargeable to
that fund, but were to be paid by the United States, the said United States
agree to re-miburse the said fund the amount thus charged to said fund, and
ihc same shall form a part of the aggregate amount to be distributed to the
Cherokee people, as provided in the 9th article of this treaty; and whereas a
urther amount has been allowed for reservations under the provisions of the
U h article ot the treaty of 1835, by said commissioners, and has been paid
out 0 he said fund, and which said sums were properly chargeable to, and
should have been paid by. the United States, the said United ^States further

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS I39

agree to re-imburse the amounts thus paid for reservations to said fund; and
whereas the expense of making- the treaty of New Echota were also paid ou:
of said fund, when they should have been borne by the United States, the
United States agree to re-imburse the same, and also to re-imburse all other
sums paid to any agent of the government, and improperly charged to said
fund; and the same also shall form a part of the aggregate amount to be dis-
tributed to the Cherokee people, as provided in the ^'th article of this treaty.

Provision for the Equitable Interest of the Western Cherokees in Lands
Ceded by Treaty of 1828. How the Value of Said Interest Shall be Ascer-
tained. Release by Western Cherokees to United States. Article 4. And

whereas it has been decided by the board of conunissioners recently appoint-
ed by the President of the United States to examine and adjust the claims and
difficulties existing against and between the Cherokees themselves, that under
the provisions of the treaty of 1S2S, as well as in conformity with the general
policy of the United States in relation to the Indian tribes, and the Cherokee
Nation in particular, that that portion of the Cherokee people known as the
■'Old Settlers," or "Western Cherokees," had no exclusive title to the ter-
ritory ceded in that treaty, but that the same was intended for the use of, and
to be the home for, the whole nation, including as well that portion then east
as that portion then west of the Mississippi; and whereas the said board of
commissioners further decided that, inasmuch as the territory before men-
tioned became the common property of the Whole Cherokee Nation by the
operation of the treaty of 1828, the Cherokees then west of the Mississippi,
by the equitable operation of the same treaty, acquired a common interest in
the lands occupied by the Cherokees east of the Mississippi river, as well as
in those occupied by themselves west of that river, which interest should
have been provided for in the treaty of 1835, but which was not, except in
so far as they, as a constituent portion of the nation, retained, in proportion
to their number, a common interest in the country west of the Mississippi,
and in the general funds of the nation; and therefore they have an equal claim
upon the United States for the value of th it interest, whatever it may be. Now,
in order to ascertain the value of that interest, it is agreed that the following
principle shall be adopted, viz: All the investments and expenditures which
are properly chargeable upon the sums granted in the treaty of 1835, amount-
ing in the whole to five millions six hundred thousand dollars, (which invest-
ments and expenditures are particularly enumerated in the l5th article of the
treaty of 1835,) to be lirst deducted from said aggregate sum, thus ascertain-
ing the residuum or amount which would, under such marshalling of accounts,
be left for per capita distribution among the Cherokees emigrating under the
treaty of 1835, excluding all extravagant and improper expenditures, and then
allow to the Old Settler's (or Western Cherokees) a sum equal to one third
part of said residuum, to be distributed per capita to each individual of said
party of "Old Settlers." or "Western Cherokees." It is further agreed that,
so far as the Western Cherokees are concerned, in estimating the expense of
removal and subsistence of an Eastern Cherokee, to be charged to the ag-
gregate fund of five million six hundred thousand dollars above mentioned,

140

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

the sum of removal and subsistence stipulated in the 8th article of the treaty
of 1835 as commutation money in those cases in which the parties entitled
to it removed themselves, shall be adopted. And as it affects the settlement
with the Western Cherokees, there shall he no deduction from the fund before
mentioned in consideration of any payments which may hereafter be made
out of said fund; and it is hereby further understood and agreed, that the prin-
ciple above defined shall embrace all those Cherokees west of the Mississippi,
who emigrated prior to the treaty of 1835.

In consideraion of the foregoing stipulation on the part of the United
States, the "Western Cherokees," or "Old Settlers," hereby release and quit-
claim 'to the United States all right, title, interest, or claim they may have to
a common property in the Cherokee lands east of the Mississippi River, and
to exclusive ownership of the lands ceded to them by the treaty of 1833 west
of the Mississippi, including the outlet west, consenting and agreeing that the
said land, together with the eight hundred thousand acres ceded to the Chero-
kees by the treatv of 1835, shall be and remain the common property of the
whole Cherokee people, themselves included.

Per Capita Allowance for Western Cherokees to be Held in Trust by
United States, etc. Not Assignable. Committee of Five From "Old Set-
tlers." Article 5. It is mutually agieed that the per capita allowance to be
given to the "Western Cherokees,' or "Old Settlers, upon the principle above
stated, shall he held in trust by the Government of the United States, and
paid out to each individual belonging to that party or head of family, or his
legal representatives. And it is further agreed that the per capita allowance
to be paid as aforesaid shall not be assignable, but shall be paid directly to
the persons entitled to it, or to his heirs or legal representatives, by the agent
of the United States, authorized to make such payments.

And it is further agreed that a committee of five persons shall be ap-
pointed by the President of the United States, from the party of "Old Set-
tlers,' whose duty it shall be, in conjunction with an agent of the United States,
to ascertain what persons are entitled to the per capita allowance provided
for in this and the preceding article.

Indemnity for "Treaty Party." Provisions for Heirs of Major Ridge,
John Ridge, and Elias Boudinot. Proviso. Article 6. And whereas many
of that portion of the Cherokee people known and designated as the "Treaty
Party" have suffered losses and incurred expenses in consequence of the treaty
of 1835, therefore, to indemnify the treaty party, the United States agree to
pay to the said treaty party the sum of one hundred and fifteen thousand dol-
lars, of which the sum of five thousand shall be paid by the United States to
the heirs or legal representatives of Major Ridge, the sum of five thousand
dollars to the heirs or legal representatives of John Ridge, and the sum of
live thousand dollars to the heirs or legal representatives of Elias Boudinot,
and the balance, being the sum of one hundred thousand dollars, which shall
be paid by the United States, in such amounts and to such persons as may be
certified by a committee to be appointed by the treaty party, and which com-
mittee shall consist of not exceeding live persons, and approved by an ageni:

HISTORY OF THE CHERKEE INDIANS 14!

of the United States, to be entitled to receive the same for losses and damages
sustained by them, or by those of whom they are the heirs or legal represent-
atives: Provided, That out of said balance of one hundred thousand dollars,
the present delegation of the treaty party may receive the sum of twenty-five
thousand dollars, to be by them applied to the payment of claims and other
expenses. And it is further provided that, if the said sum of one hundred
thousand dollars should not be sufficient to pay all the claims allowed for
losses and damages, that then the same shall be paid to said claimants pro
rata, and which payments shall be in full of all claims and losses of the said
treaty party.

Values of Salines to be Ascertained and Paid to Individuals Dispossessed
of Them. Article 7. The value of all salines which were the private prop-
erty of individuals of the Western Cherokees, and of which they were dispo-
ssessed, provided there be any such, shall be ascertained by the United States
agent, and a commissioner to be appointed by the Cherokee authorities; and
should they be unable to agree, they shall select an umpire, whose decision
shall be final; and the several amounts found due shall be paid by the Chero-
kee Nation, or the salines returned to their respective owners.

Payment for a Printing Press, Arms, etc. Article 8. The United States
agree to pay to the Cherokee Nation the sum of two thousand dollars for a
printing-press, materials, and other property destroyed at that time; the sum
of live thousand dollars to be equally divided among all those whose arms
were taken from them previous to their removal West by order of an officer
of the United States; and the further sum of twenty thousand dollars, in lieu
of all claims of the Cherokee Nation, as a nation, prior to the treaty of 1.S3 5,
except all lands reserved, by treaties heretofore made, for school funds.

A Fair and Just Settlement of all Moneys Due the Cherokees Under the
Treaty of 1835 to be Made. Article 9. The United States agree to make a
fair settlement of all moneys due to the Cherokees, and subject to the per
capita division under the treaty of 29th December, 1835, which said settle-
ment shall exhibit all money properly expended under said treaty, and shall
embrace all sums paid for improvements, ferries, spoliations, removal, and
subsistence, and commutation therefor, debts and claims upon the Cherokee
Nation of Indians, for the additional quantity of land ceded to said nation; and
the several sums provided in the several articles of the treaty, to be invested
as the general funds of the nation; and also all sums which may be hereaftei
properly allowed and paid under the provisions of the treaty of 1835. The
aggregate of which said several sums shall be deducted from the sum of six-
millions six hundred and forty-seven thousand and sixty-seven dollars, and
the balance thus found to be due shall be paid over, per capita, in equal
amounts, to all those individuals, heads of families, or their legal represent-
atives, entitled to receive the same under the treaty of 183 5, and the supple-
ment of 1836, being all those Cherokees residing east at the date of said treaty
and the supplement thereto.

Rights Under Treaty of Aug. 1. 1835, Not Affected. Article 10. It is ex-
pressly agreed that nothing in the foregoing treaty contained shall be con-

IP HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDNIAS

stnrd as in anv manner to take away or abridge any rights or claims wliici:
the Cherokees now residing in States east of the Mississippi R.ver had, or may
have, under the treaty of 1S35 and the supplement thereto.

Certain Questions to be Submitted to Senate of United States. Article 11.

Whereas the Cherokee delegates contend that the amount expended for the
one year's subsistence, after their arrival in the west, of the Eastern Chero-
kees is not properly chargeable to the treaty fund: it is hereby agreed that
that 'question shall be submitted to the Senate of the United States for its de-
cision which shall decide whether the subsistence shall be borne by the United
States or the Cherokee funds, and if by the Cherokees, then to say, whether
the subsistence shall be charged at a greater rate than thirty-three, 3 3-lO(,
dollars per head; and also the question, whether the Cherokee Nation be al-
lowed interest on whatever sum may be found to be due the nation, and tron.
what date and at what rate per ;innum.
Article 13. [Stricken out.]

Article 13. This treaty, after the same shall be ratified by the President
and Senate of the Linited States, shall be obligatory on the contracting parties
in testimony whereof, the said Edmund Burke. William Armstrong, and
Albion K. Parris, Commissioners as aforesaid, and the several delegations
aforesaid, and the Cherokee nation and people, have hereunto set their hands
and seals, at Washington aforesaid,this sixth day of August, in the year of our
Lord one thousand eight hundred and forty-six.

Edmound Burke. Wm. Armstrong. Albion K. Parris.

Delegation of the Government Party:

Jno. Ross, Wm. S. Coody, R. Taylor, C. V. McNair, Stephen Foreman,
.John Drew, Richard Fields.

Delegation of the Treaty Party: Geo. W. Adair, J. A. Bell, S. Watie,
Joseph M. Lynch, John Huss, Brice Martin (by J. M. Lynch, his attorney).

Delegation of the Old Settlers: Jno. Brown, Wm. Dutch, John L. Mc-
Coy, Richard Drew, Ellis F. Phillips.

(To each of the names of the Indians a seal is aftixed.)
In presence ol —

Joseph Bryan, of Ahibama.
Geo. W. Paschal.

John P. Wolf, (Secretary of Board.)
W. S. Adair.
Jno. F. Wheeler.
On November 12, 1847 an act was passed by the national council for
the establishment of the two national high schools, the Male and Female Sem-
inaries, the two di-stinctive tribal schools that were thenceforth to be the
pride of the nation and its most inportant factors in producing solidarity and
patriotic instinct. Large sums were diverted and well spent for their main-
tainance, instead of being used for inervating payments. The only payments
made to the Cherokees thereafter, were old settlers and emigrant payments of

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 143

185 1 and 1852,

18 75, ,0.60
I880, "Bread money" 16.55
188?. "Grass monev," rent from Cherokee outlet 15.5()
1886, ,5.05
1800, 13.70
1894, From sale of the outlet 565.70
1896, Old Settlers 159.10
1902, Destitute. S5.00 to single persons and S4.oo each to members of

families

19 10, Emigrants 133.10
1^1^, SI 5.00
l^M4, SI 2.00
19 16, Final disbursement 3.?(>

The Cherokees that tied to the mountains in 1838 congregated in
western North Carolina where according to a roll made in 184'' bv J. C.
Mulla.v, federal census taker they numbered two thousand one hundred thirty
three. They were placed on a reservation, called Q)ualla, where they still
reside.

Fort Gibson was abandoned by the LInited States on June 2?, 1857, and
its buildings were formally transferred to the Cherokee Nation on the nintli
day of September.

The Keetoowha society was originated among the Cherokees by
Reverends Evan and John B. Jones in 1859. it is a secret society for the
purpose of protecting national and community interests and for the fuller de-
velopment of the nobler qualities of individualism. It has always been es-
pecially active in upbuilding the religious and patriotic instincts of its members,
and is the only lodge in the United States whose principal emblem is the
United States flag. During the civil war its insigna was a couple of pins
crossed on the left coat lapel, and for that reason its members were known
as "Pin Indians."

Early in 1861, Stand VVatie organized a company to cooperate with the
confederacy. Watie became the Captain; Buzzard. First Lieutenant; Wilson
S'uagee, Second Lieutenant; Charles Edwin Watie, Third Lieutenant and
Henry Forrester, Orderly Sergeant. Their service was in Delaware District
and Neutral Land which was a legal part of that district. Other companys
having been formed they met near Fort Wayne on July 12, I861 and formed
the Cherokee Mounted Rifle regiment and elected the following ofl'icers:
Colonel Stand Watie; Lieutenant Colonel, Thomas Fox Taylor'; Major, Elias
Cornelius Boudinot; Adjutant, Charles E. Watie; Quarter Master. George
Washington Adair?; Commissary, Joseph McMinn Starr, Sr. ; Surgeons, Drs.
Walter Thompson Adair and William Davis Poison; Chaplain, C. M. Slover;
Sergeant Major, George West" and Joseph Franklin Thompson.

It has been impossible to obtain a roster of the several companies, but a
fragmentary list of them, is:

Company A. Captain Buzzard; First Lt. W^ilson Suagee, Second Lt.

144 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

Charles E. Watie, Third Lt. Dumplin O'Fields, Orderly Sergeant Henry For-
rester. Privates: Lucien Burr Bell, Vann Ward, John Ketcher, Alfred Pigeon,
Logan Pigeon, Jack Pigeon, Stand Suagee, Archibald Ballard, Edmond Dun-
can Carey, Olcut Moore, David Moore, John Moore, Jesse Pigeon, Daniel
Squirrel, David Suagee, Charles Huss, Joseph Summerfield, Saladin Waite,
Charles Lowrey, Thomas Jef!'erson Woodall, Ned Moore and Jack Squirrel.

Company B. Captain Robert Calvin Parks, First Lt. Ephriam Vann,
Second Lt. Martin Buzzardflopper and Walker A. Daniel, Third Lt. Reese
Candy. Privates: David Burkett, James Burkett, James Leon Butler, Red
Bird Harris, William Harris, George Harlan, Fishtail, Mitchell Harlan, Cabbage
Vann, Coon Vann, Yartunnah Vann, Joseph Vann, Alexander McCoy Rider
and Thomas Jetlerson Parks.

Company C. Captains Daniel Ross Coody, O. H. P. Brewer and
Thomas Fox Brewer, First Lt. O. H. P. Brewer and Thomas Fox Brewer,
Second Lts. Richard Crossland and William Snow Brewer, Third Lt. Reliford
Beck, Orderly Sergeant Joseph Absalom Scales. Privates: James McDaniel
Keyes, William Keys, Charles H. Campbell, Robert Taylor Hanks, James
Ore, John Joshua Patrick, Wiliam V. Shepherd, Jesse Bean Burgess, John
Walker Starr, John W. Jordan, Moses Nivens, John Nivens, Johnson Vann,
Perry Andre Riley, George Lowrey, John A. Sevier, John Linder, Emory
Ogden Linder McCoy Smith, Julius Caesar Linder, Russell Bean, Frank
Smith, Samuel ("Buster") Smith, John Gunter Lipe', Thomas Stoneroa4
Lorenzo D. Chambus,

"Written in the autograph album of Miss Victoria Hicks, who later mar-
ried DeWitt Clinton Lipe, are these verses:
"To Miss Vic.
I stand at the portal and knock.
And tearfully, prayerfully wait.
O! who will unfasten the lock.
And open the beautiful gate'

Forever and ever and ever,

Must I linger and suffer alone'

Are there none that are able to sever,

The fetters that keep me from home?

My spirit is lonely and weary,

I long for the beautiful streets.

The world is so chilly and dreary.

And bleeding and torn are my feet.
Tahlequah, Cherokee Nation.

February 2 7th, 1861. j. Q Lipe "

John Gunter Lipe, Samuel ("Buster'') Smith, John Nivens and

rams were killed at the same time as was their commander Lt. Col. Thomas
^ox Taylor, on Greenleaf Bayon, July 2 1 186^

Charles Drew John Calhoun Sturdivant, ' Martin Butler Sturdivant, Archi-
bald Lovett, John Lovett, Bruce Brown, Richard Neal, Frank Pettit, Qinton

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 145

Osmund, Richard Boggs, Gideon Reynolds, George Reynolds, Michael Hilde-
brand, Reese Hildebrand, Richard Brewer, Alnion Martin, John Ferguson,
William Patrick, Wilborn Vickery, Ellis Starr, James Hood, Benjamin Lafew.
Pleasant Bean, Simpson G. Bennett, John Calhoun West, William M. West,
James Polk West, Samuel Benge, George Yates, William Vann, William Har-
ris, Michael Spaniard, John Q. Hayes, Surry Eaton Beck, William Beavert,
George Kirk, William Beatty, Ellis Beck, Weatherford Beck, JetiVey Beck,
John Porter, Allen Latta, Diver Latta, Rider Whitekiller, Jolly Thornton,
William Edwin Brown, Hugh Montgomery McPherson, George Elders, John
Rogers, David Hicks, Wilson Boggs, Charles Kirk, Andrew Spaniard, John-
son Sosa, John Tinker, Henry Clay Starr, Johnson Riley, David R. Vann,
Stephen Hildebrand, Joseph Martin Hildebrand, Charles Webber, Solomon
Hosmer, John Coody, Henry Vann, Daniel Webster Vann, Marcellus Nivens,
Joseph Riley, John McLain, James Starr, Lafayette Catron, William Lucas,
Noah Scott and Sterling Scott.

Company D. Captain James Madison Bell, First Lt. Joseph Martin
Lynch, Second Lt. John A. Raper, Third Lt. Pinson England, Orderly Ser-
geant Hugh .Montgomery Adair. Privates: Lewis Ross Kell, Watie Lafabre,
Proctor Landrum, Robert McDaniel, David Moore, Dumplin O'Fields, John-
son O'Flelds, Kiowa Ratliti', Joseph Rogers, Napoleon Rogers, John Tinney,
Thomas Tinney, Reuben R. Tyner, Hill Wilkinson, Moses Williams, Franklin
Wright, John Talala Kell, Bear Timpson, John Adam.s, Walter Adair West,
David McLaughlin, Saladin Watie, Charles Webber, Daniel Webster Vann,
Benjamin Franklin Adair, William Penn Adair, David Jarrette Bell, George
Bell, John Bell, James Brower, Arseenee, Gesseau Chouteau, Charles Coats,
John Coats, Thomas Cox, Chuwalooka, Virgil Crawford, David Davis,
Archibald Elliott, George W. Elliott, Walter Elliott, Martin England, Mitchell
England, Henry Freshower, Joseph Freshower, Wallace Freshower, Daniel
O'Conner Kell and Joseph Kell.

Company E. Captain Joseph Franklin Thompson, First Lt. Thomas
Jerterson McGee, Second Lt. Stand Wawaseet, Third Lt. William Y. H. Fore-
man, Orderly Sergeant William Adolphus Daniel. Privates: Thompson
Fields, Morrison Shoeboots, Stephen Walker, Joshua Daniel, Thomas Daniel,
Ansel Green, Runabout Shoemaker, Chuwanosky, Alexander Beamer, Charles
Hillian, E. G. Holcomb, Oliver Morris, Vann Ward, George M. Ward, Joseph
Bledsoe, Lorenzo Bledsoe, Thomas Bledsoe, Isaac Dick, David McGee, John
Shields, William Shields, Lewis Glenn, David Denton, Jack Caldwell, Boot,
Moses Buck, Ross Thomas Carey, Caleb Conner, Colston, Corntassel, Broom
Cramp, Harry Cramp, Ned Cramp, Riddle Cramp, John Martin Daniel,
Marmaduke Daniel, John Davis, Nicholas Deerhead, John Doghead, John
Duck, William Eckridge, L. L. Farley, John Pawling, Grasshopper, Stephen
Gray Garbarina Hawk, John Hensley, Elam, Richard Fields, Dr. Charles H.
Preston, George Fields, George Washington Fields, Ezekiah ("Bud") Fields,
Ezekiah Fields, Albert Morris,"john R. McGee, Albert McGee, Albert McGee,
Tee-ge-ski, Daniel Miller, George Washington Trout, Oo-ni-quan-na, Jack-
son Jones, Stand Smith, Richard Pheasant, W. A. Kincade, James Burkett,
Bee Marshall, John Marshall, James Horsefly. Ned Jailer, Drewry Jones.

146 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

James Jones, John Jones, Wilborn Jones, Charles Lisenbe, Washinglon
Lisenbe, EH Lisenbe, Andrew Miller, John Martin Miller, Joseph Gambold
Miller, Thomas Miller, Mouse, Henry Nightkiller, Rock Shirt, James Rogers,
Saltface, Lewis Rogers, William Rogers, Rottenman, Flea Smith, Joseph
Smith, Stand Smith, Thomas Smith, Shell, Looney Tiger, Bear Timson,
Wawaseet, William Webster Weir, Waseeter, James Waseeter, Womankiller,
Charles Lowry, Ellis Dick, Luke Blevins, Samuel Palmer, Samuel Bright,
Michael Condon, Dusky Rattlinggourd, William Conner Sr., William Conner,
Jr., James Humphrey, George Frayser, Leander McGee, Samuel Steele, Elias
Reader, Joseph Henry, Thomas Hadley, John Matthis, Joseph Rogers, Hill
Wilkerson and David Pogue.

Company F. Not known.

Company G. Captains George Harlan Starr', Alexander Wot^ord and
Ephriam Martin Adair, First Lts. Jonh Gott, John R. Wright, Ephriam Martin
Adair and Joseph McMinn Starr Jr., Second Lts. Alexander Wofford, Ezekial
Starr and Joseph Martin Lynch, Third Lts. Thomas Wilkerson, Andrew Cum-
mings Johnson and Mark Bean, Orderly Sergeant — — Root, John Henry
Danenburg and John R. Vann. Privates: Andrew Alberty, Jesse Clinton
-Alherty, Cornelius Bean, Mark Bean, William Bean, Releford Beck, Joseph
Beck, Samuel E. Beck, James Blake, Jesse Adair, John Alexander, Jonathan
Bullington, Jcihn \V. Bumgarner, James Carselowry, (Cornelius Clyne, Joel
M. B. Clyne, William Collins, Virgil Crawford, Charles Crittenden, Welling-
ton Oittenden, John Henry Danenburg, William Danenburg, John Denton,
William Henry fJrew, George Washington Crittenden, James Crittenden,
ignpcious Few, Elias Gourd Foreman, George Gott, William Gott, John
Gritiin, John Brown ("Oce") Harlan, Erastus J. Howland, John Bean
Johnson, Andrew Cummings Johnson, Kelt, James Morgan, Calvin Sanders,
David Sanders, Wats?n Sanders, William Sanders, .lohn Sexton, John Scott,
Samuel Sixkiller, Joseph Smallwood, John Smith, Lewis Stansel, Martin
Butler Sturdivant, Ezekiah Taylor, John Thornton, William H. Thornton,
Timothy Trott, Walter Duncan West, Stephen Whitmire, Benjamin C. Wil-
born, Harrison Williams, Robert Wottord, John Martin, Charles W. Starr,
James Starr, Joseph McMinn Starr, Jr., Walter Adair Starr, Benjamin Fisher
William Eubanks, Jeremiah Horn, George Noisywater, Johnson Watts, Wil-
liam Lafayette Trott, Andrew Reese, George Reese, Murray Reese, Caleb
Wright. Hugh Montgomery Adair, Benjamin Franklin Adair, James Adair,
Jes.-^e M. Adair, .lohn Bell Adair, George Washington Adair, Oscar Fitzaland
Adair, Rufus Bell Adair, George Alberty, Joshua Alberty, John Alberty,
Bailev Bacon, John Ellis Bean, Joseph McMinn Bean, James Lafayette Bigby,
Thomas W. Bigby, David McLaughlin Beck, John Beck, James Bell, John
Bell. Benjamin Jackson Bigby, William Edwin Brown, George Overs, Nicholas
Byers, James Chandler, George George, James Choate, James" Collins, Wil-
liam Collins, Harry Crittenden, William Daniel, Georoe Davis, John Davis,
William Henry Davis, James Devine, Harlin Eaton, Richard Eaton, Samuel
Foreman, Thomas Gallagher, Benjamin Franklin Goss, Dennis Gonzales,
John Grirtin, Oliver Hogg, Philip Inlow, Sylvester Inlow, James Johnson,
.hade Kagle, Jesse Killian, James R. Lamar, Gatz Lewis, Joseph Martin

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 147

L_\nch, Richard Mayes, John Walker Maytield, Alfred Miller, Joshua Morji-ar.,
Lone Morgan, Mark Morgan, George Reese, Charles Sanders, George Sea-
bolt, Jeremiah Seabolt, Charles Washington Starr, Ellis Starr, James Starr,
Allison Woodville Timberlake and John Vickery.

Company H. Captain John Thompson Mayes, First l.t. Daniel Mc-
Kizzick, Secord Lt. William Catterson, Third Lt. William H. Hendron,
Orderly Sergeant John Stewart. Privates: William Ballard, George ButTing-
ton, Frank Conseen, Michael Davis, Maxwell Dixon, Green Graham, J. B.
Grah:'m, John Graham, John Golston, Matthew Golston, Benjamin Harmon,
James Harm-n, Murphy Harmon, W. A. Y. Hastings, Joseph Hazlett, Wil-
liam Hazlett, Joel Bryan Mayes, William Henry Mayes, John Phillips, Sooter
Phillips, William Phillips, John Rogers Stover, James Tucker, John West,
James Wilson, George W. Snardy, Charles Webber, John Hogan and John
L. Davis,

Company 1. Captains George W. Johnson and Blutord West Alberty,
First Lts. James Benge and David McNair Faulkner, Second Lts. David Mc-
Nair Faulkner and John Martin Bell, Third Lts. David McNair Faulkner,
Orderly Sergeants William Myers and William Eubanks. Privates: Isaac
Sanders, Thomas Pettit, John Faulkner, Wilson Sanders, John Stansil, Lewis
Stansil, Buck Few, L. D. Chambers, Lewis Robards, Watt Downing, Shorey
Pack, John Seminole, Robert Sanders, James Colby, Andrew Waters, John
VValker Mayfield, Alexander McCoy Rider, William R. Foreman, William
Eubanks, Charles Foreman, Joshua Sanders, Cornelius Sanders, Berry Price,
John Price, John Hinman, Seven Fields, John Vanita, Josephus Simco, Bose
Simco, George W. Alberty, William Butler, Cicero M. Cunningham, Charles
A. Fargo, John Bell Adair, John Brown Harlan, Jesse Clinton Alberty,
William McCracken, Lock Langley, Walter Scott Agnew, Joel McDaniel,
Robert McDaniel, Samuel Foreman, Richard Pate, Cornelius Clyne, James
Trott or Badger, Creek Pigeon, Creek Liver, Robert Waters, Amos Price,
John Gafford, Jesse Gafford, George Smoker, John H. Baugh and Joseph
Wyatt.

Company K. Captain John Spears, First Lt. Foster, Second Lt.

Lewis Weaver, Third Lt. Thomas Wilkerson. Privates: John W. Bum-
garner, Samuel Hair, John Hair and Joseph Vann.

Company L. Captain James Thompson.

Shortly after the formation of the First Cherokee Mounted Rifles: Joel
Mayes Byran organized and became Major of Bryan's Battalion. The
letters of the companies are not known, but the companies were probably:

Captain C. C. Waters, First Lt. Jasper Wilkerson, Second Lt. James
Chambers Yeargain, Third Lt. Daniel Herron, Orderly Sergeant Mai Banks.
Privates: David Copeland, George Sullivan, Henrv Ward, William Ward.
Lewis Baker, Wallace Brown, John Banks, George Banks, George Buchanan,
Jefferson Cordell. Charles Baker, John Bak-^r. Frank Davis, John Edwards,
Samuel Gamble, Augustus Gailey, Joseph Galley, l.ucien Gailey, Warren
Gailev, Randolph Gallion, William Clark, William Grinder, Caleb Gillett,
David Holt, George Holt, Henry Holt, William Latta, Matthew Latta, Henrv
Lukens Alexander McCall, James Pat'on, Henderson Rotrammel, Henry

,48 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

Rotrammel, James Rotranimel, John Rotraniniel, Wilson Rotrammel, George
Russell, Joseph Shelton, P. N. Thomas, Samuel Shelton, Monroe Smith,
Robert 'vinyard, George De Shields Ward and William Wilkerson.

Captahi John R. Harden and First Lt. William Hendron. Private:
Jacob M. Hiser.

Captain William Shannon.

On August 31, 1862 the First Cherokee Mounted Volunteers was or-
ganized with Stand Watie as Colonel, Lieutenant Colonel Robert Calvin
Parks, Major Joseph Franklin Thompson, Quartermaster John Lynch Adair,
Surgeon Dr. William J. Dupree, Chaplain John Harrell.

The Second Cherokee Mounted Volunteers was organized several months
later under Colonel William Penn Adair, Lieutenant Colonel James Madison
Bell and later O. H. P. Brewer, Major Porter Hammock succeeded by John
R. Harden, Quartermaster Joel Bryan Mayes, Commissary C. S. Lynch, Sur-
geon Dr. Waldemar Lindsley and Chaplain John Harrell. Shortly after the
organization of the Second Cherokee Mounted Volunteers Moses Frye or-
ganized a battalion and became its Major, he was succeeded by Joseph Ab-
salom Scales.

It has been impossible to identify the companies with the above given
regiments and batalions, but fragmentary rosters are as follows:

Captain John W. ("Scoy") Brown, became demented and succeeded
by E. G. Smith and later by John Gunter Scrimsher. First Lts. E. G. Smith.
John Gunter Scrimsher and Dempsey Handle. Second Lt. Dempsey Handle,
and Dumplin O'Fields, Third Lt. William Parrott, Orderly Sergeants John
Anthony Foreman and Clark Charlesworth Lipe. Privates: John Chambers
Jr., Joseph Chambers, George Davis, Deerham, Richard Fool, William Fool,
Looney Hicks, Hogshooter, Jack Justice, Watie Lafabre, Talet Morgan,
Johnson O'Fields, Tetenahi, Henry Covel, John Kickup, Joseph Turnover
and George Runabout. In calling the roll orderly sergeant Lipe always fin-
ished with "Kickup, Turnover and Runabout.''

Captain James Leon Butler, First Lt. Clement Vann Rogers, Second Lt.
John Talala Kell, Third Lt. \\'illiam Henry Mayes. Privates: Lucien
Burr Bell, Daniel O'Conner Kell, Joseph Kell, Lewis Ross Kell, Robert Due
Knight, Thomas Rogers Knight, James L. McLaughlin, Thomas McLaughlin,
Thomas Lewis Rogers, Rogers Stover, Saladin Watie, Robert Fite, Henry
Sliaw, Joseph Landrum, Calvin Miller, Bevelly Bean Hickey, Bailey Bacon
Thomas Bacon, John Calhoun West, William 'm. West, George We'st, John
Gunter Scrimsher, Robert Mann, Rufus Montezuma Morgan,^ Calvin' Jones
Hanks, Talet Morgan, Benjamin Franklin Adair, Green Parris, Charles H.
Campbell, Robert Taylor Hanks, John Chambers Jr. and Maxwell Chambers.
Butler's company was probably in the organization at Ft. Wayne in July,
I86L " "

Captain Benjamin Wisner Carter, First Lt. Richard Carter, Second L^
Johnson Fields, Third Lt. Catcher Teehee. Privates: Seaborn F. Tyner,
Reuben Bartley Tyner, Abraham Woodall, Ezekial Bolin, Walter Bolin,
S.mon Boynton, John Ross Carter, Charles Coody, Millard Filmore, Josepn
Freshower Joseph Hedricks, William Hedricks, Isaac Keys, Loonev Keys.

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 149

Monroe Keys, Sanuiel H. Keys. Samuel Houston Mayes, Worcester McCoy,
Lewis Clark Ramsey, Randolph Riley, Samuel A. Riley, Antoine Rosters, An-
drew Tyner, Daniel Teehee, Georg-e Teehee, John Teehee and Thomas
Teehee. Possibly a company of the First Cherokee Mounted Volunteers.

Captain John Childers', First Lt. Samuel Lee and Second Lt. Ellis
Sanders"'. This was prohahly a company of Frye's Battallion.

Captain John Porum Davis, First Lt. Charles Drew, Second Lt. James
Christopher McCoy, Third Lt. John Q. Hayes, Orderly Sergeant Richard Neal,
Second Sergeant John Evans, Third Sgt. Teesee Guess, Fourth Sgt. Samuel
Campbell, Fifth Sergeant Heavy Butler, First Corporal George Downing,
Second Corp. John Poorbear, Third Corp. Albert P. Shepherd, Fourth Corp.
Thomas O. Bowles. Privates: George Arnold, Joe Ashes, James Apple-
gate, George Bowles, James Bowles, Johnson Bowles, Samuel Bowles, Badger,
Johnson Baldridge, David Barberry, Isaac W. Bertholf, Robin Bob, John
Butterfield, Cahlahhoola, Chunarchur, Crane, David Davis, Small Dirt, David
Downing, Edward Downing, Joseph Downing, Benjamin Ellis, Lafayette
ElHs, Stand Foreman, Flyingaway, Buck Girty, Simon Girty, Buflalo Garves,
James Griftin, William Grift'in, David Harris, Nathan Hicks, Walter Jack-
son, John Kettle, Allen Latta, Hercules T. Martin, John Miller, George
Morris, Daniel McCoy, W. S. McCoy, David McLaughlin, Oolskunee, Oowa-
looka, Joseph Ore, Satanka, Joseph Shepherd, William STiepherd, George
Smoker, Splitnose, Ellis Starr, Ezekial Starr, George Starr, Tobacco John,
James Starr, James Starr, George Sunshine, Allison Woodville Timberlake,
David Vann, Jesse \'ann, Monkey \'ann, Yartunnah \'ann, Thomas Watts
and Reuben Williams.

Captain William Eckridge First Lt. Thomas Jefferson McGee, Second
Lt. Lewis Rogers, Third Lt. Albert McGee, Orderly Sergeant Dr. Charles H.
Preston. Privates: David Bashears, Elap, George Broughill, David Burkett,
John Beamer, Joseph Bledsoe, Lorenzo Bledsoe, John Caldwell, Ellis Dick,
Isaac Dick, Dick Duck, John Duck, Ezekial ("Bud") Fields, Ezekial Fields,
George Washinglon Fields, George Fields, Henry Fields, Matthew Fields,
Thompson Fields, George Frazier, John Brown Harlan, Samuel G. Hefiing-
ton, Scott Hunt, Calvin Jackson, Harvey Jackson, Benjamin King, Samuel
Kinkade, Charles Lisenbe, Washington Lisenbe, Bee Marshall, John Mathis,
David A. McGee, John McMurtrey, Solomon Moore, Oliver Morris, Wilson
Muskrat, David Pogue, George Raper, John L. Rogers, Joseph Rogers. Shot-
pouch- Frank Simms. William Stover- Ticanooly, George Washington Trout,
George Washington Walker, Vann Ward, Hill Wilkerson and Albert Morris.
This company was probably first- a part of Bryan's Battallion and later
(Co. D?) of the Second Cherokee Mounted Volunteers.

Captain John W. Fagan.

Captain Richard Fields, First Lt. Moses Edwards, Second Lt. Bevelly
Bean Hickey, Orderly Sergeant Coon Vann. Privates: George ("Buck-
skin") Waters, Sunday Hogtoter, Benjamin Fisher, Hogstoter- George
Waters- Yartunna Proctor, Tetenahi, B-enjamin King, Dreadfulwater- Lorenzo
D. Chambers, John Quincy A. Smith, William Henry Mayes, Robert Mc-

150 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

l.emcire and Thomas Henry Still.

Captain Alexander Foreman.

Captain Roswell W. Lee. First Lts. Henry Forrester and J. W. Gregg,
Second Lts. William Taylor and Riley Wise Lindsey, Orderly Sergeants John
Reese, Taylor Clark and John R. Vann. Privates: Lee Silk, Thomas Peter,
Ikush, Charles Hicks, Rider Cloud- William Crane, William Womack, John
Polk, Robert Barnard, James Brower, McCoy Smith, George W. Alberiy,
Arseena, Samuel Benge, Alonzo Bledsoe, Thomas Bigby, James Crittenden.
John Doghead, J. Hilary Clark, John Campeau, Richard Hurd, John Marshall
Isaac Proctor, Ootlenowi, Ice Nitts, William Phillips, James Seymour, Ketcher
Solomon, Bailey Bacon, John Bacon. William Taylor, J. Riley Baker, Cap
Edwards, William Walker and William Deadrick. This was an artillery com-
pany. They got their battery; three twelve pound howitzers and a 2.2 5
pound brass rifle, early in 1863. One twelve pounder lost in Elk Creek after
the battle of Honey Springs and found by the federals while searching for
dead. Three other guns were added but their sources not known. On.;
gun bursted by over charging at the capture of the Steamer J. R. Williams
on June 15, 1864 and the others were surrendered to the United States at
the close of the war.

Captain Moses C. Frye. First Lt. John Childers, Second Lt. William
Alexander and John Edward Gunter, Third Lt. William Barnes. Privates:
Charles A. Fargo- Isaac Sanders, John Price, Thomas Jefferson Carter.
Samuel Candy and. Ellis Sanders. This is probably the same company that
was commanded by John Childers after Captain Frye organized and became
Major of the battalion.

Captain Sajnuel Gunter, First Lt. William Alexander, Second Lt. Calvin
Jones Hanks, Third Lt. Rufus Bell Adair. Orderly Sergeant Robert Taylor
Hanks. Privates: Felix N. Witt, John Bell Adair, Samuel Candy. John
Edward Cjunter, Stephen N. Carlile- George Washington Fields, Charles
Jones, Matthew Jones. James Ussrey, Philip Ussrey , Tobe Ussrey. Lock
Langiev, John Price. Allen Matthis, William McCracken, Robert Alexander,
John Poorhear, John Candy, Henderson Holt, John Gaf^'ord, George Smoker,
John Lafayette Brown, David Ussrey, William Ussrey, John H. Shanks,
Charles Harmon, Buck Elmo. Jeflerson Eldridge, George Yates, Moses Ed-
wards, Seven Fields, Bertie Simmons, Keekee Gunter. Jesse Galiord, Jollv
Colwell, Samuel Wheeler, Moses Holt. Joseph Perdue, John Perdue, John
Frazell. John Gonzales, Snake Puppy, William Johnson and Benjamin John-
son.

Captain Charles Holt, First Lts. Montgomery Morgan and Squire Bald-
ridge. Second Lts. John D. Alberty and Jack Miller, Orderly Sergeants James
Reed and Coon Vann. Privates: Stephen N. Carlile, Charles Jones, James
Ussrey George Reese, Stephen Whitmire, George' ("Buckskin") Waters,
Samuel Payne, John Marshall, Little Leach, Charles Hicks. Arseena Vann,
Abraham Lmcoln, J. L. McCorkle and William Lowrev
Captain Richard O'Fields, First Lt. Johnson O'Fields
Gaptams Thomas Jefferson Parks and John W. Fagan, First Lt. John

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 15;

VV. Fa,5an. Privates: John Pinkncv Chandler, Aanm Head Beck and
Releford Beck.

Captain Clement \ann Rogers, First Lt. Joseph Martin Lvnch. Second
Lt. Thomas Lewis Rogers, Third Lt. Henry Chambers. Orderly Sergeant
Robert McDaniel. Privates: Richard Grirtin- Daniel Webster Vann. Na-
poleon Bonapart Rogers, Isaac Howell, John Hair, John W. Bumgarner,
Caleb Wright, Virgil Crawford, Joseph Rogers, Antoine Rogers, Maxwell
Chambers. Joseph Martin Hildebrand, Hilary Clark. Thomas Hubbard. Wilker-
son Hubbard, Reuben Finley, Moses McDaniel, James Beavert, Lemuel
Smith, John O'Reiley and Joseph H. Bennett.

Captain Joseph Sniallwood.

Captain John M. Smith. First Lt. Edward Foreman, Second Lt. Heman
Lincoln Foreman, Third Lt. Martin Buzzardflopper. Orderly Sergeant Loonev
Tiger. Privates: Richard L. Martin. John Palmer, Moses Williams and
Nelson McDaniel

Captain John W. T. Spencer. First Lt. Robert McDaniel, Second Lt.
James Beavert, Third Lt. Randolph Coker, Orderly Sergeant Daniel Webster
Vann. Privates: Houston Allen, John Bell, John Boot, James Cannon.
Virgil Crawford- David Cogswell, Archibald Elliott, George W. Elliott. James
Elliott, Walter Elliott. Jefl'erson Gage, John Gritfin, .Alexander Gordon. Wilev
McNair Guilliams, William Hicks, Daniel O'Conner Kelt, Joseph KelL Richard
L. Martin, Nelson McDaniel, David McLaughlin. Ezekial McLaughlin. John
McNulty, John McPherson, John Palmer. John Poorbear, James Benjamin
Franklin Rogers, James Spencer, Napoleon Bonapart Rogers, Claybourne Tay-
lor, Andrew Townsend. Reuben R. Tyner. Bryan Ward, James Ward, John
Ward, James Williams. John Williams, Moses Williams, John Witt and
William McCracken.

Captain James Stewart, First Lt. Catterson, Second Lt. George

U'. Snardy. Third Lt. Newton Swinney, Orderly Sergeant John Anderson.
Privates: James Brower, Frank Bryan. Jack Bryan. Samuel Bryan, John
Burns, John Campeau, John Campbell- Thomas Cotfelt, John Crabtree,
Thomas Ebv, Charles Edmondson, N. B. Edmondson. George Washington
Elliott, J. William Gregg. Daniel O'Conner Kell. Joseph Kell, Alexander L.
Martin, Napoleon B. McCreary, John Nance- M. P. Snider, John Stotts,
Joseph Lvnch Thompson. George Wagoner, Walter Adair West and James
Yost.

Captains William Taylor and William Eubanks, First Lt. William Eu-
banks. Second Lt. George Reese. Third Lt. John Alexander.

Captain Hugh Tinnon, First Lt. Jeter Thompson Cunningham, Second
Lt. William Evans, Third Lt. Joseph Ingle, Orderly Sergeant Patrick Patton.
Privates: Hugh Abercrombie, Charles Barney, Henry Baumister, John Brad-
shaw, John Bdckey, William Brickey, Mitchell Blevins, Ransom Blevins
Thompson Blevins, John Abercrombie, Lafa3'ette Abercrombie, Freeman
Authur, John Chastain, Chuwanosky, Henry Coats, John Coats, James Cole-
man, William Compton, Alexander Copeland, Austin Copeland. Andrew
Countryman, George Countryman. John Countryman. Samuel Countryman,
David Denton, Jack Dickey, Edward Evans, Lewis Fair, James Sanford

152 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

Fields. Moses Fields, Robert Francis. Henry Gates, William Green, Richard
Holland. William Howell. John Ingle, Thomas Ingle, John Ishell, Columbus
Isbell Chapman Johnson, Thomas Johnson, Elijah Keith, John Keith.
Thomas Keywood, William Keywood. Thomas King, Samuel Kirkpatrick,
Henrry l.ouks, P. G. Lynch. Charles McFadden. Telia McFadden. Thomas
McFadden, Samuel McPhail, Marshall McSpadden, John O'Bryan, Shipman
Reed, John Rhea, John Rogers. Samuel C. Sager, John Smith. Elisha Stover.
Rogers Stover, John Calhoun Sturdivant, Zimerhew Thomas, James Tinnon,
William Tinnon, Stephen Walker, David White, James White and Marion
White.

Captain John Shepherd Vann. First Lt. Walker Carey. Private Calvm

Jones Hanks.

Captain Charles E. Watie, First Lt. Wilson Suagee. Second Lt. Samuel
Mush, Third Lt. John Maw. Privates: John Ketcher, Alfred Pigeon, Logan
Pigeon, Jack Pigeon, Stand Suagee and Ezekial Beck.

Captain Erastus Howland. First Lt. Knight. Second Lt.

Boone, Third Lt. Antoine LaHay. Privates: Heman Lincoln Foreman,
Alexander McCoy Rider and Riley J. Keys.

Captain William H. Turner, First Lt. Antoine LaHay. Second Lt. Re-
turn Jonathan Foreman, William W. Bark, Orderly Sergeant Jacob Markham.
Privates: Amos Foreman, Squataleechee, William Cochran, Carter Daniel
Markham, George Foreman. Lewis Cochran, John Cochran, Henry Blalock,
George Arseena, J. P. Blackstone, Joseph Bledsoe, Littlebird, Samuel Coch-
ran, Charles Cochran Sr., Charles Cochran Jr., John S. Coats, Wilson Cor-
dery, Thomas Cordery, James Davis Sr., James Davis Jr., W. A. Dennison,
Jackson Foreman, Looney Downing. Thomas Harvingston. George W. Kirk,
John Inlow, Charles Jumper, Robert Kanard, John LaHay. John Mosley.
John Martin Miller, Andrew Miller, Washington Miller. Robert J. Mann. Wil-
son Muskrat, James Proctor, Nelson Proctor, Johnson Thomas, Thomas C.
Thomas, James Winifield, Ulrich Waldron, Samuel Wisner, James Wortham,
John O'Reilly, Charles Hillen and William C. Daniel.

Governor Rector of Arkansas wrote Chief Ross on January 2'), 1861
requestng- the cooperation of the Cherokees with the Confederacy to which
Chief answered avowing neutrality?. The Chief by letters of May I7th'',
June 12th*' and 17= and in a proclamation of May 17th reiterated his stand
for this principle". On July 12th Stand Watie the political opponent of
Chief Ross organized his regiment and shortly afterwards the chief called
a general convention of the Cherokees to meet at Tahlequah on August 2 1st.
The Chief again urged neutrality" and the convention passed resolutions in
keeping with that sentiments The Chief wrote General McCullough that
"we are authorized to form an alliance with the Confederate States, which
we are determined to do as early as practicable. This determination may
give rise to movements against the Cherokee people upon their northern
border. To be prepared for any such emergency, we have deemed it pru-
dent^ to proceed to organize a regiment of mounted men and tender them for
service. They will be raised forthwith, by Colonel John Drew, and if re-
ceived by you will require to he armed"?

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEH INDIANS l53

Chief Ross appointed the following otlicers for Drew's regiment: Colonel
John Drew, Lieutenant Colonel William Potter Ross, Major Thomas Pegg,
Adjutant James S. Vann, Surgeon Dr. Robert D. Ross. Chaplain Lewis Down-
ing. Captains: Co. A, Pickens M. Benge; Co. B, Richard Fields; Co. C
John Poruni Davis; Co. D. James McDaniel; Co. E, Lewis Ross, succeeded
by Newton Hildebrand; Co. F, William W'. Alberty; Co. G, Anderson Spring-
ston; Co. H, Nicholas Byers Sanders; Co. \> George M. Murrell. succeeded by
Jefferson Hicks; Co. K, George Washington Scraper and Co. L, James Vann
A treaty was concluded at Hunters Home, the residence of George M.
Murrell on October 7. 1 861 between the Confederate States and the
Cherokee Nation and two days later Chief Ross delivered his message to the
national council:

MESSAGE OF THE PRINCIPAL CHIEF TO THE CHEROKEE NATION.
To the National Committee and Council in National Council convened:

Friends and Fellow-Citizens: Since the last meeting of the National
Council events have occurred that will occupy a prominent place in the his-
torv of the world. The United States have been dissolved and two govern-
ments now exist. Twelve of the states composing the' late Union have erect-
ed themselves into a government under the style of the Confederate States of
America, and, as you know, are now engaged in a war for their independence.
The contest thus far has been attended with success almost uninterrupted on
their side and marked by brilliant victories. Of its final result there seems
to b no grounds for a reasonable doubt. The unanimity and devotion of the
people of the Confederate States must sooner or Liter secure their success over
all opposition and result in the establishment of their independence and a rec-
ognition of it by the other nations of the earth.

At the beginning of the conflict I felt that the interest of the Cherokee
people would be best maintained by remaining quiet and not involving them-
selves in it prematurely. Our relations had long existed with the United
States Government and bound us to amity and peace alike with all the States.
Neutrality was proper and wise so long as there remained a reasonable prob-
ability that the difficulty between the two sections of the Union would be
settled, as a different course would have placed all our rights in jeopardy and
might have lead to the sacrifice of the people. But when there was no longer
any reason to believe that the Union of the States would be continued there
was no cause to hesitate as to the course the Cherokee Nation should pursue.
Our geographical position and domestic institutions allied us to the south,
while the developments daily made in our vicinity and as to the purposes of
the war waged against the Confederate States clearly pointed out the path of
our interest.

These conisderations produced a unainmity of sentiment among the
people as to the policy adopted by the Cherokee Nation, which was clearly
expressed in their general meeting held at Tahlequah on the 2 1st of August
last. A copy of tlie proceedings of that meeting is submitted for your infor-
mation.

In accordance with the declarations embodied in the resolutions then
adopted the Executive Council deemed it proper to exercise the authority con-

^54 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

ferred upon them by the people there assembled. Messengers dispatched to
General Albert Pike, the distinguished Indian Commissioner of the Confeder-
ate States, who having negotiated treaties with the neighboring Indian nations,
was then' establishing relations between his government and the Comanches
and other Indians in'^ the Southwest, who bore a copy of the proceedings of
the meeting referred to, and a letter from the executive authorities, proposing
on behalf of the nation to enter into a treaty of alliance, defensive and of-
fensive, with the Confederate States.

In the exercise of the same general authority, and to be ready as far as
practicable to meet any emergency that might spring up on our northern bord-
der, it was thought proper to raise a regiment of mounted men and tender its
services to General McCullough. The people responded with alacrity to the
call, and it is believed the regiment will be found as efficient as any other like
number of men. it is now in the service of the Confederate States for the
purpose of aiding in defending their homes and the common rights of the In-
dian nations about us. This regiment is composed of ten full companies, with
two reserve companies, and, in addition to the force previously authorized to
be raised to operate outside of the Nation by General McCullough, will show
that the Cherokee people are ready to do all in their power in defense of the
Confederate cause, which has now become our own. And it is to be hoped
that our people will spare no means to sustain them, but contribute liberally
to supply any want of comfortable clothing for the approaching season.

In years long since past our ancestors undaunted those who would in-
vade their mountain homes beyond the Mississippi. Let not their descendants
of the present day be found unworthy of them, or unable to stand by the
chivalrous men of the South by whose side they may be called to fight in
self-defense. The Cherokee people do not desire to be involved in war, but
self-preservation fully justifies them in the course they have adopted, and they
will be recreant to themselves if they should not sustain it to the utmost of
their humble abilities.

A treaty with the Confederate States has been entered into and is now
submitted for your ratification. In view of the circumstances by which we are
surrounded and the provisions of the treaty it will be found to be the most
important ever negotiated on behalf of the Cherokee Nation, and will mark
a new era in its history. Without attempting a recapitulation of all its pro-
visions, some of its distinguishing features may be briefly enumerated.

The relations of the Cherokee Nation are changed from the United
to the Confederate States, with guarantees of protection and a recognition
in future negotiations only of its constitutional authorities. The metes and
boundaries, as defined by patent from the United States, are continued, and a
guarantee given for the Neutral Land or a fair consideration in case it should
be lost by war or negotiation and an advance thereon to pay the national debt
and to meet other contingencies. The payment of all our annuities and secur-
ity of all our investments are provided for. The jurisdiction of the Cherokee
courts over all members of the Nation, whether bv birth, marriage, or ad-
option, is recognized.

Our title to our lands is placed beyond dispute. Our relations with the

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 155

Cnnfederate States is that of a ward; tlu'lrs to us that of a protectorate, with
powers restricted. The district court, with a limited civil and criminal jurisdic-
tion, is admitted into the country instead of beinj;- located at Van Buren, as was
the United States court. This is perhaps one of the most important provis-
ions of the treaty, and secures to our citizens the ,i;reat constitutional right
of trial by a jury of their own vicinage, and releases them from the pettv
abuses and vexations of the old system, before a foreign jury and in a foreign
country. It gives us a delegate in congress on the same footing with del-
egates from the Territories, by which our interests can be represented; a right
which has long been withheld from the Nation and which has imposed upon
it a large expense and a great injustice. !t also contains reasonable stipula-
tion in regard to the appointing powers of the Agent and in regard to licensed
traders. The Cherokee Nation may be called upon to furnish troops for the
defense of the Indian country, but is never to be taxed for the support of any
w;ir in which the States may be engaged.

The Cherokee people stand upon new ground. Let us hope that the
clouds which overspread the land will be dispersed and that we shall prosper as
we have never before done. New avenues of usefulness and distinction will be
oplmi to the ingenious youth of the country. Our rights of self-government
will be more fully recognized, and our citizens will be no longer dragged off
upnn flimsy pretexts, to be imprisoned and tried before distant tribunals. No
just cause exists for domestic difticulties. Let them be buried with the past
and only mutual friendship and liarmony be cherished.

Our relati^ins with the neighburing tribes are of the most friendly char-
acter. Let us see that the white path which leads from our country to their^
be obstructed by no act of ours, and that it be npen to all those with whom
we ma\' be brnught into intercourse.

Amid the excitement of the times it is tn be hoped that the interests of
education will not be allowed to sutler and that no interruption be brought in-
to the usual operations of the government. Let its olficers continue to dis-
charge their appropriate duties.

As the services of some of your members may be required elsewhere
and all unnecessary expense should be avoided, I respectfully recommend
that the business of the session be promptly discharged.

John Ross.

Executive Department,

Tahlequah, C. N., October Q, 1861.

On October 28th the council issued the following declaration:
Declaration by the People of the Cherokee Nation of the Causes Which Have

Impelled them to Unite Their Fortunes With Those of the Confederate

States cf America.

When circumstances beyond their cnntrol compel one people to sever
the ties which have long existed between them and another state or confed-
eracy, and to contract new alliances and establish new relations for the secur-
ity of their rights and liberties, it is fit that they should publicly declare the
reasons by which their action is justified.

The "Cherokee people had its origin in the South; its institutions are sim-

156 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

ilar to those of the Southern States, and their interests identical with theirs.
Long since it accepted the protection of the United States of America, con-
tracted with them treaties of alliance and friendship, and allowed themselves
to be to a great extent governed by their laws.

In peace and war they have been faithful to their engagements with
the United States. With much hardship and injustice to complain of, they,
resorted to no other means than solicitation and argument to obtain redress.
Loval and obedient to the laws and the stipulations of the treaties, they serv-
ed under the flag of the United States, shared the common dangers, and were
entitled to a share in the common glory, to gain which their blood was freely
shed on the battlefield.

When the dissentions between the Southern and Northern States cul-
minated in a separation of State after State from the Union they watched the
progress of events with anxiety and consternation. While their institutions
and the contiguity of their territory to the states of Arkansas, Texas and Mis-
souri made the cause of the seceding States necessarily their own cause, their
treaties had been made with the United States, and they felt the utmost reluct-
ance even in appearance to violate their engagements or set at naught the
obligations of good faith.

Conscious that they were a people few in numbers compared with either
of the contending parties, and that their country might with no considerable
force be easily overrun and devasted and desolation and ruin be the result if
they took up arms for either side, their authorities determined that no other
course was consistent with the dictates of prudence or could secure the safety
of heir people and immunity from the horrors of a war waged by an invad-
ing enemy than a strict neutrality, and in this decision they were sustained by
a majority of the Nation.

That policy was accordingly adopted and faithfully adhered to. Early
in the month of June of the present year the authorities of the Nation declin-
ed to enter into negotiations for an alliance with the Confederate States, and
protested against the occupation of the Cherokee country by their troops, or
any other violation of their neutrality. No act was allowed that could be con-
strued by the United States to be a violation of the faith of treaties.

But Providence rules the destinies of nations, and events, by inexorable
necessity, overrule human resolutions. The number of the Confederate States
increased to eleven, and their government is firmly established and consoli-
dated. Maintaining in the field an army of two hundred thousand men, the
war became for them but a succession of victories. Disclaiming any intention
to invade the Northern States, they sought only to repel invaders from their
own soil and to secure the right of governing themselves. They claimed
only he privilege asserted by the Declaration of American Independence, and
torn! d Ifu"^ .f "'' ^°'*^'™ 5*'*" themselves to self-government is
enb^ ;ni. 'n- K '■ '°''"' °^ government when it became no longer tol-
erable and establishing new forms for the security of their liberties.
footed J^^-T "' Confederate States we saw this great revolution ef-

Th n i r r " "' '"'•:'"'''" '^ '''' '^^^ °^ ^"^^ '^'^^•"S- of the courts,
nnhtarv poue, was nowhere placed above the civil authorities. None

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 157

were seized and imprisoned at the mandate nf arbitrary power. All division
among the people disappeared, and tiie determination became unanimous that
there should never again be any union with the Northern States. Almost as
one man all who were able to bear arms rushed to the defense of an invad-
ed country, and nowhere has it been found necessary to compel men to serve
or to enlist mercenaries by the oiler of extraordinary bounties.

But in the Northern States the Cherokee people saw with alarm a violat-
ed constitution, all civil liberty put in peril, and all rules of civilized warfare
and the dictates of common humanity and decency unhesitatingly disregard-
ed. In states which still adhered to the Union a military despotism had dis-
placed the civil power and the laws became silent amid arms. Free speech and
almost free thought became a crime. The right of the writ of habeas corpus,
guaranteed by the constitution, disappeared at the nod of a Secretary of State
or a general of the lowest grade. The mandate of the Chief Justice of the
Supreme Court was at naught by the military power and this outrage on com-
mon right approved by a President sworn to support the constitution. War
on the largest scale was waged, and the immense bodies of troops called into
the field in the absence of any law warranting it under the pretense of sup-
pressing unlawful combination of men.

The humanities of war. which even barbarians respect, were no longer
thought worthy to he observed. Foreign mercenaries and the scum of the
cities and the inmates of prisons were enlisted and organized into brigades
and sent into Southern States to aid in subjugating a people struggling foi
freedom, to burn, to plunder, and to commit the basest of outrages on the
women; while the heels of armed tyranny trod upon the necks of Maryland
and Missouri, and men of the highest character and position were incarcera-
ated upon suspicion and without process of law, in jails, in forts, and prison
ships, and even women were imprisoned by the arbitrary order of a President
and Cabinet Ministers; while the press ceased to be free, and the publication
of newspapers was suspended and their issues seized and destroyed; the of-
ficers and men taken prosiners in the battles were allowed to remain in cap-
itvity by the refusal of the Government to consent to an exchange of prison-
ers; as they had left their dead on more than one tield of battle that had
witnessed their defeat, to be buried and their wounded to be cared for by
southern hands.

Whatever causes the Cherokee people may have had in the past to com-
plain of some of the southern states, they cannot but feel that their interests
and destiny are inseparably connected with those of the south. The war now
waging is a war of Northern cupidity and fanaticism against the institution of
African servitude; against the commercial freedom of the south, and againsc
the political freedom of the states, and its objects are to annihilate the sover-
eignty of those states and utterly change the nature of the general govern-
ment.

The Cherokee people and their neighbors were warned before the war
commenced that the first object of the party which now holds the powers of
government of the United States would be to annul the institution of slavery
in the whole Indian country and make it what they term free territory and after

158 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

a tinio a free state; :ind they have been also warned by the fate which has
befallen those of their race in Kansas, Nebraska and Oregon that at no distant
day they too would be compelled to surrender their country at the demand
of Northern rapacity, and be content with an extinct nationality, and with
reserves of limited extent for individuals, of which their people would soon
be disponed by speculators, if not plundered unscrupulously by the state.

Urged by these considerations, the Cherokees, long divided in opinion,
became unanimous, and like their brethren, the Creeks, Seminoles, Choctaws,
and Chickasaws, determined, by the undivided voice of a General Convention
of all the people, held at Tahlequah on the twenty-tirst day of August, in
the present year, to make connnon cause with the South and share its
fortunes.

In now carrying this resolution into etiect and consummating a treaty of
alliance and friendship with the Confederate States of America the Cherokee
people declare that they have been faithful and loyal to their engagements
with the United States until, by placing their safety and even their national ex-
istence in eminent peril, those States have released them from those engage-
ments.

Menaced by a great danger, they exercise the inalienable right of self
defense, and declare themselves a free people, independent of the Northern
States of America, and at war with them by their own act. Obeying the
dictates of prudence and providing for the general safety and welfare, con-
fident of the rectitude of their intentions and true to the obligations of duty
and honor, they accept the issue thus forced upon them, unite their fortunes
now and forever with those of the Confederate States, and take up arms for
the common cause, and with entire confkience in the justice of that cause and
with a lirm reliance upon Divine Providence, will resolutely abide the con-
sequences.

THOMAS PEGG,
President of National Committee.

JOSHUA ROSS,
Clerk National Committee.

LACEY MOUSE,

Speaker of Council

THOMAS B. WOLF,

Clerk of Council.

Approved. JOHN ROSS.

Brigadier General Albert Pike \\-ai assigned to the command of the
Indian Territory on November 22, 1861. The battle of Bird Creek between
Opothleyohola's federal Creek refugees and the confederate forces, includ-
ing Drew's regiment was fought on December ^ifh. After the battle of Pea
Ridge, in Arkansas on March 6, 1862, the confederate authorities diverted
all possible forces and equipment to the east side of the Mississippi. Thus
the Cherokee Nation was left with scarcely any protection from their con-
federate allies. The Cherokees received no pay as soldiers. Funds, ammuni-
tions, artillery, arms, commissary supplies and clothing that had been meant

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 159

for them \v;is stepped at Fort Smith ;uid Little Rocki. Duriiiii the month of
March, Brigadier General Albert Pike paid to Cherokee national treasurer,
Lewis Ross, at his brother John Ross' residence at Park Hill, as per the re-
quirements of the late treaty, one hundred and lifty thousand dollars in con-
federate bills and seventy thousand dollars in gold.

A federal expedition was outlitted at Fort Scott and started to the
Cherokee Nation on March 6, 1862. It was designated the "Indian expe-
diti n" and was under the command of Colonel William Weer, who wrote
from Le Roy. Kansas on the thirteenth of June that "John Ross is un-
doubtedly with us. and will come out openly when we reach there."- The
Indian expedition rapidly approached from the north by way of Humboldt,
Kansas- and Cowskin Prairie\ Cherokee Nation. Brigadier General Pike
had made his headquarters at Camp McCullough near Red River since the
battle of Pea Ridge and a Colonel J. J. Clarkson had been appointed as
confederate commander in the Cherokee Nation on June 26th. ranking;
Colonels Watie and Drew, and independent of Brigadier General Pike. His
unpicketed camp at Locust Grove was surprised a little before daybreak on
July 3 by Colonel Weer. Col. Clarkson and several of his men were cap-
tured. Nearly all of Drew's regiment which had been camped on Flat Rock
Creek on the west side of Grand River, S')me twenty miles southwest of
Locust Grove, joined the federal forces on Cabin Creek on the third, fourth,
fifth and sixth of July. Colonel Drew remained loyal to the confederacy.
The Second Indian Home Guards federal service was organized at Cabin
Creek on the fifth under Colonel John Ritchey. William A. Phillips became
colonel of the Third Indian Home Guards- U. S. A. The Home Guards re-
turned to Flat Rock on the eleventh.

Captain Harris S. Green, of the Sixth Kansas Cavalry, which was
a part of the Indian expedition arrived at Chief Ross' on July l5th and Col^
Weer occupied Fort Gibson on the same date. Captain Greeno reported
that "Chief Ross feels very badly on acount of our not having any forces
on this side of the river (Grand) for protection.''' Over two hundred mem-
bers of Home Guards regiments were at Chief Ross' at the time and Captain
Greeno went through the formality of arresting Chief Ross, Lieutenant
Colonel William P. Ross. Major Thomas Pegg, First Lieutenants Anderson
Benge and Joseph Chooie, Second Lieutenants Lacey Hawkins, Archibald
Scraper, George W. Ross, Third Lieutenants Allen Ross. Joseph Cornsilk
and John Shell.

Colonel Weer was arrested at the camp on Cabin Creek by Colonel
Frederick Solomon of the Ninth Wisconsin Volunteers on the charge of
having conducted the command to a distant station where they were not
in communication with the commissary department and practically out of
provisions, but the whole affair had the appearance of jealous insubordina-

160 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

tion, as CoIoiil-I Weer was shortly afterwards advanced in rank. The
prairies were covered with the cattle of the Cherokees? but other food was
not to be had locally. But from this date cattle stealing' became so popular
with the Kansans that before the end of the war cattle became a rare sight
in the Nation. Colonel Solomon withdrew his northern forces to Hudson
ferry of Grand River, on the Kansas line and the Cherokees were left on Flat
Rock Creek, ten miles north of the present city of Wagoner.

Lieutenant Colonel Thomas Fo.x Taylor and several of his command
were killed on Bayou Menard on the morning of July 2 7th, Chief Ross, with
his friends and relatives together with the national records and the two
hundred tiftv thousand dollars that had been received from the confederate
government started north under a federal escort in the afternoon of the same
day. They arrived at Fort Scott on August 7, 1.S62'. Notwithstanding the
dire distress of most of the Cherokee refugees in southeastern Kansas, Chief
Ross, his family and a few relatives, left one week later- for Pennsylvania,
where they staid during the remainder of the war.

The battle of Fort Wayne was fought on October 22, 1862, the con-
federates were defeated, their artillery captured and they retired to Canadian
River. Fort Davis, opposite Ft. Gibson, was burned by the federals on
December 2 7th.

The First Indian Home Guard regiment was principally Creeks. The
Second and Third regiments of this brigade were predominantly Cherokee.
The Second had sixty six officers and one thousand eight hundred privates.
The Third had fifty two officers and one thousand four hundred thirty seven
privates, totaling three thousand three hundred eighty eight men. A frag-
mentary list of these organizations are: Second Regiment, Colonel John
Ritchey. I.t. Colonels David B. Corwin and Frederick W. Schuarte, Surgeon
Dr. A. J. Ritchie.

Captain Co. A James McDaniel. First Lt. McLain, Second Lt.

Walter Long. Privates: Jug Whitepath, West Beamer, Cat, Dick Duck,
John Mcintosh, John Glass, Hungry, Levi O' Fields, Rocky Mountain, Thomas
Potato, Shade, Walter Stop, Swimmer, Joseph Swimmer, Tun-ne-no-lee,
Backwater, Wahsosee, Oganiah Weliny.

Captain Co. B Moses Price, First Lt. Juhn M. Hunter. Second Lt. Alex-
ander Hawk. Orderly Sergeant Charles Teehee. Privates: Chu-hi-tla,
Walter Downing, Isho-wah-no-ski, Daniel Tucker, William Tucker. Henry
WJute, Tee-cnn-(i-gi-ski. Henry Blackfox, Daniel Chopper, Daylight Chopper,
Wilson Drum, Lewis Forkedtail, Joseph Fox, Gu-no-hi-du- Oochalata, Oola-
wate, Archibald Spears, Sweetwater. Redbird Jiger and Wheeler Tiger.

Captain Co. C James H. Bruce. Privates: Samuel Crittenden, Little-
bear Bigmush, Thomas McCoy, Mankiller Catcher, Ned Wickett, Chu-hi-sa-ta,
Elowe, George Wilson Girty, Jimmy, Dick Gagawi, Bark Prince, Jackson

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEH INDIANS I6l

PriiK-e, 'l';iylor Prince, Squirrel Starr. Eli Tadpole, Tousih and James Taylor.

Captain Co. D Archibald Scraper. First l.t. .lohn C. Palmer, Second
Lt. Joseph Chooie, Orderly Sergeant Henry Scraper. Privates: Delaware
Sixkiller, Canaheela, Crawler, Creek George, Dick Crittenden, John Foster.
Goingsnake. Hider, Going to mill, Isaac Hawk. Wilson Lacey, Stephen
Oolstoo, George Washington Scraper, Sicooie, Pelican, Sand, Too-cu-ta,
Edward Walker, Walter, Whaler Watt and Jack Watt.

Captain Co. E Daniel McCoy Gunter, First l.t. William H. Kendall.
Second Lt. Rufus O. Ross. Orderly Sergeant Daniel Ross Hicks. Privates:
David Hendricks, James Hair, Charles Harjo, John Riley, Samuel Sanders,
Lester Schneider. George Tiesky, Wareagle, Jack Woodard, Loony R. Gourd.
John R. Hicks. Charles R. Hicks, Lewis Ross Thornton, William H. Thorn-
ton, Robert B. Ross. Lewis Dunbach, Armistead Maxlield, Tarsutta McCoy.
Samuel Crossland, George Love, Lewis Hicks, William McCoy, James West,
Thornton. Creek Jim Fox, Benjamin Foster, James Foster, Richard Dick-
Nicholas Sanders, Jesse Sanders, Eli Sanders, Andrew Cordrey, Jefferson
Robertson, Richard Robertson, Wade H. Robertson, John Walker, George W.
Gage, Ross .Adair and Benjamin .Adair.

First Lt. Co. F Arleecher. Privates: Tu-ya-stee-ka, Henry \'ann.
Walter Hunter, Aaron, Archey, Arneechee, Tom Big, James Bolin. John
Baldridge. Archibald Canoe. Thomas Cornsilk, Creek Tulsa, Adam Dirtseller,
David Holmes, Johnson, Eli Lowrey, Lovett, Scott Mankiller, Edward Ma_\-
field. Nelson, Plow, Spirit, Su-yo-du, Ta-ka-li-gi-ski, Houston Mayfield and
Key Dougherty.

Captain Co. G Bud Gritts. Privates: John Bean. James Beaver,
Jumper Blackburn, Bullfrog, George Drum- Askwater, James Vann and Reed
Vann.

Captain Co. H Andrew J. Waterhouse. Privates John Wright ai'd
Scraper Nicholson.

Captain Co. 1 Dirtthrower. First Lt. Jesse Henry.

Captain Co. K Springfrog.

Colonel Third Indian Home Guards William A. Phillips, Lieutenant
Colonel Lewis Downing, Major John A. Foreman.

Captain Co. A Smith Christy. First Lt. Samuel Houston Benge.

Captains Co. B Isaac Tyner and Alexander C. Spillman, First Lt. Alex-
ander C. Spillman, Second Lt. William Sunday. Privates: John Thomp-
son, Lacey Beartoter, Richard Bearpaw, Harry Cutter, Johnson Dick, Peter
Dry, Adam Feeling George- Hungry Dick, Johnson Jug, Jack Rabbit. John-
son Ridge, George Ridge, John Sharp, Sharp- Tom Sunday, George Seven.
Smoker, John Starr. Jesse Witch, John Bear, Otterlifter, Waterhunter, Tom
Spikebuck. David Consene, Red Ellis. Eli Goodmoney, Joe F. Reese, Lewis
Wolf, Soup, Sulteeska. Wolf Smoke, Hogshooter, Grass and Runabout Puff.

Captain Co. C Nathaniel Fish. Privates: Thompson Bean. George
Cooweescoowee, Goback, Wilson Hair, Thomas Suake, Tadpole Crossing,
George Weaver, Joseph Butler, Ellis Johnson, William Catcher, Looney Mc-
Lain,'' Andrew Nowife, John Riley, Shoe Boots, Tallow Mayes, Lewis Scon-

162 HISTROY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

tihee, George Adams, William Cade, Thomas Hammer. James Hite, Jaybird
Raft- Mick Leach> Young Puppy and Jackson Rail.

Captain Co. D Talala. Privates: Dragging Downing, David Horn,
Samuel Knight, Charles Pumpkin, Hunter, Runabout Fodder, Samuel Spirit,
George Soap, Wiley, Jesse Smoke, Sanders, Blackhaw, Dull Downing, Samuel
Henry, John Pickup, Bigtalker, Jack Double, Alexander Downing, Thomas
Hammond, George Hog, Situake- William Sourjohn. Tony and Arch Keener.

Captain Co. E William Webber and Thomas Pegg, First Lt. John S.
Hanway, Second Lt. Bear Brown, Orderly Sergeant Robin Crawford. Pri-
vates: Jesse Davis, Josiah Stealer, Jim Yohola, George Washington Clark,
Crapo, Creek Sam, Sidney Justice, Frank Kerr, John Meigs, Murdoch Mc-
Leod, James McTier, Henry Nave, Nicholas B. Woods, DeKinney Waters
Salt, John Young, Joseph Young, Roach Young, Thomas Young, Josiah
Ridge, Peter Emory, Jumper, James, Misaeala, John Sekeekee, Sunday and
James Oowano.

Captain Co. F Huckleberry Downing, First Lt. Andrew W. Robb. Pri-
vates: George Brush, Nightkiller, George Rooster, Avery Vann, Drinker
Walkingstick, Washington Clay, Aaron, James Beanstick, John Coleman,
Jesse Grass, Lacey Hawkins, Jumper, Johnson Jack, Joseph T. Glass, Twist,
Waleeska Batt- Dave, John Duck, Nathaniel Ellis, Daniel Foster, James Har-
ris, Squirrel Lowrey, Charles Timherlake, Oochalata, Charles Olter, Dirt
Seller, Johnson Situwake, Wahachi and Thicket Baldridge.

Captain Co. G Maxwell Phillips, Second Lt. Carselowry Proctor, Orderly
Sergeant Spencer S. Stephens. Privates: Henry Christy, Charles Walking-
stick, Little Grimmett, Sold, Tieska Pritchett, Josiah Pigeon, John Walking-
stick, Stand, Horace Broom, Runner Catcher, Richard Christy, Doctor, Alex
Puppy, Benjamin Sanders, Johnson Shade, Turningabout, Bottom Water and
Hawk Fourkiller.

Captain Co. H. Simon Snell, First Lt. Harmon Scott- Second Lt. Basil
G. McCrea. Privates: Jackson Bird, Rider Foreman, Moses Sixkiller, Long
Charley, Leaf, Youngwolf Sixkiller, Thomas Starr, Pheasant Tanner, Elijah-
Crying Wolf, Johnson Geeskv- George Hildebrand, Wasody Stop and Joseph
Butler.

Captain Co. I Whitecatcher, First Lt. Charles Brown, Second Lt. William
Sunday. Privates: Stephen Spears, Silas Ross, George W. Ross, Allen Ross,
Michael Hildebrand, John Smith, James Burns, James Shelton and John L.
Springston.

Captain Co. K James Vann.

Captain Co. L Solomon Kaufman, First Lt. Redbird Sixkiller, Second
Lt. Jules C. Cayot, Orderly Sergeant William H. Hendricks. Privates:
Ezekial Proctor, James Chambers, Aaron Goingwolf, John Hendricks, Isaac
Glass, William Hendricks Jr., Benjamin Haney, Jesse Bushyhead and Samuel
Sixkiller. This was an artillery company.

Captain Co. M Henry S. Anderson. "

Ft^Gibson was occupied on April 8, 1 863 by the First, Second and Third
Indian Home Guards, four companies of Kansas cavalry and Hopkins battery,
aggregating three thousand one hundred fifty men. They threw up some

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 165

earthworks above the site of the old post and called it Fort Blount in honor
of Major General James G. Blunt U. S. V., then in command of Kansas
and Indian Territory. On May twentieth a sortie was made on the fort hy
a small detachment of Watie's command which captured all of the mules and
most of the horses belonging to the garrison.

The battle of Honey Springs was fought on July seventeenth. The
powder used by the confederates had been bought in Mexico and would
hardly eject the bullet from the rifle and consequently they were defeated.
Colonel Watie led an expedition to Tahlequah. where he burned the capitol
buildings on October 2 8th and on the following day he burned Chief Ross'
house at Park Hill.

It was the policy of both armies to place the supreme command with
White men, on the theory that the Indian would not make a good general
commander. During the earlier years of the war when conditions were
more favorable. Generals Pike, Steele, Maxey and Cooper commanded the
Indian Territory. After the tide of war had turned decidedly in favor of the
I'nion, when Forts Smith and Gibson were in the hands of the federals Stand
Watie was made a brigadier general of the confederate army and in com-
mand of the Cherokee brigade and practically independent of Brigadier
General Cooper. On the fifteenth of June 1864 General Watie captured ai
Pheasants Bluff on Arkansas River the steamboat J. R. Williams, laden with
supplies for Ft. Gibson. On September nineteenth he in conjunction with
Brigadier General Richard M. Ganoe captured at Cabin Creek a military train
of three hundred wagons, loaded with commissary supplies valued at over
one million dollars, enroute from Ft. Scott, Kansas to Fort Gibson.

General Watie surrendered, by tlie following articles:

THE TREATY.

"Treaty stipulations made and entered into this 2 kd day of June 1865
near Doaksville Choctaw Nation between Sent. Colonel A. C. Mathews and
W. H. Vance U. S. Vol. commissioners appointed by Major General Herron
U. S. A. on part of the military authorities of the United States and Brig.
General Stand Watie Governor and Principal Chief of that part of the
Cherokee Nation lately allied with Confederate States in acts of hostilities
against the Government of the United States as follows towit:

"ARTICLE 1. All acts of hostilities on the part of both armies having
ceased by virtue of a convention entered into on the 26th day of May 1865
between Major General E. R. S. Cantry U. S. A. comdg. Mil. Division West
Miss, and General E. Kirby Smith C. S. A. Comdg. Trans. Miss Department
The Indians of the Cherokee Nation here represented lately allied with the
Confederate States in acts of hostilities against the Government of the United
States.

"Do agree at once to return to their respective homes and there remam
at peace wUh United States, and offer no indignities whatever against the
whites or Indians of the various tribes who have been friendly to or engaged
in the service of the United States during the war.

"ARTICLE II. It is stipulated by the undersigned commissioners on

164 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

tv,rt of the United States, that so long as the Indians aforesaid observe the
provisions of article first of this agreement, they shall be protected by the
United States authorities in their person and property, not only from en-
croachment on the part of the whites, but also from the Indians who have
been engaged in the service of the United States.

"ARTICLE III. The above articles of agreement to remain and be in
force and etTect until the meeting of the Grand Council to meet at Armstrong
Academy, Choctaw Nation on the 1st day of September A. D. 1865 and
until such time as the preceedings of said Grand Council shall be ratified by
the proper authorities both of the Cherokee Nation and the United States.

"In testimony whereof the said Lieut. Col. A. C. Mathews and adjutant
W. H. Vance commissioners on part of the United States and Brig. General
Stand Watie Governor and Principal Chief of the Cherokee Nation have
hereunto set their hands and seals.

Sioncd. A. C. Mathews, Sent. Col.

W. H. Vance. Adjr.

Commissioners.
Stand Watie Brig. Genl. Governor and Principal Chief Cherokee Nation.

The old agency site of the Arkansas Cherokees was sold by the federal
Cherokee delegates:

Transfer of 3400 acres of land, more or less. Situated in Township 7
Range 21, State of Arkansas. Said land being the former agency and resi-
due of the tract disposed of by Cherokees by treaty of 1828.

Know all men by these presents, that- whereas the Cherokee Nation
owns a tract of land in the state of Arkansas, known as the Cherokee reser-
vation lying in township No. 7, range 2 1, west of the fifth principal meridian,
and containing three thousand four hundred (3400) acres more or less- and
all which is occupied or claimed by squatters and others claiming title adverse
to the said Nation, under color of various titles. And whereas it is pro-
vided by the 4th article of the treaty between the United States and the
Cherokee Nation, of May 6th 183 8. said tract shall be sold under the direc-
tion of the agent of the Cherokee Nation. And whereas the Cherokee Nation
by its delegation hereto duly authorized have sold said lands to John Brown
Wright, of the city of Washington, and have received in payment therefor
the sum of five thousand dollars which they agree shall be applied by the
Nation to the use named in said treaty and amendments thereto. Said sale
having been made by direction and with the approval of Justin Harlin the
agent appointed by the United States for the Cherokee Nation. Now there-
fore the said Cherokee Nation by its delegation hereto fully authorized to do
hereby request the Secretary of the Interior to cause a patent to be issued
for the said John Brown Wright for the said land and do release the United
States from all liability for said land or its proceed.

Witness our hands this- loth day of May A. D. 1866.

Daniel H. Ross, White Catcher, I. H. Benge, James McDaniel, Smith
Christie, J. B. Jones.

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

165

City of Washington, District of Columbia. 1, Justin Harlin agent of
the United States for the Cherokee Nation do hereby approve of and consent
to the above sale, which was made by my direction this tenth day of May,
1866.

J. H.\RLIN, U. S. Indian Agent.

C. .1. HARRIS
Chief— December 23, 1S<)], to Xovcmber, 189.5

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

S. H. MAYES
Cluef— Noveinbor, 1S95, to Novemlier, 18f>9

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS Kv

CHAPTER IX

Treaty With The Cherokee 1866. Delawares Acijuire Full Rights. Shaivnees

Adopted b'l Cherokees. Land Sold to Osages. Ojficers Salaries

Fixed. Land Donation to Masons. Lodges.

The United States and Cherokees Cdncluded the followinsi- treaty:
TREATY WITH THE CHEROKEE, 1866.

July 19, 1866. 14 Stats., 799. Ratified July 27, 1866. Pfoclaimed
Aug 11, 1866. Articles of agreement and convention at the city of Washing-
ton on tlie nineteenth day of July, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight
hundred and sixty-six, between the United States, represented by Dennis N.
Cooley, Commissioner of Indian Affairs, [and] Elijah Sells, superintendent of
Indian affairs for the southern superintendency, and the Cherokee Nation of
Indians, represented by its delegates, James McDaniel, Smith Christie, White
Catcher, S. H. Benge, J. B. Jones, and Daniel H. Ross — John Ross, principal
chief of the Cherokees, being too unwell to join these negotiations.

Preamble. [Whereas existing treaties between the United States and the
Cherokee Nation are deemed to be insuft'icient, the said contracting parties
agree as follows, viz:

Pretended Treaty Declared Void. Article 1. The pretended treaty made
with the so-called Confederate States by the Cherokee Nation on the seventh
day of October, eighteen hundred and sixty-one, and repudiated by the nation-
al council of the Cherokee Nation on the eighteenth day of February, eighteen
hundred and sixty-three declared to be void.]

Amnesty. Article 2. Amnesty is hereby declared by the United States
and the Cherokee Nation for all crimes and misdemeanors committed by one
Cherokee on the person or property of another Cherokee, or of a citizen of
the United States, prior to the fourth day of July, eighteen hundred and sixty-
six; and no right of action arising out of wrongs committed in aid or in sup-
pression of the rebellion shall be prosecuted or maintained in the courts of
the United States or in the courts of the Cherokee Nation.

But the Cherokee Nation stipulate and agree to deliver up to the United
States, or their duly authorized agent, any or all public property, particularly
ordnance, ordnance stores, arms of all kinds, and quartermaster's stores, in
their possession or control, which belonged to the United States or the so-
called Confederate States, without any reservation.

Confiscation Laws Repealed and Former Owners Restored to Their
Rights. Article 3. [The confiscation laws of the Cherokee Nation shall be
repealed, and the same, and all sales of farms, and improvements on real es-
tate, made or pretended to be made in pursuance thereof, are hereby agreed
and declared to be null and void, and the former owners of such property so
sold, their heirs or assigns, shall have the right peaceably to re-occupy their
homes, and the purchaser under the confiscation laws, or his heirs or assigns,
shall be repaid by the treasurer of ' the Cherokee Nation from the national
funds, the money paid for said property and the cost of permanent improve-

168 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

ments on such real estate, made thereon since the contlscation sale;]***
the cost of such improvements to be fixed by a commission, to be composed
of one person designated by the Secretary of the Interior and one by the prin-
cipal chief of the nation, which two may appoint a third in cases of disagree-
ment, which cost so fixed shall be refunded to the national treasurer by the
returning Cherokees within three years from the ratification hereof.

Cherokees, Freed Persons, and Free Negroes May Elect to Reside Where.
Article 4. All the Cherokees and freed persons who were formerly slaves to
any Cherokee, and all free negroes not having been slaves, who resided
in the Cherokee Nation prior to June first, eighteen hundred and sixty-one.
who may within two years elect not to reside northeast of the Arkansas River
and southeast of Grand River, shall have the right to settle in and occupy the
Canadian district southwest of the Arkansas River, and also all that tract of
country lying northwest of Grand River, and bounded on the southeast by
Grand River and west by the Creek reservation to the northeast corner there-
of; from thence west on the north line of the Creek reservation to the ninety-
sixth degree of west longitude; and thence north on said line of longitude so
far that a line due east to Grand River will include a quantity of land equal
to one hundred and sixty acres for each person who may so elect to reside
in the territory above-described in this article: Provided That that part of said
district north of the Arkansas River shall not be set apart until it shall be
found that the Canadian district is not sufl'iciently large to allow one hundred
and sixty acres to each person desiring to obtain settlement under the pro-
visions of this article.

Those so Electing to Reside There May Elect Local Officers, Judges etc.
Proviso. Article 5. The inhabitants electing to reside in the district describ-
ed in the preceding article shall have the right to elect all their local officers
and judges, and the number of delegates to which by their numbers they may
be entitled in any general council to be established in the Indian Territory
under the provisions of this treaty, as stated in Article XII, and to control all
their local afl'airs, and to establish all necessary police regulations and rules
for the administration of justice in said district, not inconsistent with the con-
stiution of the Cherokee Nation or the laws of the United States; Provided,
The Cherokees residing in said district shall enjoy all the rights and privileges
of other Cherokees who may elect to settle in said district as hereinbefore pro-
vided, and shall hold the same rights and privileges and be subject to the same
liabilities as those who elect to settle in said district under the provisions of
this treaty; Provided also, That if any such police regulations or rules be adopt-
ed which, in the opinion of the President, bear oppressively on any citizen of
the nation, he may suspend the same. And all rules or regulations in said
district, or in any other district of the nation, discriminating against the citi-
zens of other districts, are prohibited, and shall be void.

Representation in National Council. Unequal Laws. Article 6. The
inhabitants ot the said district hereinbefore described shall be entitled to rep-
resentation according to number in the national council, and all laws of the
Cherokee Natmn shall be uniform throughout said nation. And should any

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 169

such law, either in its provisions or the manner of its enforcement, in the opin-
ion of the President of the United States, operate unjustly or injuriously in
said district, he is hereby authorized and empowered to correct such evil, and
to adopt the means necessary to secure the impartial administration of jus-
tice, as well as a fair and equitable application and expenditure of the national
funds as between the people of this and of every other district in said nation.

Courts. Process. Proviso. Article 7. The United States court to he
created in the Indian Territory; and until such court is created therein, the
United States district court, the nearest to the Cherokee Nation, shall have
exclusive original jurisdiction of all causes, civil and criminal, wherein an in-
habitant of the district hereinbefore described shall be a party, and where an
inhabitant outside of said district, in the Cherokee Nation, shall be the other
party, as plaintiti' or defendant in a civil cause, or shall be defendant or pro*---
ecutor in a criminal case, and all process isued in said district by any officer
of the Cherokee Nation, to be executed on an inhabitant residing outside of
said district, to be executed on any inhabitant residing in said district, shall be
to all intents and purposes null and void, unless indorsed by the districr
judge for the district where such process is to be served, and said person, so
arrested, shall he held in custody by the officer so arresting him, until he shall
be delivered over to the United Stales marshal, or consent to be tried by the
Cherokee court: Provided, That any or all the provisions of this treaty, which
make any distinction in rights and remedies between the citizens of any district
and the citizens of the rest of the nation, shall be abrogated whenever the
President shall have ascertained, by an eleetinn duly ordered by him, that a
majority of the voters of such district desire them to be abrogated, and he
shall have declared such abrogation: And provided further, That no law or
regulation, to be hereafter enacted within said Cherokee Nation or any district
thereof, prescribing a penalty for its violation, shall take eti'ect or be enforced
until after ninety days from the date of its promulgation, either by publication
in one or more newspapers of general circulation in said Cherokee Nation, or
by posting up copies thereof in the Cherokee and English languages in each
district where the same is to take effect, at the usual place of holding district
courts.

Licenses to trade not to be granted unless, etc. Article 8. No license lo
trade in goods, wares, or merchandise shall be granted by the United States
to trade in the Cherokee Nation, unless approved by the Cherokee national
council, except in the Canadian district, and such other district north of Ar-
kansas River occupied by the so-called southern Cherokees, as provided in
Article 4 of this treaty.

Slavery, etc., not to exist. Freedmen. No pay for emancipated slaves.
Article 9. The Cherokee Nation having, voluntarily, in February, eighteen
hundred and sixty-three, by an act of the national council, forever abolished
slavery, hereby covenant and agree that never hereafter shall either slavery
or involuntary servitude exist in their- nation otherwise than in the punishment
of crime, whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, in accordance with

170 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

laws applicable to all the members of said tribe alike. They further agree
that all freedmen who have been liberated by voluntary act of their former
owners or by law, as well as all free colored persons who were in the country
at the commencement of the rebellion, and are now residents therein, or
who may return within six months, and their descendants, shall have all the
rights of native Cherokees: Provided, That owners of slaves so emancipated
in the Cherokee Nation shall never receive any compensation or pay for the
slaves so emancipated.

Farm products may be sold, etc. Article 10. Every Cherokee and
freed person resident in the Cherokee Nation shall have the right to sell any
products of his farm, including his or her live stock, or any merchandise or
manufactured products, and to ship and drive the same to market without
restraint, paying any tax thereon which is now or may be levied by the
United States on the quantity sold outside of the Indian Territory.

Right of way of railroads. Article 11. The Cherokee Nation hereby
grant a right of way not exceeding two hundred feet wide, except at stations,
switches, waterstations, or crossing of rivers, where more may be indispensable
to the full enjoyment of the franchise herein granted, and then only two
hundred additional feet shall be taken, and only for such length as may be
absolutely necessary, through all their lands, to any company or corporatio;;
which shall he duly authorized by Congress to construct a railroad from any
point north to any point south, and from any point east to any point west of.
and which may pa.ss through, the Cherokee Nation. Said company or co^■
poration, and their employes and laborers, while constructing and repairing
the same, and in operating said road or roads, including all necessary agents
on the line, at stations, switches, water tanks, and all others necessary to the
successful operation of a railroad, shall be protected in the discharge of thei-
duties, and at all times subject to the Indian intercourse laws, now or which
may hereafter be enacted and be in force in the Cherokee Nation.

General Council. Article 12. The Cherokees agree that a general
council, consisting of delegates elected by each nation or tribe lawfully re-
siding within the Indian Territory, may be annually convened in said Terri-
tory, which council shall be organized in such manner and possess such powers
as hereinafter prescribed.

Census. First. After the ratilication of this treaty, and as soon as
may be deemed practicable by the Secretary of the Interior, and prior to the
first session of said council, a census or enumeration of each tribe lawfully
resident in said Territory shall be taken under the direction of the Commis-
sioner of Indian Affairs, who for that purpose is hereby authorized to designate
and appoint competent persons, whose compensation shall be fixed by the
Secretary of the Interior, and paid by the United States.

First general council; how composed. Time and place of first meeting.
Session not to exceed thirty days. Special sessions. Second. The lirst
general council shall consist of one member from each tribe and an addi-
tional member for each one thousand Indians, or each fraction of a thousand
g.caie, Luan nve nunared, Demg members of any tribe lawfully resident in said

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 171

Territory, ;ind shall be selected by said tribes respectively, who may assent
to the establishment of said general council; and if none should be thus
formally selected by any nation or tribe so assenting-, the said nation or tribe
shall be represented in said general council by the chief or chiefs and headmen
of said tribes, to be taken in the order of their rank as recognized in tribal
usage, in the same number and proportion as above indicated. After the
said census shall have been taken and completed, the superintendent of Indian
affairs shall publish and declare to each tribe assenting to the establishment of
such council the number of members of such coucnil to which they shall be
entitled to represent said tribes shall meet at such times and place as he shall
approve; but thereafter the time and place of the sessions of said council shall
be determined by its action: Provided, That no session in any one year shall
exceed the term of thirty days: And provided, That special sessions of said
council may be called by the Secretary of the Interior whenever in his judji-
ment the interest of said tribes shall require such special session.

Powers of general council. Laws, when to take effect. Third. Said
general council shall have power to legislate upon matters pertaining to
the, intercourse and relations of the Indian tribes and nations and colonies
of freedmen resident in said Territory; the arrest and extradition of criminals
and offenders escaping from one tribe to another, or into any community
of freedmen; the administration of justice between members of ditferent
tribes of said Territory and persons other than Indians and members of said
tribes or nations; and the common defence and safety of the nations of said
Territory.

Laws, when to take effect. Legislative power may be enlarged. All
laws enacted by such council shall take effect at such time as may therein
be provided, unless suspended by direction of the President of the United
States. No law shall be enacted inconsistent witfi the Constitution of the
United States, or laws of Congress, or existing treaty stipulations with the
those above indicated: Provided, however. That the legislative power of
such general council may be enlarged by the consent of the national council
of each nation or tribe assenting to its establishment, with the approval of
the President of the United States.

President of council. Fourth. Said council shall be presided over
by such person as may be designated by the Secretary of the Interior.

Secretary of council. Pay. Fifth. The council shall elect a secretary,
whose duty it shall be to keep an accurate record of all the proceedings of
said council, and who shall transmit a true copy of all such proceeding.s,
duly certified by the presiding officer of such council, to the Secretary of
the Interior, and to each tribe or nation represented in said council, im-
mediately after the sessions of said council shall terminate. He shall be
paid out of the Treasury of the United States an annual salary of five
hundred dollars.

Pay of members of council. Sixth. The members of said council
shall be paid by the United States the sum of four dollars per diem during
the term actually in attendance on the sessions of said council, and at thi

172 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

rate of four dollars for every twenty miles necessarily traveled by them in
going- from and returning to their homes, respectively, from said council,
to be certified by the secretary and president of the said council.

Courts. Article 13. The Cherokees also agree that a court or
courts may be established by the United States in said Territory, with such
jurisdiction and organized in such manner as may be prescribed by law:
Provided, That the judicial tribunals of the nation shall be allowed to retain
exclusive jurisdiction in all civil and criminal cases arising within their country
in which members of the nation, by nativity or adopton, shall be the only
parties, or where the cause of action shall arise in the Cherokee Nation,
except as otherwise provided in this treaty.

Lands for missionary or educational purposes. Not to be sold except
for. Proceeds of sale. Article 14. The right to the use and occupancy of a
quantity of land not exceeding one hundred and sixty acres, to be selected
according to legal subdivisions in one body, and to include their improve-
ments, and not including the improvements of any member of the Cherokee
'Nation, is herel\v granted to every society or denomination which has erected,
or which w'lih the consent of the national council may hereafter erect,
buildings within the Cherokee country for missionary or educational pur-
poses. But no land thus granted, nor buildings which have been or may
be erected with the consent and approval of the Cherokee national council
and the Secretary of the Interior. And whenever any such lands or buildings
shall be sold or disposed of, the proceeds thereof shall be applied by said
society or societies for like purposes within said nation, subject to the ap-
proval of the Secretary of the Interior.

The United States may settle civilized Indians in the Cherokee country.
How may be made part of Cherokee Nation. Those wishing to preserve
tribal organization to have land set off to them. Article 15. The United
States may settle any civilized Indians, friendly with the Cherokees and ad-
jacent tribes, within the Cherokee country, on unoccupied lands east of 96".
on such terms as may be agreed upon by any such tribe and the Cherokees,
subject to the approval of the President of the United States, which shall be
consistent with the following provisions, viz: Should any such tribe or band
of_ Indians settling in said country abandon their tribal organization, there
being first paid into the Cherokee national fund a sum of money which
shall sustain the same proposition to the then existing- national fund "that the
number of Indians sustain to the whole number of Cherokees then residin-
m the Cherokee country, they shall be incorporated into and ever after remain
apart of the Cherokee Nation, on equal terms in every respect with native
citizens. And should any such tribe, thus settling in 'said country, decide
customs, and usages, not inconsistent with the constitution and laws of the
Cherokee Nation, they shall have a district of country set off for their use
by metes and bounds equal to one hundred and sixty acres, if they should so
1 ' •' ;°' ''"^ '"'"' ^"^"i''^"' ^"d child of said tribe, and shall pay for the
rt nl! *':V"'*'""^' f^'"d such price as may be agreed on by them and the
Che.okee Nation, subject to the approval of the President of the United

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 173

Stntjs, and in cases of disag'reement \hc price to be fixed by the President.
To pay sum into national fund. Limits of places of settlement. And

tlie said tribe thus settled shall also pay into the national fund a sum of
money, to be agreed on by the respective parties, not greater in proportion
to the whole existing national fund and the probable proceeds of the lands
herein ceded or authorized to be ceded or sold than their numbers bear to
the whole number of Cherokees then residing in said country, and thence
afterwards they shall enjoy all the rights of native Cherokees. Rut no
Indians who have no tribal organizations, or who shall determine to abandon
their tribal organizations, shall be permitted to settle east of the 96" of
longitude without the consent of the Cherokee national council, or of a
delegation duly appointed by it, being first obtained. And no Indians who
have and determine to preserve the tribal organizations shall be permitted to
settle, as herein provided, east of the 96" of longitude without such consent
being first obtained, unless the President of the United States, after a full
hearing of the objections offered by said council or delegation to such settle-
ment, shall determine that the objections are insutficient, in which case he
mav authorize the settlement of such tribe east of the "^16" of longitude.

Where the United States may settle friendly Indians. Lands. Article
16. The United States may settle friendly Indinans in any part of the
Cherokee country west of 96", to be taken in a compact form in quantity
not exceeding one hundred and sixty acres for each member of each of said
tribes thus to be settled ; the boundaries of each of said districts to be distinctly
marked, and the land conveyed in fee-simple to each of said tribes to be
held in common or by their members in severalty as the United States may
decide.

Said lands thus disposed of to be paid for to the Cherokee Nation at
such price as may be agreed on between the said parties in interest, subject
to the approval of the President; and if they should not agree, then the
price to be fixed by the President.

Possession and jurisdiction over such lands. Ihe Cherokee Nation to
retain the right of possession of and jurisdiction over all of said country west
of 96" of longitude until thus sold and occupied, after which their jurisdiction
and right of possession to terminate forever as to each of said districts thus
sold and occupied.

Cession of lards to the United States in trust. Article 17. The Chero-
kee Nation hereby cedes, in trust to the United States, the tract of land in
the State of Kansas which was sold to the Cherokees by the United States.
under the provisions of the second article of the treaty of 18.55; and also
that strip of the land ceded to the nation by the fourth article of said treaty
which is included in the State of Kansas, and the Cherokees consent that said
lands may be included in the limits and jurisdiction of the said State.

Lands to be surveyed and appraised. The lands herein ceded shall be
surveyed as the public lands of the United States are surveyed, under the
direction of the Commissioner of the General Land-Office, and shall be ap-
praised by two disinterested persons, one to be designated by the Cherokee

174 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

national council and one by the Secretary of the Interior, and, in case or"
disagreement, by a third person.to be mutually selected by the aforesaid ap-
praisers. The appraisement to be not less than an average of one dollar and
a quarter per acre, exclusive of improvements.

May be sold to highest bidder. Improvements. Proviso. And the
Secretary of the Interior shall, from time to time, as such surveys and ap-
praisements are approved by him, after due advertisements for sealed bids,
sell such lands to the highest bidders for cash, in parcels not exceeding one
hundred and sixty acres, and at not less than the appraised value: Provided,
Tnat whenever there are improvements of the value of fifty dollars made on
the lands not being mineral, and owned and personally occupied by any per-
son for agricultural purposes at the date of the signing hereof, such person so
owning, and in person residing on such improvements, shall, after due proof,
made under such regulations as the Secretary of the Interior may prescribe,
be entitled to buy, at the appraised value, the smallest quantity of land in
legal subdivisions which will include his improvements, not exceeding in the
aggregate one hundred and sixty acres; the expenses of survey and appraise-
ment to be paid by the Secretary out of the proceeds of sale of said land :
Provided, That nothing in this article shall prevent the Secretary of the
Interior from selling the whole of said lands not occupied by actual settlers
at the date of the ratification of this treaty, not exceeding one hundred and
sixty acres to each person entitled to pre-emption under the pre-emption
laws of the United States, in a body, to any responsible party, for cash, for
a sum not less than one dollar per acre.

Sales by Cherokee of lands in Arkansas. Article 18. That any lands
owned by the Cherokees in the State of Arkansas and in States east of the
Mississippi may be sold by the Cherokee Nation in such manner as their
national council may prescribe, all such sales being first approved by the
Secretary of the Interior.

Heads of families. Article 19. All Cherokees being heads of families
residing at the date of the ratification of this treaty on any of the lands
herein ceded, or authorized to he sold, and desiring to remove to the reserved
country, shall be paid by the purchasers of said lands the value of such im-
provements, to be ascertained and appraised by the commissioners who ap-
praise the lands, subject to the approval of the Secretary of the Interior; and
if he shall elect to remain on the land now occupied by him, shall be entitled
to receive a patent from the United States in fee-simple for three hundred
and twenty acres of land to include his improvements, and thereupon he and
his family shall cease to be members of the nation.

And the Secretary of the Interior shall also be authorized to pay the
reasonable costs and expenses of the delegates of the southern Cherokees.

The moneys to be paid under this article shall be paid out of the proceeds
of the sales of the national lands in Kansas.

Unds reserved to be surveyed and allotted. Article 20. Whenever
the Cherokee national council shall request it, the Secretary of the Interior
shall cause the country reserved for the Cherokees to be surveyed and allotted

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 17.S

aninni; them, at the expense of the United States.

Boundary line to be run and marked. Article 21. It being ditlicult to
learn the precise boundary line between the Cherokee countr}' and the States
of Arkansas, Missouri, and Kansas, it is agreed that the United States shall, at
its own expense, cause the same to be run as far west as the Arkansas, and
marked by permanent and conspicuous monuments, by two commissioners, one
of whom shall be designated by the Cherokee national council.

Agent of Cherokees to examine accounts, books, etc. Article 22. The
Cherokee national council, or any duly appointed delegation thereof, shall
have the privilege to appoint an agent to examine the accounts of the nation
with the Government of the United States at such time as they may see
proper, and to continue or discharge such agent, and to appoint another,
as may be thought best by such council or delegation; and such agent shall
have free access to all accounts and books in the executive departments re-
lating to the business of said Cherokee Nation, and an opportunity to examine
the same in the presence of the ofiicer haying such books in charge.

Funds, how to be invested. Interest, how to be paid. Article 23. All
funds now due the nation, or that may hereafter accrue from the sale ot
their lands by the United States, as hereinbefore provided for, shall be in-
vested in the United States registered stocks at their current value, and the
interest on all said funds shall be paid semi-annually on the order of the
Cherokee Nation, and shall be applied to the following purposes, to wit:
Thirty-five per cent, shall be applied for the support of the common-schools
of the nation and educational purposes; fifteen per cent, for the orphan fund,
and fifty per cent, for general purposes, including reasonable salaries of dis-
trict otiicers; and the Secretary of the Interior, with the approval of the
President of the United States, may pay out of the funds due the nation, on
the order of the national council or a delegation duly authorized by it, such
amount as he may deem necessary to meet outstanding obligations of the
Cherokee Nation, caused by the suspension of the payment of their annuities,
not to exceed the sum of one hundred and fifty thousand dollars.

Payment to Rev. Evan Jones. Article 24. As a slight testimony for
the useful and arduous services of the Rev. Evan Jones, for forty years a
missionary in the Cherokee Nation, now a cripple, old and poor, It is agreed
that the sum of three thousand dollars be paid to him, under the direction of
the Secretary of the Interior, out of any Cherokee fund in or to come into
his hands not otherwise appropriated.

Bounties and Arrears for Services as Indian Volunteers; How to be Paid.
Artice 25. A large number of the Cherokees who served in the Army of the
United States having died, leaving no heirs entitled to receive bounties and
arrears of pay on account of such service, it is agreed that all bounties and
arrears for service in the regiments of Indian United States volunteers which
shall remain unclaimed by any person legally entitled to receive the same for
two years from the ratification of this treaty, shall be paid as the national
council may direct, to be applied to the foundation and support of an asylum
for the education of orphan children, which asylum shall be under the con-

176 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

trol of the national council, or of such lienevolent society as said council may
desi.^nate, subject to the approval of the Secretary of the Interior.

Possession and Protection Guaranteed. Article 26. The United States
guarantee to the people of the Cherokee Nation the quiet and peaceable pos-
session of their country and protection against domestic feuds and insurrec-
tions, and against hostile tribes. They shall also be protected against inter-
ruptions or intrusion from all unauthorized citizens of the United States
of hostilities among the Indian tribes, the United States agree that the party
or parties commencing the same shall, so far as practicable, make reparation
for the damages done.

Military Posts in Cherokee Nation. Spirituous, etc., Liquors Forbidden
Elxcept, etc. Certain Persons Prohibited from Coming into the Nation. Ar-
ticle 27. The United States shall have the right to establish one or more mil-
itary posts or stations in the Cherokee Nation, as may be deemed necessary
for the proper protection of the citizens of the United States lawfully residing
therein and the Cherokee and other citizens of the Indian country. But no
sutler or other person connected therewith, either in or out of the militar}-
organization, shall be permitted to introduce any spirit|'u]ous, vinous, or
malt liquors into the Cherokee Nation, except the medical department proper,
and by them only for strictly medical purposes. And all persons not in the
military service of the United States, not citizens of the Cherokee Nation, are
to be prohibited from coming into the Cherokee Nation, or remaining in the
same, except as herein otherwise provided; and it is the duty of the United
States Indian agent for the Cherokees to have such persons, not lawfully re-
siding or sojourning therein, removed from the nation, as they now are, or
hereafter may be, required by the Indian intercourse laws of the United States.

Payment for Certain Provisions and Clothing. Article 28. The United
States hereby agree to pay for provisions and clothing furnished the armv un-
der Appotholehala in the \\-inter of 1861, and 1862, not to exceed the sum
of ten thousand dollars, the accounts to be ascertained and settled by the
Secretary of the Interior.

Expenses of Cherokee Delegation. Article 29. The sum of ten thous
and dollars or so much thereof as may be necessary to pay the expenses of the
delegates and representatives of the Cherokees invited by the Government to
visit Washinglon for the purpose of making this treaty, shall be paid by the
United States on the ratification of this treaty.

Payment for Certain Losses by Missionaries, etc. Article 30. The Unit-
ed States agree to pay to the proper claimants all losses of property bv mis-
sionaries or missionary societies, resulting from their being ordered or driven
from the country by United States agents, and from their property bein?' tak-
en and occupied or destroyed by United States troops, not exceeding in
the aggregate twenty thousand dollars, to be ascertained bv the Secretary of
the Interior.

Inconsistent Treaty Provisions Annulled. Article 31. All provisions of
treaties heretofore ratified and in force, and not inconsistent with the pro-
visions of this treaty, are hereby re-affirmed and declared to be in full force-

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 177

and nothing herein shall Iv construed as an acknowledgment by the United
States, or as a relinquishment by the CheroI;ee Nation of any claims or de-
mands under the guarantees of former treaties, except as herein expressly pro-
vided.

Execution. In testimony whereof, the said commissioners on the part
of the United States, and the said delegation on the part of the Cherokee
Nation, this ninth [nineteenth] day of July. A. D. one thousand eight hun-
dred and sixty-six.

D. N. Cooley, Commissioner of Indian Affairs.
Elijah Sells, Superintendent of Indian .^Ifairs.
Smith Christie,

\Miite Catcher, James McDaniel, S. H. Benge, Danl. H. Ross, J. B. Jones,
Delegates of the Cherokee Nation, appointed by Resolution of the
National Council.

In presence of — W. H. Watson, J. \V. Wright.

Signatures witnessed by the following-named persons, the following in-
terlineations being made before signing: On page 1st the word "the" interlin-
ed, on page 1 1 the word "the" struck out, and to said page 1 1 sheet attached
requiring publication of laws; and on page 34th the word "ceded" struck out
and the words "neutral lands" inserted. Page 47'-' added relating to ex-
penses of treaty.

Thomas Ewing, jr.
W m. A. Phillips,
J. W. Weight.

"No one can fully appreciate the wealth, content and comparative hap-
piness the Cherokees enjoyed before the late rebellion, or very shortly after
it was begun, unless he had been here and seen it (which was my case) and
no man can believe more than half of the want, misery and destitution of
the Cherokee people now. Blackened chimneys of fine houses are now all
that is left, fences burned, and farms laid waste. The air of ruin and deso-
lation envelops the whole country. None have wholly escaped. No man
can pass through the country without seeing all that I have attempted to
describe, r.nd no man can fully appreciate it unless he has seen it."'

The policy of the Cherokee Nation from its inception until June 3(1.
1898 was that of strict nonalienation of any land to whites because they
realized that if any of their land was so disposed of that it would be an en-
tering wedge to the dissolution of their government. After the practical
demolition of their jurisdictional rights by act of congress- they voted to
allot their land and discontinue tribal functions.

The Cherokees that had espoused the fortunes of the federal govern-
ment in 1862, had full control of the government until November 1867 when
the southern Cherokees reassumed their place in the body politic as a result
ot the Downing coalition success at the polls at the August election.

The Delaware Indians who had been living m Kansas, acquired full
rights in the Cherokee Nation, by:

178 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

ARTICLES OF AGREEMENT WITH THE DELAWARES.

Made this 8th day of April, A. D. 1867, between the Cherokee Nation,
represented hv William P. Ross, Principal Chief, Riley Keys and Jesse Bushy-
head delegates, duly authorized parties of the hrst part, and the Delaware
tribe' of Indians, represented by John Connor. Principal Chief, Charles
Journeycake, Assistant Chief, Isaac Journeycake and John Sarcoxie, delegates,
for and on behalf of said Delaware tribe, duly authorized, witnesseth: -

Whereas by the l5th article of a certain treaty between the United
States pnd the Cherokee Nation, ratified August 1 1, 1866, certain terms were
provided, under which friendly Indians might be settled upon unoccupied
lands in the Cherokee country, east of the line of 96" of west longitude, the
price to be paid for such lands to be agreed on by the Indians to be thus
located and the Cherokee Nation, subject to the approval of the President
of the United States; and whereas, by a treaty between the United States and
the Delaware tribe of Indians, ratified August 10th, 1866, the removal of the
said Delawares to the Indian country, south of Kansas, was provided for, and
in the 4th article whereof an agreement was made by the United States t(.»
sell to the Delawares a tract of land, being part of a tract the cession nf
which by the Cherokees to the United Staes was then contemplated; and
whereas," no such cession of land was made by the Cherokees to the United
States, but, in lieu therof, terms were provided as hereinbefore mentioned,
under which friendly Indians might be settled upon their lands; and whereas,
a full and free conference has been held between the representatives of the
Cherokees and the Delawares, in view of the treaties herein referred to,
looking to a location of the Delawares upon the Cherokee lands, and their
consolidation with said Cherokee Nation: Now, therefore, it is agreed be-
tween the parties hereto, subject to the approval of the President of the
United States, as follows:

The Cherokees, parties of the first part, for and in consideration of cer-
tain payments, and the fulfillment of certain conditions hereinafter men-
tioned, agree to sell to the Delawares, for their occupancy, a quantity of
land east of the line of the 96" west longitude, in the aggregate equal to
160 acres of land for each individual of the Delaware tribe who has been
enrolled upon a certain register made February 18. 1867, by the Delaware
agent, and on tile in the office of Indian affairs, being the list of the Dela-
wares who elect to remove to the "Indian country," to which list may be
added, only with the consent of the Delaware Council, the names of such
other Delawares as may, within one month after the signing of this agree-
ment, desire to be added thereto; and the selections of the lands to be pur-
chased by the Delawares may be made by said Delaawres in any part of
the Cherokee reservation east of said line of 96°, not already selected and
in possession of other parties; and in case the Cherokee lands shall hereafter
be allotted among the members of said Nation, it is agreed that the aggregate
amount of land herein provided for the Delawares, to include their improve-
ments according to the legal subdivisions, when surveys are made (that is to
say, 160 acres for each individual,) shall be guaranteed to each Delaware

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 1 7<)

incorponited by these articles into the Chenikee Nation; nor shall the con-
tinued ownership and occupancy of said land by any Delaware so registered
be interfered with in any manner whatever without his consent, but shall
be subject to the same conditions and restrictions as are liy the laws of the
Cherokee Nation imposed upon the native citizens thereof; provided, that
nothing- herein shall confer the right to alienate, convey, or dispose of any
such lands, except in accordance with the constitution and laws of said Chero-
kee Nation.

And the said Delawares, parties of the second part, agree that there
shall be paid to the said Cherokees. from the Delaware funds, now held or
hereafter received by the United States, a sum of money, equal to one dollar
per acre, for the whole amount of 160 acres of land, for every individual
Delaware who has already been registered upon the aforesaid list, made
February 18. 1867, with the additions thereto, heretofore provided for. And
the Secretary of the Interior is authorized and requested to sell any United
States stocks belonging to the Delawares to procure funds necessary to pay
for said lands; but, in case he shall not feel authorized, under existing treaties,
to sell such bonds belonging to the Delawares, it is agreed that he may
transfer such United States bonds to the Cherokee Nation, at their market
value at the date of such transfer. And the said Delawares further agree,
that there shall be paid, from their funds, now and hereafter to come into
possession of the United States, a sum of money, which shall sustain the
same proportion to the existing Cherokee National fund, that the number of
Delawares registered as above mentioned, and removing to the Indian country,
sustains to the whole number of Cherokees residing in the Cherokee Nation.
And, for the purpose of ascertaining such relative numbers, the registers of the
Delawares herein referred to, with such additions as may be made within one
month from the signing of this agreement, shall be the basis of calculation
as to the Delawares; and an accurate census of the Cherokees, residing in
the Cherokee Nation, shall be taken, under the laws of that Nation, within
four months, and properly certified copies thereof tiled in the ot!'ice of Indian
Affairs, which shall be the basis of calculation as to the Cherokees. And.
that there may be no doubt hereafter, as to the amount to be contributed to
the Cherokee National fund by the Delawares, it is hereby agreed, by the
parties hereto, that the whole of the invested funds of the Cherokees, after
deducting all just claims thereon, is S678,ooo. And the Delawares further
agree, that in calculating the total amount of said National fund, there shall
be added to the said sum of $678,000, the sum of 51,000,000, being the
estimated value of the Clierokee neutral lands in Kansas, thus making the
whole Cherokee National fund $1,678,000, and this last mentioned sum shall
be taken as the basis for calculating the amount which the Delawares are to
pay into the common fund; provided, that, as the $678,000 of funds now on
hand, belonging to the Cherokees, is chiefly composed of stocks of dirierent
values, the Secretary of the Interior may transfer, from the Delawares to the
Cherokees, a proper proportion of the stocks now owned by the Delawares,
of like grade and value, which transfer shall be in part of the pro rata con-

180 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

tribution herein provided for by the Delawares to the funds of the Cherokee
Nation; but the balance of the pro rata contribution by the Delawares to
said fund, shall be in cash or United States bonds, at their market value. All
cash, and all proceeds of stocks, whenever the same may fall due or be sold,
received by the Cherokees from the Delawares under this agreement, shall be
invested and applied in accordance with the 2 3d article of the treaty with thj
Cherokees. of August 11th 1866.

On the fulfillment by the Delawares of the foregoing stipulations, all
the members of the tribe, registered as above provided, shall become mem-
bers of the Cherokee Nation, with the same rights and immunities, and the
same participation (and no other) in the national funds, as Native Cherokees,
save as hereinbefore provided. And the children hereafter born of such
Delawares so incorporated into the Cherokee Nation, shall in all respects be
regarded as native Cherokees.

Wm. P. Ross, Principal Chief; Riley Keys; Cherokee Delegation.

John Connor, his x mark. Principal Chief; Charles Journeycake; Isaac
Journeycake; John Saxcoxie, his x mark; Delaware Delegation.

Executed and delivered in our presence by the above named delegates
of the Cherokee and Delaware Nations, at the city of Washington, in the
District of Columbia, the day and year first above written.

Ratified by the National Committee, June 15, 1867.

John G. Pratt, Wm. A. Phillips, Edward S. Menagus, Smitli Christie,
President National Committee. John Young, Speaker of Council.

Two years later the Shawnees were adopted into the Cherokee Nation,
by :

AGREEMENT BETWEEN SHAWNEES AND CHEROKEES, CONCLUDED
JUNE 7TH, 1869 APPROVED BY THE PRESIDENT JUNE 9TH, 1869.

Articles of Agreement, made and entered into at Washington, D. C,
this seventh day of June, A. D. 1869, by and between H. D. Reese and
William P. Adair, duly authorized delegates representing the Cherokee Na-
tion of Indians, having been duly appointed by the National Council of said
Cherokees, parties of the first part, and Graham Rogers and Charles Tucker,
duly authorized delegates representing the Shawnee tribe of Indians, parties
of the second part, witnesseth :

Whereas, It is provided by the fifteenth article of the treaty between the
United States and the Cherokee Indians, concluded July I9th, 1866, that the
United States may settle any civilized Indians, friendly with the Cherokees
and adjacent tribes, within the Cherokee country, . on unoccupied lands east
of 96", on such terms as may be agreed upon by any such tribe and the
Cherokees, subject to the approval of the President "of the United States,
which shall be consistent with certain provisions specified in said article; and

Whereas, The Shawnee tribe of Indians are civilized and friendly with
the Cherokees and adjacent tribes, and desire to settle within the Cherokee
country on unoccupied lands east of 9&\

It is therefore agreed, by the parties hereto, that such settlement may
be made upon the following terms and conditions, viz:

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKRE INDIANS ISl

That the sum of live thousand dolhirs belonging to the Shawnee tribe of
Indians, and arising under the provisions of treaties between the United States
and said Shawnee Indians, as follows, viz:

For permanent annuity for educational purposes- per fourth article treaty,
3d August. 1795, and third article- loth of May, 1854, one thousand dollars;

For interest, at five per centum, on forty thousand dollars for educa-
tional purposes, per third article treaty, loth May, 1854, one thousand dol-
lars;

For permanent annuit}. in specie, for educational purposes, per fourth
article treaty. 29th September, 1817. and third article, loth May. 1854, two
thousand dollars; shall be paid annually to the Cherokee Nation of said In-
dians, and that the annuities and interest, as recited, and the investments
upon which the same are based, shall hereafter become and remain the an-
nuities and interest and investment or investments of the Cherokee Nation of
Indians, the same as they have been the annuities and interest and invest-
ments of the Shawnee tribe of Indians. And that the sum of fifty thousand
dollars shall be paid to the said Cherokees. as soon as the same shall be re-
ceived by the United States, for the said Sliawnees, from the sale of the land
in the State of Kansas, known as the Absentee Shawnee Lands, in accordance
with the resolution of Congress, approved April 7th. 1869, entitled: "A
resolution for the relief of settlers upon the Absentee Shawnee Lands in Kan-
sas," and the provisions of the treaty between the United States and the
Shawnee Indians, concluded May loth, 1854, and also that the said Shaw-
nees shall abandon their tribal organization.

And it is further agreed by the parties hereto that in consideration of
the said payments and acts agreed upon, as hereinbefore stated, that the said
Cherokees will receive the said Shawnees — referring to those now in Kansa.s
and also to such as properly belong to said tribe who may be at present
elsewhere, and including those known as the Absentee Shawnees, now residing
in Indian Territory — into the country of the said Cherokees, upon unoccupied
lands east of 96". and that the said Shawnees shall be incorporated into and
ever after remain a part of the Cherokee Nation, on equal terms in every
respect, and with all the privileges and immunities of native citizens of the
said Cherokee Nation; provided, that all of said Shawnees who shall elect to
avail themselves of the provisions of this agreement, shall register their names,
and permanently locate in the Cherokee country, as herein provided, within
two years from the date thereof, otherwise they shall forfeit all rights under
this agreement.

In testimony wehereof, the parties hereto have hereunto subscribed their
names -and affixed their seals, on the day and year first above written.

[SEAL] ' H. D.REESE.

[SEAL.] VVM. ['. ADAIR,

Delegates representing the Cherokee Nation of Indians.

[SEAL.] GRAHAM ROGERS,

[SEAL] CHARLES TUCKER

182

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

Delegates representing the Shawnee Tribe of Indians.

\V. R. IRWIN, H. E. McKEE,

A. N. BLACKLEDGE, JAS. B. ABBOTT,

On June 5- 1872 the Cherokees sold one million five hundred sixty six
thousand three hundred eight acres of land lying west of the ninety sixth
meridian to the Osages. This automatically formed the western boundary
line of the Nation.

The several cessions of land hy the Cherokees and amounts received for
same, in whole numbers have been:

172 1

1755.

Nov

24,

1708.

Oct.

14,

1770.

Oct.

18,

1772.

1773.

June

1775.

Mar.

17-

1777.

May

20,

1777.

July

20,

1783.

May

31,

1785.

Nov

28,

1701.

July

1798.

Oct.

1804.

Oct.

28,

1805.

Oct.

25,

1805.

Oct.

-7,

1806.

Jan.

1 8 1 6.

Mar.

22,

1 8 1 6.

Sept.

14-

1817.

July

18 19.

Feb.

^7,

1828.

May

28,

18,3 5.

Dec.

29,

1866.

May

10,

1866.

July

19,

1872.

June

1872.

June

1876.

Apr.

10,

18 78.

Mav

27,

1881.

Mar.

1881.

Mar.

1893.

Mar.

1900.

Apr.

1900. Apr. 9,

Acres

Consic

eration.

1678720

5526400

544000

5888000

500480

S5000.

672000

17312000

5000.

13 12640

3951360

1056000

4 083 840

2660480

1 000.

annuity.

984960

1000.

annuity and 5000.

86400

1000.

annuity and 5000.

5105520

3000.

annuity and 14000.

800

1600.

4397440

10000.

94720

2 197120

65000.

05 1520

3802240

3020800

7882240

3400

In Pop

e Co. Arkansas.

12 34204

Cheroke

- and Crawford Cos.

Kansas.

1400107

To the Osages.

1 00 1 4 I

,, ,,

Kaws.

2 300 14

" "

Pawnees.

90710

" "

Nez Perces.

101894

,, >,

Poncas.

129113

„ „Q

o-Missouris.

8144682

Cherokee Outlet.

4420067

Allotment.

By the proclamation of King George III on October 7, 1763 a prohibi

.^u r^hT'^f .;" ^f?"'' "^ ''"^ ^"'"^^ promulgated and the realm became the
,suard,an of the Indians and by subsequent rulings the courts of the United

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 183

States have emphasized the relationship of guardian and ward. From 1785
to 1900 over ten million acres have been purchased by treaty from the
Cherokees at a proportional rate of about sixty cents an acre and then dis-
posed of it to the settler, for one dollar and twenty five cents per acre.

Steady progress in civil, industrial and educational lines was a marked
feature of the Cherokees and they came into the State of Oklahoma with a
patriotic impulse and pride of state that is equal to that of any citizen. The
following; citizens of the Cherokee Nation were elected members of the
constitutional convention: James W. Swarts. James Riley Copeland. Clement
\'ann Rogers, James Turner Edmondson, Albert Sidney Wyly, O. H. P. Brew-
er, William N. Littlejohn, Charles O. Frye and Rev. Henry Cloud, the latter
was a full blood Cherokee who defeated James Brooks Ayers Robertson by
a vote of nine hundred fifty eight to eight hundred ninety three. Rev. Cloud
was the only Cherokee in his constitutional district. The wife of Thomas J.
Leahy of the t]fty sixth district was Osage-Cherokee origin. The following
Cherokees and Cherokee citizens have represented Oklahoma in the halls
of Congress: Senator Robert Latham Owen; Congressmen William Wirt
Hastings, James Sanford Davenport, Thomas Albert Chandler and Charles
D. Carter, of Chickasaw-Cherokee descent. Hundreds of other Cherokees
have held other offices in the state and thereby evinced their fealty to the
State.

The salaries of the ofticers of the Cherokee Nation as fixed by acts of
the council on: October 4. 18 30, November 2}, 1859, November 29, 1866.
November 5. 1875 and in 1892 were, with slisiht variations, as follows:

day

18 30.

Principal Chief

S500.

Assistant Chief

3 00.

Executive Councilers

Supreme Judges

200.

Clerk Sprm. Court

Circuit Judges

2 00.

District Judges

1 10.

SherilTs

200.

Clerk Dt. Court

Juror

Treasurer

500.

Clerks of legislature

Editor Advocate

500.

Solicitor

too.

Spt. Education

300.

Legislators

Solicitor General

High Slieriff

.'\uditor

2. d

1859.

1866.

1875.

1892.

S4 00.

S900.

S2000.

S1500.

200.
2,

600.
4.

1 000.
5.

600.
3.50

3. d

800.

500.

60.

300.

150.

200.

300.

600.

500.*

12 5.

200.

400.

150.
2.

250.
60.

400.
500.

500.
400.

.50

400.

500.
4.

1000.
4.

1000.

3.50

400.

150.

1000.
400.

400.
400.

500.
4.

500.
3.50

1000.

800.

500.

300.

.he Circuit judges for the northern and central districts received S500.
per year and the judge for the southern district, which embraced only Cana-
dian District received S200.

184 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

MASONS AMONG THE CHEROKEES.

Be it enacted by the National Council, That lots Nos. tive and six of
square No. nineteen, in the town of Tahlequah, be and they are hereby do-
nated to the Cherokee Lodge of Masons and the division of the Sons of Tem-
perance, now in existence at this place, for the purpose of erecting- thereon a
lodge building-, to be held and owned by them and their successors, through
such a board of trustees as they may from time to time appoint: Provided,
that the said building shall be erected within two years of the date of this
act; otherwise the grant hereby made shall be null and void.

Tahlequah, October 30, 1852. JOHN ROSS'.

The above enactment referred to Cherokee Lodge No. 2 1 of Tahlequah
of the Arkansas jurisdiction, the oldest Masonic lodge in the state of Okla-
homa. The date of the charter is not known but the officers for the year
of 1848 were Walter Scott Adair, W M; Nathan Baron Danenburg, S VV,
Joseph Coody, J W.7

The membership of Cherokee Lodge No. 2 1 in lS5o was: Nathan
Danenburg, W M; Joseph Coody, S W; Walter Scott Adair, J W; Henry
Dobson Reese, Secretary; members: David Carter, Charles R. Gourd, Levi
Keys, William Potter Ross, John Griffith Harnage, John Walker Candy,
Joseph Martin Lynch, Edwin Archer, Thomas Jefferson Parks, John Shepherd
Vann, George M. Lavender. Johnson Foreman, James Daniel Rev. Thomas
Bertholf, Rev. J. W. Williams and H. Tament The lodge was discontinued
by the Grand Lodge of Arkansas on November 17, 1868, but they continued
until September 5. 18 77 when they were chartered under the Grand Lodge of
Indian Territory as Cherokee Lodge No. 10, with Henry Dobson Reese, W M;
John Ross Vann, S W; John Lynch Adair J W and the following members:
William Frederick Rasmus, John Wardell Stapler, William Eubanks, William
'I". McCoy. Thomas F. Trainor, Johnson Thompson, Joseph Franklin Thomp-
son, Dr. Walter Thompson Adair, Joel Bryan Mayes, Leonidas Dobson,
James Latta, Jackson R. Gourd, T. K. B. McSpadden, Philip T. Johnson, Levi
Keys, Dr. I. D. Leoser, E. Poe Harris, James Shelton, John Anthony Foreman,
George Keys, David Wheeler and John Hildebrand Cookson.

In 1882 John Wardell Stapler was W M; Robert Latham Owen SW; Evans
Price Robertson, JW; John Lynch Adair S D; J. B. Gladney, J D; Roben
Bruce Ross, Secretary and William Johnston, Treasurer. Members not given
above: Bluford West Alberty, John Martin Riley, Richard Martin Benge and
Walter N. Evans.

Fort Gibson Lodge No. 35 was chartered by Arkansas on November 5,
1850 with the following officers: W. M. Chapman, W M; M. Rudder, S W;
C. DeLano, J. W. and P. Lukenbill, Secretary. The charter of this lodge was
discontinued by the Arkansas Grand Lodge on November 6. 1867. H was
chartered under the Indian Territory Grand Lodge on November 5, 1878 as
Alpha Lodge No. 12. The officers in 1879 were: P. J. Byrne, W M; Henrv
Clay Meigs, S W; William Thomas, J W; Florian Haradan Wash, S D; Dr.
R. B. Howard, Treasurer and William S. Nash, Secretary.

In 1882 Florian H. Nash was W M; Henrv C. Meips S W; Dr. R. B.

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 185

Howard J W; Thomas French S D; George O. Sanders S S; William Jack-
son J S; Connell Rogers. Secretary: William Potter Ross and O. H. P. Brewer
were members.

Flint Lodge No. 74 was chartered by the Grand Lodge of Arkansas on
November 9, 1853. The officers for 1854 were: John Griffith Harnage
W M; R. M. Johnson S W; John Thompson Adair. J W and William Penn
Adair. Secretary. The lodge was discontinued by the Arkansas Grand Lodge
on August 27, 1867, but this lodge as well as those at Tahlequah and Fort
Gibson continued their organizations until they became a part of the Indian
Territory Grand Lodge under which this lodge was chartered on March 28,
18 76 as Flint Lodge No. II.

The Grand Lodge of Indian Territory was organized at Caddo on Oc-
toner tifth. t874 by Muscogee Lodge No. (-lo of Eufaula, which became No.
1 of the new jurisdiction; Doaksville Lodge No. 2 70 of Doaksville, becomin^;;;
No. 2 and Caddo Lodge No. 3 1 1 became No. 3. The old numbers were those
of the Arkansas Grand Lodge. After the organization of the (}rand Lodge,
and following the tirst convocation, Oklahoma Lodge No. 2 1 7 of Boggy
Depot applied for membership and was accepted as Oklahoma Lodge No. 4,
v'inita Lodge No. 5 of Vinita was chartered on September 8, 1875 with
George W. Franklin as WM; John Swain J W; James Blythe, Treasurer;
James A. Thompson Secretary and the following were members: William
Penn Adair, William W. Butfington, George W. Clark, Joseph Vann Cratch-
tield, James O. Hall. Benjamin F. Landrum, August S'ager. W. F. Tucker and
D. H. Tucker. Henry Armstrong, Charles Bluejacket, David Taylor. Robert
Taylor and Samuel M. Couch were members in 1876. George W. Franklin
was W M; J. T. Cunningham, S W and Henry Eifiort, S D in 18 79. Among
the members in 1880 were: George W. Franklin, W M: Thomas F. Couch.
S W; A. W. Timberlake, J W; J. T. Cunningham. S D; Joseph Lynch Thomp-
son, J D; J. J. Caldwell. Tyler and Ross Carey a member. In 1882 the
following names are registered: James M. Tittle, William J. Strange, John
C. Hogan, Samuel H. Mayes, Archibald McCoy. Robert Lunday, Surry Eaton
Beck and John Henry Covel.

The following citizens of the Cherokee Nation have been Most Wor-
shipped Grand Masters of the Grand Lodge of Indian Territory: Harvey Lind-
sey. 1882, Florian H. Nash, 1885, 1886 and 1887; Leo. E. Bennett,
1889, 1890, 1891 and 1892 and Wilson O. Bruton in 1904. O'Lonzo
Conner was M W G M of the Oklahoma Grand Lodge in 191'-). Leo E.
Bennett was Grand Treasurer from 1899 to 1917.

186 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

T. M. BUFFINGTON
Cliief— ipofeiiilier ."i, 1S91, to December 23, ISiH
November, 1899, to November, 1903

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 187

CHAPTER X

The Texas Cherokee 1820-30. Ch^ant From. Mexico. Grant From Te.xas.
Treaties. Expvl.'^iov.

By thi? year of 1812, about one-fourth of the Cherokee Nation east had
emigrated to the Arkansas territory between the Arkansas and White Rivers.
John Bowles, a chief, and a large number from Running Water Town, on
the Mussel Shoals of the Tennessee, had left in the year 1874 and emi-
grated to the St. Francis River country in southeast Missouri. During the
winter of 1811-12 this branch moved to the Arkansas Territory, where' they
were domiciled until a survey of the Cherokee Nation, Arkansas was made
hy the United States Government in 181Q in accordance with the provisions
of the Treaty of 1817.

Bowles' village was located between Shoal aand Petit Jean Creeks,
on the south side of Arkansas River, outside of the stipulated Cherokee Ter-
ritory, on account of this fact and in compliance with the wishes of his fol-
lowers to locate in Spanish territory, he, with si.xty families, migrated in the
winter of 1819-20 to territory that was claimed to have been promised them
by the representatives of the Dominion of Spain, on Sabine River and ex-
tending from the Angelina to the Trinity Rivers in the Province of Te.xas.

Settlement was made north of Nacogdoches, then an expanse of waste and
ruin, the result of warfare waged between the American and Spanish forces
of Long and Perez. The climatic conditions auguring favorable to the pur-
suits of agriculture, stock-raising and hunting, their numbers were augmented
occasionally by recruits from their brethren in Arkansas and other tribes of
Indians in the United States.

For one whole year the Cherokees lived in peace and happiness under
the roof of the hospitable Spaniard. Whether title to the lands accorded to
and occupied by them was by prescription rights, the Indian mode of occu-
pancy or in fee from the Monarch of Spain, is immaterial — they were there:
their rights undisputed, under the impression they had a perfected right.

The Mexicans, their authority emanating from the imperial government
at Mexico City, becoming dissatislled with Spanish suzerainty over this por-
tion of Latin America, adopted drastic measures toward throwing oft the
Spanish yoke.

By the Plan of Iguala, adopted by the revolutionary government of
Mexico, 24th February, 182 1, the Mexicans published to the world that "all
inhabitants of New Spain, without distinction, whether Europeans, Africans
or Indians, are citizens of the monarchy, with a right to be employed in any
post, according to their merit and virtues", and that "The person and pro-
perty of every citizen will be respected and protected by the government"
The" Treaty of Cordova, of the 24th August, 1821, and the Declaration of
Independence of the 28th September, 1821, reaffirmed the principles of the
Plan of Iguala. Also the decree of the 9th April, 182 3, which reaffirmed
the three guaranties of the Plan of- Iguala, viz: — 1. Independence; 2.
The Catholic religion; 3. Union of all Mexicans of whatever race. The

,88 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

decree of the 17th September lcS22, with a view to give effect to the 12th
Article of the Plan of Iguala, declared that classification of the inhahitanl.s
with regard to their origin, shall be omitted. The foregoing solemn decla-
rations'of the political power of the government, had the affect, necessarily,
of investing- the Indians with the full privileges of citizenship- as effectually as
had the Dedaration of Independence of the United States of 17/6 of investing
all those persons with these privileges, residing in the country .at the time.

Under the constitution and laws of Mexico, as a race, no distinction was
made between the Indians, as to rights of citizenship and the privileges be-
longing to it and those of European or Spanish blood. The Mexican Re-
public from the time of its emancipation from Spain, always dealt most
liberally with foreigners, in its anxiety to colonize its vacant lands. Where
the grant declared ^hat a citizen of the United States had been naturalized,
it was taken for true. Thus, it will be seen during this transitory period in
the political affairs of the countrv, the Cherokees bore the status of ful!-
fledged citizens of the Republic of Mexico, with all the privileges and im-
munities attached to the other inhabitants thereof. The first evidence of any
attempt at acquiring legal title to the lands so occupied since their advent, is
adduced by a letter from Richard Fields to James Dill- Alcalde of Nacog-
doches, as follows:

"February 1st. 182 2.

Dear Sir: I wish to fall at your feet and humbly ask you what must be
done with us poor Indians;" We have some grants that were given us when
we lived under" Spanish Government, and we wish you to send us news by
the next mail whether they will be reversed or not. And if we were per-
mitted, we will come as soon as possible to present ourselves before you in
a manner agreeable to our talents. If we present ourselves in a rough man-
ner, we pray you to right us. Our intentions are good toward the govern-
ment.

Yours as a Chief of the Cherokee Nation.

Richard Fields.'"

It appears that this communication went unanswered but was forwarded
to the Governor of the Province of Texas at Bexar or San Antonio.

An indisputable title or unquestioned right of occupancy was desired on
their part. With this object in view, a delegation repaired to Bexar and on
the 8th November, 1822, an agreement was entered into between the Chero-
kees and Jose Felix Trespalacios, Governor of the Province and acting for
the Republic of Mexico.

"Articles of Agreement, made and entered into between Captain Richard
(Fields) of the Cherokee Nation, and the Governor of the Province of
Texas.

"ARTICLE 1. That the said Captain Richard (Fields) wi+h five others
of his tribe, acompanied by Mr. Antonio Mexia and Antonio Wolfe, who act
as interpreters, may proceed to Mexico, to treat with his Imperial Majesty,
relative to the settlement which said Chief wishes to make for those of his
tribe who are already in the territory of Texas, and also for those who are

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 180

in the United States.

"ART. 2nd. That the other Indians in the city, and who do not ac-
company the before mentioned, will return to their village in the vicinity of
Nacogdoches, and communicate to those who are at said village, the terms
of this agreement.

"ART. 3rd. That a party of warriors of said village must be constantly
kept on the road leading from the province to the United States, to prevent
stolen animals from being carried thithen and to apprehend and punish those
evil disposed foreigners, who form assemblages, and abound on the banks of
the River Sabine within the territory of Texas.

"ART. 4th. That the Indians who return to their town, will appoint
as their chief, the Indian Captain called Kunetand, alias Tong Turqui. to
whom a copy of this agreement will be given, for the satisfaction of those of
his tribe, and in order that they may fulfill its stipulations.

''ART. 5th. That meanwhile, and until the approval of the Supreme
Government is obtained, they may cultivate their lands and sow their crops
in free and peaceful possession.

"ART. 6th. That the said Cherokee Indians \v\\] become immediatelv
subject to the laws of the Empire, as well as others who tread her soil- and
they will also take up arms in defense of the nation, if called upon to do so.

"ART. 7th. That they shall be considered Hispano-AmericanS' and en-
titled to all the rights and privileges granted to such, and to the same protec-
tion, should it become necessary.

"ART. Sth. That thev can immediately commence trade with the other
inhabitants of the province, and with the exception of arms and ammuni-
tions of war, with the tribes of savages who may be friendly with us.

"Which agreement, comprising the eight preceeding articles, has been
executed in the presence of twenty-two Cherokee Indians of the Baron de
Bastrop, who has been pleased to act as interpreter, of two of the Ayunta-
miento. and two officers of this Garrison.

Bexar, Sth November, 1822.

Jose Felix Trespalacios, Jose Flores, Nabor Villarreal, Richard Fields, x
his mark, El Baron de Bastrop, Manuel Iturri Castillo, Franco de Castanedo.'"
In pursuance of this agreement Governor Trespalacios addressed the fol-
lowing communication to Don Caspar Lopez Commandant of the Eastern
Internal Provinces, sending it by Lieutenant Don Ignacio Ronquillo:

"Captain Richard (Fields) of the Cherokee Nation, with twenty-two
more Indians that accompanied him, visited me to ask permission for all be-
longing to his tribe, to settle upon the lands of this province. After I had
been informed myself through foreigners, who are acquainted with this Nation,
that it is the most industrious and useful of the tribes in the United States, I
entered with said Captain, into an agreement, the original of which I send
you. This arrangement provided that Vaptain Richard and six others of his
nation, with two interpreters, escorted by Lieutenant Don Ignacio Ronquillo
and fifteen men of the Visscayan, shall proceed to your headquarters and,
'f it meet your approval, thence to the court of the Empire.

"The Cherokee Nation, according to their statement, numbers fifteen

^90 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

thousand souls; but there are within the borders of Texas only one hundred
warriors and two hundred women and children. They work tor their hvmg,
and dress in cotton-cloth, which they themselves manufacture. They raise
cattle and horses and use firearms. Many of them understand the English
language. In my opinion, they ought to be useful to the Province, for they
immediately became subject to its laws, and I believe will succeed in putting
a stop to carrying stolen animals to the United States, and in arresting those
evil-doers that infest the roads.'"

From the foregoing agreement and communication, it will be seen that
the matter of procuring title was only partially and temporarily realized.
While occupation or prescription rights were accorded by the authorities, they
were also recognized as Hispano-Americans and were clothed with judicial as
well as police powers, pledging their unqualified support in time of war.
They were reorganized as agriculturists, manufacturers and stock-raisers and
w^'.re to apprehend and try offenders against the laws of the Empire.

Not being satisfied with conditions as to land titles, it was their determi-
nation to push their claims for a more satisfactory arrangement. Repairing to
Saltillo. headquarters of the Commandant General, they were sent, early in
December on their way to Mexico City, where they arrived in the Spring of
1823. The conditions of the country were chaotic. The throne of Em-
peror Iturbide toppled and he was succeeded by Victoria, Bravo and Negrete
on March 30th. 1823, who held the reigns of government, exercising a joiiu
regency.

During the progress of aflairs. Fields and his fellow-companions were
detained, awaiting the decision of the government. The Minister of Rela-
tions gave notice that the agreement entered into between Fields and Tres-
palacios would be recognized, pending the passage of a general colonization
law. The Minister of Relations. Lucas Alaman, in the new provisional gov-
ernment, wrote to Don Felipe de la Garza, the successor of Lopez, as Com-
mandant General of the Eastern Internal Provinces, as follows:

"The Supreme Executive Power has been pleased to resolve that Richard
Fields, Chief of the Cherokee Tribe of Indians, and his companions, now in
this Capitol, may return to their country, and that they be supplied with what-
ever may be necessary for that purpose. Therefore, Their Supreme High-
nesses have directed me to inform you that, although the agreement made
on the 8th — November. 1822, between Richard Fields and Colonel Felix
Trespalacious. Governor of Texas, remains provisionally in force, you are
nevertheless required to he very careful and vigilant in regard to their settle-
ments- endeavoring to bring them towards the interior, and at places least
dangerous, not permitting for the present, the entrance of any new families
of the Cherokee tribe, until the publication of the General Colonization Law,
which will establish the rules and regulations to be observed, although the
benefits to arise from it, cannot be extended to them, in relation to all of
which. Their Highnesses intent to consult the Sovereign Congress. That
while this is effecting, the families already settled, should be well treated, and
the other chiefs also, treated with suitable consideration, provided that those
already within our territory respect our laws, and are submissive to our

HISTORY OF THE CHHKOKHE INDIANS lOi

authorities; and, finally, Their Hij;hnesses order, that in future neither these
Indians, nor any others, he permitted to come to the City of Mexico, but
only send their petitions in ample form, for journeys similar to the present are
of no henelit and only create unnecessary expense to the state. All of which
I communicate to you for your information and fulfillment."

That the delegation regarded their land titles secure, is apparent. They
returned home seemingly satisfied with their accomplishments. Victoria,
Bravo and Negrete, through their Minister of Relations- had confirmed the
then existing contract until such time that a general colonization law was
enacted, implying that titles would be more securely vested under such a law.

About a year later, Fields proposed a union of all the Indian tribes in
Eastern Texas, proposing to exact a pledge from them, of fidelity to the gov-
ernment. In promulgating this, he gave a summary of his accomplish-
ments in Mexico City and of his plans for the future. On March 6th, 1824,
he wrote to the Governor at San Antonio, as follows:

"It was my intention, on my return from Mexico, to present myself at
San Antonio- in order that the authorities there might examine the papers
which I received from the Superior Government of the Nation : but it was
impossible to do so. because a party of Comanches had prepared an ambush
on the road. However, 1 had the good fortune to escape them.

"The Superior Government has granted me in this province, a territory
sufiicient for me and that part of the tribe of Indians dependent on me to
settle on, and also a commission to command all the Indian tribes and nations
that are in the four eastern provinces.

"I pray your honor to notify all the Indians within your terirtory, and
particularly the Lipans, that on the 4th "f July next, I shall, in compliance
with the order of the Supreme Government, hold a general council of all the
Indian tribes, at my house in the rancheria of the Cherokees- twelve miles
west of the Sabine River. At this Council- I shall propose a treaty of peace
to all Indians who are willing to submit themselves to the orders of the Gov-
ernment. In case there should be any who may not wish to ratify what I
propose- I shall use force of arms to subdue them.

"I beg you to notify the commandant at San .Antonio that he shall,
for the satisfaction of his people, send some trusted person to aid in the treaty
of peace and see how the afi'air is managed.

"Should it be convenient, have this letter translated and have the
authorities send it to Rio Grande and Monclova, in which two places I left
copies of the documents from the Superior Government."

The Grand Council took place in pursuance of call, with exception of
the date which was changed to August 20th. 1824. All the tribes convened
in council at Fields' residence, with the exception of the Comanches and
Tonkawas, on whom he proposed to make war.

Closely following these events the 24th January- 182 3, the Central
Government under Augustine- the first constituted Emperor of Mexico- en-
acted the Imperial Colonization Law of 182 3, which decreed, among other
things — "that the Mexican Government will protect the liberty, property and

1Q2 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

civil rights of all foreigners, etc." This was followed by the National Colo-
nization Law of August 18, 1824. in which it was decreed — "To all who
shall see and understand these presents — That the Mexican Nation offers to
foreigners, who came to establish themselves within its territory, security for
their persons and property, provided, they subject themselves to the laws of
the country, etc. "and for this purpose, the legislatures of all the states will,
as soon as possible, form colonization laws, or regulations for their respective
states, conforming themselves in all things to the constitutional act- general
constitution, and the regulations established in this law, etc."

In pursuance of the foregoing, the State of Coahuila and Texas passed
a colonization law March 25th. 1825, the first article of which reads:

"All foreigners who, in virtue of the general law of the l8th of August.
1824. which guarantees the security of their persons and property in this re-
public, shall wish to emigrate to any of the settlements of the State of Coa-
huila and Texas, are permitted to do so; and the said state invites and calls
them." Second. "Those who shall thus emigrate, far from being molested,
shall be admitted by the local authorities of said settlements, and permitted
by the same to freely engage in any honest pursuit, provided they respect
the general laws of the republic, and the laws of the state."

It is noticeable that the provisions of the three consecutive colonization
laws, the word "foreigners" and the phrase "those who shall thus emigrate"
would apply to those who arrived after their passage, the lirst. the Imperial;
decreed the 4th of January, 182 3. For the sake of clearness, it is deemed
advisable to reiterate that the Cherokees were Mexican citizens and had been
prior to the passage of these laws, as much so as any others who emigrated
to Texas and were so made by statute or constitutional enactment.

Possibly, owing to the absence of the locomotive, telegraph and other
modes of travel and conveniences of communication, many of the early set-
tlers of Texas did not know of the passage of these laws, or whether the
vested rights of the Cherokees were purposely ignored on the part of the
authorities of Coahuila and Texas, sitting at Saltilla, made divers and sundries
grants of lands. These embraced portions of Cherokee territory, and among
the donors were David G. Burnet, Vincente Filisola, Robert Leftwich, Frost
Thorn and the Edwards Brothers. This act so incensed the Cherokees, that
a council was soon after convened. Peter Ellis Bean reported to Stephen
F. Austin that Fields addressed the council substantially as follows:

■•In my old days, I traveled two thousand miles to the City of Mexico
to beg some lands to settle a poor orphan tribe of Red People, who looked
to me for protection. I was promised lands for them after staying one vear
in Mexico and spending all I had. I then came to my people and waited
two years, and then sent Mr. Hunter, after selling my stock to provide him
money for his expenses. When he got there, he stated his mission to the
Sovernment. 'I hey said they knew nothing of this Richard Fields and
treated hmi with contempt.

w.,v "'w"' ',,'r'? ^''" ^"'' ^ "''^" °f '^^"O'' ^"d can't be imposed on this
\va\. We will lift up our tomahawks and fight for land with all those friendly

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 10.^

tribes that wish land also. If 1 am Ivatcn, I will resign to fate, and if not,
I will hold lands by the force of m_\- red warriors."

John Dunn Hunter, a White man. had CdUie among the Cherokees
sometime during the year 1825. Through his intervention, hope was held
out that the agitated question of land title wtuild be amicably settled. With
this end in view, he was dispatched to Mexico City to plead their cause. He
arrived at the seat of government March 19th, 1826 and returned in Sep-
tember, after fruitless attempts at a settlement of title.

Seeing their lands taken possession of by newcomers, their homes and
fire-sides so long established, what they considered wrongfully wrested from
them, they began to prepare to maintain their holdings peacefully if possible,
but by force, if they must. Touching these events, Stephen F. Austin wrote
the Commander of Texas September 11. I826 in part, as follows:

"There is reason to fear that the delay of the measures concerning the
peaceable tribes, has disgusted them; and should this be the case, it would be
a misfortune, for 100 of the Cherokees are worth more as warriors than 500
Comanches. "

Hunter, "pictured in story and glowing language the gloomy alternative,
now plainly presented to the Indians, of abandoning their present abodes and
returning within the limits of the United States — or preparing to defend them-
selves against the whole power of the Mexican Government by force of
arms. - "

John G. Purnell wrote to Fields from SaltiUo on October 4th, 1825,
as follows:

"When I last saw you in my house at Monterey, I little thought in so
short a time you would have commenced a war against your American brothers
and the Mexican Nation; more particularly a man like yourself who is ac-
quainted with the advantages of civilization. If your claims for lands

were not granted at a time when the government was not firmly established,
that should not be a cause of war. Ask and it will be given to you; this
nation has always felt friendly inclined toward yours, and I am sure if you
cease hostilities they will enter into a treaty with you by which you will obtain
more permanent advantages than you can by being at war ".

On November 10th. 1825, F. Durcy. also of SaltiUo, wrote to Francis
Grapp. a well-known Indian trader at Natchitoches:

"Knowing the weight of your influence with all the savage nations and
also the ascendancy that you have over the character of Mr. Fields, your
son-in-law, I think that no one could stop, better than yourself, the great dis-
turbance which is about to be raised by the Indians, whom you understand
better than I. I say that you can distinguish yourself for the welfare of
humanity in general, in making the savages understand the evils which await
them in "following the plans of Mr. Fields, and likewise causing Mr. Fields to
be spoken to by his brother, who can prevail upon him (le determiner) to
abandon a plan which will have no -other end than that of destroying him-
self and all who shall have the misfortune to follow him."

194 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

Hunter's mission to Mexico City failed of its purpose. Tlie Edwards
brothers, wlio had i^een granted territory on which to settle eight hundred
families, discovered that their claims of title conflicted with others originat-
ing under the Spanish regime. These lands also over-lapped the Cherokee
session. They had consumed large sums of money, time- and enormous
amount of work in the United States arranging for the introduction of the
eight hundred families called for by the terms of the empresario contract with
the Mexican government. Finding themselves in dispute over their lands,
almost the same as their neighbors, the Cherokees' affairs were rapidly reach-
ing a critical stage in that portion of Texas.

The Edwardses, highly incensed at the prospects of losing their all at
one fell swoop, determined to throw off Mexican sovereignty and thus de-
clare Texas a free and independent nation, under the name of the Republic
of Fredonia.

Fields and Hunter concluded to confer with this embryo government
on future plans. On their arrival at Nacogdoches, they found all excite-
ment and chaos. A compact was entered into by Fields and Hunter, on the
part of the Red people, Harmon B. Mayo and Benjamin W. Edwards, as
agents of the Committee of Independence, culminating into a Solemn Union-
League and Confederation in peace and war to establish and defend their
independence against Mexico.

The compact entered into, follows:

"Whereas, The Government of the Mexican United States, have, by
repeated insults, treachery and oppression, reduced the White and Red emi-
grants from the United States of North America, now living in the Province
of Texas, within the territory of said government, which they have been de-
luded by promises solemnly made, and most basely broken, to the dreadful
alternative of either submitting their free-born necks to the yoke of the im-
becile, unfaithful, and despotic government, miscalled a Republic, or of taking
up arms in defense of their inalienable rights and asserting their independence;
they— viz: The White emigrants now assembled in the town of Nacogdoches,
around the independent standard, on the one part, and the Red emigrants who
have espoused the same Holy Cause, on the other, in order to prosecute more
speedily and effectually the war of Independence, they have mutually under-
taken, to a successful issue, and to bind themselves bv the ligaments of re-
ciprocal interests and obligations, have resolved to form a treaty of Union,
League and Confederation.

"For this illustrious object, Benjamin W. Edwards and Harmon B.
Mayo. Agents of the Committee of Independence, and Richard Fields and
John D. Hunter, the agents of the Red people, being respectfully furnished
with due powers, have agreed to the following articles:

"1 The above named contracting parties, bind themselves to a solemn
union, League, and Confederation, in peace and war, to establish and defend
tlieir mutual mdependence of the Mexican United States.
nn, ""'.I '^^^. contracting parties guarantee mutually to the extent of their
pouLi, the mtegnty of their respective territories as now agreed upon and

HISTORY OF THE CHHROKhE INDIANS 195

describc^d- viz: The territory apportioned to tlie Red people, shall besin at
the Sandy Spring, where Bradley's road takes otY from the road leading- from
Nacogdoches to the Plantation of Joseph Dust; from thence west by the
compass, without regard to variation, to the Rio Grande; thence to the head
of the Rio Grande; thence with the mountains to the head of the Big Red
River; thence north to the boundary of the United States of America; thence
with the same line to the mouth of Sulphur Fork; thence in a right line to
the beginning.

"The territory apportioned to the White people, shall comprehend all
the residue of the Province of Texas, and of such other portions of the
Mexican United States, as the contracting parties, by their mutual efforts and
resources, may render independent, provided the same shall not extend further
west than the Rio Grande.

"3. The contracting parties mutually guarantee the rights of Empre-
sarios to their premium lands only, and the rights of all other individuals,
acquired under the Mexican Government and relating or appertaining to
the above described territory, provided the said Empresarios and individuals
do not forfeit the same by an opposition to the independence of the said
territories, or by withdrawing their aid and support to its acomplishment.

It is distinctly understood by the contracting parties, that the terri-
tory apportioned to the Red people, is intended as well for the benefit of
those tribes now settled in the territory apportioned to the White people,
as for those living in the former territory, and that it is incumbent upon the
contracting parties for the Red people to ofler the said tribes a participation
in the same.

"5. It is also mutually agreed by the contracting parties, that every
individual. Red or White, who has made improvements within either of the
Respective Allied Territories and lives upon the same, shall have a fee
simple of a section of land, including his improvement, as well as the pro-
tection of the government in which he may reside.

"6. The" contracting parties mutually agree, that all roads, navigable
streams, and all other channels of conveyance within each Territory, shall be
open and free to the use of the inhabitants of the other.

"7. The contracting parties mutualy stipulate that they will direct
all their resources to the prosecution of the Heaven-inspired cause which has
given birth to this solemn Union, League and Confederation, firmly relying
upon their united efforts, and the strong arm of Heaven for success.

"In faith whereof, the Agents of the respective contracting parties
hereunto affix their names.

"Done in the town of Nacogdoches, this the twenty-first of Decem-
ber, in the vear of our Lord, one thousand eight hundred and twenty-six."

Richard Fields, John D. Hunter, B. W. Edwards, H. B. Mayor.

"We, the Committee of Independence, and the Committee of the Red
people, do ratify the above Treaty, and do pledge ourselves to maintain it in
good faith.

"Done on the day and date above mentioned.

Richard Fields, John D. Hunter, Ne-Ko-Lake, John Bags, Cuk-To-Keh,

196 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

Martin Parmer, President, Hayden Edwards, W. B. Legon, John Sprowl, B.
J. Thompson, Jos. A. Huher, B. W. Edwards, H. B. Mayo.

While these things were transpiring in and around Nacogdoches, the
Mexicans, with their chief allies Stephen F. Austin and Peter Ellis Bean, were
stirring up dissatisfaction among the Fredonians, both Red and White people.
To forestall any further preparations on the part of the infant revolutionary
government, Bent on 16th — December, arrived with thirty-five Mexican sol-
diers from San Antonio. On learning of the feelings that pervaded the Fre-
donians, he retired to a point west of Nacogdoches to await reinforcements,
realizing his forces were inadequate to successfully cope with the revolutionary
forces. About the 20th of the same month, two hundred strong under
Colonel Mateo Ahumada, with banners flying, the glittering of steel and the
clanking of arms, marched out of San Antonio, bent on the conquest of
Nacogdoches. This contingent was accompanied by Jose Antonio Saucedo,
the Political Chief, in full charge of operations.

On January 2 2nd — 1826, Austin addressed the Mexican people in terms,
as follows:

"To the Inhabitants of the Colony:

"The persons who were sent on from this colony by the Political Chief
and Military Commandant (Austin) to ofier peace to the madmen of Nacog-
doches, have returned — returned without having affected anything. The
olive branch of peace which was held out to them has been insultingly re-
turned, and that party have denounced massacre and desolation to this colony.
They are trying to excite all the Northern Indians to murder and plunder, and
it appears as though they have no other object than to ruin and plunder this
country. They openly threaten us with massacre and the plunder of our
property.

"To arms then, my friends and fellow-citizens, and hasten to the standard
of our country.

"The first hundred men will march on the 26th. Necessary orders for
mustering and other purposes will be issued to commanding officers.

Union and Mexico.

S. F. Austin.
San Felipe de Austin,
January 27th — 1827."

The authorities and leading citizens of Austin's Colony lost no time in
fomenting dissension in the ranks of the Fredonians. From the capitol of
his colony, Austin hurled all the epithets at his command against his liberty-
loving American brothers. Writers of Texas history condemn him for the
course taken in this instance. A careful perusal of the compact entered into
by the Fredonians will not disclose an iota justifying his denunciations in
such terms, in his proclamation to the colonists. The compact was to them,
what the mimortal document of 1776 was to the Americans during the
gloomy days of the American Revolution. It was their divorcement from
a weak, unstable and vacillating rule. It was the forerunner of the glorv
of San Jacnito, the climax that thrills the heart of every loyal Texan and
freeman throughout Christendom. Doomed to failure it was, and the perpe-

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKHE INDIANS 197

trators suffered the consequences.

Their propaganda was successful. Promises of land and other pre-
ferments by Bean and Austin detached large numbers of the Fredonians.
leaving- the loyal, in a hopeless state. Bowles and Mush, of the Cherokees,
were among the detached. Due to their machinations. Fields and Hunter
were foully murdered by men of their own people. The Edwards contingent
was dispersed and fled to Louisiana, and other portions of the United States.
For his services in having Fields and Hunter put out of the way. Bowles was
invested with a commission as nominal Colonel in the Mexican army, as was
also Peter Ellis Bean. The Fredonia at!air was terminated.

Affairs in this portion of Texas were restored to normalcy, with the ex-
ception of the mooted question of land titles. To further complicate mat-
ters, the legislature made a division of the territory in question between David
G. Burnet and Joseph Vehlein.

The Act of April 6th, 1830, prohibiting the further emigration of
Americans into Texas, was passed. General Teran. Conunandant General
of the Eastern Interior States, determined to perfect title in the Cherokees,
to lands so long- occupied by them, and on August I5th, 183 1. wrote to
Lelona, Governor of Coahuila and Texas:

"In compliance with the promises made by the Supreme Government,
to the Cherokee Indians, and with a view to the preservation of peace, with
the rude tribes, I caused them to determine upon some fixed spot for their
settlement, and having selected it on the head waters of the Trinity, and the
banks of the Sabine, I pray your Excellency may be pleased to order that
possession be given to them, with the corresponding titles, with the under-
standing that it will be expedient, that the commissioners be appointed for
this purpose, should act in conjunction with Colonel Jose de las Piedras,
commanding the military forces on the frontier of Nacogdoches."

Teran 's suggestions that title be consummated was universally concurred
in by the authorities. March 22, 1832, Governor Letona ordered the political
chief to furnish Commissioner Piedras with the necessary documents in due
form for that purpose. On the eve of preparations to carry out such orders,
he was expelled from Nacogdoches by an uprising of Americans. Soon
afterwards, Teran committed suicide and was succeeded in office by Vincente
Filisola who held an empresario contract in his own name. This appoint-
ment was detrimental to the interests of the Cherokees in the extreme, be-
cause his contract embraced a portion of their lands. Governor Letona died
of yellow fever and was succeeded by Beramendi.

The attempts on the part of Mexico to grant title, ended with these
transactions.

On July 20th, 1833, a delegation headed by Colonel Bowles, repaired
to San Antonio and petitioned the Political Chief for title to their lands.
They were directed to Monclova, the Capitol of the Province of Coahuih
and Texas, where they were given assurance that their claims would receive
due consideration. But, inasmuch as David G. Burnet and Vincente Filisola
had immatured colonization contracts which were to expire Deceml-ier 2 1st —
18 35, all land title, he maintained, must, of necessity, be held in abeyance

198 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

for the time being. However, on March 10th — 1835, the Political Chief
wrote the Supreme Government, admonishing the authorities that the Chero-
kees be not disturbed in their possessions until the central government at
Mexico City could finally pass on the question.

On May 12. 1835, the legislature of the state of Coahuila and Texas
passed the following resolution :

"Art. 1. In order to secure the peace and tranquility of the state, the
government is authorized to select, out of the vacant lands of Texas, that
land which may appear most appropriate for the location of the peaceable
and civilized Indians which may have been introduced into Texas.

"Art. 2. It shall establish with them a line of defense along the fron-
tier to secure the state against the incursions of barbarous tribes."

This was the last utterance of the Mexican government in reference to
the Cherokee claims.

At the beginning of the disaffection of the Americans, the Committee
of Public Safety, the Permanent Council and Consultation, successively, had
deemed it just and prudent to arrive at some understanding with the Chero-
kees and other Indians concerning their land claims.

The state of aft'airs at this period existing between the Central Govern-
ment at Mexico City and the State of Coahuila and Texas was exceedinglyl
critical. On the I9th of September, 1835, on behalf of the Committee of
Safety, Stephen F. Austin addressed the people of Texas in part: "That
every district should send members to the General Consultation, with full
powers to do whatever may be necessary for the good of the country."

The General Consultation convened on the l6th — October, 1835, but
adjourned for want of a quorum. It reassembled at San Felipe de Austin
on November 1st, but was unable to dispatch business until the 3rd, when
a quorum appeared. Dr. Branch T. Archer of Brazoria, formerly Speaker
of the House of Delegates in the Virginia Legislature, was unanimously
elected President. This was the third deliberative body authorized on the
American plan, superseding the conventions of October 1. 1832, and April
1, 1833. In an elaborate speech to the convention, President Archer re-
viewed the condition of aifairs of the country and recommended plans upon
which Texas was to erect autonomy and at the same time contest upon the
field of battle for a long-cherished independence. Among other things im-
pressed upon the members of the Consultation, were the need of establishing
a provisional Government, with a Governor, Lieutenant Governor and Council
to be clothed with Legislative and executive powers; and that "there are sev-
eral warlike and peaceful tribes of Indians that claim certain portions of our
land. Locations have been made within the limits they claim, which has
created great dissatisfaction amongst them. Some of the chiefs of those
tribes are expected here in a few days, and I deem it expedient to make some
equitable arrangement of the matter that will prove satisfactory to them."

On the 7th of November 1835, the Unanimous Declaration of the
Consul at.on was adopted. It declared that "General Lopez de Santa Anna

h In '"'J' ^ '"^*''"' '''^'' ^^ ^'"'^ °f ^""S' overthrown the federal
.nstitutions of Mexico and dissolved the social compact which existed be-

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 199

tween Texas and other members of the Mexican Confederacy; Now. the
good people of Texas, availing- themselves of their natural rights, Solemnly
Declare — 1st. That they have taken up arms in defense of their Rights and
Liberties, ".

In pursuance of this Declaration of Independence, a Plan or Constitu-
tion for a Provisional Government was drawn by a committee headed by
Henry Smith, reported to that body on November 9th, but was not adopted
as the organic act until the 11th, at which time it was enrolled and signed. A.
provisional Government was thus created, among the prerogatives or duties
imposed upon the Governor and Council were to hypothecate the public
lands and pledge the public faith for a loan not to exceed one million dol-
lars; to impose and regulate imports and tonnage duties and provide for the
collection of the same; treat with the several tribes of Indians in reference to
their land titles, and, if possible, to secure their friendship; establish post-
otfices and post-roads; regulate postal rates and appoint a post-master gen-
eral; grant pardons and hear admiralty cases.

Adoption of this plan and the election of ofi'icers toook place on No-
vember 12th, and signed by the fifty-four delegates present on the following
day. Henry Smith, opposed by S. F. Austin, was duly elected Provisional
Governor, while James W. Robinson of Nacogdoches- was elected Lieutenant
Governor.

From the time of the conception of a separation of Texas from
Mexico, it was deemed advisable to conciliate the Indian tribes within her
borders, and this could best be brought about by entering into a treaty of
friendship and neutrality and at the same time guarantee to them title to the
lands occupied. The Cherokees were peacefully domiciled in east central
Texas and were regarded, and justly so, as agriculturists, manufacturers, stock-
raisers and the following of other pursuits that well plaeed them out of the
savage or hunter class and compelled the fitting appellation of Civilized In-
dians. They possessed, as a nation, several hundred soldiers or warriors who
were expert riflemen.

On November 13th, 1835, the day of the adoption of the Plans and
Powers of the Constitution of the Provisional Government, the following
Solemn Declaration was unanimously adopted and signed by the entire body
of fifty-four members:

•'Be It Solemnly Decreed. That we. the chosen delegates of the Consul-
tation of the people of all Texas, in general convention assembled, solemnly
declare that the Cherokee Indians, and their associate bands, twelve tribes in
number, agreeable to their last general council in Texas, have derived their
just claims to lands included within the bounds hereinafter mentioned from
the government of Mexico, from whom we have also derived our rights to the
soil bv grant and occupancy.

"We solemnly declare that the boundaries of the claims of the said
Indians to the land' is as follows, to-wit: Lying north of the San Antonio
road and the Neches, and west of the Angelina and Sabine Rivers. We sol-
emnly declare that the Governor and General Council, immediately on its
organization, shall appoint Commissioners to treat with the said Indians, to

200 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

establish the definite boundaries of their territory- and secure their confidence
and friendship.

"We solemnly declare that we will guarantee to them the peaceful en-
joyment of their rights to the lands, as we do our own; we solemnly declare,
that all grants, surveys and locations of lands, hereinbefore mentioned, made
after the settlements of said Indians, are, and of right ought to be, utterly
null and void, and that the Commissioners issuing the same, be and are here-
by ordered, immediately to recall and cancel the same, as having been made
upon lands already appropriated by the Mexican Government.

"We solemnly declare that it is our sincere desire that the Cherokee In-
dians, and their associate bands, should remain our friends in peace and war,
and if they do so, we pledge the public faith for the support of the forego-
ing declarations.

"We solemnly declare that they are entitled to our commisseration
and protection, as the just owners of the soil, as an unfortunate race of peo-
ple, that we wish to hold as friends, and treat with justice. Deeply and sol-
emnity impressed with these sentiments as a mark of sincerity, your commit-
tee would respectfully recommend the adoption of the following resolution:
"Resolved, That the members of this convention, now present, sign this
Declaration, and pledge the public faith, on the part of the people of Texas.
"Done in Convention at San Felipe de Austin, this 13th day of Novem-
ber, A. D., 18 35.

(Signed) B. T. Archer, President,
John A. Wharton, Meriwether W. Smith, Sam Houston, William Menifee,
Chas. Wilson, Wm. N. Sigler, James Hodges, Wm. W. Arrington, John Bevil,
Wm. S. Fisher, Alex. Thompson, J. G. V. Pierson, D. C. Barrett. R. Jones
Jesse Burnam, Lorenzo de Zavala, A. Horton, Edwin Waller, Daniel Parker,
Wm. P. Harris. John S. D. Byrom. Wm. Whitaker. A. G. Perry. Albert G.
Kellogg, C. C. Dyer, Geo. M. Patrick, J. D. Clements, Claiborne West, Jas.
W. Parker, J. S. Lester. Geo. W. Davis. Joseph L. Hood, A. E. C. Johnson.
Asa Hoxey, Martin Parm.er, Asa Mitchell, L. H. Everett, R. M. Williamson,
Phillip Coe. R. R. Royal. John W. Moore. Benj. Fuga. S'am T. Allen, Wyatt
Hanks, James W. Robinson, Henry Millard, Jesse Grimes, A. B. Hardin, Wyly
Martin, Henry Smith. David A. Macomb. A. Houston. E. Collard.

P. B. Dexter.

Secretary."
Pledging the public faith on the part of the people of Texas, among
other things the "Solemn Declaration," after defining the boundaries of the
churns of the Cherokees enunciated "that we will guarantee to them the peace-
ful enjoyment of their rights to their lands, as we do our own, we solemnly
declare that all grants, surveys and locations of lands, within the bounds here-
inbefore mentioned, made after the settlement of said Indians, are, and of right
ought to be. utterly null and void, and the commissioners issuing the same,
be and are hereby ordered, immediately to recall and cancel the same, as
having been made upon lands already appropriated bv the Mexican Govern-
ment.

HISTORY OF THE CHHROKEE INDIANS 201

After the passage of the Colonization Laws. s;'vinj;- io the respeetive
states the right to make disposition of the vacant lands within their bound-
aries, it will be remembered that David G. Burnet and others were awarded
contracts affecting lands within the boundaries described and partially in the
Cherokee Nation.

When the consultation was published to the world, it was the just a
little over a month until the date of the expiration of the contracts of Bur-
net and Fileasola, which fell on December 2 1, I8^r "And all grants, sur-
vey's and locations of lands within the bounds hereinbefore mentioned, made
after the settlement of said Indians, are, and of right ought to be, null and
void."

As has been said, the Cherokees settled on these lands in the winter of
18 19-20, while the contracts of Burnet bear date of December 22, 1826.
All the acts of the Consultation were the basic or organic laws of the land
and if any act is to be accepted as such, these contracts must ceratinly have
been annulled, since their provisions bore directly upon lands already ap-
propriated by the Mexican Government and so recognized by the Consulta-
tion and the Provisional Government of Texas. "Language could not be
made more plainer or obligatory than was this guarantee to these tribes."

Among the several acts of this body, a Major General who was to be
Commander-in-chief of all the Military forces, was elected by that body. Sam
Houston was the unanimous choice. His commission follows:

"In the name of the people of Texas- free and sovereign.

"We, reposing special trust and conhdence in your patriotism, valor, con-
duct and tidelity, do by these presents constitute and appoint you to be Major
General and Commander-in-chief of the armies of Texas and of all the forces
now raised or to be raised by it> and of all others who shall voluntarily of-
fer their services and join the army, for the defense of the constitution and
liberty, and for repelling every hostile invasion thereof; and you are hereby
vested with full power and authority to act as you shall think best for the
good and welfare of the service.

"And we do hereby strictly charge and require all officers and soldiers
under your command to be obedient to your orders, and diligent in the ex-
ercise of their several duties.

"And we do also enjoin you to be careful in executing the great trust
reposed in you, by causing strict discipline and order to be observed in the
army and that the soldiers be duly exercised- and provided with all convenient
necessaries.

"And you are to regulate your conduct in every respect by the rules and
discipline of war adopted by the United States of North America- or such as
may be hereafter adopted by this government; and particularly to observe
such orders and directions, from time to time, as you shall receive from this
or a future government of Texas.

"This commission to continue in force until revoked by this or a future
government.

202 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

Done at San Felipe de Austin, on the fourteenth day of November,
eighteen hundred and thirty-live .

Henry Smith.

Governor.
P. B. Dexter, Secretary of
Provisional Government."

On November 14th, the Consultation ceased its labors. Governor Smith

immediately convened the Council for the government of the country. Upon
the organization of the Council, Governor Smith addressed that body the fol-
lowing letter relative to carrying into effect that portion of the Declaration
touching the Cherokee claims:

"San Felipe, December, 18. 1835.
Gentlemen of the Council:

" -- __I further have to suggest to you the propriety

of appointing the Commissioners on the part of this government to carry into
effect the Indian treaty as contemplated by the Convention. I can see no
difficulty which can reasonably occur in the appointment of the proper agents
on our part, having so many examples and precedents before us. The United
States have universally sent their most distinguished military officers to per-
form such duties, because the Indians generally look up to and respect their
authority as coercive and paramount. 1 would therefore suggest the proprie-
ty of appointing General Houston, of the army, and Col. John Forbes of
Nocogdoches, who has been already commissioned as one of my aides. The
Commissioners would go specially instructed, so that no wrong could be com-
mitted either to the government, the Indians, or our individual citizens. All
legitimate rights would be respected, and no others. I am aware that we
have no right to transcend the superior order, and Declaration made by the
convention, and, if I recollect that article right, the outline of external boun-
daries was demarked within which the Indian tribes alluded to, should ba
located; but at the same time paying due regard to the legitimate rights ot
the citizens within the same limits.

"If these Indians have introduced themselves in good faith under the
Colonization Laws of the Government, they would be entitled to the benefit
of these laws and comply with their conditions. I deem it a duty which we
owe them to pay all due respects to their rights and claim their co-operation
in the support of them and at the same time not to infringe upon the rights
of our countrymen, so far as they have been justly founded.

"These agents going under proper instructions, would be enabled to do
right, but not permitted to do wrong, as their negotiations would be subject
to investigation and ratification by the government before they became a law.

1 am, gentlemen.

Your Obedient Servant.

Henry Smith.

Governor."

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 203

Resolution Appointing Commissioners to Treat With the Cherokee Indians
Etc.

"Be It Resolved by the General Council of the Provisional Governmenl
of Texas, That Sam Houston, John Forbes and John Cameron, be and they
are hereby appointed Commissioners to treat with the Cherokee Indians, and
their twelve Associated Bands, under such instructions as may be given them
by the Governor and Council ,and should it so happen that all the Commis-
sioners cannot attend, and two of them shall have power to conclude a treatv
and report the same to the General Council of the Provisional (iovernment,
for its approval and ratification.

"Be It Further Resolved, etc. That said Commissioners be required to
hold said treaty so soon as practicable.

"Passed- Dec. 22d. 18 35.

James W. Robinson,

Lieut.-Gov. and ex-offlco

Pres't. of G. C.
E. M. Pease, Secy, to General Council,
Approved, December 2 8, 1835.

Henrv Smith, Governor.
C. B. Stewart,

Sec'y. to Executive."

Resolution for Instructing Commissioners Appointed to Treat with the
Cherokee Indians and Their Associate Bands:

"Be it resolved by the General Council of the Provisional Government
of Texas- That Sam Houston, John Forbes and John Cameron, appointed
Commissioners to treat with the aforesaid Indians, be and they are hereby in-
structed, to proceed as soon as practicable, to Nacogdoches, and hold a treaty
with the Indians aforesaid, and that they shall in no wise transcend the Dec-
larations made by the Consultation of November last, in any of their articles
of treaty.

"Sec. 2. Be it Further Resolved, etc. That they are required In all
things to pursue a course of justice and equity toward the Indians, and to pro-
tect all honest claims of the whites, agreeably to such laws, compacts or treat-
ies, as the said Indians may have hereto made with the Republic of Mex-
ico, and that the (said) Commissioners be instructed to provide in said treaty
with the Indians, that they shall never alienate their lands, either separately
or collectively, except to the Government of Texas, and to agree that the
said Government will at any time hereafter, purchase all their claims at a
fair price and reasonable valuation.

"Sec. 3. Be It Further Resolved, etc.. That tiie Governor be required
to give to the Commissioners, such definite and particular instructions, as he
may think necessary to carry into effect the object of the foregoing resolu-
tions, together with such additional instructions as will secure the etTective
co-operation of the Indians at a time when it may be necessary to call all
the effective forces of Texas, into tiie ileld, and agreeing for their services in
a body for a specified time.

204 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

"Sec. 4. Be It Further Resolved, etc., That the Commissioners be
authorized and empowered to exchange other lands within the limits of Texas,
not otherwise appropriated in place of the lands claimed by said Cherokee
Indians and their Associated Bands.

"Passed at San Felipe de Austin, Dec. 26, 1835.
James W. Robinson,

Lieut. -Gov. and ex-ofticio Prest. of G. C.
Henry Smith,

Governor.
E. M. Pease,

Sec'y. of General Council
C. B. Stewart, Sec'y. of Executive.

Treaty Between the Commissioners on Behalf of the Provisional Gov-
ernment of Texas and the Cherokee Indians and Twelve Associated Tribes:

"This treaty this day made and established between Sam Houston and
John Forbes, Commissioners on the part of the Provisional Government of
Texas, on the one part, and the Cherokees and their associate bands now
residing- in Texas, of the other part, to-wit: Shawness, Delawares, Kickapoos,
Quopaws, Choctaws, Bolupies, Jawanies, Alabomas, Cochaties, Caddoes nf
the Noches, Tahovcattokes, and Unatuquouous, by the head chiefs and head
men and warriors of the Cherokees, as elder brothers and representatives of
all other bands, agreeable to their last council. This treaty is made in con-
formity to the declaration made by the last general consultation at San Felipe
and dated the I3th, of November, 1835.

"Article 1. The parties declare that there shall be a firm and lastins^-
peace forever, and that friendly intercourse shall be preserved by the people
belonging to both parties.

"Article 2. It is agreed and declared that the before-mentioned tribes
or bands shall form one community and that they shall have and possess the
lands within the following bounds, to-wit: Lying west of fhe San Antonio roau
and beginning on the west at the point where the road crosses the river Angel-
ina and running up said river until it reaches the first large creek below the
great Shawnee Village emptying into said river from the northwest; thence
running with said creek to its main source, and from thence a due northwest
course to the Sabine river, and with said river west, then starting where the
San Antonio road crosses the Angelina river, and with the said road to n
point where it crosses the Neches River, and thence running up to the east
side of said river in a northwest direction.

"Article 4. It is agreed by all parties that the several bands or their
tribes named in this treaty shall all remove within the limits or bounds as
above described.

"Article 5. It is agreed and declared by the parties aforesaid that the
land lying and being within the aforesaid limits, shall never be sold or alienat
ed to any person or persons, power or government whatsoever other than
the government of Texas, and the Commissioners on behalf of the Govern-
ment of Texas, bind themselves to prevent in the future all persons from in-
truding on said bounds. And it is agreed on the part of the Cherokees, for

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 205

themselves and their younger brothers, that no other tribes or bands of In-
dians whatsoever shall settle within the limits aforesaid, but those already
named in this treaty and now residing- in Texas.

"Article 6. It is declared that no individual person, member of the tribes
before named, shall have power to sell or lease land to any person or per-
sons not a member or members of this community of Indians, nor shall anv
citizen of Texas be allowed to lease or buy land from any Indian or Indians.

"Article 7. That the Indians shall be governed by their own regula-
tions and laws, within their own territory, not contrary to the laws of the
Government of Texas. All property stolen from the citizens of Texas, or from
the Indians shall be restored to the party from whom it was taken and the
otl'ender or offenders shall be punished by the party to whom he or thev mav
belong.

"Article 8. The Government of Texas shall have power to regulate
trade and intercourse, but no tax shall be laid oon the trade of the Indians.

"Article 10. The parties to this treaty agree, that as soon as Jack
Steel and Samuel Benge shall abandon their improvements without the
limits of the before recited tract of country and remove within the same —
that they shall be valued and paid for by the Government of Texas — the said
Jack Steele and Samuel Benge. having until the month of November, next
succeeding from the date of this treaty, allowed them to remove within the
limits before described. And all the lands and improvements now occupied
by any of the before named bands or tribes not lying within the limits before
described, shall belong to the Government of Texas and subject to its disposal.

"Article 1 1. The parties to this treaty agree, and stipulate that all the
bands or tribes, as before recited (except Steele and Benge) shall remove
within the before described limits within eight months from the date of this
treaty.

"Article 12. The parties to this treaty agree that nothing herein con-
tained shall effect the relations of the neighborhood thereof, until a General
Council of the several bands shall take place and the pleasure of the conven-
tion of Texas be known.

"Article 13. It is also declared, That all the titles issued to lands not
agreeable to the Declaration, of the General Consultation of the people of
all Texas, dated the thirteenth day of November, eighteen hundred and thirty-
five, within the before recited limits — are declared void — as well as all orders
and surveys made in relation to the same.

"Done at Colonel Bowl's Village on the twenty-third day of February
eighteen hundred and thirty-six, and the first year of the Provisional Govern-
ment of Texas.

Signed :

Witness: — Fox (his x mark) Fields, Henry Millard, Joseph Durst, A.
Horton, George W. Case, Mathias A. Bingham, George V. Hockley, Sec'y. of
Commisssion, Sam Houston, John Forbes, Colonel (his x mark) Bowl. Big
(his x mark) Mush, Samuel (his x mark) Benge, Oozovta (his x mark).
Corn (his x mark) Tassell.

206 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

The (his x mark Egg, John Bowl, Tunnetee (his x mark).

Commissioners Sam Houston and John Forbes, on the part of the Pro-
visional Government of Texas, reported as follows to the Governor:

Washington, February 29. 1836.
To His Excellency,
Henry Smith. Governor of Texas.
Sir:—

In accordance with a commission issued by your Excellency dated the
26th day of December, 1835. the authorized commissioners, in the absence of
John Cameron. Esquire, one of the commissioners named in the above men-
tioned instrument, most respectfully report: That after sufficient notice be-
ing given to the different tribes named in the commission, a treaty was held

at the house of John , one of the tribe of Cherokee Indians

-- The Commissioners would also suggest to

your Excellency that titles should be granted to such actual settlers as are now
within the designated boundaries, and that they should receive a fair remuner-
ation for their improvements and the expenses attendant upon the exchange
in lands or other equivalent.

It will also be remembered by your Excellency that the surrender by the
Government of the lands to which the Indians may have had any claims is
nearly equivalent to that portion now allotted to them and we must respect-
fully suggest that they should be especially appropriated for the use of the
government. They also call your attention to the following remarks, viz:
"The state of excitement in which the Indians were first found by your com-
missioners, rendered it impossible to commence negotiations with them on
the day set apart for it. On the day succeeding, the treaty was opened. Some
difficulty then ocurred relative to the exchange of lands, which the Commis-
sioners proposed making for those now occupied by them, which was prompt-
ly rejected. The boundaries were those established as designated in the treaty
alone and that such measures should be adopted by your excellency for their
security as may be deemed necessary The Com-
missioners used every exertion to retain that portion of territory for the use
of the government, but an adherence to this would have but one effect, viz;
that of defeating the treaty altogether."

"Under these circumstances the arrangement was made as now report-
ed in the accompanying treaty. They would also suggest the importance of
the salt works to the government and the necessity that they should be kept
for the use of the government.

'The Commissioners also endeavored to enlist the chiefs of the differ-
ent tribes in the cause of the people of Texas and suggested an enrollment
of a force from them to act against our common enemy, in reply to which
they informed us that the subject had not before been suggested to them, but
a general council should be held in the course of the present month, when
their determination will he made known.

"The expenses attendant upon the treatv are comparatively lisht, a state-
ment of which will be furnished to your Excellency.

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKHE INDIANS 207

"All of which is most respeclfulh submitted.

John Forbes." Sam Houston,

After about sixteen years the ambition of the Cherokees to acquire un-
disputed title to their lands were at last realized. Their boundaries were def-
initely established; they were in a national existence, holding their lands in
community or in common, living under laws of their own making- executed
by their own officers without outside interference, living under the protection
of the Government of Texas with one or more agents among them.

Without doubt, the main issue between them and the Spanish and Mex-
ican authorities was that the Cherokees desired their lands in common, which
was their method in the United States, while this policy was unknown to the
two regimes mentioned and contrary to the Caucasian method of conveying
title. However, their settled claims were held in abeyance until finally settl-
ed under the terms of the "Solemn Declaration" of November I 3, 1835 and
the foregoing treaty.

Immediately following the submission of the treaty and report, General
Sam Houston repaired to and took command of the army on March 1 1, 1836.

On March 1, the convention assembled and adopted the Declaration of
Independence of Texas. On the following day, same was signed by the fifty-
two members present; later six others appeared and signed, making the total
fifty-eight. The arrival of Provisional Governor Smith, the Lieutenant Gov-
ernor and the remnant of the Council and the submission of the following re-
port by the Provisional Governor, marked the closing of the Provisional Gov-
ernment and the institution of a new order:

"To the President and Members of the Convention of the People of
Texas

"Gentlemen: Called to the gubernational chair by your suffrages at the
last Convention, I deem it a duty to lay before your honorable body a view,
or outline of what has transpired since your last meeting, respecting the pro-
gress and administration of the government placed under my charge, as creat-
ed and contemplated by the organic law.

"The Council, which was created to co-operate with me as the devisors
of ways and means, having complied with all the duties assigned to them,
by the third article of the Organic Law, was adjourned on the 9th of Jan-
uary last, until the 1st of the present month.

"The agents appointed by your body, to the United States, to contract
a loan and perform the duties of agents generally, have been dispatched and
are now actively employed in the discharge of their functions, in conformity
with their instructions: and, while at the City of New Orleans, contracted a
loan under certain stipulations, which together with their correspondence on
that subject, are herewith submitted for your information

" _- Gen. Houston, Col. John Forbes and Dr. Cam-
eron were commissioned on the part of this government to treat with the
Cherokee Indians and their associate bands, in conformity with the Declara-
tion of the Convention in November last, who have performed their labors as
far as circumstances would permit, which is also submitted to the considera-

208 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

tion of your bodv. Our naval preparations are in a state of forwardness. The
schooners of war, Liberty and Invincible, have been placed under the com-
mand of efficient officers and are now on duty, and the schooners of war, In-
dependence and Brutus, are daily expected on our coast from New Orleans,
which will fill out our navy as contemplated by law. Our agents have also
made arrangements for a steamboat, which may soon be expected, calculated
to run between New Orleans and our seaports, and operate as circumstance-,
shall direct. Arrangements have been made by law for the organization of
the militia; but, with very few exceptions, returns have not been made as was
contemplated, so that the plan resorted to seems to have proved ineffectual.

"The military department has been but partially organized- and for want
of means, in a pecuniary point of view, the recruiting service has not pro-
gressed to any great extent, nor can it he expected ,until that embarassment
can be removed.

"Our volunteer army uf the frontier has been kept under continual ex-
citement and thrown into confusion owing to the improvident acts of the
General Council by the infringements upon the prerogatives of the Command-
er-in-chief, by passing resolutions, ordinances, and making appointments, etc.,
which in their practical effect, were calculated in an eminent degree, to thwart
everything like systematic organization in that department.

"The offices of auditor and controller of public accounts have some
time since been created and filled, but what amount of claims have been pass-
ed against the government, 1 am not advised, as no report has yet been made
to my office ;but of one thing 1 am certain, that many claims have been pass-
ed for which the government, in justice, should not be bound or chargeable.
The General Council has tenaciously held on to a controlling power over the
offices, and forced accounts through them contrary to justice and good faith,
and for which evil I have never yet been able to find a remedy; and if such
a state of things shall be continued long, the public debt will soon be in-
creased to an amount beyond all reasonable conception.

"With a fervent and anxious desire that your deliberations may be fraught
with that unity of feeling and harmony of action so desirable and necessary
to quiet and settle the disturbed and distracted interests of the country, and
that your final conclusions may answer the full expectations of the people at
home and abroad,

"I subscribe myself with sentiments of the highest regard and considera-
tion,

Your obedient servant,

Henry Smith,

Governor."
Marcii 1, 1SS6.

"Executive Department- Washington,
March 2nd, 1836.
Fellow-Citizens of Texas:

"The enemy are upon us. A strong force surrounds the walls of the
Alamo, and threatens the garrison with the sword. Our country imperious-

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 209

ly demands the service of every patriotic arm, and longer to continue in a state
of apathy will be criminal. Citizens nf Texas, descendants of Washin^^on,
awake! Arouse yourselves!

"The question is now to he decided, are we now to continue free men.
or bow beneath the rod of military despotism? Shall we, without a struggle,
sacrifice our fortunes- our liberties and our lives, or shall we imitate the ex-
ample of our forefathers and hurl destruction on the heads of our oppressors?
The eyes of the world are upon us. All friends of liberty and the rights of
men are anxious spectators of our conflict, or are enlisted in our cause. Shall
we disappoint their hopes and expectations? No! Let us at once fly to arms-
march to the battle-field, meet the foe, and give renewed evidence to the
world that the arms of freemen, uplifted in defense of liberty are right, are
irresistible. Now is the day and now is the hour, when Texas expects every
man to do his duty. Let us show ourselves worthy to be free, and we shall be
free.

"Henry Smith,

Governor."

Lacking a quorum, the Council met frum day to day only to adjourn,
on the 11th, General Thos. J. Rusk of Nacogdoches introduced resolutions in
the plenary convention, relieving the Governor and Council of the duties con-
ferred upon them by the Consultation of November 3-14. 1835. It now
became the duty of the convention to institute a new government.

The convention proceeded with utmost decorum until I6th when by
special enactment a government ad interim was created for the republic until
a regular government could be provided for. The ad interim government
consisted of a President, Vice President and Cabinet. The President was
clothed with all but dictatorial powers. On the I7th, a constitution for the
republic was adopted and later submitted to the people for ratification or re-
jection. The convention elected the first President and Vice President.

The last day of the session fell upon March 18, 1836. The government
ad interim elected as officers David G. Burnet, President, and for Vice Pres-
ident, Lorenzo de Zavala, the Mexican who espoused the cause of Texas. A
full complement of officers was elected , including the re-election of Sam Hous-
ton, as Commander-in-chief. The labors of the convention ended on the iSth-
and on the 2 1st. moved to Harrisburg. Its members thereupon dispersed.
Some joined the army while others made haste to reunite with their families
to remove them to places of safety.

At the head of the Texas armv stationed at Gonzales, General Houston
wrote the following letter to Colonel Bowl, Chief of the Cherokee Nation.
under date April 13. 1836:
"My Friend Col. Bowl:

I am busy and will onlv say, how da do, to you! You will get your land
as it was promised in our treatv, and you, and all my Red brothers, may rest
satisfied that 1 will always hold you by the hand, and look to you as Brothers
and treat you as such!

"You must give mv best compliments to my sister, and tell her that I

210 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

have not worn out the moccasins which she made me; and 1 hope to see her
and you and all my relatives, before they are worn out.

"Our army are all well, and in good spirits. In a little fight the other
day several of the Mexicans were killed and none of our men hurt. Then-
are not many of the enemy in the country, and one of our ships took one
of the enemy's and took 300 barrels of flour, 250 kegs of powder and much
property — and sunk a big warship of the enemy, which had many guns."

The struggle for Texas Independence culminated in the Battle of San
Jacinto on April 21st, 1836. With 783 Texans against the army of Mexico,
commanded by the President and Dictator, Santa Anna with upwards of 1500
men. General Houston gained a decisive victory, capturing the President and
dispersing his army.

While these things were transpiring, the Cherokees were living in quiet
and peace on their land in East Texas where they had been domiciled for
upwards of seventeen years. True to form, they had been reported to the Pro-
the Treaty of February 23, 1836. This treaty had been reported to the Pro-
visional Government ,as per instructions, on February 29th, 1836 by Gen-
eral Houston and John Forbes the commissioners. On March the 11th. the
Governor Council surrendered all the official documents to the Convention.
This treaty and report without doubt were among them. If the government
did not avail itself of this opportunity to ratify the treaty as was doubtless
the purpose of the Consultation, there appears to be no record of it. How-
ever, the Texas Government and army were in a precarious state. The for-
mer was moved from place to place for convenience as well as safety, while
the army was continually on the march eluding the strong Mexican arm}',
headed by its President, was in pursuit.

The Neutrality, on the part of the Cherokees was sought and obtained
at the outset. This was very essential at this stage of ail'airs. and if it was
ever the intention of the government to fail or refuse to ratify the treaty this
could not be hazarded at this time.

Under the provisions of the constitution, the government ad interim pass-
ed out of existence. An election was held the first Monday in September,
1836 for the purpose of electing a full set of officers. Sam Houston was
chosen the first President of the New Republic, while Mirabeau B. Lamar was
elected as Vice President. On October 2nd, they were inducted into office
at Columbus, the seat of government.

In December, 1836, the Cherokee Treaty was forwarded to the Senate
for consideration. President Houston commenting in part, as follows:

In considering this treaty you will doubtless bear in

mind the very great necessity in conciliating the different tribes of Indians
who inhabit portions of our country almost in the center of our settlements
as well as those who extend along our border."

No action was taken at this session. At the next session a committee
was appointed to investigate the report. A report was made October 12,
1837, about ten months after its first submission to the senate, as follows:

"Resolved by the Senate of the Republic of Texas that they disapprove
and utterly refuse to ratify the Treaty or any article thereof, concluded by

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 211

Sam Houston and John Forbes on the 23rd day of February, 1836, be-
tween the Provisional Gov (ernment) of Texas of the one part and the
"Head Chiefs," Head Men and warriors of the Cherokees on the other part
Inasmuch as that said treaty was based on false promises that did not exist
and that the operation of it would not only be detrimental to the interests of
the Republic but would also be a violation of the vested rights of many citi-
zens "

During his tenure of office as first President- General Houston made no
further attempt to secure its ratification by the Senate. That the failure of
the Texas Government to ratify rendered it invalid cannot be accepted as jus!.
In summarizing, it will be seen that the provisions for its making were in-
stituted and carried into effect by the Provisional Government. The same
was reported to the Governor and Council and lay dormant during the ex-
istence of the government ad interim, but was finally resurrected and placed
before the Senate in December, 1836. No action was taken until October
12th. 1837, only to be rejected primarily on the grounds that the treaty
"was based on promises that did not exist." This took place during the fourth
government of the country- while during the first it was necessary, under the
then existing conditions, that the Cherokees be treated with and in the language
of Provisional Governor Smith, "the commissioners would go specially in-
structed, so that no wrong could be committed, etc. " If the

"premises did not exist" it certainly must have been presumptuous for the
government, at its very incipiency, to so assume an act. The "Solemn Dec-
laration" was published to the world by the Consultation unsolicited by the
Cherokees. The treaty commissioners appeared unheralded at the village
of Bowles. Houston remarked in his report, "The state of excitement in
which the Indians were first found by your Commissioners rendered it im-
possible to commence negotiations with them, etc. "

The "Solemn Declaration had been passed, adopted and signed by all
of its fifty-four members unsolicited and unbeknown to them. The treaty
negotiations were held and concluded on Cherokee soil. That the treaty
should have received ratification seems to be the chief argument, especially
for the present-d-iy writers to expostulate in endeavoring to justifiy Texps
for the expulsion of 1839.

In urging the Council to appoint Commissioners to treat with the Chero-
kees in conformity to the acts of the Consultation, Provisional Governor,
Henry Smith said: "I can see no difficulty which can reasonably occur in
the appointment of the proper agents on our part, having so many examples
and precedents before us. The United States have universally sent their
most distinguished military officers, etc. "

Very little had transpired in the eastern portion of Texas to disturb the
tranquility of the Cherokees with the possible exception of Cordova, a Mex-
ican military officer, who attempted to stir up a rebellion against Texas aii-
thoritv. Emissaries Miracle and Flores had been apprehended, and on their
person were found dispatches for Mexico City, to the Cherokee authorities,
soliciting their aid in a war to recover Texas. If these dispatches ever reach-
ed their^ destination, there is no record of it. Suffice to say- if they did, they

212 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

fell upon deaf ears, because the Cherokees did not attempt to espouse their
cause. After a battle with the Kickapoos, General Rusk discovered the dead
body of a Cherokee upon the battle-tield and complained to Chief Bowles.
The Chief answered his attempt to place any blame on his people by pointing
out that the individual was a renegade member of his tribe and that whatever
his acts, did not render them a national aftair.

Notwithstanding, that, under Article Five of the treaty, the Texas Gov-
ernment bound itself "to prevent in future all persons from intruding within
the said bounds." and that such treaty was made in conformity to the "Sol-
emn Declaration," members of the Killough and Wilhouse families were al-
leged to have met death at the hands of unknown persons within the bounds
of the Cherokee Nation. Col. Bowles immediately ordered the bodies deliv-
ered to the settlements without Cherokee territory, explaining that roving
bands of prairie Indians were responsible for the deeds. The efforts of the
Mexican representatives to procure the aid of the Cherokees and the murder
of members of the Killough and Wilhouse families seem to constitute the en-
tire grounds on the part of the Texas Government to remove them from
their homes so long occupied but no legal cognizance was taken of them —
long before any Americans touched Texas soil in quest of a home where peace
and happiness might be their lot.

She had obligated herself to perfect a survey of Cherokee territory. To
carry this into effect. President Houston, in the latter part of 1838, ordered
Alexander Horton to make such survey. The south side, which is marked
by the San Aantonio road, was run, but it does not appear any further effort
was made on the part of the government to complete the survey. However,
suffice it to say the three remaining sides are natural demarcation, namely —
The Angelina, Neches and Trinity rivers.

On October 27th, 1838, Col. Bowles wrote Horton, which is indicative
of his attitude towards Texas, as follows:
"JVlr. Horton:

Dear Sir: I have accomplished my desire in raising my men for to
guard and aid you while you are running the line. Insomuch I understand
that some of the white people are against it, 1 am sorry to hear that for we
wish to do right ourselves and we hoped that white people wanted to do the
same. As for your disputes among yourselves, I have ordered my men to
have nothing to do with it. My express orders to my men are to guard you
and your property from the enemy.

"1 hope that you will be particular with us in consequence of us not
understanding your tongue and also we will pay that respect to vou. I hope
you will let us know when you need us and where and I will be' at vour ser-
vice.

"I will detain Gayen till I get a line from you as he may read our writ-
ing.

I have twenty-five volunteers to send you.
So nothing more.

Only your friend.

Bowl.

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 213

Under the wise and able guidance of President Houston, tlie govern-
ment under the new republic was a complete success. Order had been re-
stored within her boundaries- the national debt reduced and. in the main, had
well taken her place among the sovereign nations of the earth.

Immediately upon the induction of the second administration under
President Mirabeau B. Lamar into power, the policy of exterminating all the
Indians in Texas was adopted and closely adhered to as will be seen. Lamar
had been private secretary to Governor Troupe of Georgia, during whose
administration the Cherokees were forced to abandon the homes occupied
by them from time immemorial and seek a place of abode in the wilderness
west of the Father of Waters.

Pretext after pretext was sought in order to lind some excuse for
the sin the government was about to commit upon an innocent people.
The act of Cordova appears to have been distorted into the long wished for
pretext. This incident was the chance for the Secretary of War to give vent
to his feelings against the Cherokees and to further put into elTect the policy
of extermination. His letter of April 10. 183 8, to Col. Bowl, follows:

"The President grants peace to them but is not deceived. They will be
permitted to cultivate undisturbed as long as they manifest by their forbear-
ance from all aggressive acts and their friendly conduct the sincerity of their
professions or until Congress shall adopt such measures in reference to them as
in their wisdom they may deem proper. With a clear view of all matters con-
nected with their feeling and interests it should not surprise the Cherokees to
learn that such measures are in progress under the orders of the President
as will render abortive any attempt to again disturb the quiet of the frontier
nor need it be any cause of alarm to those who intend to act in good faith.
All intercourse between the friendly Indians and those at war with Texas must
cease. The President directs that you will cause the contents of this com-
munication to be made known to all" the chiefs who were present at the coun-
cil."

A dark and threateninng cloud began to gather and envelop the skies.
This portended the great destructive conflagration that was to sweep over
the band of the unoffending Cherokees. Major B. C. Waters, early in April
1839. was ordered to construct a military post on the Great Saline within the
limits of the Cherokee Nation. Col. Bowles mobilized his forces and ordered
Major Waters to retire from Cherokee soil, which he did, considering his
forces inadequate to cope with his adversaries. This act of Chief Bowles in
protecting his domains from intrusion, aroused the ire of President Lemar.
He wrote Col. Bowles as follows:

"You assume to be acting under a treaty negotiated at your village on
the twenty-third day of February. 1836. with Commissioners appointed by the
Provisional Government of Texas"

He concluded: "I, therefore, teel it my duty as the Chief Magistrate of
this Republic, to tell you in plain language of sincerity that the Cherokees
will never be permitted to establish a permanent and independent jurisdic-
tion in the limits of this government— that the political and fee srniple clamis

214 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

which they set up to our territory now occupied by them will never be al-
lowed— and they are permitted to remain where they are only because this
government is looking- forward to the time when some peaceable arrange-
ment can be made for the removal without the necessity of shedding blood;
but that their final removal is contemplated is certain and that it will be
friendly negotiating, or by violence of war. must depend on the Cherokees
themselves."

If the Mexican government desired to place on foot plans for the re-
covery of Texas is not a matter of speculation or discussion here. Whether
or not they desired the assistance of the Cherokees and other tribes of In-
dians is not a matter material. There is no evidence that these Indians es-
poused the Mexican cause or made the slightest elfort in that direction while
on the other hand, indications are that they were heartily in accord with the
Texan authorities. If the Texans. Mexicans or other tribes of Indians de-
sired to trade or carry on intercourse, there was nothing in the treaty with
Texas, the "Solemn Declaration," or in their own laws or regulations to pre-
vent it. The main point is. did the Cherokee government actually commit
any overt acts of war?' Then did the attempts of the Mexican emissaries to
gain their support in a war against Texas, constitute cause sufficient for the
Texan Government to conclude that a state of war existed between the
Cherokee Nation and the Republic of Texas?

Let us pause for a minute and indulge in a retroactive glance into the
past. On the first Monday in September, 1838, Mirabeau B. Lamar was
elected the second President of the Republic. During the years 1831-32
when the celebrated cases of the Cherokee Nation vs. Georgia and Worcester
vs. Georgia were tried in the Supreme Court of the United States, this same
Lamar was private secretary to Governor Troupe of that state. To say that
the acts referred to were oppressive and unconscionable is not exaggeration
to say the least. Why Lamar left Georgia is not known but on his entrance
into Texas, he found a well organized state there, governed by a portion ot
the same people he knew years before in Georgia, enjoying the confidence
of the constituted authorities and wielding a large influence over surrounding
tribes. His antipathy toward them must have been well matured and reached
the point of overflow. That his policy of the complete extermination of the
Indians within Texan borders was well known and "that the boundaries of
this Republic shall be marked by the sword" was carried out according to
schedule as we shall see.

To further the well established policy of his chief, on May 3oth, 1839.
the acting Secretary of State addressed the following letters to the Texan
Mnnster at Washington:

"Department of State.

Houston. Mav 30. 1839.
Hon. Richard G. Dunlap.

_ Sir: I am requested by the President to transmit you the accompany-
mg documents, marked as in the subjoined schedule, which were recently
captured from a party of Mexicans as you will find detailed in the copy of
report of Col. Burleson, Secretary of War.

HISTORY OF THE CHHROKEE INDIANS 2 15

"This government has long been hi possession of testimony sullicient
to justify them in adopting the most summary and imperative measures to-
wards the Cherokees and other bands of northern Indians, resident in Texas.
Their unauthorized emigration and protracted stay in our country has al-
ways been a source of disquietude and anxiety to the civilized population and
their removal has long been desired. But the President, actuated by feel-
mgs of humanity towards a people who have been too much accustomed to
profit by and abuse similar indulgence, has been unwilling to resort to force
to procure their expulsion, while a hope could be entertained that their with-
drawal might be effected by peaceable means. That hope has been founded
on the application heretofore made to the Government of the United States
relative to this interesting subject. Those applications appear to have been
ineflectual thus far. while the humane forbearance on the part of this govern-
ment toward these intruding Indians, has been productive of many disasters
to our frontier settlements, and if longer continued might result in irreparable
injury to Texas. The most enduring patience may be exhausted and must
yield to the duty of self-preservation, when its exercise evidently gives en-
couragement and aggravation to the hostile spirit of the offenders. Such is
our present condition relative to these immigrant savages; and the President
has resolved to put an end to the repeated aggressions of the Cherokees by
compelling their departure from our territory. You are at liberty to make
known this fact to the government at Washington, and to request that such
measures may be seasonably adopted by the government, as will fulfill the
provisions of the 33rd article of the treaty entered into between the United
States and Mexico on the 5th of April, 1831, and will effectually prevent the
return of these savages to our territory.

"Our rights to eject these Indians can scarcely enter into your corres-
pondence with the government of the United States; but should it be incidently
alluded to, you will find it clearly suggested in the letter of Mr. Forsythe to
Mr. Castilloj Charge de Affairs from Mexico which is transcribed in dispatch
No. 42 from your predecessor to this department.

"You will not however solicit an elaborate discussion on this sultject or
any other connected with the obligations of the United States and Mexico;
for a protracted discussion is seldom desirable and may be productive of in-
conveniences, if not of ill-feeling between parties, which we would very sed-
ulously avoid.

"The President conceives that the government of the United States has
frankly and justly acknowledged the rights of Texas to the benefits of that
treaty, especially' in reference to the 33d— article which has a direct terri-
torial relation to this Republic as now organized; and he cannot imagine that
any objection will be raised or difficulty occur on that ground. You will
therefore confine vour communications, unless constrained to take a wider
range, to the fact of the intended expulsion of the Cherokees and such other
of the immigrant bands as may prove to have been or may hereafter be
implicated in^ the late atrocious attempt on the part of the Mexican authori-
ties to employ the Indians of the United States in desolating our frontiers.

216 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

These machinations have been known to us for some time, but are now so
rully developed in relation to the Cherokees that longer forbearance towards
them is utterly inconsistent with the first duties of this government. If,
in the progress of your correspondence it shall be assumed as has been sug-
gested by the Charge de Affaires here, that the government of the United
States is not bound to receive or to restrain those Indians and the ill-advised
treaty partially made with them on the 23d day of February, 1836, by Com-
missioners appointed by the late Provisional Government of Texas, be al-
leged in support of this position, you can present conclusive refutation of
that assumption in the fact that pretended treaty has never been ratified by
any competent authority on the part of Texas. On the contrary, when it was
first submitted to the Senate of the Republic, which was the only power to
confirm it, it was rejected by a decisive vote of that body; and no subse-
quent action of the government has been had upon it. Indeed should this
matter be pressed upon in such terms as to indicate a_ determination on the
part of the government at Washington to avail itself of that treaty, as ab-
solving it from all obligations touching these Indians (which can hardly be
possible) you can further disclaim the validity of the treaty on the ground
that the Provisional Government itself under whose authority the treaty pur-
ports to have been made, was acting without the sphere of any legitimate
power and could not in any matter so extraneous to the avowed purpose of
its creation as the alienation of a large and valuable portion of territory
impose any moral or political obligations upon the independence and separate
government of Texas. You will recollect that the Provisional Government
passed its brief existence anterior to the Declaration of Independence and
was organized under the Mexican Federal Constitution of 1824 — that although
its organization was in direct violation of that Constitution, and may be con-
sidered as partially revolutionary, its assumptions of power were no more ob-
ligatory upon the independent government of Texas than they would have
been on the Federal Government of Mexico had that government been re-
stored and Texas returned to her previous attitude. By the very constitution
of that government, Texas, as such, was incompetent to make treaties. Slie
was but a department of the confederate state of Coahuila and Texas, and
in her conjunction state capacity was also precluded from entering into
treaties with foreign powers. I suggest this as an ultimate plan of argument
to be pursued but not to be restored to except in case of strict necessity.
You are aware that the lines designated in the treaty were run by Col.
Alex Morton some time in the fall of last year at the instance of General
Houston, who was then exercising the functions of this government. This
fact, too, may be adduced against you; but you will find no great difficulty
of diverting it of any serious consideration by suggesting that the act of Col.
Horton was without authority, the President having no right to carry a treaty
into effect anterior to or independent of the action of the Senate on such
treaty. In this instance the assumed right was exercised in direct contra-
diction to the adivce of the senate and every act so done was an absolute
nullity, and could impose no legal or moral obligation on this government.
Should the government of the United States decline to render you any satis-

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 217

factory assurance concerning the future return to our territor)- of the Chero-
kees now about to be ejected from it> this government will be compelled to
resort to its own energies; and a protracted war may ensue between Texas and
the northern Indians within her borders. We should greatly deprecate such
an event- for it cannot escape an ordinary discernment that it would be more
than likely to enlist a portion of the original tribes from whom these intrud-
ing bands have been recently removed to the west of the Mississippi by the
Government of the United States. It is also more than probable that such
a contest would involve the Government of the United States in an Indian
war of greater magnitude than any they have heretofore sustained.

"It is not intended to impute error to that government in the congre-
gating of so many (sic) tribes of savages on their remote western frontier,
for they did so in the exercise of indisputable right. But while we fully ac-
knowledge the abstract right, we cannot but perceive and deeply regret that
its practical operation has been already eminently injurious to Texas and
may possibly inflict still more serious evils upon her. The migration of
several bands of these very tribes, to our territory was a direct and natural
consequence of their removal from their ancient habitations and their loca-
tion in our vicinity by that government. We entertain too profound a con-
fidence in the magnanimity of the government of our fatherland to believe
for a moment that they still omit to give to this fact all the consideration
that an enlightened sense of propriety could suggest; or that they fail to find
in it, additional reasons for observance of the treaty of 5th of April. 1831,
heretofore referred to. No government to act on the beneficient principles
of Christianity will permit itself to prosecute a course of domestic policy,
the evident tendency of which is destructive of the peace and happiness of
a neighboring nation. It will either abandon the policy or should its con-
tinuance be of paramount importance to its own well-being, it will so modify
and restrain its pernicious results that the neighboring people may suffer no
serious detriment from it. In previous instructions from this government
you will find the Coshatties and the Biloxies mentioned in connection with the
bherokees and other northern tribes. These bands have been too long resi-
dents in Texas ( I believe they emigrated from the Creeks during the Ameri-
can Revolution) to be included in the list of intruders from the United States.
You will not, therefore, press them upon the attention of that government in
your future correspondence. The Cherokees, Kickapoos, Delawares, Potta-
wotomies, Shawnees and Caddoes are the bands that have recently entered
our territory, and of whom we complain. The Cherokees. Kickapoos and
Caddoes are the most numerous and most obnoxious of these, and it is their
recall by the United States which we most ardently desire, and to which we

are clearly entitled. The President is quite indisposed, but I trust will

be about again in a few days.

Very Respectfully.

1 have the honor to be,
You Obedient Servant,
David G. Burnet.

Actinjr Secretary of State."

218 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

In order to clarify statements indulged in by the high state otiicials
of the Republic in the foregoing, it is but proper to re-iterate that the first
authentic record of Cherokee emigration to Texas was during the winter of
1819-20. The first American, Moses Austin, first saw that country fully ten
months afterwards, appearing at San Antonio de Bexar, December 23rd,
1820. Before succeeding in perfecting plans to procure empresario con-
tracts for lands on which to make settlements, death over-took him on June
10th. 182 1, while enroute home. His dying injunction was that his son.
Stephen F. Austin, proceed with the carrying out of his colonization schemes.
Under him, the first white or American settlement was made on New Years
Creek, in what is now Washington County, January 1, 1822. The Chero-
kees permanently settled near Nacogdoches about two years before this first
American settlement was started.

These "intruding Indians" were hospitably received by the Spanish au-
thorities and were later happily domiciled under the newly instituted Mexican
government, which made them full-fledged citizens.

The statements so oft repeated that the Cherokees were "intruders",
and their unwarranted long-stay cannot be founded upon facts, if the legal
and historical documents of the country can be taken for true. These, found-
ed upon anything other than truth and justice, cannot be successful in hood-
winking public opinion in the face of indisputable facts. And the term
"savages" may best be disposed of by drawing the mantle of charity over
the unsettled conditions of the country; that the Republic was no longer in
danger of being molested by her civilized Indians within her borders and the
Republic of Mexico. The time was ripe, judging from the trend of events, to
disposess them of the lands to which they had vested rights and repudiate
their own "Solemn Declaration" and Treaty.

Much stress has been placed on the 33rd Article of the Treaty of April
5, 1831, between the United States of America and the United Mexican
States. /

At the time of the formation of this treaty, the Cherokees were peace-
ably located on their domains. They were full-fledged Mexican citizens and
enjoying all the privileges thereto attached.

The following is an account of the Expulsion by Henderson Yoakum.
Judge Yoakum was a citizen of Texas, an able lawyer, and in every way a
competent judge of all the circumstances surrounding the transaction. His
"History of Texas" quotes verbatim the account, which is found on pages
263-271 Vol 11-1856.

"The treachery of Cordova and the warlike demonstrations of the
Indians in Eastern Texas in 1838, are already before the reader, and their
causes known. The president in his message of the 21st of December, 1838,
assumed the position that the immigrant Indian tribes had no legal or
equitable claim to any portion of the territory included within the limits of
Texas; that the federal government of Mexico neither conceded nor promised
them lands or civil rights; that it was not necessary to inquire into the nature
and extent of the pledge given to the Cherokees by the Consultation of 1835

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 219

and the Treaty of February. 1830, consequent upon it. for the Treaty was
never ratitied by any competent authority.

In 1822, long before any colonist had settled in Eastern Texas, or any
colony contract had been made for that section, the Cherokees immigrated to
Texas. They established a village North of Nacogdoches — the town at that
time being a waste, lately swept by the forces of Long and Perez.

For fourteen years the Cheroicees had occupied this hind, holding it in
quiet and undisputed possession. They were not intruders on the whites, for
they were there first. The Mexican authorities recognized them as an agri-
cultural tribe, with Mexican privileges and Colonel Bean was official agent
for them, in common with other tribes. No voice had been raised against
their title. It was deemed by all both legal and equitable. To give weight
and dignity to this title, the Consultation of November, 1835, at a time
when Texas was weak; when a heavy cloud hung over her hopes and her
liberties were suspended upon a most unequal and most unjust war, made a
very solemn pledge to these Indians, acknowledging their just claim to the
lands, setting forth the boundaries thereof, and saying further:

"We solemnly declare that we will guarantee to them the peaceable en-
joyment of their rights to their lands, as we do our own. We solemnly de-
clare that all grants, surveys, or locations of lands, within the bounds here-
inbefore mentioned, made after the settlement of the said Indians, are, and
of right ought to be, utterly null and void."

On the other hand, it was impossible that the Indians should have an
independent government within that of Texas. They must necessarily come
under the Texan laws as citizens. The great object of many was to gee
their lands, for they were located in a fine and desirable country. The Texas
were the first violators of the pledge of 1835. The ink was scarcely dry on
the paper when locators and surveyors were seen in their forests; and this,
too, notwithstanding the Consultation, by the decree of November 13, 1835-
had ordered such locations and surveys to cease all over Texas.

"But it is useless to dwell further upon the subject. The Cherokecr,
were charged with the plunder and murder of many of the inhabitants re-
siding among them and in their vicinity. The Killough family were cruelly
massacred; only three or four escaped, and they were brought into the settle-
ments by the Cherokees, who by their "cunning representations", says the
secretary of war, charged these acts upon the prairie Indians, and the treacher-
ous Mexicans. To prevent such occurrences. Major Waters had been ordered
with two companies to occupy the Neches Saline, not only to watch the
Cherokees, but to cut off their intercourse with the Indians of the prairies.
Fowles, the Cherokee Chief, notified Major Waters that he would repel by
force such occupation of the Saline. As the Major's force was too small to
carry out his orders, he established his post on the west bank of the Neches,
out of the Cherokee Territory.

Colonel Burleson, who was then collecting a force on the Colorado to
operate against other Indians, was directed to march his troops lower down,
so as to be ready on the shortest notice to enter the Cherokee territory. In
the meantime government came into possession of the papers of Manuel

220 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

Flores, including those to the Chiefs of the Cherokees. On their reception,
Burleson was ordered to increase his force to 400 men and march into the
Cherokee Nation. He reached the east bank of the Neches on the 14th day
of July and about the same time Colonel Landrum's regiment from Eastern
Texas arrived there. The Nacogdoches regiment under General Rusk had
arrived some days before and taken position near the Cherokee village. The
entire force was placed under the command of Brigadier General Douglas.
Commissioners had, for some days, been in conference with the Cherokees
to effect, if possible, their peaceful removal. The Commissioners otf'ered to
pay them for their Improvements, but we have no information that any otfer
was made for the lands. The Indians were required to surrender their gun-
locks and remove to their brethren in Arkansas. At noon, on the l5th of
July, all further attempts to make a treaty were abandoned and General
Douglas was directed to put his troops in motion. The council ground was
about five miles below the Indian camp. When the Texans arrived there,
the Cherokees had retreated about seven miles farther up the river. They
pursued and a company of spies, which first came into sight of them, was fired
on. The Indians deployed their forces on the point of a hill, having a ravine
and thicket on the left. General Rusk motioned to them to come on; they
advanced and fired four or live times, and immediately occupied the ravine
and thicket on the left. The main body of Texans coming up in the open
prairie now formed, and the action became general. The Texans charged
the ravine and advanced up from the left. A portion of the Indians, who
were attempting to approach the troops on the left flank, were repulsed. The
Cherokees fled when the charge was made, leaving eighteen dead on the
ground. The Texans had three killed and five wounded. The engagement
commenced a little before sunset and the pursuit ended at night.

On the morning of the l6th, the troops proceeded on the trail made by
the Indians the night previous. In the forenoon, they were found strongly
posted in a ravine half a mile from the Neches. and seemed eager for a fight.
While the Texan advance was dismounting, the Indians commenced the action,
killing several horses and one man before their opponents could form, but
they were soon driven by the advance into the ravine. The Indians were pro-
tected by a ravine and a thicket in the rear, while the Texans had to advance
upon them through an open wood and down a hill. The main body coming
up was formed, and firing commenced at a distance of a hundred and fifty
yards. The Texans kept advancing and firing until within fifty yards of the
ravine, when upon a signal, they charged. When they reached the ravine,
th Indians fled and retreated into the dense thicket and swamp of the Neches
bottom. The charge was gallantly continued into the swamp, but the enemy
made no stand. Thus ended the conflict of the l6th. It lasted an hour and
a half and was well contested by the Indians. The Texans lost five killed
and twenty-seven wounded. The loss of the Cherokees was probably a
hundred killed and wounded, and among the former was their distinguished
Chief Bowles. In the official report of the action he was styled "the long-
dreaded Mexican ally, Colonel Bowles".

The trail of the retreating Cherokees was followed for some days. S'ev-

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 22 i

eral Indian villages were passed, their extensive corn fields cut down and
houses burned. On the evening of the 25th, further pursuit being useless,
the secretary of war, who accompanied the expedition, directed the \roops to
be marched to their homes and mustered out of service. "For eighteen
months afterward", says an ollicer in the engagements, "the Indians came
back in small parties, and conmiitted fearful depredations upon the lives and
property of the people on the frontiers".

In the march of General Douglas, he passed the villages of nearly all
the civilized Indians. He says_, "the Cherokees, Delawares, Shawnees, Cad-
oes, Kickapoos, Biloxies, and Cuchies had established during the past spring
and summer many villages and cleared and planted extensive fields of corn,
beans, peas, etc., preparing evidently for an efficient co-operation with the
Mexicans in a war with this country". It was very natural to infer from
these agricultural labors, that the Indians were preparing for a war against
Texas; but neither their plans nor their crops were permitled to mature. He
speaks also of the Indian territory through which he marched and says that
in point of richness of soil and the beauty of situation, water and produc-
tions, it would vie with the best portions of Texas".

Thus the vexed question with regard to the civilized Indians was settled,
and there could be no hindrance to surveyors or settlements on their fine
lands. The previous administration had endeavored by treaties and presents
to conciliate the frontier Indians; this had pursued a sterner policy. It had,
in all conflicts, killed about three hundred warriors, leaving five thousand
more all exasperated against Texas and ready to unite with her great enemy
against her.

Following the expulsion, the Cherokee National Council assembled at
Fort Gibson, Indian Territory, and took action in reference to the Texas
Cherokees as evidenced by the following letter written by M. Arbuckle, Com.-
manding 2nd \V. Division of the United States Army:

"Headquarters, 2nd W. Division

Fort Gibson, April 28th, 1840.
To His Excellency,
Mirabeau B. Lamar,

President of Texas,
City of Austin.
Sir: I was requested by a Cherokee Council assembled at this Post that the
\\hole of their people now in Texas should immediately return to their nation
and thereafter remain in their own Country. I have no doubt the Cherokee
people are sincere in the wish they have expressed on the subject; and as
many of their people that formerly lived in Texas have returned of late.
they hope that the time is not distant when their wishes will be fully accom-
plished. Under such circumstances they hope your government will not de-
sire to detain any of their people in Texas.

"With respect to the wishes of the Cherokee Nation in relation to some
of their people now in Texas, I regard it proper to assure you, that if such cf
them as mav be prisoners, are conveyed out of Texas in the direction of Fort
Towson, that the commanding officers of that post will be instructed to issue

,22 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

such quantity of provisions to them as may be necessary to enable them to
return to their nation.

•i have the honor to be, sir, with great respect,

Your obedient servant,
JV\. Arbuckle,
Brevet. Brigr. Gen. U. S. A."

The Texan Secretary of War replied as follows:

"War Department,
City of Austin, 1 1th June, 1840.
Brevt. Brigadier General,

M. Arbuckle, U. S. A.
Sir: You will please accept the thanks of His Excellency, the President, and
of this Department for your communication of date Fort Gibson, April 2 8th,
■iS40.

•'We have suffered and are still sutlering most serious injury from the
intrusive advances of the Cherokee people, within the limits of our jurisdic-
tion and territory.

"The position in which we stand to the Cherokee people, within our
limits is hostile; we should therefore be greatly pleased to see them returned
to their legitirnate home, and again united with their own people in the United
States.

"The Cherokee prisoners have been dispatched to the post most con-
venient to our command. An attempt to send them to Fort Towson would
have been no less hazardous to them than their escort; our prisoners being
exclusively women and children.

"We trust that within thirty days from this date, they will be at Fori
Jessup (La.).

"I have the honor to be, with great respect.

Your obt. sub.
B. T. Archer, Secretary of War.
By order of His Excellancy,

The President."

When the expulsion took place, General Houston was in the United
States on business. On his return to Nacogdoches, he addressed the citizens
in reference to same. On his first attempt to do so, he was met with hisses,
catcalls and threats of violence. He at last succeeded in gaining an audience
then he proceeded to charge Texas with bad faith on her part and that the
expulsion and the killing of the Cherokees on the field of battle was unbe-
coming a civilized and Christian nation. His commanding figure and elo-
quence triumphed on this as well as on occasions formerly and afterwards.
(Extract from a speech made by Senator Sam Houston, in the United States
Senate, January 29-31, 1855).

"1 can exemplify to some extent, an impression that 1 have when I con-
trast war measures with peace measures. I well remember in 183 5, 1836.
1837 and 1838, in Texas, we had peace. The Comanches would come dowii
to the very seaboard in amity and friendship, would repose confidently in
our dwellings, would receive some trifling presents and would return homo

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 223

exulting, unless they were maltreated, or their chiefs received indignities. If
they did receive such, they were sure to revisit that section of the country
as soon as they went home and fall upon the innocent. For the years I
have mentionedi in Texas, we had perfect peace, and, mark you, it did not
cost the government over $10,000.00 a year. We had no standing army.
A new administration came in and the Congress immediately appropriated
51,500,000.00 for the creation of two regular regiments. Those regiments
were raised. What was the consequence.' The policy had changed in the
inauguration of the president. He announced the extermination of the In-
dians. He marshalled his forces. He made incursions on a friendly tribe who
lived in sight of our settlements where the arts of peace were cultivated and
pursued by them — by agriculture and other arts, and by exchange and traffic
of such productions of the soil as were convenient. They lived by traffic
with Nacogdoches. The declaration was made, and it was announced by
the cabinet that they would kill otf 'Houston's pet Indians'. Well, sir, they
killed a very few of them, and my honorable colleague (Senator T. J. Rusk)
knows very well, if it had not been for the volunteers they would have licked
the regular army — and the Indians said: 'I was not there'. The Cherokees
had been very friendly and when Texas was in consternation, and the men
and women were fugitives from the myrmidons of Santa Anna, who were
sweeping over Texas like a simoon, they had aided our people, and given
them succor — and this was the recompense. They were driven from their
homes and left desolate. They were driven up among the Comanches.
What was the consequence? Every Indian on our borders from the Red
River to the Rio Grande took the alarm. They learned that extermination
was the cry, and hence it was that the flood of invasion came upon our fron-
tiers and drenched them with blood.

"The policy of extermination was pursued and a massacre of sixteen
chiefs at San Antonio, who came in amity for a treaty, took place. This was
in 1840. Before this army was raised they had been in the habit of coming
down for purposes of peace and commerce. But an army of Indians
marched through the settlements to the seaboard, one hundred or one hun-
dred and fifty miles, undetected. I grant you, avoiding the dense settlements,
went to Linville upon the tidewater, rifled the stores and slaughtered the
men. If there were any. the women were treated with cruelty and their
children's brains dashed out against the walls of the peaceful habitations.
The exterminating policy brought it on. The country became involved in
millions of debt, and the Indians were kept in constant irritation. That was
in 1840 and it was not until the year 1843 that intercourse could be had
with them through the pipe of peace, the wampum and the evidence ot
friendship".

On page 57, Volume 1 of his History of Van Zandt County, Texas.
Wentworth Manning says: '^After the Cherokees had been driven out of
East Texas, the fight opened up for the valuable lands formerly occupied by
them. The reason for their expulsion became apparent among the pale
faced contestants in a mad scramble of po.ssessing the territory from which
they were dispossessed was fierce to the Echo."

224 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

On page 549, Volume 1, John Henry Brown's History of TexaS; says:
"The noble Travis, in command at San Antonio, increased his force to one
hundred and fifty men and prepared by every means in his power to defend
the place to the last. Governor Smith kept couriers in the saddlle dis-
patching them to the coast. Nacogdoches. San Augustine and elsewhere, with
messages urging the people to action. Houston (and Forbes under his in-
structions) proceeded to treat with the powerful Cherokees and their allies
and secure their neutrality — a matter of life and death importance at that
hour."

No better evidence can be adduced as to the circumstances surrounding
the Expulsion of 1839, than the testimony of Texan statesmen and writers
quoted in the foregoing passages. No shadow of doubt can be cast upon the
statements of the immortal Houston, Terrell, Yoakum, Brown and others of
that day or of Wentworth Manning of Wills Point, Texas, of today. The
government, with its regular and volunteer armies, was present on the battle
field. The highest state official to the lowest military officer of the armies
were present, directing the operations. No other than the renowned Albert
Johnston of later Confederate fame, then the Texan Secretary of War was on
the field, as well as the Vice President, David G. Burnet, of the Republic,
acting president, instead of Lamar, who was absent in the United States.

The Cherokee Nation was, up to the time of the conclusion of the Treaty
of February 23, 1836 an integral part of the Republic of Mexico. When
Texas threw oft'- the Mexican yoke and inaugurated an independent govern-
ment under the Convention, termed the Consultation, the Cherokees remained
a separate and independent government from Texas and by this "Solemn
Declaration" they were so treated.

As has been noted, this body provided for the appointment of Commis-
sioners to negotiate a Treaty with them which was done on February 23,
1836. By its tenjisT their allegiance v/as transferred to Texas whereby they
became a quasi-independent nation, subject to and existing under the suzer-
ainty of that government.

The unwarranted expulsion of the Texas-Cherokees is one of the world
tragedies. "The EPIC is yet to be written."

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 22S

CHAPTER XI

Public School System Established. National Officials. Male and Female.
Seminary Graduates. Eleemosynary Institutions.

Prior to 1842 the educatioiuil interL'sts of the Cherokees was in the
hands of the missionaries of the Moravian, Presbyterian, Methodist, Con-
greg-ational and Baptist churches. The United Brethren or Moravians com-
menced their missionarj' work among the Cherokees at Spring Place in
Georgia in l8or. The American Board of Foreign Mission, maintained by
the Presbyterian and Congregational churches entered the field at Brainard
in I8I7-. The Baptists commenced their labors in the western part of North
Carolina, during the same year' but soon allowed their work to lapse until
1820 in which year Valley Town Mission was founded.' In 1824 the
Methodists established their first mission in the Cherokee country. Some of
the Cherokees most probably attended schools in neighboring provinces and
states prior to 1800. Notably, Charles Hicks, a half breed, who as early as
1808 was known to have had a splendid education.''

The idea of public and higher schools for the Cherokees was advocated
and provided for by the treaty of 1835". The Cherokee negotiators in this
treaty were: John Ridge, Ellas Boudinot, John West, Archilla Smith, Samuel
W. Bell, William A. Davis and Ezekial West.

Section six, article nine of the Cherokee constitution of 18 59 is as
follows: "Religion, morality and knowledge, being necessary to good govern-
ment, the preservation of liberty and the happiness of mankind, schools and
the means of education, shall forever be encouraged in this Nation." Pur-
suant to that idea the council enunciated, "Be it enacted by the National
Council, That all facilities and means for the promotion of education, by
the establishment of schools, and the diffusion of general intelligence among
the people shall be afforded by legislation, commensurate with the importance
of such objects, and the extent and condition of the public finances; and all
schools which may be, and are now in operation in this Nation, shall be sub-
ject to such supervision and control of the National Cuncil as may be pro-
vided.

Section 2. Be it further enacted. Thai in future no missionary school
or establishment shall be located or erected without permission first being ob-
tained from the National Council for such purpose, and the place designated
by law for the same, with such other general regulations as may be deemed
necessary and proper, either as conducive to its particular usefulnes or con-
formity to national rights and interest.

Section 3. Be it further enacted, That in furtherance of the design of
this act, a committee of three persons shall be appointed by nomination of
the Principal Chief to the National Committee, whose duty it shall be to mature
and prepare a system of general education by schools, with such laws for its
establishment and promotion as may be necessary; and to report the same to
the Principal Chief before the next annual meeting of the National Council.
who shall submit such report with his views in relation thereto; said commit-

226 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

tee shall also visit all the schools in the Nation, examine the plan upon which
they are taught, the improvement of pupils, and utility of each, and report
such information to the Principal Chief, to be submitted before the National
Council.

Tahlequah, 26th, Sept., 1839.

Approved — John Ross.
The time was later extended for another year.^ On October 2, 1839,
the establishment of several' missionary schools was authorized. -

The interest on the invested school funds of the Cherokees as shown by
various Annual Reports of the Commissioners of Indian Affairs, were: 1839,
$2,606.90; 1860, $11,848.00; 1870, $29,460.04.

A Superintendent of Education and eleven public schools were provided
for by an act of council on November 16, 1841. Two thousand two hun-
dred fifty seven dllars and thirty cents was appropriated to meet the past
expenditures for the year of 1842.* At the same time five thousand eight
hundred dollars was appropriated to support the schools for the year of 1843
and twenty two hundred dollars was set aside to defray the expenses of the
orphans attending the public schools.^ The salary of public school teachers
in 1843 was thirty dollars per month. =

On December 23, 1843, council authorized the establishment of seven
additional public schools, which brought the number up to: Delaware Dis-
trict, three; Saline, two; Going Snake, three; Tahlequah, two; Illinois, two,
Canadian, one; Skin Bayou, two and Flint, three. The two school sessions
were fixed at five months each, with a winter and summer vacation of one
month each. The maximum teachers wage was forty dollars per month.^

In the year 1845 there were eighteen public schools in the Cherokee
Nation:

Delaware District Pupils

Tahquoee, 42.

Honey Creek, 47.

Lebanon, 34.

Saline District

Spring Creek, 35.

Saline, 32.

Going Snake District

Locust Grove, 27.

Oak Grove, 61.

Evan Jones,' 31.

Tahlequah District

Caney, 43.

Fourteen Mile Creek 21.
Illinois District

Greenleaf, 23.

Vian, 23.

Canadian District

Webbers Falls, 36.

Skin Bayou District

HISTORY OF THE CHHROKEE INDIANS 227

Sweetwater, 22.

John Beng'e's, 29.

Flint District

Honey Hill, 57.

James Bigby's 3 7.

Clear Springs, 55. Orphans

655 121

Male 402 71

Female 253 So'

An additional public school was located at Muddy Springs in Flint Dis-
trict, one at Peavine on Barren Fork in Going Snake District and one in the
Daniel neighborhod in Delaware District by act of council on November 18,
1845.' By an act of November 26, 1845 the school on Fourteen'Mile Creek
was moved to Tahlequah,- where this first public school of Tahlequah was
opened on March 2, 1846 with Mr. Caleb Covel as teacher.-"' A subscription
school had been opened in the town in June 1845 with Miss Nancy Hoyt, as
teacher."* The Superintendent of Education was given authority in November
1846 to move schools that were insufficiently attended."'

Seven thousand five hundred dollars were appropriated to defray the ex-
penses of the public schools for the years 1848 and six hundred dollars were
appropriated to pay the expenses of orphans attending the public schools.^
Thirty dollars each was allowed for the board and clothing of orphans dur-
ing the schol term. The public school appropriation for 1849 was seven
thousand and three hundred six hundred for the orphan fund.' An examin-
ing board of three members to pass on the qualifications of teachers was
created on November 2, 1849.*

The public school appropriations for 1850, 1851 and 1852 were seven
thousand dollars for each year, the orphan appropriation for 1850 was thirty
six hundred dolars and thirty-five hundred for each of the two succeeding
years.

The teachers of the several public schools of the Cherokee Nation on
September 11, 1858 and August 30, 1859, were:

School Enrollment 1858 1859

Caney Creek, 70 Mary Buffington Adair, Sarah E. Walker

Boots Chapel, 67 Sarah Hicks, Minnie E. Boynton

Pleasant Valley, 50 S. S. Stephens. S. J. Wolf.

Post Oak Grove, 60 Eliza M. Bushyhead, James D. Alberty

Requa, 47 Ben W. Trott, Ben Wisner Carter.

Delaware Town, 4 1 Thomas W. McGhee, Heman L. Foreman.

Spavinaw Vale, 46 Joseph Vann,

Beatties Prairie, 4o William H. Davis, Moses C. Frye.

Honey Creek, ' So James I.. Thompson, Sarah Ruth Mosley.

Mount Claremore 30 Nannie Jane Rider, Nannie Jane Rider.

Baptist Mission, 76 W. P. Upham. W.P. Upham.

Peavine 66 Esther Smith, Esther Smith.

Oak Grove 57 Lucinda M. Ross. I.ucinda M. Ross.

Muddv Springs, 5o Caroline E. Bushyhead. Caroline E. Bushyhead

228

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

Enrollment 1858

52 Martha J. Uameron,
E. Jane Ross,
Victoria Susan Hicks,
Sarah E. Walker,
Moses C. Frye,
Emma Lowrey Williams,
Eliza Holt'

40
45
41
48
40
45

School
Sugar Valley,
Forest Hill,
Gunter's Prairie,
Sweet Springs,
Sallisaw,
Green Leaf,
Canadian River,
Briartown,
Clear Creek,
Vann's Valley,
Falls Creek,
Long Prairie,
Echo Bend,
Locust Vale,
Lee's Creek,
Arkansas Bottom,
Wild Horse,
Webbers, Falls,

Upon the reorganization of the Cherokee

1859

Martha J. Dameron.

E. Jane Ross.

Jane Bertholf.

Cynthia T. Frye.

Corinne E. Barnes.

John G. Scrimsher.

Victoria Susan Hicks.

Elizabeth Letitia Bertholf.

Eliza M. Bushyhead.

Martha J. Keyes.

Susan Ross.

Nancy Thompson.

George Harlan Starr.

Nannie Holmes.

Hugh Montgomery Adair.

Eliza Holt.

Delia Mosley.-

Nation after the civil war,

thirty-two public schools were provided for. They were to commence on
March 1, 1867. The locations were to be:

Delaware District: Delaware Town, Sequoyah's New Place and Snell's.

Saline District: Requa, Cul-car-law-skees and Little Spring Creek.

Going Snake District: Tyners, Rabbit Trap, Barren Fork and Baptist
Mission.

Tahlequah District: Tahlequah, Caney and Killermore's.

Illinois District: Fort Gibson, Seabolt's and White Oak Spring.

Canadian District: Webber's Falls, Brier Town and Jimmy Vann's.

-Sequoyah District: .loseph Goody's, Lee's Creek and the Court House.

Flint District: Clear Spring, John Glass' and Alexander Scott's.

Cooweescoowee District: Lacey Hawkens on Grand River, John Hatch-
ett's and on Dog Creek.

Two Negro schools to be located by the Superintendent of Education.

Five orphans may be maintained and educated at each of these thirty-
two schools at a cost of thirty dollars each per term for board and clothing.
The terms shall be from the first Monday in March to until July l5th and from
the tirst Monday in September until the last Friday in January.'' The Chero-
kee Nation always maintained free text books and accessories. The school
houses were built at the expense of the community and each school had a
local board of three directors.

The school previously located at White Springs near Lacey Hawkins' was
removed by council in the spring of 1869 to West Point "near the mouth of
Dog Creek."' By act of November 29, 1869 fourteen thousand eight hundred
dollars were appropriated to pay the public school teachers and four thousand
twenty dollars as the orphan allowance. The school was removed from the
Moravian Mission to Oak Grove in Going Snake District. A school was es-

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 229

tablished at Vian Camp Ground near Joseph Duval's in Illinois District, at
Captain Nathaniel Fish's in Tahlequah District, at Contention Spring in Del-
aware, near Ellis Sanders' in Sequoyah, near Delaware Miller's in Coowees-
coowee and a Nesro school in Fort Gibson.'- Ten more schools were pro-
vided for on December 10, 1869: Muddy Springs in Flint, Richard Benge's in
Illinois on lllinois-Sequoyah line. Falling Pot's in Saline, Black Jack Grove in
Canadian, John Rattlinggourd's in Illinois, Peggy Woodall's in Tahlequah,
Dick Old Field's in Delaware, Wilson Sittingdown's in Sequoyah and near
George Whitmire's in Going Snake. The two Negro schools located by the
Superintendent of Education in March 1869 were at Tahlequah and on Four-
teen Mile Creek in Tahlequah District.^

There were fifty-nine schools in 1871, sixty in 1873 and seventy-five
in 1877^. The number and efficiency of the public schools gradually grew
until there were over one hundred and twenty at the dissolution of the Chero-
kee Nation. The progress of the Cherokees was due to their excessive pride
in their schools, which were never allo\\ed to be under the supervision in any
way of the educational authorities of the United States and none of their
schools were ever visited by ofticers or agents of the departnint of educa-
tion at Washington, until after June 30, 1898.

Superintendents of Education of the Cherokee Nation.

1841. Rev. Stephen Foreman. -

1843. David Carter.

1845. James Madison Payne. ^

1847. Walter Scott Adair.^

1849. Walter Scott Adair.-'

1851. Rev. Walter Adair Duncan.

1853. Henry Dobson Reese.

1855. Henry Dobson Reese.

1857. Henry Dobson Reese.

1859. Charies Holt Campbell.

1 867. Spencer S. Stephens.

1869. Spencer S. Stephens.

1871. Oliver Hazard Perry Brewer.

Boards of Education of the Cherokee Nation.

18 73. Spencer S. Stephens.

Rev. Leonidas Dobson.
George S. Mason.

1875. John Ross Vann.^

Allison Woodville Timberlake.
\^'illiam Henry Davis.

Superintendents of Education.

1876. December 9, Oliver Hazard Perry Brewer.

Boards of Education.

1877. November 26, William Poller Ross.

John Lynch Adair, suspended September lo, 1879.
William Henry Davis.

230 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

1878. November 25, Lucien Burr Bell.

1879. September l5, Henry Dobson Reese, appointed, vice John L.
Adair.

1879. November 3, John Albion Spears, elected, vice John L. Adair.
1879. November 14, John Lynch Adair, reinstated by Council.

1879. November 2 1, George Wesley Choate, vice William Hen-
ry Davis.

1880. November 2 3, John Lynch Adair, resigned.

1880. November 23, John Albion Spears, elected vice John L. Adair.

1880. November 23, Allison Woodville Timberlake, vice L. B. Bell.
Robert Latham Owen, appointed vice G. W. Choate.

Willia mHenry Davis, appointed vice J. A. Spears.

1881. November. Oliver Hazard Perry Brewer, President, elected.
Robert Latham Owen, Secretary.

Lorenzo Delano Spears.

1882. December 5, Rev. Walter Adair Duncan, President.

1883. Thomas James Adair, Secretary.

1884. William Potter Ross.

1885. November 30, Martin Ross Brown.
William Henry Davis.

Lorenzo Delano Spears.

1886. Robert Taylor Hanks.

188. November, Timothy Brown Hitchcock.

1889. Eli H. Whitmire.

Superintendents of Education.

1890. November 3, Office created.

1890. November 8, William Wirt Hastings.

1891. November, Walter Hampton Jackson.

Boards of Education.

William Vann Carey, President.

Augustus Edward Ivey, Secretary.

Charles Oliver Fry.

William J. McKee.

John Elijah Butler, vice Carey.

November 13, George Washington Mitchell.
1898. November 2, Mark Lee Paden.
1898. Rev. Walter Adair Duncan, President.

Connell Rogers, Secretary.

Rev. Joseph Franklin Thompson.
1808. November 18, Harvey Wirt Courtland Shelton.

Jefferson Thompson Parks.

James Franklin McCullough.

Thomas Carlile.

Theodore Perrv.

Stand Watie Woodall, vice McCullough.

Darius Edwin Ward, vice Perry.

180 7.

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKElf INDIANS 231

Oliver Hazard Ferry Brewer, Fresident. Albert Sidney Wyly, Secretary.
Samuel Frazier Farks, vice Carlile Miss Carlotta Archer, "vice S. F. Farks.

The proposition for high schools for the Cherokees was proposed by
the Cherokee negotiators of the treaty of December 25, 1835' but it was not
until eleven years later that the tribe felt that they were in financial con-
dition to commence the construction of the necessary buildings.^

A year later full regulations were embraced in an act of Council for the
establishment and conduct of the two schools.' The Female Seminary was
located three miles southeast and the Male Seminary one and one half miles
southwest of Tahlequah. They were built of brick that was made near the
site of each school. Built in a land of fine springs, neither building was lo-
cated contiguous to a spring. The erection of the replicated buildings began
in 1847, the cornerstone of the Female Seminary was laid by Chief Ross on
June 2 1, 1847 and they were finished in l850. The Male Seminary was
opened on May 6, I85l and the Female Seminary on the following day.

"The seminaries, and in fact, all the schools of the Cherokee Nation,
are supported by money, invested in United States registered stocks, from the
sale of lands to the United States government. The interest alone of this
investment is drawn and used for educational purposes. 'i"he boarders are
charged a mere nominal sum as an addition to the school fund. The United
States government renders no assistance to the Seminaries, Asylum or common
schools of the Cherokee Nation, outside of paying interest on money bor-
rowed from the Nation.""

The buildings were one hundred eighty-five feet long, one hundred nine
feet wide, part two stories and part three stories in height.

Boarders paid at the rate of five dollars per month in advance, or forty-
five dollars per school year. That sum paid for board, laundry, lodging, lights,
fuel, text books and all necessary supplies, and the pupils had to furnish only
their comforts, blankets, linen and toilet articles. Provision was made by
the National Council for the acceptance, without any expense to them, of fifty
pupils whose parents were not able to pay their tuition and board.'

"The Steward purchases all supplies, has the direction and management
of the appropriations, collects all board bills and employs all assistance in
the domestic department. The Domestic Superintendent has charge of the
domestic affairs, secures clothing and supplies for the primaries and other
duties. The Medical Superintendent is appointed by the National Council,
gives medical and sanitary attention. The Matrons attend the sick, receive
the clothing from the laundry, attend its meiuliiig and distribution.
Preparatory Department.

First year: Penmanship, Phonetics, Reading, Object Lessons, Grammar,
Penmanship, Geography, Geography, Arithmetic.

Second Year: Penmanship, Reading, Object Lessons, Composition.
(^honetics, Reading, Arithmetic, Geography.

Third Year: Reading, Object l.e.ssons, Composition Phonetics, Read-
ing, Arithmetic, Geography.

Academic Department.

Freshmen— Ancient languages': Latin, Greek; English: Grammar. Geog-

In Study Hall 6:00- 7

Breakfast and detail 7:00- 8

Chapel 8:30- 9

Recitations 9:00-12

Noon 12:00- 2

232 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

raphy; History: U. S. History; Mathematics: Arithmetic, Algebra; Physical
Geography, Physiology.

Sophomore — Ancient languages: Caesar, Anabasis; English: Rhetoric;
History: English History; Mathematics: Algebra, Geometry; Chemistry, Nat-
ural Philosophy.

Junior — Ancient languages: Cicero, Ovid, Trucydides Modern lan-
guages: French, German; English: English literature, American literature;
Mental Science: Political Economy, .Woral Philosophy; Mathematics: Trigi-
nometry, Analytical Geometry; Botany, Geology.

Senior — Ancient languages: Virgil, Livy, Homer; Modern languages:
.Moliere, Goethe; English: Criticism; Mental Science: Mental Philosophy,
Logic; Mathematics: Surveying and Calculus; Astronomy, Zoology.

Daily Programme.

A. M. P. M.

Students rise, 5:30 Recitations 2:00-4:00

00 Military drill 4:15-4:45

30 Supper 5:00

:00 Study hall 6:45-8:45

00 First retiring bell 9:00

00 Second retiring bell __9:l5

Preparatory Department.

The course of study in this department embraces three years, and pre-
pares students for the Seminary proper. The school is thoroughly graded.
Object lessons, compositions, oral, written and other exercises calculated to
develop the power of written and oral expresion are given. Ideas of num-
ber, form, size and actual measurement precede the more complex arithmetical
operations. Map drawing, the use of the excellent maps in the Seminaries
and topical exercises render geography practical. The Principal of this de-
partment spends an hour each Saturday with the students, assisting them in
selecting books from the library.

Seminary Proper.

The course of study embraces four years. The work in this institution
is equal to that of the best institutions of the country. This school possesses
many advantages over similar institutions, from the fact that teacher and
students are together. Teachers instruct and direct, not only in the text book
studies but in general reading, in the use of reference books and library work
--a thing impossible when students have not libraries and books of reference
in their homes or boarding houses. The usual degrees are conferred, upon
the completion of courses of study.

Graduates of the Cherokee National Seminary.
February 1855.^

Mary Buffington Adair, Dr. Walter Thompson Adair.

Caroline Elizabeth Bushyhead, William Robert Quarks.

Charlotte Candy, William Fields.

Martha Candy, joel Brvan Mayes.

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKHE INDIANS

233

Eliza Forester, Benjamin W. Trott.

Catherine Hastings, Jenkins Whitesides Maxfield.

Lucy Lowrey Hoyt, Monroe Calvin Keys.

Amanda McCoy, Daniel Bushyhead.

Nannie Patrick, James R. Gourd.

Nannie Rider, Daniel Ross Hicks.

Sallie Rider, Samuel King Riley.

Martha Wilson, Reverend Walter Adair Duncan.

February 1856.

Rev. Joseph Franklin Thompson.

David R. Vann and Bluford West
Alberty.

Isaac Brown Hitchcock.

DeWitt Clinton Lipe.

George Washington Benge.

Joel Bryan Mayes.

Allison Woodville Timberlake.

Charles Renatus Hicks.

John Lafayette Adair and Dennis
Wolf Bushyhead.

John Ticanooly Adair and Augus-
tus Van Edmondson.

George Drew and Joel Bryan
Mayes.

George Washington Nave.

Fox.

George Washington Gunter.

"Cousin Vic."
The time is approaching near
When we shall bid adieu;
To teacher and companions dear,
And breathe the lonely word, adieu.

Many friends we've here found.
Within these favored walls
And sad will be the sound.
When we say farewell, to all.

But may we in friendship, dwell united.
And our lives be love
And meet when hopes are not blighted,
In that happy land above.

Your alTectionate cousin.

Mary Ellen Adair,

Eliza Missouri Bushyhead,

Elizabeth Annie Duncan,

Victoria Susan Hicks,

Nannie Holmes,

Martha McNair,

Margaret Lavinia Rogers,

Lucinda M. Ross,

Alabama Elizabeth Scrimsher,

Martha Nannie Thompson,

Mary Delilah Vann,

Sallie Josephine Vaught,

Martha Whiting,

Emma Lowrey Williams,

Female Seminary
January 17, 1856."
"For Victoria Hicks.

L(ucinda) M. R(oss.)

The Future.

234 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

The past with all its joys and sorrows is gone, with it alone fond mem-
ory can converse. The present is busy working its many changes. Yet 'tis
to the future that these thoughts will most naturally fly, we involuntarily look,
there for our greatest pleasure, profit and happiness. Hope comes with her
train of fair images and leads us through rich scenes of rapture and delight.
And indeed life would be dull, void and bereft of every pleasure, unless there
was a plan marked out in the future to fill our bosoms with zeal, and stimu-
late us to action. But since our human life hangs over accident and mis-
fortune, and since the future must know us ever, the great question is, how
shall we meet it, all doubtfully mixed with its pleasures, its delights, its cares
and its dangers.

Then, I would say to meet it calmly, and boldly and with a pleasure.
Venture not upon it with your own understanding as a guide; peril not such
great interests to the dictation of your own reason, but take as a buckler and
shield, the wise counsel of Him who marks all changes. In order that the
future shall ever find you glorifying in triumph.

Your friend,

J(oel) B. Mayes.
Male Seminary, C. N.
January 29, 1856."

"Life

We can not tell what happiness

What might on earth possess

If in singleness of heart

We would strive to act a proper part.

'Tis true we see the effects of sin

All without and all within.

We long may live a life in vain,

Much good possess, but still complain.

We may appear to other eyes.

To be extremely rich and wise;

But if our hearts are not right.

Life will not be beautiful and bright.

Oh! may our life, day by day,

In love and duty pass away;

And at last when our bodies die,

We may live in that world above the sky;

Where free from sin, death and pain,

The good will meet and love again.

„, Emma (Lowrey Williams.)

Cherokee Seminarv
November 4th, 1855."

January 27, 1879.

Isabel Cobb\

Tennessee Vann Steele, Robert Colburn Fuller.

June 27, 1879.

Anna Cora Archer, WiiH,„, r^ss Shackelford.

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKtiE INDIANS 2 35

Fannie Blythe, Lemuel Walker Marks.

Elizabeth Dougherty, Ellis Buffington Wright.

July 2, 1880.

Caroline V. Armstrong, Frank M. Overlees.

Nannie Catherine Daniel, Richard Lafayette Fite,

Lillie Maxfield, Claude Hanks McDaniel.

Sallie Clementine Rogers, John. Thomas McSpadden.

Sarah Stapler Ross, Samuel Houston Adair.

Margaret Hicks Stapler,
Jeanette Starr, Frances Alexander Billingslea.

June 30, 1881.
Ella Adair, DeWitt Clinton Wilson.

Eleanor Margaret Boudinot, John Henry Nave.

Martha Cobb, Clement George Clarke.

Joanna Coody Rogers, John Calhoun Duncan.

June 28, 1883.
Carlotta Archer' and Emma Breedlnve.
Mae Washburn,- John Carlton Anderson".

June 28, 1884.
Mary Ann Elizabeth, Duncan, Harvey Wirt Courtland Shelton."*

June 25, 1885.
Oregonia Bell," Spratt Scott,

Florence Anna Caleb,'' Henry Benton Smith.

Martha Fields, Dr. Philip Donahoo.

May 13, 1886.

Mary Jett Norman, L)r. George Albert McBride.

The Female Seminary was totally destroyed by fire on Sunday, April
10, 1887. The erection of the new seminary building in the north part of
Tahlequah began on November 3, 1887. It was finished on April 18, 1889
and dedicated on Tuesday, .May 5, I8S0.

June 28, 1888.'
Rachel Caroline Eaton,- James Alexander Burns.

Elizabeth Bushyhead McNair,
Addie Roche Ross. William Henry Norrid.

June 28, 1890.
Charlotte Delilah Hastings Samuel Grant Victor.

Elizabeth Clyde Morris, ^ William Presley Thompson.

Gulielma Ross, JanT-'s Sanford Davenport.

June 23, 1892.
Saiah Jane Adair, James Augustus Lawrence,

Martha Anna Maves, Edwin Mooring Pointer,^

Florence Wilson McSpadden, Philip Wharton Samuel.

June 29, 1893.
Martha Eulalia Miller, Jackson H. Merchant.

236

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

Lulu Mayfield Starr,
Janana Thompson,

Lulu Dale Duckworth,
Mary Llewellyn Morgan,
Julia Anna Phillips,
Georgia Ella Prather,

Caroline Blair,
Josephine Crittenden,
Sarah Lulu Foreman,
Flora Sabrina Lindsey,
Cora Archer McNair,
Susie Phillips,

Janana Ballard.

Anna Ballard,

Martha Pauline Eaton,

Cherokee Vashti Edmondson,

Beuna Vista Harris,

Cora Archer Musgrove,

Gertrude Whitman Rogers,

Dora Olive Ward,

Lena Carlile,

Jennie McClellan Foreman.
Pixie Alberty Mayes,
Juliette Melvina Scrimsher,
Lura Ward,

Cherokee Cornelia Adair,

Lucinda Ballard,

Ella Mae Covel and Alice Pre

Nellie May Duncan,

Lulu Belle James,

Grace Phillips,

Fannie Vann Ross,

Eldee Starr and Mamie Star

Mineola Ward,

Josephine Barker,
Mollie Lipe Blackstone,
Belle Cunningham,
Eugenia Catherine Eubanks

William Wirt Hastings .

William Penn Phillips.
June 28, 1894.

Walter I. Jones.

William Lucullus Mayes,

James Turner Edmondson,'*

Lee S. Robinson.
June 27, 1895.

Richard Henry Smith.

William Robert Sartain.

John Gunter Lipe.

Charles Colston Watts, ^

William Buft'ington Wyly.

Ernest Vivian Scrimsher.
June 26, 1896.

June 25, 1897.

Crawford Conner.
James Mooring York,-
Robert Bruce Garrett.
Bascom Porum Rasmus.
James Herbert Moore.
Dr. George Shimoon.
William Pugh Cunningham.^

June 1, 1898.

Dr. C. W. Vowell.
David Jesse Faulkner.

Abraham Vandyke Robinson,^
Gilbert Thompson Loux.
June 29, 1899.

Junius Brutus Moore.
William Lee Harlan.

nch.

Eugene Nixon Williamson.
Robert Lee Huggins.
Preston Majors.
Walter Ellis Duncan.

Everett Virgil Allen.
May 25, 1900.

Dr. Robert Lee Mitchell.
Edward Knippenberger.
Thomas Oscar Graham.
Walter Maecenas Charlesworth.

HISTORY OF THlf CHEROKEli INDIANS

237

Mary Elizabeth Gulagcr,
Bettina Lucile Mcintosh,
Jennie Fields Ross,
Aneliza Eulalia Sevier.'

Minnie Benge,-

Mary Garrett,

Rosanna Harnage,

Josephine Landrum Howard,

Mary Jane McS'padden,

Juliette Taylor Snitih.

Lelia Alice Maitland Thornton,

Sarah Eleanor Ballard,
Golda Barker.
Beulah Benton Edniondson,
Bertha Lillian Faulkner,
Mary Angeline Rider,
Elizabeth Vann Ross,
Susie Ray Sevier,
Dora Anna Starr,
Clara Estella Tyler,
Genobia Anna Ward,
Lola Llewellyn Ward,

Laura Effie Duckworth,
Victoria Lipe Foreman,
Caroline Bertha Freeman,
Allie Rhea Garrett,
Janie Stapler Hicks,
Rosa Gazelle Lane.
Virginia Lee Lindsey.
Caroline Quarles McNair,
Elizabeth Peach McSpadden,
Maude Hoyt McSpadden,
Elizabeth Adair Morgan,
Llewellyn Hopewell Morgan,
Sallie Pauline Parris,^
Susie Vivian Scott,
Grace Raper Wallace,
Leola Fay Ward,

Lulu Elizabeth Alberty,
Frances Bushyhead.
Eunice Marie Chamberlin,
Clara M. Couch,

George Houston.
Jesse Clifton Cobb.
Edward l-orenian Blackstone.
May 30, 1901.

Sid Campbell.
Frederick McDaniel.
Andrew Jackson Rogers.
Thomas R. Crookshank.

G. S. Mac Key.
May 29, 1902.

Roy Woods.
Charles V. Knight.
Richard Croker.
Charles Clarence Starr.
Alfred A. Campbell.
Carl Mills.

Lawrence McAllister.
Ewing Markham.
Frank Selman.
Allen Douthitf,
John Black Tiniiin.
June 9, 1903.

Guy Boatright.

James Stephenson Kennedy.

Garland Baird.

Dr. John Chisholm Breedlove.

John Griffith Harnagc.

James Walker McSpadden.
Jesse Bartley Milam.
Woodley Gail Phillips.

Samuel P. Mathews.
William Everett Foreman.

Rhoderick Dhu Richards.
William Newton.

June 3, 1904.

John Woodson Conner.
James Knox Gibson.
Frank Edward Nix.

238

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

Joseph Alice CrutchfielJ,
Roxie Cunningham,
Stella Marie Ghormley,
Mary Hampton,
Elizabeth Covel Keys,
Nellie Blackwell Meek,
Amanda Payne Morgan,
Phoeba Montana Rider,

Lola Garrett,

Caroline Elizabeth Ghormley,

Mary Hoi and,

Sallie Jennings,

Mamie Butler Johnson,

Mary Anna Martin,

Ethel Martin,

Maude Rosamond Meigs,

Sallie Mayo Morgan,

Anna Belle Price,

Janie Stapler Ross.

Ethel Corinne Scales,

Anna Elizabeth Skidmore,

Martha Wallace,

Annie May Balentine,

Ruth Ballard,

Ella Jay Chandler,

Mary Ada Condray

Mary Louise Crafton,

Bird Adair Dameron.

Fannie Adair Danenburg,

Dora Early,

Penelope Adair Faulkner,

Bertha Elizabeth Frellick,

Fannie Etta Holland,

Clyde Horn,

Josephine Meigs,

Ara Ellen Ross,

Charlotte Elizabeth Spears,

Caroline Lucinda Starr,

Edith Lyle Stover,

Joy Lorraine Washburn,

Lelia Eaton.

Olive Estelle Edmondson,
Allie Johnson and Vera Jones.
May McSpadden,

Joseph Oscar Dale.
Dr. Edward B. Reed.
Charles Kay.
Eugene Willard Tiger.

Emerson Elliott.

Frank Rolla Bell.

Jesse Albert Barbre.
June 1, 1905.

Ephriam Monroe Bowers.

Johnson Harris.

Ernest Trenary.

Marion Gibson.

Dr. Francis M. Adams.

Timothy Meigs Walker.

Henry Pierson.

Eustace Adolphus Hill.

Vail Kimsey.

John Casper Lipe.

William Penn Adair.

Charles Inglish.

Andrew Johnson McDaniel.

Miles C. Chastain.
May 31, 1906.

William Potter Ross.

Hardy Frank Fleming.

William Edmonds.

Emmett Barker.

Daniel Baker.

George Pierce Cantrell.

Bancroft C. Kress.

Newell Tucker.

Eugene Gilbert.

Colonel E. Mayes.

Dr. Ulyssus Grant Hall.

Edmond Brigham Arnold.

James K. Blake.

Franklin Gritts Milligan.

George Guinn.

James Robert Wyly.

Edwin Bentley Hunt.

E. P. McCartney.
May 29, 1907.

Cicero Johnson Howard.

Charles Walton Poole.

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

239

Zoe McSpadden,
Nola Alice Monroe.

Catherine Crafton,

Lucile Freeman,

Addie Gravitt and Alice Lynd Gravitt.

Frances Jane Lindsey,

Ida Lois Lindsey,

Ada Painter,

Bertha Reed,

Ida Whetzell,

Earl Preston Whitehill.
Ward C. Crawford and Frederick Oyler
May 27, 1908.

Kline Jordan.

Roy Bearman.

Gladys Mildred Anderson
Sallie Martha Bledsoe,
Narcissa Brown,
Electa Crittenden.
Minnie Berkely Feland,
Anna Victoria Hanes,
Clara Elizabeth Melton,
Ella Quatie Richards,
Anna Laura Turner,
Lena Norene Ward,

Joseph Daniel Hicks.
Jarrette Bell Harlan.
E. B. Bell-'.

Perkins.
Grover Tinnin.
May 27, 1909.

L. C. Freeman.
James Edward Wells.

Frederick McKinney.
E. Dickerson.
Marcus Grover Cox.
Frederick Albert Dedman.
Homer F. Gilliland.
Joseph Tryon Attenberry.
The Female Seminary building, which is two hundred and ninety two feet
in length and three stories high, was sold to the state of Oklahoma.
Graduates from the Cherokee National Male Seminary.
February 1855'.
Charles Holt Campbell, Lifty Lowrey.

Jonathan Riley, Mary Jack nee Gunter.

Joshua Ross, Muskogee Yargee.

Ready Taylor and David Lucullus Vann

February 1856.

Pauline Holt, Nannie
Emetine Stegall ne
Eliza Lowrey.
Celeste Slidham.

William W. Campbell,

Holt and
McKnight.

William Henry Davis,
Jeremiah Everett Foreman.
Moses C. Frye.
Joel Bryan Mayes,

Martha McNair, Martha Candy and
Marv Delilah Drew nee Vann.

October 1856.

Benjamin Wisner Carter, Nannie Elliott and Serena Guy.

Spencer Seago Stephens, Sarah Hicks.

Allison Woodville Timberlake, Margaret Lavinia Rogers.

The Male Seminary was closed on October 20, 1856 on account of lack
of funds. The Female Seminary was also closed at the end of the regular fall
term. Neither of these schools were opened again until after the civil war.

240

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

Harvey Wirt Courtland Shelton,
George Andrew Williams,

June
William Wirt Hastings,
Jefferson Thompson Parks,
William Presley Thompson,

June
William Henry Clark,
James William Duncan,
William Elliott,
Walter Adair Frye,
Jesse Stephen Lamar,
Samuel W. Mills,

May
Thomas Brewer French,
Walter Hampton Jackson,
Samuel Houston Mayes,
Paul Rogers,
Lewis Wolf Ross,
Henry Benton Smith,
Archibald Spears,
John Shepherd Thornton,
Thomas William Triplett,
Charles Edward Vann,
John Rogers Hastings,

June
Jesse Crary Bushyhead,
Stand Watie Mayfield,
Mark Lee Paden,
Robert Parris,
Lewis Right^,
John Otto Rogers,
Charles McClellan Ross,
Elizur Butler Sanders,
Simon Ross Walkingstick,
John R. Welch,
Walter Duncan West,

June
James Austin Clark.
Walter Tolbert Duncan,
John Thomas Johnson.
Andrew Jackson Martin,
James Lee Mills and James Carroll
James Tandy Musgrove
Phillips Ross and Emmet Starr.
Charles Lawrence Saunders.

1882.

Mary Anna Elizabeth Duncan.

Cora Gregg nee Hogg.
26, 1884.

Lulu Mayfield Starr,

Ruth Etta Duncan,

Elizabeth Clyde Morris.
25, 1885.

Lilla Flournoy,

Lucinda Buffington.

Eliza Jane Blair.
Emma Dale Simms.

14, 1886.

Delilah Nave.
Cherokee Brewer.
Florence Nicodemus.

Mary French.
Florence Anna Caleb.
Caroline Mary Boudinot.
Cynthia Pettit.
Elizabeth Bushyhead.
Ada Raymond.
Elizabeth Victoria Shelton.
30, 1887.

Fay lone Reynolds.
Amanda Caroline Thompson.
Mary Louvinia Starr and Sarah Nix
Edith LaRue.

Cora Archer Hicks.

Tommie Scruggs and Susie Morris

Elizabeth Downing.

Rebecca Osborn and

Leona Scraper.
28, 1888.

Anna Stein.

Anna Belle Morrow.
Ward.

Zena Pace.

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKHE INDIANS

•H

William Arnold, David
Snake Lewis Miller,

W'illiani Wallace Ross,
John Caleb Starr,
Albert Sidney Wyley',

George McLaughlin Hughes
Richard Napoleon Wallace,
Charles Worcester Willey,

Daniel Edmond Danenburg,
James Turner Edmondson,-
Samuel Frazier Parks",
Rufus Daniel Ross,

James Frank McCuIlougli,
Robert Lee Mitchell,

George Alexander Cox,
Joseph Rasmus Danenburg.
George Tolliver Hampton,
Landrum Crittenden Jennings,
Joseph Johnson Lynch,
Edward Butler Smith,
Stand Watie Woodall,

Royal Roger Eubanks,

William Charles Ghormley,
Clifford Rogers,

John Edgar Butl'ington,
James Price Evans,
Robert Wyly Fields.
Joseph Foreman Gladney,
Albert Blunt James,
Richard Vance McSpadden,
Thomas Asbury Scott,
Homer Lafayette Smith,
Nathaniel DeWitt Smith,

Edward Foreman Blackstone,
Henry Adair Dameron,

June 27, 1889.

ngram and John Melvin Lisenbe.

Minnie I.. Ballard.
December 21, 1890.

Mary Henrietta Moore.

Libbie Belle Zimmerman.

Lillian Alexander.
June 23, 1892.

.A.ddie Boudiuot nee Foreman.

Mary Forbes.

Janana Sanders.
June 26, 1894.

Ruth Meacham.

Julia Phillips.

Alberta Cora Markham,
Tooka Sixkiller and Samantha Parris.
June 23, 1895.

Martha HamptDU.

Josephine Barker.
June 24, 1896.

Pearl Hampton.

Fannie Josephine Carr.
Janana Benge.
Georgia Vann.
Ella Pratt.
Madge Pad en and
June 25, 1897.

Martha Lelia Morgan and Bessie

Mc Curry
Elizabeth Foreman.

June 29, 1898.

Pearl Gillispie.

Mary Jane Dodson.
Lucinda Miller.
Frmina Essie Foreman.
Daisy Belle Miller.
Alice Velinda Flournoy.
Lucy Martin.

June 30, 1899.

Aneliza Eulalia Sevier.
Zona Lanyon.

24;

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKE EINDIANS

John Meirit Eaton,

John Casper Lipe,

Gilbert Stephen Thompson.

James Milner Crutchfield,
WiUiam Richard Harris.
DeVVitt Clinton Lipe.
John J. Lovett',

John Walter Adair.
William Henry Balentine'-',
Walter Maecenas Charlesworth,
Robert Bruce Garrett,
W^alter Duncan Smith,

Francis William Caywood.
George Washington FieldsS
William Clyde Freeman,
George Owen Grant-,
Dennis Bushyhead McNair.
Charles Scott Monroe
William Taylor Scott.

Mary Bond.
Anna Belle Price.

May 24, 1900.

Ida Lowrey Bell.

Margaret Loretta Cookson.
May 31, 1901.

Olive Antoine.

Eugenia Catherine Eubanks.

Cherokee Vashti Edmondson.

May 28, 1902.

Jennie Lula Glass.

Clara Lowrey.

Lilian May Cunningham.

Elizabeth Terrell.

Claude Eugene Duncan,
James Bascom Johnson'',
Claude Stephen Mitchell,
Rhoderick Dhu Richards,
James S. Sanders^,
Eugene Willard Tiger.

William Houston Ballard, ^

Andreas Newton Leerskov,

Houston Bartow Fite

William Daniel Freeman.

William Richard Holland,

William Adair McClellan,

Clarence Bluford Markham,

Felix Hurd Mayes and Charles P. Pettit

Wilson Nivens Smith".

Samuel Jesse Starr^

James Oliver Ward.

June 10, 1903.

Allie Marian Shelton.

Fern Hogue.
Grace Raper Wallace.
Minnie Holland.
Mary Hampton.
June 2, 1904.

Anna Buchanan and Saphronia

Carr nee Butler.
Eril Webb.

Minnie Buckner.
Catherine Oldham.

Nellie Whitmire.

Jarrette Bell Har!an\
John Delancy Gulager,
Joseph Alexander Patterson,

June 2. 1905.

Ida Lois Lindsey.
lone Cranston.

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEli INDIANS 2M

May 31, 1906.

Elmer E. Fields.

Allen Boudinot Foster, Aurolhi Upcluirch.

James B. Markham, Blanche Bruce.

Henry H. Wood-, Winifred Scott.

May 29, 1907.
Andrew Jackson Brown, Nola LeFlore.

Gunter Duckworth, Pauline Kaho.

Austin Grant Reagan, Grace Wade.

Martin Benge Teehee,
George Marion Tyner, Ethel Marshall.

May 27, 1908.
John Alvis Alberty, Bessie M. Atkins.

Perry Ashbrook Foreman.
Joseph William Garrett.

Andrew Denney Lane, Odeyne Henry.

George Clyde Whitmire. Fannie Dudley.

May 28, 1909.
Leroy A. Byrd and Andrew G. Tiffany
Francis Edmond Chouteau.
John Grover Scales, Ctaherine Whitley.

The Cherokee National Male and Female Seminaries were combined in
September 1909 and on March 20, 1910 the Male Seminary building was
burned and the senior class for that year had their graduation exercises at
the Northeastern State Normal on May 3 1, 1910. They were:
Elizabeth Dee Bailey, Augustus Chouteau,

Lorena Allen Bean, William Francis Graham.

Oliver Maurice Haynes, Rachel Crouch.

Thomas Herbert McSpadden,

Susie Lowrey Martin, Robert Walker.

Lee Roy Mitchell^ Ruth Foreman.

Grace Reid, Troy Arrington.

The sum of twenty two hundred dollars was appropriated by the council
on December 23, 1842 for the board and clothing of orphan children attend-
ing the several public schools of the Cherokee Nation^. Most of these chil-
dren were cared for by relatives or adopted into families where they were
generally treated as the children of the household. Th maximum amount
fixed for board was one dollar per week- and on December 4, 1845 the
amount of thirty dollars per annum was fixed as a just compensation for
the board and clothing of an orphan, during which time they must attend
the regular sessions of the public schools.

This approximation was accepted as equitable and fair until January 2ri,
18723. Soon after this date the orphan asylum was opened in the Male
Seminary building^ The establishment of an orphan home school was first
considered by an act of Council on December 19, 1842« but on account of
lack of necessarv funds the subject w« dismised until Novemhpr ^ isas"

244 HISTORY OF THE CHHROKEH INDIANS

when a committee consisting of tlie Superintendent of Scliools, Ricliard Tay-
lor and Rev. Steplien Foreman were empowered to negotiate witii the au-
thorities of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South for the establishment of
an orphanage for the education of the orphans exclusively, Therefore,

Be it enacted hy the National Council, That in order to provide for the
education and instruction for the destitute orphans of the Nation, upon the
manual labor plan, the Superintendent of Public Schools, Messrs. Richard
Taylor and Stephen Foreman, Executive Councilors, be and they are hereby
appointed as a committee on the part of the Nation to meet a committee
on the part of the Methodist Church South, for the purpose of determining
upon the most practicable plan of establishing and conducting schools for
the benefit of the destitute orphans of both sexes to be located and established
separately and apart at two springs on the mountain between Fourteen Mile
Creek and Samuel Downing' s, at a place where William Sourjohn now lives,
and the terms on which said Church will take charge of said schools and
conduct the same.

Be it further enacted, That the said Committee, consisting of the Super-
intendent of Public Schools, Stephen Foreman and Richard Taylor, Executive
Councilors, shall report the result of their conference with the Committee on
the part of the Methodist Church to the National Council, for their approval
or rejection and should the parties enter into an agreement and the same be
approved by the National Council, the said committee shall proceed to assess
the value of the improvements of the said William Sourjohn with his consent
and the value of the same shall be paid out of the Orphan funds.

Be it further enacted, That such substantial buildings of logs as may be
necessary for the accommodation of about two hundred pupils of both sex,
together with the teachers and mechanics, who may be employed to conduct
the said schools, shall be built.

Be it further enacted. That the said Committee be and they are hereby
authorized to mature and determine upon the most convenient plan for the
building of the aforesaid houses, and to receive proposals and make the
necessary contracts for the erection of the same.

Be it further enacted. That the aforesaid Committee be and they are
herel-iy further instructed to agree with the Church that should there be any
net profit arising from any of the departments of said schools that the same
shall be applied to the support of additional scholars.

Be it further enacted. That the Principal Chief be and he is hereby
authorized, upon the certilicate of said Committee, to issue warrants on the
National Treasurer for such sums as may be required to meet anv of the
contracts to be paid out of the Orphan fund, and not otherwise appropriated.

Tahlequah, November 3, 1848.

Approved — George Lowrey, Acting Principal Chief."
Laws of the Cherokee Nation, 1852, page 182.

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKtE INDIANS 245

"1 he Committees appointed on tlie part ot llie Cherokee Nation and of
ti:e Missionary Society of the Methodist ifpiscopal Church, South to take into
consideration the practicability of establishing a Manual Labor School for Ih.-
benefit of the Orphan Children of the Nation, under the care of the Indian
Mission conference of said Church, report the foUowinj; as the result of Uuir
deliberations and agreement.

Article 1. There shall be an Orphan Manual Labor School in the
Cherokee Nation, under the patronage of the Missionaiy Society of the
Methodist l^piscopal Church, South.

Article 2. The School shall be limited in its ciunniencement from iifiy
to one hundred children consisting of equal number of children of both sexes,
as nearly as possible.

Article 3. The site of said school io be selected by the joint Commit-
tee acting on the part of the Nation and the Church.

Article 4. There shall be a board of six Trustees for the Management
of the School; three to be appointed by the Nation and three by the Missionary
Society of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South.

Article 5. The buildings for the schools with the necessary fixtures and
apparatus, the farm, tools, stock animals with all and every expense, including
boarding, clothing, medical attendance, etc. to be paid out of the Orphan
School Fund of the Nation.

Article 6. The children to be well taken care of boarded, clothed, in-
structed in all the branches, so far as practicable, of a good English educa-
tion. The boys shall be instructed in the use of tools and to work on the
farm. The girls; spinning, weaving, knitting, sewing, dairying, with all that
pertains to household and domestic economy.

Article 7. The children admitted into the school not under six nor over
fourteen years of age, and to continue in the same so long as the Board of
Trustees may think necessary and profitable.

Article 8. It shall be the duty of the Board of Trustees to examine the
accounts of the Institution quarterly, apportion the time for labor and teach-
ing and fix he salaries of the teachers.

Article 9. The number of scholars and the extent of improvements may
be enlarged or diminished when the Board of Trustees shall find the same
necessary.

Article 1 0. The Superintendent of said school shall have power to call
together the Board of Trustees whenever he shall find the same necessary.

Article I 1. The Missionary Society of the Methodist Episcopal Church.
South shall furnish the Superintendent and teachers and pay annually to
their support the sum of one thousand dollars.

Article 12. This agreement shall go into effect so soon as concurred
by the authorities of the Cherokee Nation and the Missionary Society of the
Methodist Episcopal Church, South and the proper officers shall have been
appointed to superintend and regulate the same.

Article 13. This agreement may be altered or annulled at any time
upon the recommendation of the Board of Trustees; due notice being given
of the same to the Cherokee National Council and to the Missionary Roard

246 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South.

Article 14. Should there be any net profits arising from the farm, shops
Ac, the same shall he applied to the benefit of the school.

Article 15. Al speculation, in any way, upon the funds, the property
of the Institution, to be carefully guarded against.

The foregoing articles agreed to and concurred in this 10th day of
November 1848; by Walter Scott Adair and Richard Taylor.

Committee on the part of the Cherokee Nation.
Thomas Ruble, Thomas Hurlburt and Thomas Bertholf.
Committee on the part of the Missionary Society of the M. E. Church, South.

Be it enacted by the National Council, That the foregoing agreement be,
and the same is hereby confirmed and approved and so much of the act passed
3rd day of November 1848, as militates aaginst any of the provisions of said
foregoing agreement be and the same is hereby repealed.

.^nd be it further enacted, That should the said Committees select the
improvement of any citizen, for the locations of said school, be and they are
hereby authorized to purchase the same, and so much of the act passed as
above, as authorizes the said Committee to value any such improvement is
hereby repealed.

But for some reason it failed of fruition.' Another committee was ap-
pointed by the council- but no report of their deliberations is available.

On November 25, 1871 an act was passed by council providing for the
establishment of the "Cherokee Orphan Asylum," which was to be located
on an estate of not more than two miles square^. The Asylum was opened
in the Male Seminary building in 1872. Twenty thousand dollars or so much
as may be necessary was appropriated to purchase the location which had
already been decided to be the Lewis Ross property at Grand Saline or Grand
River, and after further negotiations twenty eight thousand dollars was paid
to his heirs.* Necessary improvements were made so that the building on
completion would accommodate one hundred twenty five pupils, besides the
teachers, Superintendent and his family. >

Tahlequah, November 10, 1848.

Approved: George Lowrey, Acting Princijal Chief."
Laws of the Cherokee Nation, 1852, page 182.

The Superintendents were, consecutively: Rev. Walter Adair Duncan
1872 to 1882; Rev. Joseph Franklin Thompson 1882 to 1894; William
Wallace Ross 1894 to 1897; Rev. Joseph Franklin Thompson 1897 to
1901 ; John Henry Danenburg iQoi to 1902. Danenburg was the last Super-
intendent under the authority of the Cherokee Nation and he was succeeded
under the government supervision by Elias Cornelius Alberty, who was Super-
intendent at the time, when on Tuesdav November 17, 1903 it was acci-
dentally and entirely destroyed by fire. " The building and equipment was
valued at one hundred thousand dollars, exclusive of land. The faculty at
the tmie of its destruction was: Principal, Robert Bruce Garrett; First" As-
sistant, James Bascom Johnson; Second Asistant, Rhoderick Dhu Richards;
hird Asistant, Miss Flora Sabrina Lindsey and Music Teacher, Mrs. Robert
l^ruce Garrett.^

HISTORY OF THE CHHROKIiH INIDIANS 247

CHAPTER XII
Missionary Activities. First Printing.

When the missionaries commenced work among the Cherokees at the
beginning- of the nineteenth century they found a condition awaiting them
that was never presented to the christian workers by a heatiien people.
Within less than three quarters of a century before, Christian Priber, ex-jesuii
had identified himself with this tribe, became one of them, learned their lan-
guage, related to them the biblical stories, which the tribesmen had retained
and remembered in infinite detail, although they had entirely forgotten Priber
and the source of the stories. The sturdy Scotch and English countryman
had also insidiously imbued the people with many of their ideas and notions.

Then the missionary came telling the self same Bible stories that the
Cherokees had but recently derived from Priber, but in forgetting him thev
attributed them to an origin from their old religion that had legendarily been
destroyed by the Ku-ta-ni. Upon an attempt to tell the story of Abraham,
the missionary was almost invariably stopped by Cherokee auditors, who
then told the story in, to the missionary, astonishing precision, even giving
the personal names with remarkable correctness.

The recently revived New England idea of the evangelization .of the
non christians furnished a fresh impetus and many zealous workers to many
fields that had been dormant, and the missionaries were entirely oblivious of
the principal impelling causes of their advantage among this tribe but on
account of the success that attended their efforts, they put forth extra exer-
tions to win those who were so appreciative.

The Cherokees were naturally very amenable to a doctrine and l^elief
that was identical with the legends that they thought had come from their
primeval ancestry and within three decades became a christian people.

In ISOI James Vann, a wealthy halfbreed Scotch-Cherokee had a com-
modious two story brick dwelling on Chicamauga Creek in North • Georgia
and in April of that year Reverends Abraham Steiner and Gottleib Byhan,
Moravian missionaries, became his invited guests until they could erect the
initial mission buildings at Spring Place, so named on account of the num-
ber of springs in the vicinity. During the civil war, long after the mission-
aries and Indians had moved away, the bloody battle of Missionary Ridge
was fought on its site. In 1821, the Moravians established a mission at
Ootcalogy, about thirty miles south of Spring Place. Its creator and di-
rector was Reverend John Gambold, who had been at Spring Place since
1805. He died on November 6, 1827.

A mission was established in the western Cherokee nation, on Barren
Fork, below the mouth of Tyner's Creek, in Adair County. It was moved to
Harmony, near Beatty's Prairie, in the early fifties and after the civil war it
was moved to SpringPlace, on the west side of Illinois River, in the northern
part of what is now Cherokee County, Oklahoma.

In 1803, Reverend Gideon Blackburn, a Presbyterian, opened two
schools among the Cherokees in the vicinity of the present North Carolma
Tennessee line.

248 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

He made two trips through the Cherokee country. One of six weeks
in 1808 and one of twelve weeks during the succeeding year. Besides ac-
quainting himself with the conditions of the country; he encouraged various
industries; especially that of preparing and spinning cotton and wool. This
bore rich fruits, in a few years, in the abundance of cloth that was woven
and worn by the Cherokees. This cloth became so popular among them
that the buckskin garment was a rare sight in the Cherokee country by 1830
and the striped home made hunting shirt, which was really a loose frock coat,
trimmed with red yarn fringe, of the Cherokees became as distinctive a mark
as was the Scotch tartan.

After the Cherokees came west and became the peacemakers of the
plains, this Cherokee hunting shirt became the safest guarantee of life of any
emblem that might be exhibited to the hostile Indians between the Mississippi
River and Rocky Mountains.

On account of ill-health. Reverend Blackburn gave up his missionary
work among the Cherokees in 1810.

In 1816, Reverend Cyrus Kingsbury, a native of Alstead, New Hamp-
shire, visited the Cherokee country, with a view of locating a mission among
the tribe. He reported favorably on the proposition and was delegated by
the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions, a non denomi-
national organization, composed of Presbyterians and Congregationalists, to
erect the necessary buildings.

He arrived at the proposed site, on Chicamauga Creek, on January 13,
18 17 and immediately commenced the establishment of Brainard Mission,
which was destined to be the precurser of much missionary work among the
Cherokees.

On March 7, IS 17, Moody Hall, a native of Cornish, New Hampshire
and Loring S. Williams of Pownal, Vermont arrived at Brainard. Other
missionary accessions to Brainard were Reverend Ard Hoyt of Danbury, Con-
necticut and Reverend Daniel Sabin Buttrick, on January 3, 18 18. The
latter was born at Windsor, Massachusetts on August 25, 1879 and died at
Dwight Mission on June 8, I85l. On March 10, iSi8, Reverend William
Chamberlin a native of Newbury, Vermont, arrived at Brainard. He was
the affianced husband of Miss Flora, the daughter of Reverend and Mrs. Ard
Hoyt and they were married at the mission on March 22, 1818. Their son,
Amory Nelson Chamberlin was born at Brainard on November 29, 1821.
He had an equally fluent command of both the English and Cherokee lan-
guages and on account of his unassuming erudition and purity of character
he was loved and respected by all that came in contact with him. He married
on December 3, 1846 Dolly Eunice, the eldest daughter of his uncle, Milo
Hoyt. Mrs. Chamberlin was the granddaughter of George Lowry, Assistant
Chief of the Cherokee Nation. Reverend and Mrs. A. N. Chamberlin, died
at their home near Vinita during the month of July 1849. His death pre-
ceding hers by about three weeks.

In January 1S18, Catherine Brown, aged seventeen, a three quarters
blood Cherokee girl, joined the Presbyterian church at Brainard. Two vears

HISTORY OF THE CHHROKEH INDIANS 240

later she established Creek Path Mission, near her home in Alabama, a hun-
dred miles southwest of Brainard. She died on July 1 l, 1823.

The mission among the Cherolcees being in successful operation, Rev-
erend Kingsbur\- and Wiliams left the Cherokee mission work for a new tielii
among the Choctaws, about the first of June 1818.

In 1819 Reverend Ard Hoyt was Superintendent of Brainard with Rev-
erend Daniel S. Buttrick, as assistant. The school had sixty pupils that year.
One of them, Lydia Lowrey, aged sixteen, daughter of George Lowrey, later
Assistant Chief of the Cherokee Nation, joined the Presbyterian Church and
was baptised on January 3 1, I9l9. Shortly afterwards she had a dream in
which the words came to her so impressively that on arising in the morning she
wrote them out as the first hymn written by a Cherokee. She married Milo
Hoyt, a son of Reverend Ard Hoyt and they were the ancestors of the Chero-
kee Hoyts. Mrs. Hoyt died on July 10, 1862. John .Arch, "an unpromis-
ing looking young man'' entered the school this year. He was a full blood
Cherokee from western North Carlina. He soon became a good English
scholar and interpreter and was noted for his sincere Christianity and splendid
character. He died at Brainard on June 18, 1825. President James Mon-
roe, accompanied by Major General Edmund P. and Mrs. Gaines, visited
Brainard on May 27 and 28, 1819, stopping over night there.

Reverend William Potter and Dr. Elizur Butler, with their families ar-
rived at Brainard on January 10, 1821. In the autumn of 1844, Reverend
Henry C. Benson on his way from the Choctaw school at Fort Cobb to
Tahlequah to attend the tirst annual conference of the Methodist church in
Indian Territory, which was held at Riley's Chapel, two miles south of
Tahlequah from October 23 to 28, 1844, Bishop Thomas A. Morris, pre-
siding, described his visit to Fairtield Mission as follows: "We found Dr.
(Elizur) Butler sitting in an arm chair, in a dark room, prepared to spend
the night in that position. He was suflering from asthma to such an extent
as to render it impossible for him to lie upon a bed and sleep in a recumbent
position. For many successive nights he had been compelled to sit alone in
his dark chamber while the hours were slowly passing. At the ring of the
bell we were admitted, with a brotherly and Christian cordiality that was
truly grateful to our hearts at the end of our day's journey. Mrs. B., being
indisposed, did not rise; but Miss Esther Smith, the teacher of the Mission
school, and twn tine Cherokee misses, who were about fourteen years of age,
came and, in a few minutes, prepared us a substantial tea.

We were impressed with the good sense and economy which character-
ized, as far as we could discover, the entire establishment. There were no
servants; Mrs. B., Miss Smith and six Cherokee girls who had been received
into the famib', did the kitchen and chamber work. These girls were nnt
treated as servants, but daughters; they were neat, intelligent and sulTi-
cientlv cornel V to pass reputably in any society. The furniture of the mis-
sion was plain, vet comfortable; while the table was destitute of every article
that might be considered a luxury, the food was good, substantial and of
sufficient varietv."

250 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

John C. Ellsworth arrived at Brainard on November 24, 182 1 and on
the succeeding nineteenth of December John Vail and Henry Parker arrived.

A grist mill, a saw mill and a blacksmith shop were installed at Brainard
during this year. These were for the use of the mission and to accommodate
the public. At the end of the year there were eighty seven Cherokee pupils
in attendance at Brainard, thirty girls and fifty seven boys.

Mr. Dean, a blacksmith from Vermont, with his wife, arrived in Janu-
ary 1822 and two months later, Ainsworth E. Blunt, a cooper and Sylvester
Ellis, a farmer were added to the mission establishment. Blunt was a native
of New Hampshire and Ellis of Vermont.

In May 1822, the property of the Mission was valued at $17,390.00.
There were eighty Cherokee and two Osage pupils. These Osages, named
by missionaries: John Osage Ross and Lydia Carter, had been adopted by
the Cherokee after they had killed their parents in the battle of Pasuga or
Claremore's Mound, in the present county of Rogers, State of Oklahoma, in
Anoya or Strawberry moon of 1818. Lydia died at Mrs. William L. Lovely's
in the Western Cherokee nation in the winter of 1823. The boy was taken
to New England by General James Miller, the hero of Lundy's Lane, who
was the first governor of Arkansas Territory and ex officio Superintendent
of Indian Affairs. He was educated and learned the trade of a saddle, harness
and trunk maker, he was living in 183 5 and possibly has descendants in
Massachusetts or New Hampshire that are not aware that they belong to the
richest nation in the world, as the Osages enjoy enormous quarterly pay-
ments. The battle of Claremore mound was won by the Cherokees but
they were not always so fortunate in their fights with the Osages, for in
October or November 1816 an entire war party of one hundred Cherokees
under their favorite war chief Walk in the Water was killed in a battle with
the Osages and their allies on White River, excepting the White men : Wil-
liam Noland, Col. Lynn and L. D. Lafferty, who were captured and later es-
caped.

On October 12, 1822 Mr. and Mrs. Isaac Proctor of New Hampshire
arrived at Brainard and on the thirteenth of the same month Mr. Frederick
Ellsworth of Vermont, arrived.

Reverend Samuel Austin Worcester arrived at Brainard on October 21,
1825. He was born at Worcester, Worcester County, Massachusetts on
January 19, 1798. Graduated from University of Vermont in 1819 and
Andover Seminary in 1.823; ordained in Park Street Church, Boston on
August 25, 1825 and departed for Brainard six days later. He remained at
Brainard as it supervising missionary through 1826. He left the Cherokee
Nation some time during the summer of 182 7 for Boston to supervise the
making of the matrices for the Sequoian syllabary, have the type cast and pur-
chase a printing press for the Nation.

The first printing done from this type was in the December number
of 1827 of the Missionary Herald, it being the first to the fifth verses of the
first chapter of Genesis. He arrived at New Echota, capital of the Cherokee
Nation, on Conasanga River, in Georgia, on November 2 7, 182 7 and im-

HISTORY OF THE CHhROKEH INDIANS

251

mediately commenced the work of translating the Scriptures from Greek to
Cherokee. He also systematized the phonetic arrangement of the Cherokee
syllabary to the form that it subsequently bore. The printers: Isaac N. Harris
and John Foster Wheeler arrived at New Echota on December 2 3, 182 7 and
the press arrived about a month later and volume 1, number 1 of the Phoenix
appeared on February 2 1, 1828. Shortly after the issuance of the first copy,
John Walker Candy, became an apprentice on the paper. Rev. Worcester
was a continuous contributor to the paper and had a great deal of religious
literature published from this press. He was arrested by the Georgia
militia on July 7, 1831, on the charge of being in the Cherokee Nation,
without a permit from Georgia and in violation of an act of the Georgia
legislature, bearing date of December 22, 1830.' He was sentenced to the
penitentiary on September 16, 1831 and was released by the Governor of
Georgia on January 14, 183 3. He returned to Brainard on March 15,

Chief-

W. C. ROGERS
^Xovcmber 1903, to November I'Ji:

252 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

1834. Reverend Worcester's lirst wife was Miss Anne Orr, a native of
Bedford, New Hampshire.

Reverend Worcester procured another press and full complement of
Cherokee type and emigrated with them to the Western Cherokee Nation
where he first stopped at Dwight and then proceeded to Union Mission, on
Grand River, arriving there in the fall of 1835 and set up his press from which
he published several religious works both in the Choctaw and Cherokee lan-
guages, notably the Cherokee Almanac for the year of 1836. These publi-
cations were the pioneers of Oklahoma printing. As he moved to Park Hill
on December 2, 1836, it is possible that no Almanac was published for the
year 183 7, but it was published at the latter place for each consecutive year
thereafter, until 1861. Ellas Boudinot soon joined him in the work of trans-
laiing and the mechanical press work was done by his son, John Walker
Candy and Edwin Archer. Reverend Worcester's second wife, whom he
married at Dwight Mission on April 3, 1841, was Miss Ermina Nash, a native
of Cummington, who had begun her missionary work at Creek Path Mission,
on Nuven-i^er 5, 1825. He died at Park Hill, on April 20, 185''. He and
his first wife, nee A. n Orr, a native of Bedford, New Hampshire was buried"
in the Park Hill cemetery.

Miss Lucy Ames, a native of Groton, Massachusetts arrived at Brainard
on November 7, 1827. She married at Hawais Mission on August 14, IH^u
Dr. Elizur Butler.

The station at Brainard sustained a great loss by the burning of the
principal portion of the Mission buildings on the twelfth of March 183(), in-
cluding the kitchen, dining hall, school rooms for both departments, lodging
rooms for both scholars and family, together with supplies and furniture.
The fire was so rapid that not more than fifteen minutes were allowed for
awakening and saving the occupants. There were more than fifty children,
besides the missionary family.

The missionaries, almost frantic with the responsibility, rushed into and
through the burning buildings, almost into the very jaws of death, to see if
any of the beloved charge remained unsaved. Then, when the roof had
fallen in, a rush was made down to the bank of the beautiful Chickamauga,
where the saved ones had been ordered to go. There, in the gray morning
twilight the lines were formed, the count was made, and all dropped on theii
knees and thanked God for deliverance. All were saved.'"

A mission was established by Reverend Moody Hall on the federal road
in Georgia, sixty miles southeast of Brainard, on November 2, 18 19-. It was
at first called Taloney but they later changed to Carmel. The school was
opened in May, 1820. There were thirty pupils attending in September,
1821. Reverend and Mrs. John Thompson and Miss Catherine Fuller were
attached to the school on Januarv 23, 1822. Reverend Daniel S. Buttrick
had charge of the school in 1823. The school was maintained until 1836.

Creek Path Mission was established in April 1920 by Miss Catherine
Brown, a three quarters blood Cherokee girl. It was in Alabama, one hun-
dred miles southwest of Brainard. Reverend William Potter was assigned
to Creek Path January l9, 1822 and stayed there until July 1837. "" Dr.

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKliH INDIANS 25j

Hlizur Hutler was attuLhed to Cre.'k Path May 7, 18: t and remained until
l.S2(.. Miss Erniina Nash arrived at Creek Path on November 5, 1825 and
staid until 1837. Thc're were thirty one pupils at Creek Path in 1828.

Willstown Mission, located in Will's Valley, Alabama was founded
March 28, 182.5 by Reverend William Chamberlin, who had charge of the
missi( n until 18 3''. He moved to Illinois and died at Alton on March N, I84<).

Willstown was so named because it was the home of Will, an auburn
haired, halfbreed Cherokee sub-chief.

Reverend and Mrs. Ard Hoyt, the parents of Mrs. Chamberlin, settled
at Willstwn on May 22, 1824 and remained there until his death, which oc-
curred on February 18, 1828. Mrs. Hoyt returned north in 1834.

Hawais Mission, originally called Turnip Mountain, in Georgia, was es-
tablished in 1823 by Mr. John C. Ellsworth. Dr. Elizur Butler was attached
to Hawais on May 1, 1826. Mrs. Butler nee Esther Post of South Concord,
Connecticut died there on November 2 1, 1829. Dr. Butler was arrested by
Georgia militia on July 7, 183 1 for residing in the Cherokee Nation without
a permit from Georgia; sentenced to the penitentiary on September 16 of that
year and released by the Governor of Georgia on January 14, 183 3.

Etowa Mission, improperly pronounced "Hightower" was founded in
1823 by Mr. and Mrs. Isaac Proctor. It was located on Etowa River in
Georgia, eighty miles southeast of Brainard and thirty five miles west of
Carmel.

Candy's Creek Mission was founded in 1824 by John Vail and William
Holland. In 1828 there were thirty Cherokee pupils in this school.

New Echota,' the capital of the Cherokee Nation was established by an
act of council in 1818. An act providing for the erection of an oft'ice for the
"Cherokee Phoenix" was enacted on November l5, I826. New Echota was
never used as a mission location, but a church was maintained by the A. B.
C. F. M., and a great deal of religious literature was printed on the Phoenix
press.

In July 182(1, Reverends Cephus Washburn and Alfred Finney accom-
panied by James Orr and Jacob Hitchcock arrived in the Western Cherokee
Nation, Arkansas Territory. Shortly afterward they established Dwight Mis-
sion, on the west bank of Illinois Creek, four miles from Arkansas River. It
was named in honor of Reverend Timothy Dwight, President of Yale College
and the first signatory member of the A. B. C. F. M.

By the first of October I820 they had erected two "comfortable cabins"
and soon afterwards Washburn and Finney returned to Elliott Million, in
Mississippi, for their families. They returned to Dwight on May 10, 1821.
Miss Ellen Stetson, born March 30, 1873 at Kingston, Massachusetts arrived
at Dwight on December 22, 182 1 where she died on December 2P, 1848.

The missionaries commenced the erection of the school building upon
their return to the mission, but before they finished it they ran out of nails
and had to go to Union Mission, over two hundred miles distant, to borrow
enough to complete the building, which they did and commenced school on
January 1, 1822.

254 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

In January 1<'^26, the following missionaries were at D wight: Reverends
Washburn and Finney, missionaries; Dr. George L. Weed who afterwards
moved to Cincinnati, Ohio, physician and teacher; Jacob Hitchcock, steward;
Miss Cynthia Thrall, charge of school; Miss Ellen Stetson, teacher; James Orr,
farmer; Samuel Wisner and Asa Hitchcock, mechanics. Reverend and Mrs.
Worcester Willey arrived at Dwight on January 31, 1826.

The Western Cherokees exchanged their land in Arkansas for land west
of that Territory on May 6, 1828, and by the succeeding spring practically
the entire Western nation had moved to their new possession. For that rea-
son it became incumbent on the missionaries to also remove to the Indian
Territory. The entire missionaiy establishment of Dwight Mission was mov-
ed to and located on the site of Nicksville, the late county seat of Lovely
County, Arkansas, in 1828. The location is in the northern half of section
two, township twelve north, range twenty-three east and in the south half
of section thirty-four, township thirteen north, range twenty-three east in
Sequoyah County, Oklahoma.

Miss Esther Smith, born July 25, 1806, at Harrisburg, N. Y., arrived at
Dwight on December 22, 1832. She was transferred to the Mission at the
Forks of the Illinois in 1835; to Park Hill Mission in 1836, and back to
Dwight in 1838. In 1841 she was transferred to Fairfield, where she con-
tinued until her release from the service of the American Board on September
6, 1853. She remained in the Cherokee Nation and taught in the national
schools. Just before the Civil war she was teaching at Peavine school, which
was about one mile south of the present town of Baron. She remained with
the Cherokees during the Civil war and died at Fort Gibson in January, 1865.
Her remains being interred in the post burial ground, from whence they were
later removed and rehuried, by the government contractors, among the un-
known dead in the National Cemetery, several years later.^

Reverend and Mrs. Jesse Lockwood arrived in Dwight in January, 18 34.
He died of fever at that Mission on the succeeding eleventh of July. Mrs.
Lockwood returned to New England in April, 1835.'

On account of the emigration Reverends D. S. Buttrick, William Potter
and Elizur Butler came to Dwight from the Old Cherokee nation in 1839.

Mulberry Mission had been established as a branch station to Dwight, on
Mulberry Creek in Pope County, Arkansas, and was moved in 1828 to a lo-
cation some fifteen miles north of Dwight and its name was changed to Fair-
field. It was placed under the direction of Dr. Marcus Palmer.

Union Mission, section sixteen, township nineteen north, range nineteen
east, in Mayes County, Oklahoma, was established in 1820 by Reverend Will-
iam F. Vaill of the United Foreign Missionary Society for work among the
Osage Indians. A large farm was established in 1822. It was under the di-
rection of" Reverend Wiliam B. Montgomery as missionary and George Requa
a "supermtendent of secular concerns." The location was about four miles
from the mam mission establishment and run in connection with°the school.

The tirst Protestant conference, in what is now the state of Oklahoma,
washeld at Union Mission, from November second to the seventh 1822; the
sessions being from 5:15 a. m. to 9 p. m. of each dav, except the last, which

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 255

was ended shortly before noon. There were representatives from Union,
Dwight and Harmony, which was located on the Maries des Cygnes River in
Missouri. Reverend Burton Pixley of Harmony was chosen moderator and
Epaphrus Chapman, scribe.

As early as 182 3 there were fourteen missions at this place and the prop-
erty was valued at twenty-four thousand dollars.'

Ur. Marcus Palmer was granted a restricted license to preach on Novem-
ber 7, 1825, by a conference that was held at Union.

In January, 1826, the missionaries attached to Union were: Reverend
William F. Vaill, missionary; Dr. Marcus Palmer, Physician; Stephen Fuller,
Abraham Redfield, John M. Spaulding, Alexander Woodruff and George
Requa, assistant missionaries, farmers and mechanics, . nd seven females. At
this time they had twenty-six pupils.

On May 10, 1826, the United Foreign Missionary society and the Ameri-
can Board of Commissioners for Foreign Affairs were united and continued
under the name of the latter organization.

In the fall of 1835 Reverend Samuel A. Worcester located at Union
and set up his mission press.

Park Hill Mission was founded in about 1829 by Samuel Newton, late
of Osage Mission, in Kansas. He named the Mission "Park Hill" on account
of the natural beauty of its surroundings. His residence and mission was at
Campbell's Spring,^ between the later residence of Chief John Ross and Rev-
erend Samuel A. Worcester. The Mission was later moved to a location
about a quarter of a mile east of the residence of Reverend Worcester and
at the latter place the Mission press was established. Mr. Newton afterwards
moved to Washington County, .Arkansas, and was postmaster of Boonesbor-
ough in I 847.

The "Mission at the Forks of the Illinois" was in operation in 1830 and
was perpetuated in the Elm Springs Mission.

Reverend Humphrey Posey, a native of North Carolina, was appointed by
the Baptist Board as a missionary to the Cherokees on October 13, 1817.'
He immediately repaired to the Western part of his own state, where there
were living at that time several thousand of this tribe. Having established a few
schools, he felt called to do some exploring in the regions West of the Miss-
issippi, doubtless with a view of locating there. His protracted absence caus-
ed a loss of interest in the schools and their necessary suspension. On his
return earlv in 1820, he established a mission station at Valley Town, on
Hiwassee River, in the southwest corner of the State and Thomas Dawson
was appointed assistant. A farm of eighty acres was cleared, put m culti-
vation and three houses were built. Shortly after the school started, it had
forty pupils. _ .

' Evan Jones was born in Brecknockshire, Wales on Mav 14, 1/Kh. At
the a?-e of fifteen he was apprenticed to a linen draper and spent a number
of years with him. While there he met Miss Elizabeth Lanigan. who was also
working in this store and in course of time she became his wife The Jones
emigrated to America, reaching Philadelphia early in 182 1 Mr Jones had
previously left the formal church of England and joined the Methodists, but

256 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

during the summer of 182 1 he and his wife became members of the "Great
Valley Baptist Church,,' near their home. It was under the pastorage of
Reverend Thomas Roberts, who, with others, was at that time preparing to
enter into a mission to the Cherokees.

A month after the reception of Mr. and Mrs. Jones into the Baptist
church, found them members of the missionary band to the Cherokees. Trav-
eling in farm wagons these missionaries arrived at Valley Town in Septem-
ber, 1821. Reverend Roberts took the directing office of Missionary Superin-
tendent and among the other assignments were Isaac Clever, blacksmith;
John Farrier, farmer and weaver; Evan Jones, teacher, and it is not known
what the other score of people did. The date of the ordination of Evan
Jones to the ministry is not known, but we do know that by 1825 he and
his family were the only ones of the Great Valley missionary band that still
remained with the Cherokee mission work.

A mission was established at Notley, sixteen miles southwest of Valley
Town in the summer of 1822. Shortly afterwards another mission was estab-
lished at Tinsawatee.- sixty miles southwest from Valley Town, in Georgia.'
In 182 3 the Baptist missions received their convert in the person of John
Timson.- In this year they were joined by Reverend and Mr. Duncan O'Bry-
ant, who were assigned to the station of Tinsawatee and shortly afterwards
he moved themission from Tinsawatee to Hickory Log, a distance of some
ten miles.^

Kaneeda, a full-blood Cherokee, was converted at Hiwassee in 1829, and
became the first native Baptist minister among the Cherokees. On account
of his character, Reverend Jones gave him the English name of John Wick-
liffe. He began preaching in 1831 and was ordained in 1833. He died in
Saline District on November 22, 1857.-'

During the time that these Baptist missionaries were prosecuting their
work among the full bloods in the eastern part of the Cherokee Nation, Jesse
Bushyhead, the son of a prominent family, after having attended school in
Tennessee, joined the Baptist church and was baptised in 1830. He return-
ed to the Cherokee Nation and gathered a congregation at Ahmohee, which
was in the neighborhood in which his parents resided. It was not until quite
a while after he had built up a good church here that he met any of the Bap-
tist missionaries.' He was ordained to the ministry on the same day as was
John Wickliffe. Reverend Bushyhead had a circuit of two hundred and forty
miles in which he was assisted from 1834 to 1838 by Reverend Beaver Car-
rier, a young Cherokee minister who was later a senator from Saline District.

Reverend Bushyhead was one of the leaders of the Ross party, being at
the time of his death on July 17, 1844, Chief Justice of the Cherokee Nation.
His disinterestedness in the feudal and political troubles among his people
gained for him the pecular distinction of being the only man of any conse-
quence among the Cherokees who habitually traveled among his people in the
trouWuos period of 1830-46, unarmed, except, as he said, with his Bible.

Aganoyah, a full blood Cherokee, was a contemporary Baptist minister
with Bushyhead and Wickliffe.

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 257

The Baptist church membership in 18 55 in the Cherokee Nation "East"
was two hundred and twenty-seven.

Mrs. Elizabeth Lanigan Jones died at Vailev 'i'own on Februar^v 5, 1S5 1.-'
Reverend Jones' second wife was Miss PauUne Cunningham.

About thirty families from the vicinity of Hickory Log Mission, under
the leadership of Reverend O 'Bryant, migrated to the Cherokee Nation
"West" in 1831, stablishing New Hope Mission o uBarren Fork Creek and
about two miles from the Arkansas line. They shortly afterwards added a
grist and saw mill. Reverend O'Bryant died in 1854 and was succeeded by
Reverend Samuel Aldrich of Cincinnati, Ohio, who died after one year's serv-
ice and then the mission lapsed.^

Other accessions to the missionary working force among the Eastern
Cherokees were Leonard and Mrs. Butterfield and Miss Sarah Rayner in 1832
and Chandler Curtis in 183 5.

Reverend Bushyhead established a camp near the .Arkansas line upon his
arrival in 1839, at which rations were issued to needy emigrants and for this
ration the camp was locally known as "Bread Town,"- but he immediately
commenced his religious work here and the location soon became known as
Baptist Mission, the name that it justly bears to this day, although the mis-
sion was removed to Tahlequah by John B. Jones, in 1867. The Jonse>
settled at and became a part of Baptist Mission shortly after their arrival \u
the Western Cherokee Nation.

John Buttrick Jones, son of Reverend Evan and Mrs. Elizabeth Lani-
gan Jones, was born at Valley Town, North Carolina on December 24, 182 J.
He was Cherokee interpreter for his father at the age of thirteen. Was bap-
tised by Reverend John Wicklifte in 1844. The Jonses, assisted by Harvey
Uphani and Mark Tiger- published at Union Mission the Cherokee Message,
a monthly missionary publication a part of which was printed in the Chero-
kee language. Its first issue was in August 1844. Only about fourteen is-
sues were printed.

John B. Jones graduated from the University of Rochester, New York
in 1855. He :\'as ordained to the ministry in that city on July 14, 1855 and
was married there in October of the same year to Miss Jennie M. Smith. They
repaired immediately to the Baptist Mission and entered the missionary work.'

Both Evan and his son John B. Jones were men of magnetic and sympa-
thetic presences, splendid acquisitive minds an drare executive abilities. While
the father was perfectlv conversant with the Cherokee language, he always
used an interpreter when preaching to the Chrokees. The son, having been
born in the Cherokee country, rapidly gained a facile and perfect knowledge
of the Cherokee language and customs and no man or men were ever able to
sway the minds and policies of the full blood Cherokees as did this father and
son.

Thev were the real directors of the Cherokee Nation from 1830 to 1867,
through the numericallv dominant full bloods, who as a body were always
swayed bv impulse rather than reason. As ministers of the gospel they were
apparently meek and humble. In.t the sentiments that they powerfully an.i

258 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

insiduously engendered anion- the full bloods were perforce the governmental
policies of Chief Ross.

At the same time they almost always courted the good will of the astute
and suave Ross, hut upon the accession of his nephew, William P. Ross, to
the Chieftancy they broke with him and hy promoting an aliance, in 1867,
between the friends of Lieutenant Colonel, the Reverend Lewis Downing and
the ex-Confederate Cherokees, they formed the Downing party, which after
this time elected all the Chiefs, except one Dennis W. Bushyhead and he was
opposed to his first election by many of the prominent Ross leaders.

The Jones' were the moving and dominant spirits in the inception of
the Keetoowha Society in 1859. Its membership was at first practically all
full bloods and one of its prime principles was abolitionism which severely
affected the Ross family, as many of them were large slave owners. On ac-
count of this agitation the Jones were proscribed by the federal and national
authorities in l86l and then became the active negotiators with their full
blood friends in persuading them to give up their affiliation with the con-
federacy in 1862, deserting their Colonel, John Drew and the Ross family
Drew joined the confederates but almost all the Rosses went over to the fed-
eral cause.

With hardly an intermission the Baptist educational success has been:
Valley Town Mission 1820-39; Baptist Mission 1839-67; Baptist Mission ai
Tahlequah 1876-85 and because the Cherokee Nation would not make them
satisfactory land grants the mission was moved to the Muskogee Nation where
its name was changed to Bacom University and has maintained a laudable
existence since f885.

Reverend Evan Jones died in August 1873 and Reverend John Buttrick
Jones died on June 13, 1876.

A unique religious observance among the full blood Cherokees is the
annual "Baptist Association' which meets at some selected place on the east
side of the Grand River in the late summer or early autumn. They come
with their entire families and camp for a week, attending church and fraterniz-
ing. Their provisions are assembled in a general tent, cooks are allotted for
each meal. These cooks are almost universally clean and mistresses of their
art. The meals are served to all and without price. The fervor of their
worship is a moral stimulus to all who come in contact with them. As bene-
ficient hallowedness seems to permeate the very atmosphere as these people
who live close to nature met render their obeisance and thanks to their crea-
tor.

The largest of these Baptist Association establishments was described
in the Annual Report of the Commissioners of Indian Affairs for 1859 on page
176, as follows: Delawaretown church on September 5, 1859 was a main
room eighty by twenty feet, with two side rooms equipped with two stoves and
a bell, together with the thirty other buildings which were occupied by the
people who came to attend the Association, these were hewn log houses rang-
ing from twelve feet square to fifty hy twenty feet and also a comfortable
log school house thirty hy twenty beet with a good floor, stove and four glaz-

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 259

ed windows. This w;is tlie establilsliment of ;i people iiearl}- all full Mo'>d
Cherokees, practically all of whom were in moderate circumstances.

The policy of the Methodists was not to build mission establishments
Their work was more along the evangelical lines, primary instruction being
subsidiary.

In 1822, at the solicitation of Richard Riley, Reverand Richard Neeley
of the Tennessee Methodist Conference, commenced to preacli in the Chero-
kee country. Riley and several others joined the church during this year.-
Reverends 1. W. Sullivan and Ambrose F. Driskill succeeded Neeley.

The first Methodist Mission school was established in the Cherokee
country in 1824^ and during that year John Fletcher Boot was licensed to
preach. "He was an orator and simple. He was unaffected- unstudied, grace-
ful and powerful."'* He died while filling the Canadian District circuit m
1852 or 3.

There were three missions in 1825, four in 1826 and seven in 1827.
Truth Fields, a veteran of the Creek war of 1841 was converted in 1826 and
licensed to preach during the next year. In 1827 he filled the Coosawalee'"
circuit. He was a signer of the constitution of 1839.

Greenwood LeFlore, Chief of the Choctaws, whose wife was Elizabeth
Coody, niece of Chief Ross, was converted and joined the Methodist church
in 1827.

In the fall of 1828 the Tennessee conference made the following ap-
pointments for the Cherokee Nation :

Superintendent of Missions, Reverend William McMahon.

Wills Valley and Oostanalhi, Reverend 15. M. Ferran with Joseph Black-
bird as interpreter.

Coosawater, Reverend Truth Fields.

Mount Wesley and Ashbury, Reverend Dixon C. McLeod. A mission
school attached.

Chatooga, Reverend Greenbury Garrett. A school attached.

Sullacooie, Reverend Nicholas Dutton Scalis.^ A school attached.

Neeley's Grove, Reverend Allen F. Scraggs. A school attached.

Conasauga, Reverend Thomas J. Elliott. A school attached.

General Missionary to travel through the Nation, Reverend James Jen-
kins Trott.

Chief John Ross joined the Methodist church and Reverend Richard Neel-
ey died during this year.-

260

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

COMMISSION APPOINTED BY PERSIDENT CLEVELAND, 1893

Thos. R. Knig-ht Coffee Woodall Darius E. Ward, Sec.

Jas. M. Keys Wm. H. Hendricks, Prcs.

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE IMJlANS 261

CHAPTER XIII
Officers oj Tke Cherokee Nation, September. 9, 18o9toJune30, luOS.

The anomaly of a fully constitutional government with all of the con-
comitant expenses of executive, legislative, judicial and educational depart-
ments; being in existence for tifty-nine years, selfsustaining, without direct
personal taxes, would seem at first thought, Utopian and impossible. But
this was the condition presented by the Cherokee Nation from September 6.
1839' to July 1, 1898.- A contented and satisfied communal government in
which personal land titles were nonexistant; livestock, had free range, uni-
versally attended free schools with free text books, were the center of each
annuities of the tribe was to be paid; two-thirds to the Cherokees living east
Education was a shibbolath, extreme poverty unknown and individual efforts
were often crowned with affluence.

The permanent funds for the maintenance of the Cherokee Nation was
derived from the sale of portions of their tribal lands and had its inception
in a provision of an indemnatory article in the United States-Cherokee treaty
of October 24, 1804, which provided an annuity to the Cherokee Nation ,of
three thousand dollars.

According to the sixth article of the treaty of February 27, 1819 the
annuities oft he tribe was to be paid; two-thirds to the Cherokees living east
of the Mississippi River and one third to those that had emigrated to Arkansas
and were known as Western Cherokees, in accordance with their estimated
proportional population.

Article ten of the treaty of December 29, 1835, set aside the following
amounts from the five million dollars sale price of the Cherokee lands east
of the Mississippi River: two hundred thousand as a general fund, fifty thous-
and as an orphan fund and one hundred and fifty thousand as a school fund
for the Cherokee Nation.

The permanent annuities that had accrued under the provisions of for-
mer treaties were commuted for an additional general fund of two hundred
and fourteen thousand dollars. Under the provisions of article twelve it was
primarily agreed that one hundred thousand dollars should be used to aid
indigent' parties who had previously emigrated west. This award was re^-
cinded by a supplementary article that added this sum to the general fund.

The apportionment of the disbursement of interest on the national fund
was divided under the treaty of July 19, 1866, as follows: General fund.
fifty per cent; school fund thirty-five per cent and orphan fund, titteen per
cent.

The general fund was used to meet the expenses of the national govern-
ment, excepting those of education.

The onlv official census enumerations available are:
1838 - - 22,500.
1880 - - 21,920.
1890 - - 28,000.

262

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

1900 - - 32,5 76.
1910 - - 38,300.

State bonds purchased and held in trust by the United States for the
Cherokees, under authority of the treaty of 1835, as shown by the Report
of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs for the year 1839:
General Fund.
5% $ 94,000.00.

5'/,' 250.000.00.

57; 300,000.00.

6% 761.39.

6% 64,000.00.

School Fund.
5% $ 41,138.00

53470 10,000.00.

The interest on their invested funds that were paid to the general fund
only as reported by the Commissioner of Indian Affairs in his reports for the
following years were given as

Kentucky

Tennessee

Alabama

Maryland

Michigan

Maryland
Missouri

1839
1850
1860
1870
1880
1890
1898

$36,085.65.

28,914.93.
53.445.01.
43,430.93.
30,958.31.
71,427.16.

The exact dates of the regular elections of the Cherokee Nation were
on the first Monday of August of the odd numbered years, and were as fol-

lows:

September

18 39 Chief's

election

August

1841

1843 "

1845 "

1847 "

fi!

1849 "

4,
1,

1851 "
185 3 "

1855 "

3.
1,

1857
1859 "

1861

1867 "

1869

1871

187 3 "

1875 "

1877

4,
1,

1879 "
1881 "

John Ross, elected

Died August
1, 1866

Rev. Lewis Downing, elected.
Rev. Lewis Downing
Rev. Charles Thompson.
Dennis Wolf Bushyhead

Died Nov.
1872.

1883

1885

1887

1889

1891

1893

1895

1897

1899

1001

1903

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKHH INDIANS 263

" Ucnnis Wolf Bushyhead.

'' Joel Br^an Mayes.

" Joel Bryan Mayes. Died Dec. 14, 1891.

" Samuel Houston Mayes.

" and council only. Thomas Mitchell
Buffington.
council only.
" council only. William Charles Rogers.

The courib of the Cheiokt'e Nation .vere aoolished by the act of con-
gress of June 28, 1898, entitled ''An Act for the Protection of the People
of the Indian Territory and for other purposes," effective July 1, 1898.

Rev. Lewis Downing was Principal Chief from August 1, 1866 to Octob-
er 18, 1866. William Potter Ross was elected Principal Chief by council in
October 19, 1866, vice John Ross^ deceased and was elected November 11,
1872 vice Reverend Lewis Downing, deceased. Assistant Chief Henry Cham-
bers having predeceased Chief Joel B. Mayes by four days the succession de-
scnded to Thomas Mitchell Buft'ington, President of the Senate, who held
the office until Colonel Johnson Harris was elected and qualified on Decem-
ber 2 3, 1893 and Bufi'ington was elected as Delegate to Washington.

William Charles Rogers, the last Chief of the Cherokees was elected in
1903 and under the provisions of the United States-Cherokee agreement made
at Muskogee on July 1, 1902 this was the last election in the Cherokee Nation-
but he was retained as Principal Chief of the Cherokees until his death on
November 8, 1917, in order that he, as the properly authotized represenl:;-
tive of the Nation, might sign the deeds transferring the title of the commun-
ity lands of the Cherokee Nation to the individual allottees of the same.

Oochalata, who spoke very little Eii,s;lish, was the son of a full blond
Cherokee father and his mother was a white woman who spoke the Chero-
kee language only. Oochalata owned and operated a good sized mercantile
establishment at his home on Spavinaw Creek. On being elected senator
from Delaware District in 1867 he thought that he should have an English
name and said that as Dr. Jeter Lynch Thompson had been senator for a long
time and because he was taking his place he would adopt the name Thompsoi
and taking the sound of Chala out of his Cherokee name, Oo-cha-Ia-ta, he
called himself Chala or Charles Thompson. For some time before Charles
Thompson had been elected Chief, he had been a deacon of the Baptist church
and had been acting as the local preacher in the commodious frame church
house that he had and maintained. The Baptist church had refused to or-
dain him, giving as their reason, the fact that he was a lawyer. Shortly after
he was elected Chief he was ordained as a Baptist minister.

Chiefs John Ross and his nephesv William Potter Ross belonged to the
Ross party. Chief Dennis Wolf B-ushyhead belonged to the National party
which was formed in 1879 and became the successor to the Ross party and

264 HISTOR YOF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

all of the other chiefs belonged to the Downing party.

Joseph Vann, who afterwards became a resident of Saline District was
elected Assistant Chief on September 9, 1839. On June 26, 1840, Ander-
son Vann, an "Old Settler" was chosen to succeed his brother Joseph, who
resigned as a result of the political compromise of that date. George Lowery
who had been sponsor for Sequoyah was elected Assistant Chief in 1843 and
1847. Richard Taylor was elected in 1851. John or "Jack" Spears was
elected in 1855. He was a full blood Cherokee; he had been left an orphan
at an early age and took his name from a family that adopted him. A splen-
did intrepreter, he was a popular and able man. Joseph Vann of Saline Dis-
trict was again elected in 1859. Being a confederate sympathizer he was
succeeded in the federal Cherokee government by Thomas Pegg in 1862. Pegg
was a captain in Drew's confederate regiment, but on joining the federals in
1862 he was elected Major of the Second Indian Home Guards U. S. A.
Captain James Vann, a cripple, magnanimous, brave and humane was elected
in 1867. Robert Buftington Daniel was elected in 1871 and died on Jan-
uary 16, 1872. Captain James Vann was again elected, by the council on
November 23, 1872 vice Daniels. David Rowe was elected in 1875. Colot;-
el William Penn Adair, six foot and two inches in height, magnetic, logical
and frankly agreeable, the ablest and most brilliant of all Cherokees, was
elected in 1879 and did in Washington, D. C, on October 2 1, 1880. Rab-
bit Bunch was elected by council on November 5, 1880 and reelected in
1883. Samuel Smith was elected in 1887. Bunch and Smith were pros-
perous full bloods, spoke the Cherokee language only and were distinguished
orators. Henry Chambers ,a quarter blood or less, noted for his integrity and
genial philosophic nature was elected in 1891 and died during an epidemic n(
influenza on December 10, 1891. Stephen Teehee, a splendid type of the
full blood Cherokee was elected by council on December 23, 1891. Rev-
erand George Washington Swimmer, a full blood Cherokee and well to do
merchant and farmer was elected in 1895 and 1899. David McNair Faulk-
ner, a half blood Cherokee known best by his seasoned wisdom and earnesi
integrity. A master Mason in every sense of the term, was elected August 3,
1<;)()3. He was retained in the office until June 30, 1914. He died Angus',
2, 1914.

Joseph Vann. George Lowery, Richard Taylor, John Spears were elect-
ed by the Ross party. Rabbit Bunch and Henry Chambers belonged to the
National party. All of the other Assistant Chiefs were elected by the Down-
ing party.

The constitution of the Cherokee Nation was formed and promulgated
near the mouth of the Tahlequah Creek, under a brush harbor but within a
few days thereafter the council moved to the present site of Tahliquah and
thence forward until the civil war the capitol was at that town, but the lo-
cation was not fixed specifically by act of council until October 19, 184 1
which was as follows: "An Act Establishing the Seat of Government.

Be it enacted by the National Council, That the seat of the Cherokee
Government is hereby established at Tahlequah.

Tahlequah, October I9th, 1841.

HISTORY OF THE CHHROKEH INDIANS 265

Approved A. M. V;inn, Acting Chief.'"

The site was at that time a wooded valley with numerous sprinj;s, we.-i
of and adjacent of Rev. Youngwolf's farm which had up to the spring of 183-1
been the home of Blackcoat. Third Chief of the Old Settler Cherokees. it
was settled by a band of Natchez before Blackcoat's tenure.

The council passed an act prohibiting the destruction of timber within
a quarter of a mile from Tahlequah, on October 4, 1839.-

One hundred and sixty acres was platted into town lots and sold in
1844.' Taleq, Tillico or Tahlequah had for years been a favorite town name
with the Cherokees, although the origin of the name is unknown.

On November 10, 184 7, council authorized the National Treasurer to
contract for the erection of two hewed log buildings, each to be twenty feet
square, a brick chimney, floored and ceiled overhead with plank, each crack
to be stopped inside and out with mortar; shingle roof, one door and four
windows, one story high and underpinned with stone. One for the use ol
the committee and the other for the council, to he completed by the tirst day
of October 1848, at a cost not to exceed two hundred and fifty dollars each.
Said buildings to be erected on the public square at or near the sites occupied
by the cabins that had been used by the committee and council.- These build-
ings were constructed by James Kell who was paid for them by act of council
on October 5, 1848.-" On October 14, 1848 an appropriation of four hundred
dollars was made by council to have two buildings similar to the committee
and council houses built for offices of the Chief and Treasurer.-* They were
built in a row on the east side of the square and were used as capitol buildings
until the civil war when they were burned on Otcober 28, 1863 by Colonel
Stand Watie.'

Under authority of an act of council of December 9, 1867, the present
county court house of Cherokee County, Oklahoma, which was the capitol
building of the Cherokee Nation until its dissolution, was built.

According to the provisions of the constitution of 1839 a full comple-
ment of otlicers were elected by that body on or about September 1839.-

On account of the vigorous protests of the "Old Settlers" and "Treaty
Party," on the unequal representation a new alignment of officers was agreed
upon by a joint committee of the factions at Fort Gibson on October 26,
1840.

The only members of this council whose names are available are:
Committeemen; Thomas Fox, William Rogers, James Carey, Thomas Lewis
Rogers. Captain William Dutch, John Duncan, Bluford West, George Wash-
ington Adair, Joseph Lynch Martin, John Drew, Thomas Pegg, Reverend
Truth Fields, John Spears, George Washington Gunter, James Spears, Hair
Conrad, William Shorey Coody, President of the Senate and Reverend Steph-
en Foreman, Clerk of the Senate.

Councilors; Ezekeal Starr, William Holt, Lame Glass, Charles Thornton
vice William Thornton,'^ Wind, Samuel W. Bell, James Rogers, Lovely Rogers,
Rev. Youngwolf, Speaker of Council and David Carter, Clerk of Council.

The committee was provided. for bv the twenty-two sections of the third
article of the constitution of 18 39. The first eight districts: Delaware Saline.

266 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

Going Snake. Tahlequah, Illinois, Canadian, Skin Bayou and Flint were creat-
ed by act of council of November 4, 1840. The name of the Committee was
changed to the Senate in 1867 but the latter will be used here as a matter
of convenience. The Salaries were at first fixed by article three, section ten
of the constitution at three dollars per day, subject to change by council.
Senators from Delaware District.

1841. Joseph Martin Lynch and the other one unknown.

1843. Old Fields and Moses Daniel. The latter elected President of the
Senate, vice Charles Coody, deceased.

1845. James Kell and Anderson Springston.

1847 . James Kell and Robert ButTington Daniel.

1849. James Kell and Lewis W. Hildebrand. The former was elected
President of the Senate.

1851. James Kell and Charles Landrum.

1853. James Kell and Charles Landrum. The former was elected
President of the Senate.

1855. Dr. Jeter Lynch Thompson and Charles Landrum.

1857. Dr. Jeter Lynch Thompson and Jeffrey Beck.

1895. Dr. Jeter Lynch Thompson and John Daniel.

1861. Unknown.

1867. Charles Thompson and Alexander Hawk.

1869. Charles Thompson and Alexander Hawk.

1871. Charles Thompson and John Landrum.

18 73. Charles Thompson and Benjamin Franklin Landrum.

1875. Lewis Ross Kell and Benjamin Franklin Landrum.

1876. February 4th, Moses Ridge, vice Lewis Ross Kell, deceased.

1877. Moses Ridge and Benjamin Franklin Landrum. The latter was
elected President of the Senate and died February 18, 1879.

1879. Joseph Dirteater and Walker A. Daniel. Daniel died Januarv
9, 1880.

1880. Noember 6, Aaron Tanner, vice Walker A. Daniel, deceased.

1881. David Dixon Landrum and William Wirt Buffington.
1883. Hiram Terrell Landrum and William Coffee Woodall.

1885. Lucien Burr Bell and William Penn Henderson. The former was
elected President of the Senate.

1887. Lucien Burr Bell and Charles Thompson.

1889. Lucien Burr Bell and William Penn Henderson. The former was
elected President of the Senate.

1891. Claude Lorraine Washburn and Thomas Mitchell Buffington.
The latter was elected President of the Senate.

1893. Claude Lorraine Washburn and Thomas Jefferson Monroe.

1895. William T. Davis and Elias McLeod Landrum'. The latter re-
signed on account of having accepted a position in Tahlequah.

1897. Thomas Jefferson Muskrat and John Rogers Hastings.

1899. Thomas Jefferson Muskrat and John Rogers Hasting^s.

190L Thomas Jefferson Muskrat and John Rogers Hastings.

1903. Thomas Jefferson Muskrat and William V. Davis.

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 267

Senators from Saline District.

1841. James Vann McNair and Joseph Vann. The latter was elected
President of the Senate.

1843. Reverand Beavercarrier and Charles Coody. The latter was
elected President of the Senate and died in May 1844.

Ti-se-ski elected, vice Charles Coody, deceased.

1845. Clement Vann McNair and John Chambers.

1847. Clement Vann McNair and Elijah Hicks. The latter was elected
President of the Senate.

1849. John Lucien Brown and Joseph Vann.

185 1. Robert Daniel Ross and Reverand Lewis Downing.

1853. Dr. Robert Daniel Ross and Thomas Pegg.

1855. Dr. Robert Daniel Ross and Clement Neeley Vann.

185 7. Dr. Robert Daniel Ross and Charles Landrum.

1859. Dr. Robert Daniel Ross and Reverend Lewis Downing.

1861. Not known.

1867. Reverend Ooo-you-su-ta and Tog.

1869. Reverend Oo-you-su-ta and William Penn Adair.

1871. Reverend Rope Campbell and William Penn Adair.

1873. Coti'ee Blackbird and William Penn Adair.

1875. Reverend Rope Campbell and George Washington Clark.

1877. Johnson Downing and Reverend Samuel Smith.

18 7':\ Reverend Ooo-you-su-ta and George Sanders.

188 1. Frog Sixkiller and Reverend Samuel Smith.

1883. Frog Si.xkiller and Reverend Samuel Smith.

1885. George Sanders and Clark Goingwolf. Tiie latter died Decem-
ber 23, 1886.

1887. March 15, Bird Jones elected, vice Clark Goingwolf, deceased.

1887. Henry Clay Ross and George Sanders.

1889. Henry Clay Ross and Reverend George Washington Swimmer.

1891. Daniel Redbird and George Sanders.

1893. Reverend Samuel Smith and George Sanders.

1895. Reverend Samuel Smith and Drift Hummingbird. The former
was elected President of the Senate.

1897. George Sanders and John Reuben Leach.

1899. George Sanders and John Reuben Leach.

1901. Charles Teehee and Henry Clay Ross.

1903. Thomas Smith and Daid Welch Ragsdale.
Senators form Going Snake District.

1841. James Starr and Charles Reese.

1843. Thomas Foreman and Young Glass.

1845. Thomas Foreman and Reverend Lewis Downing.

184 7. Jefferson Hair and Dr. John Thornton.

1840. Jefferson Hair and George Washington Scraper.

1851. John Murphy and Thomas Fox Taylor. The latter was electee
President of the Senate.

1853. Aaron Wilkerson and James Foster.

268 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDANS

1855. Aaron Wilkerson and Thomas Fox Taylor.

1857. George Hicks and Thomas Fox Tayhir. 'l"he latter was elected

President of the Senate.

1859. Aaron Wilkerson and John T. Fosted. The latter was elected
President of the Senate. Wilkerson died during this term and Henry Crit-
tenden was elected as his successor.

1861. Not known.

1867. Frog Sixkiller and Bud Gritts. The latter was elected President
of the Senate and died on December 1, 1867.

1869. Frog Sixkiller and Archibald Scraper. The latter was elected

President of the Senate.

1871. Tail Sixkiller and John Sliell.

1873. Tail Sixkiller and Jesse Redbird.

1875. Johnson Robbins and Jesse Redbird.

1877. Johnson Robbins and Ezekial Proctor.

1879. Richard Murrell Wolfe and Adam Feeling.

1881. Johnson Robbins and Adam Feeling.

1883. Johnson Robbins and Joseph McMinn Starr.

1885. John Daniel Buffington and John Gritts.

1887. Eli H. Whitmirei and Richard Murrell Wolfe.

1889. Johnson Whitmire and Richard Murrell Wolfe.

1891. Ellis Ruftington Alberty and Richard Murrell Wolfe.

-893. Johnson Spade and Richard Murrell Wolfe. The latter was elect-
ed President of the Senate.

1895. Simon Ross Walkingstick and Parker Morris.

1897. Simon Ross Walkingstick and Wolf Coon. The latter was elect-
ed President of the Senate.

1899. David Hitcher and Ned Bullfrog.

1901. Lincoln England and Wolf Coon.

1903. Ezekial Proctor and Ellis Buffington Alberty.
Senators from Tahlequah District.

1841. Daniel McCoy. Resigned. Other Senator not known.

1842. David Carter, vice Daniel McCoy, resigned.

1843. John Spears and James Sanders.
1845. John Spears and James Sanders.
1847. John Spears and Thomas Fox Taylor.
1849. John Spears and William Potter Ross.
1851. Thomas Pegg and William Potter Ross.

1853. Nicholas Byers Sanders and William Potter Ross.

1855. David Carter and WilHam Potter Ross.

1857. John Thorne and William Potter Ross.

1859. Thomas Pegg and Johnson Foreman.

1861. Thomas Pegg. Elected President of the Senate. Other senator
not known.

1867. Allen Ross and Lewis Anderson Ross.

1869. Allen Ross and Lewis Anderson Ross.

1871. Allen Ross and Choo-hoo-sta.

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEn INDIANS 269

1873. Lewis Anderson Ross and Choo-hoo-sta.

1875. Eli Spears and William H. Hendricks.

1877. Ell Spears and Robert Bruce Ross.

18/0. Eli Spears and William H. Hendricks.

1881. Eli Spears and Robert Bruce Ross.

1883. Jesse Sanders and Lacey Hawkins.

1885. Ned Grease and John Albion Spears. The latter died.

1887. May 5, Reverend Evans Price Robinson, vice J. A. Spears, de-
ceased.

188 7. William H. Hendricks and Lacey Hawkins. The latter was elect-
ed President of the Senate.

1889. William Triplett and John Ross Mei^s.

1891. Ned Grease and Caleb Wilson Starr.

1893. George Washinglon Benge and Robert Bruce Ross.

1895 . William H. Hendricks and Daniel (iritis.

1897 . Skake Manus and Michael Pritchett.

1899. William Thomas Harnage and Colonel Johnson Harris.

1901. Gideon Morgan- and George Washington Benge.

1903. William Thomas Harnage and Charles Lawrence Saunders.
Senators from lillinois District.

1841. Moses Parris and Aaron Price.

1843. John Drew and William Drew. The latter resigned in Decem-
ber 1844.

John Brewer elected, vice William Drew, resigned.

1845. Alexander Foreman and Pheasant.

1847. Alexander Foreman and William Llrew.

1840. Alexander Foreman and John Drew.

1851. Alexander Foreman and James W. Daniel.

1853. Alexander Foreman and Richard Fields.

1855. Alexander Foreman and James Mackey. The former was elect-
ed President of the Senate.

1857. Alexander Foreman and Richard Fields.

1859. John W. Brown and John Brewer.

1861. Not known.

1867. Roach Young and Pig Smith, JJie latter was elected President
the Senate.

1869. Samuel Houston Benge and William Potter Ross.

1871. Samuel Houston Benge and Pig Smith. The latter died Octob-
er 1, 1871.

William Potter Ross elected, vice Pig Smith, deceased.

1873. Samuel Houston Benge and Daniel Hicks Ross.

1875. Samuel Houston Benge and Roach Young.

1877. Joseph Young and Roach Young.

1879. Samuel Houston Benge and Timothy Meigs Walker. The for-
mer was elected President of the Senate, vice John Porum Davis, deceased.

1881. George Oceola Sanders. and Roach Young. The latter was elect-
of the Senate.

270 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

1883. Samuel Houston Benge and Roach Young.

1885. John Hildehrand Cookson and Connell Rogers.^

1887. Samuel Houston Benge and Mortor Vann.

1889. William Potter Ross and Roach Young.

1891. Edley Levi Cookson and Martin Van Benge.

1893. Roach Young and Martin Van Benge.

1895. Roach Young and Edley Levi Cookson.

1897. Redbird Smith and Connell Rogers.

1899. Edley Levi Cookson and Connell Rogers.

1901. Edley Levi Cookson and John Lafayette Brown.

1903. Martin BtMige and John Lafayette Brown.
Senators from Canadian District.

1841. Captain William Dutch- and the other one unknown.

1843. Captain William Dutch and Joseph Tally. Both resigned.

1844. John Shepherd and Nelson Riley, vice Dutch and Talley, resign-
ed.

1845. James Mackey and William Shorey Coody. The latter was
elected President of the Senate.

1847. Captain William Dutch and William Shorey Coody. The latter
died April 16, 1849.

1849. Josiah Reese and Lightninghug Bowles.

1851. Daid Boggs and Nelson Riley.

1853. David Boggs and Teesee Guess.

1855. John Drew and Lightninghug Bowles.

1857. John Drew and William Douhlehead.

1859. Joseph Ahalom Scales and Daniel Coody. The latter died.
Oliver H. P. Brewer, vice Daniel Coody, deceased.

1861. Not known.

1867. John Brewer and John Porum Davis.'

1869. James Madison Bell and Johnson Foreman.

1871. Richard Fields and Johnson Foreman. The latter died June 28,
1872.

1872. August 22, Levi Toney elected, vice Johnson Foreman, deceased.

1873. Richard Fields and John Porum Davis.

1875. Stephen Hildebrand and John Porum Davis. The latter wa.s
elected President of the Senate.

1877. Joseph Martin Lynch and Calvin Jones Hanks. The latter was
killed May 15, 1879.

1879. Pleasant Napoleon Blackstone and John Porum Davis. The lat-
ter was elected President of the Senate and died during this term of office.

1881. Pleasant Napoleon Blackstone and Colonel Harris.

1883. Abraham Woodall and Colonel Johnson Harris. The latter was
elected President of the Senate.

1885. Stand Watie Gray and Colonel Johnson Harris.

1887. Stand Watie Gray and Joseph Martin Lynch.

1889. Stand Watie Gray and Walter Scott Agnew.

1891. James Harris and William McLain.

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 271

1893. Stand Watie Gray and Charles Edward \'ann.-

1895. Henry Clay Lowrey and William Vaiin.

1897. Henry Clay Lowrey and William \'ann.

1899. Henry Clay Lowrey and Wilson Girtv.

lOoi. Henry Clay Lowrey and O. 11. I'. I?rewer. The former died
March 20, 1 002.

1002. August 7, Robert Emmetl West elected vice Henry Clay Lowrey.
deceased.

1903. Robert Enimett West and John Jay Sevier.

Senators from Skin Bayou District.

1841. Andrew Sanders and the other one not known.
1843. John Benge and James Brown.

184 7. George Washington Gunter and George C. Lowrey. The latter
died on October 2 2- 1848.

1840. George Washington Gunter and Sanders Choate.

1851. November 4. The name of the District was changed by act of
council fronr Skin Bayou to Sequoyah.

1853. Joseph Proctor and Nicholas B. Byers.

1855. Archibald Lowrey and Alexander Alexander.

1857. James Brown anad Daniel Ross Nave.

1850. Picken M. Benge and Daniel Ross Nave.

1861. Not known.

1867. Joseph Coody and Mink Downing.

1869. Joseph Coody and Mink Downing.

1871. William Wilson and Thomas Ross.

1873. George Washington Wilson. The latter was elected President
of the Senate.

1875. William Chambers and Bluford Baldridge. The latter died De-
cember 18, 1875. Rufus Bell Adair elected, vice Bluford Baldridge, deceased.

1877. Joseph Seabolt and John Childers.

18 79. David McNaiir Faulkner and John Childers.

1881. David McNair Faulkner and Chee-chee.

1883. Charles Oliver Frye^/ and Adam Lacey.

1885. Stephen Teehee and John Edward Gunter. The latter resigned
and was elected a member of the Citizenship Court.

1887. May 5, Chee-chee elected, vice John E. Gunter, resigned.

1889. David McNair Falkner and Stephen Teehee.

1891. Charles Washington Starr and Charles Augustus Fargo.

1893. John Edward Gunter and Isaac Abraham Jacobs'.

1895. David McNair Faulkner and Charles Foreman.

1897. John Edward Gunter and James Coleman.

1899. John Edward Gunter and James Coleman.

1901. David McNair Faulkner and Charles Oliver Frye.

1003. George Washington Baldridge and George Bradley.

Senators from Flint District.

1841. Ezekial Starr and the other one not known.

27;

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

1843. Samuel Downing and Jesse Russell.

1845. James Pritchett and Jesse Russell.

1847. James Pritchett and Jesse Russell.

1849. James Pritchett and Glory.

1851. Jay Hicks and David Sanders.

1853. Reverend Walter Adair Duncan and Samuel Chambers.

1855. William Penn Adair and Richard Fields.

1857. William Penn Adair and William Penn Boudinot.

1859. William Penn Adair and J. A. Johnson.

1861. Not known.

1867. Eli Smith and Walter Christy.

1869. Eli Smith and Keith Wahlaneeta.

1871. Rabbit Bunch and George Keith.

1873. John R. Ross and Johnson Keith.

1875. John R. Ross and Jackson Christy.

1877. John R. Ross and Robert McLemore.

1879. Jackson Christy and John B. Teehee. The latter died and Ned
Acorn was elected.

1881. Samuel E. Sanders and Cicero Leonidas Lynch.

1883. Ezekial Eugene Starr and Ned Acorn.

1885. John B. Tulsa and William Young.

1887. David Muskrat and Jackson Christy.

1889. James Christy and Rabbit Bunch.

1891. Ellis West Buft'ington and Adam Sevenstar.

1893. Ellis Starr and Jackson Christy.

1895. Andrew Taylor Paden and Charles Poorbear.

1897. Jackson Christy and David Muskrat.

1899. Benjamin Gilbreath Fletcher and Charles Scott.

1901. Benjamin Gilbreath Fletcher and Charles Smith.

1903. George Ferguson and Richard Lee Taylor'.

Senators from Cooweescoowee District.

1857. James McDaniel and Eli Murphy.

1859. John Chambers and Jackson Tyner.

1861. Not known.

1867. James McDaniel and Robin Smith.

1869. James Conner and Robin Smith.

1871. John Chambers and Jesse Thompson.

1873. John Chambers and Jesse Thompson.

1875. Henry Chambers and James Horsefly.

1877. Henry Chambers and DeWitt Clinton Lipel

1879. Clement Vann Rogers^ and John Gunter Schrimsher.

1881. Clement Vann Rogers and John Mcintosh.

1883. Clement Vann Rogers and John Gunter Schrimsher.

1885. Samuel Houston Mayes and DeWitt Clinton Lipe. The latter
resigned and was elected a member of the Citizenship Court.

1887. May 5, Francis Marion Musgrove elected, vice DeWitt Clinton
Lipe. resigned.

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 27^

1887. John Gunter Scrimsher and Riley Wise Liiidsey^
1889. William Charles Rogers and Samuel Houston Mayes.
1891. James McDaniel Keys' and Joel Lindsey Baugh.
1893. William Edward Sanders' and George Washington Mayes''.
1895. William Charles Rogers and John Thomas Gunter.
1897. John Gunter Scrimsher and Joseph Martin LaHay.
1899. Ellis Bufiington Wright and Clement Vann Rogers.
1901. George Washington Mayes and John Franklin'.
1903. Joseph Martin LaHay and Clement Vann Rogers.
Article three, section nine of the constitution vests the following right:
"Each branch of the National Council shall choose its own officers.'' In
accordance with an act of council of October 4, 1839 it was stipulated thai
"The Clerks of the National Committee and Council shall each receive three
dollars per day while in service." The Clerks of the Senate were:

1S41. Thomas Fox Taylor.

1843. William Potter Ross.

1845. Elijah Hicks.

1847. Dennis Wolf Bushyhead.

1849. Robert Buffington Daniel.

1851. William Penn Boudinot.

1853. William Penn Boudinot.

1855. William Penn Boudinot.

1857. Daniel McCoy Gunter.

1859. Hercules T. Martin.

1861. Joshua Ross.

1867. Rev. Stephen Foreman.

1869. George Washington Johnson.

1871. George Washington Johnson.

1873. Lucien Burr Bell.

1875. Lucien Burr Bell.

1877. Lucien Burr Bell.

1879. John Leaf Springston.

1881. Daniel Ross Hicks.

1883. John Taylor Drew.

1885. Robert Taylor Hanks.

1887. Marmaduke Daniel.

1889. Andrew Henderson Norwood.

1891. William Presley Thompson, resigned.

1893. Charles Worcester Willey.

1895. Richard Murrell Wolfe.

1897. Richard Murrell Wolfe.

1899. Lucien Burr Bell.

1901. Samuel Frazier Parks, resigned.
Edward Northup \\'ashburn'.

1903. Joel Lindsey Baugh.
The Council or lower house- of the Cherokee legislature ^vas Provided
for by the third section of article three of the constitution of 18 30 and the

.74 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

salaries were at lirst lixed by article three, section ten at three dollars per
day, subject to change by act of council.

Councilors from Delaware District.

1841. Rev. j'uhn Huss and the other two unknown.

184.^. Goo-la-chi, Chu-wa-chu-kah and Hanging Charles. The latter
died and was succeeded by Little Pot.

1845. James D. Wottord, William Tucker and Moses Pott.

1847. Moses Pott, William Tucker and Peter'.

1849. Moses Pott, Laugh at Mush and James V. Hildebrand.

1851. Moses Pott, Laugh at Mush and James V. Hildebrand.

1853. Laugh at Mush, James V. Hildebrand and Stand Watie.

1855. Laugh at Mush, Pelican Tiger and Stand Watie. The latter was
elected Speaker of the Council.

1857. Laugh at Mush, Henry Davis and Stand Watie. The latter was
elected Speaker of the Council.

1859. Stand Watie, Pelican Tiger and James V. Hildebrand.
1861. Not known.

1867. Daniel Muskrat, Sequoyah Tanner and Aaron Tanner.

1860. Aaron Tanner. Daniel Hilder, William Adolphus Daniel and
Jeter Thompson Cunningham.

187 1. Daniel Hider, Moses Ridge, William Adolphus Daniel and Josiah
Sutteeyah.

1875. Josiah Sutteeyah, Walker A. Daniel, William Coffee Woodall
and Aaron Tanner.

1877. Walker A. Daniel, William Coffee Woodall, Jelfrey Beck and
Alexander Hawk.

1879. John M. Miller, Thomas Fox Thompson, Rev. Charles Blue-
jacket' and James Tuck Woodall.

188 1. William Ballard. Aaron Tanner, Oo-so-wie, John Snell, George
\\'ashington Fields and Arleecher Ridge. The latter died.

1882-8-21. Daniel Chopper, vice Arleecher Ridge, deceased.

1883. Daniel Chopper, Benjamin Seth Landrum, John Martin Daniel.
Alexander Hawk, Qualatah and George Washington Ward.

1885. Benjamin C. Chouteau, William Howell, John M. Miller, Joseph
Lynch Thompson, Benjamin Franklin Lamar and Alexander Hawk. The
latter was elected Speaker of Council.

1887. Francis Marion Conner, Joseph Lynch Thompson, John M.
Miller, Thomas Bluejacket", Samuel Russell and James Sanford Fields.

1889. James Sanford Fields, Benjamin Franklin Lamar, John Hawkins,
Simpson Foster Melton, Weatherford Beck and James Madison Monroe. The
latter died November 10, 1890 and Beck died earlier in the same year.

1800-10-30. hamuel Nidiffer elected, vice Weatherford Beck', deceased.
James Proctor Butler' elected, vice James M. Monroe, deceased.

1891. William T. Davis, James Riley Copeland," Rev. Jesse Starr,
Ezekial Fields, William Ballard and Samuel Niditfer.

1893. William T. Davis, James Bonaparte Woodall, Percy L. Walker,
Thomas Ballard, Daylight Chopper and James Sanford Fields.

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKHE INDIANS 275

1895. Benjamin Franklin Lamar, William Henry Doherty- John li.
Martin, T. Wyman Thompson^ John M. Miller and William Stover.

1897. James H. Hildebrand, Jellerson Dick, John Hamilton Gilison"'.
Samuel Beck, Andrew Hyder and James Landrum McLaughlin. The latter
died November lo, 1897.
Benjamin Seth Landrum, vice James L. McLaughlin, deceased.

1899. Edward Northrup Washburn, Lee Bell Smith", Johnson Fawling.
James Franklin McCullough, Benjamin Cornelius England and James Bona-
parte Woodall, John Pawling, Daniel Tananeesie and Andrew Hider. The

1901. George Alexander Cox', Joseph Lynch Thompson, James Bona-
parte Woodall, John Fawling, Daniel Tananeesie an dAndrew Hider. The
latter died.
James Henry Daniel, vice Daniel Hider, deceased.

l'^io>. William Wiley Ward, Johnson Fawling, John Hamilton Gibson.
Walter Winchester Breedlove, James H. Hildebrand and Thomas Thomas.
Councilors from Saline District.

1841. Chu-wa-loo-ky, John W. West anad Brice Martin.

1843. Oo-soo-ya-duh, Chu-wa-loo-ky and Fishtail.

1845. Oo-soo-ya-duh, Ka-nee-ta and Standingdeer.

1847. Chu-wa-loo-ky. Willy Too-wa-ly and Standingdeer.

1849. Standingdeer, Springfrog and Whale.

1851. Chu-wa-loo-ky, Jesse Cochran and Sunday.

1853. Rev. Lewis Downing, Springfrog and Standingdeer.

1855. Rev. Lewis Downing, Standingdeer and John Chambers.

1857. Standingdeer, Archibald Vann and Walker.

1859. Charles Wicklirte, Springfrog and Adam Laeey.

1861. Not known.

1867. Stand Whirlwind, Necooie Thompson and Daniel Redbird.

1869. Moses Sixkiller and the other two not known.

1871. Chun-he-ne-tah. Lacey Hawkins and CoHee Blackbird.

1873. Daniel Redbird, Oo-you-su-ta and George Washington Clark.

1875. Oo-you-su-ta, Cofi'ee Blackbird and Lacey Hawkins. The latter
was elected Speaker of Council.

1877. Daniel Redbird, Youngwolf and Youngbird.

1881. Johnson Bigacorn, Bird Jones and Benjamin Franklin Adair.

1883. Goingsnake and Oo-you-su-ta.

1883-9-10. Bird Jones. Probably on a tie. He was elected speaker
at Council. Oo-you-su-ta died July 6, 1884.

1885. Johnson Bigacorn, George Washington Swniimer and Frank

Consene.

1887 Osceola Powell Benge, William Batt and Frank Consene.

1889. James Wicklirte- Frank Consene and Frog Sixkiller. The latter
died in April 1891.

1891 Frank Consene, Wilson Cummings and Eli Batt.

1893. William Batt, Jackson Ross and Bird Jones. The latter was
elected Speaker of Council.

1895. Frank Consene, William Batt and Stephen Boney.

276 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

1897. Johnson Bigacorn, Jackson Ross and Eli Batt.

1899. Lucullus Rowe, Jesse Drywater and Daniel Squirrel.

1901. William Standingwater, David Hair and Daniel Squirrel.

1903. James Lovely Bumgarner, George Bluford Downing and Cicero
Johnson Howard'.

Councilors from Going Snake District.

1841. Robert Parris and the other two unknown.

1843. De-nah-lah-whi-stah. Sixkiller and William Proctor.

1845. De-nah-lah-whi-stah, Sixkiller and William Proctor.

1847. George Hicks, Sixkiller and Archibald Vann.

1849. John Young, George Hicks and Sixkiller. The latter elected
Speaker of Coinicil.

I85i. Richard Wilkerson, Sixkiller and William Proctor.

1853. Joseph McMinn Starr, Sixkiller and James Hair.

1855. John T. Foster, John Young and George Washington Scraper.

1857. Too-nah-na-la Foster, George Washington Scraper and John
Young.

1859. George Washington Scraper. Cricket Sixkiller and Bird Gritts.

1861. Not known.

1867. Archibald Scraper, Tail Sixkiller and John Shell.

1869. Tail Sixkiller, Corn Silk and John Shell.

1871. Nee-tah-kee-kah, Soldier Sixkiller and Walter Feeling.

1873. Archibald Scraper, Eli Wright, John Wright Alberty and Soldier
Sixkiller.

1875. Walter Christy, John Shell, Ellis Hogner and John Williams.

1877. Tail Sixkiller. Charles Augustus Rider, Walter Christy and Corn-
silk.

1879. Peacheater Sixkiller, John Sanders, George Washington Critten-
den and James Crittenden.

1881. George Washington Crittenden, John Sanders, Tail Sixkiller and
John Walking-stick.

1883. George Washington Crittenden, Wolf Coon, John.son Spade and
Joseph Chooie.

1889. Johnson Spade, William Mitchell Ned Bullfrog and Nelson Ter-
rapin.

1891. John Daniel Buffington, Wolf Coon, Coming Snell and Jeflerson
Tickaneesky.

1893. Lincoln England, Ned Bullfrog, Thomas Still and Carselowy Ter-
rapin.

1895. Aaron Goingwolf, David Blackfox. William Wolf and Edward
D. Foreman.

1897. Lincoln England, Abraham Sixkiller, James Russell and William
Wolf.

1899. Lincoln England, John Sanders, Jack Soap and Walter Scott
Whitmire.

190 1. Francis Clark Adair\ Benjamin Mocker. John Sanders and
Thomas Still.

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 277

1903. Thomas Welch, Francis Clark Adair, Edward Adair Clyne' and
Alexander Corntassel.

Councilors from Tahlequah District.

1841. John Riley and the other two not known.

1843. John Riley, Archibald Campbell and Hair Conrad. The laitei
died November 2, 1844. John Riley died February 14, 1845.

1845. Joseph Spears, John Young and Archibald Campbell. The lat-
ter was elected Speaker of Council.

1847. Rev. John Fletcher Boot, John Young and Archibald Campbell.
The latter was elected Speaker of Council.

1849. Samuel Downing, James Sanders and Joseph Spears.

1851. Daniel Colston, Johnson Keith and I.ooney Riley. The latter
was elected Speaker of Council.

1853. Jesse Sanders, Johnson Keith and John Thorne. The latter was
elected Speaker of Council.

1861. Not known.

1867. Peach Watts, Choo-hoo-stah and Osceola Hair.

1869. Nathaniel Fish, Osceola Hair and the other one unknown.

1871. William H. Hendricks, Osceola Hair, Nathaniel Fish, French and
Rufus O. Ross.

1873. William H. Hendricks, John Hendricks, Samuel Osage, Rabbit
Downing and Columbus Baldridge.

1875. James Shelton, Robert Bruce Ross, Ned Grease, Rabbit Down-
ing and Joseph Brown. The latter a Negro. Rabbit Downing died October
31, 1876.

1876-11-20. Osceola Hair, vice Rabbit Downing, deceased.

1877. William Triplett, Ned Grease, Yartunnah -Vann, Osceola Hair
and John Hendricks.

1879. Ellis Johnson, Columbus Baldridge, Ned Grease, John Hendricks
and Osceola Hair. The latter was elected Speaker of Council.

1881. Osceola Powell Daniel, Osceola Hair, Yartunnah Vann, Bug
Tucker and John Parris. The latter died July 26, 1882.

1882-8-21. Samuel Houston Downing, vice John Parris, deceased.

1883. John Proctor, George Swimmer, Bug Tucker, John Hendricks
and Ned Grease.

1885. George Downing, Calib Starr Thompson, Thomas HendnckJ.
Benjamin Kitcher^and Hunter Brown. The latter died April 25, 1886.

1886-6-11. Phillip Osage, vice Hunter Brown, deceased.

1887. Mankiller Kitcher, Return Robert Meigs, Johnson Fields, Michae!
Pritchett and Benjamin Kitcher. The latter died December 8. 1887.

1889. Charles Tehee, Wilkerson Hubbard Parris, Philip Bennett. Daniel
Gritts and Osceola Dew.

1891. Daniel Gritts, Thomas Shade. John R. Gourd, Skake Manus and
John Hendricks.

1893. Michael Pritchett, Thomas Horn, Rev. Leonidas Dobaon- Joseph
Downing and Stick Ross. The latter a negro.

278 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

1895. Michael Pritchett, Key Ketcher, Return Robert Meigs, David
Tipton and Ned Irons. The latter a Negro.

1897. David Downing, Wilkerson Hubbard Parris, Key Ketcher, Boot
Pigeon Jack Roberson.

1899. Wilkerson Hubbard Parris. John Franklin Wilson, Joseph Down-
ing, Ross Taylor Daniel and Jesse Pigeon.

1901. Wilkerson Hubbard Parris, Benjamin F. Johnson, Robert Col-
burn Fuller, Philip Osage and Charles Lawrence Saunders.

1903. Willes Tayi^or Richards, William Wallace Ross, Noah Parris and
Wilkerson Hubbard.

1903-9-21. Ross Taylor Daniel. Elected on this date on account of a
tie in the regular election.

Councilors from Illinois District.

1841. Richard Drew, William Drew and Archibald Fields. The latte-
was elected Speaker of Council.

1843. Richard Drew, Archibald Fields and William Drew. The latter
resigned in December 1844 and Archibald Fields died in September 1844.

1844. John Brewer, vice Archibald Fields, deceased.

1845. Robert Lovett, John Brewer and Allen Ratley.
1847. Da-gah-sta-sca, John Brewer and James Mackay.
1849. Pheasant, Allen Ratley and Richard Benge.
I85l. Allen Ratley, James Souiekiller and Joseph Duval.
1853. Allen Ratley, John W. Brown and Moses Parris.
1855. John Brewer, George Chambers and Joseph Duval.
1853. Allen Ratley, John W. Brown and Moses Parris.
1855. John Brewer, George Chambers and Joseph Duval.
1857. Ellis Fox Phillips, Edward Smith and Singer Justice.

1859. Allen Ratley, John Boston and George Chambers. The latter
died and was succeeded by Diver Glass.

1861. Not known.

1867. John Rogers Duval, Daniel Backbone and John Young. The
latter elected Speaker of Council. Daniel Backbone died October 25, 1867.

1867. Joseph Cornsilk vice Daniel Backbone, deceased.

1869. Thomas Fox Brewer and the other two unknown.

1871. Lewis Hicks, Wallace Vann, Robin Crawford and John Rogers
Duval. The latter was elected Speaker of Council.

1873. Robin Crawford, John Mussel, Daniel Kedbird and John Rogers
Duval. The latter was elected Speaker of Council.

1875. William Young. John Mussel, Richard Boggs and John Rogers
Duval. The latter two died. Wallace Vann, vice John R. Duval, deceased.

1876-4-3. Daniel Hicks Ross, vice Richard Boggs, deceased.

1877. James RaincTow, William Snow Brewer, Bushyhead Sevier and
Wallace Vann.

1879. Simon Girty, Dekinney Waters, George Drum and Henry Clay
Starr. The latter died November 16. 1879.

1879-12-4. Joseph Young, vice Henry C. Starr, deceased.

HISTORY OF Tin; CHEROKEE INDIANS 27<)

188 1. John Hildebraiui Cookson, Lawson Ruiiyan, Ciiarlcs \\:i>liiii;;
ton Starr and John Young. The hUler died.

1882-8-2 1. John Bean Johnson, vice John ^'oiing, deceased.

1883. John Benge', Joseph Topp, Dekinney Waters and Colunilius
Baldridge.
1883-9-10. John Raincrow.

1885. George Bulleth Foreman, John Walker, Dekinney Waters and
Jack Brown.

1887. Lawson Runyan, Redbird Smith, Joseph I'opp, John Raincrow
and Frank Vann. The latter was a Negro. John Raincrow died and was
succeeded by George Mc Daniel.

1889. Redbird Smith, Morgan West, Joseph Tapp, John Glass and
George McDaniel. The latter died and was succeeded by Stephen Hildebrand.

1891. Wallace Thornton, Lorenzo Dow Chambers, Wallace \'ann.
Cabin Miller and Fox Glass.

1893. John Wesley Sharp, Jesse Hair, John Walk'er, Charles Fodder
and George Benge.

18^5. John Wesley Sharp, John Stearns, Creek Sam, Charles Bark
and Samuel Stidham. The latter was a a Negro.

1807. John Terrell. George Waters, .Ale.xander McCoy, John Thomp-
son and Charles Percival Pierce.

1899. Moses Frye Sanders, Dekinney Waters, George Bulleth Fore-
man, Richard Martin Walker and Samuel Stephen Sanders.

1901. Richard Martin Walker, .Alexander Ballard, Alexander McCoy,
Moses Frye Sanders and Martin \'an Benge. I he latter was elected Speaker
of Council.

10(1^. Samuel Stephen Sanders, Charles Harris Sisson, Walter Scott.
William Frank Sanders and Frank Gonzales.

Councilors from Canadian District.

1841. Joseph Talley, Wind and Wrinklesides.

1843. Lightningbug Bowles, Dahlahseenee and Oosoody. Bowles
would not qualify and Lewis Riley was elected. Dahlahsunee died October
26, 1844 and Oosoody died November 29, 1844.

1845. Lewis Riley, John Shepherd and Jetferson Nivens.

1847. Lightningbug Bowles, Jacob Tho;ne and Wiliam Doublehead.

1840. Leggings\ David Boggs and William Arnold.

1851. Charles Chambers, John Porum Davis and third party unknown.

1853. Leggings, Lightningbug Bowles and Duqulilu Wagon Bowles.

1855. Dempsey Fields, Lightningbug Bowles and DuquliUi Wagon
Bowles.

1857. Lightningbug Bowles, William Recs and William Arnold.

1859. Lightningbug Bowles, Cabin Smith and John Porum Davis.

1861. Not known.

1867. James Christopher McCoy. Calvin Jones Hanks and Sandci>

Choate.

I 860.

Rev. John Sevier- Charles Drew and other parly unknown.

!71. Franklin Gritts, James Christopher McCoy and other party un-

280 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

known.

18 73. Stephen Hildebrand, .John Q. Hayes and Franklin Gritts.

1875. Rev. John Sevier, Snake Grity and Thomas Watts.

1877. Rev. John Sevier, Thomas Watts and George Teehee.

1879. Robert Tavlor Hanks, Henry Clay Lowrey and James Muskrat.

1881. Robert Taylor Hanks, Thomas Watts, Wilson Girty and Rev.
John Sevier. The latter was elected Speaker of Council.

1883. Wilson Girty. Thomas Watts, George Downing and Ri charJ
Crossland.

1885. Franklin Gritts, George Downing, Richard Crossland and Henry
Clay Eowrey.

1887. Richard Neal, Walter Scott Agnew, Charles Jones and Richara
Crossland.

1889. Isaac Groves, Richard Crossland, William Shepherd and Wil-
liam Henry Barker. The latter was elected Speaker of Council.

William Shepherd died January 23, 1890.

1801. Thomas Fox Woodall. Isaac Groves, Thomas Fields and John
Dimar Jordan'.

1893. William Vann, Isaac Groves, John Dimar Jordan and Thomas
Watts.

1805. Jesse Bushyhead Raymond, Thomas Jefferson Whisenhunt", Dun-
can Leader and William Billingslea Beck^.

1897. Jesse Bushyhead Raymond, Thomas Jeft'erson Whisenhunt, Wil-
liam Billingslea Beck and John Alexander Sevier. The latter died June 5,
1898.

1898-8-8. McCoy Smith, vice John A. Sevier, deceased.

1899. Robert Emmett West'/, McCoy Smith, David Downing and Jesse
Bushyhead Raymond. The latter died October 28, 1900.

1900-12-3. James Jay Sevier, vice Jesse B. Raymond, deceased.

1901. James C. Grooves, Walter Scott Agnew, McCoy Smith and John
Ross Fields.

1903. John Ross FieldS' James C. Groves, Thomas Fox Woodall and
Anderson Pierce Lowrey.

Councilors from Skin Bayou District.

1841. John Lowrey McCoy, Sawnee Vann and the other one not
known.

1843. Tobacco Will, Hunter Langley and James Madison Payne. The
latter was elected Speaker of Council. Hunter Langley died in September,
1844.

1845. James Brown Jr., Oganstota Logan and Young Elders. The lat-
ter died October 2, 1845.

1847. Wrinklesides, Nicholas B. Byars and Andrew Sanders.

1849. Young-puppy, Andrew Sanders and Nicholas Porter.

1851. Andrew Sanders. Thomas Sanders and Nicholas Porter.

The name was changed from Skin Bayou District to Sequoyah District
by an act of National Council on November 4, 1851. See page 227, Chero-
kee Laws of 1852.

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 281

Councilors from Sequoyah District.

185 3. Black Eo.\, Uutsasa and Walter Lee.

1855. Dutsasa, Bat Puppy and Step.

1857. Black Fox, William Benge and Samuel Houston Benge.

1859. Crapgrass, Walter Lee and William Benge.

1861. Not known.

1867. Joseph Seabolt, Stephen Teehee and Cheechee.

1869. Richard Benge. John Crossland and David McNair Faulkner.

1871. Richard Benge, Thomas Pettit and Cheechee.

1873. John Blalock, John Childers and John Choate.

1875. Joseph Seabolt, John Walkingstiek and Jesse Baldridge. The
latter died December 13, 1876.

1877. David McNair Faulkner, Lorenzo Dow Chambers and Columbus
Baldridge.

1879. Joseph Starr, Cheechee and Frank Mayo Morgan.

1881. Charles Augustus Fargo, Columbus Benge and Adam Lacey.

1883. Josiah Seabolt> Joseph Starr and William Holt.

1885. William Holt, Josiah Seabolt and Thomas Blair.

1887. Edward Everett Adair, George Washington Gunter and Davia
M. Lee.

1889. Joseph Starr, William Holt and Calvin Fargo.

1891. William Chuculate, Thomas Blair and John Roastingear.

1893. George Washington Swimmer, William Bethel and James Cole-
man.

1895. Obediah Martin Benge, Isaac Abraham Jacobs\ and Edward
Everett Adair.

1807. James Madison Seabolt. George Chuculate and William Charles
Dumont Patton".

1809. David Jesse Faulkner"', James Wllloughby Breedlove^ and John
Roastingear.

100 1 .William NuchoUs Littlejohn"', Andrew Jackson Rogers and Ellis

Starr.

1903. Tandv Walker Adair, Daniel Holt and Gideon Jay Patton.
Councilors from Flint District.

1841. Samuel Chambers, Oganstota Logan and one other.

1843. Chu-noo-luh-hus-ky, Bark Flute and David Downing.

1845. Chu-noo-luh-hus-ky, John Key and Bark Flute.

1847. Bark Flute, William Grimmett and George Chambers.

1840. Charles Downing. John Keith and George Chambers.

1851. George Chambers, Charles Downing and Eli Smith.

1853. George Chambers, John Keith and George Blair.

1855. Charles Downing, Ellis Sanders Harlan and John Glass.

1857. Charles Downing, William Gritlin and John Glass.

1859. William Grit^in, James Vann and Tsa-la-tee-hee.

1861. Not known.

1867. Wah-lah-nee-tah, Alexander Scott and Chicken Christy.

1869. Not known.

282

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

1871. Oo-squa-Iuke, Chicken Christy and Poorbear.

1873. Oo-squa-luke. Chicken Christy and John B. Tulsa.

1875. Charles Poorbear, James Christy and Richard Glory.

1877. Nicholas B. Byers, John Shell and John Batt.

1879. David Muskrat, Charles Sanders and Samuel E. Sanders.

1881. French Rowe, Robert McLemore and James Teehee.

1883. John Justice, Dirtthrower Vann and Sundaychair.

1885. French Rowe, Lewis Cochran and Sundaychair. The latter died.

1885-10-1'5. Rev. Isaac Sanders, vice Sundaychair, deceased.

1887. Charles Siiiith, Johnson Simmons and Robert McLemore. The
latter died and Taylor Duncan was elected in his stead.

1889. James Christy, Charles Poorbear and James Starr.

1891. Lewis Cochran, John Justice and Candy Adair.

1893. Chulio Liver, George Scott and Rufus Cochran.

1895. Hoolie Sanders, Dirtthrower Vann and Johnson Simmons. Tlie
latter was elected Speaker of Council.

1897. Oo-squa-luke, Wiley Bolin and Peter Bird.

1899. Dirtthrower Vann, Andrew Otterlifter and Geor.i^e Deer-in-the-
water.

lOoi. James Starr, Geors^e VVashin^^ton Fernuson and William Taylor.

l9o3. Thomas Colbert Butlinijton, Martin Hopper and Thomas Sanders.

Counciiors from Cooweescoowee District.

185 7. John Chambers, Robin Smith and John Lucien Brown.

1859. Lewis Melton, James Hair and Oo-soo-ya-ta.

1861. Not known.

1867. Jesse Thompson, Writer and John Glass.

1869. Jesse Thompson, John Chambers and Juniper Mills. The latter
was elected Speaker of Council.

1871. John Lucien Brown, John Pawling, Hiram Terrell Landrum and
Writer.

1873. Hiram Terrell Landrum, Samuel Houston Downing, Joseph
Thompson and Thomas Hatchett.

1875. Thomas Hatchett, Looney Riley, Jesse Thompson and Joseph
Thompson.

1876-2-28. John Bullette, vice Joseph Thompson, deceased.

1877. William Henry Mayes, William McCracken, Bear Timpson ana
Jesse Thompson. The latter was elected Speaker or Council.

1879. Rev. Dempsey Fields Coker, George Swannock, William Sunday
and John H. Secondyne.

1881. Francis Marion Musgrove, James Horsefly, Joe Parker, William
Charles Rogers, Josiah Henry, Johnson Fisher and John R. McNair.

1883. William Charles Rogers, John Young, Washington White, Albert
Morris, John Glass, John Martin Thompson and John Lucien Brown. The
latler died April l 2, 1884.

1884-7-14. Nelson Foreman, vice John L. Brown, deceased.

1885. James Walker, Nelson Foreman, Albert Morris, Austin Lowrev,

HISTORY OF THE CHliROKHi; INDIANS 2.S3

Marmaduke Daniel, George VVashinotoii Bible and George Wa^hiir^tnr,
Mayesl.

1887. Edward Sunday, William Winter Chambers, James Chambers.
George Washington Walker, Arthur Armstrong, Daniel Webster Vann and
Henry Rogers. The latter died.

1888-1-24. Francis Marion Musgrove, vice Henry Rogers, deceased.

1889. George Washington Walker, Ezekial Taylor, William Winter
Jerry Alberty. The latter a Negro.

1891. John M. Tucker, William Richard Mills, John Ross Carter, Jo-
seph Benson Coblr, George W^ashington Mayes, Ale.xander Lewis McDaniel
and George Washington Clark. The latter was elected Speaker of Council.

1893. Joseph Benson Cobb, Coocoodigesky, Valentine Gray, Samuel
Tiblow, Kollin Kirk Adair, John Sarcoxie and James Monroe Crutchtield.
The latter died.

1894-9-25. Caldean Ward, vice James M. Crutchtield, deceased.

1895. Jesse Bean Burgess, Daniel Webster Vann, Bluford West Rider.
Cyrus Cicero Cornatzer, Job Parker, William Johnstone and John R. Gourd.

1897. John Sanders, Benjamin Hildebrand, George Washington Walk-
er, Josiah Henry, Ellis Buftington Wright and John Ross Mslntosh'. The
latter was elected Speaker of Council.

1899. Benjamin Hildebrand, Bluford West Starr, Cyrus Cornatzer.
Ellis Manchell Eaton, Frederick McDaniel, Edward Alexander Adair and
James Sanford Davenporf. The latter was elected Speaker of Council. He
was the only White man that was in the constitutional succession to the office
of Principal Chief of an Indian tribe.

1901. Samuel Houston Mayes, Henry Cirkham Walkey'', George Pump-
kin, William Lafayette Trott\ Teesee Chambers, Ellis Manchell Eaton and
Emmett Starr.

1903. John Zollicotfer Hogan, Virgi IHarvey .-Xdair, John Henry Shu-
feldt', John Young, John Lewis Denho, Francis .-Mexander Billingslea and
William Joel Walker.

Delaware District was named from a town or settlement of Delaware
Indians on the south side of Spavinaw Creek, near Eucha from about 1820 to
18 39.

Saline District was named for the salt spring at Grand Saline, one mile
east of Salina.

Going Snake District was named for Goingsnake, a noted Cherokee ora-
tor and Speaker of Council in 1828.

Tahlequah District was named for the town of Tahleijuah, capita! of
the Cherokee Nation from 183<) to 1898.

Illinois District was named from Illinois River, which was named by the
early French "courier du bois."

Canadian District was named from Canadian River. This district al-
ways nominated only one ticket for election.

Skin Bayou District was named from the stream of that name. Th-
name was changed to Sequoyah in honor of the inventor of the Cherokee syl-
labary.

284 HISTORY OF THE CHHROKEE INDIANS

Flint District was named tor its predominent geological formation.
Cooweescoowee was Chief John Ross' Cherokee name.

Clerks of the Council.
See Article three, section nine of the constitution for authorization of
ollice and act of Council of October 4, 1839 for salary.

1841. Rev. Jesse Bushyhead.

1843. Jonathan Mulkey.

1845. Rev. David McNair Foreman.

1847. Hercules T. Martin.

184';). Hercules T. Martin.

1851. Thomas B. Wolf.

1853. Thomas B. Wolf.

1855. Hercules T. Martin.

185 7. Hercules T. Martin.

1859. Thomas B. Wolf.

1861. Thomas B. Wolf.

1867. Thomas B. Wolf.

1869. Clement Neeley Vann.

1871. Ellis Sanders.

1873. George Osceola Sanders.

1875. Allen Ross.

18 77. John Francis Lyon. Resigned.

Daniel Ross Hicks, vice John F. Lyon, resigned.

1879. Daniel Ross Hicks.

1881. Joel Bryan Mayes. Resigned.

Joel B. Mayes, resigned.

1883. Seaborn Cordery.

1885. Clark Charlesworth Lipe.

1887. Richard Baxter Choate^-.

1889. William Presley Thompson.

1891. Walter Goss Fields.

1893. John Henry Dick.

1895. John Reuben Leach.

1897. William Wallace Ross.

1899. Claude Stull Shelton.

1901. Claude Stull Shelton.

l':)0 3. Martin Rowe.
Judges of Delaware District.
Office authorized by the Constitution of 1839.

Salary one hundred dollars per annum. Act of Council October 4, 1839.
Benjamin B. Wisner 1841; James Kill 1843; James V. Hildebrand 1845;
David Kell 1847; Peter 1849 and I85l; George Owen 1853 and 1855;
Luther Rice 1857 and 1859; Elowie Butler 1867 and 1869; William Coffee
Woodall 1871; Unknown 1873; Isaac Turner 1875; Robert Fletcher Wylev
1877, 1879, 1881 and 1883; Joseph Lynch Ward 1885 and 1887; Thomas
Mitchell Buffington 1889, having been elected senator he resigned in Novem-
ber 1891 and Dudley H. Tucker was appointed; Joseph Lynch Ward 1891;

HISTORY OF THE CllHROKHE INDIANS 285

Elias McLeod Lundium' 180.3; Joseph L.ynch Ward 1895 aiui James Bima-
parte W'oodall in 1 S')7.

Judges of Saline District.

Bluford West 1841; Bird Doulileliead 184i and 1845; John Mclnlosh
1847; Benjamin B. Wisner 1849; Joseph V. Chugan' I85l; Archibald Vann
1853; Daid Rowe 1855 and 1857; Andrew Ross 1859; Not known 18()l;
Charles Wicklitie 1867 and 1869; Saturday Vann 1871, suspended; Redbird
Sixkiller, June 6, 1872, vice Saturday Vann; Saturday Vann 1873; Elowie
1875; Not known 1877; Coffee Blackbird 1879; George Washington Scraper
1881; Carter Daniel Markham 1883; Henry Clary Ross 1885; ColTee Black-
bird 1887, he died January 26, 1888, Charles Wickliffe, appointed vice Cotlee
Blackbird, deceased, Charles WicklilVe died August lo, 1888, George Feeliii.<
appointed August 14, 1888 ice Charles Wicklille, deceased; David Welch
Ragsdale 1889; Henry Clay Ross 18<)i, is')^ and 1895 and Edward Svlvesler
Adair 1897.

Judges of Going Snake District.

Joseph McMinn Starr 1S4 1 ; Moses Downing 1843, he died September <>,
1845; John T. Foster 1845; Benjamin Vann 1847; Eli Murphy 1849; E. G.
Smith 1851; Eli Murphy 1853; John D. Paxton 1855; Johnson Reese 1857;
Johnson Robbins 1859 and 1867, Wiley Glover Thornton 1869; Henry
Crittenden 1871; Johnson Whitmire 1873; Nelson 'i'errapin 1875; Joseph
McMinn Starr 1877; James Lafayette Bigby 1879, 1881 and 1883; Jesse
Redbird 1885; John Virgil McPherson 1887; Edward D. Foreman 1889:
Adam Lacey I89i; Joseph McMinn Starr 189^, he died and Pleasant H. Hol-
land \\'as appointed; John R. Crittenden 1895, he died in July 1896 and
John W. Holland was appointed; Joseph Smallwood 1897.
Judges of Tahlequah District.

David Carter 1841; Riley Keys 1843; Thomas B. Wolf 1845; .Mose
Hildebrand 1847; David Hildebrand 1849; Thomas Davis 1851 and 1851;
Jay Hicks 1855; David Hildebrand 1857; Thomas Davis 1859; Jackson R.
Gourd 1867; Unknown 1869; Jackson R. Gourd 1871; James R. Hendricks
1873 and 1875, he was suspended and Henry Dobson Reese, appointed; Wil-
liam H. Turner 1877; Mankiller Ketcher 1879; Lord Wellington Shirley
1881; Osceola Hair^ 1883; John Wesley Wolf 1885 and 1887; Benjamin
King 1889; Lord Wellington Shirley 1891; John Wesley Wolf 1893; Jef-
ferson Robertson 1895 and William Triplett 1897.
Judges of Illinois District.

James Mackav 1841; James SouiekiUer 1843 and 1845; John Thomp-
son 1847; Smith Thornton 1849; Unknown 1851; George Washingto:i
Gunter 1853; Rev. Walker Carey 1855; James Mackey 1857; James Souie-
kiUer 1859; Unknown 1861; Amos Thornton 1867; Jacob Bushyhead l80O;
Amos Thornton 1871 and 1873; George Osceola Sanders 1875 and 1877;
Amos Thornton 1879; Timothy Meigs Walker 1881; George Osceola San-
ders 1883; John Silversmith 1885, he died and Thomas Ballard was ap-
pointed on December 29, 1886. Ballard died March 12, 1887 and George
Osceola Sanders was appointed March 23, 188 7. Wallace Ratley 1887.

286 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

GeorgL- BuUette Foreman 1.S89 and 1891, he died July 4, 1892 and Richard
Martin Walker was appointed; Edley Levi Cookson 1893; Henry Clay Mdgs
1895 and William Thompson 189 7.

Judges cf Canadian District.

John Brewer 1841; Robert G. Anderson 1843; Nelson Riley; George
Washington Campbell 1847; William Reese. 1849; Lewis Riley I85l; Wil-
liam Reese 1853; Star Deer in the water 1855; Dempsey Fields 1857; Wil-
liam Doublehead 1859; James Ore 1861; Joseph Martin Hiidebrand 1867
and 1869; Abraham Woodall 1871, 1873, 1875, 1877, 1879 and 1881;
Stephen Hiidebrand 1883 and 1885; Henry Clay Lowrey 1887 and 1889.
Herman Johnson Vann 1891 and l8')3; Walter Scott Agnew 18')5 and
Herman Johnson Vann 1897.

Judges of Skin Bayou District.

William Wilson 184!; Michael Waters 1843, he died April 6, 1845,
George Washington Gunter 1845; Felix Riley 1847 and 1849; Unknown
185L

Judges of Sequoyah District.

George Washington Gmiter 1853 and 1855; William Wilson 1857;
Dah-lah-see-nee Foster 1859; Unknown l86l; Samuel Adair 1867; Ezekial
Starr 1869; Franklin Faulkner 1871; Ezekial Starr 1873 and 1875, he died
and Franklin Faulkner was appointed; Franklin Faulkner 1877, 1879, 1881
and 1883, he died and John Childers was appointed April 4, 1885; Oscar
Fitzaland Adairl 1885 and 1887; Isaac Abraham Jacobs 1889 and 1891, he
was elected Senator and resigned in November 1893, George Vann was ap-
pointed; Lacey Lasley 1893; Andrew Jackson Russell 1895 and 1897.
Judges of Flint District.

Eli Sanders Harlan 1841; Eli Smith 1843; George Washington Candy
1845; Jay Hicks 1847; Thomas Jefierson Pack 1849; Unknown l85l; Eli
Sanders Harlan 1853; Samuel Adair 1855 and 1857; Eli Smith 1859; Samuel
Adair 1867; Jackson Christy 1869 and 1871; Samuel Adair 1873, 1875 and
1877, he died February 18, 1879 and Jackson Christy was appointed March
24, 1879; Robert Wesley Walker 1879; Benjamin Franklin Paden 1881,
John B. Tulsa 1883; Benjamin Franklin Paden 1885, suspended May 7,
1886 and George Cochran, appointed, Benjamin Franklin Paden, reinstated
November 11, 1886; John B. Tulsa 1887; Johnson Swimmer 1889; Benja-
min Franklin Paden 1891; Charles D. Patterson 1893; R. W. Johnson 1895
and Richard Baxter Choate 1897.

Judges of Cooweescoowee District.

Not known 1855; John Lucien Brown 1857; Charles Coody Rogers
1857; Jackson Tyner 1861; Daniel Ross Hicks 1867 and 1869; Charles
Coody Rogers 1871, 1873 and 1875; Clement Vann Rogers 1877; Alexander
McCoy Rider 1879; James Cristopher McCoy 1881; John Anthony Foreman
1883; Walter Adair Starr 1885, 1887, 1889 and 1891; Jolin Gunter
Scrimsher 1893; Walter Adair Starr l«os and 1897.
Sheriffs of Delaware District.

Jesse Cochran 1841 and 1843; Choo-wa-chu-kuh 1845; Charles Land-
rum 1847 and 1849; Jesse Buffington 1851; Choo-wa-chu-kuh 1853; Archi-

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKHH INDlAiNS 2S7

bald Ballard 1855 and 1857; suspended and Choo-wa-chu-kuh app.pinled-
Archibald Ballard 1859; Thomas Jefferson McGhee 1867; William Siieli
1869; Stand Suagee 1871; John Martin Daniel 187.5; James Tincup 1S7S
and 1877; Andrew Cummings Johnson 1879; David Suagee 1881; Joseph D
Muskrat 1883; Benjamin Seth Landrum 1885; William Penn ' Henderso.i
1887; Percy Wyley 1889; Thomas Jefferson Monroe 1891; Thomas Jeffer-
son Muskrat 1893; John Lafayette Dameron 1895 and Benjamin Cornelius
England 1897.

Sheriffs cf Saline District.

John Lucien Brown 1841, 1843 and 1845; George Cochran 1847,
Hiram Terrell Landrum 1849; George Cochran 1851; Jefferson 'Hicks 1853
and 1855; Joseph V. Clingan 1857 and 1859; George Downing 1867; Back-
water 1869; John Leaf Springston 1871, suspended' and Frank Consene, ap-
pointed; Jackson Rope 1873 and 1875, he died and John Wickliffe, ap-
pointed; Henry Clay Ross 1877, 1879 and 1881; Osceola Powell Benge
1883 and 1885; Edward S.vlvester Adair 1887; Jesse Sunday 1889, he died
and William Smith was appointed February 1 1, 1890; John North West 1891 ;
Napoleon Bonaparte Rowe 1893; John Henry Ross 1895, he died and George
Downing was appointed September 23, 1897; David Ridge 1897, he died
and James Lovely Bumgarner was appointed.

Sheriffs of Going Snake District.

George Washington Scraper 18^.1 and 1843; Benjamin \'ann 1845,
Aaron Wilkerson 1847 and 1849; Eli Sanders 1851; Cornelius Wright 1853,
Eli Sanders 1855; Cornelius Wright 1857; Eli Sanders 1859; Ezekial Proctor
1867; Daniel Webster 1869; John R. Wright 1871, 1873 and 1875; John
Walking-stock 1877; Nelson Foreman 1879; George Washington Lee 1881;
Andrew Taylor Akin 1883; John Walkingstick 1885; Lincoln England 1887-
Benjamin Knight 1880; Thomas Welch 1891; Isaac Walkingstick 1893, killed
May 4, 1 804 and Ezekial Proctor appointed; John Sanders 1895 and 1897.
Sheriffs of Tahlequah District.

Benjamin Downing 184 1 and 1843; Daniel (irasshopper 1845; Nicholas
Byars Sanders 1847, 1849 and 1851; Benjamin Downing 1853; Wah-la-nee-
ta 1855; Nicholas Byars Sanders 1857; Brushwood 1859; Eli Spears 1867.
1869 and 1871; Robert Bruce Ross 1873: Henry Clay Barnes 1875. sus-
pended and John Ross Meigs appointed March 18, 1876, Henry Clary Barnes
was reinstated by council and again suspended March 17, 1877 and Harris->n
Williams, appointed; Henry Clay Barnes 1877; Madison Sanders 1879 and
1881; Aaron Turrell 1883 and 1885, he was suspended August 13. I8S7 and
John Ross Meigs appointed on same day; George Roach 1887; Jay T.
Clark 1889; Ezekial Proctor Parris in I89i; Charles Proctor 1893; Leonard
Williams 1895, he was suspended and Philip Osage was appointed on March
20, 1897; Andrew Bell Cunningliam 1897.

Sheriffs of Illinois District.

Alexander Foreman 1841 and 1843; George Fields 1845; Samuel Mc-
Daniel Tavlor 1847; Robert Brown 1849; Tatnall Holt Post 1851; Corn-
silk 1853; John W. Brown^ 1855; George Washington Brewer 1857; Martin
McCoy 1859; Bear Brown 1867; William Young 1869; Lovely Rogers 1871.

288 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

187 3 and 1875, he died and Emory Linder was appointed January 5, 1877
Dekinney Waters :877, he was elected to council and resigned and Edward
Adair Walker was appointed on November 3, 1879; Redbird Smith 187Q,
Samuel McCoy 1881; Thomas R. Gourd 1883; John Lafayette Brown 1885;
John Benge= 1887; John Lafayette Brown 1889, 1891 and 1893; Henry
Ganoe Adair 1895 and Joseph J. Cookson 1897.

Sheriffs of Canadian District.
James Mackey 1841 and 1843; James Ore 1845; Josiah Reese 1847;
John Shepherd Vann 184^'; James Starr 1851; Nelson Riley 1853; Joseph
M. Reese 1855; John Porum Davis 1857; Charles Drew 1859; Unknown
1861; Charles Drew 1867; John Q. Hayes 1869 and 1871; Stand Watie
Gray' 1873; Thomas Jefferson Bean 1875 and 1877, he was suspended and
Henry Clay Lowrey was appointed April 16, 18 79; McCoy Smith, 1879,
William Mosley West 1881; Stand Watie Gray 1883, he was suspended and
William Vann, appointed June 20, 1884; William Vann 1885, 1887, 188'"'
and 1891; John Calhoun West 1803; Robert Emmett West 1895 and
Thomas Graves 1807.

Sheriffs of Skin Bayou District.
George C. Lowrey 1841, 1843 and 1845; Daniel Ross Nave 1847 and
1849; William Benge 1851.

Sheriffs of Sequoyah District.
Carter Daniel 1853; Bluford Baldridge 1855 and 1857; Bat Puppy.
Jesse Baldridge 1867; Rufus Bell Adair 1869; Samuel Gunter 1871, he died
and Bluford Baldridge was appointed; Richard Benge 1873; John Edward
Gunter 1875 and 1877; Albert M. Johnson 1879 and 188 1, he was killed
May 5, I882 and Robert Faulkner was appointed; Thomas Blair 1883,
George Washington Baldridge 1885; Thomas Blair 1887; Josiah Seaboll
1889; Robert Czarnikow 1891; John Faulkner 1895; MitchellEllis 18^5 and
George Washington Baldridge 18Q7.

Sheriffs of Flint District.
William Griffin 1841, 1843 and 1845, he was suspended December 4,
1845; Wihiam Foreman 1847; Isaac Proctor 1849; William Chambers 1851;
Runabout Scraper 1853, 1855 and 1857; Samuel Adair 1859; Unknown
1861; Jackson Christy 1867; Unknown i860; John B. Tulsa 1871; Lewis
Quinton 1873; Cicero Leonidas Lynch 1875 and 1877; John Bell Adair 1870;
Ellis Starr 1881; Thomas Tail 1883 and 1885, he died September 18, 1886
and Charles Smith was appointed; Richard Lee Taylor 1887 and 1889; John
Bell Adair 1891; Richard Lee Taylor 1893; Charles Smith 1895 and John
Bell Adair 1897.

Sheriffs of Cooweesccowee District.

John W. T. Spencer 1855; John Lucien Brown 1857; Daniel Ross
Hicks 1859; Unknown IS6I; John Gunter Schrimsher 1867; John W. T.
Spencer 1869 and 1871, he was suspended for attempting to destroy election
returns and John M. Smith was appointed December 2, 1872; William Mc-
Cracken lS7i and 1875; John Gunter Scrimsher 1877; Jesse Cochran 1879;
Samuel Houslnr. Mayes IfiSi; Jesse Cochran 1883; William Edward Sanders

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 28^

1885 and 1887; Edward Alexander Adair 1889; William Edward Sanders
1891; James Tandy Musgrove 1893, he was killed June 3, 1895 and Joel
Bryan Cornelius Ward was appointed; Joel l^ryan Cornelius Ward 1895 and
1897.

Solicitors of Delaweire District.

"Be it enacted by the National Council, Tluit a Solicitor or Attorney be
chosen by a joint vote of both houses of the National Council for each Uistrict.
whose term of service shall be one year; and such Solicitor or Attorney, be-
fore he enters on the duties of his oflice, shall be commissioned by the Princi-
pal Chief.

Be it further enacted, That it shall be the duty of such Solicitor or At-
torney, to prosecute, in behalf of the Nation, all persons charged with crimin-
al offenses. * * * See Laws of the Cherokee Nation, 1852. Pages 52, 84,
107, 132, 170 and 219. Anderson Springston 1841, 1842, 1843 and 1844.
William Wilson 1845 and 1846; Chuwachukah 184 7 and 1848; Isaac New-
ton Hildebrand 1849, 1851 and 1853; Horsefly 1855; Joel Tucker 1857,
Isaac Newton Hildebrand 1859; Moses Sixkiller 1867; Unknown 1869; Run-
about Six 1871; Lome Seven 1873'; Joseph Dirteater 1875; Dumplin O'-
Fields 1877, he died on December 7, 1878 and Samuel Melton was appointed
December 25, 1878; Cyrus Cornatzer 1879; Surry Eaton Beck 1881; Joseph
Lynch Thompson 1883; Surry Eaton Beck 1885; Charles Ewing Snell 1887
and 1889; James Bonaparte Woodall 1891; Joseph D. Muskrat 1893; James
Franklin Crittenden IS05 and Simpson Monroe Melton 1897.
Solicitors of Saline District.

Clement Vann McNair 1841 and 1842; James Shepherd Vann 1843 and
1844; Isaac Springton 1845 and 1846; Black Haw 1847 and 1848; George
Cochran 1849; Isaac Dick 1851; Rope Campbell 1853; DeWitt Clinton Dun-
can 1855; Levi Toney 1857; Rope Campbell 1859; James Smith 1867; Un-
known 1869, 1871 and 1873; Fallingpot 1875; George Washington Clark
1877; Tan-yu-nee-sie 1879; James Chuleowa 1881; John Wickliflfe 1883 and
1885; Walter Adair West 1887; MiU-ird Filmore Hicks 1889; Jesse Dry-
water 1891; Rider Fawling 18O?; Ju;»es Keener l8g5 and Daniel Squirrel
1897.

Solicitors of Goinflt Snake District.

Unknown 184 1, 1842, 1843 and 1844; Joseph A. Foreman 1845 and
1846; James Madison Payne 184 7 and 1848; Thomas Johnson 184";
Thomas Wilkerson I85l and 1853; Gu-le-stu-ee-ski 1855; John Alexander
1857; John Dougherty 1859; Aaron Goingwolf 1867; Unknown I860.
187 1 and 1873; John Gritts 1875, he was suspended and George Washington
was appointed August 16, 1876; Unknown 1877; Joseph Smallwood 1879,
Ellis Hogner I881'; Joseph Smallwood 1883; David Hitcher 1885; Nick- Snip
1887; Samuel England 1889; Mark Bean I8OI; David Hitcher 1893; Mark
Bean 1895 and Newton Morton 1897.

Solicitors of Tahlequah District.

Leroy Kevs 184 1 and 1842; Thomas B. Wolfe 1843 and 1844; Heniy
Dobson Reese "l845 and 1846; Huckleberry 1855; Brushwood 1857; Huckle-
berry 1859; Nelson Terrapin 1867; Unknown 1869, 1871 and IH73; Wil-

290 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

liam Triplett 1875, he was suspended and Henry Dobson Reese was appointed:
Lewis Hawkins 1877, he was suspended and Bark. Nugen was appointed
April 17, 1879; Ezekial Tucker 1879; William Triplett 1881; Daniel Gritts
1883; George Washington Benge 1885; Daniel Gritts 1887; Wilson Sanders
1889; John Henry Dick 1891; Daniel Gritts 1893; Charles Deer in the
Water 1895 and 1897.

Solicitors of Illinois District.

Alexander Foreman 1841 and 1842; Daniel Spencer 1843 and 1844;
George Washington Parris 1845 and 1846; Robert Brown 1847 and 1848;
Tatnall Holt Post 1849; Unknown 1851; James Souiekiller 1853; David
Rat 1855; aJmes Souiekiler 1857; John Kickup 1859 and 1867; Unknown
1869; Charles R. Gourd 1871, he resigned and Lewis Ross Thornton was
appointed November 13, 1872; Unknown 1873; Joseph Young 1875; Sol-
die-r Tolen 1877; Lewis Ross Thornton 18 79; Soldier Tolen 1881; Martin
Van Benge 1883, 1885, 1887 and 1889; George McDaniel 1891, he was
killed and Charles Percival Pierce was appointed July 15, 1893; Edward
Adair Walker 1893, 1805 and 1807.

Solicitors of Canadian District.

Lewis Riley 1841 and 1842; David Boggs 1843 and 1844; Robert G.
Anderson 1845 and 1846; David Boggs 1847 and 1848; George Washing-
ton Campbell 1849; Unknown 1851; Star Deerinthewater 1853; John
Porum Davis 1855; Charles R. Gourd 1857; Gah-luh-do-la-duh 1859; Levi
Toney 1867; Charles Edwin Watie 1869; Snake Girty 1871 ; Unknown 1873,
William Penn Payne 1875, suspended for incest, John Taylor Drew ap-
pointed; Johnson Blythe 1877; he died July 3, 1878 and James Halfbreed
appointed, he died January 13, 1879 and Snake Girty was elected February
3, 1879; Robert IVlcDaniel 1879; Isaac C. Groves 1881; Snake Girty 1883:
David Downing 1885; James Jay Sevier 1887; Claude Hanks McDaniel 1889
he resigned and William Wilson Harnage was appointed; James Jay Sevier
1891, 1893, 1895 and 1897.

Solicitors of Skin Bayou District.

James Madison Payne 184 1 and 1842; Joseph Blackbird 1843 and
1844; Daniel Ross Nave 1845 and 1846; Robert Brown Jr. 1847, 1848 and
1849; Unknown 185 1.

Solicitors of Sequoyah District.

Sut-tee-yah 1853 and 1855; Ellis Sanders 1857; Samuel Houston
Benge 1859; John Lee 1867; Unknown 1869 and 1871; Rider Swimmer
1873, he died and Lacey Lasley was elected November 12, 1874; Chee-chee
1875, he was suspended and Arthur Austin was appointed in March 1876;
Rluford Baldridge 1877, Lacey Lasley, appointed vice Bluford Baldridge and
Chee -chee was elected; Lacey Lasley 1879; Robert B. Patton 1881; Bluford
Sittingdown 1883; Eli Carselowry 1885; Lacey Lasley 1887; Andrew Jack-
son Jeremiad' 1889; James T. Stewart 1891; Eli Sanders 1893, Jeremiah
M. Seabolt appointed Au,s:ust 8, 1895 vice Eli Sanders; Smith Baldridge 189?
and Clement C. Morton 1897.

Solicitors of Flint District.

Ellis Sanders Harlan 1841 and 1842; Brushheap 1843 and 1844; Wil-

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 291

liam H. Foreman 1845. 1846, 1847 and 1848; David Sanders 1S49; Un-
known 1851; Jesse Owen 1853; John Cochran 1855; Jumper Duck 1857,
Alexander Dollar 1859; Jesse Redbird 1867; Unknown 1869, 187 1 and
1873; Robert McLemore 1875; Yellowbird Adair 1877, he resigned and
John Batt was appointed September 15, 1879; John E. Welch 1879 and
1881; David Muskrat 1883; Ellis Starr 1885, 1887 and 1889; Charles
Lawrence Saunders 1891; Taylor Duncan 1893; Charles Gettingdown 1895
and James Lee Walker 18')7.

Solicitors of Cooweescoowee District.

Unknown 1857 and 1858; Charles Busliviiead 1859; John Mcintosh
1867; Unknown 1869, 1871 and 1873; John Mcintosh 1875, he was sus-
pended and Josiah Henry was appointed; Rev. Dempsey Fields Coker 1877;
James McDaniel Keys 1879; Bryan Ward 1881; James McDaniet Keys
1883; Jese Cochran 1885 and 1887; James Eliott 1889; Elias Cornelius
Alberty 1891 and 1893; John Bullette 1S"5 and James Lincoln Taylor 1897.
District Clerk of Delaware District.

Article V. Section 68 Cherokee Code ot 1875, page 55. "There shall
be one clerk for each of the several districts of this Nation, who shall be a
resident of the district for which he may be elected, and who shall be elected
by the qualified ellectors thereof, and commissioned as provided by law."
The first election occurred in each District on Janury 2 1, 1874.

Joseph Miller Ross 18 74, 18 75, 18 77 and 18 79; John Henry Covel
1881; Joseph Miller Ross 1883, 1885 and 1887; Robert Emmett Adair 1889,
July 29, 1890; aJmes Robert Garrett I80i; William Walter Wright 18^13,
1895 and 1897 =

Clerks of Going Snake District.

Benjamin Franklin Goss 1874 and 1875; Unknown 1877; William
Covington Ghormley 1879, 1881 and 1S83; John R. Wright 1885, 1887
and 1889, he died April 2 7, 1800 and James Robert Garrett was appointed
July 29 1890; James Robert 1 80 l ; William Walter Wri^it 1893, 1895 and
1897^.

Clerks of Tahlequah District.

Osceola Powell Daniel 1874; Daniel Ross Hicks 1875; Allen Ross 1877.
1879, 1881, 1883, 1885, 1887 and 1889, he died April 21, 1891 and Eli?5
Cornelius Boudinot Jr. was appointed on April 22, 1891; Thomas William
Triplett 1891, 1893 and 1895; Benjamin F. .lohnson 1897.
Clerks of Illinois District.

George Osceola Sanders 1874; George Washington Benge 1875; Rich-
ard Martin Walker 1877 and 1879; Martin Ross Brown 1881; Thomas Jef-
ferson Thornton 1883; Richard Martin Walket 1885; Thomas JetTerson
Thornton 1887; Nicholas McNair Thornton 1889 and 1891, he died Julv
21, 1892 and Bluford Wilson was appointed on July 30. 1892; Henry Clay
Meigs 1893; William Thompson 1895 and Andrew Griffin Cookson 1897.
Clerks of Canadian County.

Robert E. Blackstone 1874; Herman Johnson Vann 1875, 1877, 1870
and 1881; John Smith 1883 and.l885; Herman Johnson Vann 1887;
Charles Edward Vann 1889 and 1891; George Jennings 1893; 1895 and

292 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

1897.

Clerks of Sequoyah District.

Ready Taylor 1874; Joseph Hall Alexander 1875; Charles Oliver Frye
1877, 1879 and 1881; John Edward Gunter 1883; Edward Everett Adair
1885; Walter Adair Frye 1887; John Harrell Adair 1889; Wilson Otho Bru-
ton 1891; William E. Whitsett 1893; Robert Fargo 1895 and Henry Benge
1897.

Clerks at Flint District.

Unknown 1874; Sanders Choate 1875, he died March 23, 1877 and
Samuel Adair Bigby was appointed: Samuel Adair Bigby 1877 and 1879,
William Nucholls Littlejohn 1881; George Washington Choate 1883; Wil-
liam J. McKee 1885 and 1887; William Nucholls Littlejohn 1889; Benjamin
Gilreath Fletcher 1891; Richard Baxter Choate 1893; John Bell Lynch 1895
and 1897.

Clerks at Cooweescoowee District.

DeWitt Clinton Lipe 1874 and 1875, Clark Charlesworth Lipe 1877 ana
1879; John Bullette 1881 ; Archibald McCoy 1883; William Vann Carey 1885
and 1887; Henry Hardin Trott 1889 and l89l; Joseph Martin LaHay 1893
and 1895; William H. Fry 1897.

Treeisurers of the Cherokee Nation.

The office of treasurer was provided for by article four, section twenty
one of the constitution, as follows: "The treasurer of the Cherokee Nation
shall be chosen by a joint vote of both branches of the National Council for
the term of four years." The annual salary was fixed on October 4, 1839
at five hundred dollars^

David Vann 1839, 1843, 1847 and I85l; Lewis Ross 1855 and 1859:
Springfrog 1867, he died and Clement Neeley Vann was elected in November
1870; Dennis Wolf Bushyhead 1871 and 1875; De Witt Clinton Lipe Novem
ber 11, 1879; Henry Chambers 1883; Robert Bruce Ross January 19, 1888;
Colonel Johnson Harris, November 6, 1891, he was elected Principal Chief
on December 23, 1891 and Ezekial Eugene Starr was elected as his successor
on the same day; DeWitt Clinton Lipe November 14, 1895; Joseph Martin
LaHay, November 17, 1800 and Dr. Jesse Crary Bushyhead 1903.
Supreme Court of the Cherokee Nation.

The powers and prerogatives of the judiciary of the Cherokee Nation i;
given in the thirteen sections of article five of the constitution and "The Judges
of the supreme court shall each be allowed three dollars per day, while in ser-
ice in holding court."

1839. John Martin, Chief Justice, Reverend Jesse Bushyhead and four
other unknown associates. Elected by Constitutional convention.

1844. Rev. Jesse Bushyhead, Chief Justice, vice John Martin, died Oc-
tober 17, 1840, and Judge Bushyhead died July 17, 1844. George Hicks
elected Chief Justice October 11, 1844 vice Bushyhead. Associated Justices.
Thomas Pegg, Moses Parris and David Carter, the latter resigned and John
Thompson Adair was elected. Rev. Stephen Foreman, elected October 11,
1844.

1847. David McNair Foreman, elected Chief Justice October 3. 1847.

HISTORY OF THE CHtROKElf INDIANS 2^)i

Associate Justices: Joseph Vann, James Sanders, Jolin Tliunie, Nichols Hyars
McNair and John Thompson Adair.

1851. David Carter, Chief Justice. Associate ustices: Lewis W. Hiil-
debrand, Riley Keys, Rev. Isaac Sanders, Clement Vann McNtir and John
Thompson Adair.

1855. Richard Fields, Chief Justice. Associates: Riley Keys, Jesse
Russell and Nicholas Byars McNair.

185 7. Riley Keys, Chief Justice. Associate Justices: David Carter,
John Thompson Adair, Jesse Russell, Thomas Pegg and Louis W. Hildebrand.

1876. John Thompson Adair, Chief Justice. Associate Justices: J. A.
Johnson and George Washington Scraper.

1869. John Porum Davis, Chief Justice. Associate Justices: Thoma>
Teehee and Thomas B. Wolf.

1872. Riley Keys, Chief Justice. Associate Justices: John Shepherd
Vann and Redbird Sixkiller.

1875. John Thompson Adair, suspended April 10, 1876, Charles Wick-
lifle, appointed Chief Justice, then George Washington Scraper appointed
Chief Justice, John Landrum, appointed Chief Justice November 10, 1876
and John Thompson Adair was reinstated as Chief Justice by Council on No-
vember 18, 1876 and he was again suspenden on October 11, 1877. This
was part of the wholesale suspendings at the instance of W. L. G. Miller.

1877. Ephriam Martin Adair, Chief Justice. Associate Justices: Sam-
uel McDaniel Taylor and John Landrum. The latter died November 7, iSSo
and George Washington Parks was elected in his place. Rufus Bell Adair
was elected Associate Justice in 1880.

188 1. Richard Murrell Wolfe was elected in November 1881 vice Rufus
Bell Adair, deceased. David Dixon Landrum and O. H. P. Brown were
Associate Justices in 1881. Samuel Adair succeeded O. H. P. Brewer.

1882. May 17, Samuel Adair Bigby, elected Chief Justice vice Ephriam
Martin Adair, deceased. Joseph Abalom Scales was elected Chief Justice,
November 15, 1882. Associate Justices: Joel Bryan Mayes and Samuel Adair
Bigby.

John Wright Alherty was elected Chief Jusitce in 1883. John Taylor
Drew was one of his Associate Justices. Jackson Christy was elected Chief
Justice, March 2, 1885. James McDaniel Keys was elected Chief Justice in
November 1885 and Roach Young was one of his Associate Justices. Joseph
Absalom Scales succeeded Keys as Chief Justice. John Edward Gunter suc-
ceeded Scales as Chief Justice. John Young, Eli H. Whitmire and Bluford
West Albertyi were Aassociate Justices. John Wickliffe succeeded Gunter
as Chief Justice. Associate Justice Samuel Adair Bigby died July 29, 1892
and Jeter Thompson Cunningham was appointed on August 4, 1892. Blu-
ford West Alberty succeeded John WicklifTe as Chief Justice on November IS,
1892. Robert Wesley Walker was elected Justice in November 189.3 and
the last supreme court elected November 13, 1897 was John Mcintosh, Chief
Justice, Jesse Redbird and Cicero Leonidas Lynch, Associated Justices.
Circuit Judges, Northwestern Circuit

Article five, section five of the constitution, specifics 'The Judges of the

294 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

Supreme and Circuit Courts shall be elected by the National Council." By
act of October 4, 1839 "The Circuit Judges shall be allowed each a salary of
two hundred dollars per annum." By act of November 28, 1850 stipulated
the same salary.

Unknown 1831; Thomas Jefierson Pack 1843, he resigned and Riley
Keys elected, vice Pack; Unknown 1845; Thomas B. Wolf 1847; Riley Keys
1849; Thomas Jefierson Pack 1851; Unknown 1853; Samuel McDaniel Tay-
lor 1855 and 1857; Leroy Keys 1859; David Rowe 1867 and 1871; Joei
Bryan Mayrs 1875; George Washington Clark 1879 and 1883; George
Washington Benge 1887; Hiram Terrell I.andrum 1891 and Thomas Mitchell
Buffington 1895.

Circuit Judges, Southern Circuit.

John Thorne 1841 and 1843; Unknown 1845; Aaron Hicks 1847;
Moses Parris 1849; John Thorne 185 1; Unknown 1853; Moses Alberty 1855
and 1857; James Mackey 1859; David Duval 1867; Samuel McDaniel Tay-
lor 1871; John Shepherd Vann 1875, he died May 22, 1876 and Levi Toney
was appointed, he died and Robert Taylor Hanks was appointed on May 3,
1876 and was elected August 5, 1878; John Brewer 1879; Joseph Martin
Lynch 1883; W. H. Shomake 1887; William Henry Barker 1 89 1 and
William McLain in 1895.

Circuit Judges, Middle Circuit.

Timothy Meigs Walker 1867; Jacob Bushyhead 1871, Kinick Sixkiller
appointed in 1872 to try Ezekial Proctor; Timothy Meigs Walker 1875;
Stephen Teehee 1879; Cicero Leonidas Lynch 1883 and 1887; William
Nicholls Littlejohn l89i, he resigned August 26, 1895 and Benjamin Goss
was appointed August 2 7, 1895; Martin Van Benge 1895, he resigned and
Charles Harris Sisson was appointed May 1, 1897.
National Medical Board.
Appointed December 11, 1890.

Northern District: Drs. Bartow Francis Fite, Benjamin Franklin Faulk-
ner and Austin Worcester Foreman.

Southern District: Drs. Charles Harris, George Albert M. Bride and'
William W. Campbell.

Middle District: Drs. Richard Lafayette Fife; George Washington Wat-
ers and Walter Thompson Adair.

Executive Councilors.
The office of Executive Councilor was provided for by article four, sec-
tions eighteen and nineteen of the Constitution . Number reduced to three on
October 9 ,1845. Per diem pay fixed on October 4, 1839 at three dollars
and reduced to two dollars on November 28, l85o.

Five unknown 1839; Five unknown 1841; Five unknown 1843; Three
unknown 1845; Richard Taylor, Rev. Stephen Foreman and Thomas Fore-
man 1847; Richard Taylor, Rev. John Fletcher Boot and Archibald Camp-
bell 1849; Unknown lS5l; James Brown, Joseph Vann and Archibald Camp-
bell 1853; Joseph Vann, Rev. Stephen Foreman and Archibald Campbell
1855; Joseph Vann, Rev. Walter Adair Duncan and Archibald Campbell
1857; James Brown, John Drew and Daniel Colston 1859; Moses Alberty^

HISTORY OF THE CHERUKl-H INDIANS 295

Samuel Smith and Smith Christy 1867, the latter died on Novemlvr 27, 186/
and Huckleberry Downing- was elected in his place; Jesse Henry and two
unknown 1869; Jesse Henry died November 25, 1870; Daniel Redbird, James
Vann and James Baldridge 1871, the latter died and John Lynch Adair was
appointed and Daniel Ross Hicks was elected on November 13, 1872 vicj
James Baldridge; John T. Beamen and two unknown 1873.

Johnson Spader, John Hildebrand Cookson and James Vann 1875, the
latter died and Rabbit Bunch was elected on November lo, 1876. He re-
signed and Arleicher Ridge was appointed.

Huckleberry Downing, George Downing and John Chambers 1877, the
latter two resigned, Stephen Teehee was appointed, vice John Chambers and
James Tuck Woodall was appointed, vice George Downing, Jesse Redbird
was elected November 29, 1878 vice George Downing and Lewis Rogers
of Cabin Creek was elected on the same date vice John Chambers.

Charles Henry Armstrong, Johnson Spade and Daniel Redbird 1879;
Coocoodigesky, Johnson Downing and Nelson Terrapin I88i; Johnson
Downing, Walter Adair Starr and Adam Feeling 188^; David Muskrat, Daniel
Redbird and Ned Christy 1885; William Eubanks, Daniel Redbird and Stout
Locust 1887; John Batt, Johnson Downing and George Teehee 1889; the
latter died November 24. 1889 and Moses O'Fields was elected November 30.
1889; Aaron Corntassel, George Waters and John Batt 1891; Oosqualuke,
David Blackfox and David Tadpole 1893; William Young, Hunter Poor-
bear and George Sanders 1895; Daniel Watt, John Batt and Jesse Pigeon
1897; Thomas Smith, Walter Goss Fields and George Washington Bald-
ridge 1899; Walter Goss Fields, Samuel Campbell Foster and George Wash-
ington Baldridge 190 1; George Waters, Samuel Houston Adair and Charles
Smith 1903.

Delegates to Washington.

Authorized by article six, section three of the Constitution.

1839. John Ross, William Shorey Coody, Archibald Campbell, George
Hicks, Edward Gunter, Richard Taylor, Joseph Martin Lynch, John Looney,
Elijah Hicks, Looney Price and Rev Jesse Bushyhead.

1843. John Ross, John Benge, David Vann, Elijah Hicks and William
Potter Ross, Secretary.

1845. John Ross, Richard Taylor, John Looney, Carter Walker, Mosos
Daniel, William Shorey Coody, Joseph Vann, Aaron Price and John Spe.irs.

1846. John Ross, William Potter Ross, Clement Vann .McNair and
David Vann.

1847. John Ross, Robert Bulfington Daniel and Richard Taylor.
1849. John Ross, William Potter Ross, David Vann and John Drew.
1851. John Ross, Joseph Vann, James Kell, Thomas Pegg and Rev.

Lewis Downing.

1853. John Ross and John Thompson Adair.

1859. John Ross, John Drew, Pickens M. Benge and Thomas Peg.g.

1863. John Ross, Lewis Downing, James M. Daniel and Rev. Evan
Jones. ^

296 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

1864. John Ross, Thomas Ptgg, George Washington Scraper and Smith
Christy.

1866. (Federal Delegates). John Ross, Whitecatcher, Smith Christy,
Daniel Hicks Ross, Samuel Houston Benge and John Buttrick Jones. John
Ross died August 1, 1866. Whitecatcher died at Pleasant Hill, Missouri, Aug-
ust 17, 1866.

1866. (Southern Cherokee Delegates). John Rollin Ridge, Richard
Fields, William Penn Adair, Saladin Watie and Elias Cornelius Boudinot.

1867. Samuel Smith, James McDaniel, Archibald Scraper, Joseph
Absalom Scales, Henry Dobson Reese, ohn Porum Davis, William Penn
Adair and John Brewer.

1868. John Porum Dais, Henry Dobson Reese, Archibald Scraper, Will-
iam Penn Adair, Samuel Smith and Lewis Downing.

1869. John Porum Davis, Samuel Smith, Archibald Scraper, Lewis
Downing, Clement Neely Vann and Samuel Houston Benge.

1870. Samuel Smith, George Washington Scraper, Lewis Downing,
Clement Neely Vann and William Penn Adair.

1871. William Potter Ross, William Penn Adair, Samuel Houston
Benge and Clement Neely Vann.

1872. Joseph Vann, William Penn Adair and William Potter Ross.

1873. Rufus O. Ross, William Penn Adair, John Buttrick Jones and
William Potter Ross.

1874. Dennis Wolf Bushyhead, Rufus O. Ross, William Penn Adair
and John Buttrick Jones.

1875. Rufus O. Ross, Daniel Hicks Ross, John Lynch Adair and Will-
iam Penn Adair.

18 76. William Potter Ross and Hiram Terrell Landrum.

1877. William Penn Adair and Daniel Hicks Ross.

1878. William Penn Adair, William Potter Ross, Samuel Smith and
Daniel Hicks Ross.

1879. William Penn Adair, Richard Murrell Wolfe, John Lynch Adair
and Rabbit Bunch.

1880. George Sanders and Pleasant Napoleon Blackstone.

1881. Daniel Hicks Ross and Richard Murrell Wolfe.

1882. Robert Bruce Ross and Richard Murrell Wolfe.

1883. Lucien Burr Bell and John Gunter Schrimsher.

1884. Richard Murrell Wolfe and Hiram Terrell Landrum.

1885. William Penn Boudinot, John Chambers and John Schrimsher.

1886. Colonel Johnson Harris and Hiram Terrell Landrum.
1889. Dennis Wolf Bushyhead and John Lynch Adair.

1891. Elias Cornelius Boudinot and Thomas Mitchell Buffington.

1892. William Wirt Hastings and Martin Van Benge.

1895. Colonel Johnson Harris, Roach Young, George Washington
Benge and Rev. Joseph Smallwood.

1900. Lucien Burr Bell, Percy Wyly, Benjamin Hildebrand and Jesse
Cochran.

HISTORY OF THE CHHROKEE INDIANS 2')7

The Cherokee Phoenix.

Owned and published by the Cherokee Nation at New Echola, Georgia.

VoUime 1, Number 1 was issued on February 2 1, 1882. The last issuj
Volume 5, Number 52 was issued on May U, 1S.54.'

Editors of the Cherokee Phoenix.

February 2 1. 1828, Elias Buudinot resis;ned Aut;ust 1, 1832 and Elijah
Hicks was immediately appointed by Chief Ross.
Cherokee Advocate

Owned and published by the Cherokee Nation at Tahlequah.

First series; September 26, 1844 to September 28, 1853. Stopped for
lack of funds. Second series; April 26, 18 70 to December 26, 1874. Entire
of lice destroped by fire. Third series; March 4, 1876 to March 3, 1906.
Discontinued by the United States government. A new office was built and
entire new press, type and accessories were purchased at the beginning of each
series. The full equipment for the third series was purchased for the Natioi;
in St. Louis, Missouri by Assistant Chief David Rowe.

Editors of the Cherokee Advocate.

Elected every two years by National Council.

William Potter Ross 1844; James Shepherd Vann; [Javid Carter; Will-
iam Penn Boudinot 1870; John Lynch Adair 1873; William Penn Houdinot
1876; George Washington Johnson 1877; Elias Cornelius Boudinot 1879;
Daniel Hicks Ross l88l and 1883; Elias Cornelius Boudinot 1885; William
Penn Boudinot 1888; Robert Fleetcher Wyly 1889; Hugh Montgomery Adair
1891; George Oliver Butler 1893; Waddie Hudson 1895; Joseph R. Sequit-
chie 18 79; William Leoser 1899; George Oliver Butler 1901 and Wiley
James Melton l9o3.

National Auditors.

Authorized by act of Council of November 19, 185 1.

William P. Mackey 1851; Unknown 1853, 1855, 1857 and 1859;
Charles R. Gourd 1867; Lewis Anderson Ross 1869; Richard Halfbreed' 1871
and 1875; Stand Watie Gray 1875; Heman Lincoln Foreman 1877; Con-
nell Rogers 1879; George Washington Benge 1881 and 1883; Lewis Ander-
son Ross 1884; Samuel D. Love 1888; Isaac Bertholf 1889; Stand Watie
Mayfield 1891; Simon Ross Walkingstick 1893; John Calhoun Danenburc
■1895; Albert Andrew Taylor 1897 and Thomas Martin Knight 1899.
Townsite Commissioners.
1871. William L. Gordon Miler, Rev. Joseph F. Thompson and J.
Woodard Washburn. The latter resigned and John Ross Vann was appoint-
ed.

1881. Lucien Burr Bell, James McDaniel Keys and Elizer Butler San-
ders.

1884. William Potter Ross, William McCracken and Henry Hardm

Trott.

1885. William McCracken and William Henry Drew.

1886. William Henry Drew, Lucien Webster Beflington and Henry

Hardin Trott. .-■ , 4j •

1888. Lucien Webster Buttington, Marion Muls and Rollm Kirk Adair.

298 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

1890. Lewis Ross Thornton, Nathan Baron Danenburg and Francis
Marion Conner.

1892. Ellis Buffington Wright, William Goodlet Nelms and Francis
Marion Conner.

1893. Mannie Garrett Butler.
1895. Thomas Albert Chandler.^

Committee to Dispose of the Cherokee Outlet.

1891. Joseph Absalom Scales, Elias Cornelius Boudinot, Rev. Joseph
Snialhvood, Roach Young, George Downing, Thomas Smith and William
Triplett.

Committee to negotiate With the Commissioners to the Five Civilized Tribes.

Clement Vann Rogers, Percy Wyly, George Sanders, Wolf Coon, John
Edward Gunter and Robert Bruce Ross.

Committee to Build the National Jail.

Riley Keys, John Lynch Adair and John Francis Lyon. The appropria-
tion of six thousand dollars was authorized in November 1873 and the build-
ing was to be completed by November 1, 1874.

High Sheriffs of the Cherokee Nation.

This was the title of the jail wardens.

Samuel Sixkiller 1875 and 1877; Robert Mosby French 1879; Charles
Washington Starr 1883; John Hawkins 1886, William McCracken 1888, he
died and was succeeded by Jesse Bushyhead Mayes; Caleb Wilson Starr
George Washington Mayes and John Ellis Duncan.

Attorneys for the Cherokee Naltion Before the Commission to the Five
Civilized Tribes, which was acting as a Citizenship Court.

William Wirt Hastings and Charles Percival Pierce.

Solicitor Generals for the Cherokee Nation.

1S75. Joseph Absalom Scales.

1877. John Taylor Drew.

Attorney Generals for the Cherokee Nation.

William Wirt Hastings, elected November 25, l89i, Robert Wesley
Walker temporarily appointed December 20, 1892. Hastings resumed of-
fice; Robert Fletcher Wyly 1897.

Revenue Collector on Alien Property.

Leroy Ladd Crutchfield 1889. He was reappointed as Collector in 1890
but his territory was only Cooweescoowee District to which the Cherokee
Outlet was added in 1891. The other collectors appointed in 1890 were:
James Jay Sevier for Canadian, Benjamin Franklin Adair for Saline, Blue
Housebug for Flint, John W. Holland for Going Snake, Robert J. Thompson
for Tahlequah and Robert W. Tittle for Delaware District. Tittle was suc-
ceeded in 18')l by Thomas Albert Chandler.

Citizen Courts.

1870. Roach Young, Chairman, William Harnage and George Wash-
ington Mayes. Joel Bryan Mayes, clerk and John Francis Lvon,'~Attornev
for the Cherokee Nation.

1881. Alexander Wolf, Thomas Fox Thompson and Thomas Teehee,

HISTORY OF THE CHEKOKHH IMJIANS 299

Chairman. DeWitt Clinton Duncan, Clerk and Wilson Sanders attorney for
the Cherokee Nation.

1886. DeWitt Clinton Lipe, John Edward Gunter and John Thump-
son Adair, Chairman. Robert Fletcher \\'\\y, attorne.v for the Cherokee-
Nation.

In the period of the war, from July 1862 to November 1867, both the
federal and confederate Cherokees maintained a government. The federa-
government, as well as can be traced is as follows:

Principal Chief: John Ross, he died August 1, 1866 and was succeeded
by Lewis Downing.

Assistant Chief: Thomas Pegg and Smith Christy.

Executive Council: Nathaniel Fish, Wareagle and Anderson Springston.
elected October 18, 1863. Daniel Hicks Ross, Moses Catcher and Redbird
Sixkiller, elected October 5, 1865.

Treasurer: Lewis Ross.

Auditor: Allen Ross and Spencer S. Stephens.

Superintendent of Education: Albert Barnes and Henry Dobson Reese.

Chief Justice: Wiley Glover Thornton; Associate Justices, Riley Keys,
Thomas Pegg, James Shelton and Nicholas Byers Sanders. Riley Keys elect-
Cihef Justice October 5, 1865.

Judge, Northern Circuit: David Rowe.

Judge, Southern Circuit: Joseph Duval.

Delegates to Washington, elected on Cowskin Prairie, February 2i>,
1863: Rev. Lewis Downing, James McDaniel and Rev. Evan Jones.

Delegates elected October 18, 1864: John Ross, Thomas Pegg, Smith
Christy and George Washington Scraper.

Delegates elected November 3, 1865: Smith Christy, Whitecatcher.
Daniel Hicks Ross, Samuel Houston Benge, J;imes McDaniel, John Buttrick
Jones and Thomas Pegg.

Committee.

Delaware District:

Saline District: Lewis Downing, Charles Wicklilfe and Toostoo.

Going Snake District: Archibald Scraper, Bud Gritts and Redbird Six-
killer.

Tahlequah District: Whitecatcher.

Illinois District: Charles R. Gourd, William Potter Ross and Joshua
Ross.

Canadian District: Flute Foxskin.

Sequoyah Districa: Cmith Christy, Cheechee and aJmes Vann, President
of Committee.

Flint District: Eli Smith.

Cooweescoowee District: James McDaniel and Robin Smith.

Clerk of Committee: John Buttrick Jones and Robert Bruce Ross.

Council.

Delaware District: Luther Rice", James D. WotTord, Big Robin, Robert
Guess, Ezekiel Blackfox and Ben Snail, Speaker of Council.

300 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

Saline District: Lacey Mouse, Cliuwacliukah and Springfrog, Speaker
of Council.

Going Snake District: George Washington Scraper, Alexander Love,
Eli Sanders, Redbird Sixkiller, Johnson Robbins, and Joe Chooie.

Tahlequah District: Tarcheche and Jack Downing.

Illinois District: Bark Scruggs, Moses Price and John Young, Speaker of
Council.

Canadian District: James Hammer and Whitewater.

Sequoyah District:

Flint District: Chalateehee, Walter Christy and Talala.

Cooweescoowee District: Jumper Mills, John Glass, Josiah Stealer and
Writer, Speaker of Council.

Clerk of Council: William Scraper and Henry Dohson Reese.

District Judges.

Delaware District: Luther Rice, Oochalata and Johnson Long Charles.

Saline District: George Beamer and Charles Wickliffe.

Going Snake District: Frog Sixkiller and Johnson Robbins.

Tahlequah District: Jackson R. Gourd.

Illinois District: Robin Crawford.

Canadian District: Franklin Gritts and William Doublehead.

Sequoyah District: Mink Downing and George Blair.

Flint District: Johnson Bolin, Chalateehee and Wesley Gritts.

Cooweescoowee District: Stop Sconatee and Daniel Ross Hicks.

Sheriffs.

Delaware District.

Saline District: Samuel Smith.

Going Snake District: Ezekial Proctor.

Tahlequah District: Eli Spears.
Illinois District:

Canadian District: Coming.

Sequoyah District: Jesse Baldridge.

Flint District:

Cooweescoowee District: William Sunday and Dick Duck.

Solicitors.

Delaware District: Allen Tanner and Robert Guess.

Saline District: Alexander Hawk and Isaac Dick.

Going Snake District: John T. Beamer and Aaron Killanigger.

Tahlequah District: Nelson Terrapin and George Pumpkin.

Illinois District: Daniel Backbone and Mussel.

Canadian District: Youngpuppy and Ned Baldridge.

Sequoyah District: Jackenny.

Flint Distirct: Jesse Redbird and Wesley Gritts.

Cooweescoowee District: Jack Gobbler.

The first Confederate Cherokee "convention" was in session for eleven
days during August I862 at Tahlequah; the second and final session was
from May 22nd to June 1, 1863 near the mouth of Coody Creek in Canadian
District. The officers were:

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEH INDIANS 3ui

Principal Chief: Stand Watie.

Assistant Cheif: Samuel McDaniel Taylor.

Members of Convention.

Delaware District: Charles Edwin Watie, !.. E. Mush, E. G. Smith dica
and was succeeded by Luclen Burr Bell.

Saline District: James M. Bell, Joseph Lynch Martin and Dr. Walter
Thompson Adair.

Going Snake District: Joseph McMinn Bean, I.. Foster, George Harlan
Starr, died and was succeeded by George Washington Mayes.

Tahlequah District: Smallwood, W. Benge and Johnson Foreman.

Illinois District: Richard Fields, John Brewer, John W. Brown and
Alexander Foreman, President of Convention.

Canadian District: J. A. Scales, Walker Carey and O. H. P. Brewer.

Sequoyah District: Daniel Ross Nave, Moses C. Frye, John Walker
Starr, died and was succeeded by Samuel Gunter.

Flint District: Walkingwolf and William Griftin.

Cooweescoowee District: Leroy Keys, Clement V. Rogers and John
G. Scrimsher.

William Penn Boudinot, Secretary of Convention; Joel Bryan Mayes As-
sistant Secretary.

Jack Spears, Executive Councilor.

Elias Cornelius Boudinot, Delegate to the Confederate Congress.

Richard Carter, Judge of Cooweescoowee District.

Lucien Burr Bell, Sheriff' of Deleware District.

3o:

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

EUINS OF OLD FEMALE SEMINARY, BUENED IN 1887

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 303

CHAPTER XIV
Old Families and Their Genealogy

In order to have a correct understanding of the succeeding genealogical
tables, it will be necessary to keep in mind, that;

The numbers to the left of the names denote the place in the family, of
the person, following.

a — All numbers under a heading denote brothers or sisters.

b— When the dates of the birt'^hs of the brothers and sisters are posi-
tively known to be consecutive, they are preceded by an OK.

c — The small number to the right, in front of the names, denotes the
generation in the family, to which the person following, belongs.

d — A horizontal line between two numbers, show that those above that
line are only half brothers and sisters to those below it.

e — A perpendicular line before two or three numbers denote that they
are twins or triplets.

f — A transverse line ( ) before a name denotes that the person follow-
ing, is of illegitemate birth.

g — In reading the numbers; read each one separately, giving the last
small number at the right, thus; r47lo-'2-', should be read, as: one, four, ten
two, fourth generation.

The name or names to the right of the first name after the numbers, is
that of the husband or wife, or husbands or wives of that person.

All persons dying without issue have an * after their names.

To find the parents of any person; drop the last large number to the right
in front of the name, turn back to the preceding generation and find the identi-
cal number. To find the grandparents, drop two of the large numbers to the
right and turn back two generations and tind the identical numbers. Follow
the same retrogression to find the other ancestors.

To find the names of the children of any person, add a large numbei
one, to the number in front of the name of the parent, turn to the succeeding
generation and find the identical number, thus giving the eldest child, followed
by the names of the other brothers and sisters, according to their relative ages.

The serial numbers, to the right of the names, refer to the numbers, in-
dexing the biographical notes on the preceding names.

Explanatory.

Take the following individual family on page as an example.

1M'-3''1^ Bushvhead. Nannie Foreman.

304 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

2 Richard Fields. Jennie Buft'ington, Elizabeth Hicks, Nancy

Timherlake nee Brown and Grapp. Ai'

OK 3 George Fields. Nannie Brown and Sarah Cody. A')

4 Lucy Fields. Daniel McCoy and James Harris.

5 John Fields. Elizabeth Wickett.

6 Turtle Fields. Ollie, and Sarah Timberlake. Alo
I 7 Thomas Fields. Nannie Rogers nee Downing.

I 8 Susannah Fields. George Brewer and Thomas Foreman.
9 John Martin. Nellie McDaniel and Lucy McDaniel. Al I

10 Nannie Martin. Jeter Lynch. A 1 -"^

11 Rachel Martin. Daniel Davis. A I .!
The 1M-3"1- is the heading (a) of this family of brothers and sisters.
That the relative ages of the brothers and sisters is correct is indicated '\v

the OK, (b) preceding their names.

That these brothers and sisters are in the fourth generation in this, the
Grant family, is shown by the last small number * to the right of the numbers
of the heading (c) and preceding the name of the Bushyhead, the oldest
brother.

The horizontal lines (d) between the first and second numbers and be
tween the eighth and ninth numbers show that Field's are younger half broth-
ers and sisters of Bushyhead and that they are older half brothers and sisters
oi the Martins.

The perpendicular line (e) before Thomas and Susannah Fields show
that they are twins.

Be careful in reading the numbers as indicated by (f), as; one, one, three,
one, fourth generation. Richard Fields' number is 1M^3^2-', George Fields'
number is iM-B^S"* and so on down to the youngest sister, Rachel Martin's
number which is one, one, three, eleven, fourth generation.

Nancy Foreman was the wife of Bushyhead.

Richard Fields married Jennie Buffington, Elizabeth Hicks, Nancy Tim-
berlake nee Brown and Grapp and the other brothers and sisters married

as indicated.

Richard Fields had children by his first three wives, but not by the last,
as is indicated by the '^' after her name.

To find the parents of this individual family, drop the last large and
small number (H) and turn back to the third generation find the number
l'l-3" and you will have the names of the parents (Bushyhead's father Cap-
tain John Stuart, a British officer). The grandparents "of the Bushyhead-
Fields-Martin brothers and sisters will be found by dropping the {3^\*) from
the I'l-VM', turning back to the second generation and finding the numbers
I'r- are before the names of William Emory and his wife who was the daugh-
ter of l.udovic Grant.

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 3i)5

5.
To find the names of the children t)f Susannah Fields who married
George Brewer and Thomas Foreman, take her number; ri=3''8', add one
large number one and a small number five to indicate the fifth generation,

turn forward until you find her children.

rr-3"8M'' Akv Brewer. .Archibald Foreman.

2 Samuel Foreman. Sallie R. (}ourd.
OK 3 Nellie Foreman. Adam Bilile.

4 Charles Foreman. Annie Seabolt and Thirsey Colvin.

5 William Hicks Foreman. * Mary Sweetwater.

6 Joseph .Anthony Foreman. Narcissa Reeves Carey and

Lethe Parris.

7 Sallie Foreman. *

8 David McNair Foreman. Sarah Sweetwater, Agnes Fore-

man Sweetwater and Mary Foreman nee Sweetwater.

9 George Foreman. Elizabeth Fields and Elizabeth Fields.

10 Thomas Foreman. Elizabeth Chicken.

1 1 Susan Foreman. Samuel Jones and Walter Stopp.

12 James Foreman. *

13 Edward Foreman. Mary Proctor, Sarah Proctor and Jennie

Sosa nee Conrad.

14 Elizabeth Foreman. Johnson Proctor and Redbird Sixkiller.

Grant.

1^ Ludovic Grant. Al

IM- Grant. William Emory.

IM-'l-^ Mary Emory. Rim Fawling and Ezekial Bulfington. A2

2 Elizabeth " Robert Due and John Rogers.

OK 3 Susannah " John Stuart, Richard Fields and Joseph
Martin.

lM-r"l-' John Fawling. Nannie Vann. A4

2 William

OK 3 Samuel Martin. Catherine Hildebrand, Charlotte Wickett.

4 Elizabeth Buttington. David McLaughlin and Jeremiah C.

Towers.

5 Susannah Butfington. Jetfrey Beck and Surry Eaton.

6 Annie But^'ington. * James Daniel.

7 Ellis Bufflngton Catherine Daniel and Lydia Snow nee

Wright.

8 Mary Buttington. James Daniel.

9 Thomas Bufflngton Mary Daniel. ^^
ri=2M-' Jennie Due. John Rogers. ,

2 Mary Bufflngton. David Gentry. ^

306 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

OK 3 Charles Rogers. Nannie Downing and Rachel Hughes.

4 Aky Rogers. George Hicks and Daniel Vickery.

5 John Rogers. Elizabeth Coody. k'l

6 James Rogers. Nannie Coody.

7 Nannie Rogeri. Looney Price and Nelson B. Grubbs.
1'1-3-M^ Bushvhead. Nannie Foreman.

2 Richard Fields Jennie Buffington, Elizabeth Hicks, Nancy

Timberlake nee Brown and Grapp. A 8

OK 3 George Fields. Nannie Brown and Sarah Coody. AO

4 Lucy Fields. Daniel McCoy and James Harris.

5 John Fields. Ellizabeth Wickett.

6 Turtle Fields. Ollie and Sarah Timberlake. AlO
I 7 Thomas Fields. Nannie Rogers nee Downing.

8 Susannah Fields. George Brewer and Thomas Foreman

9 John Martin. Nellie McDaniel and Lucy McDaniel. All

10 Nannie Martin. Jeter Lynch. A 12

11 Rachel Martin. Daniel Davis. Ali
]i 12,3 1 4,.-; Ru^h Pawling. John Shepherd.

V\-\^2*\^' Edmond Pawling. Nellie Lowrey.

l'ri-"3"'l"' Brice Martin. Naomi Roach.

2 Joseph Martin. Judith Roach.

OK ^ Lucinda Martin. Joseph Spears and William Dennis.

4 Martha Martin. John Ross Daniel.

5 William A. Martin. Nannie Lucas nee Guinn, Necie Wade.

6 John Martin. *

7 Elizabeth Martin. McKenzie Coats.

8 James Martin. Mary Duncan.

q Ellen Martin. Nathaniel Green Duncan, Joseph Riley and

Aaron Merrill.

10 Susie Martin. Noah Lilliard.

1 1 Mary Martin. '■'' Levi Jones.

12 George Martin. '■■

13 Nellie Martin. John Agnew.

1>l = l.-!44,.-; Ezekial Buftington McLaughlin. McDaniel* and

Hannah Duncan.
2 Andrew McLaughlin. Maria McDaniel and Elizabeth Lan-
druni.

OK 3 James McLaughlin. *

4 Ellis Buffington Towers. Charlotte Eaton.
1M^"L'5-'1-' Elllis Beck. Charlotte Downing.

2 Joseph Beck. Cynthia Downing.

HISTORY OF TIIK CHHI«-)KliE INDIANS 307

OK 3 Ezekial Beck. Ruth Hicks.

4 John Beck. Emily IJuncan.

5 JelTrey Beck. Sallie Downing.
Pauline Beck. Aaron Downing, James Crittenden, Stephen

Hildelnand and James Kesterson.
Arie Beck. Joseph A. Sturdivant and Brice Hildebrand.

8 Charlotte Eaton. Ellis BulTington Towers.

9 Sinia Eaton. Solomon Denton and Younj;- Charles Gordon

Duncan.
10 Richard Eaton. Elizabeth Alberty.
1 1 Harlin Eaton. * Rebecca Crittenden.
IM^lvM"' James Buflington. Matilda Benge.

2 Ezekiel Buft'ington. Louisa Newman.
OK 3 Mary Burt'ington. " Jnhnson McBreer and Hiram Mc-

Creary.
4 Ruth Burtington. * Robert Agnew and William Langtorj.

5 Susie Butlington. Martin Root.

6 Jennie Buft'ington. Charles Dougherty and John D. .Al-

berty.

7 Clara Buftington. Elllis West and John Wright Alberty.

8 Ellis Buftington. Elizabeth Starr.

9 Elizabeth Buftington. Moses Alberty.
I'Pl^SM"' Robert Buft'ington Daniel. Ann Daniel.

2 Ezekial Daniel. Niesa Muskrat.
OK 3 James Daniel. '■■

4 John M. Daniel.

5 Susan Daniel. Samuel Knight Weir.

6 Mary Daniel. George Carselowry, Isaac Woodall and \"\c-

tor Benton.

7 Annie Daniel. Thomas Woodall and Jacob Houston Wood-

all.
[1 1 = 13941.-. Susannah Buftington. Alfred Hudson.

2 Joshua Buftington. Sabra Lynch.
OK 3 Nannie Buftington. '■' Thomas Fox Taylor.

l'l-2-'lM-' Annie Rogers. John W. Flawey and Thomas Irfins.
2 Joseph Rogers. ''

William Rogers. Nellie May.

Tiana Rogers. David Gentry and Samuel Houslnn.
Susannah Rogers. Nicholas Miller.
Elizabeth Gentry. Ezekial Williams.
Isabel Gentry. *
Patience Gentry. *
Pleasant Rogers. .
Eliza Rogers. John Seabolt.

1M =

tSt

3
4
5

!■

IM-

2"'3

M-

308 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

OK 3 Levi Rogers. Margaret Fields.

4 Richard Rogers. * Eliza Lacey.

5 Joseph Rogers. *

6 Charles Rogers. Maria Reynolds.

7 John Rogers. *

8 Elizabeth Rogers. George Whitney Brand.

9 Alzira Rogers. Lewis Fields.

10 Catherine Rogers. * William Elders.

\H'2^4*\^ Aaron Hicks. * Nannie Riley.

2 Nannie Hicks. * John Bickle.

OK 3 Naomi Vickery. Felix Riley.

4 Moses Vickery. Diana Pheasant.
1M-2"'5^P Cynthia Rogers. Joseph Coker and John Crump.

2 Thomas Lewis Rogers. Ruth Maugh, Ellen Lombard and
Lucy Brown.
OK 3 George Washington Rogers. Malinda Scrimsher and Mar-

tha England.

4 Charles Coody Rogers. Elizabeth McCorkle, Nannie Coker

nee Patton and Jennie Harlan.

5 Nelson Rogers. Rose West and Margaret Scrimsher.

6 Granville Rogers. *
7 Randolph Rogers. *

8 Isaac Rogers. Takey Cooley.

V\'2-'6U'' Delilah Rogers. William D. Shaw.

2 Ruth Rogers. Lewis Mcintosh.

OK 3 Martha Rogers. Peter Harper and William Armstead.

4 Jett'erson Rogers. *

5 William Rogers. *

6 Julia Rogers. James Kell.

7 Elizabeth Rogers. Lewis Riley.
1' 1=2=7^5 Moses Price.

2 Alzira Price. Peter May.

OK 3 Looney Price. Coleesta Jolly, Lucinda Phillips and Letitia
Coody.

4 Nelson Grubb. * Sarah Williams.

iH'P\*\'' Jesse Bushyhead. Eliza Wilkerson.

2 Isaac Bushyhead. Catherine Ratlit!" and Ghigau Snaker.

OK 3 George Bushyhead. Guwohida Stofel.

4 Nannie Bushyhead. John Walker and Lewis Hildebrand.

5 Susan C. Bushyhead. Ezekial Lyons and L. P. Harris.

6 Jacob Bushyhead. Nannie McDaniel and Elizabeth Romine.

7 Charles Bushyhead. Pauline Starr and Sallie Miller nee

McCoy.

V\-P2U'' George Fields. Sallie Daniel.

2 Nannie Fields. William Blythe

HISTORY OF THE CHHKOKEH INDIANS 3u9

OK 3 Elizabeth Fields. William Thompson and John Blag^

4 John Fields. Elizabeth Wells.

5 Ezekial Fields. Marv Ann Sexton.

0 Moses Fields. Elizabeth Higby and Mahala Cadle.

7 Dempsey Fields. Julia Harris.

8 Henry Fields. Hester Ross.

0 Lucy Fields. George Hicks.

10 James Fields. Elizabeth Miller.

1 1 Delilah Fields. James Foreman.

1 2 Isabel Fields. Dennis Wolf.

1M-5"3M' Annie Fields. Biofeather.

2 Johnson Fields. Rebecca Fawn and Elsie Lee.
4 Archibald Fields. Quatie Brown nee Conrad and Elizahef
Hicks.

6 Robert Fields. Sallie Murphy.

7 Susie Fields. Richard Taylor.

10 Rachiel Fields. Crawford.

3 Richard Fields. Lydia Shorey and Henrietta Ridgeway.
5 Rider Fields. Margaret Bruner, Jennie Huss and Sallie Mc-
Daniel.

8 Ruth Fields. John West.

9 Nannie Fields. Richard Ratlift.

1 1 Dempsey Fields. Annie (^launch.

12 Martha Fields. William Mosley, John Thompson, John

O'Bannon and Joseph Riley.

13 John Fields. *

lM-'3-'4M' Nellie McCoy. Charles Reese.
OK 2 Susie McCoy. John McPherson.

3 Sallie McCoy. *

4 Alexander McCoy. Aky Gunter and Sarah Elizabeth Hicks.

5 Daniel McCoy. Margaret Wolf and Littie Boyd Starr nee

Chambers.

6 Rorv McCoy. *

7 Rachel Harris. Archibald Lowrey and Harrison Daley.

8 Nannie McCoy. Walter Scott Adair.
lil-3"5^1' John Wickett Fields. Susannah Halfbreed.

2 Agnes Fields. Archilla Smtih.

OK 3 Charles Fields. Ollie Rowe and Elizabeth.

4 Richard Fields. * Ghiyoku.

5 James Fields. Lydia Wrinklelside.

6 Tiana Fields. Joseph Swimmer.

7 Tieska Fields. I vdia Vann and Charlotte Rowe.

310 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

8 Sarah Fields. Thomas Smith.

9 Elizabeth Fields. Thomas Spencer.
10 George Fields. Rachel Grimmett.

iM'i-'bM"' Sherain Fields. Ghi-_vu-nu-nu Looney.

2 Cat Fields. Liti.

OK 3 James Fields. Ga-yo-ka Eagle.

4 Nannie Fields. *

5 Daniel Fields. Jennie Drum and Susannah Eagle.

6 Thomas Fields. Lydia Drum.

|il =3:174 [.-, Sarah Elizabeth Fields. James V. Hildebrand.

2 Rachel Jane Fields. William Stiff and Henry H. Hickey.

OK 3 Ruth Fields. Jeremiah Bigelow.

4 Richard F. Fields. Rachel Elizabeth Goss and Minerva Kerr.

5 Margaret Wilson Fields. Robert Mosby French and Daniel

Fields.

6 Josiah Foreman Fields. '■■

7 Caroline Matilda Rogers Fields. William Penn Boudinot.
lM-3-'8M"' Aky Brewer. .Archibald Foreman.

2 Samuel Foreman. Sallie R. Gourd.

OK 3 Nellie Foreman. Adam Bible.

4 Charles Foreman. Annie Seabolt and Thirsey Colvin.

5 William Hicks Foreman. ■■'■ Mary Sweetwater,

6 Joseph Anthony Foreman. Narcissa Reeves Carey and

Lethe Parris.

7 Sally Foreman. *

8 David McNair Foreman. Sarah Sweetwater, Agnes Fore-

man Sweetwater and Mary Foreman nee Sweetwater.

0 George Foreman. Elizabeth Fields and Ellizabeth Fields.
10 Thomas Foreman. Elizabeth Chicken.
1 1 Susan Foreman. Samuel Jones and Walter Stopp.

12 James Foreman. *

13 Edward Foreman. Mary Proctor, Sarah Proctor and Jen-

nie Sosa nee Conrad.

14 Elizabeth Foreman. Johnson Proctor and Redbird Six-

killer.
1'1-3'''')M""' .Martha Martin. George Washington Adair.

2 Annie Martin. Benjamin Franklin Thompson,

3 Joseph Lynch Martin. Julia Lombard, Sallie Childers, Lucy

Rogers, Caroline Garrett and Jennie Harlin.

4 Brice Martin. Sarah Jones.

5 Gabriel Martin. Eliza Webber.

6 Susannah Martin. Clement Vann McNair.

7 Richard Fields Martin. *

8 Ellen Martin. * James Jeremiah Vann.

0 Charlotte Martin. Joseph Martin Lynch.
10 Jennie Martin. John Adair Bell.

HISTORY OF THli CHEKOKKli INDIANS HI

1 1 Eliza Martin. Franklin Adair, Devution O. \\rij;iit and

John A. i^ichards.

12 John Martin. Hli/.a Vann and Martha Chamhcrs.

13 Nannie Martin. David Bell, William Cunningham and Ulu-

ford West Alberty.

14 Cicero Martin. •■'

15 Rachel Martin. Samuel W. Bell.

to Pauline Martin. Braxton Nicholson, Levi Sidney, TJKimab
Landrum and Robert Rogers.

17 .Amelia Martin. ■■'■ John B. Duncan.
1' l-i^lO-" 1'' Martin L}nch. James Allen 'Jhompson.
2 Sallie Lynch. Jonathan Hnji'land.
OK 3 Mary Lynch. John Williams.

4 Berilla Lynch. Marshall and Lowrey Williams.

5 Sabra Lynch. Joshua Butiinjiton and John Adair Bell.

6 Joseph Martin Lynch. Ciiarlotle Martin.

7 Maria Lynch. Johnson Thompson and .Andrew Brown Cun-

ningham.

8 Rachel Lynch. Thomas Benjanrin Adair.
Martin Davis. Julia Anna Tate.
William Davis. "

John Davis. Jennie Saphronia Tate.
Lorenzo Dow Davis. Susie Miller.
Coleman J. Davis. Eliza HulL
Jeter Davis. '■'

Elias Earl Davis. Amanda Brown.
Joseph C. Davis. " Malissa Stallings.
Delilah Davis. *
•Amanda Jane Davis. "
Edward Fawling. .Wargaret Smith.
Joseph Fawling. l.ydia Brown.
Rim Pawling. ■■■
Ellis Fawling. Elizabeth Grirt'in.
Elizabeth Fawling. Hiram Moody and Samuel Scharhle.

7 James Fawling. *

8 Susie Fawling. Thomas Smith and Isaac Tinmions.
Ii,2,.-i34i.-,j., Samuel Martin. Mary McLaughlin.

lM = l-"3-*2''r' Mary Martin.

lM = l"3-'3-'l'' Mary Spears. Lewis Duncan.

2 Annie Spears. Wahuska and McKenzie Coats.

'1=3'-

1 I

4 1 .-,

3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

l-'L"

-, ( r,

3
4
5
6

OK 3 Elizabeth Dennis. "

4 Martha Dennis. '■■ Isaac Mouse.

5 Margant Dennis.' Meredith and Thomas Tinney.

6 Benjamin Dennis.

312 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

7 Missouri Dennis.

8 Marion Dennis.

9 Caroline Dennis. Fredrick Sykes.

I'lM-'iM-M" Eliza Annie Daniel. John S. Freeman and Henry Lee Hill
Hill.
2 William Adolphus Daniel. Lucy Ann McGhee.
OK 3 Thomas Webster Daniel. * Amanda J. McCreary.

4 Joshua Buflington Daniel. Sallie Clark.

5 John Martin Daniel. Nannie Josephine Watie * and Alice

Rebecca Smith.

6 Marmaduke Daniel. A. E. Dumas.

7 Emma Jennie Daniel. Henry Donnelly.

8 Susie Ellen Daniel. Surry Eaton Beck,
jip 1:1345:,,. ; jqI^j^ g^i^j. Martin. Lucinda Still.

2 Sarah Jane Martin. Samuel Bryant.
OK 3 Almon Martin. Charlotte Jane Cordery and Sarah Cath-
erine Moore.
4 Mary E. Martin. John McLain and George Still.

Samuel Martin. *

Susie Martin. Peter Tovey.

William A. Martin. Mary Still.

Rose Martin. *

George Coats. *

Charles Coats. Jennie Cope.

Mary Coats. *

William Penn Martin. *
2 Charlotte Martin. *
1M-1-'3^Q"'1" Bluford West Duncan. Samantha Carter nee Lane.
2 Rebecca Jane Duncan. Francis Marion Conner.

l^'l'3^7"

I''

2 (

Pl-'3^8-

OK 3 James Thomas Riley. Martha Jane Hillen.

4 Oscar Merrell. Mary J. Conner nee Crockett.

I'l-1-''3'I0'1'' Mariammne Catherine Lillard. Thomas Ballard.

2 Minerva Elizabeth Lillard. John Joshua Patrick.

OK 3 Boliver Decatur Lillard. *

4 Andrew Jackson Lillard. Vada Stiles * and Mary White.

5 Zachariah Taylor Lillard. Ella Patrick.

6 William Lillard. * Elizabeth Raft.

7 Cynthia Lillard. Benjamin Talley.

I'I = 1"3-M3'1" Walter Scott Agnew. Sarah Seabolt nee Rilev and Mar\
E. Cobb.

2 Charlotte Agnew. Allen Roberts.

OK 3 Margaret Agnew. John S. Spradling and William Cot^'ei

Woodall.

4 Cynthia Agnew. Josiah Fields Seabolt.

HISTORY OF THE CHEKOKBE INDIANS 313

5 Caroline Agnew. Anderson l.andruiu Crittenden Jennini^s
and John George Butler.
iM^I'M^l'l'^ Mary McLaughlin. Samuel Martin and George W. Hughes.
2 John McLaughlin. -
OK 3 Ezekial Collins McLaughlin. Susan Harkins and Ellen J.

Harkins.

4 Jennie McLaughlin. Ellis McDaniel.

5 David McLaughlin. Frances Reynolds.

iM = l-''4^2M'' George McLaughlin. Sinia Beck and Sarah Langley.
2 WilUiam McLaughlin. Ahoka.
OK 3 Elizabeth .McLaughlin. John Calhoun Sturdivant.

4 Rebecca Ann McLaughlin. Andrew .Jackson Chick.

5 James Landrum McLaughlin. Sarah .Ann Smith.

6 Andrew Leonidas McLaughlin. '•'■

7 Joshua Ezekial McLaughlin. Celia Davis, Etta Renfro and

Margaret Caroline Inlow.

8 Mary Jane McLaughlin. * Lewis Glenn and William Hen-

dricks.

9 Joseph Frank McLaughlin. Minnie M. Price.

10 Maria Caroline McLaughlin. Jack Jones.

1 1 Rachiel Susan McLauglin. William Henry Donaldson.

1 2 Charles Gordon McLaughlin. *

13 Benjamin Peters McLaughlin.
iM-rMM'T' Mary Elizabeth Towers. *

2 Jeremiah Clinton Towers. *
OK 3 William J. Towers. Theodosia Nicodemus.

4 Charlotte Towers. Jacob U. Alberty.

5 Athena Josephine Towers. Henry Clay Mayes.

6 Susie Towers. Sanders Crittenden.

1' l-'l-'SMM" Orange Beck. Louisa Tiger and Lethe Parris.
2 Jeffrey Beck. Rachel Muskrat.
OK 3 Susannah Beck. Albert McGhee and Alfred Pigeon.

4 Samuel Beck. Susie Sixkiller, Salina Foreman and Eliza-

beth Dry.

5 Cynthia Beck. Releford Beck, Henry Mitchell and William

Taylor Barton.
1M-r'5^2'l« Aaron Headin Beck. Catherine McCreary nee Foreman
and Josephine Downing nee Welch.
2 Arie Beck. Andrew Pettit, Archibald Love and Jonathan
Riley.
OK 3 Mary Beck. Frank Pettit.

4 Releford Beck. * Cynthia Beck.

5 Wetherford Beck. Sabra Sturdivant.

6 Joseph Beck. '•'

7 Jeffrey Beck. Mary Ann McLain.

8 Surry Eaton Beck. Julia Hildebrand.

3 14 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

9 Susie Beck. John Pinkney Chandler.

10 Ellis Beck. ='

1 1 Elizabeth Beck. John Riley and John Wilson Howerton.

12 Lethe Beck. John Butler, Wellington Crittenden, L. Har-
rison and Ur. Peter Tabler.

liri'5-'3-'l" Caroline Beck. Matthew Young.

I'Pl^SM-M" William Wilhorn Beck. *

2 David McLaughlin Beck. Mary Vickory, Julia and

Amanda Hillen.

OK 3 Louisa Beck. John Pinkney Chandler.

4 Martha Beck. =■=

5 Tabitha Beck. Andrew Freeny.

6 Mary Beck. John Talbert and Henry Clay Freeny.

7 Aaron Headin Beck. "

8 Elizabeth Beck. Daniel Foreman and Rider Cloud.

9 Joseph Beck. '■■'

10 Sinia Beck. Jerimiah Horn and James Murphy.

1 1 Susie W. Beck. ^■■

12 Sallie Jane Beck. Seaborn G. Mabry.

13 Emily Beck. John Alexander Sevier and Thomas Dyer.

14 John Walter Beck. Cynthia Ragsdale.
\H-\^5'S''V Mary Beck. Stephen Hildebrand.

2 Ezekial Beck. Martha Sturdivant and Mary Ellen Woodall.

OK 3 ,Iohn Beck. -

4 Surry Eaton. Margaret McCoy and Sussie Ellen Daniel.

5 Sinia Beck. George McLaughlin.

6 Sabra Ann Beck. George Selvidge and John Parker Collins.
1M-I''5''7''l'' John Calhoun Sturdivant. Elizabeth McLaughlin.

2 Martha Sturdivant. Ezekial Beck.

OK 3 Martin Butler Sturdivant. Matilda Barnett.

4 Sabra Sturdivant. Weatherford Beck.

5 Robert Sturdivant. *

6 William Ballard. Fannie Ann Myers.

l'Pl-'5^S'l" Mary Elizabeth Towers. -

2 Jeremiah Clinton Towers. *

OK 3 William F. Towers. Theodosia Nicodemus.

4 Annie Charlotte Towers. Jacob U. Alberty.

5 Athena Josephine Towers. Henry Clay Mayes.

6 Susie Towers. Sanders Crittenden.

ri = l''5'9'i'' Eliza Denton. James Abercrombie Duncan.

2 John T. Denton. Margaret Downing, Sallie Shirlev
Elizabeth Holt.

OK 3 Amanda Cherokee Duncan. John Talbert Scott.

4 Temperance Duncan. "

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEt INDIANS

J15

HP 107

1 O"' ! "

1 ■"■ 1 '■•

3
4
5
6

Millard A. Duncan. *

Ellis Manchell Eaton. Mary Frances Alherty.

Susie Mary Eaton. Ellas Cornelius Alberty.

William Henry Eaton. *

Walter Richard Eaton. Mar.iiaret Marv Musgrove.

Ellis Burtington. Martha Copeland.

Jennie Bull'ington. Joseph Ganibold Miller.

Elizabeth Butt'ington. Cornelius VVrignt.

Ezekial Burtlngton. - Martha Thomas nee Copeland.

Ruth Ann Buffington. Hindman Booth Hovt. "

John Buftington. * Marv Buri^ess.

MALE SEMINARY

lM7l-''7-*2-^l'' Catherine Buffington. Leonidas Holt.

2 Mary Jane Buflington. Jerome Lorenzo Greer.

OK 3 Jonathan L. Buflington. *

4 John Daniel Buflinglon. Fannie Morris.

5 Ezekial Lafayette BulTington. *

6 Senia Elizabeth Bul]ington. Samuel Benjamin Ward.

7 Thomas Mitchell Buflington. Susie H. Woodall * and Em-

ma L. Gray.

lM-rv^5"T' \Mlliam Root. *

OK 2 Martin T. Root. Lucy Crittenden.

lM-l'V^6'r' Ellis Dougherty. '■'

2 Eli West Dougherty. Jennie Chinosa Vann.

OK 3 Lydia A. Alberty.

4 Jacob U. Alberty.

5 Flora Alberty. *

6 John A. Alberty.

Annie Charlotte Towers.

316 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

lir-'l"7^7°l" Charlotte Belle West. Jacob West Markhani and William
Lavesque Wilder.

2 Bluford West Alberty. Louvina Jane Adair nee Lewis.
OK 3 Ellis Buffington Alberty. * Eugenia Vann.

4 Moses Alberty. Nancy Jane Holland.

5 Joseph Vann Alberty. Nannie Louvenia Akins nee Danen-

burg.
,il2|374g3i6 Ezekial Starr Butiington. Annie Scasewater.

2 Jennie Burtington. Samuel Adair and John Bean Johnson.
OK 3 Joshua Burtington. =•'

4 Ellis West Burtington. Malcena Clementine Fisher and Alice
Hanks.
5 Sabina E. Burtington. Rufus Bell Adair.

6 Almenta Burtington. James Scasewater and James Robert

Sanders.
lM-1^7^9'r' Clara Eva Alberty. Francis Marion Musgrave.
2 William Henry. *
OK 3 Thomas Burtington Alberty. Julianna Danenburg.

4 George Washington Alberty. Cynthia Musgrove nee

Rogers.

5 Ellis Burtington Alberty. Martha Murrell.

6 John Alberty. Norma Adair.

7 Lydia Ann Alberty. *

8 Jacob Alberty. Nevada Jones.

9 Mary Francis Alberty. Ellis Manchell Eaton.
Iipi384|.=i)6 £|J2a Daniel. John Thomas McSpadden and Frederick W.

Strout.
2 Fannie Daniel. Samuel Gunter, Henderson Holt and Jame.s
Monroe Crutchfleld.
OK 3 Susie Daniel. Daniel O'Conner Kell and Dr. Morris Frazee.

4 Osceola Powell Daniel. Susie Ross, Emma Ross, Flora

Riley and Nannie Thompson nee Taylor.

5 Richard T. Daniel. *

6 Walker A. Daniel. * Hester Ketchum.

7 Thomas Fox Daniel. *

8 Robert J. Daniel. *
l'l^'l-'8^2-'l« Robert Daniel.

lil^l-'S^S-"^!" Annie Eliza Weir. " Bird Woodard.

2 Webster Wayne Weir. Sabra England.
OK 3 Eudocia Weir. Jordan Clark.

4 Theodore Weir. *

5 Mary Weir. George Washington Fields.

6 Martha Weir. *

1M-1^S■'6•■!''• James Madison Carselowry. Catherine Emory.

i-i-g-"!

l=l-'0^2"

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKHE INDIANS 317

2 Annie Woodall. =* Robert Wingtield.

OK 3 Susie H. Woodall. * Ihonias Mitchell Ikillinjjton.

4 Jennie Woodall. James Frederick Charlesworth.

1 1 187 1 Louisa Woodall. Jesse Roberts and William Coble.

2 Mary Ellen Woodall. Ezekial Beck.

OK ^ Charles Woodall. Roxie Ann Morris.

Emma Woodall. William I'enn Thorne.
Elizabeth Ethel Woodall. Howe Leonidas Rogers.
Louisa C. Hudson. * Jacob Albertv.
Joshua Thomas Bullington Hudson. Sarah Berry.
Mary Elizabeth Hudson. Caleb Duncan.
Nannie Butlington. William West Alberty, James Blake
and William Lavesque Wilder.

2 William Wirt Bulfington. Josephine Bell and Caroline

Thompson nee McCord.
OK 3 John Ross Buffington. Naimie Bryan.

Webster But^'ington. *

Eliza But^ington. Joseph George Washington Vann.
Mary Jane Buft'ington. Robert Fletcher Wyly.

Elmira Flawey. =■■ Farrington.

Elsie Flawey. *

Robert Due Rogers.

Jennie Rogers. John D. Alberty.

Mary Ann Rogers. Josiah Knight and Valentine Gray.

Minerva Rogers. James Augustus Choutau.

Musidora Rogers. William West Alberty.

Caroline Rogers. John Rufus Wyatt.

Gabriel Gentry. *

Joanna Gentry. *

Melzie Miller. '■'''

Mary Williams.

Jennie Rogers. John Willingham.

Joseph Rogers Seabolt. *

William Holly Seabolt. Sallie Campbell.

John Looney Seabolt. * Jennie Riley.

Francis Marion Seabolt. * Eliza Cozens nee Smith.

Sallie Seabolt. * Josiah Pigeon.

Emetine Seabolt. *

David Riley Seabolt. * Sallie Riley.

Nannie Catherine Seabolt. George W. Harkins and Ezekial

Starr.
Martha Seabolt. Joseph Lawrence and George Bark.
James Rogers. Mary Sanders.
Charles Rogers. * Susie Foreman.
Elmira Rogers. Timothy Fields.

1M=2-'IM-

1M-2''1^3'

1M-2-1M-

l''

1M-2'"1^5'

1M?232M5

1«

1'l=2=*3Mf

Vry2''5'2'

Pl. 2.^3435

1<=

Oi=2-'3-'6-

318 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

lM-2-'3^8-''l" Elizabeth Brand. Theodore Cummuigs and Solomon Brags;
2 Frances Brand. William Elders.

OK 3 John Rogers. Missouri Emma Quinton.

4 Cynthia Ann Rogers. *

5 Margaret Brown. *
lM-2"4-*3-'l'' Nancy Jane Riley. William Rider, Frederick Hill and
Charles Wallace.
OK 2 Samuel Riley. "

^H-2H^4''V' Nelson C. Vickery. Mary L. James.

1' l-2''5^I-'r' Minerva Coker. Yocum and John Daniel.

■■ Dempsey Fields Coker. Eliza Jane Marlow and Elizabeth
Sigmon.

OK 3 John Rogers Coker. Annie Hogan.

4 George Coker. Nancy Patton.

5 Randolph Coker. Minerva Foster.
l't-2'5-'2"'r' Lucy Brown Rogers. Joseph L}nch Martin.

2 Elizabeth Rogers. John W. T. Spencer.

OK 3 Thomas Lewis Rogers. Ellen Coody and Nannie Martin.

4 Rose Ella Rogers. *

5 John Rogers. *

6 Napoleon Bonaparte Rogers. Annie Charlotte Martin and

Jennie Martin nee Harlin.
8 Granville Rogers. •■'
10 Elmira Rogers. Thomas Rodman.

13 Julia Rogers. Martin Payne.

14 Nancy Ellen Rogers. Richard Lewis Martin.

15 Cynthia Rogers. William Due Musgrove and George

Washington Alberty.

Victoria Rogers. Joel McDaniel and Amos Flint.
Eliza Rogers. William North West.

I 1 1 Joseph Rogers. Elizabeth Carpenter.

I 1 2 Antoine Rogers. Elizabeth Rogers nee Carpenter,

r I- V'5^3'''l" John Lewis Rogers and Harriettee Meeks,

Margaret Cummings and Sabra Berilla England.

2 William Wilson Rogers. Martha Frazier.

OK 3 Georgia Ann Rogers. Richard Prather.

4 Ella Ann Rogers. *

1' r-2--3'4' !'■■ Cynthia Rogers. *

2 Sarah Rogers. *

OK 3 John Benjamin Franklin Rogers. * Annie F. McCoy.

4 William Charles Rogers. Nannie Havnie.

HISTORY OF THH CHHROKHE INDIANS
5 Mary Ann Rogers. Reuben Bartlev Tyner.

M'l

6 Joanna Goody Rogers. John Calhoun Duncan.

7 Charles Patton Rogers. *

8 Augustine Rogers. Archibald McCov.

IM ^2-5^5'

l-2''5^8
OK

:-2"6M

l-2-'6^2

M^2-6^3'
OK

M^2^'6-'6-

'F2V^2-

M-2^7^3'

9 Delilah Beatrice Rogers. William Henry Mcl.ain.
10 Charles Henry Rogers. Mary V. Brady.
!'■ Lewis Rogers. Josephine Landrum, Helen Ross and
Sarah Rogers. David Vaught, William Wilkerson, Alfred
Campbell and J. J. Griggs.

3 Eliza Rogers. Virgil Rogers and Alexander Mc Daniel.

4 WelUington Rogers. Mary Scrinisher, Susie Reed and Dor-i

E. Hicks nee Scovel.

5 Charlotte Rogers. Rogers and Patrick Shanahan.

1'' George Rogers. * Sallie Colston.

2 Nannie Rogers. '- William Reese.

1" Houston Shaw. ■■'■

2 Henry Shaw. ^'^ Nannie Rhoda Ross nee Stitf.

1" William R. Mcintosh.

2 Alexander Mcintosh. •■■

3 "Fiskv" Mcintosh.

1M=3-'1-'1"

Margaret Harper. * Alfred Finney Chisholm.

Nannie Harper. Edward Cobb and John M. Burns.

Helen Alice Kell. Thomas Fo.x French.

Catherine Delilah Kell. Robert Mosby French.

James Kell. *

James Riley. "' Ida Gustavia Dance.

Flora Riley. Osceola Powell Daniel.

Elizabeth May. '■'

Rachel May. William Henry Mayes.

Laura Ma}-.

Joseph Price. Sallie Rogers nee Colston.

William Shorey Price. '■'

Daniel Goody Price. Mary Ann Jones.

Montezuma Price.

Millard Filmore Price. *

George Murrell Price. Eliza Jane Vinyard nee Roach.

Annie F. Price. Otis Saladin Skidmore.

Caroline Walker. James Lee Floyd.

Jennie Bushyhead. Richard Drew.

Dennis Wolf Bushyhead. Elizabeth Alabama Adair nee

Scrinisher and Eloise Perry Butler.
Daniel Colston Bushyhead. * Amanda McCoy.
Charlotte Bushvhead. George Washington Mayes.
Edward Wilkerson Bushyhead. * Helen Nicholls nee Corey.
Caroline Elizabeth Bushevhead. - William Robert Quarles.

320 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

7 Eliza Missouri Bushyhead. * David Rowe Vann and Bluford

West Alberty.

8 Jesse Bushyhead. *

9 Nannie Sarah Bushyhead. Dr. Felix Hurd McNair.
^1123.-1,42516 y^nn Olivia Bushyhead. John Brown Choate.

2 Nancy Abigal Bushyhead. William Watson Walker and
Thomas Nathaniel Cropper.
Iip3-M^3-M6 Tip Bushyhead. *

2 Smith Miles Bushyhead. Elizabeth Sixkiller and Nellie
Summers.
OK 3 George Wilson Bushyhead. Martha Sixkiller.
Iij233|445i6 Sarah Walker. Georg:e Washington Lasley.

OK 2 Eben Walker. Sarah Lasley nee Harlan.
111233145.-. !>; Sarah Lyons. John Dance and Saturday Vann.

2 Vivian Harris.

OK 3 Josephine Lyons. *

4 Emma Lyons. John Bradshaw.

5 Flora Harris.

11123.-? 1455 [f? Henry Bushyhead. Sarah Langley and Emma Crittenden.

2 Joseph Bushyhead. Delilah Sixkiller.

OK 3 Lovely Ann Bushyhead. John Beard.

1M-3^1-'7''I« Runabout Bushyhead.

2 Jesse Bushyhead. Sallie Walker and Jennie Snail.

1M=3='2-»1'M« Richard Fields. Mary Wilds.

2 James Fields. Jennie Berry.

OK 3 Nannie Fields. John Crutchfield.

4 Elizabeth Fields. Charles Mograin.

5 Louisa Fields. William Kendall.

6 Mary Ann Fields. George Grimmett.

7 Thomas Monroe Fields. Martha Jane Clin^an.
1M=3^2^2M'' John BIythe. .Justine Cadle, Jane Lane nee Harlan and

Polina James nee Tucker.

2 Martha Jennie BIythe. Alexander Adam Clingan.
OK 3 William BIythe. Fannie Hammondtree.

4 Elizabeth BIythe. Ira Goddard.

5 Mary BIythe. Andrew Jackson Tucker.

6 Elijah BIythe. Martha Clingan.

7 James Chastine BIythe. Sarah Jemima Rogers and Sarah

Matila Kell nee Harlan.

8 Absalom Ellis BIythe. Mary J. Millsap.

9 Nancy Ann Rogers. Archibald Henry and William E. Bean.
10 Joseph Riley BIythe. *

1M^3*2-'3''1" John Thompson. Margaret Fields, Minerva Biggs and
Elizabeth Griffin.
2 Charles Thompson. Susie Taylor.
OK 3 .Alexander Thompson. Ruth Phillips and Elmira McLain.

HISTORY OF THL- CHEROKEE INDIANS ^:i

1M-332M=1« Martha Fields. Hilliard Rogers.

2 Richard M. Fields. Margaret Ann Wolf.

OK 3 Nannie A. Fields.

4 Mary A. Fields. Louis Mograin.

5 James W. Fields.

6 John R. Fields.

7 Sabra Jane Fields. Robert Donald Foster and John Secrest.

8 Sarah E. Fields. *

H 1233245., iG Delilah Fields. John Scroggins.

2 Jennie Fields. Frank Padgett.

OK 3 Ruth Fields. Isaac Scrimsher.

4 Richard Fields. Elizabeth Blagg.

5 Martha Fields. Jacob Muskrat.

6 George Washington Fields. Mary Melvina Weir, Sarah Mc-

Ghee and Elizabeth Silversmith.

7 Ezekial Fields. Margaret Weir.

8 Mary Fields. Ellis Dick.
\i\-y'2^6''V' Catherine Fields. James Rawles.

2 Mary Jane Fields. James Rawles and William Phillips.

OK 3 James Sanford Fields. Charlotte Stover.

4 Margaret Fields. James Smith.

5 Samuel Igo Fields. Caroline Belvidere Phillips.

6 Martha Emeline Fields. John Ross Simons and Louis

Langley Horsley.

7 Sarah Penelope Fields. John Jackson Smith.

8 Laura Victoria Fields. Jacob Yeager.

9 Moses Albert Fields. *

10 Saphronia Fields. Franklin Pierce Milligan.

1 1 Susie Fields. * William Tweedle.
lM-3^2-'7''r' Charles Fields. Nannie Hornet.

2 Daniel Fields. *

3 Elizabeth Fields. Taylor Girty.

4 Sarah Fields. * Charles Thompson.
lM-332-'8M" Richard Fields. *
,11233249^10 Delilah Hicks. * Bryan Ward.

2 Jefferson Hicks. Nannie Lowrey and Margaret Lowrey.

OK 3 Eleanor Ophelia Hicks. Gilbert Wilson.

4 Henry Hicks. *

5 David Hicks. * Elzina Wilson.

6 Frank Hicks. * Celia Baldridge.

I 7 William Hicks. Priscilla Thompson.

j 8 Mary Hicks. W. A. Coleman.

111=3324 10=1'; Martha Fields. - Richard Wofford and Joseph Martin Hilde-

brand.

2 Andrew Fields. Virginia Doherty.

322 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

OK 3 Elmira Fields. James Starr, John Walker Starr and John
Joshua Patrick.

lM-'3^2Ml = l<' Susan Henrietta Foreman. Anderson Benge and Henry
Harrison.
2 Elizabeth Foreman. Samuel Worcester McCoy.
OK 3 John Foreman. *

4 Margaret Foreman. James Christopher McCoy.

5 Spencer Foreman. ''■'

iH-3"^2U2n''' Thomas Wolf. Sarah Nix.

2 Nancy E. Wolf. * Thomas Jefferson Monroe.

OK 3 Margaret Ann Wolf. Richard M. Fields and George Ewers.

4 James Wolf. *

5 Martha Wolf. *

1M=3^3'*P1'^ Washinglon Lowrey. Jennie.

2 Archibald Sixkiller. Charlotte Pettit nee Adair.

3 Thomas Sixkiller.

4 Tire.

5 George Bigfeather. Jennie Sanders.

6 Annie Bigfeather. *

7 Hawk Bigfeather. *

8 Oolagala. Charlotte Rowe.
1M=3''3^2516 David Fields. *
OK 2 Elizabeth Fields. *

lM-3-'3^3"l'' Elizabeth Pack Fields. William Shorey Coody and John
Shepherd Vann.

2 Amanda Fields. Major General Delos Bennett Sackett

U. S. A.

3 William Fields. Charlotte Candy.

4 Wirt Fields. Sarah Woodard.

5 Lucy Fields. Redbird Smith.

6 Richard Fields. Lydia Backbone.

7 Letitia M. Fields. James Daniel Wilson.

1'P3-'3MM« Jennie Fields. Allen Ross.

2 Louisa Fields. James Mackey.

OK 3 George Washington Fields. Elvina McCoy.

HISTORY OF 1HI£ CHEROKEE INDIANS 323

4 John Fields. *

5 Sarah Fields. Alexander Foreman.

6 Martha Fields. * Sanuicl McDanlel Tavlor.
lM-333-'5'l« Sarah Fields. Jacob Miller.

2 Ellen Fields. *

3 Rachel Fields. '■• Benjamin Fife.

5 Susan Fields. Charles Coodv and David Steele.

4 Catherine Fields. *

6 Nannie Fields. Lewis Bruner.

7 Annie Fields. Archibald Ballard.

^1 1:333455 jG Johnson Fields. *Ghigau Teehee and Mary Lowrey.

2 Susie Fields. Catcher Teehee.

OK 3 Cherokee Fields. *

lM-3^3^7''l'^Annie Taylor. Robert Bufl'ington Daniel.

2 Mary Jane Taylor. Dr. Jeter Lynch Thompson.

OK 3 Eliza Christine Taylor. Johnson Thompson.

4 Frances Taylor. James Leon Butler.

5 Louisa Taylor. John Osborn Walker.

lil-3-'=3^85l'"' William Mosley West. Elizabeth J. Clyne.

2 George Rider West. *

OK 3 Martha West. Jackson Cozens.

4 John Calhoun West. Margaret Elizabeth Hickey.

5 Kiamitia West. Allen Gilbert.

6 James Polk West. Missouri Barnett.

7 Ruth Elizabeth West. Richard Brewer and William Walter

Finley.

8 Franklin' Pierce West. Mary Ellen Allen nee Brewer.

111233349.^10 William Ratliff. Eliza Scales and Martha Crossiand.

2 Cherokee Ratliff. George Washington Brewer.

OK 3 Kiowa Ratliff. *

|i 1=33341 Q-.10 Lacey Wilson. Margaret Johnson.

2 Robin Crawford. Annie Boston.

OK 3 Jennie Crawford. * Wildcat.

5 Marv Crawford. William Griffin and Waspeaker.

IM-333M 1-1" Mary C. Fields. J. C. Cromwell and James L. Smith.

1M=3^3M2M" Sarah Elizabeth Mosley. John Leak Springston.

2 Ruth Drew. Joseph .Miller Ross.

324 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

OK 3 George Fields Drew. *

4 Nancy Jane Riley. * Daniel Webster Vann.

6 John Martin Riley. Nannie Ethel Brewer.

5 Richard Fields Riley. * Eliza Webber.

7 Martha C. Riley. John West Markham.
\H-i-'4*V'V'' Sallie Reese. James Taylor and Redmond.

2 Henry Dobson Reese. * Rachael Wolf and Ellen Keys.

OK 3 Catherine Reese. Thomas Starr.

4 Mary Reese. Frederick Cable and Tatnall Holt Post.

5 Polly Reese. Fields Starr, Matthew Guerin, Oliver Miller.

6 Charles Reese. *

7 John C. Reese. *

8 Eleanor Reese. Charles Lowrey.

9 George Reese. *

10 Margaret Ann Reese. William Cofiin Woodall.

1 1 Rory McCoy Reese. Martha Josephine Griffin.

12 Charlotte Reese. Henry Nave and McDuft' Ross.

1 1 1=33442.-. I c. George Washington McPherson. Elmira Gardenhier.

2 Lucy McPherson. Charles Griffin, John Gordon and Coo-
weescoowee.

OK 3 Christine McPherson. Nathan Baron Danenburg.

4 Hugh Montgomery McPherson. Harriette Candy.

5 Alexander McPherson. Charlotte Towers.

6 Elizabeth McPherson. Engevine Coodv.

7 Nannie McPherson. William Starr.

8 John Virgil McPherson. Lucinda Painter, Elizabeth Morris

and Mary Dawson nee Ragsdale.

9 Silas McPherson. * Minerva Eldridge.

1M-3MM"'1« Jorn Lowrey McCoy. Charlotte RatlitT, Emma Bennett and
Lucy Jane Adair.

Lucy McCoy. James Gatlin.

OK 3 Elvina McCoy. George Washington Fields.

4 Mary Ann McCoy. Washington Starr and George Gann.

5 Richard Martin McCoy. Ellen Adair.

6 Araminta McCoy. Bluford West Rider, James Starr, An-
drew Sanders and Joseph Tapp.

7 Edward Hicks McCoy. Sallie Swimmer nee Haley.

8 Charles R. McCoy. * Nannie Watts and Arie Ann Massey.

9 Elizabeth McCoy. * Ellis Sanders.

10 Nancy Caroline McCoy. James Lafayette Bigby.

11123.344551 fi Joseph Rogers McCoy. Mary Hicks.

2 Sallie McCoy. Andrew Miller and Charles Bushyhead.

OK 3 James Christopher McCoy. Jennie Adair, Margaret Fore-

HISTORY OF THE CHl:ROKEE INDIANS 325

man and Malinda Carey nee Downing.

4 Rory McCoy.

5 Ruth Emeline McCoy. George Washington Hause and

Jerome Newton Kepheart.

6 Samuel Worcester McCoy. Elizabeth Foreman.

7 Mary McCoy. Wiley Vann.

8 Amanda McCoy. * Daniel Bushyhead.

9 Margaret McCoy. * Surry Eaton Beck.

10 Daniel Hicks McCoy. Nannie Davis and Rebecca Fowler.

1 1 Sabra Buftington McCoy. * John Ross Hicks.

12 John Alexander McCoy. Elizabeth Keys, Jennie Dennis.

Annie Coker, Annie Chooie and Margaret Hogan.

13 Annie F. McCoy. '■' John Benjamin Franklin Rogers.

lM-3"'4^7"' !'■ James Lowrev. Ellen Piiieon.

Joseph Perdue. Nannie Keener and Martha Matlock.

OK 3 Rut'us Daley. Mary Holman and Missouri VVeathersby.

4 Nannie Adair Daley. John Washington Hughes.
lM''3-''4^8''l" Elizabeth Neeley Adair. Timothy Meigs Walker.
2 James Warren Adair. Susannah Deborah Bean.
OK 3 Susan Caroline Adair. Robert S. C. Noel and Edwin Dow

Allen.

4 Sarah Ann Adair. William Penn Adair.

5 Edward Underwood Adair.

6 Mary Buffington Adair. Dr. Walter Thompson Adair.

7 Hugh Montgomery Adair. Eliza Jane Hearst, Martha I..

Johnson and Phoeba Acena Morris nee Pace.

8 Lucy Fields Adair. Waldemar S. Lindsley.

9 Minerva Cornelia Adair. *
1iF3-'5^1M'' Elizabeth Fields. * Stand Watie.

2 Mary Fields. * Rufus McWilliams, John Adair Duncan,
Thomas Fleming and Daniel Pinson.
OK 3 John McFerran Fields. Elizabeth Smith.

4 Eliza Fields. John Alexander Watie and Samuel Smith.

5 Timothy Fields. Eliza Mcintosh, Polly Fields and Elmira

Rogers.

6 Rachel Fields.

7 James Fields. ''■' DoUie Eunice Lowrev.
1il=3"5^2""'l« John Smith. '■' Margaret Hendricks.

2 Rachel Smith. John Rider.
OK 3 Charles Smith. *

4 Elizabeth Smith. John McFerran Fields, Thomas Adkins

and George Drum.

5 Samuel Houston Smith. *

6 Eliza Smith. Davfd Grayson, Jackson Cozens and Francis

Marion Seabolt.

326 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

^1^233543016 Catherine Fields. Joseph V. Clingan and Edward Pumpkin-
pile.

2 Jennie Fields. * John Downing.
OK 3 Susannah Fields. Lacey Hawkins.

4 Lucy Fields. Levi Toney.

5 Elizabeth Fields. * Joseph Raper.
1M=3-''5'^5"1" Seven Fields. * Sallie Guess.

OK 2 Tiana Fields. *
111=335^6^1" Johnson Vann. Margaret Winters.

OK 2 Joseph Swimmer. Sallie Sixkiller.
lM-3-'5^7M« Jennie Fields. Rufus Bell Adair.

OK 2 Thomas Fields. *

1M23='5-*8^1'' Eli Smith. * Elizabeth Ashhopper.

OK 2 Nannie Smith. *

^11233549516 America Spencer. *

iM^^^SMO^l" Walter Fields. *

OK 2 George Fields. *

lM=336-*l''l* Daniel Fields. Margaret Wilson French nee Fields.

2 Akv Fields. *

3 Margaret Fields. ''■' Bearpaw Prince.

\H-3^6-^2''V' Martha Fields. Samuel Smoker.

1112336435^6 oilie Fields. *

1M=3"6^5''I'' Squirrel Fields. Susie Gritts, * and Nannie Bolin.

OK 2 Nannie Fields. *

lM^3*6^6^1'' Sarah Fields. Finney Hicks and Johnson Waters.

H123374J516 James V. Hildebrand. Adelaide Taylor.

2 Elizabeth Hildebrand. "■' Johnson O'Fields.

OK 3 Jemima Hildebrand. * Matthew Thompson.

4 Martha Hildebrand. James Smart.

5 Ann Eliza Hildebrand. Hugh Miller Howdershell.
111233743516 Nannie Rhoda Stif^'. * Silas Ross, Henry Shaw and Thomas

McDaniel.

2 Bevelly Bean Hickey. Louise Rolston Kelt.

OK 3 Henry French Hickey. *

4 Margaret Elizabeth Hickey. John Calhoun West.

. 5 Mary Ann Hickey. George Washington Pettit.

6 Thomas Preston Hickey. Lucinda Gott.

7 George Hickey.

II1233743516 Josephine Bigelow. Henry Clay Meigs.

111233744516 Walter Goss Fields. Ella E. Norris.

2 Nannie E. Fields. Colonel Johnson Harris.

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 327

4 Thomas Fields. Sarah Sniinions.

5 Joseph Allen Fields. Valera Marsh Little.

6 Margaret Penelope Fields. Thomas Fox Woodall.

William H. Fields. Fannie C. Doctor.

7 Chauncey Fields.
111=33745510 Henry French. =■=

2 Robert Mosby French. Catherine Kell and Janana Thomp-
son.
OK 3 Thomas Fox French. Helen Alice Kell and Nannie Ratlitl.

4 Richard Fields French. *

5 Cabel Vaughn French. ■•'

6 Joseph Mason French. Sallie Riley and E. May Elliott.

7 Laura Augusta French. * Lewis Ross.

8 Jefferson Thompson French. Margaret Elizabeth Pennel.
lM-3^7^7'1'' Elias Cornelius Boudinot. * Susan Adelaide Foreman.

2 Richard Fields Boudinot. Mary Catherine Treppard.
OK 3 Eleanor Margaret Boudinot. John Henry Meigs.

4 Henry French Boudinot. * Elizabeth Starr.

5 Francis Josiah Boudinot. Annie Stapler Meigs.

6 Caroline Mary Boudinot. Archibald Spears.
lM=3^8^2'*l'^ Nannie Foreman. John T. Foster and Redbird Sixkiller.

2 Sarah Foreman. Benjamin Foster and Elijah Maylield.
OK 3 Elias Gourd Foreman. Jennie Alberty and Mary Sanders

nee Smith.

4 Catherine Foreman. Aaron Crittenden, George Tiesky,

Scudders Downing and Nelson Terrapin.

5 Ellis Foreman. Elizabeth Crittenden and Sarah Kelly nee

Phillips.
1 1| 233343511; Elizabeth Bible. John Anderson.
2 John Bible. Mary Jane Brown.
OK 3 Philip Bible. *

4 Christopher Bible. * Rebecca Jane Sweeten.
ri=3=8M'r' Minerva Jane Foreman. William Thornton, Alexander
Ross and John Childers.
2 Thomas Leroy Foreman. Sue M. Wolfe.
OK 3 William Riley Foreman. Susan Caroline Lattamore.

4 Charles Lafayette Foreman. Susie Sanders and Sarah Ross.

5 Samuel Adair Foreman. Caroline Rebecca Guilliams, Jen-

nie Riley, Ellen Martin and Elizabeth Fowler.

6 Ellis Foreman. Margaret Richardson.

7 Edward D. Foreman. Salina Brown.

8 Mary Foreman. William Crowder.

9 Nelson Foreman. Annie Alberty.

328 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

Scraper, Annie Scraper and Malinda Centers.

2 Robert Foreman. Amanda Teusdale.

OK 3 Salina Foreman. Jesse Barnett.

lM-3-'8^8'^l" Heman Lincoln Foreman. Mary Boots.

2 Hannah Jane Foreman. Archibald Coody.

OK 3 Margaret Foreman. *

4 Susan Foreman. Simeon Turnbull.

5 Pauline Foreman. '■'

6 Caroline Foreman. Calvin Beams.

7 Ruth Foreman. * Samuel Beams.

8 John Wickliffe Foreman. *
lM-3^8-'9M« William Shorey Foreman.

lil=3-^8-'I0M'' Frances Flora Foreman. Samuel Sixkiller.

2 Bluford West Foreman. Emetine McCoy Robinson.

OK 3 Eliza Elizabeth Foreman. William Johnston.

1 M -3-'8M i-'l'' Elizabeth Jones. Alexander Wolf.

2 Sarah Emetine Stopp. Lemon and Sardine.
OK 3 Ophelia Catherine Stopp. John Walkingstick.
lM-3-^8M3''r'' Stephen Foreman. Maude Elizabeth Hunter.

2 Elizabeth Foreman. Yellowhammer Suake.
OK 3 Fannie Foreman. Archibald Turtle.

4 Joseph Anthony Foreman. Rachel Hampton.

5 Susie F. Foreman. * George Washington Smith.

6 Thomas Fox Foreman. Ada Vann nee Chandler.
l'l-3-"'8-*14'''l'' Margaret Proctor. Spencer Shelton.

2 Charles Proctor. Louisa Townsend and Eliza Pritchett.
OK 3 Eliza Jane Proctor. William H. Horn.

4 Susan Proctor. James Taylor.

5 Nannie Proctor. Jeremiah Springstead, Benjamin Critten-

den, Jeremiah Horn and Alburton Brown.

6 Spencer Proctor. *

7 Mary Proctor. *

lM-3'9-'Pl" William Penn Adair. Sarah Ann McNair and Sue Mc-
intosh Drew.
2 Brice Martin Adair. Sarah McNair.

OK 3 Walter Thompson Adair. Mary Buffington Adair, Ruth

Markham and Fannie Gray.

4 John Ticanooly Adair. Martha Nannie Thompson.

5 Mary Ellen Adair. Joseph Franklin Thompson.

6 Benjamin Franklin Adair. Mary Delilah McNair.

7 Rachel Jane Adair. Milton Howard McCullough.

8 Cherokee Cornelia Adair. Jesse Bushyhead Mayes.
11 1=33942.-.,, 1 j^j^^^y ^^j^j^, Thompson. Caleb Starr Bean.

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 329

2 Wirt Thompson. Marjory Hicks.

OK 3 John Martin Thompson. Louisa McCord.

4 Susan Thompson. - John Tipton Laclcens.

5 Martha Thompson. * BL'njamin Wilson.

6 Ellen Thompson. John W. Wilson.

7 Isabelle Thompson. Benjamin Wilson and Henry Tucker.

8 Benjamin Franklin Thompson. Annie Harden and Gippie

Randall.

9 Cherokee Thompson. Joseph Hall Alexander.
|i|233943.v,o poiisha Martin. William Bryant and James Thompson.

2 Alexander Lombard Martin. Emily McAllister, Rachel Hunt
Sanders, Caroline Shoop nee Pettit, Margaret Green and
Saphronia .Ann Quinton.

OK 3 Richard Lewis Martin. Nannie Ellen Rogers and Flora

Burnett Cummings nee Rogers.
4 Annie Charlotte Martin. Napoleon Bonaparte Rogers.

6 Cicero Holt Martin. =■=

7 Susie Emory Martin. George Washington Mayes.

8 Martha Washington Martin. *

5 Joanna Martin. Frank Consene.

9 Ruth Ellen Martin. James Franklin Benge.
10 John Rogers Martin. Tahitha Louisa West.
1 1 Hernando DeSoto Martin. Jeanette Birdine Lamb.

12 \'ictoria Rogers Martin. Joseph Robert Rogers.

13 Jessie Beatrice Martin. John Lee Lamb and George Crit-

tenden.

14 Granville Augustus Martin. Lola Mayes.

15 Willie Penn Adair Martin. Edward Cochran.
lM-3-'9-»4''l'' Helen Marr Martin. John LaHay, Samuel Sanders, Frederick

Morley and James S. Phelps.
lM-3-'9^5"'l'' William M. Martin. Mary Still, Margaret Bolin and Agnes
Bolin.
OK 2 John Walter Martin. Laura Reasoner and Nannie Brackley

lM-3"9^6"'r' Martha McNair, Henry Rogers and John Martin Thomps >n.

OK 2 John Martin McNair. Mary Jane Hale.

lM-3-''9-'9-'r^ John Lynch. *

2 Caroline Lynch. James Madison Bell.
OK 3 Jeter Lynch. *

4 Joseph Martin Lynch. Susan Frances Raymond nee Fore-

man.

5 Cicero Leonidas Lynch. Nannie Bell.

6 William Lynch. *

7 Braxton Bragg Lynch. * Sarah .

1M^3'''9^10M'' Andromache Bell. • Harvey Shelton.

2 Josephine Bell. William Wirt Buffington.

330 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

OK 3 Charlotte Bell. James Washington Ivey.

4 l.Licien Burr Bell. Sabra Ann Cunningham and Mary Frances
Starr.
ji|2j.-!g4| .i5|6 Lucy Jane Adair. John Lowrey McCoy.

2 Nancy Ellen Adair. Samuel Mitchell Couch.

OK 3 Franklin Wright. *

4 Mary Ellen Wiight. Marion Walker Couch.

5 Joseph A. Richards. Caroline Catherine Kelleams.
lM-3-'y^l2"'r' Arkansas Cherokee Martin. Hiram Terrell Landrum.

2 Nannie Martin. Thomas Lewis Rogers and David A. Ware.

OK 3 Luther Martin. *

] 1123:194 130 [6 John Martin Bell. Sarah Catherine Harnage.

2 Foster Bell. *

OK 3 Cicero Martin Cunningham. Nannie Bell nee Martin and

Sarah A. McCoy.

4 Beatrice Alberty. James B. Markham.

lM-'3-'9-'l5M'' George Bell. *

2 John Bell. *

OK 3 Eliza Jane Bell. William Henry Mayes.

11123.19415516 ;^„,, ^Yiza. Nicholson. * Edward W." Byrd.

2 Joseph Nicholson. *

OK 3 Richard Nicholson. *

Mary Sidney.

Ill 2

5 Benjamin Landrum. Martha Madalene Hyde.

6 Thomas Livingston Landrum. Nannie Rider.
1-3^10^1 = 1" Jeter Lynch Thompson. Mary Jane Taylor.

2 William Thompson. *
OK 3 Johnson Thompson. Eliza Christine Taylor.

4 John Martin Thompson. Corinne E. Washburn, Martha

Rogers nee McNair and Mary Jane McNair Hale.

5 Matthew Thompson. Sallie Turner Denman, Lucy Ann

Clark and Jemima Hildebrand.

6 Rachel Caroline Thompson. Thomas Gillispie Allison.

7 Maria Ann Thompson. Thomas Jefferson Parks.

8 Mary Eliza Thompson. Thomas Gillispie Allison.

9 Sabra Elizabeth Thompson. William Vann and Joseph Bal-

lard.
10 Martha Nannie Thompson. John Ticanooly Adair and
Augustus Van Edmondson.
1 1 Joseph Franklin Thompson. Marv Ellen Adair, Fannie
Adair nee Gray and

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 33i

lir3MO-»2f'r Nannie England.

2 Annie England. Livingston Garrett and Thomas Clark.

Joseph England. '■'

Mary England.

Martha England. George Washington Rogers.

William Lowry England. Rebecca Trott nee Moore.

Sabra Berilla England. John Lewis Rogers.

Almira Williams. Samuel McDaniel Taylor.

Louisa M. Williams. James Ward.

Rachel Caroline Williams. George DeShields Kinney.

Joseph Lynch Williams. Louisa J. Stover.
Cherokee A. Williams. Robert Fletcher Wyly.

William Wirt Burtington. Josephine Bell and Caroline
Elizabeth Thompson nee McCord.

John Ross Burtington. Nannie Bryan.

Daniel Webster Burtington. *

Eliza Burtington. Joseph George Washington Vann.

Mary Jane Burtington. Robert Fletcher Wyly.

John Lynch. *

Caroline Lynch. James MadisdU Bell.

Jeter Lynch. *

Joseph Martin Lynch. Susan Frances Raymond nee Fore-
man .

Cicero Leonidas Lynch. Nannie Bell.

William Lynch. *

7 Braxton Bragg Lynch. * Sarah .

ji 1233 J 0475 J I) James Franklin Thompson. Caroline Elizabeth McCord.
2 Joseph Lynch Thompson. Frances Kell, Alice Tucker and
Miranda King nee Young.

111=381 0^3"

1M=3»10M^

lil=3M0-*5-

lM=33lo^6^

1«

OK 3 Sabra Ann Cunningham. Lucien Burr Bell.

4 Jeter Thompson Cunningham. Keziah Camille Moore.

1M=3^10-*8M'' John Lynch Adair. Mary Jane Jeffries.

lM^3^11'*l5r Jennie Davis. William Columbus Patton.

2 Rachel Davis. George Washington Hill.

OK 3 Mary Davis. James Orval Hall.

4 John Davis. Ruth Hall.

5 Theresa Lane Davis. William Little.

6 Martin Davis. *

11 12331 ,43o|G Georgia Ann Davis. Ezekial Jackson Dunagan.

2 Samuel Tate Davis. Lucinda Pitchlynn nee Starr and Belle
Woftord.

OK 3 Susannah Davis. * Taylor Connelly.

4 Daniel Davis. Berilla Davis.

5 Cicero Davis. Sidney Whisenhunt.

6 John Davis. Bessie Satterwhite.

332

l'F3'M I
OK

44.-,,.

OK
OK

3
4
5
6
7
8
9

7M"
2

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

Jennie Saphronia Davis. Clark Barker Garmany.
Robert Lee Davis. Ruth Pliillips and Hester May Curry.
Daniel Davis. Mary E. Davis.

Benjamin Davis.

Martha A. Perry.

William Corn.

Delilah Davis.

Joseph Davis.

Hannah Davis.

Susan Davis.

Berilla Davis. Daniel Davis and Newton Satterfield.

Lorenzo Davis. Theodosia Whitmire.

Miller Davis. Elizabeth Simmons.

Elias Earl Davis.

William Davis. Malissa Davis.

Jennie Davis. Oscar Sites.

Lorenzo Dow Davis. Malinda Mabry.

Elizabeth Davis. Herman Johnson Vann.

John Brown Davis. Lucy Kettle and Jennie Barnhill.

Jetterson Davis. * Annie Chastain.

CHEROKI!!: OKFHAN ASYI,UM

TAHLEQUAH.

written By MRS. LENA HARXAGE ADA.U. of TahU.„..„,.
Here's to Tah,e„uah with ^.lirVo'ota UmT'''''
Her sparkling: springs and tinkling rils
Her rocky cliffs by fern o'ergro« n
And her shady nooks by lovers known-
?S^ maidens fair and cultured dames,"
And gifted sons of illustrious name>;

Jl^of „^'' .^"^ "''^' ^'""der. fond memory brings
bweet thoughts of the village that nestles serenl
So tranqu.l and lovely-an enchanted scene
\isions of beauty he will long retain ■

iu i", '^''«5™^ I'e will visit Tahlequah again
About her foothills of the Ozarks arise
Like a gem surrounded by her setting she lies
Near by flows the Illinois— a crystaT stream
Brightly the waters o'er its pebbly 'bed' gfea'Si.
He who loves beauty, along its banks may find
Picturesque spots to delight the mind
You should see Tahlequah in tlie month of May
When nature has donned her brightest array
When incense, borne by the perfumed breeze
Blows through the snow-white locust trees
Around the quaint old capital square
Floats out upon the warm sweet air-
When the emerald sward is decked 'with flowers
And the birds sing in their leafy bowers
And the voice of the school children on the street
l-alls upon the air like music sweet
Here many a family its lineage traces
Back to old England's proudest races
For many a noble, to hide his head,
In Cromwell's time, to America fled
They sought the Cherokee, wliose open hand
Welcomed them to this wonderland.
And in the days when Freedom's strife
Often endangered the royalist's life.
Over the mountains of Tennesse,
The Tory came to the Cherokee;
For during that period the Indians were loyal
To the British crown and the family roval
The names that Cherokee history adorn".
Were not assumed, but were proudly borne
By dscendents of these old English sire.s.
Who safety sought at the Cherokee camp fires
The name Talequah to this town was given
By the old Cherokees, w-hen tliey were driven
From their eastern homes, afar to the west.
Till they reached this spot, "A haven of rest,''
Poor, sorrowing exiles, of their homes bereft.
Grieving for firesides which they had left.
God who takes care of those w-liom the strong oppress.
And pities them in their sore distress.
Brought it to pass, that the land of the given.
By treaty as sacred and solemn as Heaven,
Was better than that of which they had been despoiled,
Wliere long years they had lived, and loved and toiled
Little the white brothers knew of this land
Which they gave to the remnant of this proud band.
Knew naught of the mineral wealth which hides
Its bounteous stores in the mountain sides;
Naught of the verdant fruitful plains.
Nor the varied resources this country contains.
Here the Cherokees rested, their long journe^v o'er.
And this wildwood was given to he theirs evermore.
Here they made the council-ground.
And here their Kihegas oft were found
In solemn assembly and council grave.
When the laws to govern the nation they gave.
Here Sequoyah, the Cadmus, his alphabet brought.
Which with infinite patience and skill he wrought:
Schools w-ere established to teach the youth.
And churches, to spread Christianity's truth.
Soon the wilderness was made to bloom
As homes w-ere built and dispelled its gloom.
And the town by the little woodland stream
Threw its light afar like a diamond's gleam.
Such was the birth of this historic town.
Which for her beauty is of wide renown.
For her fountains that gush from the rough hillside.
And her halls of learning, the -Vation's i)rldc.
Like .\thens of old. she is of learning the seat.
So peaceful and quiet, a sylvan retreat:
May contentment and happiness fall to th*» lot
Of all who dwell here in this romantic spot.

334

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 3,5

CHAPTER XV

Continuation of Old Families
Downing.

1^ Major Downing-.
ri= George Downing. '^''*

2 John Downing. Jennie and .\annie.

3 William Downing.

4 Nannie Downing,
ri-r^ James Downing.

2 Alexander Downing. Oo-go-yo-sti.

3 John Downing. Leah Lovelady.

4 Elizabeth Downing. Stephen \\hitmire
1^2= 13 Ollie Downing. *

2 Samuel Downing. Susie Dougherty and Elsie Dougherty

3 David Downmg. Peggy Dougherty.

4 Isaac Downing. '■'

5 Peggy Downing. Archibald Tuckwa.

6 Nellie Downing. *

7 Moses Downing. Oo-yo-sti or Polly and Lydia.

8 Elizabeth Downing. Galcatcher.

9 Celia Downing. * Ezekial McLaughlin.

10 Jesse Downing. * Chicken.

1 1 Charlotte Downing. Ellis Beck.

12 William Downing. Elizabeth Dougherty and Elsie Down-

ing.
13 Cynthia Downing. Joseph Beck.

14 James Downing. Parris.

15" Catherine Downing. * Still.

16 John Downing. Ollie.

17 Sallie Downing. Tadpole.
1M=1-" Thomas Pettit. Catherine.

2 James Crittenden. Nancy Hughes and Ko-ta-Ka-ya.

3 Jennie Crittenden. Jack Wright. " Al.S

1M = 1 =

4 Margaret McSwain. Avery Vann.

5 Elizabeth McSwain. David Welch.
1^ George Downing.

2 Peacheater Downing.

1M-2"H Lethe Downing. Hiram Bright.

2 Annie Downing. Pumpkin or Murphy.

3 Charles Downing. *

4 Scudders Downing. Polly Bean and Catherine Tiesky neo

Foreman.

5 John Downing. *

]i 1=3314 Martha Jane Downing. Jackson Smith and Joshua Morgan.

336 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

lM-4'M-' George Washington Whitmire. Catherine Wottord and
Elizabeth Faught.
OK 2 Jonathan Whitmire. Charlotte Downing and Temperance

Holt.
r2-2-M* Lewis Downing. Lydia Price, Lucinda Griffin and Mary Eyre.
2 John Downing. Jennie Fields.

OK 3 Margaret Downing.

4 Thompson Downing.

5 Aaron Downint

6 Samuel Downing.

7 Mary Downing. Charles Dougherty and Charles Crittenden.

8 Henry Downing". Jennie Fodder.

r2-3'M-* John Downing. Jennie Clingan.

2 Elizabeth Downing. Richard Turner.

3 George Downing. Elizabeth Consene, Mary Smith and

Rosella Downing nee Adair.

4 Rachel Downing. John Smith.

5 Sarah Downing.

6 John Downing.

7 Lydia Downing. John Canoe.

8 Judith Downing. George Still.

9 Thompson Downing. Sallie.

10 Lucinda Downing. Archibald Canoe.

1 1 Archibald Downing. Josie Craft and Sallie Butler.
1^2-'5'M'* Benjamin Tuckwa. *

2 Catherine Tuckwa. *

r2=7-'l-' Aaron Downing. Susie Beck and Elizabeth Vann.

4 Celia Downing. Walkingwolf.

5 William Downing. * Aelia Vann.

6 James Downing. Lucinda Woodall and Eliza Parris.

7 Elizabeth Downing. David Tadpole.

8 Judith Downing. eGorge Still.

10 Ambrose Downing. Gatsie Parris and Josephine Welch.

1 1 John Downing. Rachel Dennis.

12 Catherine Downing. * George Still.

2 Cash Downing. * Elizabeth Goodin.

3 Dicey Downing. William Proctor.

9 Celia Downing. *
112=831^ Rebecca Galcatcher. James Muskrat.
2 James Galcatcher.

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKElf INDIANS 337

3 Thomas Galcatclur. Peggy and Minnie Vann.
l'2-irM-» Oran Beck. Louisa Tiger and l.etlia Harris.

2 Jeffrey Beck. Racliel Muskrat.
OK 3 Susie Beck. Albert McCjco and Alfred Pigeon.

4 Samuel Beck. - Susie Sixkiller, Salina Foreman and Fliza-

beth Dry.

5 Cynthia Beck. Releford Beck, Henry Mitchell and William

Taylor Barton.
112M2-M-* Sallie Downing. Jeffrey Beck.
2 John Downing. Dennis.

3 Susie Downing. John Still.

4 David Downing. Catherine Faught.

r2-l3"l^ Aaron Headin Beck. Catherine McCreary nee Foreman

and Josephine Downing, nee Welch.

2 Arie Beck. Andrew Pettit, Archibald Love and Jonathan

Riley.

OK 3 Mary Beck. Frank Pettit.

4 Releford Beck. * Cynthia Beck.

5 Weatherford Beck. Sabra Sturdevant.

6 Joseph Beck. *

7 Jeft'rey Beck. Mary Ann Harris.

8 Surry Eaton Beck. Julia Ann Hildebrand.

9 Susie Beck. John Pinkney Chandler.
10 Ellis Beck. *

1 1 Elizabeth Beck. John Riley and John Wilson Howerton.

1^2-14-M^ Edward Downing.

2 James Downing.

3 Locust Downing.

4 Thomas Downing.

5 Mink Downing. Nellie Vann.

6 Dragging Downing.

7 Dooley.

8 Sallie Downing. Thomas Hammer.
r2=l5-M-' Tickaneesky Still. Sallie.

2 Dorcas Still. Ned Still.

3 Aelia Still. Jack Still.

4 George Still. Judith Downing and Catherine Downing.

5 Jack Still.

1'2=I6'1-' Nannie Downing. Charles Rogers and Thomas Fields.

2 Tarcheche Downing.

3 Caleb Downing.

1'2-'17''M Nannie Tadpole. Thomas Woodall.

2 David Tadpole. Elizabeth Downing.

338 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

3 Lucy Still. '"

IH-IM^ Benjamin Pcttit. Peggy Cunnigan.

2 Thomas Pettit. Elsie Hughes.

OK 3 William Pettit. and Maria James.

4 Washington Pettit. * Mary Blackbird.

5 Agnes Pettit. Charles Wofford.

6 Elizabeth Pettit. Robbins and William Post.

7 Nannie Pettit. James Humphreys.

r4=2^1^ Wiliam Crittenden. Malinda House and Louisa Cross.

2 Edward Crittenden. Ghi-goo-ie.

3 Joseph Crittenden.

4 Lydia Crittenden. Samuel Quinton.

5 Lewis Crittenden. Rebecca Shirley and Martha Richardson.

6 Charles Crittenden. Nannie Downing nee .

7 Jack Crittenden. Nannie Nugen and Sarah Bolin nee Mc-

Cabe.

8 Elizabeth Crittenden. Lord Wellington Shirley.

9 Delilah Crittenden. James McDaniel, Richard Glory, Run-

about Scraper and William George.

10 Peggy Crittenden.

1 1 Polly Crittenden. Archibald Vann.

12 Aelie Crittenden. Thomas Butler.

r4=3-'l^ Sallie Wright Moses Alberty. Al6

2 Lydia Wright. Benjamin Snow and Ellis Buft'ington.
OK 3 Mary Wright. John Alberty.

4 Clarissa Wright. Elijah Phillips. A17

5 William Wright. *

6 Melvina Wright. Thomas Clyne.

7 Rebecca Wright. Joel Mayes Bryan. AlS

8 Eli Wright. Nannie Vann.

9 Delilah Wright. Reuben Daniel.

10 Cornelius Wright. Harriette O'Bryan and Elizabeth Buf-
tlngton.
114=43 1 4 Joseph Vann. Catherine Rowe and Elizabeth Rowe. A 19
2 David Vann. Jennie Chambers and Martha McNair. A20
OK 3 Margaret Vann. David Webber.

4 Andrew M. Vann. Margaret Lasley and Susie Alexander.

A21

5 Nannie Vann. John Chambers.

6 Catherine Vann. * John Rogers and William Williams.
7 Mary Vann. William Lasley.

8 Keziah Vann. Robert Webber.

9 Charles Vann. * Eliza West.
10 Clement Vann. *

1 1 Sallie Vann. Robert Rogers and William Alexander Mus-
grove.

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 339

Elizabeth Vann. George West and David Rowe.

Eliza Vann. John Martin.

Clara Vann. ■•■

Jennie Vann. *

Elizabeth Welch. Isaac Ragsdale, Ni.x and Moses Ai-

berty.
George Washington Welch. Margaret Jones.
Sidney Welch. *

Charlotte Bright. Joshua Humphrey.
Delilah Bright. John W. Bannon.
William Bright. Sallie Morton.
Samuel Bright. Barsheba Morton.
Elizabeth Murphy. *
Charles Murphy. *

Dennis Murphy. Elizabeth SuUicooie.
Andrew Murphy.

Thomas Murphy. Nannie and Nellie Gritts nee Manus.
James Murphy. Sinia Beck and Martha White.
Annie Murphy. ■'

Sallie Murphy. Anderson Gritts and Suiecooya.
Edward Downing. Jennie and Elizabeth Murphy nee

Sullecooie.

2 Celia Downing. Lewis Cording and Edward Still
OK 3 Rufus Downing.

lM-5

M^ I

1'1=2-M

H-' (

lM^2-2

4 1.-,

8 .

1M=2'H

H-. ]

4 William Penn Downing. Nannie J. Walkingstick.

5 Henry Downing. Lydia Ann Walkingstick.

6 David Downing. Martha Wolf.
1M=3"1-'I' Amanda Smith. Alexander Woti'ord.

2 Mary Smith. Thomas Sanders and Ellas Gourd Foreman.
OK 3 Jackson Smith. * Isabel Love nee Eldridge.

4 James Morgan. Josephine Clyne.

5 Mark Morgan. Cynthia Smith and Saphronia Taylor nee

Grit^'in.

6 Leean Morgan. * Jeremiah Horn.

7 George Morgan. * Eliza Muskrat.

|il243i4i.-i Stephen Whitmire. Elizabeth Horn and Quatie Cornlassel.

2 Nathaniel Whitmire. *

3 Charlotte Cornelia Whitmire. John R. Wright.

4 Charles Faught Whitmire. Palmyra Phillips.

5 Delilah Whitmire. David Sanders.

6 John Downing Whitmire. Malderine Still and El.zabeth

Sanders. , . „ ••

7 Walter Scott Whitmire. Elizabeth Reese and Ethie Russell.

8 Eli H. Whitmire. Mary Wright and Moltcke Boquel.

340 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

9 White McClellan Whitmire. Annie Corntassel.

10 Nannie J. Whitmire. Edward Adair Clyne.

1 1 Margaret C. Whitmire. Joseph M. Easky, Thomas Grider.

12 George Getty Whitmire. Lydia Walkingstick.
ri'4='2-'I"' William Whitmire. *

2 Walter Samuel Whitmire. Nannie Bushyhead Wilkerson
and Ella Still.

OK 3 Charlotte Whitmire. *

4 George Washington Whitmire. Ida Bailey.

5 Alexander Whitmire.

6 Sarah Jane Whitmire. David Lee Bird.

7 Charles Whitmire.

8 Jonathan Whitmire. Minnie McTier.

9 Henry Whitmire.

l'2-2"l''l^ Samuel Houston Downing. Penelope Wolf.

3 Jennie Downing. Charles Kiper.

OK 3 Catherine Downing. Samuel Whirlwind.

4 Lewis James Downing. *

5 William Downing. *
1'2=2-»7M' Agnes Dougherty. Black Haw.

2 Sukie Dougherty. William Tutt.

1^2=238M= Nellie Downing. Thomas Lacey.

^2=331^15 James Downing. Emma Sixkilier nee England.

2 Margaret Downing. John J. Hicks.

3 Jinnie Downing. Charles Kiper.

4 Joseph Downing. Nannie Ridge.

5 John Downing.

6 Charlotte Downing. Charles Riper.

7 Walter Downing. Ada Hicks.

8 Agnes Downing. *

9 William Downing.
ri=332M' Richard Turner. *

2 Jesse Turner. Susie Smith.

I 3 Nellie Turner. *

I 4 Ollie Turner. *

5 Rachel Turner. Skilly Vann.

6 Nannie Turner.

7 Jack Turner. Walleuke Houston.
l'2=3"3-'l-^ Susie Downing. Jesse McKnight.

William Downinj

3 Mary Downing.

4 Edward Adair Downing.

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 34,

5 Elizabeth Downing:

6 Joel Mayes Downing.

7 Lafayette Downing.

1 1323^,44,1 •■; Elizabeth Smith. George Vann.

l'2-3v'l"' Catherine Canoe.

2 John Canoe. Lydia Fields nee Backbone.

3 Archibald Canoe. Elsie Murphy.
1^2=3«8M-' Edward Downing.

2 Samuel Downins;'.

^ Samuel Downing.

4 Sissie Downing.

1 '2=3-^9^ I"' Martha Downing. *

2 Polly Downing. Stephen Osage.

3 Lucy Downing.

4 Nannie Downing.

r2=3-''llM= Polly Downing. Leander Dugger.

2 Scott Downing.

3 Brice Downing.
r2-7'''ni'' Moses Downing. *

2 Malinda Downing. Richard Wotlord, Walker Carey and
James Christopher McCoy.

l'2-7'^3''l'' Sarah Proctor. Edward Foreman.

2 Elizabeth Proctor. James Kesterson.

3 Ezekial Proctor. Rebecca Mitchell, Margaret Downing and

Eliza Chaney nee Welch.

4 Adam Proctor. *

5 Archibald Proctor. *

6 Rachel Proctor. •■■

7 Nannie Proctor. ''■' .Abraham Sixkiller.
1'2=7-M-*1'^ Margaret Walkingwolf. Rider Cloud.

2 Charlotte Walkingwolf. Tassel.

3 Elizabeth Walkingwolf. - Tassel.

4 Eliza Walkingwolf. * John Lowrey.
3 Elizabeth Wa'lkingwolf. * Tassel.

6 Nannie Walkingwolf. Earbob and Johnson Riley.

l'2-7"6-'l"' Lucy Downing.

2 Joseph Downing. Agnes Hothouse, Nannie Butler and

Aelie Still.

3 George Downing. * Eliza Downing.

4 Mary" Downing. John Still and Frank Charles Corban.

5 Cynthia Downing. Joseph Vann.

6 Edwin Downing. Elizabeth Still.

7 James Downing. * Aelia Vann.

342 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

8 Martha Downing. Bluford Whitmire and George W.

Taylor.

9 Malachi Downing. Eliza Vann and Sallie Still.

10 Margaret Downing. George W. Taylor, Richard Critten-
den and Benjamin Strickland.

112=737413 Joshua Tadpole. "

2 Eli Tadpole. *

3 David Tadpole. Utiyu Vann.

4 Susie Tadpole. * Oceola Woodall.

5 John Tadpole. *
l,2-v3g4|3 ^\ary Still. William Martin.

2 George Still. Agnes Bolin.

3 Aaron Still. *

4 Jesse Still. *

5 Ezekial Still. Mary E. Langley.

1 12273 loM'' Margaret Downing. Ezekial Proctor.

2 Catherine Downing. William Kelt.

OK 3 Elizabeth Downing. George Welch.

1^2'7'Ml-'r' Dennis Downing.

2 Peter Downing. Elsie Hawk.

OK 3 Timothy Downing. * Mary Henson.

4 Elizabeth Downing. Henry Canada Williams and Wade
Hampton Williams.

1'2-8"1^1-''' Annie Muskrat. Henry Schoonover.

2 Jennie Muskrat. Alexander Earbob.

OK 3 Eliza Muskrat. Stephen Morris McDaniel.

4 Calhoun Muskrat. Mollie Toney, Sallie Girty and Susie

Davis.

5 Joseph Muskrat. Agnes Standingman.

6 Saphronia Muskrat. Thomas Parker.

7 Noah Muskrat. *

l'2=8''3-'l^' Charles Galcatcher. Margaret Budder.

Lee Galcatcher. Susie Henry nee Foreman.

3 Lucy Galcatcher. Roy Gordon and John McFarland.

4 Thomas William Galchatcher. Mary Nicodemus.
1-'2M 1-'1-»1-' Charlotte Beck. Rowe Smith and Riley Scott.

2 Susie Beck.
1^2=1 l-'2-'L' Caroline Beck. William Hughes and Isaac Dougherty.
2 Ani Beck. Joseph Landrum and James Horsefly.
OK 3 Thomas Beck. Sarah Lacey and Eliza DeShane.

l'2-l l'"3"'l"' Joanna McGhee. Jeremiah Hanna and John Jones.

2 Lucy Ann McGhee. William Adolphus Daniel, Jason Stil-
ley, James Hudson.
OK 3 Cynthia Ann McGhee. Bluford Sixkiller, George William
Talbert and James Welch.

HISTORY OF THE CHHROKlfH INDIANS 343

4 Emma Jane McGhee. James Ikichanan Smith.

5 Webster Halfbreed.
1122,23,4,5 M-jry Beck. Stephen Hildebrand.

2 Ezekial Beck. Martha Sturdivant and Marv Ellen Woodall

OK 3 John Beck. -

4 Surry Eaton Beck. Mars^aret McCoy-% Susie Ellen Daniel

5. Sinia Beck. George McLaughlin.

6 Sabra Ann Beck. George Selvidge and John Collins.
r2-I2-''3-*r' Lucinda Still. Archilla Sanders and John Martin.

2 John Still. Elizabeth Walls.

3 George Still. Mary E. Martin.

4 Elizabeth Still. Edmond Duwiiing and Green Catcher.

5 William Still.

6 Eliza Still. James Barnett.

7 Sallie Still. William Silco.x, John Andrew Jackson Lucas.

8 Margaret Still Epp G. Thompson.

9 Catherine Still. James Kizer.
10 James Still. Mary Jones.

H2=12MM-^ Caroline Downing.

2 William Alexander Downing. Eliza Bright.

OK 3 George Brewer Downing. Arabella Wagoner.

1'2-13-MM"' Richard Beck. Ida A. Martin.

2 John Anthony Beck. Sarah Azilu Carnis.

OK 3 Susie Beck. John W. Carnis.

1'2-13"2M"'' Josephine Pettit. Henry Clay Ross.

Archibald Love.

OK 3 Joseph Riley. *

1'2-13"3M'^ Joanna Pettit. Thomas Dedymus Sanders and William
Cooper.

2 Joseph Beck Pettit. Fannie Marsh.

OK 3 Robert Armstrong Pettit. Tennesee Hensley.

4 Amelia Pettit. Lorenzo Spears Lee.

5 Cynthia Pettit. John Shepherd Thornton * and John Lewis

" Miller.

6 Andrew Jackson Pettit. Ophelia Wickett.
1'2-13''''5M' Joseph Beck.

2 Jeffrey.

OK 3 Harlin Bede Beck.

4 Samuel Beck.

5 Releford D. Beck. Ida Wilson.

6 John Butler Beck.

7 Wetherford Beck.

8 Eula Beck. Jay Hendron.

9 Guy Beck.

344 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

l^2-\3^S*\^ John Beck.

lij^nsgijr, A(ja Chandler. William Heath, William Moore, Luculus
Vann, Thomas Fox Foreman and Stephen Sears.
2 John Carson Chandler. Emma Malloy Paden nee Fore-
man.
OK 3 Samuel Wesley Chandler.

4 Eliza Chandler.

5 David Lorain Chandler.
8 Ella Gray Chandler.

7 Thomas Henry Chandler.
1'2=13-M IM' Ida Rilev. John Beck.

2 Sarah Josephine Howerton.
OK 3 Weatherford Howton.

4 Olivia Howerton.

5 Sabra A. Howerton.

r2-14-''5|-'l-'^ Rachel Downing. Thomas Potts and Henry Nugen.

I 2 Caroline Downing. Josiah Vann and Andrew Jackson Rog-
ers.

3 Lucinda Downing. Sarah Neeley.

4 Elizabeth Downing. Harlan Nakedhead.
1'2=15-M-'1-' Charles Tickaneesky. Ruth Lee and Susie Easky.

2 Richard Tickeneesky. Susie Easky.

OK 3 Elizabeth Tickaneesky. Benjamin Vann.

4 Moses Tickaneesky. Catawnee and Still nee Walls.

5 Ellis Tickaneesky. Catherine Bolin.

6 Benjamin Tickaneesky. Nancy Hogshooter.

7 Linnie Tickaneesky. Johnson Reed, Aaron CrittendLMi and

Woodruff.

8 RebeccaTickaneesky.John Smith and Bark Nugen.

9 John Tickaneesky. Margaret Chambers.
10 Ollie Tickaneesky. * Beanstick.

1'2-16-'1*1-' Pleasant Rogers.

2 Eliza Rogers. John Seaholt.

OK 3 Sarah Elizabeth Fields. James V. Hildebrand.

4 Rachel Jane Fields. William Stiff and Henry H. Hickey.

5 Ruth Fields. Jeremiah Bigelow.

6 Richard F. Fields. Rachel Elizabeth Goss and Minerva Kerr.

7 Margaret Wilson Fields. Robert Mosby French and Dan-

iel Fields.

8 Josiah Foreman Fields. *

9 Caroline Matilda Rogers Field?. William Penn Boudinot.
1^2=1 7-'lM= Robert Woodall. Quatie Landrum.

2 Elizabeth Woodall. '■=

3 Margaret Woodall. Alexander Sanders, John Scott, Hamp-

ton Wiliams, Marshal Wagnon and William Brown.

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 345

4 Isaac Woodall. Mary Carselowry nee Daniel.

5 aJcob Houston Woodall. Annie Woodall nee Daniel.

6 Lucinda Woodall. James Downing and Thompson Uuzzard.

7 Abraham Woodall. Susannah Hendricks.

8 Celia Woodall. Andrew Emory and Joseph Cephas.

9 Thomas Woodall. Annie Daniel.
1'2-'17''2M"' Joshua Tadpole.

2 Eli Tadpole.

3 David Tadpole. Utiya Vann.

4 Susie Tadpole. * Osceola Woodall.

5 John Tadpole. Lucinda

m-l"lM'' Nannie Pettit. Franklin Faulkner.

2 Charles Pettit. Charlotte Si.xkiller nee Adair, Sarah Lovett.

OK 3 Agnes Pettit. Patrick Lyman.

4 Delilah Pettit. William Lovett and John Griffin.

5 Thomas Pettit. Nannie E. Sanders, Sarah Swimmer nee

Lee, Mary F. Walker, Caroline Timson and Nannie
Sanders.

6 Benjamin Pettit. Mary Ann I'hillips.
1 142 1314 15 Moses Pettit. ••=

2 Delilah Pettit. =■=

OK 3 Sidney Pettit. Blackhaw Pettit

4 Levi Pettit. *

5 Nannie Pettit.

1'4-1-'3M"' William Zion Pettit. Emily Cookson.

2 Mary Pettit. James C. Fooy, Perry and Frank Bethel.

3 Catherine Pettit.

4 Marcus Pettit. *

5 Pleasant Pettit. *

6 Charles Pettit. * Elizabeth Krebs.

7 Samuel Worcester Pettit. Maria Choate.

8 Andrew Pettit. *

9 Ellen Pettit. John Hildebrand.
10 Julia Pettit. John Bean Johnson.

■1'4M-'5M"' Charlotte Wofford. James McCracken.

2 Catherine Wofiord. James Daniel.

OK 3 John Wotlord. Eugenia Carpenter.

4 Robert Wortord. Jennie Bolen nee Wright.

r4-l"6^1-^ Joshua Robbins. Nannie Parris and Alzerine Post.

2 Tatnall Holt Post. Mary Reese and Elizabeth Bell nee Phil-
lips.

OK 3 Mary Arminda Post. Jackson Gladney.

4 John Marion Post. *

I'l-IvM"' Sallie Humphrey. Robert Mitchell.

■y Catherine Humphrey. Bigwood and Charles Pettit.

OK 3 Joshua Humphrey. Catherine Bright and Rachel Thompson.

346 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

4 Marv Humphrt;}'. Samuel Quinton and James Collins.

5 Eliza Humphrey. Edward Crittenden.
m^a^lM^ Sidney Crittenden. Elijah Phillips.

2 Jennie Crittenden. Amos Richardson.

OK 3 James Crittenden. Margaret Parris.

4 Thomas Crittenden. Nannie Woods.

5 Moses Crittenden. Edith Woods nee Quinton and Margaret

Howell.

6 Sarah Crittenden. John Phillips and John Pierce.

7 George Washington. *

8 Lydia Crittenden. Joseph Quinton.

9 William Crittenden. Catherine Boydston.

10 Edward Crittenden. *

lM-232-'r^ Andrew Crittenden.

2 Berry Crittenden.

1H=233M-^ Richard Crittenden.

1M-2M-'1' Nellie Quinton. John Johnson and Joel Kelly.

2 Elizabeth Quinton. Thomas Woods and Moses Crittenden.

OK 3 Jennie Quinton. Levi Robbins.

lM-2='5-'I^ Wellington Crittenden.

2 Israel Crittenden. Sallie Shirley, Clara Crittenden and Pa-
melia Capps.

m-2"'7M"' Malinda Crittenden. Brannon.

2 James Crittenden. Jennie Hanson.

3 Mary Crittenden. - William J. Sanders, Book Sunday and

Silas Harlin.

4 Nannie Crittenden. John Tobacco.

5 Hettie Crittenden. Lewis Weaver.

6 Clement Crittenden. Maria Eve.

7 Delilah Crittenden. Charles Nohlett and Henry N. Cook.

8 Hugh Crittenden. Amelia Wederbrock.

9 Thomas Crittenden. *

Lydia Crittenden. Ellis Harlin.
Charles Crittenden.
Jack Crittenden.

Martha Shirley. John Ryan and Nicholas Byers.
Catherine McDaniel. John Price.

2 Adeline Glory. John Brock.

1 '4=231 0^15 Sarah Glory. Bark Nugen.

r-'4'2-M IM^ Ephriam Vann. Rebecca Wilson.

2 Sallie Vann. John Towie and William Pigeon.

3 William Vann. *

4 Nellie Vann. William Pumpkin.

5 Elizabeth Vann. *

HISTORY OF THE CHHROKEH INDIANS .547

1M-2"12M"' Ezckiiil Hair. Catherine Frenciiliawk and Amanda Kan(.>.ka.

2 Margaret Butler. Alexander Vann and Charles Tcehee.
l'4-3-'lM'' Nannie Albcrlw Bluford West and James Markham.

2 John D. Alberty. Jennie Rogers and Jennie Doroughty n.'e
Butl'ington.
OK 3 Levi Alberty. Susie l.ove.

4 Delilah Alberty. Eli Harlan.

5 Amelia Alberty. Thomas Lewis Rider.

6 David Alberty.

7 William West Alberty. Musidora Rogers and Nannie Bm-

fington.

8 Jacob Alberty. Louisa C. Hudson and Elvira Rachford nee

Brown.

9 Bluford West Alberty. Nannie Cunningham nee Martin and

Eliza Missouri Vann nee Bushyhead. *
1 1423:12^ 1-5 Martha Snow. William Harnage.

2 Susan Butlington. Martin Root.
OK 3 Jennie Buttington. Charles Dougherty, John D. Alberty.

4 Ellis Buttington. Elizabeth Starr.

5 Clara Buttington. Ellis West and John Wright Alberty.

6 Elizabeth Butiington. Moses Alberty.
l'4-3-'3M'' Moses Alberty. Elizabeth Butiington.

2 Frances Alberty. Dr. John Thornton and Joshua W. Ellis.
OK 3 John Wright. Clara West nee Bulling^on and Maria Hilde-

brand.

4 Cornelius Alberty. Elizabeth Tyner and Ruth Ann Thornton.

5 Elizabeth Alberty. Richard Eaton.

6 Jesse Clinton Alberty. Catherine Collins and Elmira \'ann

nee Ward.
[T4-y'4^[-' John Phillips. Sarah Crittenden.

2 Jetlerson Phillips. '■-
lM-3''6-'l'' Catherine Clyne. - Archibald Dellingham, Eli Sanders and
John Morgan.
2 John Peter Oliver Clyne. Jennie Adair.
OK 3 Ezekial Clyne. *

4 Wiliam R. P. Clyne. * Catherine Daniel nee Wotlord.

5 Eli Clyne. Hannah Few.

6 Joel M. Bryan Clyne. *

7 Thomas Clyne. *

8 Elizabeth J. Clyne. William Mosley West.

9 Cornelius Clyne.

10 Eliza Clyne. George W. Alberty.
m=3-vM' John Copeland Bryan. *

2 Charlotte Elmira Bryan. John Harvey Baugh.
OK 3 Nancy Jane Bryan. John Ross ButTington.

4 Maria Louisa Bryan. Riley Wise Lindsey.

348 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

5 Flora Elvina Bryan. Joseph H. Bennett.

6 Rebecca Caroline Bryan. Clement Hayden.

7 Joelia Bryan. Columbus Fair Walker.

8 Joel Mayes Bryan. Lydia Ida Dougherty and Margaret

Jane Ross.

1M-3"8M''^ John R. Wright. Charlotte Whitmire.

2 Jennie Wright. Lewis Bolin and Robert Wofford.

OK 3 Sallie Eliza'beth Wright. Walter Adair West.

4 Cornelius Wright. *

5 Jesse Wright. Frances Wright and Sarah Finia Choate.

6 Anna Eliza Wright. John Gunter Harlin.

7 Alexander Wright. * Mary Lunnie Duncan.

8 Mary Wright. Eli H. Whitmire.
m-3-'9^1-' Sallie Daniel. * John Shepherd.

2 James W. Daniel. Catherine Wol^ord.

OK 3 Caroline Daniel. Smith Thornton.

4 Carter Daniel. Catherine Benge.

5 Elizabeth Jane Daniel. Charles Sanders.

6 William Daniel. Catherine Brown.

7 Nannie Catherine Daniel. Anderson Springston Wilson and

Henry Clay Barnes.

8 Eliza Daniel. *

m-3-M0^l5 Martha J. Wright. James W. Alberty.

2 Nannie Wright. *

OK 3 Caleb Powell Wright. Ruth Ann Collins.

4 Thomas Bolin Wright.

5 . Frances Wright. Jesse Wright.

6 Oscar Wright. Nancv Ellen Bovdston.

7 Ellis Buffington Wright. Elizabeth Dougherty.

8 William Walter Wright.
IMM^IM" Mary Frances Vann. Edwin Archer.

2 Clarinda Rebecca Vann. John Summers.

OK 3 David Rowe Vann. =•■ Eliza Missouri Bushyhead.

4 Louisa Jane Vann. Dr. Felix Hurd McNair.

5 Jennie Chinosa Vann. Eli West Dougherty.

6 Kiamitia Elizabeth Vann. * Jackson Walker Drake.
li4-4-'2M^ Susan Vann. Oliver Perry Ross.

2 Juliette Lewis Vann. * Devereux Jarrette Bell and Samuel
McDaniel Taylor.

OK 3 Clement Neeley Vann. Isadora V. Mackey.

4 Nicholas Byers Vann. *

5 David LucuUus Vann. *

6 Mary Delilah Vann. George Washington Drew and Joel

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 349

Bryan Mayes. *

7 Charles Avoy Vann. *

8 Joseph Lewis Vann. Caroline Elizabeth Sixkiller.

9 Martha Elizabeth Vann. Samuel Houston Mayes.
\'^4-4"'3*l'' Jonathan Webber. Nannie Wotl'ord.
1142404-!^= Cynthia Vann. Leroy Starr.

2 William \ann. Louvenia Coster.
1'4-4"5M-' Martha Chambers. John Martin.

2 Calvin Chambers. Margaret Bryan.
OK 3 Catherine Chambers. John I.owrey McCoy and Henry

Clay Barnes.
4 Sarah Chambers. Paul Chouteau and Lewis Ross Kell.
lH-4"'7-'l "'George Washington Lashey. Sarah Walker and Sarah Harlan.
2 Joseph Vann Lasley. Elizabeth Davis and Nannie Perlonv
Keys nee Harlan.
OK 3 Samuel Lasley. '■=

tHM^S-*!-' Elsie Webber. Andrew Jackson GrilTin.

2 Aky Webber. "'Thomas Foreman, Robin Ratliff and James
Roach.
OK 3 Margaret Webber. Scott Tyler Cavillier and Edward

Crutchfield.

4 Clement Vann Webber. *

5 Eliza Webber. Richard Fields Riley and William M. Hughes.
lH-4^11^1'' Margaret Lavinia Rogers. Allison Woodville Timberlake.

2 Clement Vann Rogers. Mary A. Scrimsher and Mary Bible.

OK 3 Francis Marion Musgrove. Clara Elizabeth Alberty.

4 William Due Musgrove. Cynthia Rogers.

l'4-'4-'12M"' Napoleon Bonaparte Rowe. Lethe Campbell.

2 Clarinda Vann Rowe. Daniel Webster \'ann.

OK 3 David LucuUus Rowe. Eliza Scraper.

4 Margaret L. Rowe. *

5 Joseph Vann Rowe.

1142431 341.-; Arkansas Cherokee Martin. Hiram Terrell Landrum.

114253,4,.-. Nannie Bufiington. William West Alberty, James Blake and
William Lavesgue Wilder.

2 David Welch Ragsdale. Mary Jane Alberty and Ruth
Raper nee Palone.
OK ^ Winnie Jane Ragsdale. Daniel P. Boone.

4 Eli Snow Alberty.

5 George Washington Alberty. Eliza Clyne and —Harmon nee
1 1425324,.-, David Welch. Harriette Elizabeth Smithwick.

2 Lemuel Bruenton Welch. Mary Ann Harris.

OK 3 Sidney Welch. Prince Albert Games* and John Wilkey.

4 Diana Welch. Joseph Henry Carnes.

350 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

5 Margaret Ann Welch. William Green Ward.
0 George Welch. Nannie Jones.
7 Rosanna Welch. William McCoy.
Ghigau
Descendants of the Ghi-ga-u, commonly called Nancy Ward.

1^ Ghi-ga-u. Kingfisher and Bryan Ward. A2 2

i^2- Catherine. Samuel Candy, John Walker, Ellis Harlan. Al'i
2 Fivekiller. * Catherine.

OK 3 Elizabeth Ward. Joseph Martin and Hughes.

I'ri-- Samuel Candy. Elizabeth West.

2 John Walker. Elizabeth Sevier nee Lowrey.
OK 3 Jennie Walker. Charles Fo.x, Taylor and John Mc-

intosh. A53

4 Nannie Harlan. Caleb Starr.

5 SaUie Harlan. Jacob West.

6 Ruth Harlan. Joseph Phillips.

7 Elizabeth Harlan. Peter Hildebrand. A25

8 George Harlan. Nannie Sanders, Annie May,* Eliza Riley. ="

9 Ezekial Harlan. Hannah Lewis.
10 Susannah Harlan. Otterlifter.

1^-1'' James Martin. '■''

2 Nannie Martin. Michael Hildebrand.

OK 3 Rachel Hughes. Charles Rogers.

iM-T'l^ Ollie Candy. Hair Conrad.

2 Thomas Candy. Susan Graves, Catherine Gentry nee Drew.

OK 3 George Washington Candy. Elizabeth Hughes Bell and

Elizabeth Webber nee Watie.

4 Samuel Candy. "'

5 Nannie Candy. John Harlin and Henry Cobb.

6 John Walker Candy. Mary Watie and Electa W. Adams.
l'l-2-'l-' John Walker. Emily Meigs and Nannie Bushyhead.

OK 2 Carter Walker. Sallie Brewer.

1M=3'*1-* Richard Taylor. Ellen McDaniel and Susie Fields.

2 Fox Taylor. Mary Vann and Lucy Otterlifter.

OK 3 Susan Taylor. Samuel Parks.

4 Nellie Mcintosh. James McDaniel.

lM-4-M^ Mary Pauline Starr. Austin Rider and James Woods.*

2 James Starr. Nelie Maugh and Susie Maugh.

OK 3 Thomas Starr. Nannie Wolf.

4 Ruth Starr. John Bean.

5 Ezekial Starr. Mary Upshaw.

6 Sallie Starr. Jesse Mayfield.

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS .15,

7 George Harlan Starr. Nellie Carr, Nannie Hell and M-.rv

Taylor nee Blackburn.*

8 Joseph McMinn Starr. Delilah Adair.

9 Rachel Starr. - Samuel Lattaniore.

10 Nannie Starr. - Samuel Lattaniore.

11 Deborah Starr. Richard Newland, William Harvev Sloan

12 Elhs Starr. - Delilah Johnson.
1M^'5"1^ John West. Ruth Fields.

2 Bluford West. * Nannie Alberty.

3 Eliza West. Leroy Markham. '

4 Rosa West. Nelson Rogers.

5 Ellis West. Clara Bulliiigton.

6 George West. '■■' Elizabeth \'ann.

7 Ezekial West. *

iM-esi-" Sallie Phillips. Robert Beatty.

2 Lucinda Phillips. Looney Price.

OK 3 Ruth Phillips. * Ale.\ander Foreman.

4 John Philips. *

5 Joseph Phillips.

6 Ellis Fox Phillips. •■= Mary Foreman.

7 Elizabeth Phillips. Edmond Bean,- William Thornton,

David Bell-' and Tatnall Holt Post.*

8 Martha Phillips. *

iMv-'l-* Barbara Hildebrand. Hiram Linder.

2 James V. Hildebrand. Sarah Elizabeth Fields.

OK 3 Jennie Hildebrand. John Williams.

4 Catherine Hildebrand. Levi Bailey.

5 John Walker Hildebrand. Eliza Jane White.

6 Ellis Harlan Hildebrand. Sallie Stover and Josephine .

7 Lewis W. Hildebrand. Lucy RatlitT.

8 Isaac Newton Hildebrand. Jennie Ratlill.

9 Mary Elizabeth Hildebrand. Daniel Jones Frazier.

10 Minerva Hildebrand. Charles Ratliff, Anderson Reynolds.

iM-S-M-i Eli Harlan. Delilah Alberty.

2 Ellis Sanders Harlan. Nannie Barnett.

OK 3 Sallie Harlan. Jacob Harnage.

4 Elmira Harlan. Joshua Roach.

11 12931-1 David M. Harlan. Lucinda Tucker, Rebecca Welch nee
Vannoy and Julia Ann Lane nee Tucker.

2 Eliza Harlan. Samuel Craig.

OK 3 Susan Jane Harlan. James Perry.

I'l-io^l^ Nannie Otterlifter. Haynes and David Miller.

2 Alexander Otterlifter. Elsie Sleepingrabbit.

OK 3 Jew Otterlifter.

4 Lucy Otterlifter. Fox Taylor.

5 Diana Otterlifter. Samuel Ballard.

352 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

6 Nellie Otterliftei. - Samuel Ballard.

7 Rachel Otterlifter. * Anderson Springston.

8 Elsie Otterlifter. Charles Hoskins, and Daniel Newton Mc-

intosh.

'l'3-2-'l-' Elizabeth Hildebrand. James Pettit and Robert Armstrong.

2 John Hildebrand. Nicey Russell and Annie Wasp.

OK 3 Jennie Hildebrand. Joseph Cookson.

4 Margaret Hildebrand. John Catron.

5 Delilah Hildebrand. Jesse McLain.

6 Eliza Hildebrand. Joshua Kirkpatrick.

7 Stehen Hildebrand. Mary Potts and Mary Beck.

8 Rachel Hildebrand. Reese T. Mitchell.

9 Nannie Hildebrand. Thomas Horn, George Lovett, Freder-

ick Lovett, Charles Poe and Hoskins.

10 Joseph Martin Hildebrand. Lucy Starr, Louvenia Patter-
son, Elizabeth Gentry, Mary King, Martha Wofl'ord and
Mary E. Coyne.
1 1 Brice Hildebrand. Mary Sturdivant nee Beck and Mary

Swimmer.
12 Mary Hildebrand. Isaac Maytield.
1^3-3^1^ Levi Rogers. Margaret Fields.
2 Richard Rogers. * Eliza Lacey.
OK 3 Joseph Rogers. '■■

4 Charles Rogers. Maria Colston.

5 John Rogers. *

6 Elizabeth Rogers. George Whitney Brand.

7 Alzira Rogers. Lewis Fields.

8 Catherine Rogers. '■■' William Elders.
IM-I^IM' Elizabeth Hair. Daniel Hopkins.

2 Susie Hair. Charles Gourd.
OK 3 Jefferson Hair. Chicooie O'Fields, Eliza Ramsey nee

Tyner and Mary Tyner nee Sanders.

4 Diana Hair. Wade Hampton Robinson.

5 John Hair. Lucy Robinson, Annie Sanders, Mary Butler

and Lucy Justice.

6 Nannie Hair. *

7 Mary Hair. John Ramsey.
1MMS2^1"^ Jackson Candy.

2 Henry Candy. * Nellie Goings.

OK 3 Reese Candy. Ruth Riley, Jennie Downing* and

4 Thomas Candy. *

5 Elizabeth Candy. David Ballew and Ned Grease.

6 Samuel Candy. Mary Hayden.

7 John Candy. Mary Starr and Eliza Fields
1MM«3^13 John Candy. *
2 Maria Candy. *

HISTORY OF THH CIIEKUKlfH INDIANS 35}

Worcester Candy. '■■'

Charlotte Candy. William Fields.

Martha Candy. * Joel Bryan Mayes.

Juliette Melvina Candy. John Gunter Scrimsher.

Ruth Harlin. Robert Turnbull.

James Harlin.

Candy Harlin. *

John T. Harlin.

Aenaes Harlin. *

Robert Harlin. *

Elizabeth Harlin. Joseph T. Medley and William En,i,'lnnd.

Salina Harlin. * Beckham.

Mary Harlin. '^ James Giddin,s;s.

Samuel Harlin. *

Harriette Candy. Hugh Montgomery McPherson.

Susan Candy. * Henry Lee Hill.

Elizabeth Candy. * Hindman Booth Hoyt.

Timothy Meigs Walker. Elizabeth Adair.
2 Elizabeth Grace Walker. James Coleman and Pryor Smith.
OK 3 Minerva Jane Walker. James Armstrong Lee and Lorenzo

Delano.
4 John Osborn Walker. Lucrelia Taylor and Georgianna
Wilkins. *

iin

■•^5^

3
4
5
6
]■■

3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

1M = 1

I-'

M^'2

I"'

6 Ebenezer Walker. Sarah Lasley nee Harlan.

5 Sarah E. Walker. George Washington Lashey.
l'l-2'2-'l"' Eliza Walker. * John Adair and James Rogers.

2 John Walker. *
OK 3 Jennie Walker. William Boot.

4 George Washington. Elsie 13owning, Rachel Rogers and

Mary Jane Davis nee Harlow.

5 Joseph Walker. *

6 Elizabeth Walker. * Joseph Smith.

7 Susie Walker. * John P. Stidham and Henry Sanders.

8 Amanda Walker. James Martin.

9 William Walker. *

1^1=33 IM'' Thomas Fox Taylor. Nannie Buttington and Mary Black-
burn. *
2 Elizabeth Taylor. John Brewer.

OK 3 Samuel McDaniel Taylor. Almira Williams, Martha Fields

and Juliette Lewis Bell nee Vann.

4 Annie Taylor. Robert Burtington Daniel.

5 Mary Jane Taylor. Dr. Jeter Lynch Thompson.

6 Eliza Christine Taylor. Johnson Thompson.

7 Frances Harvey Taylor. James Leonidas Butler.

8 Lucinda Taylor. John Osborn Walker.

354 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

iH-S'lH'- James Taylor. Sallie Reese.

2 Richard Taylor. *

OK 3 Jennie Taylor. Thomas Jefferson Pack.

4 Nannie Taylor. Levi Timberlake.

5 Susie Taylor. * Charles Thompson.

6 William Taylor. Elizabeth Grimmett and Margaret Halfbreed.

7 Margaret Taylor. *

8 Nellie Taylor. *

9 Charles Taylor. *

10 Nannie Taylor. John Martin and John White.

|ij23334|.-, j^yii-, Parks. Dickson Price.

2 Almira Parks. * James Price.

OK 3 Jennie Parks. *John Langley and Joseph Collier.

4 George Washington Parks. Louisa Spriggs.

5 Thomas Jefferson Parks. Mary Ann Thompson.

6 Richard Taylor Parks. Sarah Elizabeth Day and Sarah

Elizabeth Grigsby.

7 Calvin Parks. Almira Wilson and Arie Hildebrand.

8 William Parks. *

9 Mary Ann Parks. William Conway Day.

10 Robert Calhoun Parks. Clara Rider.

1 1 John Ross Parks. *

12 Samuel Parks. * Sarah G. Taylor.
V\-3H*V' John McDaniel. =•■

2 Catherine McDaniel. Lewis Keys.

OK 3 Margaret Ann McDaniel. Bluford West Starr and William

Pettit.

4 Samuel McDaniel. *

IM-MM-'P Thomas Lewis Rider. Amelia Alberty.

2 Nannie Rider. David Thompson.

OK 3 Elizabeth Rider. John M. Smith.

4 Caleb Starr Rider. Elsie Price.

5 John Rider. Rachel Smith.

6 Ezekial Rider. *

7 Bluford West Rider. *

8 William Rider. *

9 Ellis Rider. *

10 Charles Austin Augustus Rider. Mary Ann Bigby and Sarah

Jane Forrest nee Nix.

1 1 Laura Narcissa Rider. King Fulsom, Byron Boynton and

Charles Pritchard.

I^r'4-'2^15 Joseph Starr. Nannie Reese and Rachel Guess.

OK 3 Fields Starr. Mary Reese.

4 Washington Starr. Mary Ann McCoy.

8 Samuel Starr. * Laura Davis. '

10 Mary Starr. Andrew Digiesky.

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 35i

1 1 Leroy Starr. '■■'

12 Rachel Starr. John Walker Starr.

14 Jennie Starr. John Francis Marlon Christie.

16 Caleb Starr. *

1 8 Lucy Starr. George Washington Adair and William Russell.

19 Sallie Starr. Ephriam Martin Adair.

2 Thomas Starr. Catherine Reese.

5 Bean Starr. *

6 James Starr. Araminta Rider nee McCoy, Akie Nelowie

and Elmira Starr nee Fields.

7 William Starr. Nannie McPherson.
9 Ellis Starr. * Catherine Justice.

13 John Starr. *

15 Ezekial Starr. * Amanda Terrell, Caroline Smith and Eliza-
beth Lee nee Smith.

17 Pauline Starr. Charles Bushyhead,* Richard Drew and
Samuel Campbell.

20 Nannie Starr. Buck Girty and Jug Davis.

m 24334 J.-, James Starr. Lettie Boyd Chambers.

2 Ellis Harlan.

OK 3 Richard Taylor Starr. *

4 Nancy Jane Starr. Joseph Chambers.

5 Bluford West Starr. Margaret Ann McDaniel.
^11243441.-, Margaret Bean. John Gott.

2 Elizabeth Bean. Risden Johnson.

OK 3 Caleb Starr Bean. Mary Ann Thompson.

4 Nannie Bean.

5 Mary Bean. Edward Johnson.

6 Rachel Alzira Bean. Josiah Matthis*.

7 Joseph McMinn Bean. Sarah Finley.

8 Susie Deborah Bean. James Warren Adair.

9 Sarah Emily Bean. Benjamin Franklin Goss.

10 Lucinda Bean. John Harrison Paden.

1 1 John Ellis Bean. Henrietta Danenburg.

12 Mark Bean. Victoria Texas Wright.
lilH^SM'^ Ruth Starr. John Griffith Harnage.

2 Caleb Starr. Lucinda GritTin.

OK 3 Elizabeth Starr. Ellis Burtington.

4 Leroy Starr. Cynthia Vann.

5 Sarah Starr. John Wilson Maylield.

6 Nannie Starr. * John Ragsdale.

7 Ellis Starr. Susie Dougherty.

8 John Walker Starr. Rachel Starr and Elmira Fields.

9 James Starr. Sarah Byers, Emma Jane Evans nee Rider.

356 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

10 Ezekial Starr. Nannie Catherine Harkins nee Seabolt.

1 1 Mary Jane Starr. * James Johnson.

]i 1243541.-, i\iannie Mayfield. George Harnage.

2 Penelope Maytield. John Thompson Adair.

OK 3 John Wilson Maytield. Sarah Starr and Mary Ann Stovall.*

4 Emily Walker Mayfield. John Grifl'ith Harnage.

5 Carter Walker Mayfield. Jennie Blackburn.

6 Elvira Mayfield. Newton Howell and William Henry Barker.

7 S'abina Mayfield. Dr. George Wyche.

8 Victoria Hulda Mayfield. Thomas Henry Still and Robert

Gilmore.

IMM-'Z^I"' Jennie Starr. George Howard.

2 John Walker Starr. *
OK 3 Mary Frances Starr. Lucien Burr Bell.

4 George Colbert Starr. *

5 Ezekial Eugene Starr. Margaret Starr.

6 Joseph Jarrette Starr. *

7 Caleb Ellis Starr. Malderine Elizabeth Adair and Jennie

Butler nee.

8 Samuel Jesse Starr. Sarah Ruth McClure.

1MM''8M-' Nancy Ann Starr. William Wirt Duncan and Young Charles
Gordon Duncan.
2 George Harlan Starr. *
OK 3 Martha Jane Starr. George Washington Crittenden.

4 Joseph McMinn Starr. Sarah Crittenden and Susie Shell.

5 Walter Adair Starr. Ruth Ann Alberty nee Thornton, Ella

Elizabeth Christie and Saphronia F. Barrett nee Crutch-
field.*

6 Sallie Elizabeth Starr. Frank Howard.

7 Edward Bruce Starr. Rachel Pauline Henry.

9 Caleb Wilson Starr,
p 1243 11 4,5 James Newland.

2 Nannie Newland. Nathan Merrell.

OK 3 William Henry Sloan. Nannie Lane and Martha Jones.

4 Samuel Harker Sloan.

5 Edward Estel Sloan. Naomi Ann Cole.

6 John Willis Sloan.

iM^S^i-T"^ William Mosley West. Elizabeth J. Clyne.

2 George R. West. *

OK 3 Martha S. West. * Jackson Cozens.

4 John Calhoun West. .Margaret Elizabeth Hickev.

5 Kiamitia West. Allen Gilbert.

6 James Polk West. Missouri Barnett.

7 Ruth E. West. Richard Brewer and William Walter Finlev.

8 Franklin Pierce West. Nannie Ellis Allen nee Brewer.

HISTORY OF THH CHEROKEE INDIANS

^s:

1M-5'3M'' Jacob West Markham. Charlotte Belle West.

2 Carter Daniel Markham. Mary F. Hufakcr and Eli.'ia
Matthews nee Adair.

OK 3 James B. Markham. Beatrice Alberty.

4 John West Markham. Martha C. Riley, Sallie Jane Danii-j.

5 Ruth A. Markham. Dr. Walter Thompson Adair.
IM-5'M^F' Lewis Rogers. Josephine Landrum, Helen Ross and.

I 2 Sarah Rogers. David Vaught, William Wilkerson, Alherl

I Campbell and J. J. Griggs.

I 3 Louisa Rogers. Virgil Rogers and .Alexander McDaniel.

lM-5-'5M"' Charlotte Belle West. Jacob West Markham and William

Lavesque Wilder.

lil-6->lM'' William Crawford Beatty. Emeline Harris.

lM-'6-'2M"' Joseph Price.

1M-6'7M
I'l-Z-'l^

lM-7-'
OK

CHEROKEi; INSANE ASYLUM

Ruth Ann Alberty. Cornelius Alberty and Waller Ad.nr -larr.
Nancy Eveline binder. George Elders, William (ireen and

Daniel Ross Hicks.
Malderine Elizabeth binder. George Washingt<in Adair.
Emory Ogden binder. Martha Ann Vann.
John Ross binder. Eliza Keziah Fennel.
Ann Eliza binder *Pickens M. Benge. William H. Hendricks
Cinderella binder. * Robert McDanieb
Julius Caesar binder. " Emma Hildebrand.
James V. Hildebrand. Adelaide Taylor.
Elizabeth Hildebrand. * Johnson O'Fields.
Jamima Hildebrand. * Matthew Thompson.
Martha Hildebrand. James Smart.
Ann Eliza Hildebrand. Hugh Miller Howdershelb

358 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

m-7^3H° James Franklin Williams. Mary Jane England.

2 Paralee Williams. John F. Thomas.

OK 3 Johnanna Williams. Jesse Adam Thomas.

111=7344,5 Jennie Bailey. Jackson.

2 Savilla Bailey. Yellowhird.

OK 3 Elan Bailey. Johnson O'Fields.

4 Mary Bailey. *

5 Louisa Cunnigan. John Charley and George Frederick
Private.
1M'7"5M-^ Mary White Hildebrand. Joshua Columbus Hannah.
2 Amelia Eglantine Hildebrand.

Eliza Jane Hildebrand. *

Emily Cherokee Hildebrand. James Layton Webb.

Lawrence William Hildebrand. Eglentine Orr.

John Walker Hildebrand. *

Ellis Hildebrand. '

Annie Hildebrand. William Sweetwater.

Ermina Hildebrand. Talbert.

,11=7.364

,-,

11^7374

1"'

OK 3 James H. Hildebrand. Ida Youngbird nee Tunooie.

Albert Hildebrand. *

Charles Hildebrand. *

]i, =7334,0

John F. Hildebrand. *

Sarah Jane Hildebrand. *

OK 3

Emma Hildebrand. * Julius Caesar Linder

Newton Hildebrand. *

Lewis W. Hildebrand. *

Ida Jane Hildebrand. *

Peter Hildebrand. *

,11=7394,5

Serena Frazier. * Alfred Pigeon.

Rebecca Frazier. *

OK 3

Frances E. Frazier. =•'

Ebenezer Frazier. *

5 Daniel Jones Frazier. Elizabeth Hood.

6 John Frazier. Elizabeth Crapoe nee Boggs.
,11=7:1,04,5 Lucy Ratliff. John Nixon Davis.

John Reynolds. Sallie Pennel.

OK 3 Henry Bowers. *

l'P8"fl-' George Harlan. Mary McCoy.

2 Sarah Harlan. George Washington Lasley, Ebenezer Walk-
er and Joseph Tackett.
OK 3 Mitchell Harlan. Letitia Victoria Keys.

HISTORY OF THF. CHEROKEE INDIANS 35';

4 Ezekial Harlan. Rachel Sands.

5 Nancy Perlony Harlan. Riley J. Keys, Jos.'pji \ann l.asley

and Joseph Robins.

6 Jennie Harlan. Charles Coody Rogers and Granville 'lorbet!.
rr8-'2M"^ James Ellis Harlan. Margaret Reed and Nancy Ann Gibson

nee.

2 Sallie Matilla Harlan. John Poole, George Lane, Lewis
Ross Kell, James Chastine Blythe and Charles Chandler.

OK 3 Mary Josephine Harlan. Mitchell Sanders.

4 John Brown Harlan. Mary Ann McGhee.

5 Ruth Jane Harlan. William Writtenberry and Joseph Henry

Hunt.

6 Timothy Dwight Harlan. *

7 Emily D. Harlan. George Finley.
iM^S^i^l' George Harlan Harnage. *

1M=8"4-'15 Emily Roach. Edward Walls and Aaron Crittenden.

2 William Roach. Nannie Lowrey and Eliza Lowrev.

OK 3 Nannie Roach. Lafayette Catron and John Horn.

4 James Roach. *

5 Mary Roach. *

6 George Roach. Nannie Prilchett and Sarah Triplelt.

7 John Roach. Nellie Grant.

8 Sarah Roach. Looney Townsend and William Sullivan.

9 Joshua Roach. *

l'l-9-M-'l' Jennie Harlan. Garrett Lane and John Blythe.

2 John Harlan. *

OK 3 Napoleon Harlan. Sarah Evaline Blythe.

4 Lucinda Harlan. Thomas Archer and Albert Willard.

5 David Lewis Harlan. Harriette Shoe and Nessie Ann Hardin.

6 Albert Weir Harlan. Sarah Ballard and Matilda Kirby.

7 Lafayette Harlan. Margaret Davis.

8 Murion Harlan. Belle Cue.

9 George Washington Harlan. Sarah Jane Cecil.

10 Eliza Harlan. Thomas Cannon and Henry H.ir.iin li. m

I 1 Andrew Oliver Harlan. Cora Pearl Richards.

1il-9"2M= John Craig. Mary Underwood.

2 Adeline Craig. Henry Clay McDonald and James Bivin>

OK 3 Penelope Craig. Logan Henderson Duncan.

4 William Craig. *

5 Granville Craig. Jennie Means.

6 Louisa Jane Craig. Huff D. Coats.

7 Frank Wallace Craig. Catherine Tetrick.
11 129334,. ■; Rodolph Leslie Perry. *

2 Hannah Almeda Perry. William B. James.

OK 3 Oliver Valdi Perrv. Stacy Eliza Burson.

360 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

4 Silas Aepccides Perry. Jennie Albright and Fannie D. Fox

nee Cole.

5 Florence Caroline Perry. Leander Bell Smith.

6 Texanna Cherokee Perry. * Samuel M. Ramsey.

7 Ezekial Harlan Perry. Susan Melvina Harvey nee Morrow.

8 Nathan Murion Perry. Fannie Sellers.

9 Sion Marcellus Perry. Lydia Augusta Lumpkin,
l^rio-'l-'l' Ezekial Miller. Minerva Cherokee Ward.

OK 2 Andrew Miller. *

lirio-^2^1» Nannie Otterlifter. George Washington Ross.

2 Elizabeth Otterlifter.

OK 3 Washburn Otterlifter.

1 M -' 1 0'M^ r' Margaret Taylor. *

2 Nellie Taylor. *

OK 3 Charles Taylor. *

4 Nannie Taylor. John Martin and John White.

1'1-'10"5^1'^ Mary McDaniel. * George Drumgoole.

2 Archibald Ballard. Annie Fields.

OK 3 John Ballard. Susie Arthur.

4 Jennie Ballard. Charles Lowrey.

5 Susie Ballard. William Penn Henderson and Hiram Storm.
'iM-lo-S-'r' Annie Hoskins. Daniel Landrum.

2 Julia Hoskins. James McGhee.

3 Orsinoe Mcintosh. * Jackson Smith.
i^y-2'-^\H^ Andrew Pettit. Arie Beck.

2 Minerva Pettit. John Anderson, Lewis Hicks, John Jour-
ney, Israel J. Ward, Jesse Russell and Alfred Clark Ray-
mond.
OK 3 William Pettit. Margaret Anne Starr nee McDanieV" Nannie

Tyner and Emma Johnson.

4 Frank Pettit. Nellie Smith and Mary Beck.

5 Amelia Ward. William Percival and William Livingston
Harris.
l'3=2-"2-'l" Stephen Hildebrand. Mary Beck, Amanda Hildebrand nee
Hair and Jennie Mesenheimer.

Margaret Hildebrand.

OK 3 Michael Hildebrand. Sarah Hooks.

4 Chiouke Hildebrand. *
1'3-2-'3-'L' John Hildebrand Cookson. Elizabeth Adair, Nellie Lyman
and Matilda Lawly.

2 Emily Cookson. William Zion Pettit.
OK 3 Elizabeth Cookson. * George Wiggins.

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS u.i

113-2MM'' Caroline Catron. Jesse Sanders.

2 Lafayette Catron. Nannie Roach.
OK 3 Levannali Elizabetli Catron. Tiionias Holmes Cariiie and

Levi Rosters Keys.
1\^'2-'5M" Elvira Jane McLain. ^Alexander Thompson and William
Hayes.
2 Calvin McLain. Charlotte Martin.
OK 3 Austin McLain. ''■' Melissa Arminda Cordery.

4 Mary Ann McLain. Jetterson RatlilT.

5 Nancy Elmira McLain. Joseph Watkins and James Thomas

Morrow.

6 John McLain. Mary Martin and Susannah Moore.

7 ■ Joseph McLain. Martha Scott, Elizabeth Kerr nee Clyne

and Lonnie Nelson.

8 Lewis McLain. * Susie Woods.

9 William McLain. Elizabeth Chambers and Elizabeth Horn.
10. Mary Enieline McLain. Francis Marion Scott.

Ii3-2''6M"' William Patrick. Elizabeth Fields and Hnnna A. Beck nee
Hayes.
2 Rachel Patrick. Alexander Ballard and Houston De .'Krmond.
OK 3 Nancy Jane Patrick. Noah LiUard and James R. Gourd.

4 Margaret Patrick. Henry Fry, Louis Diena and Henry Mor-

ris.

5 John Joshua Patick. Minerva Elizabeth LiUard and E!mir;i

Starr nee Fields.

6 Elias Patrick. -

7 Mary Patrick. John P. Lyman and Calloway Burke.

8 George Washington Patrick. Polina Jane Keys, Nannie C.

Langley and Nannie Jenkins.

9 Lucy Patrick. Joseph Heinrichs.

10 Michael K. Patrick. Delilah Cookson and Josephine- H,i«-
kins.
1^-2-7' 1"' Jennie Hildebrand. William Lucas.

2 Julia Ann Hildebrand. Surry Eaton Beck, Nathaniel Wet-
ford, James Barnett and Jasper Bee.
OK 3 Susan Hildebrand. George Washington Mitchell.

^1322384,5 Nannie Mtichell. Charles H. Allen.

2 Jennie Mitchell. "
OK 3 Rebecca Mitchell. Ezekial Proctor.

4 Henry Mitchell. '•^ Cynthia Beck.

5 Louvisa Mitchell. Daniel Anderson, John Lane and Samuel

Rounds.

6 Mitchell Hildebrand Mitchell. Margaret Underwood.

7 John Mitchell. Jennie Norris nee Rennecker.

8 William Mitchell. Elizabeth Newton.

362 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

9 Franklin Pierce Mitchell. Elizabetli Thompson and Georgia
Ann Newton.

10 Eliza Mitchell. George Washington Talbert.

1 1 Reese T. Mitchell. Nannie Acorn.

113=2^9^1'' James Lovett. Annie Quinton and Annie Griftin.

2 Annie Lovett. * Houston De Armond.
OK 3 David Lovett. Belle McCutchan.

4 John Lovett. Elizabeth Young nee Tetrincha.

5 Louisa Amanda Lovett. * Houston DeArmond.

6 William Irving. Henrietta Oakley nee Fry.

7 Joseph Irving. Minnie Louisa See and Henriette Ann Mar-

lowe.

8 Brice Poe. *
1'3-2-Mo^l'"' Michael Hildebrand. Amanda Hair.
OK 2 Elizabeth Hildebrand. Hurd.

OK 3 Reese Hildebrand. '""

4 Josephine Hildebrand. John Meeker.

5 Alice Hildebrand. Charles Antoine Schmidtman and An-

drew Cornelius Cordery.

6 Ertie Hildebrand. William W. Nelson.
l'3-'2-'l l^l-' Reese Hildebrand. Lydia Latta.

2 Elizabeth Hildebrand. Thomas Beaver, William Cramp,
Andrew Crane and Samuel Campbell.
I'3-2"12M'' Nannie Elizabeth Maytleld. Thomas L. Gaston.

2 Michael Mayfield. Elizabeth Sanders and Ellen Hammonds.
OK 3 Susan Jane Mayfield. Isaac Allison Milligan and Samuel
Lee Milligan.

4 John Ross Mayfield. Annie McDaniel and Nellie Phillips.

5 Lillar Mayfield. William Rufus James, John Smith and

Robert B. Williams.

6 Joseph Mayfield. Helen Dobson and

7 Isaac H. Mayfield. Sarah McNabney.

8 Rogina Mayfield. Cornelius Willis.
1^3-3"l-'l"' James Rogers. Mary Sanders.
1^3-'3-M^l-'^ Charles Rogers. - Susie Foreman.
OK 2 Elmira Rogers. Timothy Fields.

11323364,1-, Elizabeth Brand. Theodore Cummings and Solomon Bragg.
2 Francis Rogers. William Elders.

OK 3 John Rogers. Missouri Emma Quinton.

4 Cynthia Ann Rogers. *

5 Margaret Brown. *

1 13=337-' 1 5 Elizabeth Fields. William Patrick.

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS v, ,

CHAPTER XVI
Continuation of Old Families.
Foreman.

The descendants of Anthony Foreman, a Seotcinii.oi u no married two
full blood Cherokee wives.

1^ AnthonyForeman. Susie and Elizabeth. \2(>

IM- John Foreman. Nannie l)rums;ooIe nee Doubiehead and
Ruth Springston.
2 Catherine Foreman. James Bigby.
OK 3 Thomas Foreman. Susannah Brewer nee Fields.

4 Nannie Foreman. Bushyhead.

5 Sallie Foreman. William Hicks.

6 Richard Bark Foreman. and Rachel Seabolt.

7 Archibald Foreman. Aky Brewer and Theresa Kerr. A2 7

8 Elsie Foreman. James Spears.

9 Stephen Foreman. Sallie W. Riley and Ruth Candy nee

Riley.

10 Edward Foreman. Minerva Kerr.

1 1 Mary Foreman. Thomas Barnes.

12 Alexander Foreman. Ruth Phillips * and Sarah Fields.
lM-1-^ Richard Foreman. Sallie and Dorcas Rattlinggourd.

2 John Foreman. Lucretia and Va-ki-nv.

OK 3 James Foreman. Delialh Fields.

4 Elizabeth Foreman. Edley Springton.

5 Elizabeth Foreman. John Elliott.

6 Johnson Foreman. Elizabeth B. Mann.

1^2-P Mary Ann Bigby. David Taylor. A2S

2 Jennie Bigby. Andrew Taylor.

OK 3 Thomas Wilson Bigby. Margaret Catherine Adair.

4 James Bigby. * Louisa Levi.

5 Elizabeth Bigby. Moses Fields.

6 Wiley Bibgy. Mary McLaughlin and Elnora Nich' ^' -

7 Sallie Bigby. Leonard Bonaparte Williams.

8 Jackson Bigby. *

9 Susie Bigby. Felix Riley.

10 Malinda Bigby. William Guilliams and Jesse Redman.

l'3'l" Nannie Foreman. Allen GafTord and Martin North.

2 Samuel Foreman. Sallie Rattlinggourd.

364 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

OK 3 Nellie Foreman. Adam Bibles.

4 Charles Foreman. Annie Seabolt and Thirsey Colvin.

5 William Hicks Foreman. * Mary Sweetwater.

6 Joseph Anthony Foreman. Narcissa Reaves Carey and Lethe

Parris.

7 Sallie Foreman. *

8 David McNair Foreman. Sarah Sweetwater, Agnes Fore-

man Sweetwater and Mary Foreman nee Sweetwater.

9 George Foreman. Elizabeth Fields and Elizabeth Fields.

10 Thomas Foreman. Elizabeth Chicken.

1 1 Susan Foreman. Samuel Jones and Walter Stopp.

12 James Foreman. '■=

13 Edward Foreman. Mary Proctor, Sarah Proctor and Jen-

nie Spaniard nee Terrapin.

14 Elizabeth Foreman. Johnson Proctor and Redbird Sixkiller.
lH-1^ Jesse Bushyhead. Eliza Wilkerson.

2 Isaac Bushyhead. Catherine Ratlift" and Ghi-ga-u Snake.

OK 3 George Bushyhead. Go-wo-hi-du.

4 Nannie Bushyhead. John Walker and Lewis Hildebrand.

5 Susan C. Bushyhead. Ezekial Lyons and L. P. Harris.

6 Jacob Bushyhead. Nannie McDaniel and Elizabeth Romine

nee Riley.

7 Charles Bushyhead. Polly Starr and Sallie Miller nee Mc-

Coy.

l'5-l-^ Eli Hicks. Isabel Miller.

2 Jay Hicks. Catherine Levi.

3 Ruth Hicks. Ezekial Beck and William Rogers.

4 William Hicks. *

5 Carrington Hicks. *

6 Margaret Hicks. Jacob Nicholson.

7 Ella Hicks. Joseph Spears.

8 Abijah Hicks. Hannah Worcester.

9 Anna Hicks. Charles French.

10 Charles Hicks. *

1 1 John Hicks. '■■

12 Sarah Hicks. Spencer Seago Stephens.

13 Nannie Hicks. Sebastian Boynton and William A. Reese.
r6-l3 Jennie Foreman. Celle Robbards and Henry Glenn.

2 Annie Laura Foreman. Lord Wellington Shirley.
OK 3 Archibald Foreman. Sarah Walkingwolf.

4 Anthony Foreman. *

5 Susan Louella Foreman. David Sanders, John Horn and

John Clark Cleveland.

6 Daniel C. Foreman. Elizabeth Beck.

HISTORY OF THE CHHROKEh: INDIANS 365

7 Stephen Foreman. Christine Hooeland nL^e Sands

8 Catherine Foreman. William McCrearv and Aaron Headin

Beck.

9 Robert Foreman. *

10 Martha Foreman. * James Allison.

1^7^'l" Mary Foreman. Ellis Fox Phillips and William C. Dickson.

2 Minerva Foreman. Amos Thornton and Wallace Vann.

OK 3 Archibald Foreman. *

l'8-l'^ Nannie Spears. *

2 Eli Spears. Elizabeth Hall.

OK 3 John Spears. Annie Welch.

4 Elizal)eth Spears. Charles Dobbins.

5 Mary Ann Spears. William Coody Ross.

6 Elmira Spears. Stephen David.

7 Stephen Spears. Maria Louisa Roberson.

8 Archibald Spears.

9 Charles Spears. Mary J. Crockett.
r9-l-' Austin Worcester Foreman. *
2 Ermina Nash Foreman. *
OK 3 Jeremiah Everett Foreman. Celeste Stidham.

4 Susie Elizabeth Foreman. *

5 John Anthony Foreman. Eliza Mary BIythe and Nannie

Amanda Smith.

6 Stephen Taylor Foreman. Ada Carter McClellan.

7 Jennie Lind Foreman. Charles McClure McClellan.

8 Archibald Alexander Foreman. * Annie Rucks.

9 Austin Worcester Foreman. Emily Josephine Ridenhour

and Margaret Edith George.

1(1 Charles Hodge Foreman. *

1 1 Flora Elizabeth Foreman. Austin J. Rider.

1 2 Araminta Ross Foreman.

iMl-l" John Albert Barnes. *

2 Rachel Barnes. Jenkins Whiteside Maxtield.

3 Alexander Foreman Barnes. *

4 Corinne Abigal Barnes. John Nathaniel Taylor.

5 Theresa Elizabeth Barnes. Thomas Ivey.

6 Henry Clay Barnes. Catherine Chambers, Nannie Cather-

ine Wilson nee Daniel and Mary Cornelia Nowiin.

7 Sarah Barnes. * Stephen Hart.

8 Minnie Barnes. Charles Edward Willey.

9 Fannie Barnes. George Washington Benge.
l'12-l'' Pierce Butler Foreman. *

2 Edward Foreman. Cherokee Brown and Emma Barnes.

OK 3 George Bullette Foreman. Nannie Elizabeth Garrison.

4 Josephus W. Foreman. *

366 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

5 Thomsia Elizabeth Foreman. * Thomas W. Collins.

6 Ermina Cooie Foreman. Robert Preston Vann.

Sequoyah.

I^ Sequoyah. Sallie and U-ti-_vu.

1M= Teesey Guess. U-ti-yu and Rebecca Bowles. A29

2 George Guess. *

OK 3 Polly Guess. Flying and Thomas Brewer.

4 Richard Guess. *

E-ya-gu Guess. George Starr

Ooo-loo-tsa Guess. *

Gu-u-ne-ki Guess. Sixkiller.

1MM3

George Guess. Girty.

Richard Guess. *

K 3

Joseph Guess. *

4 Sallie Guess. William Foster or Tu-noo-ie.

5 Joseph Guess. '■'

6 Catherine Guess. Joseph Downing.
1^3-1^ Annie Flying. Joseph Griffin.
I^S-l" Joseph Starr. *

1^7-F' Araminta Sixkiller.

lM-1^1^ Mary Guess. George Mitchell and Andrew Russell.

2 Guess.

] 1,1243] 4 Susie Foster. Levi Toney.

lM-6-M^ Nannie Downing. Richard H. Bowles.

2 Lucile Downing. Goggle.

OK 3 Edward Downing.

4 Sequoyah Downing.

5 Maud Downing.
Vypl^ Ti-du-gi-yo-sti.

I'r-'l3l-'i5 George W. Russell. Minnie Holston.

IMM^IM-'^ Calvin Hanks Toney.

2 Cicero Davis Toney.

OK 3 Margaret Toney.

I 4 Catherine Toney.

I 5 Sallie Toney.

lil=6-''l*l=^ Leo Bennett Bowles.

OK 2 Richard Bowles.

111=6324]-, Qe(,ii \Y_ Coggle.

2 Houston Coggle.

Oolootas.

P Oo-loo-tsa, of the Holly clan.

IM^ Ghi-go-ne-li.

IM-!-' Nannie. George Lowrey.

2 Ghi-go-ne-li.

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 367

IM-IM^ John Lowrey. Elizabeth Shorey and Ga-ne-lu-i;i Mc-
Lemore.

2 George Lowrey. Lucy Benge. A31

OK 3 Jennie Lowrey. Tah-lon-tee-skee. ?2

4 Elizabeth Lowrey. Joseph Sevier anJ John Walker.

5 Sallie Lowrey.

6 Nellie Lowrey. Edmond Pawling.

7 Aky Lowrey. Arthur Burns.

\'l-2-'\* Catherine. John (iunter. A30

2 Polly. Smith.

ri^l-M^l"' Elizabeth Lowrey. William Shorey Pack.

2 Jennie Lowrey. Robert Benge.

OK 3 Eliza Lowrey. Martin Benge.

\H'-\^2*i'' James Lowrey. Elizabeth McLemore.

2 Susan Lowrey. Andrew Ross.

2 George Lowrey. Elizabeth Baldridge.

4 Lydia Lowrey Milo Hoyt.

5 Rachel Lowrey. David Brown and Nelson Orr.

6 John Lowrey. *

7 Anderson Pierce Lowrev. Marv Nave.

8 Archibal Lowrev. Rachel Harris and Delilah Baldrid,i;e.

9 Washington Lowrev. Jennie

10 Charles Lowrey. Jennie Ballard and Ellen Reese.
1M-M''3^1'' George Lovett. Nannie Horn nee Hildebrand and Eliza-
beth Swimmer.
1M-1^4M'' Margaret Sevier. Gideon Morgan.
2 Eliza Sevier. W. Templin Ross.

OK 3 John Walker. Emily Meigs and Nannie Bushyhead.

1 1 J 2 1 354 1 .-, Tsa-gi-na. Pigeon.

No-na.

OK 3 Elizabeth.

4 Baldridse.

5 Switzler Lowrev. Rachel Brownlow.

6 Rope Campbell.

i^iH^6H'^ Edward Fowling. * Margaret Smith.

2 Edmond Fawling. Jennie Stanridge.

OK 3 Joseph Fawling. Lydia Brown.

368 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

4 Rim Pawling. *

5 Ellis Pawling. Elizabeth Griffin.

6 Elizabeth Pawling. Hiram Moody and Samuel Scharble.

7 James Pawling. *

8 Susie Pawling-. Thomas Smith and Isaac Timmons.
iM^l^ZM' Mary Burns. William Alexander Davis.

OK 2 Elizabeth Burns. Michael Huraker.

r 1=2-" 1^1 5 Samuel Gunter. A-yo-ku.

2 Aky Gunter. Alexander McCoy.

OK 3 Martha J. Gunter. Richard Blackurs.

4 Edward Gunter. Elsie McCoy and Letitia Keys.

5 Elizabeth Hunt Gunter. Martin Matthew Scrimsher.

6 John Gunters.

7 Catherine Gunter. James B. Vaught and Oliver Wack Lipe.-
lil=232M5 Walter Smith. '•=

^i|2j3i4i5|6 Thomas Jefferson Pack. Jennie Taylor.

OK 2 Cynthia Pack. John Cowart.

\'\-i-\*2^l'^ Mary Benge. * John Lee.

2 Eliza Benge. Henry Seabolt.

OK 3 John Benge. Caroline Gordon.

4 Robin Benge. *

5 McLemon Benge. Margaret Seabolt.

6 Young Benge, *

7 Pickens Benge. Angeline Franklin.

8 Sarah Benge *

lM-1^1^3'1" Samuel Houston Benge, Lucy Blair and Nannie Brewster

2 George Washington Benge. * Nannie Holmes.

OK 3 Obediah Martin Benge. Margaret Blair and Etta .

4 Richard Benge. Charlotte Frye.

5 Rhoda Benge. Stephen Teehee.

6 William Benge. Elizabeth Ross.

7 Catherine Benge. George Washington Gunteu
lMM^2M'l" Lucy Lowrey. John W. Brown.

2 William Lowrey. Anohi Bigbullet and Lucy Fourkiller.

OK 3 Charles Lowrey.

4 John Lowrey. Elizabeth Blair.

!• r'l-''2'*l°l'' Oliver Perry Ross. Susie Vann and Elzina Hair nee Goo-
nan.

2 Daniel Ross. Naomi Chisholm and Sarah Half breed.

OK 3 Andrew J. Ross. Nannie Otterlefter and Nannie Halfbreed.

4 Samuel Houston Ross. Sarah Grimmett.

5 William Coody Ross. Mary Ann Spears.

6 Joseph Miller Ross. Rachel Drew.

7 Joshua Ross. Muskogee Yargee.

8 Richard Johnson Ross. Elizabeth Stidham.

9 Jennie Pocahontas Ross. John D. Murrell.
ri=l32-'35l"* Jennie Lowrey. James Brown Choate.

HISTORY OF THh CllbKOKHlf INDIANS 3,,..

1M-1"2M^'I« Dollie Eunice Hoyt. Amory Nelson Chamberlain.
2 Nancy Ann Hoyt. Hamilton Balentine.
Esther Susan Hoyt. James Ward.
Hindman Hoyt Hoyt. Ruth Ann BulTington and Elizabeth

Candy. *
Sarah Hoyt. Richard Hunter.
Lucy Lowrcy Hoyt. Monroe Calvin Keys.
Mile Ard Hoyt. Harriette Washburn nee Folsom.
John L. Brown. Ann Schrimsher.
Catherine Brown. William Daniel.
Daniel Webster Lowrey.

Henry Lowrey. Mary Parris and Evaline Evans nee Russell.
Lucy Ann Lowrey. Charles Hicks Campbell.
Dollie Eunice Lowrey. James Fields, * Thomas Starr and

Charles Galloway. *
George Lowrey. *

Susan Lowrey. Richard Robertson and Jefferson Carter.
Eliza Lowrey. William Henry Davis.
James Monroe Lowrey. Susie Vickery.
Andrew Lowrey. Dora Pinckney nee Bruton.

8 Austin Lowrey. Sallie Coker.

11 1213248.-. 10 James Lowrey. Ellen Pij;eoii.

lM = l-'*2-'9'l'^ George Lowrey. Elizabeth Proctor.

lM-l-'2-'10"l" Orsinoe Lowrey. Charles Reese Starr.

2 Lucy Lowrev. *

■111- 1"2

53,0

liFl-'2

7.-1.

OK 3 Alice B. Lowrey.

4 Return Johnson Lowrey. Drucilyla Medley.

5 Charles Pickens Lowrey. Laura Rider.
lM-l-''3^1''l'^ James Lovett. Annie Quinton and Annie GrilTin.

2 Annie Lovett. * Houston DeArmond.

3 David Lovett. Belle McCutchan.

4 John Lovett. * Elizabeth Young nee Tetincha.

5 Louisa Amanda Lovett. * Houston DeArmond.

6 Louisa Lovett.

7 Eliza Lovett.

8 William Lovett. Susie Crossland and Nannie Pettit.

9 Sarah Lovett. Deertrack Candy.
10 Lucy Lovett * John Proctor.

1 1 Susie Lovett. * Joseph Goings.

ri-m^M" Margaret Ann Ward Morgan. Robert Taylor Hanks and
J. Henry Effort.

2 George Washington Morgan. Martha Keziah Mayo.

370 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

OK 3 Elizabeth Lowry Morgan. Hugh McDowell McElreath and

William C. Eblin.

4 Cherokee America Morgan. Andrew Lewis Rogers.

5 Rufus Montezuma Morgan. * Mary Holt.

6 Amanda Patience Morgan. Frank Fowler and Joseph Ab-

salom Scales.

7 Robert Hanks Morgan. *
1'1-1"4-'2^I" Andrew Ross. Lucinda Gentry.

2 Samuel Potts Ross.

OK 3 Benjamin Franklin Ross.

4 Joseph Ross. Priscilla Gentry.

5 Margaret Melvina Ross.

6 Hannah Ross. Fin B. Tompkins.

7 Robert Ross.

8 Mary Ann Ross.

|ijL'j34435i6 Timothy Meigs Walker. Elizabeth Neely Adair.

2 Elizabeth Grace Walker. James Coleman and Pryor Smith.
OK 3 Minerva Jane Walker. Armstrong Lea and Lorenzo De-

lano.
4 John Osborn Walker. Lucinda Taylor and Georgianna
Wilkins.

5 Sarah E. Walker. George Washington Lasley.

6 Ebenezer Walker. Sarah Lasley nee Harlan.
I'l-l-S'lH" Ellen Pigeon.

2 Lucy Pigeon.

3 Josiah Pigeon.

4 Lucinda Pigeon.

Iil2^35425i6 jQh„ Lowrey McCoy. Charlotte Ratliff, Emma Bennett
and Lucy Jane Adair.

2 Gu-wo-du-gi-sdi.

3 Gu-yo-ti-hi.
lM-l-'5-»3M'* Aky.

2 Nellie.

3 Elizabeth.

4 Uwo-no-sdi.

lil = l-5M=l« Mary Baldridge. Walker Hogner.

2 George Baldridge. * ,

3 Ewi Baldridge.

4 Ets-wo-ti-sgi Baldridge.

I'l-l^S-'S-M" Margaret Lowrey. Jefferson Hicks and Wilson Hornet.

2 Edward Lowrey. Rose Welch and Sarah Welch.

OK 3 Samuel Lowrey. *

4 Mary Lowrey. George Foreman and Philip Webster.

5 Nannie Lowrey. * William Roach.

6 Eliza Lowrey. William Roach and William Batt.

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

1MM-"5^6M" Sophia Campbell. Jack Fox, Rat and John M. Smith.

2 John Campbell. Lydia Dry.

OK 3 Susie Campbell. * John Brown Wright.

4 Elizabeth Campbell. Henry Clay Ross.

5 Lethe Campbell. Charles Hermann and Napoleon Bona-

parte Rowe.

6 Jennie Campbell. John Brown Wright and Levi O'Ficlds.

7 Hook Campbell.

8 Mary Campbell. Charles Hendricks and .Alexander Hen-
dricks.

lMM-''6-'2'''r' Edmond Fawlin^s;-. Mary and Cass Pippins.

2 Henry Pawling-. Adeline CoUuni and Marj:aret Wilson.

OK 3 Susan Pawling. John Williams and Hugh Snider.

4 Mary Pawling. Jacob Williams and John Stafford.

lM = l-'6^5''l" Alexander Pawling. Susan Dolusky Hensley.

2 Nannie Pawling. Armstead B. Maxwell.

OK 3 Sarah Pawling. Kelly and HoUis Lorenzo Chubbuck.

4 George W. Pawling. Sarah Jane Langley, Lena ,

Malinda Isreal and Warren.

5 Mary Pawling. James Horton.

6 Lydia Pawling. '■' Lafayette Guinn.
lM-l"6^8''r'' Mary Smith. George Downing.

2 Jennie Smith. Plying.

OK 3 James Smith. Nannie Voungblood.

4 Hiram Smith.

5 Lucy Smith. Isaac Shade.

6 George Smith. Elizabeth Keener.

7 John Smith. Sarah Whitwater.

8 Elizabeth Smith.
0 William Smith.

iM-M-vM-'l" Cynthia Pack Davis. John Thompson Mayes.

2 Laura Cornelia Davis. *

OK 3 Sarah Ophelia Davis. James Allen Mayes.

4 John Lowrey Davis. Harriette Folsom.

5 William Henry Davis. Eliza Lowrey.

6 George Washington Davis. *

7 Mary Elizabeth Davis. Robert Harrison Akin and Theodora

Freeland Polsom.

lM-lv^2'r' Mary Hufaker. Carter Daniel Markham.

OK 2 Cynthia Hufaker. * John R. McNair.

111=23 l^lM'' George Washington Gunter. Eliza Nave.

111=231^2=1" Lucy McCoy. James Gatlin.

|ij223|435iG Samuel R. Blackburn. Nannie P. Lattamore.

OK 2 Jennie Blackburn. Carter Walker Maylield.

372 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

lil-2^lM^l''' Nannie Gunter. * Wiliam Shipley.
2 Nellie Gunter. Lachlan Beavert.

3 Sarah Gunter. John R. Nicholson.

4 James Gunter. *

5 Margaret Gunter. Rufus Goody and Madison Goody.

6 Eliza Gunter. Riley Keys, John Alexander Adair and

Mowry.

8 Daniel McCoy Gunter. *

9 John Gunter. *

10 Catherine Gunter. Daniel Hicks Ross.

1 1 Martha Gunter. *

7 Jennie Gunter. Leroy Keys.

12 Elizabeth Gunter. Alexander McCoy Rider.
ri-2'M-*5''r' John Gunter Scrimsher. Juliette Melvina Candy.

2 Elizabeth Alabama Scrimsher. John Lafayette Adair and

Dennis Wolf Bushyhead.

3 Mary America Scrimsher. Clement Vann Rogers.

4 Sarah Catherine Scrimsher. *

5 Martha Lucretia Scrimsher. Fredrick William Gulager.
1M=2-M-'6"1" Nellie Gunter. John We-tu-su-te.

1M-2^1'*7'M" Sarah Josephine Vaught. * George Washington Nave and
Olney Sevier Morgan.

2 Dewitt Clinton Lipe. Victoria Susan Hicks and Mary Eliza-
beth Archer.
OK 3 Nannie E. Lipe. *

4 John Gunter Lipe. *

5 Jennie Catherine Lipe. Pleasant Napoleon Blackstone.

6 Clark Charlesworth Lipe. Libbie Farmer and Margaret

Emma Thompson.

Bowles.
1^ John Bowles. Jennie, Oo-loo-tsa and Oo-ti-yu. A3 3

I'r John Bowles. Jennie.
2 French Bowles. *
OK 3 Nellie Bowles. *

4 Lightningbug Bowles. A-yu-su.

5 Tu-noo-ne-ski Bowles. *

6 Du-qu-Ii-lu- Wagon Bowles. Fannie Davis.

7 Qua-ti-ni Bowles. *

8 Tsa-gi-na Bowles. Bird Tail.

9 Rebecca Bowles. Tee-see Guess. A29

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

10 Samuel Bowles. I-doo-si.

1 1 Eliza Bowles. John Porum Uavis.

12 Nannie Bowles. ''■' George Chisholm.

lM-1^ James Bowles. Eliza Halfbreed.

lH-1" Joseph Bowles. *

2 Caroline Bowles. *

OK 3 John Bowles. *

4 Jefferson Bowles. *

l'6-l-' Johnson Bowles. *

2 Etta Bowles. *

OK 3 Elizabeth Bowles. *

4 Thomas Bowles. *

1^8=1^ Gu-de-iri. *

2 Ghi-go-ne-li.

3 Go-yi-ne. *

l'9-l-' Sallie Guess. Wiliam Foster.

2 Joseph Guess. *

OK 3 Catherine Guess. Joseph Downing.

IMOM^ George Bowles. *

IM r'l-' John Davis. -

lM-r"l^ Minnie Bowles. Elijah Hermogene l.erWance and Orlando
Shay.

OK 2 Richard H. Bowles. Bettie Blythe and Nannie Downing.

1'9-1-M-* Susie Foster. Levi Toney.

1^9-3^1^ Nannie Downing. Richard H. Bowles.

2 Lucile Downing. Goggle.

3 Edward Downing.

4 Sequoyah Downing.

5 Maud Downing,
l^l-l-'m-' Lillian LeMance.

OK 2 Jessie Lamar Shay.

1M-1"2-'1-"' Thomas Bowles.

Leo Bennett Bowles.
Richard Bowles.
Calvin Hanks Toney.
Cicero Davis Toney.
Margaret Toney.
Catherine Toney.
Sallie Toney.
Leo Bennett Bowles.
Richard Bowles.
Cicero W. Goggle.
Houston Goggle.

l'9-'l"

I^l-' (

l'9-3-'

IM'' I

.1^9=3-

2*\''

374 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS
CHAPTER XVII
Continuation of Old Families

Sanders.

2 Eli Sanders. Elmira Eldridge, Catherine Dilingliam nee

Clyne and Lucy Tiiornton nee Crittenden.
]! Susannali. Mitchell Sanders A34

IM- George Sanders. Jennie Pritchett.

2 Alexander Sanders. Peggy Sonicooie. A35

OK 3 John Sanders. Dorcas Smith.

4 Andrew Sanders. Mary Brewster.

5 David Sanders. Susie Peacock.

6 Nannie Sanders. George Harlan and Ambrose Harnage.A36

7 Agnes Sanders. Jacob Alberty.

8 Jennie Sanders. William Crittenden.
lM-1" Elsie Sanders. Maxwell Chambers.

2 Walter Chambers. Sallie and Elizabeth.
OK 3 Samuel Sanders. * Ghi-ga-u Meanman.

4 James Sanders. Dorcas Fields.

5 Nannie Sanders. Joseph Spears.

6 Elizabeth Sanders. *

7 Nicholas Byers Sanders. Sallie Eagle.

8 Jesse Sanders. Caroline Catron.
r2-l^ George Sanders. Elsie .

2 Mitchell Sanders. and Polly Overtaker.

3 John Sanders. *

4 Thomas Sanders. Nannie Sonicooie.

5 Jennie Sanders. John Winters.

6 Richard Sanders.

7 Andrew Sanders. Elizabeth Butler nee Puppy and Araminta

Starr nee McCoy.

8 Mary Sanders. Isaac Ragsdale.

9 Ellis Sanders. * Elizabeth McCoy.
iM-l'^ Agnes Sanders. Isaac Childers.

2 Robert Sanders. Mary McCreary.
OK 3 Alexander Sanders.

14 Isaac Sanders. Jennie Campbell.

j 5 Benjamin Sanders. Nana and Rachel.

6 David Sanders. Tiana Overtaker.

7 Edward Sanders. Agnes Rattlinggoourd.

8 Elizabeth Sanders. Nathan Childers.

9 Margaret Sanders. John Colwell.
I 10 Moses Sanders. *

I 1 1 Charles Sanders. Elizabeth Jane Daniel.
1M=1" Thompson Sanders. Nakie Lee.

2 .Annie Sanders. William Richardson, Charles Fargo and Eli
Sutton.

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEli INDIANS 375

OK 3 Archibald Sanders. Margaret Taylor and Isabel Eldridjic.

4 Betsy Sanders. Hampton Williams.

5 Polly Sanders. Archibald Henrv.
1^6M3 Eli Harlan. Delilah Alberty.

2 Ellis Sanders Harlan. Nannie Barnett.

OK 3 Sallie Harlan. Jacob Harnage.

4 Elmira Harlan. Joshua Roach.

5 William Harnage. Martha Snow.

6 John Griffith Harnage. Ruth Starr and Emilv Walker Mav-

field .

7 George Harnage. Nannie Maylield.

8 Andrew Jackson Harnage. *

9 Elizabeth Harnage. John Adair Bell.
1^7-1^ Johnson Alberty. Catherine Hood.

2 Lydia Alberty. William Crittenden.

OK 3 Sallie Alberty. John Shell.

4 Moses Alberty. Mary Love and Ruth Dougherty.

l^S^s Henry Clay Crittenden. Susie Wolf.

IM-l'M^ John Chambers. Catherine Seabolt, Amelia Bean and
Almira Bean.

2 Robert Chambers. *

3 Lettie Boyd Chambers. James Starr and Daniel McCoy.

4 Henry Chambers. Nannie Hendricks.

5 Joseph Chambers. Nancy Jane Starr.

6 David Chambers. *

7 James Chambers. Catherine Hendricks.

8 William Williams Chambers. Pauline Parris.
1M-2''1^ Mary Sanders. Leroy Tyner and Jefferson Hair.

2 Thomas Chambers. Mary Smith.

3 John Sanders. Jennie Sanders * and Agnes Crittenden.

4 David Sanders. Delilah Whitmire.

5 Annie Sanders. John Hair.

6 Catherine Sanders. William Brymer.

7 Takie Sanders. *

8 Jennie Sanders. * Silas Ross.

Q Susie Sanders. Jesse Wolf and Jack Bean.

lM-4-'l^ Lucinda Jane Sanders. * Levi Keys.

2 George Osceola Sanders. Elizabeth Brewer nee Allen V

OK 3 William J. Sanders. Elizabeth Hildebrand and Mary Crit-

tenden.

4 Samuel Sanders.

5 James M. Sanders. Catherine Baptiste and Keziah James.

6 Elizabeth Sanders.

7 John M. Sanders. Emma Polk.

lil^S^^l^ George Spears. *

376 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

lil273|4 Elizabeth Sanders. William Holt and Fredrick W. Ruther-
ford.

2 Sallie Sanders. *

3 Jennie Sanders. William James Largen.

4 James Sanders. Rachel Christy.
lil-8'l^ Madison Sanders. Louisa Holland.

2 Margaret Sanders. Thomas Blair.
OK 3 Cynthia Ann Sanders. George Bradley.

4 Elizabeth Sanders. Michael Mayfield.

5 Nicholas Sanders. Mary Tanksley.

6 John Catron Sanders. Sallie Jane Clay.

7 Florence Sanders. James Miller.
1^2=1-M* Johnson Sanders. Polly Bean.

1 '2-2^1* Jennie Sanders. George Bigfeather.

2 Mary Sanders. James Rogers.

3 David Sanders. Caroline Elk.

r2-4-M-' Wilson Sanders. Laura Wells Wilkerson.

2 Susie Sanders. * Charles Lafayette Foreman.

OK 3 Jerusha Sanders. *

4 Annie Sanders. *

5 Sallie Sanders. *

I 6 Thomas Jeflerson Sanders. Elizabeth Bearpaw.

I 7 Rachel Sanders. Nicholas Benjamin McNair.

8 William Sanders. *

9 Lewis Sanders. *

1 '2=5-1^ Clara Winters. James Ellis.

2 Elizabeth Winters.

OK 3 Peggy Winters. Johnson Vann and Nathaniel Stewart.

4 Mary Winters. Aaron Burr.

1^2=6»l-» John Sanders. *

2 David Sanders. *

1'2-7"1^ John Sanders. Eliza Seabolt nee Starr, Jennie Vann and
Adeline Mitchell.

2 Thomas Didymus Sanders. Maria Gaford and Joanna
Pettit.

OK 3 Jackson Sanders. *

4 Samuel D. Sanders. Nancy Jane Gafford and Martha Ann
Harris.

5 Henry Harrison Sanders. Charlotte Stocker nee Starr.

l'2-8--l^ Margaret Ragsdale. *

2 John Ragsdale. Araminta Gunter.

OK 3 Polly Ragsdale. Joseph Dawson and John Virgil McPher-

son.

4 Ellen Ragsdale. Jasper Chaney.

5 Lucy Ragsdale. Charles D. England.

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

6 Isaac Harnage Ragsdale. Johanna Johnson.

7 Cynthia Ragsdale. Joseph Hines.

1^3-1^1^ John Childers. Minerva Ross nee Foreman and Nannie

Swimmer.

OK 2 Eliza Childers. Sanders Choate.

113-231* Ellis Sanders. Martha Jane Brown and Cvntl,,,, ,. i . ...

2 Elizabeth Ann Sanders. John Tomniason Duncan.

OK 3 George D. Sanders. *

4 Mitchell Sanders. Mary Josephine Harlan and M:k' K'

5 Marion W. Sanders. *

6 Elizur Butler Sanders. Catherine Moore.

7 Samuel E. Sanders. Mary Frye.

8 Esther Sanders. Gaines Clinton Smith.
P3-3-M* Archilla Sanders. Lucinda Still.

2 John Sanders. Sallie Sequichie, Catherine Henry nee Coo-
coodfgisky and Annie Goss.
113-4^1* Diana Melvina Sanders. John White.

2 Margaret Elizabeth Sanders. Peter Parson and Geori;e
Washington Boyles.
OK 3 Rachel Hunt Sanders. Ale.xander Lombard Martin.

4 Mary Ellen Sanders. Joseph Raincrow.

5 Lucy Travennes Sanders. Andrew Nowife and Georire

Waseet.

6 David Edward Sanders. Elsie Ballard and Caroline Ball.irJ

nee Romine.
P3-5''l* Aaron Sanders. Tiana Chuculate.

2 Oeeola Sanders. Nannie Eagle.

3 Nannie Sanders. Youngwolf \'ann.

378 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

Elizabeth Sanders. *

Nannie Sanders John Thompson and Thomas Pettit.

David Sanders.

Neki Sanders.

Jolly ("Hoolie'') Sanders. Mary Rogers.

Burns Sanders. * Lucy Pritchett.

Elizabeth Sanders.

Agnes Sanders. Alexander Heaven.

Jennie Sanders.

Thomas Sanders. *

Isaac Sanders. Isabel Hampton.

Sallie Sanders. * Cornelius Sanders.

Charles Sanders. '■'

Elsie Sanders. * Alexander B. Clapp.

Samuel Childers. Sarah Bean.

John Jolly Colwell. '' Cynthia Chaney.

Cynthia Colwell. John P. Hall.

Nannie Colwell. George Washington Starr.

Mary Colwell. Matthew Terrell.
l'3-'ll'''l"' Caroline Elizabeth Sanders. George Washington Choate.
2 Martha Jane Sanders. Cornelius Sanders and George
Washington Fields.
OK 3 Elizabeth Catherine Sanders. George Washington Choate.

4 William Frank Sanders. Ellen Minerva Flournoy.
1'4-1"H Mary Sanders. William Thornton and William Wilson.

2 Lucinda Sanders. John Thornton and Lock Langley.

3 Joshua Sanders. Charlotte Ann Adair, Nannie Ragsdale
and Mary Quinton.

4 Cornelius Sanders. Sallie Sanders, Sallie Smith and Martha
Jane Sanders.

5 William Sanders. *

6 John Sanders. Elizabeth Tiesky* and Nancy Jane Sweat.
114=23 1-1 Elizabeth Richardson. George Washington Doherty, Will-
iam Patton and Thomas Pettit.

15=1 =

1 1

1^3

.53 1 4

1^3

273,4

r3 =

SSf

11329:;,-!

2 Charles Augustus Fargo. Narcissa Jacobs and Effie Wilson
nee Davis.
OK 3 Calvin Fargo. Susan Margaret McKinney, Delilah Johnson,

nee Baldridge.
1431 Ruth Thompson. Robert Patton.

2 Oscar Dunre Fettit. Emily Faulkner.

OK 3 Amanda Pettit. * Isaac Abraham Jacobs.

115=281^ Thomas Sandeis. *

2 John Murphy Sanders. Anna L. Bell.

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS
OK 3 George Sanders. Elizabeth Thornton and Margaret Gar-

ner.

4 Frank Sanders. *

5 Alexander Sanders.

William Ed\\ard Sanders. Sarah Catherine Scrimsher and
Etta Jane Scraper.

1'5

5^1^

1^6^

,3i4

2 J

3 /

4 1

5 r

7 Sallie Sanders. *

1'5-'3^1^ Jennie Sanders. * John Sanders.

2 Polly Sanders. Robert Klaus.

OK 3 Susie Sanders. Henry Cook.

4 Boone Sanders. *
r5=4-M-' Mitchell Williams.

Richard Murrell Wolfe. Susan Elizabeth Shirley.

Rachel Pauline Henry, Edward Bruce Starr, Joseph Vann

and Walter Starr Crittenden.
Levi James Henry. *
George Harlan. Mary McCoy.
Sarah Harlan George Washington l.asley, Ebenezer

Walker and William Tackett.
Mitchell Harlan. Letitia Victoria Keys.
Ezekial Harlan. Rachel Sands.

Nancy Perlony Harlan. Riley J. Keys, Joseph \'ann l.as-
ley and Joseph Robbins.
6 Jennie Harlan. Charles Coodv Rogers and Granville Tor-
bett.
|ig223j4 James Ellis Harlan. Margaret Reed and Nancy Ann Gib-
son nee Bell.
2 Sallie Matilla Harlan. John Poole, George Lane, Lewis
Ross Kell, James Chastine BIythe and Charles Chandler.
OK 3 Mary Josephine Harlan. Mitchell Sanders.

4 John Brown Harlan. Mary Ann McGhee.

5 Ruth Jane Harlan. William Writtenberry and Joseph Henry

Hunt.

6 Timothy Dwight Harlan. *

7 Emily D. Harlan. George Finley.
115233^4 George Harlan Harnage.

1 15243 1 4 Eniily Roach. Edward Walls and Aaron Crittenden.

2 William Roach. Nannie Lowrey and Eliza Lowrey.

3 Nannie Roach. Lafayette Catron and John Horn.

4 James Roach. *

5 Mary Roach. *

6 George Roach. Nannie Pritchett and Sarah Triplett.

7 John Roach. Nellie Grant.

380 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

8 Sarah Roach. Looney Townsend and WilUam Sullivan.

9 Joshua Roach. *

] 15:^53 14 Elizabeth Harnage. Lemuel Murrell and John Lewis Ward-
low Williams.
OK 2 Nannie Harnage. Gilbert Wesley Wilson,
l^e^'e^l-* Sarah Caroline Harnage. John Martin Bell and Samuel G.
Heffington.
2 Ezekial Sanders Starr Harnage.

OK 3 William Thomas Harnage. Mary Rebecca Wyche.

4 Mary Victoria Harnage. William Lucullus Carr.

5 Ida Eugenia Harnage. Jonathan Taylor Ewers and John

M. Morse.

6 Loretta Beldora Harnage. John Stringer Scott.

7 Nannie Elvira Harnage. William Boone.

8 John Custis Lee Harnage. Frances Catherine Hunt.

9 Lena Harnage. Thomas James Adair.
re-Z-M"* John Sanders Harnage. '•'

2 Sarah Harnage. Charles Henry Bacon.

OK 3 William Wilson Harnage. Jennie Vann.

4 Nannie Sabina Harnage. John Dana Bacon.

1^6-9-M^ Nancy Ann Bell. Quinton Kosciusko Gebson and James

Ellis Harlan.

11 7-' JO, 4 Delilah Alberty.

2 Martha Elizabeth Alberty. Columbus Marion Reeves.

3 Joshua Alberty. *

4 George Alberty. * Elizabeth Faught.

5 Andrew Jackson Alberty. Amanda Folsom nee Dibble.

6 Mary Alberty. *

7 John Alberty. Emily Clay McDonald.

8 Archibald Alberty. Julia A. Peake.

9 Patsy Alberty. Stephen Palone.
1'7-2-M-' James Crittenden. Isabel Doherty.

2 Lucy Crittenden. Smith Thornton and Eli Sanders.

3 Nannie Crittenden. Judge Pathkiller and Stephen Smith.

4 Jacob Crittenden. ■■'

5 Elizabeth Crittenden. Ellis Foreman.

6 Agnes Crittenden. John Sanders.

7 Emily Crittenden. Henry Bushyhead.

8 Benjamin Crittenden. Nannie Proctor and Mary Weaver.
117-3M* Toas Shell. Jennie Walkingstick.

117243^4 Annie Alberty. Nelson Foreman.

2 Jennie Alberty. Elias Gourd Foreman.

3 Margaret Alberty. '■'

4 Catherine Alberty. * Frank Harris.

5 Nannie Alberty. James McA. Messer.

HISTORY OF TUB CHEROKEE INDIANS

1^8=1^1^ Rebecca Crittenden. - Harlin Eaton.

2 Charles Nelson Crittenden. *

OK 3 John Ross Crittenden. Alice Harlin.

4 Mary Crittenden. *

5 Sarah Crittenden. Joseph McMinp Starr.

6 George Washington Crhtenden. Martha Jane Starr and

Nancy Jane Wilkey.

7 Lucy Crittenden. Martha T. Root.

8 Charlotte Crittenden. * John Gunter Harlin.

9 Henry Clay Crittenden. Mary Susan Morris.

Ridge-Watie
1 ' Oganstota.
11^ Major Ridge. Susie Wickett. A37

2 Oowatee. Susannah Reese. A3 7

IMM-^ John Ridge. Sarah Bird Northrup.

2 Sarah Ridge. George Washington Paschal.
Walter Ridge. * Elizabeth.
Nannie Watie. John Foster Wheeler.
Stand Watie. Elizabeth Fields, Isabel Hicks nee Miller.
Eleanor Looney and Sallie Caroline Bell. A38

Killekeena Watie. Harriette Gold and Delight Sergeant. A37
Thomas Black Watie. *
Mary Ann Watie. John Walker Candy.
John Alexander Watie. Eliza Fields.
Elizabeth Watie. Lewis Webber.
8 Charles Edwin Watie. *
ri-lM-' John Rollin Ridge. Elizabeth Wilson.
2 Clarinda Ridge. *
OK 3 Herman Ridge. *

4 Susan C. Ridge. J. Woodward Washburn.

5 Aenaes Ridge. Mavia Saunders.

6 Andrew Jackson Ridge. Helen C. Doom.

7 Flora Chamberlin Ridge. William Davis Poison.
1'1-2-M^ George Washington Paschal. Frances Tilley.

2 Ridge Paschal. Virginia Gasman nee Winston.
Emily Agnes Paschal. William McNair.
Theodore Frelinghyson Wheeler. *
Susan Wheeler. William Wallace Perry.
Mary Anna Wheeler. Ethelbert Britton Bright.
Harriette Boudinot Wheeler. Argyle Qu^'s^nbury.
Sarah Paschal Wheeler. Clarence P. Ashbrook and William

Goodlet Nelms.
John Caldwell Wheeler. Lucilla Greenlield Sandels.
William Watie Wheeler. Emma Carnall.

8 Nannie Wheeler. * "

l>2=23l-' Susannah Watie. * Charles Wondall.

2-1-'

1'2-

l.-!,4

382 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

2 Coniisky VVatie. *

OK 3 Saladin Ridge Watie. *

4 Solon Watie. * (Clierokee name Wa-ti-ke)

5 Nannie Josepliine Watie. * John Martin Daniel.

6 Cliarlotte Jackoline Watie. '''

r2=3^1^ Eleanor Susan Boudinot. Henry J. Church.

2 Mary Harriette Boudinot. * Lyman Case.

OK 3 William Penn Boudinot. Caroline Matilda Rogers Fields.

4 Sarah Parkhill Boudinot. *

5 Elias Cornelius Boudinot. * Clara Corinth Minear.

6 Frank Brinsmade Boudinot. Annie.

112-5^1* Harriette Candy. Hugh Montgomery McPherson.

2 Susan Candy. * Henry Lee Hill.

OK 3 Elizabeth Candy. " Hindman Booth Hoyt.

r2=6"l^ Susannah Inez Watie. Thomas Jeti'erson Bean.

OK 2 Nannie Wheeler Watie. * Lewis Keys.

r2-7M^ Walter Webber. *

OK 2 Charles Theodore Webber. *

Ward

1' Catherine McDaniel. John Ward. A22

ri- James Ward. Sidney Redding* and Lucy Haynie.

2 George Ward. Lucy Mayes. A39

OK 3 Samuel Ward. Easter Davis and Sallie Earwood.

4 Elizabeth Ward. Elijah Sutton and John Cox.

5 Susie Ward. William England.

6 Nannie Ward. Thomas Monroe and Stephen Carroll.

7 Bryan Ward. Temperance Stansel.

8 Charles Ward. Nannie Cross, Ruth Hollingsworth and

Mary Elvira Hensley.

1M = 13 Catherine Ward. Joseph Keaton.

2 John Ward. *

3 Thomas Carroll Ward. Mary Annie Hicks.

4 Moses Haynie Ward. Elizabeth Lear.

5 Bryan Ward. Martha Kinchlow and Delilah Hicks. *

6 George Ward. Mary Kinchlow and Mary Townsend.

7 Lucy Ward. James Williams.

8 Rosanna Ward. Daniel Tittle.

9 James Ward. Esther Susan Hoyt.
10 Nannie Ward. Caldean Gunter.

1'2=I- Sabrina Ward. Felix Arthur.

2 Charlotte Ward. John Henry Stover.

OK 3 John M. Ward. Narcissa Monroe.

4 James Ward. Louisa M. Williams.

5 Nannie Ward. William Dameron.

6 Martha Ward. John Countryman.

7 Mary Ward. Joseph Henry Clark.

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 3S5

8 Samuel Ward. Louisa England, Laura Spears. Tennessee

Howell and Louisa J. Vann.

9 Susie Ward. Joshua Lindsey.

10 Lucy Ann Ward. George Colcher, Matthew Thompson.

Robert Howell and Napoleon Bonaparte Luckey.

11 Malinda Josephine Ward. Samuel Elihugh Thornton.
I'S'l^* Samuel Ward. Cynthia Annij Wagnon. "

2 George Howard Ward. Mary Carroll.

OK 3 Martin Ward. Sallie Cooper.

IH=P John W. Sutton. Mary Copeland.

2 Harriette Sutton.

OK 3 Henrietta Sutton. EUedge.

4 Loretta Sutton. Younghird.

5 Catherine Sutton. *

6 George Morris. '■■'
l'5-l^ Sabra England. William Henderson, Joseph Kirhy and
John Stover.
2 Matilda England. William Q)ueen.
OK 3 Hepsie Tngland. Jeremiah Roberson.

4 Joseph England. Sabra Cooper, Martha Adams and Mary

Brown.

5 Tillman England. *

6 William England. Arminda England and Eliiiaheth .\\edley

nee Harlin.

7 Chapman England. *

1'6-P Narcissa Monroe. John M. Ward and Samuel Melmn.
2 Simpson Foster Monroe. Rebecca Hopkins.
OK 3 Fincher Monroe. Mary Shields.

4 Lucretia Monroe. James Humphrey, McUuil,

Mulford, James JoletT and William Colwell.

5 Thomas R. Monroe. Saphronia England and Susie Conner.

6 Susie Carroll. John Carroll.

7 Annie Carroll. * Hareford.

8 Lucy Jane Carroll. * William Hathaway.

9 Lettie CarrolL *

10 Caroline Carroll. Thompson Fields.

\^7-\^ John S. Ward. Jennie Loveless.

2 Mildred Ward. John Woods and Lewis Wilkerson.

3 Martha Ann Ward. Lewis Scrimsher.

4 George Hilmon Ward. Margaret Mcintosh.

5 Frances Catherine Ward. James Duncan. Marcum

and Charles Barney.

1^8=13 Elizabeth Jane Ward. Daniel Newnon Mcintosh.

2 Mary Adeline Ward Wiley Ingram. Martin Vann. Joseph
Brown and John A. Richard^.

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

OK 3 William Ward. * Susannah Vann.

4 Minerva Ward. Lewis Clark, John Creason, Eli Stucker
and James A. Jackson.

5 Matilda Ward.

6 Mary Elvira Ward. John Wesley Holland.

7 Martha Catherine Ward. James Cloud.

8 John Tisdale Ward. Elizabeth Killian.

9 George Washington Ward. Margaret Pinion and

10 Charles Rufus Ward. Catherine Ray and

1 1 Benjamin Ward. Jennie Ray.
1'1-1-"1^ Lucy Keaton. Abel Fike Dial.

2 Nannie Keaton. Martin Dial.

OK 3 Martha Keaton. Pinkney Martin.

\i\2p\-i Rose Ann Ward. Bayless Langiey, Buck Gear and Newton
Martin.

2 John Franklin Ward. Sallie Quixanna Summerhill.

OK 3 Julia Ann Ward. Joseph Newton Thompson.

4 Barbara Alice Ward. Rufus Sidney Steward.

5 James Carroll Ward.

6 George Oscar Ward. Minnie Bullock and Alma Bullock.

7 Thomas Charles Ward.

8 Sarah Catherine Ward. Hutchinson Murphy Roberson.

9 Lucy Ann Ward. Alfred Washington Shelley.
10 Mary Ellen Ward. John William Bradshaw.

1 1 Daniel Moses Ward. Lydia M. Burke.

^i]243i4 Thomas Franklin Ward. Elizabeth Ward.

2 James McDaniel Ward. Susie Stepp.

OK 3 Caldean Ward. Nannie E. Griffin.

4 Josephine Ward. Charles Henson Franks.

5 Helen Naomi Ward. Rhoderick Dhu Perry.

6 Joel Bryan Ward. Florence A. Newton.
1M=5=1^ John Ward. *

2 James Ward. *

OK 3 William Jasper Ward. Dora Florence Francis.

4 Mary Elizabeth Ward. Robert William Swim.

5 Nannie Ward. William Jackson.

6 Evaline Ward. Joseph Cephus Bean and Grover.

7 Esther Ward. Jack Roberson.

8 Joel Bryan Cornelius Ward. Catherine Mills and Minnie

Lowrey.

1M-6M^ Elizabeth Ward. William Kelly and Tillman Queen.

2 Lucy Ann Ward. Albert Gass.

OK 3 Alexander the Great Ward. Sarah Elizabeth Thomas.

4 Yell Clement Ward. Julia Cynthia Thomas.

5 James Ward.

6 Fannie M. Ward. Robert Andrew Hosey.

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

7 Martha Jane Ward. Ira W ashinj;lun Tlumias.

8 John Ward. Sallie Blackwood.

9 Caroline Ward. Forest Guilliams.

l^\-7'-^\* Nannie Elizabeth Williams. George Washinjiton Eaton.

OK 2 Martha Pauline Williams. Epp G. Thompson.

IM-S'l^ James Marion Tittle. Annie Henrietta Prather and

2 Amelia Arline Tittle. August Sager.

OK 3 Robert Wooden Tittle. Mary Susie Murry nee Ulackhurn.

4 Mary Madora Tittle. John Robert Dobkins.

5 Martha Ellen Tittle. Jacob M. Hiser.

6 Susan Jane Tittle. Thomas Tipton VVimer.

lM-9-'l^ Darius Edwin Ward. Sallie Caroline Ritter and Mary
Murphy nee Hester.

2 Lydia Ann Ward. William Clitlord Chamberlin.

OK 3 Clara Alice Ward.

I 4 William Wirt Ward. Ro.xana Stannard.

I 5 Henry Julian Ward. Emma l.uckenback.

l^riO-'l-' Ann Eliza Gunter. John Powell and Burgis Gaithor Chand-
ler.

2 Lavinia .Arline Gunter. Lewis Lafayette Duckworth.

OK 3 Lucy Jane Gunter. Dr. Benjamin Franklin Former.

4 John Thomas Gunter. Alice Lee Heath.

5 Amanda Olivia Gunter. David Matthew Marrs.

6 Lulu Hazeltine Gunter. William Curtis.

7 Sarah Amnia Gunter. Samuel Frazier.

8 Nannie Augusta Gunter. James Alfrey.

9 Caldean Gunter.

r2-rM^ Charlotte Arthur. '^ Milton Tarrents.

2 Lucy Arthur. Isaac Nidifter.

OK 3 Sallie Arthur. John Ballard.

4 Nannie Arthur. Jacob Niditfer.

5 Freeman Arthur. *

6 George Arthur. *

7 Martha Arthur. George Washington Luckey.
li2-2-M^ Sabrina Stover. Benjamin Large.

2 Nannie Stover. Yancey Dameron.

OK 3 Sallie Stover. * Ellis Hildebrand.

4 George Stover. *

5 Elisha Stover.
b James Stover.

7 Louisa J. Stover. Joseph Lynch Williams and W.Il..in.

Archibald Yell Hastings.

8 Charlotte Stover. James Stanford Fields.

9 Martha Francis Stover. Thomas Stewart Bacon an.1

George Thomas Black.

10 John Rogers Stov-er.

1 1 Malinda Rogers Stover. - William Lafayette Trott.

386 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

12 Madora Stover. James Campbell Trott.

13 William Riley Stover. Minerva E. Garrison.

112-3^1-' George Monroe Ward. Emily Jane -Roberts, Amanda

Skaggs nee , Charlotte Mayes, Mary Ezell and

Martha Jane Nidifter.
2 Nannie Ward. William Hamilton and John Henry Clark
DK 3 Lucy Ward. " Stephen Brown.

l'2-4''l-* Samuel Taylor Ward. Catherine Jane Lear.
2 Joseph Lynch Ward. Alice N. Scott.
OK 3 George De Shields Ward. Eliza Frances Phillips.

4 John Lowrey Ward. Laura Ann Edmondson.

5 William Wyly Ward. Addie Belle Handlin.

6 James Oliver Ward. *

1^2-5^1"' Lucv Jane Dameron. John Anderson Johnson, John Hunt.
2 Martha J. Dameron. * George W. Johnson.
OK 3 Mary Ann Dameron. Lemuel Cowart, R. H. F. Thompson

4 Susan Frances Caroline Dameron. Charles Patterson.
1^2=6^1"* John Marcus Countryman. Belle Hopkins, Esther Blevins
nee Ward, Dove Piercefield and Vinita Belle Mayes.
2 George Washington Countryman. Minerva Ballard.
OK 3 Mary Countryman. Ransom Blevins, William Taylor and

James Ward.

4 Andrew Jackson Countryman. Clementine Hastings, Re-

becca Morris, Rebecca Duncan and Zimerhew Black nee
Ward.

5 Lucy Ann Countryman. Samuel McDowell and Caleb Con-

ner.

6 Samuel Countryman.

7 Malinda Nancy Countryman. Thomas Ballard and George

W. Williams.
l'2-7-'l^ George Washington Clark. Lydia A. Scraper.
2 James Clark. *
OK 3 Lucy Ann Clark. William Abbott Thompson, Joshua Bert-

holf Duncan and James Abercrombie Duncan.

4 Louisa Maria Clark. Daniel Young.

5 Ellen Clark. Joseph M. Scraper and Washington Taylor.

6 William Andrew Clark. Lillian Belle Berry.
1'2-'8'M-' Valzie Lucy Ward. John Emniett Vann.

Jeanette Ward. Berry H. Ladd.

Minnie Viola Ward. Robert Edward Lee Rogers.

Nina Ward. William Thomas Byrd.

Joseph McCann Ward.

Zona Ward. Justis Jones.

Hugh Tinnon Ward. Lulu Barlow.

Rose Alvin Ward. *

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 587

9 Lillie Deloris Ward.
10 Beulah Belle Ward.

1 I Delena Ward.

1'2^'9'-1^ Margaret E. l.indsey. Henry H. Curry.
OK 2 Sabrina Lindsey. Hartley Elam Scott.

1'2M1"1^ George Washington Thornton. Emilv Jane Austin and

Elizabeth Rebecca McKenzie.
OK 2 Lucy Gertrude Thornton. Samuel Early Aultman.

IM-I-M^ Mary Ward. Issac no_vce Cornwell, — ~ Harris and Will-
iam Lyman.
2 Esther Ward. William Blevins and John Marcus Countr\-
man.
OK 3 Martin Ward.

4 Burrell Ward. * Jennie Sherrell.

5 James Ward. Margeret Robertson and Mary Ann Taylor
nee Countryman.

6 Martha W'ard. Frederick Risenion.

7 Cynthia Ward. Henry Benton.

8 Zimerhew Elizabeth Ward. Randolph Black and Andrew

Jackson Countryman.

9 Josephine \N'ard. James Mitchell.
l^3-2H* Sallie Ann Ward. James Mitchell.

2 Louisa Jane Ward. Samuel Trout Jackson and Samuel
Smith.
OK 3 Van Velt Ward. Elmira Long, Kalena Bradlev and Marv

Isreal.

4 Amanda Melvina Ward. Jesse Champion Wood.

5 Minerva Cherokee Ward. Ezekial Miller.

6 Martin Cicero Ward. * Sarah Blevins.

7 Samuel Foster Ward. * Malissa Blevins.
S Mary Ann Ward. William Blevins.

9 Sabra Elizabeth Ward. Ezekial Fields.
1'3-3"1-' Sallie Ann Ward. George Washinglon McClure.
OK 2 Samuel Benjamin Ward. Sinia Elizabeth BulTlngton and

Amanda Read.
iM'l'M^ George Sutton. '■■ Mary Malinda Cushman nee Melton and
Jennie Reno.

2 William Henry Sutton. Harriette Rozila Raymond.
OK 3 Nancy Ann Sutton. Samuel Cass Glenn.

4 Elizabeth Jane Sutton. John Henry Clark.

5 Alexander Sutton. vSarah Price.

6 John Seaborn Sutton. Minnie F. Walker.

115=1 = 1^ Wiliam Penn Henderson. Susie Ballard and Eliza Marshall
nee Condon.

James McGhee. Julia Hoskins.

388 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

OK 3 Matilda Kirby. Albert Weir Harlan.

l'5-'2-M-' Martha Cherokee Queen. '■=

2 Tillman Queen. A. Phillips and Elizabeth Kelly nee Ward.

3 John Queen. *
^1523:; j-i jyj j_ Roberson.

2 J. C. Roberson.

3 Samuel H. Roberson.

1'5-'4'M-' Susan Ann England. Elias Reeder, John B. Harris and
Henry Edmonds.

2. William England. Sarah Mayes.

OK 3 Benjamin Cornelius England. Jincy Jane Ezell.

4 Sabra England. William Webster Weir.

5 Louisa Ensjland. David Sua^ee.

6 Martha Adeline England. James Cobb Cowles.

7 Mary Josephine England. Joseph Quinton Buchanan.

8 Viola Jane England. William B. Rains.

1^5-6-''l"' Mary Jane England. James Franklin Williams, William
Havish and Daniel Bachtel.

2 Catherine Indiana EngUand. Larkin Goddard and Fleming
H. Wasson.
OK 3 Chapman England.

l'6-r"l^ George Monroe Ward. Emily Jane Roberts, Amanda

Skaggs nee , Charlotte Mayes, Mary Ezell and

Martha Jane Niditfer.
2 Nannie Ward. William Hamilton and John Henry Clark.
OK 3 Lucy Ward. '■■ Stephen Brown.

4 Mary Malissa Melton. Harris Alexander, John Cushman,

George Sutton and William Dawes.

5 Simpson Foster Melton. Isabelle Murphy nee Graham.

6 Charles Franklin Melton. Elizabeth Robb nee Lindsey.

7 Elizabeth Melton. William M. TotTelmire.

8 Wiley James Milton. Ella Wilkerson.

9 William Thomas Melton. Louisa Beavert and nee

Tunnell.

116-231* Louisa Monroe. "^ William Hereford.

2 Ryland Myers Monroe. *

OK 3 Julia Esther Monroe. Treadwell Scott Remson.

4 Narcissus Monroe. Logan Henderson Duncan.

1'6=3"H James Madison Monroe. Mary Frances Kelly.

2 Thomas Jefferson Monroe. Florence Vinita Lauderdale.

OK 3 Miriam Monroe. Randolph Ballard.

4 Martha Monroe. Addison Allen Roach.

li6-4-'l-' William Humphrey. *

2 John Humphrey. Dora Jackson and Mary Louisa Hoffman.

HISTORY OF THE CHEKOKEt INDIANS 3.S')

3 F;innic Humphrey. * William Roi;ers and Thomas Hooper.

4 Nannie Humphrey. Jackson Blevins.

5 Ellen Humphrey. •■'■

6 David Humphrey. Narcissa Blevins and
Malinda Humphrey. Joseph Whipple and John Cjallijjher.

P6-5-M^ Saphronia Monroe. James H. Hereford.

2 Clarinda Susan Monroe. John Calvin Mnrets and Janies
Ray.

OK 3 William .411en Monroe. "

4 Minerva Sijourney Monroe. William A. Eisk.

5 Ellen Rebecca Monroe. Thomas Clark.

6 Nannie Drucilla Monroe. Luke Harrison.

7 Dora Nettie Monroe.

8 Myrtle Pauline Monroe. Robert 1.. Sanders.
ji(32^:;[4 Hui;h Carroll. Lucy Putnam.

OK 2 Fineher Carroll. -

l'6-10-''l-' Johnson Thompson Fields. Delilah Cox and Norma Re-
becca Hepler nee Robison.

2 Matthew Fields. Mar^s;aret V. Trotter.

OK 3 \ictoria Fields. John E. Barks.

P7-'l-'l^ Eliza Jane Ward. James H. Deems and James Stout. Aio

2 Charlotte E. Ward. James Lovely Bum!;arner.

OK 3 Susie Ward. Edward (}wartney.

4 Margaret M. Ward. Joseph Frank Baker.

5 Delora B. Ward. Henry F. Carter.

6 Joel Ward. Myrtle L. Crance.

7 Queen Victoria Ward. William T. Holt.

8 Elizabeth Ward. R. L. Holt.
1'7-2"1^ Hillman Walkerson. .Wary Brown.

2 Mildred Jane Wilkerson. John Patton.

OK 3 Catherine Wilker.son. * William Woodard.

l'7"3''n John Scrimsher.

2 Temperance Scrimsher. James Duncan and George
Southerland.

OK 3 Ann Eliza Scrimsiier. John Lairy and Elisha Gray.

P7-4--l^ Sallie Ann Ward. James H. Bendure and Edward Living-
ston.

2 Marv Jane Ward. James Duncan.

3 Bryan Ward. "

r7=5-M^ Ruth Rogers. Daniel Webster Rogers.

OK 2 Felix Barnev. Mary Joe Arwood.

1\S^1^1^ Albert Gallatin Mcintosh. Elizabeth Fisher and Mary Fran-
ces Boulton.
2 Lucy Mcintosh. Charles Bard.

390 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

OK 3 Freeland Buckner Mcintosh. Catherine Louisa Archer,

Georgia Ann Vann and Catherine Welch.

4 Susie Mcintosh. Thomas Harvison.

5 Rowley C. Mcintosh. Fannie Adkins. \

6 Daniel Newnon Mcintosh. Alice Bailey.
l'8-2'"l^ Louisa Ingram. *

2 Charles Brown. Mary Coker.

|ig243|4 Myrtle Clark. William Stucker and Frank Thompson.

l^S-S^l^ Annie Beaver. Benjamin Price and James Walker Gott.

1^8-6"1^ Manuel Jefferson Holland. Martha Matilda Penncll and
Mary Crittenden Gore.

2 Alfred Benjamin Holland. America Johnson.

OK 3 Sarah Loretta Holland. Isaac Payne. '

4 Martha Alice Holland. Robert Wesley Early and John H.

Abbott.

5 John Alvin Holland. Rebecca Welch and Margaret J. Brown.

6 Noah Seaborn Holland. Julia Ann Johnson and Mary Hol-

land.

7 Mary Elizabeth Holland. George Gasaway and Thomas J.

Jones.

8 Melvina Holland. Richard Willey King.

9 James Adolphus Holland. Laura C. Johnson.
10 Lillie Belle Holland. John H. Gibson.

1 I Ida Josephine Holland. James Wesley Halford.

12 William Richard Holland. Minnie Buckner.

l'8-7-'l-' Charles Cairo Cloud. Mary Jane Townsend nee Horn.

2 Laura Vianna Cloud. William Lemuel Cowart.

OK 3 Robert Littleton Cloud. Lucy Adair.

4 James Loamner Cloud. Sarah J. Townsend.

5 Hallie Etta Cloud. Benjamin Felix McPherson.

6 John Edward Coud.

7 Joseph Henry Cloud. Catherine Christy.

8 George Starr Cloud. Lura .

9 William Monroe Cloud. Lena Bates.
1 '8=8-' I -I Charles Ward.

l'8=9''l^ Mary Keziah Ward.

2 Martha Ward.

3 Annie Ward.

4 John Ward.

5 Charles Ward.

6 Samuel Ward.

7 Martin Ward.

8 Harry Ward.
P8-10-M' Annie Ward.
I'S-ir-l' Martha Ward.

2 Annie Ward.

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEI-: INDIANS }g|

3 Charles. Ward.

Cofdery.

1' Tluunas Cordery. Susannah nee Sonicooie.
IM- Sarah Cordery. John Rogers.
2 Lucy Cordery. Robert Rogers.
OK 3 Nannie Cordery. Parker Collins.

4 ChaHotte Cordery. Henry Vickery.

5 David Cordery. Charlotte Goss.

6 Hettie Cordery. Henry Vickery and John \ance.

7 Early Cordery. Charlotte Berryhill.

8 Susan Cordery. John lV\osley.

lM-1-' Robert Rogers. Mary Ann Haptiste and Mary Scott Jones.
2 William Rogers. Mary Vann Neely nee McNair and l.nuisa
Reedy.
OK 3 Johnson K. Rogers. " Octavia Ann Mount.

4 Joseph Rogers. Hannah Foster.

5 Lovely Rogers.

6 Mary Rogers. Nicholas Byers McNair.

7 Jackson Rogers. Sarah G. Blackburn. A42

8 Cynthia Rogers. John Lowe.

9 Annie Chapel Rogers. John Wilson Lenoir.

10 Henry Curtis Rogers. Louisa Jane Thompson nee iilack-

burn.
1 1 George Rogers. Polina Phillips.

12 John Pendergrass Rogers. Martha Crawford and Marv
Eugenia Eliza Spencer nee Gariand.

l'2-'l"' Catherine Rogers. Alexander McDaniel.

2 Nannie Rogers. Alexander Jordan and John Anderson.
OK 3 Robert Rogers. Sallie Vann.

4 John Rogers. Hettie Mosely and Catherine \'ann.

5 James Rogers. ''

113- r' Ira Rogers. Charlotte Wickett.

2 Sallie Collins. Charles Harris.

3 Jennie Collins. Charles Harris.

4 Eliza Collins. Bird Harris.

5 Susan Collins. William Harris.

6 Catherine Collins. William Harrismi Auiiy.

7 Mary Collins. *

8 Martha Collins. *

9 Lucinda Collins. Henry Sutton.

10 Nannie Collins. John Mimms.

11 Joseph Collins. Mary Miller. -^
13 Parker Dickson Collins. Mary Treble.

IM'L' Annie Vickery. John Finder, KatlitT. John Forbison

and Archibald \^'i!son.

2 Jennie Vickery. George Freeman.

392 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

OK 3 Charles Vickery. Malinda Black.

4 Mary Vickery. Samuel Bennett.

5 Sallie Vickery. Thomas Cordery.

6 John Vickery. Eliza McNulty.

7 Lucy Vickery. Andrew Jackson Cobb.

8 Susie Vickery. Andrev/ Jackson Cobb.
P5-l'^ Thomas Cordery. Sallie Vickery.

2 Wilson Cordery. Nannie Miller and Nannie Hall.

OK 3 Andrew Cordery. Mary Adair nee Miller.

4 Seaborn Cordery. Margaret Pawling, Catherine McUaniel,

Amanda Jane Fulton and Nannie J. Smith.

5 Charlotte Cordery. Unakateehee Rider:

6 Nannie Cordery. Washington Miller, Hampton and

Lemuel Sanders.

1^6=1-' Wilborn Vickery. *

2 Margaret Vickery. Samuel Bumgarner.
OK 3 Henry Vickerv.

4 Richard Early Vance. .Mary Sunday nee Burgess.

5 Susannah Vance. William Burgess.
1'7"!"' Nannie Angeline Cordery. Joseph Collins.

2 Sarah Ann Cordery. James Fox.

OK 3 David Cordery. '■■

l'8-l-' Mary Mosley.

2 Hettie Mosley. John Rogers.

OK 3 Annie Mosley. John P. Stidham.

4 Alfred Mosley.

5 Delilah Mosley. Charles Fox Taylor.

6 Sarah Ruth Mosley. Lewis Clark Ramsey and Ezekial

Taylor.

7 John Mosley. Martha Ramsey.
1'1-'1"H Charles Rogers. Louisa Nailor.

2 Gilbert Rogers. .Mary Ann Shira.

OK 3 William Rogers. *

4 John Howard Rogers. Catherine Marcum nee Ward and

Mary Ann Caulk.

5 Sarah Ellen Rogers. Redbird Harris.

6 Robert Emmett Rogers. *

7 Thomas Tipton Rogers. Nannie Elizabeth Brink.

8 Jackson Thaddeus Rogers. Mary Jane Owen.

Robie Rogers. Sterling Austin.

lo George Mitchell Rogers. Elizabeth Rebecca Foster.
l'r'2"l^ Alhina McNair Rogers. Anderson Smith Bell.
2 Henry Rogers. Martha McNair.

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS ?.,<

OK 3 David M. Rogers. Mary Strickland.

4 Robert Nicliolas Rollers. Sarah Joiu's.

5 Mary Rogers. James Douglas.

6 Sarah Rogers. Joseph L. Moore.

7 William Rogers. "

8 Augustus Lovely Rogers. Margaret Hallman and Julia -V

Fetree.

l'l-4-'l^ Eliza Mary Rogers. William Harris.

2 Oscar Rogers. Elmira Josephine Bolin and Queen .

OK 3 Sarah Jemima Rogers. James Chastain Blythe and Frank

Skinner.

4 Margaret Caroline Rogers. *

5 John Rogers.

6 Catherine Rogers. Manstield Seymore

7 Joseph Ann Rogers. Willis Claybourne Hail
1 ' r'5''I ' Lovely Rosters.

2 Joseph Lovely Rogers. Margaret McCarty.

3 John Cooley Rogers. "■
iM-e-'f Sarah McNair. Brice Martin Adair.

2 Martha McNair. - Joel Bryan Mayes.

OK 3 Lucullus McNair. Rachel Mayes.

4 John R. McNair. Cynthia Hufaker and Elizabeth F'arrott

5 Clement McNair. '■■

6 Mary Delilah McNair. Benjamin Franklin Adair.

7 Talbert McNair. Nellie Carter.

8 Oscar McNair.

9 Nicholas Benjamin McNair. Rachel Sanders and Martha

E. Jones.

iMv-'l' Laura Rogers. Thomas Dunn Beard.

2 Emily Lovely Cherokee Rogers. Nathan W<ilTord.

OK 1 Sarah Rogers. William Cavender.

4 William Ridge Rogers. Lucy F. Rogers.

l'l-8-'lt Julia P. Lowe. '■'

2 Sarah Alice Lowe, George Moor.

OK 3 John J. Lowe. Annie Knox.

4 Octavia Lowe. * Jackson Nichols.

lM-Q-1^ Henry Lenoir. '■■■

2 Mary Octavia Lenoir.

OK 3 Thomas Rogers Lenoir. Mary J. Franklin.

4 John Albert Lenoir. Mary Jackson.

5 Sarah Frances Lenoir. Zachariah Taylor Roberts.

6 Cynthia Ann Lenoir. Marion Roberts.

7 Emma Elizabeth Lenoir. Alexander Pearson Roberts.

1'1-I0"I^ Marv Kenney Rogers.

2 Catherine Rogers. Isaac Newton Strickland.

394 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

OK 3 Lucy P. Rogers. * William Ridge Rogers.

4 Eugenia Overby Rogers. Wiliam Rufus Greer.

5 WiUiam Henry Rogers. Margaret Elizabeth McGhee nee

Pemberton.

6 Stonewall Jackson Rogers. Fannie Kelly.
iM-ll'M-' Augusta Rogers. Charles Stinson.

2 Levaga Rogers. Isabelle Pulcher.

OK 3 Labrunta Rogers. *

1M-12-'H Walter Scott Rogers. Sarah Louisiana Hogue.

2 Georgia Cordelia Rogers. Walter Price Bryce, John War-
ren Pogue and Albert Livingston McAtiree.
OK 3 Minnie Isadore Rogers. Albert Wales Thomas and Will-

iam Philips McBride.

4 Laura Garland Rogers. Presley Bartow Cole.

5 Leona Rogers. Charles Lloyd Stealey.

6 John Mann Rogers.
1^2-1"1-' Lucy McDaniel. *

2 David McDaniel. Emma McCall.
OK 3 Ellis McDaniel. Rachel Bell and Emma McLaughlin.

4 Robert McDaniel. * Cinderella Linder.

5 Catherine McDaniel. Seaborn Cordery, Edward Marsh and

Stephen Duncan.

6 Sarah McDaniel. '■' Robert Klaus.

7 Lewis McDaniel. *

l'2-'2-M^ Elizabeth Jordan. Dimar W. Reeves, Benjamin Pope and
Hiram Barnes.
2 Andrew Vann Jordan. Sallie Ann Williams.
OK 3 Eliza Jane Jordan. Samuel Houston Hensley.

4 Catherine Jordan. John Ivey.

5 Alexander Jordan. Catherine E. Matthies and Cecilia Re-

becca Nichols.

Robert Anderson. *

Richard Anderson. Louisa Dunbar and Julia F. Stanley nee
Dunbar.
8 Sarah Anderson. John Wilson.
l'2-3"l-' Margaret Lavinia Rogers. Allison Woodville Timberlake.
OK 2 Clement Vann Rogers. Mary America Scrimsher and Mary

Bible.
P2-4-'l^ Nannie Rogers. *
1M"1''M Elizabeth Ann Rogers. George Sullivan.

OK 2 John Rogers. * Catherine Wickett.

3 Nannie Rogers. John McDaniel.

4 Joseph Rogers. Nannie Smith.

113--2'-

li2-^2-

I'.rS-'

1 1

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS y)s

Emily Rogers. Ediey Adair and Louis Uuiibach.

Ira Rogers. ■'■

Nannie Harris. Willis Cunipton.

Parker Collins Harris. Elizabeth Little and Narcissa Little.

Thomas Jackson Harris. Martha Bailey.

Mary Narcissa Harris. George Sisson and Jesse Wolf.

Martha Elizabeth Harris. William Jackson.

Sue Harris. Alfred Mason Gott.

Joseph Charles Harris. Enmia Jane Walker.

Trusle Bird Harris. '■'■' Mary Elizabeth Alberly.

Emily Harris.

James S. Harris. Jennie Hunter and Pyrene Strickland.

Joseph 13. Harris. Heuna Vista Deaver and Rosa LL Chew.

Redbird Harris. Sarah Ellen Rogers.

5 William G. Harris. -

6 Charles Harris. Apsilla liailey.

7 Parker Collins Harris. Mary Angeline Davis.

8 Eliza Jane Savannah Harris. William D. McMakin.
^^ Philo Harris. Margaret Hannner nee Smith.

11) John Harris.

I 1 Colonel Johnson Harris. Nannie E. Fields, Mary Elizal-etli
Adair and Camline Alice Collins nee Hall.

1^3-6''!^ Mary Ann Autry. * John H. Shinn.

2 Martha Autry.

3 Elizabeth Jane Autry. John H. Shinn.

4 Edward Parker Autry. '■■

5 Christopher Columbus Autry. Mary Jane Jones nee Bridges.

6 Catherine Autry. Robert Jackson King and George

Wallace.

7 William Harrison .Autry. *
1'3-10-'L' Sarah Ann Minims.

2 Eliza Mimms. J;:mes Hughes.

3 Cenia Mimms. James Hughes.

4 Rennie Mimms. '■'■

5 Laura Mimms.

6 John Mimms.

7 Columbus Mimms.
Parker Collins. Mildred Matthews.
Joseph Boudinot Collins. '■'

Martha Ann Hall Collins. George Grisom McDaiiiel.
Mary Malissa Collins. Robert W. Foster.
Thomas Parker Collins. Caroline Alice Hall.
Eli Pindar. ■'■'
Susie Pindar. William Wharton Chi'^holni ' .mkI William

Archibald Foreman.
Charles Pindar. *

P3-'l

11321

;;,4

)■" 1 4

1 .1 i

- 1

P 4 ■■

4
••1'

396 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

4 jL^flerson Ratlirt. Mary Ann McLain.

5 John Forbison. *

o Mary Ann Wilson. William V. Shepherd.

7 Samantha Wilson. * Samuel Crossland.

lM-2^1-' Sarah Charlotte Freeman. *

2 Mary Elizabeth Freeman. John Ross Meigs.

^ Cynthia Louisa Freeman.

OK 4 Salina Keziah Freeman. William Noel Stewart.

5 Henry Benajah Freeman. Elizabeth Goss.

6 Georgianna Freeman. Nathaniel Woti'ord.
1M-3-M-' Mary Elizabeth Vickery. David McLaughlin Beck.

2 John Henry Vickery. Mary Doss.

3 Malinda Jane Bennett. Sidney L. Erwin and William James

4 James Newton Vickery. Martha Emma Padgett.

5 Frances Isabelle Vickery.

6 Frank Scott Vickery. Lydia Padgett nee Bettis.
\'4-4"l-^ Simpson Clark Bennett. '■= Emily Kell.

2 Eliza Levisa Bennett. Daniel Ross Coody.

3 Malinda aJne Bennett. Sidney L. Erwin and Wiilliam James

Kuhn.

l'4-5-'n Malissa Arminda Cordery. Austin McLain and William
Sanders.

2 David Jackson Cordery. *

OK 3 Andrew Cornelius Cordery. Alice Schmidtman nee Hilde-

brand and Mary Belle McGeehon.

4 Charlotte Jane Cordery. Almon Martin.

5 Lucy Ann Cordery. *

6 Mary Susan Cordery. * Lewis R. Coody.
1H-6''1^ Wilhorn Vickery.

2 Samuel Vickery.

3 Elsie Jane Vickery. * Henry Clay Lowrey.

4 Henry Vickery.

5 Mary Vickery. Henry R. Collins.

6 John Vickery. Elizabeth J. Quinton.

7 Susan Vickery. James Monroe Lowrey.
1'4-7^H Josephine Cobb. Josiah M. Pugh.

2 Josephine Cobb. *

OK 3 Mary Elizabeth Cobb. Walter Scott Agnew.

4 Margaret Charlotte Cobb. George Zufall.

r4^8-M' Rufus Benton Cobb. Mary Kell

2 James Henry Cobb. Alice Chisholm and Ida Still nee

Hollingsworth.

3 Edward Cobb. ^■- Nannie Harper.

4 Charles Nathaniel Cobb. *

5 Howell Cobb.

HISTOin' OF THE CHI:ROKEH IXhlANS »')7

115'rM^ Malissa Arminda Cordcry. Austin Md.aiii and William
Sanders.
2 David Jackson Cordery. *
OK 3 Andrew Cornelius Cordery. Alice Schniidlman nee Hild..-

brand and Mary Belle McGeelion.

4 Charlotte Jane Cordery. Almon Martin.

5 Lucy Ann Cordery. '■'

6 Mary Susan Cordery. '■'■' Lewis R. Goody.
1^5-2-'l"' Lewis C. Cordery. Eliza Hicks nee Gourd.

2 Thomas Clark Cordery. Amanda Pack and Annie Nunnally.

3 Malderine Cordery. Henry Collins and Samuel Horn.

4 Cornelius Cordery. Sarah Eastman nee Tucker.

5 William Lafayette Cordery. Elizabeth K. (jourd and

Jeanette R. Gourd.

6 Anderson Corderv. Laura Isaacs and Susie Hendricks.

7 Louisa Cordery. Albert Anderson.

8 Joseph Cordery. Elizabeth Brown.

9 Rosa Cordery. Henry Graham and William Marsh.
P5-3-'5^ Lovely Rogers Cordery. *

2 Frances Jane Cordery. Hugh McAfTrey.
1'5-4-M' Seaborn Cordery. *

2 Mary Ellen Cordery. Jehn Eve Kelly.

OK 3 Florence Jane Cordery.

4 Maud Corderv.

5 Thomas Jefferson Cordery. Mary E. Fagan nee McCuUy.

6 James Benjamin Cordery.

7 John Wilson Cordery.

8 May Cordery.

9 Sallie Cordery.

10 Charlotte Cordery.

1\S = 5'M-' Johnson Rider. *

2 William Rider. Nancv Jane Riley and Louisa Sykes.
OK 3 David Rider. Elizabeth Baldridge and Cynthia lUillock.

4 Nannie Rider. Cyrus Augustus Watkins.

5 Stand Watie Rider. Alice Rush.

6 Charles Rider. Delilah Nivens.

7 Susan Rider.

115^6^^ Warren Andrew Miller. Mary Elizabeth Crittenden.

2 Mary Miller. Robin Bean.

3 Elizabeth Miller. *

4 Noah Miller. Hester C. Yarborough.

5 Sallie Miller. Henry Hines and M. D. L. Dowell.

398 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

6 Martin Miller. Nannie Foreman and Alice Reynolds

7 John William Hampton. Vicey Peirce and Louisa Roberts.

116-2=^1-* John Wise Bumgarner. Susan Priscilla Johnson nee Walker

2 Mary Jane Bumgarner. William Davidson Clingan.

OK 3 James Lovely Bumgarner. Charlotte E. Ward.

4 Margaret Blanche Bumgarner. Dr. Rollin Aaron Burr.

l'6-4-'l^ Sue Vance. Alexander Lewis McDaniel.

l^e^S''!-' Elizabeth Burgess. John Wilkerson.

2 Sarah Ann Burgess. John McPherson and William Will-
iams.
OK 3 Hettie Burgess. Rufus Denton. .

4 John Bean Burgess. Emma McDaniel nee McCall and Mal-

issa Hogan nee Martin.

5 Jennie Burgess. David Weaver.

6 Cooweescoowee Burgess. Dona Whitman.
P7-l'''l^ Marthena Collins. =■=

2 Luvenia Collins. Andrew George.
OK 3 Ruth Ann Collins. Caleb Powell Wright.

4 James Bradley Collins. *

5 Joseph Flournoy Collins. *

6 Catherine Collins. Jesse Clinton Alberty.

7 John Parker Collins. Sabra Ann Selvidge nee Beck and

Elizabeth Beck nee Davis.

8 Theodosia Collins. *

9 Martha Collins. Henry Beck.

1'7-2"1-' Frank Bowden Cordery. Laura Daylight.

2 Jennie Fox. Robert Miller and Amos Anderson.

OK 3 Eliza Fox.

4 Moses Fox.

5 Passie Fox.

6 David Fox.

7 Susie Fox.

8 Lucinda Fox.
\'^?,-2^\* Nannie Rogers. *

1^8=3^1^ George Sanford Mosely. Neosho Russell nee Davis.

l^S-SM-* William Brewer Taylor. *

1^8=631* Susan Elizabeth Ramsey. Joseph Morgan Allton.

I'Sv-'l-' Marv Delilah Moslev. *

HISTORY OP THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 3'»»

CHAPTER Will
Continuation of Old Families

Daniel.

1^ Nannie Still Marniaduke Daniel.

[-\' James Daniel. Mary Buflington. See Grant iM-l'S'

2 Moses Daniel. Martha Tarrant.

3 Catherine Daniel. Ellis ButVington. See Grant lM-l''7'

4 Mary Daniel. Thomas BuHington and Lewis liluckburnA4 3.

5 Walker Daniel. *

6 John Ross Daniel. Martha Martin. See Grant l'ri-''5M''

7 Nannie Daniel.

8 Jennie Daniel. '' Hiram McCreary.

9 Thomas Daniel. *

lM-1'^ Susannah But^iniiton. .Alfred Hudson.

2 Joshua Buttington. Elizabeth Welch and Sabra Lynch.

OK 3 Nannie Buftingtcn. '■■■ Thomas Fo,x Tavlor.

4 Elizabeth Blackburn. Alfred Scudder.

5 Frances H. Blackburn. Madison Hudson and Samuel Weil.

6 Mary Blackburn. Thomas Fox Taylor and George Harlan

Starr. *

7 Sarah G. Blackburn. Jackson Rogers. A42

8 Louisa Blackburn. .Alfred Thompson and Henry Curtis

Rogers.

9 Cynthia Emily Blackburn. John S. Oliver.

10 Martha Catherine Blackburn. William Pierce Nichols.
'4-l"l^ Louisa C. Hudson. - Jacob Alberty.

'' Joshua Thomas BuHington Hudson. Sarah Berry.

Nannie Butfinglon. William West Alberty, James Blake and
William Levesque Wilder.

M-2-M^

2 WilLu'm Wirt Butfington. Josephine Bell and Caroline
Thompson nee McCord.

OK 3 John Ross Buffington. Nancy Jane Bryan .

4 Webster Buffington. -

5 Eliza Buffington. Joseph George Washington Vann.

6 Mary Jane Butfington. Robert Fletcher Wyly.
iMMSl-" Josephine Helen Scudder. Matthew Bell.

2 Frances Henrietta Scudder. Thomas Allen Warwick.

OK 3 Jacob McCarty Scudder. *

4 Lewis Blackburn Scudder. Malinda Elmira Kelly.

5 William Henry Harrison Scudder. Margaret J. Garmany.
1'4-5M^ Lewis Blackburn Hudson. Nannie Malinda Williams.
114253 ] 4 John Martin Taylor.. *

12417314 Laura Rogers. Thomas Dunn I^ard.

400 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

2 Emily Lovely Cherokee Rogers. Nathan Wofiord.

OK 3 Sarah Rogers. William Cavender.

4 William Ridge Rogers. Lucy P. Rogers.

114=83 1 J Mary Kinney Rogers.

2 Catherine Rogers. Isaac Newton Strickland.

OK 3 Lucy P. Rogers. * William Ridge Rogers.

4 Eugene Overby Rogers. William Rufus Greer.

5 William Henry Rogers. Margaret Elizabeth McGee nee

Pemberton.

6 Stonewall Jackson Rogers. Fannie Kelly.
IM^OM-* Georgia Ann Oliver. William Hamilton.

2 Joshua Oliver. "

OK 3 Albert Gallatin Oliver. Stella Roberson.

4 Homer Oliver. *

\H-\0"\^ Mary Jane Nichols. Nicholas Bittings.

2 Henry Nichols. "

3 Jackson Nichols. Octavia Lowe.

4 Augustus Beauregard Nichols. Alice S. McGhee.

5 Sarah Catherine Nichols. Micajah Pope Haynes.

6 Emma Nichols. •■■

7 Elizabeth Nichols. *

8 Taylor Osceola Nichols. Laura Stafford.

Chisholm-Wilson
I'Malinda Wharton. Thomas (.;hisholm and William Wilson. A44

ri= Jennie Elizabeth Chisholm. Joseph Blagne Lynde and Cas-
well Wright Bruton.

2 Alfred Finney Chisholm. Margaret Harper.

OK 3 William Wharton Chisholm. Susie Pindar.

4 Narcissa Clark Chisholm. Robert Latham Owen.

5 Emily Walker Wilson. Napoleon Bonaparte Breedlove.

6 William Wilson. * Alice Coody.
lM-1'' Alice Lynde. William Otway Owen.

2 Caroline Walton Bruton. John Washington Breedlove.

OK 3 Robert Owen Bruton. *

4 Wilson Otho Bruton. Mary L. Goodman.

1-3-13 Alice Chisholm. James Henry Cobb.

2 Narcissa Chisholm. * Matthew Archer and Frank Taylor.

r4-'r"l^ William Otway Chalmers Owen.

OK 2 Robert Latham Owen. Daisy Hester.

1'5-r'' Leiia Wilson Breedlove. James Senora Stapler.

2 Waller Winchester Breedlove. Priscilla Williams.

OK 3 Emma Maria Breedlove. *

4 Florence Breedlove. Othie Andrew Smith.

5 Jennie Breedlove. "

1i.,L'|3|4 Robert Otway Owen. Rowena Booth.

2 Jennie Owen. Charles Heald.
OK 3 William Otway Owen. Mary H. Severs.

I'l^

1 1
2

3
4
5
6
7
1^

\'^

!•■•

1'
2

I"
2 •

3
4
5

3
4

1'5

4-'

1'
2

t 1 1 ;: 1

1 1

3
4

III

1 ■■

i'r-'2

I''
2

1 " 1 -^

1' 1-2-

1"'

i'r-'2

•s-'

I''

\U'2

rr-2

■7^

l'"

lM-4

•1

i'r-'2

1''

!'5^1

J, 4

I'
2
3

I'S^M

'2^

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 401

Charles Owen. Pauline Webb.
Owen Owen. Cassie Breedlove.
Alice Owen.

James Willloughby Breedlove. Mary Beatty Eiiiort.
William Otway Breedlove. Cecil Watts.
John Chisholni Breedlove. Allie Rhea Garrett.
Cassie Breedlove. Owen Owen.
Wnarton Hicks Breedlove. Ordie Boozman.
Walton David Breedlove. Ora Walton.
Charles Winchester Breedlove. Esther Snyder.
Caswell Bates Bruton. Nina Smith.
Robert Otho Bruton. Edith Browntield.
James Edward Cobb. Sarah C. Morris.
Charles Henry Cobb. Addie Watson.
.Andrew Jackson Cobb. Lucy Watson.
William Wharton Cobb.
Susannah May Cobb. Roy Zufall.
William Otway Chalmers Owen. Una.
Dorothea Owen. John Hawkins.
I.orena Oklahoma Stapler. Earl Hampton Fleming.
Anna Phillips Stapler. Williams Jerrems.
Otway Hicks Stapler. * Evelyn Gidney.
John Wharton Stapler.
Lee Breedlove Smith.
Lelia Lucile Smith.
Ruby Emily Smith.
Owen Philip Smith.
Otway Owen.
Owen Owen.

Willoughby Walton Breedlove.
Jack Thompson Breedlove.
William Curtis Breedlove.
Bessie Breedlove.
William Otway Breedlove.
John Chisholni Breedlove.
Jane Gail Breedlove.
Walton David Breedlove.
Signa Gloria Breedlove.
Dale Bruton.
Joseph Bruton.
Wilson Otho Bruton.
Owen Hutchins Hawkins.
James Stapler Fleming.
John Barton Fleming.
Anna Eugenia Fleming.
Alexander Stapler Jerrems.

402 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

Carter

1' Nathaniel Carter.
I'l- Alexander Carter. Nannie.
2 Jennie Carter. Reuben Tyner.
OK 3 David Carter. Jennie Riley. A45

l'2-'l^ Nathan Tyner. Elizabeth Childers.

2 Mary Tvner. Irving, William Riley Butler and John

Ramsey.
OK 3 Jackson Tyner. Delilah Seabolt and Letitia Gunter nee

Keys.

4 Eliza Tyner. John Ramsey, Jefferson Hair and Samuel Ward.

5 Leroy Tyner. Mary Sanders.
1^3- 1-> Richard Carter. Nannie Coody.

2 Alexander Carter. '■''
OK 3 John Ross Carter. * Sarah Rogers.

4 Benjamin Wisner Carter. Nannie Elliott and Serena Jose-

phine Guy.

5 Diana Carter. William Parrott.

6 Sallie F. Carter. Looney Rattlinggourd.

7 Jefferson Carter. Susie Robertson nee Lowrey and Mary

Webb.

8 Nannie Carter. James Brown.

9 David Tecumseh Carter. Emma Williams Chambers.
10 Osceola Carter. *

l'2=l'''-l-' Lewis Tyner. Sallie Parris and Ellen White.

2 Alexander Tyner. Catherine Smith and Jennie Cain.
OK 3 Medley Tyner. Nannie Childers.

4 Seaborn Thorn Tyner. Elizabeth Bender and Catherine

Sampson nee McLish.

5 Reuben Bartley Tyner. Mary Ann Rogers and Roxie Am

Pierson.

6 Doctor Jayne Tyner.

7 Sarah Jane Tyner. John W. Baker and John Thomas.
1'2-'2^H Eliza Irving. Neeley Denton.

2 Cynthia Irving. Isaac William Keys.

3 Ruth Ann Butler. Hugh Russell.

4 William Butler. -

5 Mary Ramsey. Schooler Cobb and Calvin L. Kinyon.
l'2-33l-' Reuben R. Tyner. Almira Irons.
2 Elizabeth Tvner. '■' Edward Melton.

3 Nannie Tyner.. William Pettit.

4 Lydia Tyner. Bluford West Rider.

5 George W. Tyner. Mary Shaw and Mary Ann Elder.

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 4o3

6 Fannie 'lyner.

l'2-4-'l^ Jennie Ramsey. Isaac William Keys.

2 Lewis Clark Ramsey. Sarah Ruth' Mosely.

3 Catherine Ramsey. Cyrus Lawrence, Holt, Samuel

Keys and Moses Harris.

4 Frances Marion Hair. Sarah Watkins.

5 Joseph Ward. Malissa York.

6 John Ward. Annie York.

7 Sarah Ward. William Clemens York.
1'2-'5'M' Martha Tyner. Frank Boyd Swift.
l'3-'l''l' James Madison Carter. *

2 Jennie Carter.

3 Nellie Carter. ■' Talbert McNair.

4 Richard R. Carter.

l'3-4-'l' John Elliott Carter. Mary Eliza Heald.

OK 2 Charles David Carter. Ada Gertrude Wilson and Cecile

Jones nee Whittington.

l'3-5-'l' Elizabeth Parrott. * John R. McNair.

2 Cynthia Parrott. Dr. Thomas Benton Dickson.

OK 3 Serena Carter ParrotL William Fair McSpadden.

1'3-CM' James Gourd.

OK 2 Henry Gourd. Tottie M. Trotter and Sarah Hair.

l'3=9''r' Minnie Carter. * Stephen Riley Lewis.
Adair

1' Adair.

I'l- John Adair. Ga-ho-ga and Jennie Kilgore. A47

2 Edward Adair. Elizabeth.

I'l-F' Samuel Adair. Margaret Deeson and Edith Pounds.

2 Walter Adair. Rachel Thompson. A48

OK 3 Charlotte Adair. Stephen Ray.

4 Edward Adair. Martha Ritchie.

5 John ;\dair. *

6 James Adair.

7 Thomas Benjamin Adair. Rachel Lynch.

8 Margaret Jane Adair. William Richardson Nicholson.

9 William Henry Adair.
10 Charles Duncan Adair.

1 1 George Washington Adair.

12 Elbert Earl Adair.

13 Mary Adair.

14 Benjamin Franklin Adair.

15 John Alexander Adair. Eliza Keys nee Gunter.
2-1'' Edward Adair. 'Nannie Shields and Mary Harnage.

404 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

OK 2 Walter Scott Adair. Nannie Harris. A49

IM-I'M-* Samuel Adair. Mary Hughes.

2 Andrew Adair. Sallie Copeland, Mary Miller, Elsie and
Annie Vann.
OK 3 Charlotte Adair. Stephen Ray.

4 Margaret Catherine Adair. Thomas Wilson Bigby.

5 Mary Adair. Benjamin Franklin Adair and George W. Gage.

6 Rachel Pounds Adair. James Jenkins Trott.

7 Anna Adair. *

8 John Lafayette Adair. Elizabeth Alabama Scrimsher.

9 Elizabeth Adair. Sterling Scott.
lM=2''l^ Mary Adair. Thomas Goss.

2 George Washington Adair. Martha Martin.

OK 3 Nannie Adair. Samuel Mayes.

4 Sallie Adair. James Jenkins Trott.

5 John Thompson Adair. Frances E. Thompson and Pene-

lope Maylield.

lM-3^1'' John Adair Bell. Jennie Martin, Elizabeth Harnage and
Sabra Buffington nee Lynch.

2 Elizabeth Hughes Bell. George Washington Candy.

OK 3 David Bell. Nannie Martin and Elizabeth Thornton nee

Phillips. *

4 Samuel W. Bell. Rachel Martin.

5 Nannie Bell. George Harlan Starr.

6 Devereaux Jarrette Bell. * Juliette Lewis Vann.

7 Sallie Caroline Bell. Stand Watie.

8 Charlotte Bell. William J. Dupree.

9 James Madison BelL Caroline Lvnch.
10 Martha J. Bell. Walter Adair Duncan.

I^IM^I-* Benjamin Franklin Adair. Mary Adair.

2 John Adair. Annie Berry Graham.

OK 3 Narcena Adair. Collins McDonald.

4 Sarah Ann Adair. Calvin Price Guthrie.

5 Calvin Adair. Lucinda Miller.

\H-7'H* John Lynch Adair. Mary Jane Jet^ries.

l'I-15-M-* Benjamin Franklin Adair. Lola Spurlock.

OK 2 Eliza Adair. George Matthews and Carter Daniel Markham.

I'3=l-M^ Dehlah Adair. Joseph McMinn Starr.

2 Susie Adair. *

OK 3 Jennie Adair. John Perry Oliver Clyne.

4 Edley Adair. Emily Rogers.

5 Elizabeth Adair. John Hildebrand Cookson.
1'2=2"1-' Elizabeth Neeley Adair. Timothy Meigs Walker.

OK 3 Susan Caroline Adair. Robert S. C. Noel and Edward Dow

Allen.

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 4o5

4 Sarah Ann Adair. Wiiiiam Penn Adair.

5 Edward Underwood Adair. *

6 Mary ButTington Adair. Walter Thompson Adair.

7 Hugh Montgomery Adair. Elizabeth Jane Hearst, Martha

L. Johnson and Phoeba Acena Morris nee Pace.

8 Lucy Fields Adair. Waldemar S. Lindsley.

9 Minerva Cornelia Adair. *

I'l-l 'I'l-' George M. Adair. Catherine Fields.

2 Charlotte Adair. Charles Pettit and Archibald Si.xkiller.
OK 3 Audelia Adair. Dennis Gonzales.

4 .John Ik'U Adair. Elizabeth Clingan.
1'r-l-'2^I' George Washington Adair. Malzenie Elizabeth Linder *
and Mary .

2 Margaret Adair. Jesse Mayfield and Samuel Adair Bigby.
OK 3 Jennie Adair. * James Christopher McCoy and John Hunt.

4 Samuel Adair. =■■ Jennie Buflington.

.5 Collins Adair. -^

6 Emily Adair. William Nucholls Littlejohn.

7 Charlotte Ann Adair. Joshua Sanders.

8 Ellen Adair. Richard Martin McCoy.

9 Rufus Bell Adair. Jennie Fields and Elizabeth Sabina Buf-

lington.

1(1 Susan Adair. * John Hunt.

1 I Catherine Adair.

14 Malzerine Elizabeth Adair. Caleb Ellis Starr.

15 Rosella Adair. John Downing, George Downing and
Mitchell Squirrel.
16 Edward Sylvester Adair. Rebecca Baugh and Caroline
Boudinot Brewer.
rr-l-'3'l"' Margaret Ray. Robert Garvin.

2 Sarah Catherine Ray. James Devine and William Coving-
ton Ghormley.
OK } Elizabeth Ray. Joshua Bertholf Duncan.

4 Ruth Ray. *

5 Wesley Ray. *

6 Walter Adair Ray.

7 Andrew Ray.

I'l^lMM-' Samuel Adair Bigby. Margaret Mayfield nee Adair.

2 Mary Ann Bigby. Charles Austin Augustus Rider.
OK 3 James l.afavette Bigby. Nannie Caroline McCoy.

4 Charlotte Ehzabeth Bigby. Robert Harrison Fletcher.

5 Benjamin Jackson Bigby.

6 Stephen Forenvan Bigby. *

7 Esther Smith Bigby. Harrison Roberts.

406 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

8 Thomas Whitfield Bigby. Rebecca Thompson.

9 David Taylor Bigby. Nancy Jane Guilliams.
10 Malinda Jane Bigby.

|i|2j354io Martha Jane Adair. Silas Aiken.

2 Ross Adair. •■'

OK 3 Mary Elizabeth Adair. *

4 Benjamin Adair. Sarah Guerin.

5 Rachel Ann Adair. James Roe Trippard and Charles L.

Bowden.

lipl"6-*l'' Nannie A. Trott. Joseph George Vann.

2 John Ross Trott. Emma A. Clayton.

OK 3 James Campbell Trott. Madora Stover.

4 Timothy Trott. *

5 Elizabeth Trott. *

6 William Lafayette Trott. Malinda Stover ='•= and Louisa

Moore.

7 Charlotte Trott. Benjamin Johnson.

8 Henry Harden Trott. Eliza Cannon nee Harlan.
lM-l"8M'' Levi Adair. Eliza Consene nee Vann.

OK 2 John Martin Adair. Triphena Terrell.

1' l^l-'Q-*!'' Stella Ann Adair. George Washington Scott.
OK 2 Maybelle Adair. Martin Van Benge.

1M-2''1M'' Walter Adair Goss. *

2 Benjamin Franklin Goss. Sarah Emily Bean and Deniaris
Pace.
OK 3 Rachel Elizabeth Goss. Richard F. Fields.

|i|22.i2-iis William Penn Adair. Sarah Ann Adair and Sue Mcintosh
Drew.
2 Brice Martin Adair. Sarah McNair.
OK 3 Walter Thompson Adair. Mary Buil'ington Adair, Ruth A.

Markham and Fannie Gray.

4 John Ticanooly Adair. Martha Nannie Thompson.

5 Mary Ellen Adair. Joseph Franklin Thompson.

6 Benjamin Franklin Adair. Mary Delilah McNair.

7 Rachel Jane Adair. Milton Howard McCullough.

8 Cherokee Cornelia Adair. Jesse Bushyhead Mayes.
|i|22334i.-, George Washington Mayes. Charlotte Bushyhead and

Sarah Alice Nicodemus nee Taylor.
2 John Thompson Mayes. Cynthia Pack Davis.
OK 3 Frank A. O. Mayes.

4 James Allen Mayes. Ophelia Davis, Ruth Springston and

Annie Foster.

5 Joel Bryan Mayes. *Martha McNair, Martha J. Candy and

Mary Drew nee Vann.

6 Walter Adair Mayes. '■'

7 Rachel Mayes. Lucullus McNair and John W. Petty.

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS' 407

8 William HtMiry Mayes. Rachel May, Eliza Jane Bell,

Martha McNair and Susan Virginia Weir.

9 Richard Taylor Mayes. *

10 Samuel Houston Mayes. Martha Elizabeth Vann and

Minnie Harrison nee
1 1 Wiley 13. Mayes. Emma Bonebrake, Margaret Gillis nee

McLaughin and Ermina Cherokee Vann.
1 2 Noel French Mayes. *
1' r2"4'l'' Benjamin Walter Trott. Eliza Forester, Sarah Seabolt nee

Campbell and Rebecca Statlord nee Moore.
OK 2 Mary Thompson Trott. John P. Stidham, Mark Tiger and

Thomas Howie.
l'r-2"5'l'' Jesse Maylield Adair. *

2 Rachel Louvenia Adair. David McNair Faulkner.
Ok 3 Sarah Ruth Adair. Charles Washington Starr.

4 Oscar Fitzaland Adair. Mary Catherine Rider and

5 Edward Everett Adair. Rachel Louvenia Twist.

6 John Harrell Adair. Emma Choate.

7 Samuel Houston Adair. Sarah Stapler Ross.
IT-?''!'!'- Andromache Bell. Harvey Shelton.

2 Maria Josephine Bell. William Wirt Buliington.
OK ^ Charlotte Bell. James W. Ivey.

4 l.ucien Burr Bell. Sabra Ann Cunningham and Mary
Frances Starr.

S Nannie Bell. Cicero Leonidas Lynch.

(i Nancy Ann Bell. Quinton Kosciusko Gibson and James
Ellis Harlan.
1'1 = 3-'2'1' John Candy. *
2 Maria Candy. *
OK 3 Worcester Candy. *

4 Charlotte Candy. William Fields.

5 Martha J. Candy. * Joel Bryan Mayes.
6 Juliette Melvina Candy. John Gunter Scrimsher.
I'PV'Vl-' John Francis Bell. *

2 John Martin Bell. Sarah Catherine Harnage.

( )K ^ Foster Bell.

1'1--V'4'I' George Bell. *

2 John Bell. *

OK 3 Eliza Jane Bell. William Henry Mayes.

l'l-V'5'l'' John Walker Starr.

2 Mary Frances Starr. l.ucien Burr Bell.

OK 3 George Colbert Starr. *

4 Ezekial Eugene Starr. Margaret Starr.

5 Joseph Jarrette Starr. "

408 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

6 Caleb Ellis Starr. Malzerine Ellzalx'th Adair and Jennie

Butler nee.

7 Samuel Jesse Starr. Sarah Ruth McClure.
|i 123374 15 Saladin Ridge VVatie. *

2 Solon Watie. '■■'

OK 3 Nannie Josephine Watie. '■'■' John Martin Daniel.

4 Charlotte Jackoline Watie. *

1M-3"8M» Emma Dupree. * John C. Gray.

2 William E. Dupree. Fannie Wright.

OK 3 Annie Eugenia Dupree. Dr. Alfred Marshall Clinkscales.

4 Maude Ethel Dupree.

|i 1=33941. n Caroline Bell. Frank Skinner.

2 Charlotte Bell. '■■ Elijah J. Warren.

OK 3 Delia Palmer Bell. Jefierson Jordan.

4 William Watie Bell.

lir-3"10M'^ Mariamme Celeste Duncan. '■' Thomas Everidge Oaks.

2 Anacreon Bell Duncan. •■=

OK 3 Jarrette Mirini Duncan. Nannie Buftington.

lM-4-'l^l-^ Martha Jane Adair. Silas Aiken.

2 Ross Adair. '•'

OK 3 Mary Elizabeth Adair. ■'

4 Benjamin Adair. Sarah Guerin.

5 Rachel Ann Adair. James Roe Trippard and Charles L.

Bowden.

1' 1-4^2^1'' Mildred Thomas Adair. John Rufus Allison.

2 Virgil Balentine Adair. Talitha Jane Bates.

OK 3 Edward Alexander Adair. Narcissa Malissa Harrison.

4 Margaret Martha Adair. John Christopher Hogan.

5 Narcena Ann Berry Adair. Napoleon Bonaparte Littlejohn.

6 William Pendleton Adair. Julia Frances Allison.
1'1-4"3"'I-^ John Ross McDonald. Sarah Malinda Adair.

2 Mary Ann McDonald. David Wilson Harrison.

OK 3 George Washington McDonald. Sarah Elizabeth Boles nee

Jernigan.

4 Martha Caroline McLDonald. Levi Anderson Daniel King-

Wetzel.

5 Andrew Adair McDonald. *

6 Sarah Jane McDonald. John A. Moreland.

7 Emily Clay McDonald. John Alberty.

8 Nannie Missouri McDonald. Joseph Kincaid and Addison

D. Reeves.

1MM-MM= Mary Harriette Guthrie. Benjamin Gilreath Fletcher.

2 Loren Philemon Guthrie. Sarah Emma Kelly and Mary

Simms.

OK 3 Calvin Price Guthrie. Ruth Collins.

4 Sarah Ann Guthrie. William Kelly.

5 Walter Duncan Guthrie.

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 409

6 Florence Azilee Guthrie. Joseph P. Willis.

7 Oscar Guthrie.

I ' IM-'5' I' Ephriam Martin Adair. Sallie Starr and Louvenia Jane Lewis.

OK 2 George Washington Adair. Lucy Starr.

l'|-7-'l'l' Thomas James Adair. Lena Harnage.

2 Rachel Louisa Adair. Willliam Peters McCIellan.

OK 3 Arthur Franklin Adair. Mary Elizabeth Miller.

4 John Lynch Adair. Abhie G. Boardman.

5 Mary Zoe Adair. Claude StuU Shelton.
I'l-lS-'l'l'- Alice Adair.

2 Etta Adair.

OK i Olney Morgan Adair.

4 William Penn Adair.

I'|-l5"'2'l'' George Matthews. *

2 Fortner Covel Markham.

( )K 3 LJeatrice Markham.

4 DeWitt Markham.

I 5 David Hogan Markham. Joy Pratt.

I 6 Earl Byrne Markham. Camille Lannom.

7 Luciie Markham.

1 '2-l''l '1'' Nancy Ann Starr. William Wirt Duncan and Young Charles
Gordon Duncan.

2 George Harlan Starr.

()K 3 Martha Jane Starr. George Washington Crittenden.

4 Joseph McMinn Starr. Sarah Crittenden and Susie Shell.

5 Walter Adair Starr. Ruth Ann Alberty nee Thornton, Ella

Elizabeth Christie and Saphronia Barrett nee Crutchtield*

6 Sallie Elizabeth Starr. Frank Howard.

7 Edward Bruce Starr. Rachel Pauline Henry.

8 Clement Vann Starr, ^i-
o Caleb Wilson Starr.

I'2-1-'3'I'' Emily Clyne. Frank Howard.

2 Edward Adair Clyne. Nannie J. Whitniire.

( )K 3 Elizabeth Clyne. Martin Jackson Bradford.

4 Sallie Clyne.

5 Timothy "walker Clyne. Nora Alice Smith.

6 Ella Clyne. Frank Stapler Howard.
I'2-'I-'4'I'' Ruth Adair. *

2 James Adair.

i'2-l\S'r"' Andrew Grill'in Cookson. Mary Jane Carlile.

2 Edley Levi Cookson. Agnes Pettit.

3 Joseph J. Cookson. Eliza Pettit.

4 Delilah Cookson. Michael K. Patrick.
1'2-2-M'l'' Emilv Walker. John Polk Drake.

2 Nannie Adair Walker. James Albert Coleman.

OK 3 John Walker. Susie Daneiilnirg.

410 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

4 Suake Walker. * Mary Delilah Johnson.

5 Richard Martin Walker. Elizabeth Pettit and Edith Smith

nee Hicks.

6 Edward Adair Walker. Catherine Deerinthewater.

7 Lowrey Pack Walker. Sarah Brown.

8 Timotiiy Meigs Walker. *

9 Thomas Hindman Walker.
\'^2-2^2^\''' Penelope Adair. Philip T. Johnson.

2 Nannie Ruth Adair. John Pinckney Painter.

OK 3 Mary Lucinda Adair. William Gott.

4 John Walker Adair. Sarah Tula Smith.

5 Margaret Elizabeth Adair. Alfred Estis Holland.

6 Minerva Cornelia Adair. Thomas H. Horn.

7 George Starr Adair. Stella Rhodes.

1 ^2=2^3"' P Walter Alanson Allen. Frances E. Leatherwood.
1^2-2M*P Martha Caroline Adair. * George Humiston Lewis.
OK 2 Mary Elizabeth Adair. Colonel Johnson Harris.
1^2-2^6^1" William Penn Adair. Margaret Rogers.

2 Ella Adair. DeWitt Clinton Wilson.
1^2-2-'7M-'^ Edward Henry Adair. Martha M. Leatherwood.

2 James Warren Adair.
OK 3 Mary Louella Adair. *

4 Timothy Meigs Adair. Martha Sanders and

1 ' 2-2^8-* 1' Sarah Elizabeth Lindsley. Nathan Baron Danenburg.

Ross
P Ghi-goo-ie. William Shorey. A50

IM- Annie Shorey. John McDonald.
2 Elizabeth Shorey. John Lowrey.
IMM^ Mary McDonald. Daniel Ross. A5 1

1^2- 1'' Elizabeth Lowrey. William Shorey Pack.
iM-l'M^ Jennie Ross. Joseph Coody.

2 Elizabeth Ross. John Golden Ross.

John Ross. Quatie and Mary Bryan Stapler.
Lewis Ross. Fannie Holt.
Susannah Ross. Henry Nave.
Andrew Ross. Susan Lowrey.
Annie Ross. William Nave.
Margaret Ross. Elijah Hicks.
Maria Ross. Jonathan Mulkey.
Thomas Jefi'erson Pack. Jennie Taylor.
Cynthia Pack. John Cowart.

William Shorey Coody. Susan Henley and Elizabeth Pack
Fields.
2 Mary Coody. Nicholas Dalton Scales.
OK 3 Daniel Ross Coody. Amanda Drew, Sarah Ross and Eliza

Levisa Bennett.
4 Elizabeth Coody. * Greenwood LeFlore.

\'2'

1-1-*

lM-13

1^5

RISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 411

5 Lctitia Coody. Looiiey Price.

6 Maria Ross Coody. John Gabriel Madison Hawkins.

7 Louisa Jane Coody. Frederick Augustus Kerr.

8 Flora Coody. General Daniel Henry Rucker.

9 Joseph McDonald Coody. Mary Rebecca Harris nee Thorn-

berry and Mary Muskogee Hardage.

I'|-r''2'l"' William Potter Ross. Mary Jane Ross.

2 Daniel Hicks Ross. Catherine Gunter.

OK 3 Eliza Jane Ross. *

4 John Andrew Ross. EFua Wilkerson.

5 Einora Ross. *

6 Lewis Anderson Ross. Nellie Potts.
I' r-l''3M'' James Ross. Sallie Mannion.

2 Allen Ross. Jennie Fields.
OK ^ Jennie Ross. Return Johnatiian Meigs and Andrew Ross

Nave.

4 Silas Dean Ross. * Nannie Rhoda Stirt, Jennie Sanders and

Elizabeth Raper.

5 Geor.ije Washington Ross. Nannie Otterlifter.

6 John Riiss. Elizabeth Chouteau and Louisa Catherine Means.

7 Annie Bryan Ross. * Leonidas Dobson.

8 John Ross. Caroline Cornelison Lazalear and Christine

Foreman nee Haglund.

l'r-'l-''4'l' Minerva A. Ross. * George MicJiael Murrell.

2 John McDonald Ross.

3 Araminta Ross. James Springston \ann.

4 Robert Daniel Ross. Caroline Todd.

5 Mary Jane Ross. William Potter Ross.

6 Amanda Melvina Ross. George Michael Murrell.

ienrv Clav Ross. Elizabeth Campbell and Josephine Pettit.

S Sarah Ross. Daniel Ross Coody.

Helen Ross. Lewis Rogers.

It) Jack Spears Ross. Elizabeth Feelin.

1M-|-'5M' Eliza Nave. George Washington Gunter.

2 Mary Nave. Anderson Pierce Lowrey.

3 John Nave. Rachel Looney.

4 Daniel R. Nave. Jennie Carey.

5 Andrew Ross Nave. Jennie Meigs nee Ross.

6 Elvira Nave. Charles Clayhorn Price, Joseph M. Gilbert

and Samuel McDaniel.

7 George Washington Nave. * Sarah Josephine Vaught.

412 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

8 Minerva Nave. Riley Keys.

9 Frances M. Nave. John Carroll CunninglTam.
10 Susie Nave. Watie Robertson.

1 1 Henry Nave. Charlotte Reese.

lM-r'6^1'' Oliver Perry Ross. Susan Vann, Elzina Hair nee Goonan.

2 Daniel H. Ross. Naomi Chisholm and Sarah Halfbreed.

OK 3 Andrew J. Ross. Nannie Otterlifter and Nannie Halfbreed.

4 Samuel Houston Ross. Sarah Grimmett.

5 William Coody Ross. Mary Ann Spears.

6 Joseph Miller Ross. Ruth Drew.

7 Joshua Ross. Muskogee Yargee.

8 Richard Johnson Ross. Elizabeth Stidham.

9 Jennie Pocahontas Ross. John D. Murrell.
l'ri-'|7-'l° Mary Ann Nave. John Clark and Flea Smith.

2 Nannie Nave. Samuel Riley.

lil-jMgjjs Senora Hicks. Susan.

2 Jennie Hicks. John Wardell Stapller.

OK 3 Daniel Ross Hicks. Nancy Jane Rider, Esther Pritchett and

Nancy Evaline Green nee Linder.

4 Mary Hicks. Joseph Rogers McCoy.

5 Charles Renatus Hicks. * Lucinda Ross.

6 John Ross Hicks. Catherine Beavert,* Sabra Bullington

McCoy,'''' Mary A. Chambers and Mary Elizabeth Rock-
well.

7 Victoria Susan Hicks. DeWitt Clinton Lipe.
|i|2isg4j.j James Daniel Mulkey. Elizabeth Cleveland Joy.

2 Lewis Andrew Mulkey. Adeline Coins.

OK 3 William Ross Mulkey. Margaret Rebecca Hudson.

1^2-1^1^1-'' Lowrey Vann Pack. '■'

2 William Shorey Pack. Jennie Starr and Araminta Rags-
dale nee Gunter.

OK 3 Cynthia Pack. Daniel Harmon.

4 Amanda Pack, 'iliomas Cordery.

\^2'-\''2*\^' Lemuel Cowart. Mary Ann Dameron.

2 Jennie Cowart. Matthew Williams.

OK 3 Thomas Cowart. Jennie Day.

4 John Cowart. Fannie Huey.

5 Slater Cowart. Nannie King.
iM-'l'M^lf'l" Henrietta Jane Coody. *

2 William Shorey Coody *

3 Ella Flora Coody. Joseph Madison Robinson.
l'l-l^l-'2''l'' Nancy Jane Scales. Abner Sayers.

2 Charlotte Gordon Scales. John Thompson Drew.

OK 3 Eliza Scales. * William RatlitT.

4 Joseph Absalom Scales. Rose Tally and Amanda Patience

Fowler nee Morgan.

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 413

l'l-'l''r'3'r Alice Coody. William Wilson.

2 Lewis R. Coody. Mary Susan Cordery, Elizabeth Collier,
Nannie Hanks and Martha Lavina Hill.

OK 3 Mary Coody. *

4 Sarah Coody. *

5 Martha Coody. *

6 Joseph Coody.

7 Margaret Coody. John Stringer Scott.
« Daniel Ross Coody. Julia Grit] in.

9 Letitia Coody. Edward Smith.

I'l-l'M^S'l" William Shorey Price.

2 Daniel Coody Price. Mary Ann Jones.

OK 3 Montezuma Price. Alice Johnson.

4 Millard Filmore Price. *

5 George Murrell Price. Eliza Jane Vinyard nee Roach.

6 Annie F. Price. Otis Saladin Skidniore.

7 Caroline Walker Price. James Lee Floyd.

1 1 1 .■ 1 .1 1 If,.-. 1 .1 Martha Jane Hawkins. Hamilton Alexander Starkweather.

^ 2 Henry Clay Hawkins.

OK I 3 Samuel Frelinghyson Hawkins.

4 Maria Louisa Hawkins. Henry Graham Wood.

5 John Gabriel Hawkins. Flora Madeline Thorne.

6 Nannie Ross Hawkins. *

7 Sarah Stapler Hawkins. Dennis Wesley Smith.

1 ' 1- l''l '7''1" Frank Kerr. Margaret Taylor, Jennie Mclva Ross, Eliza-
beth Clyne and Fannie Lowrey nee Hendricks.

2 Flora Mclva Kerr. Henry Lisenbe.

OK 3 Minerva Murrell Kerr. George Washington Hendricks.

4 William Wirt Kerr.

5 Neville Craig Kerr. Lucinda Lowrey.

6 Annie Eliza Kerr. George Washington Elliott.

7 John Ross Kerr. *

S Frederick Augustus Kerr. Eva Scott.

9 Mary Elizabeth Kerr. Conrad Koehler and Moses Anspach.

10 Charles Ross Coody Kerr. *

l'|-l''l'8''l" Ross Rucker. *

2 Louisa Rucker.

I ' I- 1 •' 1 '9' I " Sa ra h Jane Coody.

2 Flora Rucker Coody. Richard Young Audd.

OK 1 William Shorey Coody. Louvenia Gaylor.

< Eula Muskogee Coody. Edward Hendricks Walker.

5 Minnie Vann Coody. David Washington.

6 Amanda Ella Coody. Laurel Pittman.
I ' 1 = 1 -'2^ ■■■ 1" William Dayton Ross.

2 Emma Lincoln Ross.

OK 3 Cora Ross. Dr. Robert B. Howard.

4 Marv Ross. William R. Badgett.

414 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

5 Hubbard Ross. Harriette Babb.

6 Phillips Ross. "
lM-P2-*25l'' Edward Gunter Ross.

2 William Potter Ross. Maude Walker.

OK 3 Catherine E. Ross. George Oliver Butler,

m 2133445 10 John Houston Ross. Lillian M. Glasglow.

2 Flora Lee Ross. Charles Walter Phillips.

OK 3 Dannie Hughes Ross. Bates B. Burnett.

4 Eliza Jane Ross. William Finley Blakemore.

lM-l='2^6f'l" McDonald Ross. '^

2 Shorey W. Ross.

OK 3 Eliza Ross.

4 William Potter Ross. Annie May Balentine.

5 Lewis Anderson Ross.

6 Wirt Ross.

7 Daniel Hughes Ross.

Iil2,;i34j.-,i.3 Susannah Coody Ross. Isaac Alexander Wilson.

OK 2 Gilbert Russell Ross. Emetine Parris and Mary J. Christian.

\^\-\"'3'^2''l'' Lucinda Ross. * Charles Renatus Hicks.

2 Victoria Ross. *

OK 3 Susan H. Ross. Osceola Powell Daniel.

4 Rufus O. Ross. Elizabeth Grace Meigs.

5 Robert Bruce Ross. Fannie Thornton.

6 Emma Ross. Osceola Powell Daniel.

7 William Wallace Ross. Delilah Jane Daniel.

8 Elizabeth Ross. * John Ross Vann.
1M-1''3^3"M'' John Ross Meigs. Mary Elizabeth Freeman.

2 Henry Clay Meigs. Josephine L. Bigelow.

OK 3 Elizabeth Grace Meigs. Rufus O. Ross.

4 Return Robert Meigs. Jennie Ross, Helen Chrissie Blevins.

5 Submit Mei^s. John Francis Lyons.

6 Andrew Ross Nave. Julia Eagle.

7 Henrietta Jane Nave. William Henry Hinton.
1MM^3''5'M" Jennie Mclvie Ross. * Frank Kerr.

2 Silas Dinsmore Ross. Susie Backbone and Sarah Osborn.

OK 3 Sarah Stapler Ross. Samuel Houston Adair.

4 Mary Jones Ross. James Franklin Petty.

'3^6'!'' Emily Jane Ross. Clement Denoya.

2 Mary Ellen Ross. Thomas Joseph Rogers and Oscar C.
Hadden.

3 Ida Ross.

4 Floyd Freeman Ross.

lilM-^3^8-M'^ Addie Roche Ross. William Henry Norrid.

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 415

2 Leonidas Cookman Ross. Grace Keam

OK 3 Mary Ross. *

l'l-rM'3''r' Fannie Vann. Florian Haradin Nash.

I'rTMM-'l" Lewis Ross. Laura Augusta French.

2 Edward Pope Ross.

OK 3 Belle Ross.

1 Alice Ross. Dr. Robert B. Howard.
5 Fannie M. Ross. Herbert Kneeland.

ri 1 r5 T' William Dayton Ross. *

2 Emma Lincoln Ross.

OK ^ Cora Ross. Dr. Robert B. Howard.

I Mary Ross. William R. Badgett.

5 Hubbard Ross. Harriette Bahb.

6 Phillips Ross. *

1' r-'l-'4'6'M" George Ross Murrell. Margaret Gavin.

2 Fannie Elizabeth Murrell. Frank Alexander and J. Emory
Hughes.

OK '> Rosanna E. Murrell. William Archer Chambers.

4 Louis Edward Murrell.

l'l-|-M'7r" Frank Ross. Ella Fisher.

2 Margaret Jane Ross. Joel Mayes Bryan.

OK 3 Joseph Miller Ross.

4 Felix Henry Ross.

5 Mary J. Ross.
1'1-1'4'S'r' Alice Coody. William Wilson.

2 Lewis Ross Coody. Mary Susan Cordery, Elizabeth Collier,
Nannie Hanks and Martha Lavenia Hill.

OK 5 Mary Coody. *

4 Sarah Coody. *

5 Martha Coody. *

6 Joseph Coody. Eliza Swett and Margaret A. King nee Lind-

sey.

7 Margaret Coody. John Stringer Scott.
S Daniel Ross Coody. Julia Griffin.

1 1 1.|.; |i().-, ,.. Rosalie Rogers. Benjamin Franklin Avant.

< 'K 2 Lewis Rogers.

'1-1--4'1(»- T' Jackson Ross. Jessie E. Vann.

2 Lewis Ross. Sarah Hosey.

3 John Ross. Anna Hosey.

4 Nannie Ross. Lewis Mouse.

I'l-l-'S'l'l" Marv Gunter. Ezekial Jack and Jonathan Riley.

2 Susie Gunter. George R. Johnson and James Choate.

OK 3 Samuel Gunter. Fannie Daniel.

4 Araminta Gunter. John Ragsdale, William Shorey Pack.

5 John Edward Gunter. Mary Lee.

416 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

6 George Washington Gunter. Catherine Benge, Mary Davis

and Ella Spradling.

7 Elizabeth Gunter. *

8 Jeanette Gunter. Jacob Edward Barrow.
\^\-["5*2''l'' Daniel Webster Lowrey. *

2 Henry Lowrey. Mary Parris and Emeiine Evans nee Russell.

3 Lucy Ann Lowrey. Charles Hicks Campbell.

4 Dollie Eunice Lowrey. James Fields,* Thomas Starr and

Charles Galloway.

5 George Lowrey. ''■'

6 Susie Lowrey. Richard Robertson and Thomas Jeflerson

Carter.

7 Eliza Lowrey. William Henry Davis.

8 James Monroe Lowrey. Susie Vickery.
Andrew Lowrey. Dora Pinckney nee Bruton.
Silas Nave.

Mary Alice Nave. William Penn Payne.
Joseph Goody Nave. Sarah Downing, Rachel Pauline

Starr nee Henry and
Walter Duncan Nave. Sarah Josephine Fane.
Samuel Nave. * Annie Cochran nee Coats.
Jennie Nave. Walker Russell.
Andrew Ross Nave. Julia Eagle.
Henrietta Jane Nave. William Henry Hinton.
John H. Price. Ruth Ann Starr.
Mary Jane Price. Henry James, Wintield Gray and Rev.

David Nathaniel Allen.
Susie Ann Price. Alexander Gibson Murray.
Charles Cintoola Price. *

IT' 1-5^3'

i'r'i"5M'

J,;

i'r-M-5^5-

1''

lMM-^5^65

5 Joanna Gillis. Frank Alexander Billingslea.

6 Martin McDaniel. Delia Moore.

l'l-l-'5-'8"'l'^ Fannie N. Keys. William Henry Balentine.

OK 2 Riley Keys. Julia Turner.

]! J- J. ■5549.-, JO Alfred Carroll Cunningham. Laura Lombard.

2 William Ross Cunningham.

OK 3 Minnie Ross Cunningham. Richard Fields Vann and Sidney

Elllsworth Bell.

lir-'l-'SMlM" John McDonald Nave. *

2 Susie Ellen Nave. Wilson Walkingstick.

3 Henry Dobson Nave.
1M-136-'1M« Elizabeth Ross. * Frank Nash.

2 George Lowrey Ross. Ruth B. Springston.

OK 3 Juliette Ross. William Roberson.

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

417

4 Mary Ann Bishop Ross. Andrew Hair and William Thoma'

Jones.

5 Minnie Ross. George A. Walden.

6 Andrew Enoii Ross. Catherine Cooper.

7 Susie Ross. Charles Nicholas Mitchell.

8 Jennie Ross. Joseph Sixkiller.
l'l = l''6'2'r' James L. Ross.

2 Jennie Ross. Return Robert Meigs.

OK 3 McDurt' Ross. Catherine Nave nee Reese and

4 Alexander Ross. Mary Armstrong.

5 Christopher Ross.

I'l-|-'6'3''l" Daniel L. Ross. Ruth Caroline Holland.

2 Houston Ross.

OK 3 Lydia Ross. Rufus William Twitty.

ri-l-'CM-'l" Susan Ross. Jesse Cochran.

2 John Henry Ross. Fannie Downing.

OK 3 Catherine Ross. Silas Grayson Wills.

I'l-l-'6'5''r' Rosa Lee Ross. William Samuel Miles.

2 Susie Lowrey Ross.

OK 3 Joshua Ewing Ross. Nellie Banks.

4 John Yargee Ross.

5 Jennie Pocahontas Ross.
l'Pl-''6-'8''l'' Catherine Ross. Samuel Grayson.

OK 2 Jennie Ross.

ri-l-'7'l'l" Emily Jane Clark. Thomas Ross, John Blackwell and Wil-
lis Battles.

2 Sarah Cvnthia Clark. Allen l.vnch.

OK ^ Ruth Elizabeth Downing. Alexander Burtington and An-

derson Lvnch.

4 W illiani A. Smith. Sarah HulT.

1'1-1'7'2'r' William Riley.

2 Sarah Riley.

l'l-r'.SM''l" Jennie Hicks. * William Penn Crowder.

2 Hannah Hicks.

OK 3 Mary Hicks.

4 Charles Hicks.

5 Edward Hicks.

6 Jesse Hicks.

7 John Hicks.

8 Susannah Hicks.

l'l-l-\S'2'r' James Senora Stapler. Lelia Wilson Breedlove

2 Mary Louise Stapler. *

OK 3 John Brian Stapler. Ella Zaphora Morgan.

4 Margaret Hicks. *

418 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

|i|2]3g435|6 Edward Daniel Hicks. Elizabeth Henrietta Musgrove.

liri^SM^'P Margaret McCoy. * John B. Brown.

2 Jennie Diana McCoy. Vann Chambers.

OK 3 Charles Renatus McCoy.

4 Daniel Homer. *

5 Nannie Rider McCoy. Walter Adair Mayes.
|i| = l384g3js Henry Chambers Hicks. *

2 Nancy Jane Hicks. Alexander Frederick Parsley.

3 Cora Archer Hicks. Dr. John Otto Rogers.

4 Eugene Ross Hicks.

|ij2|33475|6 John Gunter Lipe. Sarah Lulu Foreman.

Iil2|394i5i6 \Yjigy Yi. Mulkey. Martha Mahala Paul

2 Annie C. Mulkey. Thomas J. Cowan.

3 Alonzo S. Mulkey.

4 Charles Alva Mulkey. Mabel Dell Bomberger.

5 Lewis W. Mulkey.

6 Jonathan Daniel Mulkey. Sallie Vann.

7 Jennie Mulkey.

8 Rose E. C. Mulkey.
|i-12|39425ic Lucinda Mulkey. William Askins.

2 Louisa A. Mulkey. Alfred Cox and James B. Kay.

OK 3 Jonathan Mulkey.

4 Isabella Mulkey. Ferdinand Farmer.

5 Julia Mulkey.

6 James Mulkey.

7 Vida Mulkey. William M. Carr.

8 John Ross Mulkey.

l'l-l39-'3-M'' James Daniel Mulkey. Mary Priscilla Wilson.

2 Mary Brooks Mulkey. Waiter Willis.

OK 3 Amanda Avis Mulkey. John Rankin Amos.

4 Eliza Maria Mulkey. John Thomas Miller.

6 John Ross Mulkey.

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 419

CHAPTER XIX
Continuation oJOld Families
Gosaduisga

1' Go-sa-du-i-sg;i.
\^\^ Nannie. John Thornton.

2 Elizabeth. James Vann, William Springston, John Shep-
herd and Edward Adair.
l'l = r' William Thornton. Nannie McPherson, Ge-yo-hi Porter
and Elizabeth Bean nee Phillips.

2 James Thornton. *

3 Charles Thornton. Maria Mcintosh and Mary Crossland.

4 Amos Thornton. Elizabeth Holt, Elizabeth McAdams,
Minerva Foreman and Mary Souiekiller.

5 John Thornton. Pinkie Blagg and Frances Alberty.

6 Riley Thornton. Rebecca Mitchell and Eliza Maw.

I 7 Wiley Glover Thornton.. Nannie Brimmer and Avery
I Meanman.

8 Delilah Thornton. William Harlin, Alexander Shook, James
Taylor and Joseph Dawson.

I y Smith Thornton. Caroline Daniel and Lucy Crittenden.

i 10 Elizabeth Thornton. *

I'a^l-'' Delilah Amelia Vann. David McNair.

2 Jennie Sprini^'ston. Joseph Vann and Thomas Mitchell. A52

3 Edley Sprinjjston. Elizabeth Foreman.

4 John Shepherd. Sallie Daniel, Ruth Pawling and Josephine
Killian.

5 Edward Adair. Nannie Shields and Mary Harnage.
I'i-l-'l' Elizabeth Thornton. Samuel Walkingstick.

Walter Thornton. Elizabeth Jones.

3 Jdllv 'Hn)rnton. Marv Riley.

4 Ruth Ann Thornton. Cornelius Alberty and Walter Adair
Starr.
l'l-3-M' Shepherd Thornton.

2 John Thornton.

l'l=4-''l' Elizabeth Thornton. Richard Thompson.

2 Thomas Jetlerson Thornton.

OK 3 Lewis Ross Thornton. Ellen Stetson Cooley.

4 John Thornton. ^'

420 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

5 William Harrison Thornton. *

6 Thomas Jetl'erson Thornton. Mary L. Rogers.

7 Mary Ellen Thornton. Charles Cochran.

8 Nicholas McNair Thornton. Clara Hicks and Flora Ingram.

9 John Shepherd Thornton. * Cynthia Pettit.
10 William Glover Thornton. *

1=531-! wiliam Thornton. Minerva Jane Foreman.

2 Calvin Thornton. * Malinda Sutton.

OK 3 Martha Thornton. Robert Williams.

4 John T. Thornton.*

5 Walter King Thornton. *
IM^S^I'* Mary Ann Thornton. * Benjamin E. Gump and George W.
Boles.

2 Thomas Thornton. Hettie Dennis.

3 Osceola Thornton. "

|ij273]4 Amos Thornton. Clara Phillips and Rachel Boards.

2 William Thornton. Mary Sanders.

OK 3 John Thornton. Lucinda Sanders.

4 Elizabeth Thornton. '■' Clausine.

5 Mary Thornton. John Goodwin and Austin B. Hosier.

6 Nancy Jane Thornton. Johnson Robbins.

7 Sallie Thornton. Abraham Sixkiller and Dick Duck.

8 Joseph Thornton. Margaret Wilson.

9 Ruth Thornton. Taylor Sixkiller and Archilla Scraper.
10 James Thornton. Nancy Jane Sanders and Margaret Clyff-
ton Starr.
Vr-8-'\* William Harlin. *

2 James Shook. Eliza Justice nee Vann and Sarah Elizabeth
Sears.

OK 3 Martha Taylor. Ensley Lacey.

4 Creed Taylor.

5 Lewis Taylor. *

6 Mary Dawson. Robert Barnes Mitchell and John H. Welty.

7 Joseph Dawson. * Mary Ragsdale.

8 Elizabeth Dawson. *

9 Thomas Dawson. *

111 2931 4 Nannie Thornton. Moses Parris and John Parris.

2 William Thornton. *

OK 3 Fannie Thornton. Robert Bruce Ross.

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 421

4 Elizabeth 'I'hornton. George Sanders.

5 Jacob Thornton. *

6 Marion Thornton. Lucy Goodwin.
'1=2-' 11* James Vann McNair. Eliza Childers.

2 Nicholas Bvers McNair. Mary Rogers.

OK 5 Mary Vann McNair. Clement Neely and William Rogers.

4 Elizabeth McNair. Jesse Bean and John Weir.

5 Martha McNair. David Vann.

6 Clement Vann McNair. Susannah Martin and Martha Ann

Smith nee Childers.

1' 2-2^1' James Springton Vann. Araminta Ross.

2 Mary Vann. *

OK 3 John Shepherd Vann. Elizabeth Pack Coody nee Fields.

4 Delilah Amelia Vann. Oliver Hazard Perry Brewer.

5 Henry Clay Vann. *

l'2=V'l' Delilah Springston. John Ferguson, Henry Hill and Frank
Marrs.

2 John Springston.

3 Mary Springston. John Henry and George Beamer.

4 Miles Springston. "■■

5 Edward Springston. *

6 Nannie Springston. *

7 George Springston. *

l'2-"4''l' Elizabeth Shepherd. John Brown.

2 Clement Shepherd. *

3 Joseph Shepherd. Nannie Thompson.

4 Fane Shepherd. *

5 David Shepherd. *

0 William Shepherd. Mary Ann Wilson and Mary F. James.

7 Albert Shepherd. Lucy Jones.

8 Augustus Shepherd. *

9 Ruth Shepherd. John Martin, Thomas Franks and Lemuel

Wickett.
10 Clementine Shepherd. William McConkle and Sterling

Colston.
1 I George W. Shepherd. Stella Stegall.
1 2 John Shepherd. *
1>2=5-'1* Delilah Adair. Joseph McMimm Starr.
2 Susie Adair. *

OK 3 Jennie Adair. John Peter Oliver Clyne.

4 Edley Adair. Emily Rogers.

5 Elizabeth Adair. John Hildebrand Cookson.
Wilson Walkingstick. Susie Ellen Nave.
Wallace Thornton.. Mary Louvenia Garrison.
Smith Thornton. Ella Cox.

,1,.,.1,4,.'.

ri-l-''2'l''

422 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

OK 3 William Thornton. Sallie Yahola nee

^ij2i334jr. William Thonton. Nancy Anna Lee Barnes.

Emmet Starr.

George Colbert Starr. *

Mary Bell Starr. Dr. Wade Hampton Vann.

Lettie Boyd Starr.

Joseph McCracken Starr.

Margaret Emma Thompson. Clark Charlesworth Lipe.

Sue Elizabeth Thompson. Henry Eiftort.

Tookah Thompson. William Smelser Nash.

Caroline Harriette Thompson. David Albert Mounts.

John Lanigan Thompson. *

Mary Louisa Thornton. John B. Edwards and H. P. Davis.

Charles Amos Thornton. Sadie E. Earned.

Guy Earl Thornton. Nannie Proctor.

Clement Vann Thornton.

Murrell Thornton.

Mary Gladys Thornton.

Sarah Cochran.

Maude Beulah Cochran. Thomas A. Hathcock.

Hoolie Bell Cochran.

Ada Cochran.

IM-IM^

^1 ,243 14

41^24334

jr.

11124354

1-5

^11243 74

1''

5 Jesse Edward Cochran.
IMM^S^I'' Percy M. Thornton. Agnes Holden.

2 Owen Thornton.

1 14 253 141.'; £iJ2-^ Jang Thornton. Charles Oliver Frye.

1112533410 Mary Frances Williams. *

2 John Henry Wiliams. *

3 Charles McClellan Williams.

4 William Walter Williams. Elizabeth Leona Alberty.

5 Robert Benjamin Williams.

6 Ada Elizabeth Williams. George William Christie.

7 Lee Williams. Maude Leslie Adair.

8 Ellis Bluford Williams.

9 Ellen Williams.

10 Frederick Williams.

m^^lH'- Delilah Thornton. Charles Hanes.

111=7^^1" Elizabeth Thornton. James N. Palone.

2 Susie Thornton. Goback Christy.

3 William Henry Thornton.

4 Richard Foreman Thornton.

5 Nannie J. Thornton. Leo M. White.
11^27324 15 Nannie J. Thornton. Simeon Eldridge.
1112733415 Yiecse Thornton.

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 423

l'r-7-'5M'' Lucy Goodwin. Marion Thiornton.

2 John Goodwin. Marg-ie Elnora Pyeatt

1'1=7-'6M^ Levi Robbins. *

2 Timothy Robbins.

3 Alexander Robbins. *

4 John Robbins. *

5 Glover Robbins.

6 Josephine Robbins.
l'Iv-7'1' Henrv Sixkili.-r.

Charles Watts.

l'P7''S'

I''

Uelilah Mary Thornton.

Jesse Thornton.

Wiley Thornton.

William Thornton.

1'1=7'9'

!••

Mary Etta Scraper.

John Scraper.

l'l-7-'l()'

!■'•

Susan Elizabeth Thornton.

2 Jesse Jackson Thornton.

3 Rogers Thornton.

4 Nicholas Thornton.
l'|-8-2'l' Nellie Shook. James Walker.

2 Elizabeth Shook. Andrew Jackson Harris.

OK 3 William Tucker Shook. Evretta Summerhill.

4 John 13. Sliook.

5 Amos Shook.

6 Lillie May Shook.
I'l=8-'3'l^ Miles Lacey. * Alice Barnes.

2 John Drew Lacey. Mary Doherty nee Pettit and Lucy
Frances Prunty.

OK 3 Delilah Lacey. *

l'I-8-M'l' James Taylor.

I'rsV)'!'- Mary Mitchell. James Shell.

2 Frank Reed Mitchell.

OK 3 Margaret Mitchell. Wiliam Penn Crowder.

4 Joseph Mitchell. Mary Hayes.

5 I.ydia F. Welty. John Hayes.

6 Roscoe H. Welty.

I'1=0-M'|'' Emetine Rarris. Gilbert Russell Ross and Thomas Johnson
Parris.

2 Caroline Parris. David Ridge.

OK 3 Samantha Parris. Rufus Daniel Ross.

4 Edward Parris. Esther Elva Ingram.

5 Triphena Parris. Roller! Bruce Bean.

424 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

1M-9^3^P Charles McClellan Ross. Sarah Thomas Scruggs and Susie

Ellen Morris.

2 William Wallace Ross. Mary Henrietta Moore.

OK 3 Rufus Daniel Ross. Emma Tooka Sixkiller and Samantha

Parris.

4 Lulu Victoria Ross. James Henderson.

5 Fannie Vann Ross. Walter Ellis Duncan.

6 Jennie Fields Ross. Jesse Clifton Cobb.

7 Sue Mary Ross. Samuel Victor Eubanks.

8 Robert Bruce Ross.

9 Anna Phillips Ross. Lieutenant Edwin William Piburn.
^\y2g^^iir, Charles Sanders. Mary Ann Talbert.

\U-9''6-'\^ Elizabeth Thornton.

2 Mary Thornton. *

3 Henry Joseph Thornton.

l'2-l"l"'l-' Felix Hurd McNair. Louisa Jane Vann and Nannie Sarah
Bushyhead.

2 Delilah McNair. '^ Frank Shafer.

OK 3 Martha McNair. William Henry Mayes.

l'2-l-''2-'l''' Sarah McNair. Brice Martin Adair.

2 Martha McNair. '■' Joel Bryan Mayes.

OK 3 William Lucullus McNair. Rachel Mayes.

4 John R. McNair. Cynthia Huffaker and Elizabeth Parrott.

5 Clement McNair. *

6 Mary Delilah McNair. Benjamin Franklin Adair.

7 Talbert McNair. '■' Nellie Carter.

8 Oscar McNair. *

9 Nicholas Benjamin McNair. Rachel Sanders and Martha E.

Jones.

1^2-1"3-*1' Albina McNair Rogers. Anderson Smith Bell.

2 Henry Rogers. Martha McNair.

3 David M. Rogers. Mary Strickland.

4 Robert Nicholas Rogers. Sarah Jones.
\^2"\-H*\'' Amelia Bean. John Chambers.

2 David Bean. '■'■

3 Talbert Bean.

4 Augustus Bean. *

5 William E. Bean. Nancy Ann nee Blythe.

6 Almira Neely Bean. * John Chambers.

7 Susan Virginia Weir. * William Henry Mayes.

8 Clementine Weir. Augustus A. Shutt.
l'2=r'5-'l"' Clement Neely Vann. Isadora V. Mackey.

2 Nicholas Byers Vann. *

3 David Lucullus Vann. *

4 Mary Delilah Vann. George Washington Drew and Joel

Bryan Mayes.

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 425

5 Charles Avoy Vann. *

6 Joseph Lewis Vann. Caroline Elizabeth Sixkiller.

7 Martha Elizabeth Vann. Samuel Houston Mayes.
1'2-'1''6'1'' Martha McNair. Henry Rogers and John Martin Thompson.

2 John Martin McNair. Mary Jane Hale.

OK 3 Clement Alexander McNair.

4 .Nicholas George McNair.

5 Amelia Delilah McNair. William Archibald Henry.

6 Ezra Almon McNair.

7 Leoda Tennessee McNair. John Fischer.

8 Mary Elizabeth McNair. John Carley.
l'2-2''l'l'' Fannie Vann. Florian Haraden Nash.
l'2-2-'3'l' Jennie Vann. William Wilson Harnage.

2 John Vann.

3 Richard Fields Vann. Minnie Ross Cunningham.

4 Charles Edward Vann. Ada Raymond.
r2-2'4'l' Mary Vann Brewer. *

2 John Duncan Brewer. *

OK 3 Thomas Henry Brewer. *

4 Cherokee Juliette Brewer. Walter Hampton Jackson.

5 Oliver Hazard Perry Brewer.

r2-V'l 'I'' Martha Jane Ferguson. William Henry Land.

2 Elizabeth Ferguson. Houston Smith.

3 Napoleon Marrs.
I'2-3''3'I' John Henry.

2 Margaret Henry.

3 Lewis Beamer. Alice Towie.

4 John Beamer. Alice Bigdollar.

1'2-4-M'l'' William Brown. Frances Silverheels and Amanda Black.

l'2-4-'3'l"' John Shepherd. Roxie Evans.

2 Mary Shepherd.

3 Emma Shepherd. Jesse Thompson.

4 James Shepherd.

r2-4-'(>'l'' Annie Shepherd. William Smith and U. K. Vasbinda.

2 Charles H. Sliepherd.

3 William Ernest Shepherd.

4 Elizabeth Shepherd.
['2-4'7W' Fane Shepherd.

2 Eliza Shepherd. Henry Brazeel.

3 Malinda L. Shepherd. John W. Thompson.

4 Richard Shepherd.
l'2-4''0'i-- Alpha O. Wickett.

426 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

r2M"ll-*l-'^ Augustus Shepherd.

2 Charles Shepherd.

OK 3 Edward Shepherd.

4 Pearl Shepherd.

5 Jackson Shepherd.

1'2-'5"1^P Nancy Ann Starr. William Duncan and Young Charles
Gordon Duncan.

2 George Harlan Starr. *
OK 3 Martha Jane Starr. George Washington Crittenden.

4 Joseph McMinn Starr. Sarah Crittenden and Susie Shell.

5 Walter Adair Starr. Ruth Ann Alberty nee Thornton, Ella

Elizabeth Christie and Saphronia Barnett nee Crutchfield.

6 Sallie Elizabeth Starr. Frank Howard.

7 Edward Bruce Starr. Rachel Pauline Henry.

8 Clement Vann Starr. *

9 Caleb Wilson Starr.
r2-5"'2-*l^ Emily Clyne. Frank Howard.

2 Edward Adair Clyne. Nannie J. Whitmire.

OK 3 Elizabeth Clyne. Martin Jackson Bradford.

4 Sallie Clyne.

5 Timothy Walker Clyne. Nora Alice Smith.

6 Ella Clyne. Frank Stapler Howard.
1'2-5"4^I'^ Ruth Adair. *

2 James Adair. *

l'2-5''5"'l^ Andrew Griffin Cookson. Mary Jane Carlile.

2 Edley Levi Cookson. Agnes Pettit.

OK 3 Joseph J. Cookson. Eliza Pettit.

4 Delilah Cookson. Michael K. Patrick.

Conrad.

1^ Onai. Hamilton Conrad.

1M= Rattling-gourd Conrad. Mary Toney.

2 Hair Conrad. Ollie Candy and Melvina McGee.

OK 3 Youngwolf Conrad. Jennie Taylor.

4 Quatie Conrad. Alexander Brown, Archibald Fields and
John Benge.

1M = 1S Dorcas Rattlinggourd. Richard Foreman.

2 Tony Rattlinggourd. Lucretia Tiger.

OK 3 Jackson Rattlinggourd. Elsie Wilson. A54

4 Sallie Rattlinggourd. Samuel Foreman and Peacheater

Sixkiller.

5 Catherine Rattlinggourd. George Washington Campbell.

6 Daniel Rattlinggourd. Eliza Abigal Looney.

7 John Rattlinggourd. Nannie Mannion.

8 Margaret aRttlinggourd. Benjamin Downing.

9 David Rattlinggourd. * Nannie Jennings nee.

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 437

10 Charles Rattling^ourd. Lucy Mcintosh *, Levisa Mcintosh

r.o P,- '. ,"'u CampbeIl^ Benge and Susie Hair.

l'2-l' Elizabeth Hair. Daniel Hopkins.

2 Susie Hair. Charles Rattlinggourd.

3 Jeflerson Hair. Chinosa O'Fields, Mary Tvner nee Sanders

and Eliza Ramsey nee Tyner.

4 Diana Hair. Wade Hampton Robertson.

5 John Hair. Lucy Robertson, Annie Sanders, Mary Butler

and Lucy Justice.

6 Nannie Hair. *

7 Mary Hair. John Ramsey.

8 James Hair. Sarah Davis, Susie Reese and Nellie Robertson.
') Elizabeth Hair. Ashhopper.
I" OJlie Hair. Wallace Vann.

11 Eliza Hair. Starr Deerinthewater, Johnson Blythe and
George Roberts.
r^-'I- Susie Wolf. Samuel Ballard and Michael Bridgemaker.

2 Nannie Wolf. Thomas Starr.

OK ? Margaret Wolf. Daniel McCoy.

■4 Annie Wolf. William Williams and James Sterling Price.

5 Dennis Wolf. Isabel Fields and Peggy McDaniel.

\'A-\'-^ John Lucien Brown. Elizabeth Coody nee Meade, Minerva
Coker nee Foster and Mary Lowrey nee Simpson.

2 Jennie Fields. Allen Ross.

OK 3 Anderson Benge. Elizabeth Busky and Susan Henrietta

Foreman.

l'5-'l-' John Terrapin. Ga-ho-ka Ratlifl and Nannie Blalock nee
Bark.

2 Jennie Terrapin. So-sa and Edward Foreman. A53

OK 3 James Terrapin.

4 Thomas Fox Conrad. Caroline Wheeler.

rri-T' Anthony Foreman. Nellie Buftington and Eliza Toney.

2 Lucinda Foreman. John Foster.

3 John Foreman. Susie Leach.

4 Lewis Foreman.

5 Amos Foreman. " Eliza Gunter.

6 William H. Foreman. Letitia Woodward.

7 Thomas Foreman.

8 Ruth Foreman. Patrick Lyman.

9 Edward Foreman.

1(1 Emily Foreman. Wallace Ratliff.

1 I George Foreman. Mary Lowrey.

428 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

11^22^-' Polly Gourd. Wickliffe.

2 Rider Gourd. Catherine Wolf.

ri-3-'l^ Joseph Gourd. '■'

2 Nannie Gourd. Joshua Roach.

OK 3 Charlotte Gourd. Llachlan Btavert and William Pinckney

McCay.

4 Susie Gourd. Wiliam H. Turner.

5 Looney Gourd. Julia Clit^'ner and Lydia Humphreys.

6 Archibald Gourd. *

7 Richard Gourd. * Nannie R. Gourd nee

8 Ellis Gourd. Susie Hendricks.

9 James Gourd. Elizabeth Hendricks, Nancy Jane Lillard nee

Patrick and Adeline Johnson nee Payne.

10 Thomas Gourd. *

1 1 Jennie Gourd. Wilkerson Hubbard Parris.

12 Elizabeth Gourd. James G. Mehlin.

1 3 Mary Gourd. Asa Guinn.

1 1 Alice Gourd. * Andrew Henderson Norwood.

riM^f Nannie Foreman. John T. Foster and Redbird Sixkiller.

2 Sarah Foreman. Benjamin Foster and Elijah Maylield *.
OK 3 Elias Gourd Foreman. Jennie Alberty and Mary Sanders
nee Smith.

4 Catherine Foreman. Aaron Crittenden, George Tiesky,

Scudders Downing and Nelson Terrapin.

5 Ellis Foreman. Elizabeth Crittenden and Sarah Kelly nee

Phillips.

l'r-5'M-' Samuel Campbell. Polly Starr and Elizabeth Cramp nee

Hildebrand.

1M=6-M-* Looney Gourd. Sallie F. Carter and Dorothy Theresa
Meeker.

2 Charles Gourd. * Samantha Miller.

OK 3 Sarah Gourd. *

4 John Gourd. Artemissa Beavert.

5 Timothy Gourd. Julia Roberson.

6 Thomas Gourd. Paralee McPherson.

7 Alexander Gourd. Elizabeth Daugherty.
rr-7''l^ Jesse Gourd. Susie Benge.

2 Sarah Gourd. Stephen Vann.

OK 3 Thomas Gourd. Maria Smith.

4 Caroline Gourd.

5 Nannie Gourd.

6 Charles Gourd. Nannie Christy.

7 Maude Gourd. John Downing and Wesley Lester Carroll.
IM^S'^l-* William Downing. Susan J. Reese.

2 Charles Downing. Susan Downing nee Reese.

3 Cynthia Downing. Henry Lowrey.

4 Catherine Downing. * William Steele.

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 429

5 Sarah Downing. Glass, Raven, David A. Mar-

tin, Perry Hysel and Johnson Riley.

6 Elizabeth Downing. Ellis Lowrey.

7 Clarinda Downing. James Lowrey and David A. Martin.
I'l-'lo-M' Thomas Gourd. Rebecca Smith and Nannie Beaver.

2 Mary Gourd. Joseph Herberger.

OK 3 Martin Gourd. *

l'2=r'r' Rebecca Hopkins. Simpson Foster Monroe and Dr Peter
Tabler.

2 Electa Hopkins. Henry Crittenden.

OK 3 Martha Hopkins. George Smith.

4 Belle Hopkins. John Marcus Countryman.

5 Sarah Abigal Hapkins. Stephen Gray Garharini.
r2-2-'l' Nellie Gourd. * Cherokee Manning.

r2-3'''r' Nancy Ann Hair. William Campbell and Joseph Seabolt.

2 Elizabeth Hair. * Samuel Cloud.

OK 3 Diana Hair. * Ahleecher.

4 Charlotte Hair. *

5 Clay Hair. Martha Fox.

6 John Hair.

Abigal Hair. James McDaniel and Ahleecher.

.s David Hair. Sallie Wicklille.

9 Joseph Hair.

Ill George Hair. *

I 1 Francis Marion Hair. Sarah VVatkins.

1'2-4'r' Richard Robertson. Susan Lowrey and Susan Wilkerson.

2 Maria Louisa Robertson. Stephen Spears.

OK 3 Jerterson Allen Robertson. Lou Rountree and Annie

O'Riley.

4 Emiline McCoy Robertson. Bluford West Foreman.

5 Evans Price Robertson. Sarah Ellen Spears.

r2-5''l' Ezekial Hair. Catherine Fishhawk, Amanda Kanoska and

2 Amanda Hair. Mitchell Hiidebrand and Stephen Hildehrand.

3 Elizabeth Hair. George Benge.

4 John Hair. Mary Elizabeth Davis.

5 Thomas Candy Hair. *

6 Medley Tyner Hair. *

7 George Candy Hair. Mary Levi and Jennie Lind Starr nee

Starr.

430 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

r2=7^1-* Martha Ramsey. John Mosley.

2 Susie Ramsey. Maxwell Chambers.

P2-8-'l-' Catherine Hair. Soldier Sixkiller.

2 Nicholas Hair. Lucinda Robinson.

3 Samuel Hair. Jennie Still.

4 John Hair. Mary McPherson.

5 Elizabeth Hair. Hulburt Bean.

6 Margaret Hair. Deerinthewater.
7 Araminta Hair. George Ross.

8 James Hair. Elizabeth Gibbs nee Holt and Sarah Cox.

9 Jesse Hair. Fannie Tyner.

10 Solomon Hair. Beatrice Brown.

[12-9-M-' Annie Hopper.

2 Joseph Hopper. *

OK 3 George Hopper. *

4 Sallie Hopper. John French.

5 Susie Hopper. David Sanders.

6 Martin Hopper. Mary Frisley, Annie Bolin and Nellie

Christy.

7 Jennie Hopper. Charles Pritchett.
1'2=1 l-'l^ Jackson Blythe.

2 Elizabeth I31ythe. Richard H. Bowles.

3 Joseph Roberts.
r3-l-''l"' Ruth May. James Grigsby.

Alexander Ballard. Catherine Whitecatcher, Lucy Swim-
mer and Rachel Patrick.

OK 3 Annie Ballard. '■'' Levi Rogers and Daniel Ballou.

4 Downy Ballard. *

5 Thomas Ballard. Mariamnme Catherine Lillard.

6 Susie Ballard. *

1'3=2''^1-' James Starr. Lettie Boyd Chambers.

2 Ellis Harlan Starr.

OK 3 Richard Taylor Starr. =:^

4 Nancy Jane Starr. Joseph Chambers.

5 Bluford West Starr. Margaret Ann McDaniel.
r3=3^1-* Joseph Rogers McCoy. Mary Hicks.

2 Sallie McCoy. Andrew Miller and Charles Bushyhead.

3 James Christopher McCoy. Jennie Adair, Margaret Fore-
man and Malinda Carey nee Downing.

4 Rory McCoy. *

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 431

5 Ruth Eineline McCoy. George Washington Hause and Je-

rome Newton Kepheart.

6 Samuel Worcester McCoy. EHzabeth Foreman.

7 Mary McCoy. Wiley Vann.

8 Amanda McCoy. - Daniel Uushyhead.

9 Margaret McCoy. - Surry Eaton Beck.

10 Daniel Hicks McCoy. * Nannie Davis and Rebecca Fowler

1 1 Sahra Buffington McCoy. *John Ross Hicks.

12 John Alexander McCoy. Elizabeth Keys, Jennie Dennis,

Annie Coker, Annie Chooie and Margaret Hogan.

r?-4-'r' Maria Jane Williams.

2 Emma Lowrey Williams. * Daniel McCoy Gunter.

OK 5 John Price. Catherine McDaniel.

4 Sarah Robidet Price. *

l'3-5''r' Thomas Wolf. Sarah Nix.

2 Nancy E. Wolf. * Thomas Jefferson Monroe.

3 .Margaret Ann Wolf. Richard M. Fields and George Ewers.

4 James Wolf. *

5 Martha Wolf. *

Hawk Wolf. Catherine Alexander.

Louisa Jane Wolf. Samuel Chambers and John Horn.

X Araminta Wolf. Wilson Girty.
1'4-'I''I' John B. Brown. Margaret McCoy * and Susan Frances
Colbert.
OK 3 Joseph C. Brown. Elizabeth Cox.

4 Susan Elizabeth Brown. David Martin.

5 Ebenezer Brown. Elsie Wilson nee Colbert.

Julia Brown. James McGilton Chaney.

0 l.ouis l.aforce Brown. Matilda Goodtraveler.

r4-'2"'I' l.ucinda Ross. * Charles Renatus Hicks.

2 Victoria Ross. *

OK ? Susan Ross. Osceola Powell Daniel.

4 Rufus O. Ross. Elizabeth Grace Meigs.

5 Robert Bruce Ross. Fannie Thornton.

6 Emma Ross. Osceola Powell Daniel.

7 William Wallace Ross. Delilah Jane Daniel.

8 Elizabeth Ross. * John Ross Vann.
114:3.111 Susie Benge. Jesse (}ourd.

George Benge. Elizabeth Hair.

3 James Franklin Benge. Ruth Ellen Martin.

432 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

4 Richard Fields Benge. Martlia Adair Brewer.
l^SMl'l"* Charles Terrapin. Catherine E. Bark.

2 Lydia Terrapin.

r5=2-M-' John Wade Johnson. Sallie Mayes and

2 Mary Johnson. Stephen Foreman.

3 Eliza Johnson. *

4 Joseph Anthony Foreman. Rachel Hampton.

5 Susan Frances Foreman. * George Washington Smith.

6 Thomas Fox Foreman. Ada Vann nee Chandler.
115-4-1^ Alice V. Conrad.

2 Myrtle Conrad.

Riley.

r Samuel Riley. Gu-lu-sti-yu and Ni-go-di-ge-yu. A55

l^r' Nannie Riley. John McNary.

2 Richard Riley. Diana Campbell.

3 Mary Riley. Samuel Keys.

4 Elizabeth Riley. Isaac Keys.

5 John Riley. Susan Walker.

6 Nellie Riley. Charles Coody.

7 Sallie Riley. William Keys.

8 Lucy Riley. Owen Brady.

9 Louisa Riley. Dennis Biggs.
10 Loony Riley. Rachel Stuart.

1 I Rachel Riley. Daniel Milton and James McDaniel.

12 James Riley. Jennie Shields and

1 3 Catherine Riley. Andrew Lacey.

14 Martha Riley. John Hall.

15 Madison Riley. *

16 Nelson Riley. Elizabeth Thompson and Mary Cordell nee
1'1-1' Margaret McNary. James Thompson.

1'2=1-'' Jennie Riley. David Carter. A45

OK 2 Elizabeth Riley. Wright Romine and Jacob Bushyhead.

l'3-l^ Anariah Keys. Benjamin Price.

2 Richard Keys. Mary A. Hayes.

OK 5 Evaline Keys. Theodore McCoy.

4 Samuel Riley Keys. Mary Easter Hanna.

5 James Madison Keys. Mary Etta Smith.

6 Mary Keys. Stephen Bruner.
lH-13 Nannie Keys. Thomas Bertholf.

2 Riley Keys. Eliza Gunter, Esther Lee and Minerva Nave.

OK 3 Leroy Keys. Jennie Gunter and Nannie Melton.

4 Letitia Keys. Edward Gunter and Jackson Tyner.

5 Lydia Keys. * John King.

I 6 George Washington Keys. *

I 7 Thomas Jefferson Keys. *

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 43}

8 Sallie Keys. John Spears.

9 Richard R. Keys. Amanda Walker.

10 Electa Bosworth Keys. Marcus O. Bertholf.

1 1 Rachel Keys. Pinckney McCay.

12 Samuel Houston Keys. Cherokee Melton and Sarah Mcln

tosh.

13 Martha J. Keys. Edward Wright, Andrew Tyner and Jame.s

Atkins.

14 Isaac William Keys. Jennie Ramsey, Cynthia Irving and

Martha E. Holland nee Miller.

15 Susan Keys. Edward Melton.

16 Elizabeth Keys. George Harlan.

1'5=1-' Felix Riley. Mary Stewart, Susie Bigby, Annie Peacheater
nee Hendricks and Naomi Vickery.

2 Nannie Riley. *

3 Sallie W. Riley. Rev. Stephen Foreman.

4 Jennie C. Riley. William R. Bean and Nicholas Woods.

5 Perloney Riley.

6 Susan Riley.Sanders Choate.

7 Samuel Riley. Nannie Nave.

8 Malinda Riley. Levi Jordan.

y Rebecca McNair Riley. Alexander Drumgool Wilson and

Archibald M. Wilson.

10 Laura Riley. * John Lowrey McCoy.

1 I John McNary Riley. Nannie Ivey.

l'6-l-' Archibald Coody. Elizabeth Meade.

2 En,s;evine Coody. Elizabeth McPherson.

OK 3 Richard Coody. Belinda George Riley.

4 Rufus Coody. * Margaret Gunter.

5 Madison Coody. Margaret Coody nee Gunter.

6 Charles Coody. * Susie Fields.

7 Sallie Coody. * Hugh Montgomery McPherson.

8 Elizabeth Coody. Wiley Forrester.

9 Nannie Coody. Richard Carter.
10 Samuel Coody. * Sallie Riley.

l'7-l-'' Lewis Keys. Catherine McDaniel.

2 Diana Keys. * Joseph Spears.

OK 3 Levi Keys. * Lucinda Jane Sanders.

4 Mary Keys. *

5 Monroe Calvin Keys. Lucy Lowrey Hoyt.

6 Elizabeth A. Keys. Johnson Riley.

7 Looney Keys. *

r8=l'' Samuel Riley Brady. Sallie Prince and Mary Wilkerson.

2 Eliza Bradv. David Webber and Daniel Perdue.

OK 3 Malinda Brady. William Freshower. and McKenzie Coats

4 Charles Brady. *

5 Earl Bradv.

434 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

6 James Monroe Brady. Elizabeth Gore, Nellie Mcintosh and

Elizabeth Whitman.

7 Isaac Lewis Brady. * Sarah Hale.

8 Lucinda Brady.

9 Rachel Brady. '^ Pinson Enj;land.

10 Sallie Brady. Wiley McNair Guilliams.

1^9-1" Napoleon Bonaparte Biggs. *

2 Sallie Biggs. *

OK 3 Minerva Biggs. '= John Thompson.

4 Eliza Biggs. *

5 John Biggs. *

lMO-1-^ Eliza Riley. George Harlan.

2 Belinda George Riley. Richard Goody.

OK 3 Samuel King Riley. Sallie A. Rider.

4 John Riley. Minerva Porter.

5 Mary Jane Riley. Watson Walker.

6 Rufus Riley. Elizabeth Risner.

7 Lucy Riley. Andrew Jackson Greenway.

8 Sallie Riley. * Samuel Goody.

9 Ellen Riley. William Roach.

10 Randolph Riley. Eliza Goody and Missouri Ellen Harlow.

P ll-L'' John Melton. *

2 Elias McDaniel. *

OK 3 Charles McDaniel. *

4 Joseph McDaniel. *

1M2-18 Lewis Riley. Nicey Maxfield, Nancy Tassell, Elizabeth
Rogers, Sarah Ghilders and Mary Martin nee McLaughlin.

2 Susan Riley. James Madison Payne.

OK 3 Malinda Riley. — Applegate, John Hall and — Crockett.

4 Nannie Riley.

5 Jonathan Riley. Mary Jack nee Gunter.

ri3-l^ Ensley Lacey. Martha Taylor and Mary Bolin.

2 Amanda Lacey. Robert Wilkins.

3 Eliza Lacey. Richard Rogers.

4 Mary Lacey. * Hill, Haynes and Jesse Lee.

5 Alexander Lacey. * Elizabeth Thornton.

6 Catherine Lacey. *
1M4M3 Elizabeth Hall. Eli Spears.

2 Ellen Hall. -
OK 3 Martha Hall. *

1M6M'' Ellen Riley. *

2 Margaret Riley. *

OK 3 Julius Riley. Amanda Cordell.

4 Joseph Riley. Matilda Maxtleld and Lucy Ore nee Lusk.

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 435

5 Mary Ann Riley. Thomas Maxlield and William M Trin-

lett. ' '

6 Perry Andre Riley. Eliza Colston.

7 Charles Riley. *

8 Martha Jane Riley. * William Freeman.

9 Louisa Riley. *

I'l-l'l' Mary Ann Thompson. William Smith Terrell.

2 Angerona Thompson. * William Choate.

5 William U. Thompson. Sallie B. Johnson.

4 Lurena Thompson. James Frazier.

r2--|-'l' Richard Carter. Nannie Coody.

2 Alexander Carter. *

OK ^ John Ross Carter. * Sarah Rogers.

4 Benjamin Wisner Carter. Nannie Elliott and Serena Jose-

phine Guy.

5 Uiana Carter. William Parrott.

6 Sallie F. Carter. Looney Gourd.

7 Thomas Jefferson Carter. Susie Robertson nee Lowrey.

8 Nannie Carter. *James Brower.

9 David Tecumseh Carter. Emma Williams Chambers.
10 Osceola Carter. *

l'2-2''l' Sarah Jane Romine. *

2 Caroline Eliza Romine. Thomas Ballard and David Edward
Sanders.

OK ^ Joseph Bushyhead. Delilah Si.xkiller.

4 Lovely Ann Bushyhead. John Beard.

I '5- 1 ''I' Samuel Joseph Price. Sarah Williams.

2 Catherine Price.

l'V-2-'I' Willamson Roland Winston Cobb Keys. Mary t. Booth.

2 Mary Ann Keys. Julian F. Hickle.

3 Charles Lewis Keys. Martha Jane Mclntyre.

4 Sarah Keys. Fawnberg.

5 Eliza Keys. Hugh O'Neill.

6 Theodore S. Keys. Margaret J. Kesterson.

7 Linnie Jane Keys. George William Batson and Daniel Crail.

8 Rebecca Alice Keys. Frances Marion Booth.
I'V-VM' James Christopher McCoy.

2 Leander McCoy. *

.5 Eliza McCoy. Richard Chastain.

4 Musidora McCoy.

5 James McCoy. Lonie Martin.

I'3=4-M' Marv Elizabeth Keys. * Lemuel Saunders.

2 Polina Jane Keys. George Washington Patrick.

OK 3 William Campbell Mason Keys. Fannie Mullins.

4 Levi Rogers Keys.- Levannah Elizabeth Carlile nee Catron.

436 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

5 Samuel Joseph Keys. Mary Theresa Thomas.

P3-5-M-' William Samuel Keys. Texas Cox.

2 Hulda Keys. Joseph Lusk and Matthew James Whitfield.

OK 3 James Theodore Keys. Margaret Elizabeth Spears nee

Carlile.

4 Lorenzo Dow Keys.

5 Virginia Caperton Keys. Benjamin Duff.

6 Dudley Columbus Keys. Amanda Catherine Langley.

7 Mitchell Graham Keys. Sarah Jane Leadford.

8 Mary Olivia Keys.

9 Martha Keys. John S. Hyatt.

10 Ophelia Warren Keys. William Franklin Langley.

\'i-6'''l^ Letitia Ann Williams.

2 John R. Bruner. Letha Harrison.

3 Isaac Norris Bruner. Martha Margaret Harrison.

4 George Samuel Bruner. Maude Amanda America Holloway.

5 Theodore Syphian Bruner. Martha Caroline Gamblin.
1M=1-M^ Elizabeth Letitia Bertholf. William F. Mcintosh.

2 Jennie Bertholf. Charles Bray.

OK 3 Isaac Wesley Bertholf. *

4 Thomas Bertholf. *

5 Cornelia L. Bertholf. * Daniel Fields Smith.

6 William Henry Bertholf. Amanda Jane McLemore.

7 Electa Victoria Bertholf. Stand Watie Gray.

8 Richard Riley Bertholf. Octavia Maxfield.
1M=2M'' Elsie Keys. *

2 George Keys. *

3 Alice Keys. * John Gonzales.

4 Lewis Keys. * Nancy Wheeler Watie.

5 Elizabeth Keys. •■= John Alexander McCoy.

6 Nancy Jane Keys. James Monroe Wilkerson and John

Lyman.

7 Louisa Keys. *

8 Mary Ellen Keys. William Bentz and Pleasant Porter.

9 Fannie Keys. William Henry Balentine.
10 Riley Keys. Julia Turner.
^1423314 Riley J. Keys. * Nancy Perloney Harlan.

2 Letitia Keys. Mitchell Harlan, Johnson Riley and Joseph
Asbury Denho.

3 Oceola Keys. Nannie Ashcraft.

2 Nannie Tvner. William Pettit.

HISTOF^Y OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 437

OK 3 Lydia Tyner. Bluford West Rider.

4 George Washington 'I'yner. Mary Shaw and Mary Ann

Elder.

5 Fannie 1 yner. *
r4-8-'l^ Minerva Spears.

I 2 Araminta Spears. *

OK i 3 Mary Spears. Edward Campbell.

r4-9-'H Samuel H. Keys. Mary E. Tarrents.

2 Elizabeth Keys. *

OK 3 Nellie Walker Keys. Albert P. Litto.

4 George Edward Keys.

r4-lu-M' John Riley Bertholf.

2 Nancy Jane Bertholf. Otto Zufall.

OK 3 Martha Leonora Bertholf. I'ljasant Porter.

4 Letitia Ann Bertholf. William Arthur Madden.

5 Thomas Edward Bertholf. Ada Bird Barton.
l'4-l2-'r' Victoria Keys. Lewis Keys.

2 Samuel Keys.

OK 3 Edward Keys.

4 Eliza Keys. Frederick Dyer.

5 Richard Keys.

6 James H. Keys.

7 Leroy Keys.

8 Ella Keys.

9 Ada Keys.

ri-M-M' Lerov Hammond Keys. IsaJiclle Thomas.

2 Jessie Lena Keys. Samuel Jordan.

OK 3 Nellie Grace Keys.

4 Ida Myrtle Keys.

l'5M-'l' Richard Riley. Mary A. Simpkins.

2 Jennie Riley. Looney Seabolt, James Roberts, Eugene

Triplet! and Jasper Newton Scrimsher.

3 Sarah Riley. David Seabolt and Walter Scott Agnew.

4 Harrison Riley. *

5 Susan Riley. Ellis Gourd.

f. John Riley. Mary Harden.
7 Sarah Riley. *

!s~Nancy Jane Riley. William Rider, Fredrick Mayes and

Charles Wallace.
9 Samuel Riley. *
1'5-3-''l' Austin Worcester Foreman. *

438 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

2 Ermina Nash Foreman. '■■

3 Jeremiah Everett Foreman. Celeste Stidham.

4 Susie Elizabeth Foreman. *

5 John Anthony Foreman. Eliza Mary Blythe and Nancy

Amanda Smith.

6 Stephen Taylor Foreman. Ada Carter McCIellan.

7 Jennie Lind Foreman. Charles McCIure McCIellan.

8 Archibald Alexander Foreman. * Annie Rucks.

9 Austin Worcester Foreman. Emma Josephine Ridenhour

and Margaret Edith George.

1^5=4^1^ Sarah Bean. Samuel Childers and Lucas.

2 Robert Bruce Bean. Emily Ophelia Wall^er.
OK 3 Albert Bean. "■■

4 DeWitt Anderson Bean. Lucy and Emily Ophelia

Bean nee Walker.

5 Josephus Bean. Martha McDonald, Eveline Ward and

Sarah Evans.

6 Mary Pauline Bean. William Blythe, John Friend and

Samuel G. Hetiington.

7 Edward Russell Bean. Ruby Romain McGath.

1^5-6^1"' George Washington Choate. Caroline Elizabeth Sanders

and Elizabeth Sanders.
1 1527:;, 4 William Riley.

2 Sarah Riley.
115-8'^H John W. Jordan. Sallie B. Thompson nee Bean, Martha

Rowland and Tennessee Jane Riley.
l^S'-'Q^-* Susan Rebecca Wilson. Joseph Polston, Thomas Wash-
ington Lindsey and William Thomas Huitt
2 Isabel Brandon Wilson. Henry Parish and Benjamin A. Rush.
OK 3 Laura Alice Wilson. John Raymond and Thomas Henry.

4 James Madison Wilson. Araminta Pharris.

5 Anise Femister Wilson. James Alexander Rice.

1^5-1 l''!-" Sallie Riley. Joseph Mason French.

2 Susan Elizabeth Riley. John Bean Gott.

OK 3 Alice Riley. James Sneed Vann.

4 Laura Bertha Riley. William Henry Marker.

1^6- 1^^ Delilah Coody. *

2 Ellen Coody. Thomas Lewis Rogers.

3 Archibald Coody. Hannah Jane Foreman.

4 Charles Edward" Coody. Laura Wilson nee HafT.
1^6-^2=1^ Elizabeth Coody. Rufus Coody.

2 Engevine Coody. Nannie .

i^6~3-H' Charles Coody.

2 John Henry Coody. Mary Ellen Rogers and Mary Ann Wil-
kerson.

l'6=53l^ Jennie Coody. *

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 439

ll'6-"9-'l^ Alice Forrester. N. A. Mallery and John Hohenstein.

2 Annie Elizabeth Forrester. Levi Parish.

l'6-9''l' James Madison Carter. *

2 Jennie Carter. *

3 Nellie Carter. * Talbert McNair.

4 Richard R. Carter. *

1'7-r'l' William Keys. Martha Brewster.

2 James McDaniel Keys. Nancy Jane Mayes.

3 John Keys. *

4 Ellen Keys. *

5 Lewis Shell Keys. Elizabeth Haseltine Taylor.

6 Joanna Keys. Moses Benona Hunley and William Patrick

Heffernan.

r7-5-'l' Mary Eunice Keys. Hamilton Balentine.

2 Lydia Emma Keys. Charles Johnson Kavanaugh Taylor.

OK 3 Fannie Myrtle Keys. James Andrew Leforce.

4 Sarah Ann Keys. Samuel Leforce.

5 Elizabeth Riley Keys. Orin Giteau Althy and John M.

Chumley.

6 Monroe Amory Keys. Martha nonnelly.

7 Lucy Keys. John B. Miles.

l'7=6-'l' Martha Belle Riley. John Porter Tiuunian.
l'8-'l-'l' Charles Bradv. * Nannie Roberson.

2 Adelaide Brady. William Wallace Freshower, Thomas
Fox Brewer, Wiley McNair Guilliams and Richard La-
fayette Sutherlin.

OK 3 William Brady. Caroline Smith* and Martha Hensley.
r.S-2-'I^ Owen Webber. *

2 Elizabeth Perdue. Jack Risner.

( )K 3 Nannie Perdue. John Robison.

4 Caroline Perdue. * Jack Risner.

.S Eliza Perdue. * John Allen.

rSvVM' Joseph Freshow^er. Mary Clark.

2 William Wallace Freshower. Adelaide Brady.

OK 3 Henry Clay Freshower. *

4 Lucv Jane Freshower. *

5 Maiinda Coats. * James Case.

6 Samuel Coats. Cora Wattenberger and Alice Craig.
r8-6''r' Margaret Brady. William Henry Allison.

William Wallace Brady.

440 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

3 Rosella Brady.
I'S-IO"-!^ Lucy Malinda Guilliams. *
riO-2"l^ Charles Coody. *

OK 2 John Henry Coody. Mary Ellen Rogers and Mary Ann

Wllkerson.*

1'10^3-M-' Victoria Ellen Riley. Marion Walker Couch.

2 Laura Sigison Riley. A. Frank Johnson.

OK 3 Clara C. Riley. Samuel Parks.

4 Mary Jane Riley. William Emory Roberts.

5 John Randolph Riley. Irene Kating.

6 George Washington Riley. Mary Ellen Smith.
riO-4'M"' Lewis Porter Riley. Elizabeth Compston.

2 Eliza Ellen Riley. '■' James Milton Holley.

OK 3 James Riley. Jennie May Paxton.

4 Sallie Lucinda Riley. Albert Melvin McMain.

riO-5'M^ Wiliam J. Walker. Georgia A. Harlow.

riO-6"M^ Samuel R. Riley. Nannie B. Seabolt.

2 Rufus Randolph Riley.

3 Atwood Riley. Eltie Mattox.
1'10-7"1-' Alonzo Greenway. Rose Anna Glenn.

2 Minnie Greenway. *

IMO-IO-M^ Ida May Riley. Martin Clarkson Woody.

1M2-1-M-' Eliza Riley. John Lovett.

2 Ruth Riley. Reese Candy and Rev. Stephen Foreman.

OK 3 Jennie Rilev. *

4 Johnson Riley. Letltia Harlan nee Riley, Elizabeth A. Key
and Sarah Glass nee Downing.

5 James Riley. =' Ida Gustavia Dance.

6 Flora Riley. Osceola Powell Daniel.

lM2-2-''l^ William Penn Payne. Amanda Scott and Alice Nave.

2 Cicero Payne. Caroline Foster.

3 James Madison Payne. *

4 John Jolly Payne. Mary Elizabeth Israel.

5 Lewis Albert Payne. Ella Bullfrog.
1'12=3-M^ James Applegate.

2 Jennie Thornton.

3 Arthur Crockett. *

4 Ann Crockett. Andrew Jackson Jeremiah.

5 Abigal Crockett.
-4'H^ Jennie Pavne. *

2 Flora Malinda Thome. John Gabriel Hawkins.
1'13-r'!^ Larry Miles Lacev. - Alice Barnes.

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 441

2 John Drew Lacey. Mary Doherty nee Pettit and Lucy
Frances Prunty.
OK 3 Uelilah l.acev. *

4 Sarah Belle Lacey. Robert T. Thornton, George J. Salley.

rn-2'1' Georgia Ann Wilkins. John Osborn Walker and William
Scott.

Z Josephine Wilkins. Alfred Forsette and Joseph Marchand.

l'l3-3-'l' James Rogers. Mary Sanders.

ri4-l-''l' John Albion Spears. Josephine Turner and Belle Langley.

2 Sarah Ellen Spears. Evans Price Robertson.

3 Lorenzo Delano Spears. Jennie Columbia Beavert.
riGvVM' Elizabeth Riley. * McCoy Smith.

I'I6-4'I' Addie Riley. James Kyle.

2 Nelson Kilev. *

3 Charles Riley. *
l'ir)-S''i' Octavia Maxlleld. Richard Riley Bertholf.

2 Ida X'erona Maxlield. James Harvey Lindsey.
OK 3 Lillie Riley. Claude Hanks McDaniel.
I't6-'6'''l^ Nancy Amanda Riley. John Lee Lamb.
Duncan
I' Dorcas. Benge and Young Charles Gordon Dun-
can. A47
I'l- Edmond Benge. Mary Rains.

2 John Duncan. Elizabeth Abercrombie.

3 Rebecca Duncan. James Landrum.

4 Emily Duncan. Alexander Kell.

5 Elizabeth Duncan. *

6 Lewis Duncan. *

7 Charles Duncan. Mahala Abercrombie.
I'l-I-' Charles R. Duncan. Judith Roach.

2 Martha Duncan. David Jones.

OK 3 John R. Duncan.

4 Jennie Duncan. Thomas Carey.

5 Edmond Duncan. Maria Richey and Barbara Ashley.

6 William B. Duncan. Narcissa Reeves Foreman nee Carey.

7 Lewis Duncan. Marv Spears.

8 George Washington Duncan. * Martha Carey and Margaret

Scrimsher.

9 Nathaniel Green Duncan. Ellen Martin.

10 James R Duncan. Elizabeth Dennis and Susan Bryant.

11 Mary Duncan. James Martin, Samuel K. Weir, Thomas

Hickox and George W. Moore.

1 2 Ross Cherokee Duncan. Mary Goddard and Susie McLain.

I '2^ I-' Hannah Duncan. Ezekial Buffington McLaughlin.

442

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

2 Emily Duncan. John Beck, and Thomas Winchester Measles.
OK 3 Mahala Duncan. James Smith West.

4 Walter Adair Duncan. Martha Bell, Martha Wilson and

Catherine Ann Caleb nee Larzalere.

5 James Abercrombie Duncan. Eliza Denton and Lucy Ann
Duncan nee Clark.

6 Young Charles Gordon Duncan. Sinia Eaton and Nancy
Ann Duncan nee Starr.

7 John Tommason Duncan. Elizabeth Sanders.

8 DeWitt Clinton Duncan. * Helen Rosencrantz.

9 William Wirt Duncan. Nancy Ann Starr.

10 Elizabeth Ann Duncan. Isaac Brown Hitchcock.

1 1 Joshua Bertholf Duncan. Elizabeth Ray and Lucy Ann

Thompson nee Clark.

l'3-l-' Nannie Landrum. Samuel Thomas.

2 Elizabeth Landrum. Andrew McLaughlin.

OK 3 Hiram Terrell Landrum. Mary Muskrat.

4 Charles Landrum. Ruth Proctor.

5 James Landrum Susan Muskrat.

6 Rebecca Landrum. =■' Thomas Davis.

7 Benjamin Franklin Landrum. Mary Berry

Woodall.

8 David Dixon Landrum. Susie Crutchtield.

9 Jemima Landrum. Elijah Moore and Wiley
10 John Landrum. Nellie Otterlifter.

1 1 Aaron Landrum. Easter Muskrat.

12 Dorcas Landrum. Elowie Butler. A61
1 3 Rachel Landrum. George Butf ington.

iM-'l'^ James Kell. Elizabeth Edgington, Julia Rogers and Nancy
Edgington.
2 Andrew Kell.
OK 3 David Kell.

John Kell. *

Elizabeth Kell. Lewis Rolston.
Rebecca Kell. Samuel Simons.
Nannie Kell. George Murray and William Lilly.
1^7-13 John Adair Duncan. * Mary Mc Williams nee Fields.
2 Young Charles Duncan. *
OK 3 Dorcas Duncan. John Manuel Corban, David Kell and

John McMurtry.
Caleb Duncan. Mary Elizabeth Hudson.
James Burr Duncan. Annie Jane Woodall.
Jonathan Gordon Duncan. *
Elizabeth Harriette Duncan. Henry Lewis Smith.
Thomas Washington Duncan. Edith Chapman Wright.
Robert Lewis Duncan. Sophia Neeley.

and Elizabeth

Earbob.

Annie Hawkins and Mary Huss.
Dorcas Corban nee Duncan.

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 445

10 Rebecca Jane Duncan. John W. Carter.

1 1 Leonidas Philip Duncan. Marv Fleming.

I'Pl-'n Andrew Jackson Duncan.

2 Martha Duncan. Douglas Bryson.

3 William Duncan.

4 Francis Duncan.

5 Marion Duncan.

l'|-^2"l' Elizabeth Jones. John Rattlinggourd, Risingfawn and
Henry Blalock.

2 Frank Jones. *

3 George Jones. *

I'r-4"l' Edmond Duncan Carey. Lucy Pigeon and Lydia Ann
Pigeon.
2 Mary Ann Carey. Caleb Willis Conner.
OK 3 Ross Thomas Carey. Rebecca Conner, Josephine Blevins

and Nannie Henrietta Nidiller.
I'r-'5'1' Jennie Duncan. *

2 Sarah Elizabeth Duncan. *

3 Margaret Duncan. Otis J. Wing and Henry Odell.

4 Barbara Catherine Duncan. William Ferdinand Goodman.
iM-frl' Narcissa Jane Duncan. Henry Harrison Scraper.

OK 2 John Hamilton Duncan.

l'I-7-'l* Alice Duncan.

I'l'<i''l' Bluford Alberty Duncan. Samantha Carter nee Lane.

: Rebecca Jane Duncan. Francis Marion Conner.

1'1-|()-|' Daniel Duncan. '■■ Angeline Daniel.

2 Dorcas Duncan. Theodore Thomas Kelly.

3 Rebecca Duncan. Zeno Cox and John B. Lawrence.
I'l-l l-'l' William Martin. *

2 Charlotte Martin. *

( )k 3 Nathaniel Breckenridi;e Weir. Mary Elvina Pitcher.

1 Henry Hickox. Mariammne Connelly.

5 Annie Hickox. Dr. Albert Harvey Collins.

1' l-12'l ' William Duncan.

2 Laura Duncan. Job Beaver Parker.

l'2-l'M' Marv McLaughlin. Samuel Martin and George W. Hughes.

2 John McLaughlin.

OK 3 Ezekial Collin McLaughlin. Susie Harkins and Ellen J.

Harkins.

4 Jennie McLaughlin. . Ellis McDaniel.

5 David McLaughlin. Frances Reynolds.

444 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

i'2'2^\^ William Wilburn Beck -

2 David McLauglilin Beck. Mary Elizabelii Vickery, Julia —
and Amanda New nee Hillen.

OK 3 Louisa Beck. John Pinkney Chandler.

4 Martha Beck. *

5 Tabitha Beck. Andrew Freeny.

6 Mary Beck. John Talbert and Henry Clay Freeny.

7 Aaron Beck. ■■'■

8 Elizabeth Beck. Daniel Foreman and Rider Cloud.

9 Joseph Beck. *

10 Sinia Beck. Jeremiah Horn and James Murphy.

1 1 Susie W. Beck. -

12 Sallie B. Beck. Seabron G. Mabry.

13 Emily Beck. John Alexander Sevier and Thomas Dyer.
14 John Walter Beck. Cynthia Ragsdale.

1'2=3-M^ Walter Adair West. Sallie Elizabeth Wright.

2 William North West. Eliza Rogers and Clementine Shadles.

OK 3 Laura Ann West William Pinkston Gray, Amos D. Hay-

maker and Frank Rogers.

4 DeWitt Clinton West. *

5 Marcellus Lilburn West. Delilah Scraper.

6 John Duncan West. Nannie Brown.

7 Sarah Jane West. *

8 James Bell West. Josephine Smith

9 Tabitha Louisa West. John Rogers Martin and Vet Thomp-

son.

1^2=4''l-' Marianmme Celeste Duncan. ='■ Thomas Everidge Oaks.

2 Anacrion Bell Duncan. =■'

OK 3 Jarrette Merini Duncan. Nannie Buffington.

4. John Ellis Duncan. Susie Elizabeth Carselowry.

5 Mary Ann Elizabeth Duncan. Harvey Wirt Courtland Shel-

ton.

6 Emma Duncan. Frank McFerran Berry.

7 Jennie Duncan.

l'2=5-''l-' Jimmie Abercrombie Duncan. Frederick Lafayette Langley
and Dr. Alonzo Clarence Render.

2 Lucy Elizabeth Duncan. George Fergerson.
OK 3 Charles DeWitt Duncan. Rosa Lunday.

I'2-'6''l-' Amanda Cherokee Duncan. John Tolbert Scott.

2 Temperance Duncan. =•■
OK 3 Millard A. Duncan. *

l'2=7-'l-' Abigal Sarah Duncan. Gabriel L. Payne.

2 Mary Elizabeth Duncan. Francis Marion Crowell.
OK 3 John Calhoun Duncan. Joanna Coody Rogers.

4 Susan Saphronia Duncan. Joseph Hall Alexander.

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 445

5 Josephine Brown Duncan. Walter Box, William Penu

Chandler and

6 Ruth Etta Duncan. Defferson Thompson Parks.
I'2=9-M' Taylor Duncan. Lydia Hummingbird.

2 Feli.x (irundy Duncan. Elizabeth Shell.
OK 5 Mary Lunnie Duncan. * Alexander Wright.

4 William Wirt Duncan. Sallie Gullage.
I'2=l()-M' Timothy Brown Hitchcock. Annie Laura Shirley and Lucy
Jane Manus.

2 Etta Smith Hitchcock. Samuel James Burns.
OK 3 Irenaes I3uncan Hitchcock. Lulu Osborn.

1'2-11--1' Charlotte Catherine Duncan. Rudolph Haegert and John
Sheridan Martin.

2 Joshua Lafayette Duncan. Zipporah E. Truitt.

3 Uelen Rosencrantz Duncan. Philip Donahoo and Arthur

Archibald.

4 Annie Ellen Duncan. Thomas Humphries Prim.
l'3-l-'l' Jellerson Thomas.

l'3-2-'l' Rebecca Ann McLaughlin. Andrew Jackson Click.

2 James L. McLaughlin. Sarah Ann Smith.

OK 3 Andrew L. McLaughlin. *

4 Joshua Ezekial McLaughlin. Celia Davis, Etta Renfro and

Margaret Caroline Inlow.

5 Mary Jane McLaughlin. Lewis Glenn and John Hendricks.

6 Joseph Frank McLaughlin. Minnie M. Price.

7 Maria C. McLaughlin. Jack Jones.

8 Rachel S. McLaughin. William H. Donelson.

9 Charles McLaughin. '''

10 Benjamin Reuben McLaughin.

l'3-'3''l' Joseph Landrum. Arie Beck.

2 John B. Landrum. Elizabeth Duncan" and Charlotte Jane
Crickett.

OK 3 Lydia Landrum.

lM-4-'l' Thomas Landrum. Pauline Sidney nee Martin.

2 Rebecca Landrum.

OK 3 Hiram Terrell Landrum. Arkansas Cherokee Martin.

4 Samuel Landrum. *

5 James Proctor Landrum. *

6 Rachel Landrum. Samuel Walls.
l'3-5-'l' Joseph Landrum.

2 Cvnthia Landrum. *

3 Daniel Landrum. Mary Hinton * and Annie Hoskins.

4 Nannie Landrum. Alexander Cochran.
115273 1 J Dixon Landrum.

446 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

2 Emma Landrum. John Robert Dobkins.

OK. 3 Benjamin Seth Landrum. Sallie Cavallier.

4 Cicero Martin Landrum.

5 Louisa Landrum. *

6 Charles F. Landrum.

7 William A. Landrum. *

8 Ada Landrum.

I'B-S-'l"' Josephine Landrum. Lewis Rogers and Frank Howard.

2 Jennie Landrum. " Anderson Landrum Crittenden Jen-
nings.

OK . 3 Mary Landrum. Joseph Vann Crutchlield.

4 Nannie Landrum. John Washington Adair.

5 Rachel Landrum. Rollin Kirk Adair.

6 Charles Dixon Landrum. *

7 Elias McLeod Landrum. Nana Woodall.
l'3-9"'l-' Catherine Moore. Elizur Butler Sanders.

2 James Moore. Rachel Boling and Celia Usrey.

OK 3 Keziah Camilla Moore. Jeter Thompson Cunningham.

4 Cowheesit Moore. *

5 Worcester Wiley. Caroline Rogers and Elizabeth McKinney.

6 Lewis Wiley. '■'
1^3-'10'M-' Frances Delilah Landrum.'"

2 Johnson Thompson Landrum. Caroline Isabelle Garbarini.

OK 3 Samuel Landrum.

4 Edward Landrum.

\iy\\-'\i Derrell Landrum. *

2 Jeter Landrum. *

OK 3 Annie Landrum. *

4 Jesse Landrum.

5 David Landrum. *
l'3-12-'l^ Annie Butler. Joseph Box.

2 William Joel Butler.

3 Elsie Butler. John Cobb Welch.

4 Aaron Butler. Elnora Beavert and Laura Hildebrand nee

5 James Perry Butler. Nannie Muskrat.

6 John Elijah Butler. Sallie Johnson nee Cephas.

7 Elizabeth Butler. James Franklin Crittenden.
I^ri3-H-' Charles Landrum Butl^'ington.

2 John Walter Buft'ington. *

3 James Bufington. Ma Belle Coffelt.

r4-l-'l^ Lewis Ross Kell. Sarah Chouteau nee Chambers and Sallie
Matilla Poole nee Harlan.

2 John Ross Kell. * Rachel Smith.

OK 3 Nannie Kell * Josiah Knight.

4 Frances Kell. Joseph Lynch Thompson.

5 Louisa Rolston Kell. Bevilly Bean Hickey.

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

7 Joseph Kell. Margaret Scott.

8 Daniel OConnell Kell. * Susie Daniel.

447

'- William Kell. Ellen Oxier.

y Mary Frances Kell. William F. Burchfield and John Oli
Truman.

Ill Alice Kell. Thomas Fox French.

1 1 Helen Delilah Kell. Robert Mosby French.
12 James Kell.

l'4-:'l' John Kell. Margaret Vickers.

2 Emily Kell. * Simpson Clark Bennett.
OK 3 Hannah Kell. * Archibald Cochran.

I'4M'M' Charles Marcellus Kell.

2 Mahala Abercrombie Kell. Hebard James Tarpley.

1'4-5'1' Rebecca Rolston. Peter McAllister.

2 John Tate Rolston. Lena Nohle nee Schmidt.

OK ? Frances Tate Rolston.

4 Emily Rolston. *

5 Nannie Caroline Rolston. Samuel C. Sager.

6 Lewis Rolston. Eliza Hostell.

7 Eliza Rolston. *

8 Zachariah Taylor Rolston.

9 Agnes Paschal Rolston. Adam Pfunkuche.
Id Henry Rolston.

I 1 Amanda Rolston. V\illiam Jones.

I 2 James Uavid Rolston.

I ^ Martha Josephine Rolston. Jacob Hulsey.

1 4 Robert D. Rolston. Lulu Cunington, \'ashti Eckles and Ada
.Alice Greer nee Atkinson.

l'4'-0''l' William Simons. *

2 Elizabeth Adeline Simons. William Martin.

OK 3 John Ross Simons. '■'■' Martha Emeline Fields.

4 Samuel Newell Simons. '^

5 Nancy Ann Simons. Jesse McCreary and Jesse Jones.

6 Martha Cherokee Simons. *
l'4=7'M' Cvnthia Murrv. *

2 Letitia Lilly. James Simmons.
1'7-V'l' John Emanuel Corban.

2 Charles Marcellue Kell. *

OK 3 Mahala Abercrombie Kell. Heberd James Tarpley.

I'/M''!' Alfred BuMington Duncan. Lucy Ann Murphy.

2 Charles Selden Duncan.

OK 3 Catherine Elizabeth Duncan.

4 Julia Ann Duncan. ' James Alonzo Matthews.

448 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

6 John Adair Duncan.

7 Robert Lee Duncan.

8 Louisa Rebecca Duncan. George Henry Shock.

9 Emily Jane Duncan. Edwin Hartley Bragdon.
1 17:5s ]4 Charles Burr Duncan.

2 Elizabeth Duncan. * John B. Landrum.

1 17273 [4 ^ijj;g Rebecca Smith. John Martin Daniel.

1^7'8-^1^ Joel Marion Duncan.

2 Martha Jane Duncan. Theodore Garvin.

OK 3 Annie Alice Duncan.

1^7=10-'l^ Millard Filmore Carted.

2 George Walter Carter. Effie C. Roberson.

OK 3 Robert Lee Carter. Cassie Delilah Marshall.

4 Florence Eveline Carter.

5 Mary Elizabeth Carter. Thomas Jetlerson Montgomery.

6 Clement Adair Carter. Edith Dora Drinkwater.
1^7-11^1^ Louisa Duncan.

2 Leonidas Philip Duncan.

OK 3 Mary Rebecca Duncan.

4 Jennie Duncan.

5 Maude Adair Duncan.

6 Robert Fleming Duncan.

7 Thomas Washington Duncan.

8 Stephen Duncan.

Halfbreed.

1' Gu-u-li-si.

ri- Lydia Halfbreed. Charles Kenatus Hicks.

2 Pigeon Halfbreed. Neki Fields.

3 Chinosa Halfbreed. Joseph Crutchfield. A59

4 Susannah Halfbreed. John Wickett Fields.

5 Jennie Halfbreed. '■' A46

6 Elizabeth Halfbreed. Squirrel.

7 Jesse Halfbreed. Jennie Fields.

iM-l-' Catherine Hicks. Andrew Miller and Thomas Gann.

2 George Hicks. Aky Rogers and Lucy Fields.

Ii2=l^ Catherine Pigeon.

2 Sulteesga Pigeon. Oo-ye-ki.

OK 3 Jack Pigeon. Elsie Buzzard.

4 Lydia Pigeon. Lewis Cunnigan.

5 Alfred Pigeon. Rachel Ketcher, Serena Frazier and Susie

McGhee nee Beck.

1'3 = 1^ George Hunter.

2 John Crutchfield. Mary Etta Ladd and Emma Gibbs. A58

3 Susie Crutchfield. David Dixon Landurum.

4. Richard McLeod Crutchfield. Susan Ware and Susan Moore.

IMM^ Elizabeth Fields. '■' .Stand Watie.

HISTORY OF THh: CHEROKEE INDIANS 449

2 M:ir_v Fields. '^ Rufus McGuilliams, John Adair Duncan,
Thomas Fleming- and Daniel Pinson.
(JK 5 John McFerran Fields. Elizabeth Smith.

4 Eliza Fields. John Alexander Watie and Samuel Smith.

5 Timothy Fields. Eliza Mcintosh, Polly Fields and Elmira

Rojjers.

6 Rachel Fields.

7 James Fields. * Dollie Eunice Lowrev.
l'6-'l" Joseph Squirrel. *

2 Nannie Squirrel. George Fields.

? Walker Squirrel.

1 William Squirrel. Walker.

S Tiana Fields.

l'7-l-' Margaret Halfhreed. Ezekial Daniel and William Taylor.

2 Sarah Halfhreed. Daniel H. Ross.

OK ^ .Stand Halfhreed. Sarah Carey.

4 Tiana Halfhreed. George Downing.

5 Melvina Halfhreed. Blackhaw.

6 Mary Halfhreed. Edward Downing.

7 Eliza Halfhreed. James Bowles.
« Richard Halfhreed.

') Elizabeth Halfhreed. John Higby.

10 James Halfhreed. Martha Duck.

I'l-'|-'l' Avery Vann Miller. Nannie Ward and Susie Spaniard.

2 Elizabeth Miller. James Fields and Philip Inlow.

OK ? Alfred Miller. Elizabeth Seabolt nee Levi.

4 Isabelle Miller. Stand Watie, Hicks and Kinch Har-

groves.

5 Elmira Miller. Benjamin Paden.

6 Lucinda Miller. Calvin Adair.

7 Andrew Miller. Sallie McCoy.

8 George Gann. Mary Ann Starr nee McCoy.

9 Elias Gann.
10 Isaac Gann."

1 1 Ruth Gann. \\ illiam Edwin Brown.

l'l-2-'l' Aaron Hicks. Nannie Riley.

2 Nannie Hicks. * John Bickles.

OK 5 Delilah Hicks. * Bryan Ward.

4 Jefferson Hicks. Nannie Lowrey and Margaret Lowrey.

5 Eleanor Ophelia Hicks. Gilbert Wilsan.

6 Henry Hicks. Annie.

7 David Hicks. '-^ Elzina Wilson.

8 Frank Hicks. *Celia Baldridge.

450 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

William Hicks. Priscilla Thompson.
Mary Hicks. W. A. Coleman.
Lucy Pigeon. Edmond Duncan Carey.
Mary Pigeon. Peter Dennis.
Takie Pigeon. John Choo-hoo-sti.

Lucy Pigeon. Philip Daniel and William P. Ross Buzzard.
George Cunnigan. Sarah Ballard.
Johnson Cunnigan.
Elizabeth Cunnigan.

Easter Cunnigan. Richard Hummingbird.
Lydia Ann Pigeon. Edmond Duncan Carey.
Joseph Vann Crutchfield. Mary Maria Landrum.
2 Leroy Ladd Cruachfield. Elizabeth Horton.
OK 3 James Madison Crutchfield. Libbie Hunt, Fannie Holt nee

Daniel and Josephine Amber Newlon.

4 Saphronia Winn Crutchfield. Flavins Joseuhus Barretr,
Walter Adair Starr, L^r. Newlon and Flavins Josephus
Barrett.

5 Mary Alice Crutchfield. William Electra Halsell.

6 Richard Crutchfield. Fannie Earp.

7 Laura Emma Crutchfield. Harvey C. Cooper.

8 William Crutchfield. Caroline Houts.

9 Dona Belle Crutchfield. John Berry Stevens.
10 John King Crutchfield. Maud Flippin.

1^2

-•2

1^2

1'2

2
3
4

1'2

113

1 1 Minnie A. Crutchfield. Joseph A. Mobley.

12 Allie Crutchfield. Walter Watkins.

13 Orah G. Crutchfield.

1'3'-3'M^ Josephine Landrum. Lewis Rogers and Frank Howard.

2 Martha Jane Landrum. * Anderson Crittenden Jennings.

OK 3 Mary Maria Landrum. Joseph Vann Crutchfield.

4 Nannie Landrum. John Washington Adair.

5 Rachel Landrum. Rollin Kirk Adair.

6 Charles Dixon Landrum. *

7 Elias McLeod Landrum. Nana Woodall.
1'3^4'M-* Ida Crutchfield. John T. Milholand.
i'4-iH* Richard Sosa Fields. -

2 Kiowa Ratlifi Fields. Martha Kellar Mackey.

OK 3 Elizabeth Fields. Israel Duval and George Starr.

4 Ellen Fields. Lewis Wolf.

5 Moses Fields. *

lM-4''l^ Susannah Watie. Thomas Jefterson Bean.

2 Nannie Wheeler Watie. *Lewis Keys.

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 45 i

OK 3 Famous Smith. Mary Maude Vann and Maude Brooks.

4 John Smith. Martha Elizabeth Simmons.

5 Louisa Smith. John Barnett.

1'4-5-M' Sirissa Iowa Fields. John Candy and Richard Rogers.

2 John Johnson Fields. Elizabeth Boudinot nee Starr.

OK 3 Mary Fields. John Hood.

4 Eliza Fields. John McCoy.

l'4-6-'l^ Mary Rogers. John Brimage.

\U,-2"\* Mary Fields. Oceola Powell Daniel.

l'7-2''l' Daniel L. Ross. Ruth Caroline Holland.

1'7^'3'M' Nannie Halfbreed. Gent Gibson.

OK 2 Lucinda Halfhreed. Thomas Leader.

1'7'4-M' Elizabeth Downing. William Riddle.

OK 2 Thomas Downing. Maria Love and Hattie E. Abner.

1'7-5'M' Mary Blackhaw. Duncan Leader.

OK 2 Jennie Blackhawk. Eli VVilkerson.

l'7-6^f Lucy Downing. William Edwin Johnson.

1'7-7'1'' Minnie Bowles. Elijah Hermogene Lerblance and Orlando
Shay.
OK 2 Richard H. Bowles. Elizabeth Blythe and Nannie Downing.
1'7-I(i''l' l.nuvenia Halfbreed. *
Reese.
I ' Nancy. Charles Reese and Alexander McPherson.

I'l- Susannah Reese. Oo-wa-tie. A3 7

2 Charles Reese. Nellie McCov.

3 John McPherson. Susie McCoy.

4 Andrew McPhersan.

5 Ale.xander McPherson.

Smith.

1' Smith.

r !-■ Cabin Smith.

2 McCoy Smith.

I'l-l'' Hominy Simth. Aky Fields and Peggy.

2 Oo-du-ski Smith. Tiger.

3 Tiania Smith. Scraper.

4 Go-li-si Smith. Turtle.

5 Gu-er-tsa Smith. Sixkiller.

6 Archilla Smith. Agnes Fields.
IM-TM' Ta-cha-gi-si Smith. *

1' 1-2M' Ta-chi-chi Tiger.

2 Redbird Tiger.

? Messenger Tiger. Celia Love.

4 Pelican Tiger.

5 Mark Tiger. Mary Thompson and Stidham nee Trott.

6 Ti-ca-no-hi-la TLger.

7 Dirtthower Tiger.

452 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

8 Ka-hi-ta 'I'iger.

9 Wa-li-a Tiger

10 Lucretia Tiger. Tony R. Gourd.

1M=3"1^ George W. Scraper. Louisa Mcintosh.

2 Archibald Scraper. Malinda Mcintosh.

3 Charles Scraper.

4 Otter Scraper.

5 Sallie Scraper. Watie Cunmiings.

IM-'S-M"" Cricket Sixkliler. Deborah Whaley and Elizabeth Foreman.

2 Kedbird Sixkiller. Pamelia Whaley, Nannie Foster nee

Foreman and Elizabeth Proctor nee Foreman *.

3 Tail Sixkiller. Alie Keath.

4 Soldier Sixkiller. Katie.

5 Frog Sixkiller.

6 Delaware Sixkiller. Jennie Walker.

7 Blackhaw Sixkiller.

8 Susan Sixkiller. * Yellowhammer.

9 Peacheater Sixkiller. Sallie Foreman nee Rattlinggourd.
10 Lucinda Sixkiller. Samuel Cloud.

IM-'G^'I"* John Smith. * Margaret Hendricks.

2 Rachel Smith. John Rider.

OK 3 Charles Smith. *

4 Elizabeth Smith. John McFerran Fields, Thomas Adkins and

George Drum.

5 Samuel Houston Smith. *

6 Eliza Smith. David Grayson, Jackson Cozens and Francis

Marion Seabolt.

Hildebrand.

1^ John Hildebrand. andSusannah Womancatcher A60

I'l- Michael Hildebrand. Nannie Martin.

2 Peter Hildebrand. Elizabeth Harlan. A25

OK 3 George Hildebrand. Susannah Graves.

4 John Hildebrand. Micatiah Terrapin.

5 Sarah Hildebrand. Blackcoat and Youngwolf. A62

6 Nannie Hildebrand. Hiram McCreary.

7 David Hildebrand. Elizabeth McCarty.

8 Mary Hildebrand. Hambright and Daniel Hater.

^ Elizabeth Hildebrand. Coody.

I^l^l-' Elizabeth Hildebrand. James Pettit and Robert Armstrong.

2 John Hildebrand. Nicey and Annie Wasp.

OK 3 Jennie Hildebrand. Joseph Cooksan.

4 Margaret Hildebrand. John Catron.

5 Delilah Hildebrand. Jesse McLain.

6 Elizabeth Hildebrand. Joshua Kilpatrick.

7 Stephen Hildebrand. Mary Potts and Mary Beck.

8 Rachel Hildebrand. Reese T. Mitchell.

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 453

y Nannie Hildebrand. Thomas Horn, George Lovett, Fred-
erick Irving, diaries Foe and Hoskins.

Id Josepli Martin Hildeiirand. Lucy Starr, Louvinia Patterson,
Elizabeth Gentry, Mary King, Martha Wot^ord and Mary
E. Coyne.
1 1 Brice Hildebrand. Mary Sturdivant nee Beck and Mary

Swimmer.
12 Mary Hildebrand. Isaac Maylield.
1-2' !■' Barbara Hildebrand. Hiram Linder.

2 James V. Hildebrand. Sarah Elizabeth Fields.
OK 3 Jennie Hildebrand. John Williams.

4 Catherine Hildebrand. Levi Bailey.

5 John Walker Hildebrand. Eliza Jane White.

6 Ellis Harlan Hildebrand. Sallie Stover * and Josephine — .

7 Lewis W. Hildebrand. Lucy Ratlit^.

8 Isaac Newton Hildebrand. Jennie Ratlifl'.

9 Mary Elizabeth Hildebrand. Daniel Jones Frazier.

10 Minerva Hildebrand. Charles Ratlift' and Anderson Reyn-
olds.

l'3-l'' Moses Hildebrand. Noo-ca-ti.

2 Mary Hildebrand. Hoyt.

3 Catherine Hildebrand. Teeiiee.

4 John Hildebrand.

5 Michael Hildebrand. Sarah Hicks.
0 Peter Hildebrand. Annie Fawling.

7 Samuel Hildebrand. Susannah Rogers.

S Barbara Hildebrand. William Longknife and

9 George Hildebrand.

Id Martha Hildebrand.

iM-r- Elizabeth Hildebrand.

l'5-l'' Jesse Culstee. ''■' Eliza Turtle.

Thomas Blackcoal. Minerva Carr.

OK 3 John Wolf.

4 Rachel Wolf. '-^^ Henry Dobson Reese.

5 Mary Wolf. •- Collins.

I "6- 1-' Amanda J. McCreary. * Alfred Clark Raymond.

2 Mary McCreary. James Alcorn.

OK 3 Napoleon McCreary. Jennie Harper.

l'7-'r" John Hildebrand. Ellen Pettit.

2 Maria Hildebrand. John Wright Alberty.

( )K 3 Marv Hildebrand. Simon Lewis.

4 Arie" Hildebrand. Calvin Parks and James Lewis Puskett.

l'8-i-' Napoleon Bonaparte Hambright. *

2 Hiram Hambright.

3 James Monroe Hambright. "

454 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKHH INDIANS

po-T' Felix Grundy Goody. *

OK 2 Archibald Goody. ='"

Engleuid.

1' David En,i;land. Susan A. Gonner.

r 1- Martin England.

2 Louisa England. Robert Blackstone.

3 Irene England. Lee Scrimsher.

4 Pinson England. ■'

5 Garlton England. *

6 Armlnda England. William England, Isaac Scrimsher and

Elias Jenkins.

7 Mitchell England. Lucinda Jones.

8 Saphronia England. Thomas Monroe.

9 Sabra E. England. * Peter Glark and Andrew Kelly.
10 Martha England. *

1'2-P Josephine Blackstone. Stephen Carlisle.

2 Pleasant Napoleon Blackstone. Jennie Gatherine Lipe.

OK 3 Robert E. Blackstone. Sallie Jennings.

4 Eliza Blackstone. James McMurry.

5 Thomas Blackstone. Rosa Vaught.

6 Laura L. Blackstone.

l'3-l-' Eliza Scrimsher. Lewis Fields and William Williamson.

2 Laura Scrimsher. James Pryor and Harry Kelly.

3 Margaret Scrimsher. Joseph Green and Trueman Tanner.
l'6-l-' Mary Scrimsher.

2 Berilla Scrimsher. Abram Meeks.

3 Arabella Scrimsher. Enoch Sutherland.

4 Saphronia Scrimsher. Zan Main, Lewis Rogers and Dr. J.

A. Nolen.

5 Ruth Scrimsher. Gharles Tyler.

6 Ida Josephine Jenkins. John Wesley Harris.

7 Henry Jenkins. Delilah Arms.

1^8-1'^ Saphronia Monroe. James H. Hereford.
Thompson.

P . Thompson.

IM- Jack Thompson. Jennie Vann, Nana and Elizabeth Merrell

2 Laugh at mush.

3 Ne-coo-ie.

ri-r' William Thompson. Nannie Merrell and Elizabeth Fields.

2 Alexander Thompson. Elizabeth Tipton.

3 Sallie Thompson. Samuel Mackey.

4 Charles Thompson. •■'

5 Nannie Thompson. Benjamin Merrell.

6 Elizabeth Thompson. Nelson Riley.

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 455

7 Margaret Thompson. Elijah Lynch and Barker.

8 Betsey Thompson. Robert Runyan.

9 John Thompson.

10 Richard Thompson. Caroline Simpson and Elizabeth

Thornton.
1 I James Thompson. *
12 Jennie Thompson. Samuel Crossland.
I'l-l'I' Jennie Thompson. '■'■' Dr. Yarnall.

2 John Thompson. Margaret Fields, Minerva Biggs '■■ and
Elizabeth Grirlin.

CJk 3 Charles Thompson. Susie Taylor.

4 Alexander Thompson. Ruth Phillips and Elmira McLain.

l'l-2'l' Ruth Thompson. *

2 Jack Thompson. *

3 Maria Thompson. Archibald Lee.

4 Calvin Thompson.

5 "Major Thompson. *

ri-V'l' Nannie Mackey. Joseph Tally and David \'ann.

2 Preston Meckey. * Nannie Vann.

? William Mackey. Nannie Drew.

4 George Mackey.

.S Corinne Mackey.

6 James Mackey. Polly Tally and Louisa Fields
l'l-5'l' Elizabeth Merrell. David Ivey.

2 Eliza Merrell. William Poison.

( )K \ William Merrell. Nannie Walker.

4 Sallie Merrell. Cornelius Parris.

5 Nannie Merrell. Rufus West.

6 Mary Merrell. James Starnes.

7 Benjamin Merrell.

H Margaret Merrell. W^illianison and Thomas Bracket*.

rr-YrI' Ellen Riley. *

2 Margaret Riley. *

( )K ? Julius Riley. Amanda Cordell.

4 Joseph Riley. Matilda Maxlield and Lucy Ore nee Lusk.

5 Mary Ann Riley. Thomas Maxtield and Thomas M. Triplett.

6 Perry Andre Riley. Eliza Colson.

7 Charles Riley.
I' 1-7-' I ' John Lynch. *

2 Catherine Lynch.

3 Charles Barker.
I'l-S'i' Maria Whitnev. Goree.

2 Joseph Runyan.

3 Ruth Runvan.

456 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

4 Sarah Runyan. * Lemuel Harris.

5 Lawson Runyon. Mary Jane Mcrrell and Elsie Martin.
I'l-lO-M"' Margaret Emma Thompson. Clark. Charlesworth Lipe.

2 Sue Elizabeth Thompson. Washington Henry Eiffort.

OK 3 Tooka Thompson. William Smelser Nash.

4 Caroline Harriette Thompson. David Albert Mounts.

5 John Lanigan Thompson.
l'l-12"l^ Samuel Crossland.

2 Martha Crossland. William Ratlitt and Lafayette Buchanan.

3 Richard Scott. Susan Foreman Choate.

l'l-L'2M'' William Thompson. Catherine Lynch.

2 Mary Thompson. Henry Ross.

3 Louisa Josephine Thompson. John Henry Crane.
1' l-l"'3"'l'' Naomi Victoria Thompson. Michael Fields.

2 Perry Thompson. Henriette Vann and Diana Pigeon.

1'1-1^4M"^ Charles Thompson. *

2 Jennie Thompson. *

OK 3 Lucinda Thompson. *

l'l-3-'Hl' Samuel Tally. Nellie Drum.

2 Rose Tally. Joseph Absalom Scales.

3 Jennie Tally. Charles Watts and John Q. Hayes.

4 William Vann, Charlotte McLaughlin.

5 Joseph Vann. =■• Emma Drew.

6 George B. Vann. Mary.

7 Robert P. Vann. Ermina Cooie Foreman.

8 Maude M. Vann. Famous Smith.

1' l-3''2-'l"'' MaryMackey. James D. Willison.

OK 2 Anna Dorothy Mackey. William Harvison.

Pl-3"6^P John Drew Mackey. '■'■ Margaret Moore.

2 Sallie Georgianna Mackey. John Lafayette Brown.

OK 3 Martha Kellar Mackey. Kiowa Ratlitf Fields.

4 Nannie Laura Mackey.

5 Lugie Watts Mackey. Charles Washington Starr.
IM^S-^IM-' Nancy Ann Ivey. John Riley.

lM^'S''2Mf> Nannie Polston."

2 Elizabeth Polston. James Tally.

3 Sarah Polston.

4 Margaret Polston. Teacher and Albert Shepherd.

5 Joseph Polston. Susan Riley.
1M=5"3-*1' James Merrell. Rachel Hicks.

2 Mary Jane Merrell. Lawson Runyon.

[1 12534415 Henry Harris. Rachel Parker or Wolf.

1M-5''5M5 James West. *

2 Sarah S. West. Joseph Antoine.

3 Mary Ann West. William Perkins.

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 457

4 Morgan West. Finley.

5 Charles West. *

' l-'5-'0'r' JclTjison Starncs. Ruth Gott and Margaret Sevenstar.

2 John Starnes. Nettie Jeffries, Elizabeth Duffe\' and Almir.i
Johnson.

5 Lillic Starnes. i.indsey Wallace.

4 Margaret Starnes. Ira Creach.

' l-5'''8' I"' Mary Williamson. William E. Greenleaf.

1'1-6-M'l'' Elizabeth Riley. " McCoy Smith.

'|-(r4M"' Addie Riley. James Kyle.

: Nelfon Rilev. *

1 Charles Riley. *

S'l'' Octavia Maxtield. Richard Riley Bertholf.

2 Ida Verona Maxtield. James Harvey Lindsey.
^ Lillie Maxtield. Claude Hanks McDaniel.

f)'l'' Nannie Amanda Riley. John Lee Lamb.
Seabolt.

1' Henrv Seabolt. Celia Timberlake and

ri- John Seabolt. Jennie iknge.

2 Thomas Seabolt. Hicks.

^ Catherine Seabolt. John Chambers.

4 Nannie Seabolt. '- A-li-cha.

5 Susie Seabolt. Ned Fields.

(> Joseph Seabolt. Nannie Campbell nee Hair.

7 King Seabolt. Betsey Downing.

« Henry Seabolt. Eliza Benge.

') Elsie Seabolt.

10 Margaret Seabolt. Mack Benge.

I I Annie Seabolt. Charles Foreman.

12 Richard Seabolt.

Wilkerson.

1' Coo-ta-ya. Edward Wilkerson and John Wilkerson.

IT-' Eliza VVilkerson. Jesse Bushyhead.

2 Aaron Wilkerson.

^ Richard Wilkerson.

4 James Wilkersan.

5 George Wilkerson. Susan Poorbear.

6 John Wilkerson. Annie Woods.
151 John Wilkerstm. Rebecca Oglesby.

2 Rilev Wilkerson.

3 James Monroe Wilkerson. Nancy Jane key.

4 George Wilkerson.

5 Laura Wells Wilkerson. Wilson Sanders.

6 Eliza Wilkerson. ■ John Ross.

458 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

Leonard Worcester Wiikerson. Ellen Bible.

8 Mary Wiikerson. John Henry Coody.

pe-l*' Martha Wiikerson. *John Groom.

2 Nannie Wiikerson. *Solomon Ray.

3 Mary Wiikerson. Charles Jones.

4 Elizabeth Wiikerson. Mack Messer.

5 John Wiikerson. Jennie Campbell.

6 Ace Wiikerson. Margaret Jones.

7 Caroline Wiikerson. '■■ Joseph Wickett.

8 Whidby Wiikerson. Elnora Winpiegler nee Jones.

Blair.

1' Quatie. Jonathan Blythe.

ri- Sarah George Blair.

2 Nannie Blythe. George Blair.

3 James Blythe. *
1M = 1" James Blair. *

2 Elizabeth Blair. John Lowrey.

3 Lewis Blair. Polly Benge * and

4 Catherine Blair. McCuen.

5 Lucy Blair. Samuel Houston Benge.

6 Amy Blair. *

7 Margaret Blair. Obediah Benge.

8 Jonathan Blair.

9 Charles Blair. *

10 Thomas Blair. Margaret Sanders.

1 1 Sallie Blair. *

12 Susannah Blair. "

13 Eliza Blair. George Washington Baldridge.

14 Mary Blair. Albert Johnson.

15 Bettie Blair. Robert E. Sutton.

Ratliff.

r Richard Ratliti.

1M= Annie Ratliff'. John Coker.

2 Richard Ratliff'. Chiuke and

112-13 Alexander Ratliff.

2 Abraham Ratliff. Lvdia.

OK 3 William Ratliff. * "

4 Robin Ratliff. Aky Webber.

5 Daniel Ratliff'. Eliza Wickett and Annie Ballard.

6 Lydia Ratliff. Matthew Jones.

7 Annie Ratliff'. Charles 'Wickett

8 Charlotte Ratliff. *

0 Archibald Ratliff.
10 Thompson Ratliff.

HISTORY OF THH CHEROKEE INDIANS 459

1'2-2'M' Susannah Ratlirt. *

2 Samuel Ratlill. *

5 John Ratlirt.

4 Eliza Ratlirt.

l'2-v>-'l' Nannie Jones. * Jesse VVickett.

2 Elizabeth Jones.

3 l.uc\- Jones. Albert Shepherd.

4 Charles Jones. Mary Wilkerson.

5 Andrew Jones. Belle Heaton.

6 Margaret Jones. Ace Wilkerson.

7 EInora Jones. George VVinpiegler and Whidby Wilkerson.

8 Hester Jones Joseph Wicketl and Thomas Heaton.

0 Richard Jones. *
Id Malinda Jones.

Timpson.

I ' Benjamin Timpson. Sarah.

I' I- Jennie Timpson. Jacob Harnage.

2 Benjamin Timpson. I.ucy Smith and Harriette Mingus.

1 Mary Ann Timpson.
4 John Timpson.

I'll' Nellie Harnage. John Ragsdale.

2 Elizabeth Harnage. Robert Rogers.

3 Ezekial Harnage. Jennie Skit.

4 Jacob Harnage. Sallie Harlan and Mary Kowe. *

5 Mary Harnage. Edward Adair.
I'2-'I-' Sarah Timpson. Jonas Phillips.

2 Mary Ann Timpson. .John Hilary Clark.

{ )K ^ John Calvin Timpson.

4 Eliza Timpson. Aaron Burr.

5 Henry Clay Timpson.

f) Martha Jane Timpson. Jesse Arnold.

7 l.ydia Timpson. Archibald Cochran.

S Nannie Timpson. Crane.

') Caroline Timpson. Benjamin Pettit.

1(1 Melvina Timpson. Levi Silk.

1 1 Susan Timpson. Richard Terrell.

1 2 Alfred Timpson.

1 ^ Hannah Timpson.

14 James Timpson. Etheline Carroll.

15 Drucilla Timpson.

16 Posey Humphreys I'impson.
■■1' Elizabeth Ragsdale.

2 Isaac Ragsdale. Mary Sanders.

^ Thomas Ragsdale. Nannie Stop.

4 Susie Ragsdale. Ignacious Few.

5 John Ragsdale. Nannie Harnage.

460 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

6 William Ragsdale. '•=

7 Ezekial Ragsdale. Nannie Edwards.
lM-'2-'l^ Jennie Rogers. Benjamin West.
l'l-3''l^ Nannie Harnage. John Ragsdale.

2 Lydia Harnage. William Bean.

I'l-^-'l-" George Harlan Harnage. '■'■'

l'|-5''l^ John Stansel. Martha McDaniel.

2 Jennie Adair. John Perry Oliver Clyne.
OK 3 Edley Adair. Emily Rogers.

4 Elizabeth Adair. John Hildebrand Cookson.

1'2M"1-' William P. Phillips. Lucinda Quinton.

2 Mary Ann Phillips. Benjamin Pettit.

3 Eliza Phillips. John Poorbear.

4 Nannie Phillips. Wilson Weely.

5 Margaret Phillips. Archibald Lovett.
V2-y-\^ Jay Clark.

2 Silas Dean Clark. Elizabeth Gritiin.

3 Taylor Clark.

4 Margaret Clark.
1'2"'6-M-' Thomas Arnold. *

2 William Arnold.

l'2-7''l^ Mary Cochran. "

2 Caroline Cochran. Ras Akin.
\^2-9''-\* Nicholas Pettit. Annie Gustin.

1'2-10'M-' Nannie Silk.

2 William Silk.

l'l-r'2-'l-' Margaret Ragsdale. *

2 John Ragsdale. Araniina Gunter.

OK 3 Polly Ragsdale. Joseph Dawson and J. V. McPherson.

4 Ellen Ragsdale. Jasper Chaney.

5 Lucy Ragsdale. Charles England.

6 Isaac Harvey Ragsdale. Johnanna Johnson.

7 Cynthia Ragsdale. Joseph Hines.
t ' 1-1''3^ 1'' Jennie Ragsdale. '•' Simco.

2 Pamelia Ragsdale.

l'l-i-'4^1"' Amanda Few. John Shell.

2 Hannah Few. Eli Clyne.

3 John Few. *

4 Eliza Few. *
I'l^'l-'S-'l' William Riley Ragsdale.
I'l-rvM' John Ragsdale. ""* Elizabeth.
l'r-2"l-'r' Jonathan West. *

2 Laura West. Joseph Raper.

3 Robert West.

4 Jennie West.

5 James West. *

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

461

Vr-PlU^- Ezckial Taylor. * Ruth Ramsey nee Moslev and Ada
Foreman.

OK 2 W illiam Rilev Ragsdale.

l'l-'3-'2'l' Uelilah Bean. David Tucker.

2 Nancy Jane Bean. Flint Walkingstick.

OK 3 Sallie Bean. Edward Walkingstick.

4 William Tooyah Bean.

I'l-S-'iM'' Lewis Stansel. Mary Tooy.

2 Elizabeth Stansel. John Wolf and Walter Sanders.

3 John Stansel. Sarah Sanders.

Springston

1 ' Nancy. William Springston.

I'l-' Ruth Springston. John Foreman and George Wilson
I'l-'l' Johnson Foreman. Elizabeth B. Mann.

2 William Wilsnn. Malinda Chisholm nee Wharton, Mary
Thornton nee Sanders and Eliza Hvles nee
OK ^ Mary Wilson. James Audrain.

4 Elizabeth Wilson. Austin Copeland, Thomas C. Thomas

and Gilbert Holcomb.

5 Archibald M. Wilson. Delilah Starr iK-e Johnson and Re-

becca McNair Wilson nee Rilev.

() Rebecca Wilson. Wilharm, Samuel McKinnev and

Andrew McKinney.
7 Alexander Drumgool Wilson. Rebecca McNair Riley.

X George W. Wilson. Carmalita and Elsie Davis.

'» Ruth'wilson. Walter Copeland, Bennett, Webb

and George Myers,
ic Anderson Springston Wilson. Nannie Catherine Daniel.
I 1 John Wilson.

1 2 Malinda Wilson. Miles Collins, James Young and James
Adams.
I'l-T' Martha J. Foreman. * Jenkins Maxfield.

2 William Archibald Foreman. Susie Chisholm nee Pindar.
( »K \ Naomi Ruth Foreman. Joseph T. Garrison.

1 Mary Louvenia Foreman. *

5 Return Jonathan Foreman. '■■ Eliza J. Brewer and Harriette

E. Colbert.

6 Jesse Bushyhead Foreman. Emma Vore.

7 Susan Frances Foreman. John Raymond and Joseph Mar-

tin Lynch.
!'l-2''l' Emily Wilson. Napoleon Bonaparte Breedlove.

2 William Wilson. Alice Coody.

OK ? Rorv McCov Wilson. Laura Bruce.

462 HISTORY OF IHE CHEROKEE INDIANS

4 Finney Chisholm Wilson. Am;inda Broyles.

5 Eliza Wilson. Lorenzo Williams.

lM-3'M^ Jennie Audrain. John Wills and I. N. Smith.

2 Mary Mahana Audrain. Percy L. Walker.

3 Wintield Scott Andrain. Eliza Williams.

4 Lucy Audrain. James McGannon.

5 Frank G. Audrain. Malissa Williams.
IM-4'M^ Mary Copeland. William Melton.

2 Martha Copeland. Ellis Bufiington, Toliver Thomas, Ezek-

ial Butifington* and James Cohee'''.

3 George Copeland.

4 Alexander Copeland. Catherine Thomas, Sarah McNair

nee Miller, Nannie S. Allen nee West and Nannie Cowels
nee Conner.

5 Jerusha Copeland. Robert Audrain.

6 Austin Copeland.

7 Pamelia Copeland. Christopher Columbus ishell.

8 Rebecca Copeland. George Cox and Stephen Cox.

9 Archibald Wilson Thomas. Jennie Reppeto.

10 William Wirt Thomas.

1 1 Charles Delano Thomas.

l'r-5''l^ Anise Femister Wilson. James Alexander Rice.

I'l-e-'H Alexander F. McKinney. Nannie Redding, Minnie Wheeler.

2 Dennie Bushyhead McKinney. Delia Crawford and Belle

Johnson.

3 Andrew Jackson McKinney. Mary Wells.

4 Johnson Perry McKinney. Hortense Baptiste.

I'lv'M^ Susan Rebecca Wilson. Joseph Poison, Thomas Washing-
ton Lindsay and William Thomas Hewitt.
2 Isabel Brandon Wilson. Henry Parris, Benjamin A. Rush.
OK 3 Laura Adair Wilson. John Raymond and Thomas Henry.

4 James Madison Wilson. Araminta Pharris.
rrS-'H Henry Wilson. Laura

2 Ora Wilson. Bruton.
l'I-9-'l^ William Copeland.

Julia Ik-nnett. Robert Mann.

3 John Webb.

4 George Myers. Talitha Dunaway.

11 1- 10^14 DeWitt Clinton Wilson. Ella Adair.

2 James Daniel Wilson. Letitia M. Fields.

OK 3 Mary Emma Wilson.

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 455

l'l-i:M' Mike- Collins.

2 John Young.

3 Robert Young.

■4 Nannie Young. Rolljn Hill.

Woodall.

1' Ellen Moore. George Caruth Woodall.

I'l- Charles Woodall. Susannah Watie.

2 Annie Jane Woodall. James Duncan.

CJk ^ Elizabeth Woodall. Benjamin Franklin Landrum.

4 William CotTee Woodall. Margaret A. Reese and

5 James Tuck Woodall. Elizabeth Perdue.
0 Thomas JeMerson Woodall.

7 John Peter Woodall. Mary Thorn and Maver M. Cecil

nee Saunders.

a Louisa Woodall. Isaac Shouse.

9 Nannie Woodall. *

10 George Washington Woodall. Susannah Muskrat.

I 1 Stan Goney Woodall.

Butler

I' Edward Buller. Elizabeth Jane Nivens, Elizabeth Keys nee

I'l- Jennie Elizabeth Butler. McCoy Smith.

2 Mannie Garrett Butler. Anna (barter.

OK 3 Sarah Butler. Benjamin Porter and John W. Sanders.

4 Tooka Butler. Clarence William Turner.

5 Robert Lee Butler. Caroline Lindsey.
I'l-r' Edward Butler Smith. Etta Word.

2 Walter Duncan Smith.

OK ^ Juliette Taylor Smith.

4 Wilson Nevins Smith.

5 Mannie Garrett Smith. Jessie Watson.

6 May Smith.

7 Junie Smith.

S Jennie Elizabeth Smith.

:':-|-' Elizabeth Butler.

2 Fountain Crabtree liutler.

OK .3 Sammie Butler.

IM-I-' Nina Porter. ■■ Eck E. Brook.

2 Edward Porter.

OK y Benjamin Porter.

4 Edna Sanders. Mooney and Chester Klick.

5 Elizabeth Sanders.

6 Maude Sanders. Howell Scott.

7 Mildred Sanders.

I'4=|-' Tooka K. Turner. Charles Bagg.

464 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

2 Charence William Turner.

OK 3 Marian Turner.

P5-l^ Robert Lee Butler.

iM-l-'l-' Edward Butler Smith.

2 Jennie May Smith.

OK 3 Juliette Elizabeth Smith.

lir-5-M^ Clayton Smith.
li3-4-'l-' Mooney.

113-6'M-' Scott.

2 Scott.

Rogers

1' John Rogers. Tiana Foster.

IM- Hilliard Rogers. Martha Fields.

2 James Rogers. ■'

OK 3 Thomas Rogers. Susan Cochran.

4 Lewis Rogers. Elizabeth J. Lisenbe, Sarah Fields and Sa-

phronia Main nee S'crimsher.

5 Mary Rogers. Thomas Childers.

6 Sallie Rogers. Larlcin McGhee.

7 Martha Rogers. Joseph A. Henry.

8 Susan Rogers. *

9 Rachel Rogers. George Washington Waltcer.
10 Elizabeth Rogers. Jesse Cochran.

Raper

P Jesse Raper. Mary McDaniel.

iM- Martin Raper.

2 Catherine Raper. Isaac Johnson.

3 Charles Raper. Sarah Franklin.

4 Patsy Raper. * Dr. Fane.

5 Eliza Raper. James Brown.

6 Lewis Raper.

7 Gabriel Raper. '■•

8 Nannie Raper. James Holland.

9 John A. Raper. Mary Ann Tillotson.

10 Alonzo Raper. *

1 1 Rachel A. Raper.

l'8-'l-' Pleasant Holland. Nannie Horn.

2 Ruth Caroline Holland. Daniel Ross.

OK 3 Martha Holland. Samuel Johnson.

4 John Wesley Holland. Hettie Hern.

5 Jesse Holland.

6 Louisa Holland. Matthew Sanders.

7 Nancy Jane Holland. Moses Alberty.

8 James Lafayette Holland. Harriette Thompson.

9 William Grant Holland. Elizabeth Alberty.
to Henry Sherman Holland.

1 I Richard Spencer Holland. Laura Harmon.

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKHE INDIANS 465

12 LJor;i lielle Holland.

Hendricks

1' Susannah. William Hendricks.

I'l- James K. Hendricks. Nannie Woodall.

2 Annie Hendricks. George Peacheater and Felix Riley.

OK 3 -Jane Hendricks. John Terrell and Green Parris.

4 Margaret Hendricks. Andrew Woodall.

5 John Hendricks. Pretia Tiesky and Mary Jane Brugan nee

McLaughlin.

6 Nancy Hendricks. Henry Chambers.

7 Susannah Hendricks. Abraham Woodall.

8 Catherine Hendricks. James Chambers.

9 William H. Hendricks. Narcissa Crittenden and Ann Eliza

Benge nee l.inder.'-'

1(1 Willis Hendricks. Araminta Fish.

I I Franklin Hendricks. Annie Terrell nee Woodall.

12 Elizabeth Hendricks. James R. Gourd.

13 Thomas Hendricks. Nellie Ragsdale.
I'l-'F' Jennie Hendricks. John Ragsdale.

2 Jonas Hendricks.

3 Dennis Hendricks. Eliza Jane Fish.

4 Minerva Hendricks. Joseph Poorboy and George Craft.

5 Cornelia Hendricks.

6 Louisa Hendricks. Miles.

l'2-l-' Susan Rilev. Ellis R. (jourd.

2 William Heatty. Louisa Parris.
^ Sallie Beatlv.

4 Looney Price. Sarah Wotlord.

iM-'l-' Rebecca Terrell. Coleman Roberson.

2 Nannie Terrell. Green Terrell.

? Elizabeth Terrell, (ieorge Bolin.

4 Sallie Parris.

5 Henry Parris. Barbara Marshall.

6 Emma Parris. Stephen Spears.

7 John Parris. Catherine Terrell.
l'4-l'' Daniel Woodall. Emeline Ragsdale.

2 William Woodall. Potts.

3 Annie Woodall. Aaron Terrell.

4 Caroline Woodall. John Beaver Post.
1'5-L' Elnora Hendricks. George R. Gourd.
I'6-L= Ann Eliza Chambers.

2 Mary A. Chambers. John Ross Hicks.

OK 3 Vann Chambers. Jennie Diana McCoy. .. .^.

4 Elizabeth Chambers. Lippman R:.senthal and Charl.. Lamb.

466 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

5 Jefferson Parks Chambers. Melissa Harris and Emma Wil-

cox.

6 Amelia Delilah Chambers. * David Lair Denny.

7 William Maxwell Chambers. Belle Bray.

8 Lettie Boyd Chambers. * David Lair Denny.

9 Nancy Jane Chambers.

1172-13 Thomas Fox Woodall. Mary Fields and Emma Fields nee

Howland.
l^S-l^ Elsie Jane Chambers. William Walkley, George Nipper and
David Lair Denny.
2 George Sanders Chambers. Belle Chouteau nee Smith.
OK 3 David Chambers.

4 Robert Emory Chambers. Charlotte Ann Diedrich.

5 James Chambers. ■■'

6 William A. Chambers. Minnie Brown and Emma Chamber.^

nee Wilcox.

7 Mary Ella Chambers. * John Phillips.

8 Maxwell Chambers. Nellie White.
l'9-l-^ Fannie Hendricks. Frank Kerr.

1^10-1^ Fannie E. Hendricks. Montgomery Canada.

2 Rachel Hendricks. Daniel Turner.

3 Charles Hendricks. *

j 4 White Hendricks. Rose Case and Mary Fossett.

5 Oscar Hendricks. *

6 Robert M. Hendricks. Gay Howard.

1M2-1-' Eliza R. Gourd. Robert Watson Hicks and Lewis C. Cordery.

2 Elizabeth Gourd. William L. Cordrey.

3 Ellen Gourd. Daniel Webster Lowrey.

4 Thomas Gourd. Sallie Buse.

5 Jeanette Gourd. William L. Cordrey and George W.

Grit^'in.
IM3-I-'' Rufus Hendricks. Susie Stanley.

2 Thomas Hendricks. Stanley and Bessie Bagley.

3 Susie Hendricks.

4 Janana Hendricks.

A 1. Ludovic Grant, who was said to have been a Scotchman, in a
statement recorded on page 301 of the Charlestown, South Carolina probate
court in the book of "1754-1758' in a sworn statement of January 12, 1756,
says "It is about thirty years since I went into the Cherokee Country where
I have resided ever since" "I speak their language". He married a full blood
Cherokee woman of the Long Hair clan. He was among the Cherokees at
the same time that Christian Priber and James Adair was in the nation.
Grant's half breed daughter married William Emory, an Englishman.

A2. Rim Pawling, Ezekial But^ington, Robert Due and John Rogers
were Englishmen.

A3. John Stuart was stationed at Fort Loudon as the Captain of a
British company in 17S7. The fort was besieged and captured by the war

HISTORY OF THE CHEKOKHE INDIANS 467

Chief O-RO-no-sto-ta on August 7, 1 760. Nearly all of the oarrisoii was killed
hut Captain Stuart was rescued and taken to Virginia hy the civil chief, Ata-
culiaculla. Stuart was later appointed Superintendent of Indian Affairs,
South of Ohio Hiver and married Susannah Emory and their only child was
always known as Oo-no-du-tu or Bushyhead and this name has clung to his
descendants. Captain Stuart himself was known to his Cherokee acquaint-
ances as Oo-no-du-tu on account of his shock of blond hair. He died at
Pensacola, Fla., February 2 1, 1779. Susannah's second husband was Richard
Fields, an En.iflishnian and her third husband was Brigadier General Joseph
Martin, who had the rare distinction of simultaneously bearing commission^
to this rank in the militia service of Virginia and North Caroliiia.

Al. John Fawling's wife was a half breed Cherokee. Pawling was
killed by James Vann, his wife's brother.

A.S. Uavid Gentry, a blacksmith was also Ihe lirst husband of Tian;i
Rogers.

A6. John Rogers' lirst wife was Elizabeth Due nee Emory and his
second wife was his step-daughter Jennie Due.

A7. Captain John Rogers settled at Dardanelle, Arkansas in 1821. He
was Ihe last chief of the "Old Settler" Cherokees. He died at Washington
in 1«46 and is buried in the National Cemetery. The wives of John and
James Rogers were sisters.

AS. Richard Fields emigrated to Texas in 1821 and was killed in 182 7.

A'). Cjeorge Fields was a captain of Cherokee auxiliaries to Gen. An-
drew Jacksons army in the Creek war of 1814.

A I It. Turtle Fields served with the Cherokee allies of the America.i
forces in the Creek war of 18 14 and later became a Methodist minister.

All. John Martin, born October 20, 1781. He was a member of the
Cherokee Constitutional convention of 1827, was the lirst Treasurer and first
Chief Justice of the Cherokee Nation. He died on October 17, 1740 and
is buried at Fort Gibson.

A 12. Jeter Lynch was of Irish descent.

A13. Daniel Davis was born in North Carolina in 1785 and died in
Cu-nrgia in June 1866.

All. Major Downing, said lo have been a Major in the British army
married a full blood Cherokee woman of the Wolf clan.

ACS. Tradition says that after a violent storm on the coast of South
Carolina a babv was found on the beach, leashed to a spar. He was well
clothed and the only word that he could articulate was "Jack" and upon be-
ing adopted by a family known as Wright, he was known as Jack Wright
He married Jennie Crittenden.

A 16. Moses Albertv, born April 18, 1788. Died May 3, 1877. _

A 17. Clarissa Wright, born October 2 5, I8n^, married Elijah Philhps.

A 1 8. Rebecca Wright born January 1 , l S 1 4, married Joel Mayes Bryan
born October 22. 1809. ' She died April 5, 1882. He died August 7, 1800.

A 19 Joseph \-ann, whose aier..kee name was Teaultle, was born on
February 11 1708. He was a member of tlie constitutional convention

468 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

1827 from Hightower District and of that of 1839. He was president of the
Senate from 1841 to 1843. Elected Assistant Chief in 1839 and 1859. He
died May 3, 1877.

A20. David Vann born January 1, 1800. He was elected Treasurer
of the Cherokee Nation in 1839, 1843, 1847 and 185 1. He was Jcilled by
the "Pin"' Indians on December 23, 1863.

A2 1. Andrew M. Vann was a resident of the Texas Cherokee Nation on
July 20, 1833. He was elected Assistant Chief of the Cherokee Nation on
June 28, 1840 vice (his brother) Joseph Vann, resigned.

A22. A full blood Cherokee of the Wolf clan, whose name may have
been Na-ni. Her first husband. Kingfisher, of the Deer clan, was the father
of her first two children; Catherine and Fivekiller. In a battle with the
Muskogees, Kingfisher was killed and his wife, who had been laying behind a
log, chewing the bullets so that they would lacerate the more; picked up his
rifle and fought as a warrior throughout the rest of the skirmish. The Musko-
gees were defeated and according to custom the captured spoils were divided
among the victors. Kingfisher's widow was given a negro that had been
captured from the vanquished and in this manner became the first slave owner
among the Cherokees and by common consent she became the Ghi-ga-u, or
Beloved Woman of the Cherokees, this life time distinction was only granted
as an extreme mark of valorious merit and carried with it the right to speak,
vote and act in all of the peace and war councils of the tribe, it also vested
her with the supreme pardoning power of the tribe, a prerogative that was
not granted to any other, not even the powerful peace or war chiefs.

She was described even after she was an old woman as a person of re-
markable beauty, poise "with a queenly and commanding presence." Her
second husband was Bryan Ward, a White man, a widower, who had located
in the Cherokee country as a trader. Ward had brought his son John, whose
deceased mother was a White woman, and John subsequently married Cather-
ine McDaniel, a half breed Cherokee woman and is the ancestor of the
numerous Ward family, among the Cherokees. Bryan Ward had one daugh-
ter; Elizabeth, by the Ghi-ga-u; whose first husband was Brigadier General

Joseph Martin and her second husband was Hughes, a trader. Bryan

Ward lived only a few years after his marriage to The Ghi-ga-u.

In June 1776, Dragging Canoe, Abraham and Raven; war chiefs of the
Cherokees, with about two hundred and fifty warriors each, at the instigation
of the British, planned to attack the western settlements. But the effect of
these raids were greatly modified by the Ghi-ga-u's timely warning to the
settlers. On July 20, 1776, Abraham marching to attack Watauga, in East
Tennessee, captured Mrs. Bean, wife of William Bean, the mother of the first
V/hite child born in Tennessee. On the return of the war party to the
Cherokee country, Mrs. Bean was condemned by her captors to be burned at
the stake. She was conducted to the top of the mound that stood in the
center of Tuskeegee,' which was located just above the mouth of Tellico or
Little Tennessee River, where she was bound to the stake, the fagots were
piled around her, but just as the torch was about to be applied, the Ghigaii
appeared, cut the thongs that bound her and took .the captive to her home,

HISTORY OF THH CHEROKEE INDIANS 46Q

where the grateful Mrs. Bean taught her how to keep house and make butter

As soon as it was safe to do so, the Ghigau sent Mrs. Bean under the
.scort of her brother, Tuskeegeeteehee or Longfellow of Chistatoa and her
Mn Hiskyteehee, or Fivekiller, sometimes known as Little Fellow, to her hus-
band and family.

Tuskeegee is the town name of one of the original eight subdivisions of
the Cusetah, the primal peace town of the Coosas, the primordial mother
tribe of the Muskogees, Choctaws, Chickasaws and Seminoles. The surtix
tee-hee, means killer and therefore the Ghigau's brother's name was Tuskee-
,;ee killer, although he was known to the English by the descriptive name
■ f Longfellow on account of his stature. Hisky is the Cherokee rendering of
the number, live.

At the beginning of September 1780 Gates had been defeated at Cam-
Jen. Savannah and Charlestown were in the hands of the British; Georgia and
^outh Carolina were conquered; the enemy exultantly moved northwest to
tlie conquest of North Carolina and Virginia. This was the critical moment
of the Revolution. Alexander Cameron of Lochabar, the British agent among
the Cherokees and an intermarried citizen of that nation had been able to sus-
tain the alliance of the Chickamaugas and many other Cherokees as well as
other tribesmen with the British interests. Brave and resourceful pioneer sol-
diers, dressed in homespun and buckskin, coon skinned capped with the pe-
culiar rifle wilh which they were wont to shoot the head oft' of a squirrel in
the tallest tree or cut the neck of the turkey at an incredible distance, held back
the equally dangerous Indians and Tories while others of their kind destroyed
Ferguson's crack troops at Kings Mountain on October 7, 1780 and turned
the tide in favor of the Americans.

While a portion of the patriots won in the Kings Mountain campaign.
that part that were rearguarding the frontier became short of rations. "Nancv
Ward agreed to furnish beef and had some cattle driven in."' She and her
family had been consistent Americans since she had sent William Fawling- and
Isaac Thomas on a hundred and twenty mile trip to warn the settlers of the
proposed attack of Dragging Canoe, Abraham and Raven with their pro
British Cherokee commands in July 1776.''

"When the Revolutionary War came, the British Government determined
to employ the Indians against the southern and western frontiers. The or-
ganization of the southern tribes was intrusted to Superintendent Stuart. Their
;;eneral plan which was only partially successful, was to land an army in wesi
Florida, march them through the country of the Creeks and Chickasaws, who
were each to furnish live hundred warriors and thence to Echota, the capital
of the Cherokee nation. Being reinforced by the Cherokees, they were to
invade the whole of the southern frontier, while the attention of the colonies
was diverted by formidable naval and military demonstrations on the sea
coast. Circular letters outlining the plan, intended for the information of the
Tories who were expected to repair to the royal standards, were issued May
'. and reached the Watauga settlement May 18, 1776.

The Cherokees. when the plan was first submitted to them, were not
prepared to take sides in the contest. A civil war was unknown to their na-

470

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

tion, and they could hardly believe that the British government would make
war'against a part of its own people. Moreover, they had been at peace with
the Americans since their treaty with Governor Bell, had no new complaint
against them and were living heedless, happy lives in their own towns.

The campaign was planned with the utmost secrecy. It was agreed that
North Carolina and Virginia, South Carolina and Georgia should be attacked
simultaneously; the Overhill towns were to fall upon the back settlements of
North Carolina and Virginia; the Middle towns were to invade the outlying
districts of South Carolina; and the Lower towns were to strike the frontiers
of Georgia.

The Overhill towns which mustered about seven hundred warriors were
to move in three divisions; the first, commanded by Chuconsene or Dragging
Canoe, who has been called a savage Napoleon, was to march against the
Holston settlements; the second under Ooskiah or Abraham of Chilhowie, a
half breed chief who had fought under Washington on the frontiers of Vir-
ginia, was to attack Watauga; and the third led by Colonah or the Raven of
Echota was to scour Carters Valley.

At this time there lived in Echota a famous Indian woman named Nancy
Ward. She held the oflice of Ghigau or Beloved Woman, which not only
gave her the right to speak in council, but conferred such great power that
she might, by the wave of a swan's wing, deliver a prisoner condemned by
the council, though already tied to the stake. She was of queenly and com-
manding presence and manners and her house was furnished in a style suitable
to her high dignity. She was a successful cattle raiser and is said to have
been the first to introduce that industry among the Cherokees.

When Nancy Ward found that her people had fallen in with the plans
of Stuart and Cameron, she communicated the intelligence to a trader named
Isaac Thomas and provided him with the means of setting out as an express
to warn the back settlers of their danger. Thomas was a man of character
and a true American, who has left distinguished descendants in the State of
Louisiana. Accompanied by William Pawling, he lost no time in conveying
the alarming intelligence to the people on the Watauga and Holston. His
services were afterwards recognized and rewarded by the State of Virginia.

The information conveyed by Thomas produced great consternation on
the border. Couriers were dispatched in every direction. They had not had
an Indian war since the settlement was begun, some seven years before. There
was not a fort or block house from Wolf Hills westward. But preparations
for defense now became nervously active; the people rushed together in everv
neighborhood and hurriedly cnstructed forts and stockades. Dragging Canoe
was met at Long Island on the Holston on July 20, 1776 and defeated. Fort
Watauga was attacked at sunrise next morning by Abraham who was driven
away after having captured Mrs. William Bean and Samuel Moore, a bov
Raven upon finding the Carter's Valley in forts and prepared and having
heard of the repulses of Dragging Canoe and Abraham retired without doing
any damage.

Upon the whole, the Indian invasion was a failure, owing to the timely
warning of Nancy Ward, and the concentration of the inhabitants in forts built

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 47.

in consequence of the information she conveyed. If the well guarded secret
..f the Indian campaign had not been disclosed and they had been permitted
to steal upon the defenseles backwoodsmen, who, in fancied security, had re-
mained scattered over the extensive frontiers, every soul of them would pro-
bably have been swept from the borders of Tennessee. As it was, only slight
injury was inflicted on the Whites; a few were killed, some we're wounded
and two were taken prisoners. The boy, Samuel Moore, was burned at the
stake. The Tassel, afterwards asserted that he was the only White person
burned by the Indians in Tennessee."

Ghijfau for many years conducted an inn at Womankiller ford of the
Ocowee River and became quite wealthy, her pioperty consisting of live stock
slaves and money. The traveling public called her "Granny Ward" on ac-
count of her age and the fact that she was the widow of Bryan Ward. After
she got so old that she could not attend the councils, she sent her walking cane
and vote on all important questions and in this manner voted at Amoah, on
May 6, 1817, the renounciation of her delegated rights and in favor of the
lirst constitutional enactment of the Cherokees.

She died at her home at the Womankiller Ford of Ocowee River in the
spring of I S24.

A23. Ellis Harlans direct line of descent was:

1'. James Harlan, born about 1625 near Durham, England.

!'l-'. George Harlan, married in County Armaugh, Ireland on Septem-
ber 17, 1678, Elizabeth Duck. Came to America and settled in Chester Co.,
Pennsylvania in 1687.

I'l-'T'. Ezekial Harlan, born in County of Down, Ireland on June 16,
167'). Married Rachel Butlington.

I'l-l-'l' Ezekial Harlan, born in Chester Co., Pennsylvania on May 19,
17(»7. Married October 23, 1724 Hannah Osborn, born February 21, 1707
in Delaware Co.. Pennsylvania. Hoth lived and died in Chester Co., Penn-
sylvania.

I'1-I-M'l'. Ellis Harlan born about 173 1. Married Mrs. Catherine
Walker.

A24. Caleb Starr's direct line of descent was:

I'. John Starr of Oldcastle, County of Meath, Ireland, was according
to tradition a son of an English captain of infantry in Cromwell's army, who
settled in Ireland at the close of the civil war. John and many of his de-
scendants were members of the Society of Friends.

I'l=. John Starr born in Julv 1674 at Oldcastle. He married at Bally-
haes Meeting on June 11, 1706 Sarah Martin. They came to Chester County.
Pennsylvania, prior to 1717, but returned to Ireland and settled at Coote Hill.
County of Cavan.

ITI-'' John Starr lived in West Nantuel Township, Chester Country,
Pennsylvania. He probably died between 1771 and 1774 and his third wife;
Annie" probably died some ten years later, as their names were dropped from
the tax rolls during these years.

1'1 = 1-''I^ Alexander Starr, son of John and Annie, married Deborah

472 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEEE INDIANS

Bryant. They lived and died in Chester County, Pennsylvania. The death
of the latter occurring in 1830.

1M-1"1M''. Caleb Starr born in Chester County, Pennsylvania about
1758. He together with Joseph McMinn, emigrated to Tennessee in about
1775. He married Nannie Harlan. He owned and lived on section 9 of
FTIS, Range 1, East on Conasauga Creek, in McMinn County, Tennessee.
Mrs. Starr died in 1841 and he died in 1843.

A25. Peter Hildebrand, born May Id, 1782 in Germany. Married
Elizabeth Harlan, born August 15, 1793. She died September 19, 1826.
He was one of the Captains of Emigrant detachments in 1838-39 and lo-
cated on Flint Creek where he operated a saw, turning and grist mill. He
died on December 11, I85l.

A26. Anthony Foreman was a Scotchman. His second wife, Elizabeth
was a niece of his first wife.

A2 7. Archibald Foreman was born on January 1, 1801 and died on
May 28, 1838.

A28. Mary Ann Bigby was born on August 9, 1802. She married
David Taylor, born December 16, 1791 in Orange County, Virginia.

A29. Teesee Guess was horn in 1 789. This second wife Rebecca
Bowles was born in 1816. She died on October 12, 1866 and he died on
September 17, 1867.

A30. John Gunter was a Welchman and operated a powder mill in the
Cherokee country in 1814.

A3 1. George Lowrey was born about 1770. He and his son in law
David Brown had fhiished a Cherokee spelling book in English characters at
the time that Sequoyah announced his invention. Lucy Lowrey nee Benge
was born about 1786. She died on October lo, 1846 and he died on Oc-
tober 20, 1852.

A32. Tahlonteeskee was a prominent Chicaniauga warrior in 1792.
In the United States — Cherokee October 25, l8o5 Doublehead, who had
hitherto been an implacable war chief was granted three separate tracts of
one square mile each and Tahlonteeskee received a square mile of land on
the north bank, of the Tennessee River, for their influence in negotiating the
treaty. This action becoming unpopular, Tahlonteeskee emigrated to the
Western Cherokee country where he was elected Principal Chief in 1818.

A33. John Bowles was the son of a Scotch trader and a full blood
Cherokee woman. His father was killed and robbed by two North Carolinans
while on his way home from Charlestown with goods for his establishment
This murder was in 1768 when the son was only twelve years of age, but
within the next two years the fair complexioned, auburn haired boy had
killed both of his father's slayers. Bowles settled at Runningwater Town,
one of the Chicamauga settlements near Lookout Mountain and at this place
he became involved in an altercation with some pioneers who were floating
down the Tennessee River and killed all the boatmen in June 1 794. Bowles
and his followers now manned the boats and navigated them down to the
mouth of St. Francis River in the Spanish province of Louisiana.

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 473

On arriving at their dL-stination they placed all of the White women and
children in a boat, relinquished to them all of the furniture which thev
claimed and allowed them to descend the Mississippi River to New Orleans.

Howies and his followers joined the Cherokees that had lived in that lo-
cality for many years and he became their Chief in 1795 a position he held
until 1813. On account of the earthquake that centered in their settlement
in the winter of 1811-12, the Cherokees moved enmass to the country be-
tween Arkansas and White Rivers and a few of them settled south of the
former stream. In accordance with the United States Cherokee treaties the
limits of the Cherokee country was marked in the spring of 18 19 by William
Rector, Surveyor Oeneral of Arkansas and because it was not extended to in-
clude his town on Petit Jean Creek, on the south side of Arkansas River,
Howies with some sixty townsmen and their families emigrated in the winter
nf t8l9-2() to the Spanish colony of Texas and settled between the Trinity
and Angelina Rivers. They staid in Texas until July 16, 1839 when Bowles
was killed and his colony evicted.

A34. Michael Sanders, an Englishman from Virginia married Susie, .1
lull blood Cherokee of the Bird clan.

A 3 5. Alexander Sanders killed Chief boublehead in a drunken braw!
at Hiwassee Ferry in the summer of 1807. He was a Captain of the Chero-
kee allies of General Andrew Jackson in 181-1. It is said his name is on the
military rolls as Jeremiah.

AU>. Nancy Sanders born in 1782. Married George Harlan and Am-
brose Harnage. The latter was a White man, who died October 20, 1S4:
She died July II, 18^-1.

A ^7. Major Ridge and Oo-wa-tie, or The Ancient, were full blood
Cherokees of the Deer' clan. Thev were full brothers and born in Hiwassee
town. .Susie Wickett was a half blood English Cherokee and Susannah Reese
was a half blood Welch-Cherokee. Ridge was a Major of the Cherokee allies
of the United States soldiers in the war of 1814. He was killed at about ten
o'clock a. m. on June 22, 1839. All of Oo-wa-tie's children were known as
Watie's the tirst Oo, being dropped, except in the case of his second son Kill-
ikeenah or Buck, who out of gratitude for benefactions, adopted the name of
Elias Boudinot and his descent have always been known as Boudinots instead
nf Waties. ^, ^ ,

A38. Stand Watie was born December 12, 1806 and died September

'a39. George Ward, born March 17, 1787. Married December l5,
I SOS. I.ucv Maves, a White woman and sister of Samuel Mayes. He uas
assa.ssinated during the civil war by Pin Indians and Mrs. Ward died on Novem-
ber 1 1, 1867. , , „, , , f th .
A40. Thomas Cordery married Susannah, a tull blood Cherokee of th.

Blind Savannah clan.

A41. John Rogers, bom in 1779 in Burke County, Georgia of SoMch
and English descent, married Sarah Cordery. He was kncnvn as N"lj ""^^^
Jack- Rogers. Mrs. Rogers died on July 14, 1842 and he died on Juh 3f,
1851.

474 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

A42. Jackson Rogers born October 12, l8l6. Married February 7,
1844 Sarah G. Blackburn, born June 3, 182 1. He enlisted in Company B,
First Georgia Infantry under Colonel William Dabney. He was captured in
July 1864 and held at Camp Douglas, in Chicago, until he was parolled on
June 16, 1865. He was elected a member of the Georgia legislature in 1875.
He died May 14, 1899.

A43. Mary Daniel, born October 15, 178 7. Married Thomas Butfing-
ton and on his decease she married Lewis Blackburn, a White man, born July
17, 1778 in Stokes County, North Carolina.

A44. Malinda Wharton was born December 25, 1803 in Virginia. She
married Thomas Chisholm, born in 1 790. He was elected Third Chief of the
Western Cherokees on July 16, 1834. The Principal Chief at that time was
John Jolly and the Second Chief, was Blackcoat. Thomas Chisholm was at-
tacked with typhoid fever at the council at Tahlonteeskee and on being taken
to his home on Beatty's Prairie, he died on November 12, 1834. Mrs. Chis-
holm's second husband was William Wilson, born October 14, 18 11. She
died on February 19, 1864 and he died on June 20, 1897.

A45. David Carter born in 1807. Married Jennie Riley, born in 18 17,
He was elected Judge of Tahlequah District in 1841. Elected Senator from
the same district in 1842. He was a Justice of the Supreme Court and also
Superintendent of Education from 1836 to 1845. Resigned these to become
Editor of the Cherokee Advocate, was Chief Justice of the Cherokee Nation
from 1851 to 1854 and was later a Justice of the Supreme Court. He died
on February 1, 1867 and his wife died on March 1, 1867.

A46. Jennie Halfbreed, her brothers and sisters belonged to the Blind
Savannah clan.

A47. John Adair, a Scotchman, married Mrs. Ge-ho-ga Foster, a full
blood Cherokee of the Deer clan. She was a sister of Mrs. Dorcas Duncan,
wife of Young Charles Gordon Duncan who was also a Scotchman. Adair
had five children that lived to be grown and after her death he married Jennie
Kilgore, a White woman, by whom he had ten children.

A48. Walter Adair was born on December 11, 1783. He married on
May 15, 1804 Rachel Thompson, a White woman, born December 24, 1786.
He died on January 12, 1835 and his wife died on April 22, 1876.

A49. Walter Scott Adair was born on January 28, 1791. He married
on November 16, 1824 Nancy Harris, born in 1807. He was the first master
of the second masonic lodge in Oklahoma. He died September 26, 1854. She
died March 9, 1884.

A50. William Shorey, a Scotchman married Ghigooie a full blood
Cherokee of the Bird clan.

A5l. Mollie McDonald, born November 1, 1770. She married Daniel
Ross, a Scotchman, born in 1760 in Sutherlandshire, Scotland. She died Oc-
tober 5, 1808 and he died on May 22, 1830.

A52. Jennie Springston born December 25, l8o4. Married Joseph
Vann born in 1800. He died or October 26, 1844. She died Ausust 4,
1863.

A53. Tradition avers that Jennie Taylor, a Scotch woman married a

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 475

meniher of the English aristocracy named Fox. That thev had two sons and
then separated, the father retaining the elder, on whom "the right of primo-
geniture would vest the estates and she kept the \ounger brother, who was
thence forward known as Charles Fox-Taylor. The widow later married a Hol-
lander named Conrad and emigrated to America, settling in the vicinity of the
Cherokees. Charles Fox-Taylor married Jennie Walker, a grand daughter o!
the Ghi-ga-u, and his half brother; Hamilton Conrad married Onai, a full blood
Cherokee woman of the Bird clan. The descendants Charles Fox-Taylur
were known as Taylors.

Hamilton and Onai Conrad had five children; Rattlinggourd, Hair.
Youngwolf, Quatie and Terrapinhead Conrad. Although Hair Conrad was the
only one except a grandson of Terrepinhead who retained his full patronymic.
i'attlinggourd and his descent were always known as Rattlinggourds. Young-
'. ulfs generation were known by the family name of Wolf and Terrapinhead's
liildren and descendants were known as Terrapins, with the exception of his
nungest son, who althdugh a full brother to the other children was known
.i> Thomas Fox Cunrad.

Terrapinhead's only daughter, Jennie, married a half blood Spanish-
I Jierokee whose only name was So-sa or Goose but he became locally known
^ Dick Spaniard, on acount of his extraction. Upon his enlistment in the
. "nfederate service he gave the name So-sa and upon the adjutants query for
I christian name, he said Johnson or as the Cherokees pronounced it, Jonson
' ould do. He was killed in a skirmish at Tahlequah and Jennie named their
posthumous son; John Johnson using the father's assumed christian name for
ills surname.

A54. Jackson Rattlinggourd was born in 1809. Married Elsie Wilson
b(irn in ISo.S. She died October 4, 1884. He died on April 10, 1885.

A55. Samuel Riley, a White man, married Gu-lu-sti-yu and Ni-go-di-ge-
yu. 'They were sisters and belonged to the Long Hair clan.

A56. Loony Riley born November 12, iSoo, married in 18 18 Rachel
-tuarl, a White woman, born December 2 1, I800. He died February 28.
IHS^. She died April 15, 1883.

AS 7. Edmond Benge, who was most probably a three quarter blood
Cherokee was born in 1784. He married on July 2 5, 1810 Mary Rains, .i
White woman born December 8, 1792. She died in Georgia prior to i830
and he died on September 12, 1844.

A58. John Crutchlield, born July 20, i822 and died in September
188().

A 50. Joseph and Rock Crutchfield were the sons of a full blood Chero-
kee mother and a White trader whose trading station was near James Vann's
residence at Spring Place. Vann and Crutchfield became mixed up in a broil
in which the latteV was killed. Vann at once adopted the orphan boys and
raised them as if they were his own and when they were grown equipped them
with well improved plantations and gave several slaves to each.

A6n. John Hildebrand was a native of Germany and his first live chil-
dren were full blooded Germans. .His last four children were halt breea
Cherokee-Germans.

476 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

A6I. Elowie or Elijah Butler was born in 1817. He was converted
and joined the Methodist church when quite young. He was admitted to the
ministry on trial in October 1853 and was assigned to the Spring Creek cir-
cuit, transferred to the Senica and Delaware circuit in 1854 and to the Big
Bend of Arkansas river with Reverend Wiliam Mcintosh in 1855. A large
colony of Cherokee had for many years lived in this far western location
residing on both sides of the river, where they stayed until this section was sold
to the Osages and Pawnees and then most of them returned to the Cherokee
Nation east of the ninety sixth meridian. It was several years after Reverend
Elowie or Elijah had been in the ministry before he commenced to be known
as Butler. He was ordained a deacon in October 1858 by Bishop Early at
Skullyville. During i860 and 1861 he was again filling the station at Big
Bend. He served in the confederate army under Captain Thompson Mayes.
From 1866 to 1871 he worked on the Grand River circuit with Reverend D.
B. Cummings. He was elected Judge of Delaware District in 1867 and 1869.
His wife, Dorcas Landrum was born in 1829. Reverend "Butler was of that
type of the Indian preacher of which we have had many during the years of
our missionary work. Solid, full of purpose and fidelity, he was devoted to
his work and stuck to it under all possible circumstances."' Reverend Butler
died April 27, 1873 and Mrs. Dorcas Butler died on January 13, 1898.

A62. Sarah Hildebrand was born on November 26, 1788. She mar-
ried Blackcoat. By an act of the council at Piney on Piney Creek, Arkansas
Cherokee Nation, on September 11, 1824, it was provided that "the Execu-
tive Department of the Cherokee Government shall consist of three persons
that is, a First Chief, a Second Chief, and a Third or minor Chief, which chiefs
shall serve for a term of four years from the date of their appointment, and
the First and Second Chiefs shall receive a salary of one hundred dollars an-
nually, and the Third or minor Chief, sixty dollars."^ At that time the
Cherokees were often at war with neighboring tribes and their country was
not healthy and one or two of the chiefs might die or be killed within a few
days of each other and for that reason three chiefs were elected.

<I^

ixriibirii j>"mitlt

478

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

479

CHAPTER XX
Tlie Full Blood Cherokees' Progress. Political, Business and Social Activities

Rc'dhird Smith, who was the moving spirit of the Nighthawk branch of
the Keetoowah organization of FuU-hlood Cherokees, was horn July i9th,
1«5(), somewhere near the city of Ft. Smith, Ark. His father and mother!
t.igether with other Cherokees being enroute to Indian Territory from Geori;ia.

Pig Redbird Smith, (the name Smith being added by the white pec^ple
in Georgia because he was a blacksmith by trade), was an old and ardent ad-
herent of the ancient rituals, customs and practices of the "Long House"
group of eastern Indians of which the Cherokees were the head band or tribe.

The wife nt Pig Redbird Smith and mother of Redbird Smith was Lizzie
Hildebrand Smith, a woman who carried the best blood-lines of the Cherokees.

At an early date in the boyhood life of Redbird Smith, his father dedi-
cated him to the services and cause of the Cherokee people in accordance
with ancient customs and usages. At the early age of ten years, Redbird
received instruction at the council fires. At this time, the latter part of 1850,
Pig Redbird Smith, lUidd C^ritts and Vann, all being impressed with the virtues
•t the religious and moral codes of the ancient Keetoowah order, concluded
•p reorganize.

KEDBIKD Sx^ITH'S HOME
O.. tl.f porch iiro R.Ml.ir.l S.nitl., his Coiuuilnu.,. -.nul l'i^ ■■^♦l' -;""' "''°'»"'- *^" *'''
Urouiirl iiro his wife, 2 daunliters, 8 sons, their wn ,s and granuunmnu.

Budd Gritts. wh^~;v^^"B^ MinisterT^v^Tpr^ailed upon to draft
a Constitution and Laws of government for the use of the people m thei
group, which was compatible with the changing conditions religiously and
politically. The constitution and Laws of Government was formally adopted
and the Keetoowahs prospered and lived in peace under it tor many years.

480 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

Duriny- the period from 185'' to 18.S0, the Keetoowahs flourished and
were strongly united. Almost without exception the Keetoowahs went with
the North in the Civil War. In all this period the Keetoowahs were either
Baptists, Methodists, Presbyterians, a few Quakers, and a part of them wor-
shipped according to the rituals of the ancient Keetoowah, hut all got along
harmoniously. Dissentions came only after the white Missionaries objected
to and condemned what they termed "the Pagan Form of worship'' of the an-
cient Keetowahs, and designated as "The work of the Devil."

Influenced by these white teachers, who were conscientious and sincere
in their eltorts of Christian work, the members of the diferent denominations
became strictly sectarian in their practice, but there was still no enmity exist-
ing.

The Keetoowah Constitution and Laws of Government was amended in
1889, making it rather a political organization in character. From this period
the differences between the Christian Keetoowahs and the Ancient Keetoowahs
became more marked, and there was lack of harmony even in their policies of
political effort.

In 1895 when the question of the allotment of lands to the members of
the Five Civilized Tribes was being agitated, the ancient Keetoowahs became
very active in opposing the proposed change. In this, however, all the Kee-
toowah element were united in their opposition to any speedy change. From
this time to 1900 the following of Redbird Smith were designated universally
as the "Nighthawk Keetoowahs" because of their vigilence in their activities.

On January 3 1st, 1899, a general election was held for the purpose of
determining on what is known as the Dawes Commission Treaty. The FuU-
blocds lost by two thousand fifteen votes. The Keetoowahs were united in
their opposition to the allotment of lands and dissolution of their government,
but a part of them saw that the- change was inevitably coming and adjusted
themselves accordingly.

Redbird Smith, however, took the position that it was grossly unjust for
the United States Government, their Trustee, to precipitately plunge a large
number of his people into so radically changed conditions, he accordingly ad-
vised his following (about 5789 according to the roll of their number at that
time) that he reposed confidence in the integrity of the intentions of the Gov-
ernment of the United States to uphold its Treaty Stipulations; that sooner or
later the Government would see the injustice to the Full-bloods and would
take active measures to make amends. He therefore counselled his people
not to participate further in the deliberations of what he termed the majority
of the advocates of the change. He and his group stood steadfast in this re-
calcitrant attitude until about KMO when he became convinced that it was
usele.ss.

In 1908 his position as Chairman was officially changed by the Night-
hawk Keetoowah Council to that of Chief. An election was held for this
purpose and he was unanimously elected in that caapcity for life, which he held
and ably filled until his death, November 8th, |9i8, after a short illness of
forty-eight hours.

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

48!

Kedbird Smith was a man endowed with a -reat native ability and t;reat
enough to admit his own mistakes. In this matter he said: "After my selec-
tion as a Chief, I awakened to the grave and great responsiliilities of a leader
of men. I looked about and saw that I had led my people down a long and
teep mountain side, now it was my duty to turn and lead them back upward
and save them. The unfortunate thing in the mistakes and errors of leaders or
■ f governments is the penalty the innocent and loyal followers have to pay.
My greatest ambition has always been to think right and do right. It is my
belief that this is the fulfilling of the law of the Great Creator. In the up-
iniilding of my people it is my purpose that wc shall be spiritually right and
industrially strong."

"I have always believed that the Great Creator had a great design for
my people, the Cherokees. 1 have been taught that from my childhood up
and now in my mature manhood I recognize it as a great truth. Our forces
have been dissipated by the external forces, perhaps it has been just a train-
ing, but we must now get together as a race aui-" render our contribution to
mankind."

Ro.lbird Sniitl, (left), ;.»,! Blufor,! Sixkiner. .\sst. fl.i.'f ( li.ijl.t ), instnu-ting
ill tlic Kotoowiih Kitiial.

"We are endowed with intelligence, we are industrious, we are loyal,
and we are spiritual but we are overlooking the particular Cherokee mission
nn earth, for no man nor race is endowed with these qualifications without a
designed purpose. Work and right training is the solution of my fol wmg.
We 'as a group are still groping in darkness in many things, but this we know
we mustVork. A kindly man cannot help his neighbor m need unless he

482 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

have a surplus and he cannot have a surplus unles he works. It is so simple
and yet we have to continually remind our people of this."

"Our Mixed-hloods should not be overlooked in this program of a racial
awakening. Our pride in our ancestral heritage is our great incentive for
handing something worth while to our posterity. It is this pride in ancestry
that makes men strong and loyal for their principle in life. It is this same
pride that makes men give up their all for their Government."

In the last few years of his life Redhird Smith became obsessed with his
ambition for his people. He insisted in securing the services of one who was
willing to co-operate with him in working some industrial plan for the Night-
hawk Keetoowah Group, and he did not give up his program until he secured
an agreement with this party to serve with his people for seven years, be-
ginning with January 1st, 1918.

His program covered not only the Nighthawks, but all people of Chero-
kee blood. His great ambition was to accomplish a united spirit of co-opera-
tion among all the factors of the Cherokee people. It was distinctly not his
idea to reestablish the old and discarded regime of the Cherokee Government,
but to awaken a racial pride, so that the more fortunate of the race may be-
come great factors in helping their less fortunate brethren.

It is this spirit and ambition of his that has prevailed even after his death,
and that which his survivors in Office are carrying out in the selection of
Levi Gritts as Chief of the Cherokees. It should be understood that it is
purely a purpose of unifying the Cherokee people to a grand effort of agrand-
izing the race that it may acquit itself as a contributor to a grand race of men
in America, as Redbird called it "The Mother of the New World."

To fulfill these purposes the Cherokee Executive Council was organized,
with the following members:

Cherokee Executive Council
W. Tate Brady, Chairman of Executive Counsel, Secretary VV. M. Gulager.

Ketoowahs Incorporated :
John B. Smith, Tahlequah, Oklahoma Robert Meigs, Parkhill, Oklahoma.
Rider Ratler, Lyons, Oklahoma. Peter Cramp, Porum, Oklahoma.

Isaac Greece, Tahlequah, Oklahanma.

For the Eastern and Western:
Watt Mayes, Pryor, Oklahoma. E. N. Washbourne, Jay, Oklahoma.

James Hilderbrand, Bernice, Oklahoma. J. R. Mcintosh, Claremore, Okla.
Geo. Mayes, Pryor, Oklahoma.

Cherokee Personal Committee:

S. R. Lewis, Tulsa, Oklahoma. W. T. Brady, Tulsa, Oklahoma.

W. M. Gulager, Muskogee, Oklahoma. J. G. Sanders, Tulsa, Oklahoma.

S. G. Maxfield, Tulsa, Oklahoma.

Nighthawk Keetoowahs:

Sam Smith, Gore, Oklahoma. Sam R. Smith, Gore, Oklahoma.

John R. Smith, Gore, Oklahoma. Osie Hogshooter, Tahlequah, Oklahoma.
Alex Deerinwater Tahlequah, Oklahoma. Lincoln Towie, Tahlequah, Okla.

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

483

Delaware Cherokees:

Jo. A. Barles Dewey. Oklahoma. Geo. BuUett, Tulsa, Oklahoma.

n W-, M • "'-■" °^''''ho'^=i- Solomon Ketchum, Vinita, Oklahoma

L. Wilson, Nowata, Oklahoma.

Bluford Sixkiller, who was Rcdbird's asistant from lOos until Sept nth
1920. which he resigned on account of poor health. William Rogers succeed-
ed to h.s place by election on the same date. William Rogers is 51 years of
age and a faithful follower of Redhird Smith. He is a man of sterling- qual-
ities and has rendered invaluable service to his people.

Bluford Si.xkiller died November 23rd, 1921, aged 7i years.

Sam Smith, the son of Redbird Smith succeeded to his father's place as
Chief of the Nighthawk Keetoowahs. April 7th, 1919. He is successfully
carrying out his father's program. Makes a wise and conservative leader and
yet very progressive.

Gee Hogshooter, the secretary of the organization has served in that ca-
pacity since 1908. A man fifty years of age and an active worker and a
wise counsellor to his people.

John Redbird Smith, the official Interpreter of the Organization since
1900 and a steadfast assistant of his revered father. A man of strong con-
victions, conscientious, fearless and a very strong factor in the work of bring-
ing the Nighthawks out of the wilderness.

All of Redbird's ten living children are ardent followers of their father.
Redbird left surviving him, his wife, two daughters, eight sons and thirty-five
grandchildren.

Lucy Fields Smith, the surviving wife of Redbird's, was born near
Hraggs, Oklahoma, in 185:. Her father was Richard Fields, who at the
time of his death in Washington, D. C, was the attorney general of the Chero-
kee Nation. Her mother was Eliza Brewer Fields, who survived until Jan.
1890.

This noble and loyal wife of Redbird Smith was largely responsible for
his sucess in life. She is a wonderful mother. When her two youngest boys
departed for the Army encampment, Kian and Stokes, she calmly gave her
boys up and bade them to be courageous and acquit themselves as men.

It is a noteworthy fact that Chief Redbird, issued an edict to all the fires
of the Nighthawk Keetoowahs, calling upon all members of draft age to offer
themselves without reserve and to take no advantage of the exemption pro-
\ ided for. This was carried except in two cases.

The following named were all great factors in the work of the Keetoowah
organization: Anderson Gritts, Ned Ten Killer, Nagada Seweegbe, Joe Chewy,
I.acy Hawkins. Daniel Redbird. George Benge, Stool Jackson. George Hughes,
Ned Bullfrog. Sanee Goo-vah. Sand. Wilson Girty, Tom Horn, Charley Ketch-
er, John Wycliff, Jim WyclifT, Charley Scott, Alex McCoy, Paul Glass,
Joshua Glass, Jim Alex, Alex f^eerinwater, Jim Hogshooter, Will Sand and
George Smith.

The following notice of election' of Levi Gritts, Chief of the Cherokees,

484

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

is a splendid written document and fully explains the necessity and importance
of the election:

Box, Oklahoma, December 9th, 1920.

Mr. Levi Gritts,
Muskogee, Oklahoma.

My dear Mr. Gritts: — Pursuant to a well defined plan and program of the
Nighthawk Keetoowahs of Full-blood Cherokee Indians, you have seen desig-
nated by the Council of said Society to serve our suffering cause in the capa-
city of CHIEF OF THE CHEROKEES.

With the death of the late Chief Rogers, terminated the officially recog-
nized position of Cherokee Chief. The elimination of this office seemed at
the time to be natural and it was the concensus of opinion on the part of
the Cherokees themselves as well as the Departmental administrators of our
affairs that there was no further need of the office of a Chief in our changed
conditions.

Your attention is respectfully invited to the following analysis as we have,
in our humble way, been able to reach:

(1) Cliicf Redbird Smith. (2) Lucy Smith, his wife. (3) Mrs Ella Mc-Laiu, daugh-
ter. (4) Joliu Redbird Smith. (.5) Sam Smith. (6) Mr.'!. Susie Starr, daughter. (S)
Thomas Smith. (9) George Smith. (10) Mose Smith. (11) Kiali Smitli. (12) Stoke
Smith.

Taking the Full-blood, particularly the Nighthawk Keetoowahs, as a
basis of this analysis, we find, first; That beginning with the trying times of
the year Nineteen Hundred, these people were overwhelmed with what seemed
to them an attempt on the part of the United States government to divest
them of what they considered their vested rights; they were all too suddenly

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 485

Jivestcd of the rights and prerogatives of self determination in their National
o)vernmental atlairs, with the result that they eventually crystalized into a
recalcitrant attitude. They looked askance upon every movement of the gov-
ernment, taking the position that every move now, meant exploitation of what
little they may have left of a once vast holdings.

This unfortunate position was largely justified and amplitied by the fact
that a large number of their own blood, who had been fortunate enough to
have received the advantages of literary training, now became the allies of
the unscrupulous and exploiting hordes, who infested the country durinsi the
lid "trying times," an element, who seem to destiny itself to have designed to
1 1 ways precede the wholesome citizenry, who eventually supercede and pre-
.iominate, and held full sway for a number of years.

A further elaboration of this particular phase of our analysis is unneces-
siry with you, who lived and survived through a period of bitter and trying
experiences. The incarceration of an educated Full-blood Indian in a Penal
Institution of our new state was not beyond the intelligence of our Full-bloods.
Ihey recognized the brazen rebuke and the NOTICE TO THEM of their futile
ind hopeless position as a group and kind.

Proceeding now to the SECOND and final analysis, we submit the fol-
lowing deductions: The advance and gradual increase numerically of the sub-
tantial class of citizens, home builders and hence nation builders, and the two
decades of close contact and living in the atmosphere of intensive construc-
tive effort, of which our young state stands without a precedent; and last but
not least, the loyal and unequivocal response of not only our Full-blood
\ighthawks but of all the American Indians, to the Nation's call to Arms and
-ervice in our recent World Struggle; all contribute to rehabilitate the Indians'
elf respect and confidence in themselves, as well as confidence in the integrity
"f purpose in their behalf on the part of the Government of the Unitd States.

It is gratifying to note, that with all the effusive commendations and ex-
travagant expressions of appreciation on the part of the American people, for
the creditable manner in which our people acquitted themselves in the War
with Germany, the Indians have not become imbued with the idea of self-im-
portance. In fact, the Indians of America merely had a chance to show what
is inherently in them as a race. In their own estimation they did no more
than any loyal citizen should have done. It was a spontaneous reciprocal
response to a Great Government, who by virtue of being entangled in a World
crisis, called upon its whole people to a united effort.

There is carried with this, a new psychological angle so far as the Full-
blood Indian is concerned. For the first time in history he realizes through
the attitude of the United States Government, that his material effects and his
manhood are a National asset; that he is a part and parcel of the body politic
of a great Commonwealth. He is alert to the responsibilities of his new posi-
tion.' He is expecting participation in the administration of his affairs. He
is keenly cognizant and sensible of the new responsibilities with which he is
about to be endowed. Within a decade the restricted period shall terminate
and during that same space of time all our Claims against our Government
may be adjudicated and finally settled.

486 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

Now, confidently and sincerely these Ful-lblood Cherokees point out that
by virtue of their new position and relations they must come into closer touch
and cooperation with the supervisory and administrative agencies of the Gov-
ernment, and of their number many have no other means of communcation
except through the medium of the Cherokee language. These conditions de-
mand and require more than a mere Official Interpreter at the Departmental
offices.

From now on for the next few years the Cherokees must have a real
REPRESENTATIVE at the headquarters of the Five Civilized Tribes' agency,
for the following potent reasons: First, the unrestricted intermarried and
mixed-blood Cherokee citizens, while to all intents and purposes are like any
white American citizens, they are interested and have equitable rights in all
matters pertaining to our unadjusted claims against the United States, it is
of imperative importance that their efforts should co-ordinate with our efforts
in the accomplishment of said adjustments. This can be achieved by uniting
all forces through the one proposed REPRESENTATIVE. Secondly, the re-
stricted full-bloods, who are still possessed of restricted landed assets as well
as restricted funds, are most vitally ineterested in the administerial agencies
of the Government, particularly at this time of anticipated important changes
in the personnel as well as policies in the Departments directly affecting them.
This group being largely composed of non-English speaking people, and be-
ing by custom and practice trained to do their business through a Chief, it is
but natural and logical that now, when a united Cherokee effort is so appa-
rently necessary to accomplish anything for the good of all, they should de-
mand and designate a CHIEF.

Our determination on you for the place is not because of our desire to
confer an HONORARY position upon you, as a recognition of your former
positions in our behalf, but because we know your DEPENDABILITY AND
EFFICIENT QUALIFICATIONS for such responsibility. You are a Full-
blood Cherokee, reared and developed under Full-blood life conditions. You
understand and sympathize with the thought and life of the Full-blood. You
have had the advantages of an academic training. You are master of both
the Cherokee and the English languages. You have survived the crucial test
of the transition period of the last decade in our country. You have reached
the age of calm and conservative discernment. Those enumerated experi-
ences and advantages of your life, together with your native-born ambitions
for your people, commend you as a safe and sane leader and counsellor for
us all.

We, of the Nighthawk Keetoowah contingent of the Cherokee Indians
repose implicit confidence in the integrity of your thought and regard for the
various groups and interests of our people and sincerely feel that you are cap-
able and will render us most valuable service.

In accepting the arduous task we are thrusting upon you, we desire to
urge the necessity of immediate action and co-operation of the other factors
and groups to the end that we may be properly and effectively org-unized for
a united effort in the prosecution of our various interests. We believe that

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 487

now is the opportune time to make our representations to the dispensers of p.t
ronage of the mcom.ng administration. If the Indian manhood and his ma-
terial assets were of so vital a part to the United States in time of trouble t
.s certamly no more than just and right that we participate in a careful sel'ec-
t>on of men of recognized calibre coupled with unimpeachable character for
administrators of our material possessions of millions of dollars in value is
well as the more m-.mentous question of our moral and intellectual develop-
nient. *

THE KEETOOWAH COUNCIL, 1916.

The office of COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS is one of para-
mount interest to every Indian of the United States. Next in importance,
particularly insofar as we are concerned, is the office of Superintendent of
The Five Civilized Tribes and it is absolutely necessary that a petition
tion in this matter be immediately submitted to the proper sources of author-
ity, to the end that the demands of our INTERESTS may receive a satisfac-
tory degree of consideration.

You are therefore, by virtue hereof, and the urgent immediate demands
of our interests, and the interests of all the Cherokees, made and constituted
the CHEROKEE CHIEF.

With sincere regard and respect,
(Signed) SAM SMITH,

Chief of the Nighthawk Keetoowahs.
(SEAL)

Attest.

(Signed) Oce Hogshooter,
Secretary Nighthawk Keetoowahs.

488

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 489

Cobb, Dr. Uabel (See Grant) — Martha
Blythe, iMirn Jan. 31, 1812. Married in May
1828 Alexander Clingan, born Feb. 20, 180i
in Hawkins County, Tennessee. He died Feb-
ruary 1, iy61 and she died August 7, 186S.
They were the parents of; Evaline Clingan,
born in Bradley County, Tennessee, April l3,
1835. Married December 15, 1857, Joseph
Benson Cobb, born in Blount County, Tenn-
essee, July 26, 1828. He died March 22,
1896, and she died November 17, ims.
They were the parents of Isabel, born Oct-
ober 25, 1858; William Cowan, burn April
1, 1860 and was murdered July 27, 1880;
Martha, born December 28, 1861; Joseph
Benson, born February 21, 1863; Ale.xander
CiiiiRan, born September 15, 1864; Samuel
Sylvester, born December 12. 1865, and
Addie Malinda Cobb, born September 9,
1870.

Isabel Cobb, graduated from Female Sem-
inary, January 27, 1879, Glendale Female
<c, liege, Glendale, Ohio, June 8, 1881 and
the Wc.mans Medical- College of Pennsyl
vania May 5,1892. Since that date she has
been a regular practitioner at Wagoner.
.Martha Cobb graduated from Female Sem-
inary, June 30, 1888 and Kansas Agriculture
College June 6, 1888. Married June u,
189 1, Clement George Clarke, born Febru-
He graduated from Kansas Agricultural Col-
lege, June 6, 1888, Yale Academy in 1895,
and the Theological Course in Y;ile in 1900.
A Congregationalist minister, he was lecturer
on socialhygiene with the American Army
in France. They are the parents of Helen
Isabel born November 13, 1894, educated at
Smith College North Hampton, Massachus-
etts and Columbia College, New York City;
Dana Cobb, born January 2 7, 1898, gradu-
ated from Yale. June 21, 1S21 and Clement
Cobb Clarke, born January 29, 1904.

490

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

O. LONZO CONNER

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKHE INDIANS 491

Conner (See Duncan and Grant) O. Lonzo
Conner, born Feb. 12, 1877 at Fairland, Okla.
son of Francis Marion, (born Mar 29, 1852,
in Jasper Co., Missouri, married December
24, 1873) and Rebecca Jane (Duncan) Con-
ner, born October 29, i858 and died at
Fairland March 12, 1911. He was educated
in the Cherokee public schools, Male Sem-
inary and graduated from Robbin's Business
College, Sedalia, Missouri; he married De-
cember 30, 1896 at Beattie's Prairie, Kate
Eugenia Yeargain, born March 31, 1S7S;
she was the daughter of James Chambers,
born February 27, 1S42 in Lebanon, Tenji.
and married .March 4, 1866, and Mary Jan.'
(Kinney) Yeargain, born June 25, 1848 at
Ft. Smith, Arkansas, and died December 25.
1912 at Southwest City, Missouri. .Mrs.
Kate E. Conner was educated in the Chero-
kee public schools and the Female Seminary.
Mr. and Mrs. O. Lonzo Conner are the par-
ents of Nevada Maude, born Oct. 24, lS97,
graduated from the University of Okla. in
I'M 9, is an Easter Star and Gamma Phi Beta;
O. Lonzo J., born July IS, 1900; Clifton
Sidney, born July 16, 1902; James .Marion
born December 26, 1910 and Ramey Eugene
Conner born September 24, 1914.

The steps in O. Lonzo Conner's Masonic
history is as follows: Initiation July 7,
1898, passed August 7, and raised Septem-
ber 24, 1898 in Frisco Lodge No. 24 at
Fairland. Received Royal Arch Degree at
Vinila Chapter No. 18 September 24, 18')9;
Commandery Degree at Muskogee Com-
mandery No. 2 September 20, 1900; Council
Degree from Muskogee Council No. 2 May
26, 1915; Consistory Degree in India Coj;-
sistory McAlester April 1907; Honorary
Degree K- C. H. Washington D. C. October
1911. Royal Order of Scotland, Washington
D. C. October 1911; received the 33rd. De-
gree Honorary October 28, 1915 at Wash-
ington D. C; elected Knight of the Red
Cross Constantine in October 1914, by Si-
Louis Conclave No. 19; elected Junior Graiul
Warden of the Grand Lodge A. F. and A. M.
of the state of Oklahoma in February l9lo.
Senior Grand Warden February 1917; Dep-
uty Grand Master February 1918 and Grand
Master April I9l9. He was also the first
Ex.alted Ruler of Vinita Lodge 1162 B. P.
O. E.

492

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

CHIEF LEVI GRITTS

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

493

FLIPPIN

Flippin, Mr». J. F. (See Grant) — Mary
I 111.; Litllo. Ivrii June 24, 1875 in Walker
' ■■■, Gu., educated at Vinita. Married Sep-

inher 30, IS^-I James Fugett Flippin,
i.irn January 8, 1870 in Denton County,
Texas. They are the parents of Mary

Tlieresa, born June 29, 1S96; Ruth Aline,
burn January 1, 1902 and Rebecca Lane
Flippin, born May 16, l9o5. Mr. Flippin
has been prominently identified with the
Farmers Bank and Trust Co. from its incep-
tion.

Joseph Martin, born in Charlottsville,
Virginia in 1840, as a fur trader and planter
he became quite wealthy. He held the fol-
lowing military offices in the revolutionary
army: Captain of the Transylvania Militia,
elected in March 17 76, became Mayor Febru-
ary 17, 1779 and Lieutenant Colonel in
.March I7S1. His daughter Rachel married
Daniel Davis and the oldest son, Martin
Davis, born August 27, 1S09, married April
29, 19S0 Julia Ann Tate, born January 5,
1S22 in Habersham County, Georgia. Mar-
tin Davis died November 11, 1859 and his
widow died September 28, 1882.

.Martin and Julia Anna Davis were the par-
ents of Jane, who married William C. Pat-
ton; Rachel, married George W- Hill; Marti:i
and Theresa Lane Davis, born September U,
185 3, married February 29, iS72 William
Little, born July 8, 1840 in Walker County,
Georgia. Theresan Lane Little died March
21, 1888, and William Little died April 23,
1911. William and Theresa Lane Little were
the parents of .Mrs. Mary Lane Flippin.

Agnew, Walter S. (See Grant, Foreman
and Cordery) — Walter Scott Agnew was
born .May 16. 1842. Served the Confeder-
acy in Company B, First Cherokee Mounted
Rifles and Company E, Second Cherokee
.Mounted Volunteers. He married in De-
cember, 1866, Sarah Seabolt nee Riley,
daughter of Felix and Susie (Bigby) Riley.
,Mr. and Mrs. Agnew had one child, Laura
Agnew, who married William H. Robinson.
.Mrs. Sarah Agnew died and Mr. Agnew mar-
ried in July, 1870, Mary Elizabeth, daugh-
ter of Andrew Jackson and Lucy (Vickory)
Cobb, Iwrn May 19, 1849. Mr. and Mrs.
Agnew are residents of Muskogee. They
are the parents of: Ellen, John Lowrey,
Robert Miller. Walter Lee and Josephus E.
Agnew.

Walter Scott Agnew was elected a mem-
ber of Council from Canadian District in
187, Senator in 1889 and District Judge of
the same District in lS95.

494 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

LULU M. HEFNER

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

495

Hefner, Mrs. Lulu M. (See Ward) — Liila
May, dauKhter of James Marion and Annie
Henrietta (Prather) Tittle was born Augun
y, 187-t, educated at Vinita and the Female
Seminary; married at Lenapah December 29,
18')2 John Emory Heffner. They are the
parents of: Roy Emory, born March 13,
l'J03, and married Fredda Vinyard; Edith
Lena, horn December 18, 1905; Helen K.,
born October 2, 1905 and Ruby L., born
January 20, 1907.

Handsome attractive and resourcesful, she
has been more than ordinarily successful in
business. At the time Nowata was begin-
ning to be one of the busy oil town of Okla-
homa, Mrs. Heffner opened and conducted
the first millinery store in the city, run on
a regular metropolitan basis. She disposed
of this business and drilled a producing oil
well on her own property. This stimulus
to the first lady oil operator in Oklahoma
was followed by more oil wells, and so keen
was her discernment and judgment that she
had ahd the rare honor of never having
some of her surplus in Nowata realty, she
is the largest lady property owner in the
city. Mrs- Heffner finds time to take part
in the social affairs of the community, and
is a favorite member of different clubs. She
is also active in all movements for public
welfare.

496

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

MES. DR. LOU G. HOWELL

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 497

Howell, Mrs. Lou G. (See Curdery.
Grant, Ghigau and Oolootsa) — Lou Golt
Harris, born at Ft. Gibson .July 31, iSSo,
educated at Nowata High school and Os-
wego. Kansas, graduated from the former;
she was married January 7, 1905 to Dr.
Duniont D. Howell, born January 1-t, 1S7 4
in Murphy, North Carolina, graduated from
the Nashville .Medical College in 1903. Died
December 6, 1919; he was a Mason and Elk.
They are the parents of: Sue Catherine, born
April 25, 1906. Alfred Dumont, born April,
30, 1908; Lucile Genevieve, born December
2, 1912 and Margaret imogene, born De-
cember 2, 1914.

Charles Joseph Harris, bnrn April >\
1848, married Emma J. Walker. He died
January 30, 1892. They were the parents
of Mrs. Lou Howell.

498

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

D. W. LIFE

Lipe, Nannie E. (See Oolootsa and Down-
ing)— Major Downing of the British Army
married in the early part of the eighteenth
century a full blood Cherokee of the Wolf
Clan. Their only daughter Nancy was th^
mother of Margaret McSwain who married
Avery Vann and their eldest child; Joseph
Vann whose Cherokee name was Teaultle,
was born on February 11, 1798. He mar-
ried Catherine Rowe. Joseph Vann was a
signer of the constitution of 1827 from
Cooweescoowee Dist,, elected assistant Chief
of the Cherokee Nation September 9, 1839
and August 1859. Joseph and Catherine
Vann were the parents of Mary Francis wht,
married Edwin Archer. Mr. and Mrs. Arch-
er's daughter, Mary Elizabeth, born October
19, 1847 married Mar. l, 1871 DeWitt Clin-
ton Lipe, born February 17, 1840 in Tahle-
quah District. Mary E. Lipe died March IS,
1''14. D. W Lipe died December 6, 1916.
They were the parents of; Nannie E. born
June 14, 1872; Victoria Susie born February
1, 1874 and Lola Vann Lipe born January

28, 1877. By a previous marriage Mr. Lipe
had a son, John Gunter Lipe born December
16, 1864 and died May 19, 1913.

Misses Nannie E. and Lola V. Lipe beloni;
to the Wolf Clan the Cherokee name of the
former is, Conaluga and that of the latter is,
Ahniwake. They are both graduates of the
Oswego Female College of Oswego, Kansas.
and University Preparatory School, Clare-
more. DeWitt Clinton Lipe attended the Male
Seminary from 1852 to 1854. Handsome,
efficient, gracious with the soul of integ-
rity, Mr. Lipe was often called upon to serve
his people. Elected clerk of Cooweescoowee
District January 21, 1874 and August 2,
1875; Senator August 5, 1877, National
Treasurer November 11, 1879, Senator Aug-
ust 3, 1885 from which he resigned and
was elected for another four year term as
National Treasurer on November 14, 1895.
On the coming of Statehood he was elected
County Clerk of Rogers County for the first
two terms.

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

499

Walter A. Mayes

Mayct, Walter A. (See Grant, Foreman,
Adair, Koss and Conrad) — Cliarlette, daugh-
ter of Reverend Jesse and Eliza (Wilkerson)
Bushyhead, was born March 16, 1830.
Married May 21, l8-)6, George Washington,
son of Samuel and Nannie (Adair) Mayes,
born November 5, 1824. He was a member
of Captain M. Adair's Company, Second
Cherokee ounted Hifles. He was a member
of the Committee representing Going
Snake District in the Confederate Cherokee
Council, from 1862 to 1865. He was elect-
ed a member of the Cherokee Citizenship
Commission on December 4, 1879; and

elected High Sheriff of the Cherokee Nation
in November 1891. Mrs. Charlette Mayes
died January 23, 1878, and he died October
28, 1894. They were the parents of Jesse
Bushyhead, George Washington, Nancy Jane,
Elizabeth, Edward, Walter Adair, Johii
Thompson, and Samuel Houston Mayes.

Walter Adair Mayes was born December 9,
i860, and married in December 1S90, Nan-
nie Wright, daughter of Joseph Rogers and
.Mary (Hicks) McCoy, born March 25, 1866.
They are the parents of: Hall, George Wash-
ington, Mary Diana, Jesse Lamar, and Joseph
.Maves.

Farrar, Richard L. (See Cordery) — Sallie
Martin, daughter of Henry Hawkins and
.Mary Savannah (Harris) Oliver, was born
June 24, 1876. She married December 21,
1890. Richard Lee Farrar, born February 18,
1S66, in Gibson County, Tennessee. They
are the parents of Jessie May, born February
11, 1896; and Bruce Farrar, born Sept. 5,
1898.

.Mary Savannah, daughter of James S.
Harris, born January 12, 1858, married De-
cember 8, 1874, Henry Hawkins Oliver, who
was born November 28, 1856, in Milton
Countv, Georgia. They were the parents of
Mrs. Richard L. Farrar.

E. L. FARRAR

500 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

GEORGE W. FIELDS

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

Fieldi, George W. — Born in the Same
room, on July 10, 1882, in which the sterl-
ing old patriot, Stand Watie died on Sep-
tember 9, 1871, Senator George W. Fields
seems to have in some mystical way been
imbued with a similar character of reticent
perseverance. Reared in a community of
earnest honest integrity, where the mass
was willing to receive limited educations and
settle to lives of arduous husbandry, thus
contributing to the sane thinking and de-
liberate backbone of the glorious republic.
George Fields, as others of his mould have
done since the dawn of civilization, by
steady pertinacity, gained by frugal care and
close application on a common school edu-
cation and while working on the farm and
closing his days in the public schools came
to him the listless longing for a Male Semi-
nary educatifm, the acme of solicitude of
the patriotic Cherokee. The quiet, gentle-
manly and agreeable country lad, stinting-
ly saved small sums that gained the coveted
goal of an entrance into the Seminary, where
he graduated on May 28, 1902, using as the
subject of his oration, Sequoyah. The best
indication of the regard that the instructors
and fellow pupils had of him could be
gained by their soft inflection of speech
when they spoke of him.

Of generous physical proportions, mana-
ger of the Seminary baseball and football
teams, an athlete of more than ordinary ac-
quirements, he listened not to the call of the
plaudits of the diamond and roped arena,
but sought the quieter vocations, the teach-
er and farmer.

On April 3, 1904, Mr. Fields married at

Southwest City, Missouri, .Miss Jennie, the
accomplished and talented daughter of Mr.
and Mrs. John Glass of Chelsea, Oklahoma.

Mr. Fields like all of the prominent Chero-
kees, transferred to the State of Oklahoma
an equal mead of patriotic love and fealty
that they had evinced for their Nation, as
they felt that it was a natural fruition.

A democrat, he was nominated and elect-
ed as the first register of deeds of Delaware,
his native county, in the first state election.
The approval of his course in this office was
bestowed in reelection by his fellow citizens,
the people that had known him from boy-
hood. Five years were encompassed in
these tw'o terms and he was then elected
State Senator from the thirtieth district in
1912. In the senate he never missed a
roll call, was seldom heard on the floor but
had the reputation of being one of the most
efifeient workers of that body of able men.

In 1913, he was admitted to the bar and
opened an office early in 1920, when he
became established in Oklahoma City where
his volume of business, within two years
would bear favorable comparison with any
in the state. His reticence is that of the
anglist and omniverous student. As Attor-
ney in the Texas-Cherokee suit for repara-
tions for one and one-half million acres of
land, he has developed and is forwarding
the largest civil case of the Cherokees.

Fraternally Mr. Fields is a Mason of the
3 2nd degree, an Elk and Shriner; also a
member of the American Legion, Oklahoma
State Bar Association and of the Christian
church.

502

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

CHAS. W. POOLE

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

503

Poole, Emma G. (See Ghigau and San-
ders).— limma Gazelle, daughter of William
W. ajid Julia (Van Olhausen) Musick, born
in St. Louis, Missouri, March 20, 1864, ed-
ucated in that city and graduated from the
KnderRardeii Instruction School, taught in
that branch in St. Louis and in Worcester
Academy at Vinita, married January li,
1S88 in St. Louis Mission Charles Walton
Poole, born in the Cherokee Nation, October
25, 1859, son of John and Sarah Myra
(Harlan) Poole. He was the rii'neer mer-
chant of Chelsea, and postmaster of that
place for nine years- He was a 3 2nd degriv
Mason and Shriner. He died May 14, 1910.
Mrs. Poole is an Eeastern Star and White
Shriner, a Methodist and belongs to tkc
Dephian Club.

Charles W. and Bmma G- Poole were the
parents of Charles Walton, born September
25, 1889; Carlisle A., born April 21, IS94;
Scolt O-, horn October 2, 1889, enlisted in
the Navy in I9l7, was a yoeman on the
Minnesota, and honorably discharged in Jan-
uary 1920; Gladys C, born August 2'>. l90i
member Senior class Chelsea High School
1921 .

The parents of Emma G. Poole were
natives of Virginia; her father was born
September 2, 1862, and her mother, Octob-
er 25. 1829.

504 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

JOHN E. DeLOZIEE,

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 5o5

DeLozier, Mrs. Georgia (See Adair)

Georgia Virginia Adair was born in Whit-
field County, Georgia, January 29, 1S6'),
educated in Flint and and Cooweescoowee
District, Indian Territory. Married near
Adair January 8, 1888 to Reuben E. DeLoz-
ier, born June 20th, 1855 at Osceola, Mo.
He died at Adair, Okla., April 2). 1921.
They were the parents of Fountain G- born
Sept. 19. 1888: Manford E. born Sept. 25,
1S91; John Edward, born July l6th. 189?;
Ralph Adair, born April 4th, 1896; Hazel M.
born August 18, 1898 and Vivian V. De-
Lozier born September 3, 1901.

John Edward DeLozier was a Master .M;i-
son. John Edward enlisted in the World
War September 23, 1917 at Camp Travis,
Texas. Assigned to Company A 344th Ma-
chine Gun Batallion, 90th Division. Sailed
for France June 21, I9l8 and arrived Juiy
7. Corporal DeLozier was carrying ammuri-
tion for his platoon in the St. Mihiel drive,
when an officer asked for volunteers to go
forward and get military information and lie
offered his services. In crossing the battle-
field he was struck on the helmet by a
machine gun bullet which severely wounde.l
him in the head, from which he died tho
following day. Sept l5, I9i8. Te body of
the young hero was returned to Adair and
buried with military honors May 29, 1921.

Edward Ale.\ander. son of John and Ann
Berry (Graham) Adair was born at Dalton,
Georgia, February 25, 1S47, was a member
of Company C, Edmondson's Batallion, Geor-
gia Confederate service. .Married in Octo-
ber 1867 to Narcissa M. Harrison, born De-
cember 25, 1846, in Murray County, Geor-
gia. He was elected sheriff of Cooweescoo-
wee District August 5, 1889 and was elected
Councilor from the same District August 7,
1899. He was killed by runaway team De-
cember 3, 1901 and Mrs. Adair lives al
Adair, Oklahoma.

506

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

DARIUS E. WARD

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS S07

Wiird, Darius E. (St;e Ward and Oolootsa)
— Uarius Edwin, son of Jaines and Estho!
Susan (Hoyt) Ward was born on Beatties
Prairie, Delaware District, November 2 5,
lS5-(. Educated in Nazareth Hall, North-
ampton County, Pennsylvania. Married ai
Bethlehem, Pennsylvania November 20, lS"i
Sarah Caroline, daughter of Mrs- John
Rifter, born September 27, 1857 in Bucks
County, Penn. She died February 29, 18<)6.
They were the parents of Minnie Esther,
born September 2, 1876, married Boone
Forst Gray; Jay Herbert, born February 10.
187'), James Darius, born October 20, 1880,
llindman Hoyt, born December 14, 1885 and
died June 13, 1906; Sidney Rueds, born
January 19, 1888; Gertrude Irene, born July
31, 1889; Ruth Edna born June 22, 1893;
Sarah Ruby, born February 3, 1896. Mr.
Ward married August 9, 1897 Mary Murph,
nee Hester, born July 1, 1870 in Davidson
County, Tennessee. They were the parents
of Martha Ann born Nov. 14, 1898. Mr-
Ward is a cabinet maker. He belongs to the
Holly clan and his Cherokee name is Kee-
too-wha-gi. Is P. S. R- of Knights of Pythias.
a member of the Moravian church, was Sec-
retary of the "Old Settlers Commissioners,
elected a member of the Cherokee Board of
Education November l5, 1900 having pre-
viously been the Inspector of the building of
the Female Seminary on the part of the Na-
tion. Was County Commissioner of Chero-
kee County 1910-1912.

508

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

S. R. LEWIS

Lewis, S. R. — One of this nation's oldest
families at Jamestown in 1607 together with
those other pioneers they began hewing this
great nation from a Virginia wilderness.

This family has direct lines of descend-
ency through the Randolphs, Washingtons,
Carters and Lees each of which bears many
pages of historical importance. Eiach epoch

a Lewis to fulfill his destiny in lending his
effort to the up-building of the country.
For the purpose of this family's connection
with the Cherokee Nation the line will be-
gin of record when Thomas Jefferson sent
his young kinsman Merriweather Lewis to
join Clark in the eventful exploration of the
great Northwest. From the landing of the

of the nation's history has brought forward cavaliers in Virginia to the present day the

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

5 09

Lewis family has been conspicuous in tlie af-
fairs of this great Republic.

Alexander S. Lewis was born November
28, 1842 at Blountsville, Alabama and is the
son of Rev. Stephen M. Lewis born in 181Q
also in the state of Alabama an ordained
minister in the Presbyterian church, remov-
ed to the State of Te.xas in 1850 was a
Chaplain in Col. George Baylors regiment of
Texas Cavalry Confederate Army and served
throughout the Civil War in such capacity.
Rev. Stephen M. Lewis was a direct male
relative of the family of Merriwether Lewis,
the grtat explorer above mentioned. He
died in 1907 at the age of 88 years. Alex-
ander S- Lewis settled at Dawson, Tulsa
County, f)klah"nia, in the early eighties of
the nineteenth century, having moved from
Texas, where his parents had lived since
their removal from Alabama, and in common
with the best families of the old South they
had been reduced from affluence to poverty
by the Civil War. Mr. Lewis married Eliza-
beth P. Dawson, related to the well known
Dawson famliy of the Cherokee Nation,
whose members were admitted to Cherokee
citizenship after the Civil War. With their
arrival at Dawson the family had again ac-
quired a small competence, but through all
their vicissitudes they had retained and cher-
ished the priceless inheritance of gentility
and integrity. The children were given the
best educatonal advantages the parents could
atfcTd, which was the equipment with which
Stephen Riley Lewis entered business life.
From his beginning in the small town he
has through honest enterprise arrived at the
point of success which rehabilitates the old
family name in financial prominence, while
it always held the social position that the
family standard at ail times required.

Stephen Rilev Lewis was born Decembei
27, is;? in Hill County, Texas- He was
educated in the Dawson neighborhood and
in the Quaker Mission at Skiatook, Okla-
homa. He was admitted to the practice o.
Jaw by the United States Interior Depart-
ment in January 1902, admitted to practice
in the Supreme Courtof Oklahoma June 10,
1910 and the United States Supreme Court
March 20, I9l6. He married on March 23,
1898, Minnie Carter born in Cooweescoowee
District of the Cherokee Nation Septembei
16, 1876. She was the daughter of David

Tecumseh and Emma Williams (Chambers)
Carter, and first cousin to Congressman
Charles D. Carter. Mrs. Minnie Lewis died
December 20, 1S98. Stephen Riley Lewis
married June 12, 1907, Elizabeth Belle
Scrimsher, born September 3, 1S73. She
is the daughter of John Gunter Scrimsher,
born August 17, 1835 who was educated in
the schools of Tahlequah and at the Male
Seminary, tausht at Green Leaf school in
1S59 and married on Septembr l5th of that
Juliette Melvin Candy, born August 7, 1841,
John Gunter Scrimsher enlisted in 'the Con-
federate service at the beginning of the Civil
war and was a captain in Colonel Stand
Watie's regiment. At the close of the war
he settled on Dog Creek in Cooweescoowee
District, and was honored by that district in
the following elections: Sheriff, 1877; Sena-
tor 1883, 1887 and 1897; District Judge
1893 and he was elected by ouncil a delegate
to Washington in November 1883. Judge
Scrimsher was killed on his farm by light-
ning July 5, 1905. Judge and Mrs- Scrim-
sher were the parents of Sarah Catherine
born July 27, 1866 and married William E.
Sanders; Elizabeth Bell; Ernest Vivian, born
July 24, 1875, and Juliette born January 12,
1878, married Abraham Vandyke Robinson.

Mrs. Lewis' paternal grand-parents were
jMartin Matthew Scrimsher, born in 1806 in
Blount County, Tennessee; married Septem-
ber 22, 1831 at Creek Path, Alabama to
Elizabeth Hunt Gunter, born in September
1804.

Martin Scrimsher was one of the argo-
nauts of 18 49 that made the trip to Califor-
nia- He died in 1865, and Mrs. Elizabeth
Hunt Scrimsher died a sudden death at the
residence of Judge Scrimsher in Claremore
on February 14, 1877- She was the daugh-
ter of John Gunter an Englishman, who
came to the Cherokee Country East of the
Mississippi in 1760. He was a powder mak-
er and owned and operated a mill at Nico-
jack. His wife was Catherine, a full blood
Cherokee of the Paint Clan. She died Au-
gust 11, 1S35, and he died the 28th of the
same month and year.

Mrs. Elizabeth Lewis' maternal grand-
parents were George Washington, and Eliza-
beth Hughes (Bell) Candy. George Wash-
ington Candy was District Judge of Flint
District in 1S45-7.

510

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

WILLIAM PENN ADAIR

Adair, William P- (See Grant, Gliigau, aiiJ
Adair) — William Penn, son of Dr. Walter
Thompson and Mary B. Adair was born
January 10, 1861, educated at Male Semi-
nary. Married at Salina, April 12, 1891
Margaret, daughter of Virgil and Eliza Rog-
ers, born May 25, 1875. They are the par-
ents of DeWitt Jacob, born January 14,
1892, married Josephine Hume; Walter
Thompson, born June 2, 1894, married Lina
B. Reagan; Mary Ellen, September 18, 1897

and William Commodore Adair, born Octo-
ber 17, 1905.

Mr. Adair belongs to the Deer Clan and
his Cherokee name is Augona. He is the
owner of the telephone exchange at Adair.

John and Edward Adair, Scotchman and
brothers, married into the Cherokee Nation
in about 17 70. John was the father of Wal-
ter Adair, called "Black Watt' and Edwar;!
had a son, Walter Scott Adair, called "Red
Watt' Adair. Dr. Walter Thompson Adair,
son of Geo. Washington and grandson of
"Black Watt' married Mary Buffington Adair
the daughter of "Red Watt" Adair and they
were the parents of William Penn Adair, the
Subject of sketch.

Mary Buffington Adair graduated from the
Female Seminary in the first class in Feb-
ruary, 1855. While the parents of Mrs.
Adair were both Rogers' before their mar-
riage, they were not blood relatives.

Gourd, Ellis R. (See Conrad and Riley) —
Ellis R., son of Ellis R. and Susan (Riley)
Gourd was born April 22, 1864. Educated
in the Cherokee national schools. Married
October 10, 1886 Martha Miller, born Sep-
tember 15, 1865. They are the parents of
John Ellis, William Penn, Bonnielynn and
Lucinda R. Gourd.

Rattlinggourd Conrad married Polly Ton-
ey and their son Jackson Rattlinggourd
was born in 1809. Married Elsie Wilson,
born in 1808. He was judge of Tahlequah
District from 1862 until 1873. Mrs. Elsie
R. Gourd died October 4, 1884 and he died
April 10, 1885. Their son Ellis R. Gourd
married Susan, daughter of Felix and Annie
(Hendricks) Riley. Ellis R Gourd Sr. died
March 22, 1864.

E. B. GOURD

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

511

JOHNGUNTERSAl^DERS

Sanders, John Gunter (See Ghigau, San-
ders. Ocilooisa and Adair) — John Gunter,
II i.f William Edward and Sarah Catherine
-crimsher) Sanders was horn at the San-
tli-rs homestead, southwest of Claremore
Mound on April 23, 1841. He was educated
.11 Claremore Public Schools, A. and .M. Col-
i;e, Stillwater, Okia, and Henry Kendall
■lleRe, Tulsa, Okla. Gentlemanly and re-
rved Mr. Sanders is one of the foremost
'A most progressive members of his tribe.
; distinKuished lineage it is but naturel that
'should take a leaders place in the councils
! the Cherokee.
His father was born in Going Snake Dis-
trict April 2, 1861, just as the calamitous
war clouds spread desolation over the happy
homes of the Cherokees. Four years later
the impoverished tribe returned to their
desolate land, when during the ne.xt several
vears not only was the educational advan-
u:es inadequate but stark poverty was gen-
i.il in the entire border lanj. During these
years of privations William Edward Sanders
passed thrr>uKh the ordinary school years
with scant educational advantages. He did
not despair hut worked ajid applied himself
until it would have been hard to imagine
' ii Halsell's genial and polished young
' ich boss had not had the advantages of a
university. His party in seeking a strong
man for sheriff of Cooweescoowee District
liise him in 1885. He was elected and
lie such general satisfaction that he was
Mly reelected. He refused to run in 1S89
J devoted himself to improving his farm
I Verdigris River. This farm site had in
the first quarter of the eichteenth century.

been the location of a peach orchard that
was owned and maintained by Clareniore's
band of Osages and for that reason it had
been known locally as the "Osage Peach
Orchard."

Mr. Sanders was married at the residence
of his friend. Judge Walter Adair Starr, on
March 2, 1890 to Sarah Catherine, the
popular and gracious daughter of Judge and
Mrs. John Gunter Scrimsher, born July 2 7,
1866. Two happy years sped by for them,
John Gunter was born and at the succeed-
ing August election the suffrages of a satis-
fied constituency recalled the father to the
office of sheriff. But on January 28, 1892
the dark angel of death called the blessed
mother, after a few days of pneumonia. So
well had Sheriff Sanders served his people
that they elected him to the Senate at the
elction of 1893. As sheriff and county
commissioner, Mr. Sanders is at present one
of the most popular and respected citizens
of Rogers County. Adair, Gunter, Sanders
and Candy, a noble heritage to represent
and defend by life's actions-
John G. Sanders, the subject of this
sketch, is a member of the Cherokee Execu-
tive Council (The business committee desig-
nated to attend to Cherokee tribal affairs.)
He has devoted a good part of his time dur-
ing the past two years to tribal matters and
is one of the delegates appointed to repre-
sent the Cherokee Executive Council before
the Congress at Washington D. C- at the
present Session. Mr. Sanders lives in the
Citv of Tulsa with his uncle. Mr. S. R.
Lewis, and is a very popular and highlv re-
spected young man.

512

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

BUENA VISTA WHITE

Buena Vista White — Daughter of Jackson and Harriett White. Talala. ukla.. born Oc-
tober 22, 1891. Graduated from Henry Kendall College June 9, 1909; Hardin College. Me.xico,
Mo., degree of L. B, and Voice. May 28, 1912. Did special work in voice with Composer
Daniel Prothero, Chicago; special work in Pedagogy at University of Chicago; was special
instructor in city schools of Collinsville. Claremore, Tulsa. Bartlesville and Muskogee; at
present Musical Supervisor in Central High School. Muskogee.

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 513

White, Mrs. J. C (See Grant and Duncan)
— Helen Duncan, daughter of George W. and
Mary (McLaughlin) Hughes, born at St.
Gibson April 21, 187-1. Educated at Tahle-
quah and the Female Seminary. Married at
rt. Gibson December 25, 1890, Jackson Cal-
houn, son of Joseph and Harriett White
born February 17, 1862 in Calhoun county,
Mississippi. They are the parents of Buena
Vista White, born October 22, 1891. Grad-
uated from the Henry Kendall college June
'J, 1901; graduated from Hardin College,
Mexico, Missouri, May 28, 19 12 with B. L.
degree and Voice. Has done much special
work in voice with composer Daniel Pro-
thero of Chicago; also special work in Peda-
gogy at the University of Chicago. Was
special instructor in the city schools of Col-
linsville 1913-14, Claremore 19i5, Tulsa,
Bartlesville and Muskogee; was special in-
structor in music at the Northeastern Normal
at Tahlequah, summer of 1915. Is at pres-
ent musical supervisor at Central High
School Muskogee.

■Mr. White conducts a grain business at
Talala. He is a member of the W. O. W.
and Modern Woodmen Fraternities.

The royal families of Melaghlins of the
Hy-Nial race of Meath are so named because
they are the descendants of Maelseachlain 11,
king of Ireland who died in 1022 A. D. In
the mutations of time the name has been
changed to .McLaughlin, or the sons of

514

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

MRS. EMMA CAREY

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

515

Carey, Mrs. Emma- (See Downing and
Thompson). — Emma McDonald was born at
Fort Gibson, August 13, 1871, educated at
Western Female Seminary, Oxford, Oliio, and
Presbyterian .Mission, Muskogee, from wliich
she graduated. She taught five years in the
public schools of the Cherokee Nation, and
married at Fort Gibson January 27, 1894,
William Vann Carey, educated in the Chero-
kee public schools and Male Seminary. He
was a handsome man of charming person-
ality, had the inherent polish of a scholar
and wrote an e.xcellent hand. He was elect-
ed Clerk of the Cooweescoowee District Au-
gust 3, 1885, and August 1, 1887, and was
President of the Cherokee Board of Educa-
tion from 1893 to 1897. He died June IV.
1900.

Mr. and Mrs. Carey were the parents of:
Fiona Vann. born October 2S, 1895, grad-
uated from Stevens College, Columbia, Mis-
souri, and is a commercial artist in Chi-
cago. Sansa Vera Pann, born April 5, 1S97,
educated at Stevens College Conservatory
of Music, and is one the Lyceum and Chau-
tauqua circuit; Majora Bartles, born Novem-
ber 27, 1898, graduated from Stevens Col-
lege and is instructor in Domestic Science
in Nowata City Schools; and William Vann
Carey is a member of the 1^22 class at
Westminster, Fulton, Missouri.

William Vann Carey was the sun of Kev-
Walker and Malinda (Downing) Carey and
;Mrs. Emma Carey is the d.iugter of Jack
and Jane (Scott) McDonald.

516

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

GEORGE ADAIR

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 517

Adair, George (See Adair and Grant) —
Ge.irKe Adair, born at Braggs May 24, 1887,
educated in the Cherokee Public Schools.
Married at Nowata in 1907 Edna F., daugh-
ter of Mr. and Mrs. Adolphus McCoy. He
enlisted for the World War on September
19, 1917 and was assigned to the 3 6th Di-
vision, was taken from the firing line in
France and placed with other full blood
Cherokees in the telephone service, where
they foiled the German "listeners in" by re-
peating, receiving, and transmitting the mili-
tary orders in the Cherokee language
Young Adair, who like all full blood Chero-
kees, is intensely patriotic and counts this
service among the proudest days of his life,
for was he not fighting shoulder to shoul-
der with his kilted kinsmen of Scotland.

Henry Ganoe, son of George M. and
Catherine (Fields) Adair married Caroline
Bunch and they were the parents of George
Adair (See sketch of his brother, Levi
Adair)

518

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

DAVIS HILL

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

519

Hill, (Stc; Grant and Ghigau)— Davis Hi'!
horn Sept. 21, i863 at Lafayette, Georgia
was educated at Ringold and Cedar Grove,
Ga. He married at Vinita on November 29,'
1888 Fannie Elizabeth Parks, born January
9, 1871 at Elk Mills, Missouri. She was
educated at the Orphan Asylum and Howard
Payne College. Fayette, Missouri. Mr. and
Mrs. Davis Hill are the parents of: George
Robert born Oct. 26, 1890; James Julian,
born Sept. 20, 1892; Wm. Thompson, born
February 22, 1895; Rachel born August
2 3. 1897; John Ruskin born May IS, 1899;
Maria Anna born April 6, i9oi; Francis
Elizabeth born July 5, 1903; Mary Davis
born January 25, 1906; Orval Hall, born
Feb. 12, 1908 and Josephine Almira born
Sept. 16, 1911.

Mrs. Davis Hill is the daughter cpf Thoims
Jefferson Parks, born Oct. IS, lS2l and
married Anna Thompson born Sept. 11,
1830. He died May 6, 18S3.

Joseph Martin born about l74o in AI-
bermarle County Virginia; he was elected
Capt. of Transylvania Militia of the Revolu-
tionary army in 1776; became Major on
Feb. 17, 17 79 and Lieut. Col. in March
1781. His daughter Nannie married Jeter
Lynch and was the great grand-mother of
Mrs. Davis Hill. Sabra the daughter of Jo-
seph Martin and the sister of Mrs. Nannie
Lynch married Daniel Davis and was the
great gand-molher of Davis Hill.

Davis Hill has an enviable record as an
e.K-member of the state School Board which
was an unsolicited appointment. Three of
the sons of Mr. and Mrs. Hill saw service ir.
the World War, James J. Capt. William T.
and John R., while their brother George
was rejected on account of being under-
weight.

520

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

LUCIEN W. BXJTFINGTON

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

Buffington, Nancy G. (See Grant, Ghigau,
Oolimisa. Adair and Ross) — Nancy G. Gunt-
er was born lebruary 19, 1867 in Ft- Smith,
irkansas. She was educated in the Public
Schools of the Cherokee Nation and at the
Female Seminary- She married at Vinita on
April •), 1886, Lucien Webster Buffington,
born August 15, 185 7 on Beatties Prairie,
Deleware District. He was educated in tlii
Public Schools of that vicinity- He came as
a boy to Vinita, shortly after it was estab-
lished and lived there until his death, which
occurred on December 3. 1919. Quiet, un-
ostentatious and gentlemanly he accumulated
an extra competence and for several yea's
preceding his death had been president of
the Vinita National Bank. He was elected
Town Lot Commissioner in 1886 and 1888.
He was the son of William Wirt and .los-
ephine (Bell) Buffington and his parental

grand-parents were John Adair and Jennie
(-Martin) Bell-
Nancy G. Buffington is the daughter of
Samuel and Fannie (Daniel) Gunter- San-
uel Gunter was born March 16, 1840 in Ski;i
Bayou uistricl. He was the most intrepia
and daring of Watie's Captains. He mar-
ried in 1864 at Spencer Academy, Choctaw
Nation, Fannie, the daughter of Robert Buf-
fington and Ann (Taylor) Daniel. Robert
B- Daniel was elected Senator from Deleware
District in 1847, Clerk of the Senate in 184')
and Assistant Chief of the Cherokee Nation
in 1871. He died January 16, 1873.

Captain Samuel and Fannie Gunter were
the parents of Nannie E, John Edward, born
November 12, 1869 and Sarnie, born July
31. 1873 and married Andrew Bell Cunning-
ham.

GEORGE McCOY

McCoy, George (See U(pwning) — .Major
Downing, an officer in the British army, mar-
ried a full blood Cherokee woman of the
Wolf Clan and their daughter, Nannie, mar-
ried McSwain. Their daughter, Eliz-
abeth McSwain, married David Welch and
they were the parents of Elizabeth, George
Washington and Sidney Welch. Elizabeth
Welch, born November 11, 1811, married

Joshua Buffington, Isaac Ragsdale, Ni.x

and iMoses Alberty. George Washington
Welch married Margaret Jones. He died
March 20. 184o, and she died July 26,
1851.

Elizabeth Welch had no children by her
marriage with Nix and her children by her
other three marriages were: Nannie Buf-
fington, David Welch and Winnie Jane Rags-
dale; Eli Snow and George Washington Al-
berty.

George Washington and Margaret (Jones)
Welch's children were: David, born Sep-
tember 15, 1819: Lemuel Bruenton, born
September 15, l824; Sidney, born July 9,

KS27; Diana, born June 9, 1831; Margaret
Ann, born December i7, 1832; George,
born July 2 , 1837, and Rosanna Welch,
born in May, 1840. David Welch married
Harriette Elizabeth Smithwick. Lemuel
Bruenton Welch married Mary Ann Harris;
Sidney Welch married Prince Albert Carnes,
and John Wilkey. Diana Welch married
.Joseph Henry Carnes. Margaret Ann Welch
married William Green Ward. George Welch
married Nannie Jones. Rosanna Welch mar-
ried McCoy and their children were: Julia
Ann, George, John William, James Willis,
Elizabeth, Lucinda, Sallie and Ida McCoy.
Julia McCoy married William Oscar Ames.
George McCoy married Victoria Fuller. John
William McCoy married Isabelle King. James
Willis McCoy married Martha Thomason. Lu-
cinda McCoy married Irving Ward. Sallie
McCoy married James Odle-

George and Victoria (Fuller) McCoy were
the parents of William B., Ida R. V.. and
Elsie McCoy.

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

HOUSTON B. TEEHEE

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

523

Tehee, Hou«ton Benge (See Oolootsa) —
Houston Benge Tehee, whose activity has
spelled success, is well known as the Regis-
ter of the Treasury of the United States,
whose name appears on all of the Govern-
ment bonds issued during the world war per-
iod and is now a Vice-President and the
Treasurer and General Manager of the Con-
tinental Asphalt and Petroleum Company,
' ith headquarters in Oklahoma City- In
riiius ways he has been closely identified
ilh the development and upbuilding of this
section of the country, his efforts being at
all times a tangible element in the growth
and progress that has wrought a most won-
derful transformation in Oklahoma within
the past few decades. Mr. Tehee was born
in the Cherokee Nation, now Sequoyah
I'.ounly, Oklahoma. October 31. 1S74, and
.1 representative of two of the old promi-
ont Cherokee families ,lhe Teehee and
Uenge families. On the rolls of the Chero-
kee Nation his father is listed as seven-
•rhths Cherokee. Houston B. Teehee as
v-eighlhs. His mother was a one-half
iierokee. her death occurring prior to the
rollment. The father, Stephen Teehee.
IS born in the Cherokee Nation of Georgia.
member 25, 1837. and died in the Chero-
• Nation of the Indian Terrilfiry in 1907.
I he mother, who bore the maiden name of
Rhoda Benge. was born in the Chert>kee Na-
tion of the Indian Territory and passed away
in 1886 at the comparatively early age of
thirty-nine years. • The father had come to
the Indian Territory in young manhood. He
had obtained a common school education in
the Indian schools and afterward engaged in
farming. Throughout his life he remained
.1 student of men and events and became one
the most prominent citizens of the fu-
re Stale of Oklahoma. From 1867 until
tS'16 he was closely identified with public
affairs of the Cherokee Nation .serving as
district clerk, as district solicitor and as cir-
cuit iudge and his decisions in the last
named office were noted for justice and im-
partiality. He served likewise as a member
o flhe council and of the senate and was a
member of the Executive Council. He like-
wise was made a member of the grand
council and was assistant chief of the Nation.
He also did most effective religious work.
being a minister of the Baptist church and
preaching extensively to his people. He

spoke entirely in the Cherokee toni;ue and
was universally honored and loved. His life
was an example to the younger generation
and an inspiration to all with whom he came
in contact. He made his home near Salli-
saw, Oklahoma. His was a large family,
there being two sets of children, but only
two of the first set survive; Houston B. and
Stephen B.. the latter now connected with
the United States Merchant Marine. The
name was originally Tehee but on the Indian
rolls the spelling was changed to the present
form. The name has figured prominently
upon the pages of history of the Indian
Territory and later in connection with the
development of the State of Oklahoma and
the work instituted by the father has been
carried on by the son, for Houston B. Tee-
hee is today one of the prominent and in-
fluential residents of Oklahoma City.

His boyhood days were spent on the home
farm, and imbued by the example of his
father, his boyhood ambition was to become
as good and upright a man as was his sire.
He attended the common schools and after-
ward the .Male Sejiiinary at Tahlequah. while
for one year he was a student in the Fort
Worth University. He afterward returned
to Tahlequah, where he engaged in merv-
chandising as a clerk for a period of ten
years. He afterward spent two years as
cashier in the Cherokee National Bank of
Tahlequah. While thus engaged he studied
law under the direction of the Hon. John H.
Pitchford, who is now a Justice of the Su-
preme Court of Oklahoma, and in March,
1907, was admitted to the bar. He resign-
ed his position as bank cashier in June.
190S. and entered upon the practice of his
profession in Tahlequah, devoting his atten-
tion to probate oil and gas law. His practice
soon became extensive and of a very import-
ant character, connecting him with much of
the notable litigations heard in the courts of
the district. He likewise became very prom-
inent in connection with public affairs there,
serving as Alderman of Tahlequah from 1902
until 1906. In l908 he was elected to the
office of Mayor and remained the chief exe-
cutive of the city for two years. He also
filled out an unexpired term as County At-
torney, succeeding his law partner W. L.
Johns. In 1911 and 19 13 he was elected to
represent his district in the third and fourth
general assembly of Oklahoma, where he

524

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

was noted as an authority on constitutional
law, and in 1914 he was appointed United
States probate attorney. In 1915 he went
to Washington, D. C, as Register of the
United States Treasury. His entire career
has been marked by steady progress. The
money which he obtained from the Chero-
kee strip was used in paying his tuition in
the Fort Worth University. He thus early
displayed his ambition and the elementary
strength of his character. Step by step he
has advanced, each forward step bringing
him into a field of wider opportunities and
broader usefulness. In 1919 he became
Treasurer of the Seamans Oil Company and
The R. E. Seamans Company, Inc., of New
York City and Oklahoma City, and in 1921
he was made Treasurer and General Mana-
ger of all of the Seamans Oil Company in-
terests under the name of the Continental
Asphalt and Petroleum Company and was
elected as one of its Vice-Presidents. While
in Washington he was very active in promot-
ing Indian matters generally, as well as in
performing the duties of his position in con-
nection with the United States Treasury.
He now devotes the major part of his at-
tention to his oil business. He makes his
legal home in Cherokee County where he
has a beautiful residence of the bungalow
type, the house being surrounded by spa-
cious grounds and being one of the show
places of Cherokee County.

Mr. Teehee was married in Tahlequah.

December 11, 1898, to Miss Mayme Hage-
lund, who was born in Marion, Alabama.
Her parents were natives of Sweden and in
their youth came to the United States, set-
tling in Alabama, the father's death occur-
ring in Marion. They were parents of two
children. Mrs. Hagelund went to Chatta-
nooga, Tennessee, and later became the wife
of Dr. Stephen Foreman, one of the fore-
most physicians and leading citizens of the
Cherokees. In 1893 they removed to Tahle-
quah. Mrs. Teehee occupies a very promi-
nent social position. While they have no
children, they have reared the children of
Dr. Stephen and Mrs. Foreman since the lat-
ter's death. These are: Sue, now the wife
of Roy J. Wiggins, an officer of the First
State Bank of Tahlequah; John D. R. Fore-
man of Chattanooga, and Frank Foreman
living in Sapulpa.

Mr. Teehee acts as counselor and adviser
to many representatives of the Cherokee Na-
tion. He greatly enjoys the out-of-doors
and is a lover of nature and all that is beau-
tiful. He also finds keenest pleasure in lit-
erature and his constant reading keeps him
in touch with the trend of modern thought
and progress. He belongs to Cherokee
Lodge A. F. & A. M., the oldest Masonic
lodge of Oklahoma, and he likewise has a
membership with the Knights of Pythias and
the Woodmen of the World, while his re-
ligious faith is indicated by his membership
in the Presbyterian Church.

HISTORY OH THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

RICHARD FIELD

526 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

Schrimther, John Gunter (See Ghigau, Oo-
lootsa and Adair)— Katie, a fullblood Chero-
kee woman of the "Paint" clan, married
.lohn Gunter who in 1S14 was a powder
maker. He died August 28, 1835. And
Mrs. Katie Gunter died August 11, 1835.
Their daughter Elizabeth Hunt Gunter, born
in September 1804, married September 22,
1831, Martin Matthew Schrimsher, born in
1S06, in Blount County, Tennessee. Mr.
Schrimsher was one of the emigrants to Cal-
ifornia in 184'), but only stayed in that sec-
tion for a short time, returning to the Chero-
kee Nation. He died in 1856. Mrs. Schrim-
sher died at John G. Schrimsher's home near
Claremore, February 14, 187 7. Their son,
John Gunter Schrimsher was born August
17, 183 5. He was educated at the Male Sem-
inary, and married on September I5th, 1859,
Juliette Melisno, daughter of George Wash-
ington and Elizabeth Hughes (Bell) Candy.
born August 7, 1S41.

John G. Schrimsher settled in Coowees-
coowee District before the Civil war, and
represented that district in the Confederate
Council from 1862 to 1866. He was a Cap-
tain in the Confederate service and at the
close of the Civil war in 1867, was Sheriff
of Cooweescoowee District; and was elected
to the same office in 1877. He was elected
Senator of Cooweescoowee District in 1S70
and 1883; and was elected a delegate to
Washington in 1883 and 1SS5. Was elect-
ed Judge of Cooweescoowee District in
1S<)3. and Senator from the same District in
18')7. He was killed by lightning on the
morning of July 5, 1905.

Mr. and Mrs. Scrinisher were the parents
of Sarah Catherine, who married William Ed-
ward Sanders; Eliz;ibeth Bell who married
Stephen Riley Lewis; Ernest Vivian, who
married Susan Phillips; Juliette Melvina
Schrimsher who married Abraham Vandvke
Robinson.

.Mrs. Schrimsh..'r makes her home with her
daughter, Mrs. Stephen Riley Lewis in
Tulsa.

Mr. Schrimsher was a man of rare judg-
ment and discernment. He was e.xceeding-
ly popular as was evidenced by the number
of offices to which he was elected. He was
a member of the Masonic fraternity.

527

528 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

JOHN C. STARR

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 529

Starr, J. C. (See Ghigau and Grant) —
James, son of Ezelcial and Mary (Upshaw)
Starr, was born in Tennessee on February
n, 1883. He served the Confederacv in
Captain George Harlan Starr's company. His
first wife was Sarah Byers and they were the
parents of: Mary, who married James Man-
uel Price; Charlotte Elizabeth, who married
Richard Welch, John Stocker and Henry
Harrison Sanders. George Washington Starr
was the third and youngest child of James
and Sarah Starr. After the death of Mrs.
Sarah Starr, James Starr married on Decem-
ber 28, 1869, Mrs. Emma Jane Evans,
daughter of John and Rachel (Smith) Rider,
born September 8, 1842. Mrs. Emma Jane
Starr had by her first husband, one daugh-
ter: Minnie Louisa Evans, who married Tee-
see Chambers.

James and Emma Jane Starr were the
parents of: John Caleb, Lulu, Jessie, Emma,
Ezekial and Susan Starr. John Caleb Starr
was born October 15, 1870. Graduated
from the Male Seminary December 12, 1890
and received the following diplomas from
the Fort Smith Business College: Bookkeep-
ing, May 28, 1891; Penmanship, May 26,
1892; and Stenography May 29, 1893. He
married October 16, 1894, Miss Elizabeth
Belle Zimmerman, born March 9, 1870, in
Clinton, Missouri. They are the parents of:
Jessie Belle, James Clarence, Martha E. and
Charles J. Starr. Jessie Belle Starr married
John Turner Dameron.

John Caleb Starr, who was one of the
best, if not the best, stenographers and pen-
men among the Cherokees, was the secre-
tary to the Cherokee Commissioners that
made the final roll of the tribe. When this
task was finished he was admitted to the bar
and became actively interested in oil produc-
tion. He is at present one of the largest
land owners in Oklahoma and his oil inter-
ests are so large that he requires a large of-
fice to house his records and employs a sten-
ographer and bookkeeper, besides doing an
immense amount of the executive and cleri-
cal work himself. His hobby is farming. An
omniverous worker, a tireless student and
an analytical thinker, Mr. Starr is always a
man of the people and progressive citizen.
His son, James Clarence Starr, has won lau-
rels as an orator in the eastern colleges.

530 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

Q. P. McGlIEE

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

531

McGhee. Quilliki P._Qui||iki phUlips,
son <if Till, mas Jefferson and Martha (Han-
na) jMcGhee, is a native of Delaware District
in wliich District he was educated. He mar-
ried Miss Letitia Hanna and they were the
parents of two children. Airs. Letitia Mc-
Ghee died and he married her sister.

Thomas Jefferson, son of Ambrose and
Judith (Cochran) McGhee, married Martha
Hanna and they were the parents of: Sam-
uel Albert, James M., Thomas Jefferson.
Viola, Clero, Saladin C., Joseph Fox and
Quilliki P. McGhee. Thomas Jefferson .Mc-
Ghee, Sr. was First Lieutenant of Company
E of the First Cherokee Mounted Volunteers
in the Confederate service. He was elected
Shriff of Delaware District in 1867 and was
elected Clerk of the same District in iSSo,
1881, 1883, 1885 and 1889. A brilliant in-
terpreter and orator, he was one of the most
popular and progressive citizens of Dela-
ware District. Reared by such a father it
was but natural that the talented and force-
ful son, Ou'll'ki P. should be endowed with
a logical and analytical mind that would
render him one of the most successful at-
torneys and jurists of northeastern Okla-
homa. He was admitted to the bar in De-
cember l')14 and his large legal practice
has rendered him a wealthy one. While ac-
tive in the councils of the republican party
he never allowed his name to be used in
connection with any office until 1920, when
he was elected County Judge of Ottawa
County by an immense majority.

532

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

OCE HOGSHOOTEE

Secretary of the Nighthawk Katoowah

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

533

JANANNA BALLAKD

534

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

W. H. BALLARD

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 535

Ballard, W. H. (See Grant, Ghigua, and
Ward) — William, son of Archibald and Annie
(Fields) Ballard, was born jMay 29, 1852.
Married December 26, l87l Charlotte Mayes
and they were the parents of: Janana, Anna,
Ruth May, Ethel Savilla and Zoe Wyly Bal-
lard.

This family furnished the largest number
of graduates from the Seminaries, they being
as follows: Janana in 1896, Anna in 1897,
Lucinda in 1899, Sarah Eleanor in 1902,
William Houston in 1904 and Ruth May in
1906. Miss Janana is and has been a teach-
er in the Northeastern State Normal since
its inception. Anna married Crawford Con-
ner. Lucinda married William Lee Harlan.
Sarah Eleanor married Roy Woods. Ruth
May married Frank Fleming. Ethel Savilla
married Robert Hall. Zoe Wyly married
Harold Bunch. William Houston, born May
2<i, 1884, married Anna Buchanan, born De-
cember 2 5, 1889. They were the parents
of Tesquantnee Swimmer Ballard, born Feb-
ruary 14, 1906. Mrs. Anna Ballard is now
deceased. William Houston Ballard was
elected District Clerk of Delaware County
in 1910 and 1912. He is at present Deputy
Clerk of Muskogee County.

536

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

MARY EILEY ROBERTS

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS 537

Robert.-., Mrs. W. A. (See Reily and Ghi-
Kau) — Mary, daughter of Samuel King and
Sallie A. (Rider) Riley was born at DoalvS-
ville, Choctaw Nation, February 2, 1S66,
educated at the Cherokee Orphan Asylum.
Married July 29, 1885 William Emory Ro-
berts, horn September 24, lS6l near Parker-
burg, Indiana. They are the parents of:
James Thomas, born November 20, 1886,
married Mabel N. Howard and has one son,
James Thomas Roberts, a soldier in the
World War. Charles Arthur, burn September
10, 1891, served with the 20th Engineers
in the Wohdr War, married Ethel Shufeldt;
William Edward born November 5, 1S88, was
a Second Lieutenant in the World War;
Floyd Bryan Roberts, born October 29.
1896.

Of reserved, gracious presence, Mrs. Ro-
berts has always been a social favorite.
She is a Methodist, Eastern Star, White
Shriner and Historian of the United Daugh-
ters of the Confederacy.

538 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

DR. JAMES GRADY HARRIS

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

539

Harris, Dr. James Grady (See Cordery) —
I'arker Ci)llins hum November 9, 1S45, mar-
ried AiiKeline Davis born July 19, 1859, in
OeKalb Co., Ala. They are the parents of
Robert Harris, born Dec. 19, 1S82; Col-
onel Parker Harris, born July 3, 1885; Emily
Harris, born April 29, 1887; Dr. James
Grady Harris, born February IS, 1889; Susie
Ella Harris, born September 4, 1890; Mary
Vann Harris, born October 10, 1893; George
Harris, born November 14, 1895; Martha
Harris, bori; June 2, 1899; Ida Harris, born
Marhc 1, 1901, and Catherine Harris.

Dr. James Grady Harris was educated in
(he Male Seminary, Northeastern State Nor-
mal, and the Medical Department of the
University of Tennessee, graduating from the
latter institution. He is a 32nd degree Ma-
son. Shriner and Elk. He is also a member
of the Kappa Psi .Medical Fraternity. He
served in the U. S. Army during the World
War as Captain, and served at the Base Hos-
pital at Camp Bowie, Texas, from September
1017 to September I9l8; and Assistant to
Camp Surgeon, Camp Shelby, Mississippi
from September 1918 to April 1919. He is
a member of the .Muskogee County and
State .Medical Societies, and of the Southern
Medical Association.

540

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

MRS. EMILY W. BREEDLOVE

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

541

WILLIAM T. WILSON

OF
WILSON'S KOCK, AEK.

542

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

Breedlove — Maliiida, daughter of Wil-
liam and Jamima (Bryant) Wiiarton,
was born in Virginia December 25, 1S03.
Married in 1819 Thomas, son of John D.
and Martha (Holmes) Chisholm, born in
1793 and died November 12, 183 4. They
were the parents of: Jane Elizabeth, Alfred
Finney, William Wharton, and Narcissa Clerk
Chisholm. Mrs. Malinda Chisholm married
in January 1S36 William, son of George and
Ruth (Springston) Wilson, born October 14,
1911. She died February 19, 1864 and he
died June 30, 1897. They were the parents
of Emily Walker and William Wilson. Jane
Elizabeth Chisholm married Joseph Blagne
Lynde and Caswell Wright Bruton. Alfred
Finney Chisholm married Margaret Harper.
William Wharton Chisholm married Susie
Pindar; they had two children: Alice, who
married James Henry Cobb and Narcissa
Chisholm, married Matthew Archer and
Frank Taylor.

Narcissa Clark Chisholm married Robert
Latham Owen; they were the parents of
Major William Otway Owen, M. D. and Uni-
ted States Senator Robert Latham Owen.
Emily Walker Wilson born October 5, 1836
married October 1, 1875 Napoleon Bona-
parte, son of James W. and Maria (Win-
chester) Breedlove, born August 11, 1825
in Sunnier County, Tennessee. He was suc-
cessively regimental, brigade, division and
departmental quartermaster of the Trans-
.Mississippi Confederate Units. He died No-
vember V, 1911. They were the parents of:
Lelia Wilson, Waller Winchester, Emma
Maria, Florence and Jennie Breedlove. Lelia
Wilson Breedlove, born April 13, 185 9 in
New Orleans. Married September 27, 1881
James Senora Stapler, born September 27,
1856. She died April 16, 1898, and he died
in July 1906. They were the parents of:

Lorena Oklahoma, born March 26, 1885;
Anna Bryan, born November 13, 1887; Ot-
way Hicks, born September 13, 1890 and
John Wharton Stapler, born July 25, 1897.
Waller Winchester Breedlove was born Janu-
ary 13, 1861. Married June 1, 1887 Pris-
cilla Williams, born July 10, 1866 in Shaw-
nee, Kansas. He was elected a member of
Council from Delaware District, August 3,
1903. Emma Maria Breedlove was born
September 16, 1863. Graduated from the
Female Seminary June 28, 1883, and was
drowned May 24, 1888. Florence Breed-
love, born December 28, 1869, married Sep-
tember 6, 1893 Othie Andres Smith, born
■April 21, 1868. They are the parents of:
Lee Breedlove, born July 28, 1894 and died
October 16, 19l8; Lelia Lucile, born Feb-
ruary 15, 1896; Ruth Emily, born Decem-
ber 4, 1897, and Owen Philip Smith, born
February 4, 1906. Jennie Breedlove was
born April 1, 1873 and died January 3 0,
189 5. William Wilson born January 9,
184 3 married Alice Coody and they died
without descent.

Thomas Wharton was created Marquis of
Wharton, by King George I, in l7l5 and his
son Philip Wharton, born in 1698 was, on
account of his brilliant attainments as an ora-
tor and leader in parliament, made Duke of
Wharton on January 20, 1718. He died at
Catalona, Spain May 31, 1731. His son,
Sir William Wharton was the father of Sam-
uel Wharton. Jesse son of Samuel Whar-
ton was the father of Jesse Wharton, Jr.
William, the son of Jesse Wharton, Jr. mar-
ried Jamima Bryant of Abingdon, Virginia
and they were the parents of Malinda, Mar-
garet, Mary and Violet Wharton. Malinda,
daughter of William and Jamima (Bryant)
Wharton married Thomas Chisholm and
William Wilson.

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

543

CHAPTER XXI

S! ,!^ffrT'' "P'''"7'^^ ''' parenthesis at the beghming of each paragraph
hllnrmj the name refers to the conmction among the foregoing old families

Alberty, Judge B. W. ~

(See Downing) —
Bluford West Alberly, born February' i/,
1853. He married September 7, 1884 Lou-
vinia Jane Adair nee Lewis, born May 13,
1862 in Washington County, Arkansas liav-
inK previously been elected as a member of
the Supreme Court. He was elected Chief
Justice on November 15, 1892. On the
coming of statehood he was elected the first
Judge of Adair County in 1907.

Alberly, John Wright — Born July 26,
isil. .Married April 15, 1852 Clara We.U
nee BufliiiKlon, born 1825. She died July
186-1 and he died August 29, l9o5. They
were the parents of Bluford West Alberty

d Ellis B. Alberty, May 185 4, died l>ec. l,
; -SO, Mose Alberty, April 1857, died Nov.
II, 1891, Joseph Vann Alberty, July i860.
living, Elizabeth Jane, April 1863 — April
M67. John Wright Alberty was a member
t Captain George 11- Starr's company in tli;
'■nfederate Cherokee Mounted Rilfe Regi-
ment. He was elected Chief Justice of the
I herokee Nation in 1883-

Adair, John M. — (Oolootsa and Adair) —
'■■hii .Martin Adair, born at Fort Gibson,
' Mie 3, 1858. Attended Shurtleff College.
rved in Troop L. First United States Vol-
unteer ("avalry in the Spanish American War.
This regiment was known as the "Rough
Riders" and his commander was Colonel
: lieodore Roosevelt. Captain Allyn Caproii,
.iptain of Troop L was in the battles of
ih.it war that was fought in Cuba. .lohn M.
Adair married at Tahlequah in l'H>3 Til-
phena Terrell, born in IS71.

Adair, Robert E. (See Grant. Adair, Mc
Nair and Koss — Robert Enimett, son of
Brice Martin and Sarah (McNair) Adair was
born in Salina District, December 16, lS6l,
educated at the Cherokee Orphan Asylum
and .Male Seminary. Married November S,
189 3 Ida Lavinia Elliott, born at Muskogee.
March 30, 1871, educated at Harrell Insti-
tute, Muskogee. Thev are the parents of
Rollin Elliott, born September 4, 189 4-
George Washington, born .March 27, 1896,
Fredrick Burl, born October 3, 1897, John
William, born December 22, 1899, Emmett
Rav, born April 4, 1908 and Arthur Allen
Adair, born September 7, 191 1. Mr. Adair

was elected District Clerk of Salina District.
August 5, 1889.

In the first quarter of the eighteenth cen-
tury, William Martin, a wealthy merchant of
Bristol, bought the ship, "Brice" gave it
to his son Joseph and sent him to Virginia
to keep him from marrying a girl that the
father objected to. Joseph married Susan-
nah Childs and settled on a large estaate
near Charlottsville in Albemarle County,
Virginia. Their son Joseph was elected
Captain of Transylvania Militia in the
American service in 1776, became Maior
February 17, 17 79 and Lieutenant Colonel
iii March i7Sl. Elected Brigadier General
of North Carolina December 15, 1787 and
appointed Brigadier General of Virginia by
Governor "Light Horse Harry" Lee on Dec-
ember II, 1893. The name Brice has always
been used in the Martin descent both in and
out of the Cherokee Nation. General Mar-
tin's grand-daughter; Martha or "Patsy"
married George Washington Adair and they
were the grand parents of Robert Emmett
Adair. Mrs Ida L. Adair is the daughter of
George Washington and Ann Eliza (Ke'-r)
Elliott and grand-daugter of Fredrick A- and
Louise Jane (Coody) Kerr. Mr. Adair be-
longs to the Wolf Clan and Mrs. Adair be-
langs to the Bird Clan.

Arnold, E. B. (See Grant. Ghigau and
Adair) — Ernest Brigham Arnold, born May
2. ISS4. Educated at Cumberland Uni-
versity, Lebanon, Tennessee from which
he graduated with the LLB. degree in 1905-
He married Clyde Horn, born Aug. 23, 1888.
She graduated fro Female Seminary May 31,
1906. They are the parents of: Hamilton La-
verne born June 28, 1912 and Thomas Brig-
ham Arnold, born Jan. 11, 1914. Ernest
Brigham Arnold was elected County Attorney
of Adair Co. in 1907 and District Judge of
the First District in 191S and resigned from
that position on August 1st, 1921 in order
that he might reassume his law practice.

Junies Warren Adair married Susanah De-
borah Bean and their daughter Minerva Cor-
nelia, married Thomas H. Horn and they
were the parents of Mrs. E. B. Arnold.

Armstrong, Mrs. A. W. (See Cordery and
McNair)— Marv Elizabeth, daughter of David
McNair and ary J. (Strickland) Rogers,

born

544

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

Bristol, England in order to break up a love
match, furnished his youngest son, Joseph
with a ship named the "Brice" and sent him
to Virginia, where Joseph married Susannah
Childs, member of a prominent Colonial
family, and settled near Charlottesville Ai-
bermarle county in that state. Their third
son Joseph, was born in 1840- He became
a fur trader and amassed a fortune. He held
the following military positions: Captain of
the Transylvania Militia, elected in 1776
became Major February 17, 1779 and Lieut.
Col. in 1781. He was elected Brig. Genl.
of North Carolina by the Legislature Dec
15, 1787 and was commissioned Brig. Gen.
of the 20th. Brigade of Virginia Militia by
Gov. Henry Lee Dec 11, 1793. He was the
father of Martha called "Patsy" Martin, who
married George Washington, the son of John
and Gahoka Adair. George Washington and
Martha Adair were the parents of Brice Mar-
tin Adair who married Sarah McNair. They
were the parents of Rolllin K. Adair, Town-
site Commissioner 1888 and Superintendent
of the Male Seminary 1895-99.
(See Ross).

Adair, Mrs. Joseph W. (See Ross) Cora

AnnSayers, born near Pryor, February 28,
1896. Married at Big Cabin, July 2, 1916,
Joseph William, son of Allen and Kittie
Adair, born September 8th, 1891, in Harri-
son County, Kentucky. They are the par-
ents of Virginia Elizabeth, born August 22,
1918 and Allen Sayers Adair, born March
26, 1919, Mr. Adair is a farmer near Pryor.

Henry Drew, son of Abner and Nancy Jane
(Coody) Sayers was born March 9, 1862
Married October 5, 1892,, Dora Thompson,
born March 11, 1869 in Macom County,
Missouri. Henry Drew died March 28, 1899.

Allton, Mrs- Joseph M. (See Cordery and
Carter) — Thomas Cordery, an Irishman mar-
ried Susannah, a full blood Cherokee of the
Blind Savannah Clan. Their daughter Susie
married John Mosley and they were the par-
ents of Sarah Ruth Mosley, born in l8-tl
married October 16, 1864 Lewis Clark Ram-
sey, who served in the civil war in Captain
Benjamin Wisner Carter's company. After
his death Mrs. Ramsey married January 5,
1877 Ezekial Taylor,
married Jannuary 5, 1877 Ezekial Taylor.

Lewis Clark and Sarah Ruth Ramsey were
*he parents of Susan Elizabeth Ramsey, borr
December 7, 1866, educated in the Chero-
kee Orphan Asylum and Female Seminary.

Married at Oowala July 31, 1888 JosepJ"
Morgan, son of David and Eliza (Billingsley)
Allton, born July 31, 1856 in Virginia. They
are the parents of: David Clark, Percy Sam-
uel and Charles Joseph Allton. David Clark
Alton born June 30, 1889 married Maude
Mamie Vincent, their children are: Frances
Russell, born January 4, 1910; Dick Vincent,
born January 2, 1911; David C, born July
13, 1912; Buford Kedrick, born May 15,
1915 and Maurine Allton, born September

6, .917. Percy Samuel Allton born May 25,
1893. Married Cherokee Jones and his one
son, Joseph Jones Allton, born September

7, 1920. Charles Joseph Allton born Decem-
ber 29, 1897. Married August 2, 1919 Pearl
Jane Hanson, born in August 1898. They
are the parents of Martha Sue Alton, born
November 20, 1920.

Alberty, William T. (See Grant and Down-
ing)— William Towers Alberty, born No-
vember 25, 1888. Enlisted in the world
war in September 1917. Assigned to the
Nintieth Division, 358th Infantry as team-
ster. Sailed for France June 20, 1918, was
in the offensive operations at St. Mihiel and
Argonne Forest and after the Armistice was
with the Army of Occupation, returned to
the United Statse in June I9l9 and was
discharged at Camp Paike on the twenty-
second of that month. Married at Clare-
more, June 28, 1920, Elizabeth, daughter of
Grant and Nannie Barker, born May 11, 1902
in Minifee County, Kentucky. They are the
parents of Udolphus Grant Alberty, born
June 28, 1921.

Jacob Udolphus, son of John D. and Jen-
nie (Buffington) Alberty married Annie ;
Charlotte, daughter of Ellis and Charlotte
(Eaton) Towers, were the parents of Will-
iam Towers Alberty.

Adair, E. E. (See Adair and Ghigau) —
Edward Everett, son of John Thompson
and Penelope (Mayfield) Adair, born
They are the parents of: Jessie Alice Adair
born May 20, ISSO married Moses Frye
Sanders, they had one daughter, Mary Lou-
venia Sanders, born November 16, 1904.
Mrs. Sanders died and the daughter has bee.i
reared by Mr. and Mrs. Adair; Cherokee
April 15, 1853, married June 29, 1879
Rachel Louvenia Twist, born May 25, 1859.
Cornelia Adair, born September 26, 1883,
married Hoolie Sanders. She died Septem-
ber 11, 1907. The third and fourth daugh-

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

545

ters of Mr. and Mrs. E. E. Adair were Sarah
Kuth, torn August 23, 1886, died .May 21,
1894 and Elizabeth M- Adair, horn Septem-
ber IS, 1891 ,died August 3, 1S93.

Edward Everette Adair was elected Clerk
of Sequoyah District August 3, 1885. Elect-
ed Councilor from the same district August
1, 1887 and August 5, 1895. During the
former incumbency he was one of the "Im-
mortal fourteen" that sustained Chief Joel
B. Mayes in his effort to get a better rental
price for the Outlet. Mr. Adair is engaged
in farming and stockraising, takes an active
part in movements of public welfare and
ranks among the leaders of his community.

Bass, Josie Gertrude, (See Foreman, Cord-
ery. Grant and Riley) — Josephine Gertrude
daughter of John Anthony and Eliza Mary
Blythe Foreman was born Tuesday November

19. 1872. Educated at Oowala and Fema!'^
Seminary. Mairied at Talala, September 3 0,
1897 Willim Robert Bass, born September
15, 1872 in Wilson county, Tennesee. He
died February 3, 19 12. They were the par-
ents of: Robert Morris. Educated at Ra-
mona and Oklahoma University, born July

20, 1898 and Harold E. Bass, born May 16.
1903.

John Anthdnv, son of Reverend Stephen
and Sallie VV. (Riley) Foreman was born at
Park Hill, June 10, 1844. Educated at Park
Hill and served the Confederacy in the
Cherokee Mounted Volunteers. Married
July 8, 1869 Eliza Mary, daughter of James
Chastain and Sarah Jamima (Rogers) Bly-
the, born February 10, 1850. She died April
13, 1879. He was elected Judge of Coowees-
coowee District August 6, 1883. Judge
Foreman's second wife was Nancy Amanda
Smith. She was at that time in "young
ladies school" as Matron, Las Vegas. New
.Mexico. She died December 12, 1920.

Blake, Samuel C. (See Downing, Gore) —
Samuel Coke Blake, born at Cane Hill, Wash-
ington, Washington Co. Ark. April 10, 1862,
educated in that county, married at Wagon-
er, June 10. 1888, Georgia Anna Pharris,
born Oct- 5, 1867 at Petaiuma, Calif. They
are the parents of: Jennie Agnes, born Aug-
ust 23, 1889, married Charles E. Stamps:
Nita Emorv, born February 11. 1892. mar-
ried Charles Alonzo Spencer and has two
children, Myrtle Caroline, born February 5.

I'Ml and Alonzo Blake Spencer, born March
24. r)l9: John Fenlnn, born September 4,
1894; Albert Watts, born .May 17, 1897;
Georgia Kezzie, born April 18, 1900, mar-
ried October 24, 19 19, Clifford Moore and
has one son, Samuel Marion Moore, born
December 17, 1920; Mabel Heber, born No-
vember 23, 1903; Hester Keep, born January
30, 1906 and Ruby Opal Blake, born Novem-
ber 2, 1909.

Samuel Blake, born January 5, 1S18, in
Ryde, Isle of Wright, England, and married
.Martha Jane Pyratt who was born in 1824.
She died in I'M 4 and Samuel Blake died in
1S7S. They were the parents of Samuel
Ciike Blake. James and Kate (Finley)
Pyratt, natives of North Carolina, settled
thirteen miles west of Little Rock, Arkan-
sas, in 1812. and moved to Cane Hill, Wash-
ington County. Arkansas, 1827. Since that
time the Pvratt's have been socially prom-
inent in Arkansas.

.Margaret Downing, a Cherdkee, married
Bledsoe Gore, a white man, and their daugh-
ter. Agnes Gore, born April 10, 1829. mar-
ried April 1, 1850, Pleasant Holloman Phar-
ris, born July 11, 1826, in Tennessee. He
served in the sixth Missouri Cavalry in the
Mexican War. He died January 1893 and
Mrs. Agnes Pharris died in 1913. They were
the parents of Mrs. Samuel Coke Blake.
Samuel Coke Blake is the founder and breed-
er of the Famous Blake Horse, near Pryor,

Brown, Mrs. N. R. (See Grant) — Jennie E.
Cole btirn in Cooweescoowee District, Jan.
16, 1887, married at Pryor Dec. 24, 1902,
N. R., son of John W. and Catherine Brown,
born Nov. 8, 1881, in Hickman County,
Kentucky.

They are the parents of Herbert Reed,
born .March 27, ri04, Virgie D. born June
6, 1906; Owen, born August 2. 1911; Elmer
Jackson, born March 7, 1917 and John Wes-
ley Brown, born June 13, 1919.

Mary L., daughter of Henry C- and Aman-
da Jane (Rogers) Fields was born Sept. 10,
1866. Married January 20, 1884, John
Ct)le, born June 12. 1858 in Kentucky.
They are the parents of Mrs. N. R. Brown.
.Mrs. Brown is the great great great grand-
daughter of Richard Fields, Chief of the
Texas Cherokees.

546

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

Blount, Mrs. Oscar (See England) Eulalah
Sophronia, daughter of John Wesley and Ida
Josephine (Jenkins) Harris was born near
Vinita, Sept. 5, 1S90, educated at Female
Seminary and Willie Halsell College. Married
at Vinita, Nov. 6, 1909 Oscar, son of Web-
ster W. and Anise Blount, born April 7, 18S4
in Carroll County, Missouri. They are the
parents of Beulah Ethel, born November 2,
1910; Flora Cornelia, born March 4, 1921
and Oscar Harris Blount, born December 15,
1913. Mr. Blount is a farmer near Vinita.

Ida Josephine, daughter of Elias H. and
Arminda (England) Jenkins married John
Wesley Harris and they are the parents of
Mrs. Eulah Sophronia Blount who was nam-
ed for her parental aunt Mrs. Eulalah May
Lukenbill, who died in 1889.

The Blounts are of ancient Norman blood,
the first Blount in England accompanied
William ,the Conquorer, in October 1066.
The head of the family was created Lord
Blount by the King on December 3, 1326.
A branch of the family came to America,
settled in Tennessee where members be-
came Governors and United States Senators.
Blount County in that state is named for
them.

Brown, Mrs. C. W. (See Grant and
Sanders) — Delores Cole, born January 24,
ISSO, educated at the Presbyterian Col-
lege at Tahlequah. Married at Pryor
January 23, 1900, Charles Wesley Brown,
born M.ay l5th, 1873. in Hickman County,
Clinton. Kentucky. They are the parents
of Delores Ethylene, born April 10, 1902
and Gordon Wesley, born October 23,
1919. Mr. Brown is a farmer. Mr. and
Mrs. Brown are members of the Methodist
church. She is an Eastern Star and a Re-
becca.

Nannie, daughter of Johnson and Margaret
(Winters) Vann, married Daniel Boone
Cole and thev were the parents of Mrs.
Charles Wesley Brown.

Belcher, Mrs. A. M. (See Cordery and
Grant) — Cora Mary, daughter of William
Davidson, and Mary Jane (Baumgarner)
Clingan was born at Gibson station, Chero-
kee Nation May 12, 1878, educated at the
Female Seminary, and Cottey College, Ne-
vada, Missouri; married at Wagoner Novem-
ber 21, 1911, Rev. A. M. Belcher, born
February 22, 1867 in BUintsville, Ala. They
are the parents of Bruce Clingan Belcher,
born ,Iune 14, 1912 at Henryetta. Okla.

Reverend Belcher is a South Methodist
and built the first church to be erected in
Wagoner. Mrs- Belcher is a member of the
Home Missionary Society and the Eastern
Star.

Bird, William (See Cochran) — Emily,
daughter of Price and Lucy (Keener) Coch-
ran, born August 17, 1869. Married Dec.
27, 1884. Jerry Watts. Married Dec. 25,
1891 William, son of James and Elizabeth
Bird. She is the mother of Edward Watts,
born Jan. 5, 1887. Served in France in Co.
"C" 358th Infantry from June 20, 1918 to
June 27, 1919. Tessie Bird, born March 4,
1898; Lucinda Bird, born June 10, 1901;
Mary Bird, born October 23, 1904; William
Bird, born November 5, 1908 and Ona Bird
born August 27, 1910. Mrs. Bird's Chero-
kee name is Ai-tsi.

Bates, Mrs. Dr. S. R. (See Downing) —
Hattie Lindsey, born Jan- 3, 1872, educated
at Chouteau and Female Seminary. Married
January 20, 1900, Dr. Samuel Ralston Bates,
born Jan. 2, 1870 in Winchester, Tenn. He
graduated from the Medical Department of
Vanderbilt University in May 1897.

The heads of the Scottish house of Lind-
say at different dates were Sir Walter Lind-
say in 1116 A. D., David Lindsay who was
created first Earl of Crawford in 1398 and
Ale.xander Lindsay who became Earl of Bal-
carres, January 9, 1651. Mrs. Bates' mother
was the daughter of Joel Mayes Bryan. The
first Bryan to become a citizen of England
was Richard Fitz Gilbert Bryan, who ac-
companied his cousin, William the Con-
queror to England in October 1066. He was
the son of Gilbert, Count of Brione in Nor-
mandy, whose father was Richard 111, Duke
of Normandy, who was the uncle of William
the Conqueror. Richard 111 was the son of
Richard the Good, Duke of Normandy by
his wife; Judith of Rennes. iJichard the
Good, was the son of Richard 1, Duke of Nor-
mandy and he was the son of William "Long-
sword" Duke of Normandy from 927 to 943.
Duke William was the son of Robert, the
king who overrun northern France, married
in 912 Gisele, daughter of Charles IV, King
of France and became the first Duke of Nor-
mandy in 911. Duke Robert was the son of
Pegvald the Rich, Jarl of Norway.

Baugh, Mr. J. L. (See Grant. Downing,
Ghigau, Foreman, Ross and Conrad) — Joel
Lindsey Baugh, born Jan. S, 1858. Educated
in Male Seminary. Married Aug. 19. 1888

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

54 7

Sue Adair, daughter of Jacob West and Char-
lotte (West) Markham, born July 25, 1S72.
She died March 15, 1899 and he married at
Locust Grove, May 30, 1901, Nannie Scales,
daughter of John Taylor and Mary Elizabetli

Bachtel, Mrs. Mary Jane (See England.
Ghigau and Hildebrand) — Mary Jane, daugh-
ter of William and Arminda (England) Eng-
land was born on Honey Creek, Delaware
District, Cherokee Nation. December 30,
1S48. Her first husband was James Frank-
lin Williams, born July 3 0. 1844 and died
November S, 18 73- They were the parents
of: Joseph Lowrey Williams, b(-)rn November
30. 1866; Genevieve Shanahan, born Decem-
ber 28. 1868 and Martha Jane Sanders, born
April 9, 1871. Mrs. Williams second hus-
band was William Habish, who died October
3. 1883. Their daughter, Louise, born
June 23, 1878, married George T. Harrell.
Mrs. Habish's third husband, Daniel Bachtel,
was born August 14, 1845 and died March
22, 189 7. They were the parents of: Dan-
iel Lorenzo, born May 28, 1887; Otis, born
September 9, 1889 and Elza Bachtel, born
■March 2, lS9l. Daniel Lorenzo Bachtel
was a member of Headquarters Co. 3 3 2,
Quarter Masters Corps having entered serv-
ice June 27, 1918 was in service overseas
from July 26, 19l8 to July 18. I9l9 as
sergeant. Discharged at Camp Pike, Julv
30, 1919. Elza Bachtel entered service
June 27, 1918. Member A. E. F. August
22, 1918 to June 22, I9l9. Assigned to
Company 165 Depot Brigade July 2, 1918.
Appointed Corporal .March 14. I9i9. Dis-
charged at Camp Pike. July 5, 1919.

Baker, Mrs. Margaret. (See Ward) —
.Margaret .M. Ward, born January 10, 1886.
educated at Female Seminary. Married at
Bryan's Chapel. January 17, 1886, Joseph
Franklin Baker. He died October 9, 191 5.
They were the parents of: Ollie Jane, born
December 4, 1886. married Claude Cullison;
John Oscar, born April 17. 1888. married
Nannie .McNair; Joseph Franklin, born Sep-
tember 24. 1890; Odessa Margaret, born
July 25. lS9S; Vera, born June 22, 1905;
and Frank, born April 15. 190S. Mrs- Baker
is engaged in farming, dairying and poultry
raising.

John S., son of Bryan and Temperance
(Stansil) Ward, was born October 7. 1920.
Married July 27. 185 7. Jane Loveless, born
May 1, 1842. She died January 16, l89o.

and he died June 15, 1806. They were
the parents of .Mrs. .Margaret H. Baker.

Beamer, William. (See Foreman and Gus-
oduesga.) — William Beamer, born in 1853,
educated in Kansas City- Married in 1872,
Alice Towie. They are the parents of: Sam-
uel, born August 14. 1873; Nannie, born
July 3, 1875; Eliz;ibeth. born March 21,
1S7S, married Charles Teehee; Louaniia,
born September 1, ISSO; Emeline, born
.March 15. 1882; Ida. born .March 1, 1891;
and George Beamer. born .May 26, 1894. .Mr.
Beamer is an ordained minister of the Bap-
tist church and a member of the order of
I. O. O. F.

Elizabeth, a half blood Cherokee, married
William Springston, an English trader and
their son Ediey Springston. married Eliza-
beth Foreman, and their daughter, Mary,
married John Henry and George Beamer.
George and Marv (Foreman) Beamer were
the parents of Fev. William Beamer. the sub-
ject of this sketch.

Billingslea (See Oolootsa. Ross, Sanders
and Ghigan.) — Jeannette Starr was born
Februarv l6. lSo2. in Tahlequah. She was
educated in the Cherokee public schools and
graduated from Female Seminary July 2,
1880. .Married at Vinita April 1. 1885.
Frank Alexander Billingslea. born August 9,
1851. in Crawfordville, Taliaferro County,
Ga. He died May 9, 19 13. They were the
parents of Dollie Willie, born at Vinita, Au-
gust 21. 1887, and Joseph Billingslea. born
July 17, 1891 in Vinita.

Thomas, son of James and Lettie Boyd
(Chambers) Starr, was born March 12,
1840, married August 20, i860, Dollie
Eunice, daughter of Anderson and Mary
(Nave) Lowrey. born February 10. 1840.
Thomas Starr died December 25, 1862. Jean-
nette Starr was their only child.

Frank Ale.xander Billingslea's first wife.
Joanna Gillis. a second cousin of Mrs. Jean-
nette Billingslea. Frank A. and Joanna (Gil-
lis) Billingslea had three children; McLeod
Edward, born October 25, 1875; Frank Da-
ley, born November 3. 1887; and Helen Es-
tella Billingslea, born January, 1880. and
married William Frank Pierce.

Frank Alexander Billingslea was elected a
member of the Council on August 3, 1890,
without the solicitation of a single vote.

.Mrs. Billingslea belongs to the Methodist
church and was very active as a special

548

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

worker in the Red Cross service during the
World war. Her son, Joseph, was in active
service.

(McCoy) Drew, born October 24, 1S77. Mr.
Baiigh's children by his first wife are: Char-
lotte, born Jnly 2 1, 1889; Joel Lindsey, born
April 2", 18'»3; Roscoe Randall, born Jan-
uary 14, ISi^iS; on war being declared
against Germany he volunteered and was on
the offensive line until the armistice was
signed; and Edgar Baugh, born May 5, 1897,
married August 3rd, I9l7, Mary Si.xkiller,
born August 21, 18^9, and they are the par-
ents of Dollie Belle and Margie Jane Baugh.
Joel Lindsey Baugh is a man of striking per-
sonality, his democracy of spirit renders him
very popular. He was elected Senator from
Cooweescoowee District, August 3, 1891 and
Clerk of the Senate in 1903. He was assoc-
iated with his grandfather Bryan in winning
the "Old Settlers" Cherokee claim and is
at present postmaster at Choteau. In 190l
he was appointed by the Principal Chief of
the Cherokee Nation as an attorney with W.
W. Hastings before the Dawes Commission
in making the final rolls of citizenship of the
Cherokee Nation.

Joel Mayes Bryan, born October 22, 1809,
and died August 7, 1898, was the father of
Charlotte Bryan, horn September 21, 1833,
married July 19, 1854, John H. Baugh, born
March 3, 1S25. in Alabama. They were the
parents of Joel Lindsey Baugh. The first
known Bryan in English history was Gilbert,
Count of Brionne, who accompanied his
cousin, William the Conqueror, in October,
1066; he was France, the grandson of Rich-
ard III, Duke of Normandy, uncle of William
the Conqueror, and descendent in the
twelfth generation from Charlemagne.

Benge, Oce (See Grant, Ghigau, Foreman
and Conrad) — Richard Fields Benge, com-
nionlv called "Oce" Benge, was born in Tah-
lequah District, September 9, i85l. Married
at Locust Grove, February 18, 1883, Martha
Adair, daughter of George Washington and
Cherokee (Ratliff) Brewer, born July 7,
1861, and educated in Female Seminary.
Thev are the parents of Georgia Alma, born
April 30, 1885, married William C. Johnston
April 4, 1919; Eleanor Osceola, born Jan-
uary IS, 188 7, married C. A. Dunham Oct-
ober 3, 1913, parents of Roy Mills, born
September 1, I9i5, and Beatrice Eleanore
Durham, born July 28, 1919; Lelia Leone,

born December 16, 1892, married Wm.
Cecil McLaughlin, March 28, 1919. They
are the parents of Cecil Benge McLaughlin,
born May 10, 1921; Dora Elizabeth, born
September 4, 1896, and Senora Benge, born
July 2, 1902. Mr. Benge is a farmer near
Adair. He was elected Sheriff of Saline Dis-
trict August 6, 1883 and August 3, 1885.
Elected a member of Council from the same
District August 1, 1887.

Delilah, daughter of Richard Fields, Chief
of the Texas Cherokees, married James Fore-
man and they were the parents of Susan
Henrietta Foreman, born December 18, 1827,
married Anderson Benge. He died January
4, 1868, aged about fifty years and Mrs.
Benge died September 12, 1883. They were
the parents of James Foreman and Richard
Fields Benge.

George Fields, a brother of Chief Rich-
ard Fields, was a captain in the United States
service in the Creek war of 1814. His
daughter Nannie, born June 10, 1810, mar-
ried Richard Ratliff, born 1804 and their
daughter Cherokee, born July 10, 1839 mar-
ried May 13, 185 4, George Washington
Brewer, born June 12,, 1831. He died Feb-
ruary 14, 1868. Mrs. Brewer died October

12, 1916.

Bledsoe, Mrs. I. P. (See Grant, Downing
and Daniel) — Belle, daughter of Henry
and Nancy (Buffington) Hightman was
born December 6, 1869 in Cooweescoo-
wee District. Married May 1, 1887, Isaac
Pipkins, son of Watt and Martha Ann Bled-
soe, born January 28, 1847, in DeSota Coun-
ty, Mississippi. They are the parents of
Henry Watts, born September 28, 1889;
Sallie Martha, born June 28, 1892, gradu-
ated from Female Seminary May 2 7 19 19,
married L. C, Freeman; Joel Clement, born
February 20, 1895, telegraph operator at
Choteau; William Alberty, born August 15,
1898; Edna, born June 18, 1901, stenog-
rapher in M. O. & G. R. office at Mus-
kogee; Fannie Gray, born December 18,
1903; Ruth, born September 2, 1906, and
Pearl Elizabeth Bledsoe, born March 29,
1909. Mrs. Bledsoe is a Presbyterian and
a member of the Woodmen Circle and De-
gree of Honor.

Captain William W., son of Moses and Sal-
lie (Wright) Alberty, was born July 2, 1824,
married Musidora, daughter of William and
Nellie (May) Rogers his first wife and were

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

549

the parents of Mrs. Henry Hightman. Moses
Albert}' was a native of Surrey County,
North Carolina and married about 1810 Sal-
lie Wright. William Rogers was the elder
brother of Tiana Rogers, who married Gen-
eral Samuel Houston. Captain Alberty was
an opulent and influential merchant at Flat
Rock, near Grand River, in Cooweescoowee
District, before the Civil war.

Brown, Charles G. (See Ward) — Charles
G. Brown, born in Texas , March 12, 1854,
educated at Tullahassee Mission in the Creek
Nation. Married at Salina, Cherokee Nation
July 30, 1880, Mary, daughter of William and
Lenora Coker, born in Boone County, Ark.
January 25, 1865. They are the parents of:
Lulu, born December 10, 1881; Quatie, born
December 21, 1890; Etta Beatrice, born No-
vember 23, 1896; Nannie Lenora, born July
21. 1899 and Delora D., born April I').
1905. Mr. Brown is farming near Pryor.

John Ward, a white man, married Cath-
erine McDaniel of Scotch-Cherokee descent
and they were the parents of Charles Ward
who married Ruth Hollingsworth and they
were the parents of Nancy Adeline Ward,
who married Joseph Brown and they were
the parents of Charles G. Brown, the sub-
ject of this sketch.

Bowers (See Grant and Daniels) — Lola
Garrett, born November 29, 1887, educated
in the Cherokee public schools and the Fe-
male Seminary from which she graduated
June 1, 1905. She was an instructor in the
Pryor schools in 190 5-6 and in the Female
Seminary in 190 7-08; married at .Muldrow
Dec. 9, 1909, E. M. Bowers, born April 10,
1875. They are the parents of Genevieve
Elizabeth, born July 13, 1911; Jane Rhea,
horn August 28, 1914 and Mary Ann Bowers,
born Oct. 4, l9lS. Mrs. Bowers is a member
of the Baptist church. Mr. Bowers is promi-
nently connected with the banking interests
of the Citizens Bank and Trust Company
of Pryor and of the state.

Ellis Buffington, an eighth blood Chero-
kee, married Catherine Daniel, a quarter
blook Cherokee. He died in June 1858, and
she died November 20, 1867. They were
the parents of Ezekial Buffington, born Aug-
ust 7. 1811, married September 19, 1868
Louisa Newman, born May 14. 1817. in
Tennessee. He died January 4. 1864. and
she died February l5. 1898. Their daughter
Mary, married Jerome Lorenzo Greer, and

they were the parents of Elizabeth Ann
Greer, born August 30, 185 6, married March
17, 1875, James Robert Garrett, born June
29, 1850, in Carroll County, Tennessee. She
died May 15, 1902, and he died January 9,
1918. They were the parents of Mrs. Lola
Bowers.

Buffington, Joel W. (See Downing, Grant
and Daniel) — Joel Webster Buffington, born
near Pryor, October 12, 1898, educated at
Pryor and Male Seminary. Married at Pryor
November 28, 1918, Eva, daughter of Grant
and Josephine Teter, born November 12,
1895. They are the parents of: Harry Web-
ster, born August 27, 19I'), and Gordon
Warren Buffington, born Dec. 11, 1920. .Mr.
Buffington is a farmer near Pryor.

Joel .Mayes Bryan married Rebecca
Wright, their daughter Nancy Jane married
John Ross Buffington, and they were the
parents of John Ross Buffington, who mar-
ried Sadie Highland, and they are the parents
of Joel Webster Buffington.

Buffington, John Ross (See Grant, Down-
ing and Daniel) — John Ross, son of John
Ross and Nancy Jane (Bryan) Buffing-
ton. was born at Doaksville, Choctaw Nation
■lune 2, 1864, educated in the Cherokee
National Schools, Male Seminary, Tahlequah,
Oklahoma. Married at Pryor, July 6, 1891,
Sadie, daughter of Robert and Susan High-
land, born October 28, 1865, in Denver, Col-
orado. They are the parents of Nancy Jane,
born -April 15, 1892, educated at Female
Seminary: Carrie Rebecca, born May 17,
1S93, educated at Female Seminary; Charles
Ross, born May 29, 1894; Hallie Hazel, born
August 2, 1897; Joel Webster, born October
12, 1900, and Cherokee Georgia Buffington,
born December 16, 1901. .Mr. Buffington's
Cherokee name is Cooweescoowee.

Buffington, Charles Ross (See Grant,
Downing and Daniel) — Charles Ross Buf-
fington was born at Bryan's chapel May 29.
1894, educated in the Cherokee public
schools. .Male Seminary and North Eastern
State Normal- Was assigned to Co. C, 3 60th
Inf. Reg. 90th Div.. sailed for France June 14
l<il8. at Hampton Roads Dec. 30, 1910; dis-
charged as Corp. at Ft. Sill Jan. 23, I9i9.
He is a member of the Pryor Post American
Legion and the A. H- T. A. Returned to
his home, took up school teaching and lat-
er became connected with the post office.
John Ross Buffington, born April 11,

550

HISTORY OF THE CHHROKHE INDIANS

1S3 3, nuirried Nancy Jane Bryan, born Oct-
ober S, 1S35. He died August 22, 1S70
and she died December 12, 18S8. They
were the parents of John Buffington, born
June 2, 1864, married July 6, 1891 Sadie
Highland, born October 7, 1865 in Denver,
Colorado. They are the parents of the sub-
ject of this sketch.

Burns, Mrs. S- J. (Etu) (See Duncan)-
Etta Hitchcock born December 14, i860 at
Park Hill, Cherokee Nation. Educated at
home. She married December 30, 1S80
Samuel James Burns born March 15, 185 1
in Lindsey, Canada. Samuel J. and Ettta
Burns have one daughter, Lily Dimple Burns,
born September 30, 188I. She graduated
from Worchester Academy, Vinita on .May
20, 1898. Married .Marshall Crutchfield
Stevens, born December 1, 18 79.

Samuel J. and Etta Burns located in Vin-
ita in 1SS4 and opened a merchantile estab-
lishment which is still in e.xistence.

Mrs. Burns, whose Cherokee name is Si-
hs-s!i, affiliated with the Methodist church,
the Delphian and Premier Worth While clubs
and is a charter member of the Eastern
Star Chapter and Past A\atron of the same,
a member of the White Shrine and I'augh-
ters of the American Revolution. She was
President of the local cemetery association
at the time it was named Fairview.

Etta H. Burns is the daughter of Isaac
Brown Hitchcock, born, February 28, 1823
at Dwight .Mission, Arkansas Cherokee Na-
tion. He married February 8, 185 7 Eliza-
beth Ann Duncan, born July 10, 1833. She
graduated from Female Seminary in Febr i-
ary 1856. She died October 4, 1886 and
he died January 16, 1911. They were the
parents of Timothy Brown, born May 19,
1858, Etta Smith and Irenaeus Duncan
Hitchcock, born September 6, 1864 iii
Tabor, Iowa.

Jacob Hitchcock, the grandfather of .Mt-.
Burns arrived at Dwight, Site as a missionary
in July 1820 and helped to construct the
Mission.

Blake, John F. — John Fenlon Blake, born
September 4, 1894, educated at Pryor. En-
listed in the World War at Camp Travis,
Te.xas, September 22, I9l7. Assigned to
the 90th Division, 344th Machine Gun Bat-
tery, was in the St. Mihiel and Argonne
Forest offensives and after the .Armistice was

in the Army of Occupation. He was dis-
charged at Camp Pike, June 23, 1919. He
married at Pryor August 30, 1917, Badgie,
daughter of Joseph and Elizabeth Coppinger,
born June 27, 1894. They are the parents
of: Mozelle Edna, born May 27, 1918 and
Coke J. Born June 3, 1920. .Mr- Blake is
a farmer near Pryor.

Brown, Mrs. Jay Faul (See Grant and
Foreman) — Alma Ramona Taylor born in
Hanford, California, July 16, 1884, educat-
ed in Missouri Valley College, Marshall, Mis-
souri and Fairmont Seminary, Weatherford,
Texas, graduating from the latter in 1905,
specialized in instrumental music. She
married at Chouteau November 2 7, 1917,
Jay Paul, son of Paul Jay and Martha
A. Brown, born October 15, 1874 in Wood
County, Ohio. They are the parents ot
.Martha Sue Brown, born at Muskogee, De-
cember 28, 1919. Mr. Brown is a merchant
at Chouteau.

Ann Olivia, daughter of Isaac and Cath-
erine (Ratliff) Bushy head was born in
Georgia, November 27, 1830, educated at
Dwight .Mission. Married October 4, 1846,
John Brown Choate, born March 5, 1824.
She died April 29, 1877 and he died Febru
ary 16, 1893- They were the parents of
Susie Jane Choate, born November 29,
1853. .Married December 14, 1882 Robert
Stewart Taylor, born November 27, 1830
in Washington County, Pennsylvania and
graduated from Jefferson College, Pennsyl-
vania. He died September 1897 and she
married January 1, 1902, Valentine Gray.
She died February 10, 1919.

Barton, (See Grant, Downing. Oolootsa,
Foreman and Ghigau) — Edwin Harley Bar-
ton, born Aug. 8, 1890 at Baptist in Going
Snake District, educated at Pryor, Chelsea
and Tahlequah; graduated from Sweeney's
Automobile School in Kansas City, Mo.;
married November 4, 1911 Bonnie E. daugh-
ter of John B. and Rachael F. Heflin. Ed-
win H. and Bonnie E. Barton are the parents
of Frances Mae Barton, born November 12,
1912.

.Mary Van Lasley. born in 1862, married
September 6, 1888 Frederick Spencer Bar-
ton, born September 8, 1851 in Piqua
.Miami county, Ohio. He died April 2, 1921.
They were the parents of Edwin Harley Bar
ton, whose Cherokee name is Oonodet. He
is an e.xpert automobile mechanic and owns

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

551

a Battery Service Station in Pryor where
he is a member of the Coinmercial Club; in
religion he is a Baptist, and is a member
of the I. O. O. F., Woodmen of the World
and a Yeoman.

Caudill, Mrs. James W. (See Grant. Ghi-
gau and Adair) — Lou. daughter of Alfred Es-
tis and .Margaret Elizabeth (Adair) Holland
was born at Stillwell, May 8, 188 7 and edu-
cated at Grove. Married at Bentonvilie, Ar-
kansas, May 19, 1905, James Watson, son
of James A. and Eliza Caudill, born April t(^
1879 in Rowen County, Kentucky. They
are the parents of. J. Holland, born October
11, 1906; Alton Estis, born July 7, 190S;
Ruby Mozelle, born February 2, 191 1; Ruth
Lorene born December 2, 1913 and James
Paul, born July 9, i91S.

.\\r. Caudill is a farmer near Adair.

James Warren, son of Walter Scott and
Nancy (Harris) Adair married Deborah
Bean and they were the parents of Mar-
garet Elizabeth (Adair) Holland.

Caywood, Mrs. J. E. (See Grant and Fore-
man)— Mary Elizabeth, daughter of William
and Eliza Jane (Proctor) Horn, born July 2 1.
1SS2, educated in Delaware District and Fe-
male Seminary. Married at Vinita July 4,
1900, John Edward son of Stephen M. and
Nancy Ann Caywood, born Aug. 30, 1872 in
Hickory Co., Mo. They are the parents of
William Marion, born June 30, 1901; Walter,
born Aug. 1, 1903; and Thelma Emma born
November 3, 1909. Mr. Caywood is a
farmer near Big Cabin. Mrs. Caywood is a
member of the United Brethren church.

Jeremiah Horn, a white man, married El-
sie, daughter of Chief Charles R. Hicks and
their son, John Horn, born August 3. 1823
married Jane July and they were the par-
ents of William Horn, born December 24,
1855, married March, 1878, Eliza Jane Proc-
tor and they were the parents of Mrs. Mary
Elizabeth Caywood.

Campbell, John R. (See Grant and Ghi-
gau) — John Randolph Campbell, born Aug.
8, 1877, educated in Orphan Asylum. Mar-
ried at Oscola, Mo., May 28, 1903, Maude,
daughter of Albert and Lucinda Bell, born
Nov. 25 1876 in Douglas Co., Kas. They are
the parents of Clarence Ray, born January
22, 1905; Edna May, born October 18, 1906;
Clinton Albert, born October 11, 1912; De-
lora, born April 24, 191 5; Glenn ,born Sep-
tember 26, 1917. Otis Ralph Campbell,
born .March 13, 1921.

Sarah, daughter of Nelson and Rosa
(West) Rogers, married Alfred Eugene
Campbell and they were the parents of Johji
Randolph Campbell, the subject of this
sketch.

Croker, Bula D. (See Grant and Ghigau)
— Bula D. Edmondson, born on Beatties
Prairie, Feb. 17, 1884 educated in the Cher-
okee National schools and graduated from
Female Seminary .May 29, 1902. Being pos-
sessed of superior histrionic talents she spe-
cialized in music and e.xpression in Boston
and in New York City. Having a brilliant
personality and much of the impelling mag-
netic qualities of her distinguished Uncle,
Wm. W. Hastings she soon rose to an emi-
nent rank in her chosen profession. She
married in New York City. Richard Croker,
a native of Black Rock, Ireland and Chief-
tain of Tammany Hall. .Mr. and Mrs. Crok-
er divide their time between their home in
New York City, .Miami, Florida and their
castle in Ireland.

Joseph Martin, born about 1740 on his
father's plantation near Charlotteville, Vir-
ginia. He became a fur trader and plantei.
amassing a great deal of wealth. His place
in the revolutionary army was; elected Cap-
tain of the Transylvania Militia in 1776, be-
came Major February 17, 17 79, Lieutenant
Colonel in March 1781. Elected Brigadier
General of the North Carolina .Militia by
legislature on December 15, 1787, and was
commissioned Brigadier General of the
Twentieth Brigade of Virginia Militia by
Governor Henry Lee on December 11, 1793.
Martinsville, county seat of Henry Coun-
ty, Virginia and the place of his residence
was named for him. He died at his home
in Virginia on December IS, 1808, was buri-
ed with military and Masonic honors.

General Joseph Martin married Susannah
Fields Nee Emory and their children were;
John, born October 20, 1781, was the first
Treasurer and first Supreme Judge of the
Cherokee Nation- He was a member of the
Cherokee Constitutional Convention of 1817
from Coosaw^aytee District, he emigrated to
the Western Cherokee Nation in the spring
of 1828 and located at Grand Salina on
Grand River. His death occured on October
17, 1840, and he is buried at Fort Gibson.
His two vounger sisters were Nancy, married
Jeter Lynch and Rachel, who married r)an-
iel Davis. .leter and Rachel (.Martin) Lynch
were the parents of .Mary Lynch who mar-

552

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

ried John Willimiis and their son Joseph
Lynch Williams born August 1, 183 7, mar-
ried October 2, 1859, Louisa J. Stooer, born
April 8, 1840, in Delaware District. Joseph
Lynch Williams died November 5, 1860.
Joseph Lynch and Louisa J (Stooer) Will-
iams were the parents of Florence Eugenia
Williams, born August 3, 1860, she married
February 7, 1878, Michael Smith Edmond-
son, born September 9, 185 3, in Georgia and
they are the parents of Cherokee Dora, who
married Robert Bruce Garrett; Gonia L., who
married G. B. Finnin and Bula D., the sub-
ject of this sketch.

Crittenden, Richard H. (See Sanders and
Downing) — Richard Henry Crittenden of
the Deer Clan, whose Cherokee name si
Wa-hala or Bold Eagle, was born in Going
Snake District April 9, 1877, educated in
the .Male Seminary. He married January
17, 18^7, Nannie, daughter of Jesse and
Frances (Wright) Wright, born 1872.
They were the parents of: Fannie Alice,
born March 8, 1898; Rogert Lee, born Jan-
uary 4, 1900 and Mary Susan Crittenden,
born June 8, 1906. Mrs. Nannie Crittenden
died September 8, 1''13, and he married on
October 20, I9i7, Hettie, daughter of
Simon and Emma Rogers, born January 15,
1898. They are the parents of Harriett
Juanita, born October 6, 1918, and Nellie
Catherine Crittenden, born Janury 7, 1921.

John Ross, son of Harry and Susie (Wolf)
Crittenden, was born in Georgia, June 30,
1839, educated in Going Snake District.
Married January 12, 1862. Alice Harlan, born
March 12, 1841. He was elected District
Judge of Going Snake District, August 5,
1895, and died June 5, 1896. They were
the parents of Richard Henry Crittenden.

Carman, William A. (See Ward) — William
Andrew Carman, born July 30, 1896. En-
rolled in the World war service at Camp
Logan, Tex., Sept. 3, 19 IS. Assigned to the
Fifteenth Sanitary Train. Discharged at
Camp Logan, February 2, 1919. Married
December 1, 1919, Virginia, daughter of
John and Bettie Ford, born December 11,
1901, in Mayes County, Oklahoma. They
are the parents of J. T. Carman, born Jan-
uary 3 1. 1021. Mr. Carman is farming near
Adair.

George Ward, born in the old Cherokee
Nation, east nf the Mississippi River, March
17. 1878, married Lucv Mayes, an aunt of

Chiefs Joel Bryan and Samuel Houston
Mayes. Their daughter, Mary, married
Joseph Henry Clark and they were the par-
ents of Louisa Maria Clark, who married
Daniel Young and was the mother of Cath-
erine Jane Young, the wife of Joshua T.
Carman and the mother of William Andrew
Carman, the subject of this sketch.

Clark, Wiliiam A. — William Andrew Clark,
born near Tahlequah June 2nd, 1861, ed-
ucated at the Cherokee Orphan Asylum,
married at Pryor, June 17, 1891, Lillie Ber-
ry, born October 29, 1872, in Athens, Mc-
Minn county, Tennessee. They are the par-
ents of: Joseph James, born November 12th
1893, graduated from the Naval Academy at
Annapolis, Maryland, June 28th, 1917; serv-
ed through the World war as Lieutenant on
U. S. S. North Carolina and is at present
(l')21) on the U. S. S. Brooks in Asiatic
waters; Lucy Jane, born February 21, 1895,
graduated with A. B. from the University of
Oklahoma June 4, 1918; Mary Louise, born
September 22, 1897, graduated in a business
course and is connected with the First
National Bank of Chelsea; Clarinda Stella,
born March 31, 1900, married June 17,
191S, L. C. dinger; Virginia Mae Olinger,
born July 31st, 1921; William Andrew, born
July 10, 1903; John D., born November 1,
1906; George W., born November 10, 1913,
and Virginia Elizabeth, born Feb. l, 1917.

Mr. Clark is one of the substantial citizens
of his community, having amassed more than
a competency by close and intelligent appli-
cation as a farmer and stock raiser. He is
a Master Mason; he has paid especial at-
tention to raising his family to a good and
useful life, the results being seen in Lieu-
tenant Clark and his sisters.

Countryman, James T._ (See Ward) —
James Thomas, son of George Washington
and Minerva (Ballard) Countryman was born
in Delaware District July 26, 1874, and edu-
cated in the Cherokee National Schools.
Married at Fairland, September 6, 1894, Eve,
daughter of Newton and Mary Lauderback,
born June 26 1875, in Lafayette County, Mo.
They are the parents of: Eliza, born August
3 1, 1895; Lafayette, born September 8,
1 89 7; Henry, born February IS, 1899; Sam-
uel, born December 28, 1900, married Anna
daughter of Hudson and Belle Layton, who
have a daughter. Ruby Juanita, born Jan-
uary 5, 1921; Oliver, born September 8.

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

553

1903, and Elmer, born January 10, 1909.
Martha Ward, born February 22, 1819,
married John Countryman, a white man.
They were the parents of George Washing-
ton Countryman, who married Minerva Bal-
lard.

Chandler, Van S. (See Ward) — Van S.,
son of Burgess Gaither and Annie Eliza
(Gunter) Chandler, born Aug. 20, 1SS2,
educated at Willie Halsell College, Vinita.
Married at Vinita, June 12, I9l2, Maude A.
daughter of L. A. and Sadie A. Williams,
born July 2 5, IS'H), in Linn Co., Kas. They
are the parents of: Orin Stuart, hum April
20, 1913; Wilmer Gawain, b"rn July 25,
19 15 and Stacy Burgess Chandler, born
February 12, 1920. Mr. Chandler, who is
the younger brother of Hon. Thomas A.
Chandler, Congressman from the First Dis-
trict of Oklahoma, is a dealer in hay, grain
and farm machinery.

Cobb, Gilbert Benson (See Grant) —
Alexander Clingan, son of Joseph Benson
and Evelyn (Clingan) Cobb, was born Sep-
tember, 15, 1864. Married at Carthage, Ill-
inois, August 23, 1887, Lucy Van Zile, born
January 10, 1863, in Ripley County, Indiana.
She died March 31, 1893, and Mr. Cobb
married June 29, 1898, Lillie May Pharr,
born December 7, 1867, in Lincoln County.
Missouri. Mr. Cobb is the father of; Gilbert
Benson, born June 11, 1889 at Carthage, Ill-
inois, educated at Wagoner. Married at
Wagoner, December, 1910, Annette, daugh-
ter of Alfred and Adilee Sullivan, born Oct-
ober 20, 1874, in Wayne County, Missouri.
They are the parents of Marv Evaline. born
December 5, 1911; Naomi, born January 5.
1913; Alfred Alexander, born February 24,
1914; Joseph Benson, born November 14,
1015; Sylvester Van Zile, born December 22,
I'M 7, and John Sullivan, born October 11.
10 19; Isabel J. B., born September 28, 1921;
Mary Isabel, born August 12, isoi, at Wag-
oner, graduated from Wagoner High School
in 10 10, and Oklahoma Agricultural College
in 1913. Married at Wagoner June. 1014,
Loyal Frederick. They are the parents of
Ellen Isabel, born January 3 0, 191 5; Ken-
yon Thomas, born January 3, 1917; Loyal
Cobb, born April 23, 1919, and Martha Ma-
rie Payne, born May 7, 1920; William Ale.v-
ander, born July 10, 1899. Married June 28,
1919, Marie G. daughter of Albert W. and
Mary Brown. They are the parents of

William Alexander Cobb, born June 14,
1920; Irene, born November 21, 1901;
Harry Franklin, born October 13, 1902;
Kedzie Pharr, born April 22, 1904 and Ma-
Zelle Cobb, horn February 21, 1908.

Crittenden, George W. (See Sanders and
Grant) — George W. Crittenden, born in Go-
ing Snake District, March 25, 1875, educat-
ed at Male Seminary. Married February 2,
1896, Jessie Beatrice Lamb nee Martin, born
at Greenbrier April 20, 1874, educated at
Hogans Institute. They are the parents of
Ross Hillis, born Feb. 22, 1909; Jennie Alice
born March 10, 1911 and Ruth Marie, born
Jan. II, I'Mb. Besides Uieir own chil Iren
they have reared Barbara and Christiana Bell,
the two orphan daughters of Mr. Crittenden's
brother, Jcihn H. George \V. Crittenden be-
longs to the Deer ("Ian and his Cherokee
name is Sequoyah. He is a farmer and a
member of the Odd Fellow lodge.

Mrs. Crittenden is the daughter of Joseph
Lynch Martin who is known throughout the
Cherokee Nation as "Greenbrier Joe" and
noted for his shrewd philosophical sayings.
Mr. Crittenden is the son of Judge John
Ross and Alice (Harlin) Crittenden. His Cher-
okee name is Tickanooly, meaning bean bread.

Carselowey, James R. (See Grant, Down-
ing and Daniel) — James Robert Carsel-
owev, born at Vinita, February 15, 1875,
educated in public schools, Willie Halsell Col-
lege, Vinita; married at Adair Nov. 28, 1900,
Annie B., daughter of Alonzo B. and Lavenia
A. Fishback. born February 2 7, 1882, in Tar-
rant County, Texas. They ^re the parents of:
James Manford, horn November 28, 1901;
Lavenia Gertrude, born February 27, 1905;
Elsie Roberta, born December 24, 1906;
Raymond Russell, born September 2 3, 1908;
Lahoma, born April 7, l9ii and Pauline
Carselowey, born February 2, 19i3 .Mr.
Carselowey is a man of pleasing personality,
more than ordinary information and ability,
but is modest and honest almost to a fault.
He has been a telegraph operator and news-
paper correspondent and is at present the
owner and editor of the Adair Citizen.

James Madison, son of George and Mary
(Daniel) Carselowey was born November 29,
1848. Married November 7, 1870, Cath-
erine, daughter of Joseph and Celia (Wood-
all) Emory, born August 8, 185 3. He died
November 7, l9oo. They were the parents of

554

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

Aitluir Andrew Carselowey and Stella Eve-
lyn Carselowey.

Couch, Mrs- Irving (See Grant) — Anna K.,
daughter of Joseph Lynch- and Miranda
(Young) Thompson, was born near Pen-
sacola, August 14, 1900, educated in Mayes
and Craig County. Married at Vinita, Jan.
10, 1920 to Ervin, son of James Monroe and
Mollie Couch. Mr. and Mrs. Couch are
farming near Pensacola.

Cole, John M. (See Grant and Sanders)
— John M., son of Daniel Boone and Nan-
nie (Vann) Cole was born in Coowees-
coowee District, February 25, 1SS2. Mar-
ried at Pryor, October 19, 1901, Letitia,
daughter of John and Catherine Brown, born
December 23, 18S5, in Ballard County, Ken-
tucky. They were the parents of Henry
Mitchell, born November 28, 1905; May-
omma born November 23, 1909; Shirley
Brooks, born November 26, 1910. Charlie
Milburn, born August 22, 1913; Anna Belle,
born December IS. 1 '> 1 5 and John Junior
Cole, born December 29, i9i8. Mr. Cole is
a farmer, a Mason and Odd Fellow.

Johnson Vann, the grandson of John and
Elizabeth (Wickett) Fields, married Mar-
garet Winters and they were the parents o(
Mrs. Nannie Cole. Margaret or Peggy Win-
ters was the daughter of John and Jennie
(S.mders) Winters and the grand-daughter
of Alexander and Peggy (Sonicooie) San-
ders. Alexander Sanders was a captain of
the Cherokee allies of the Americans in the
Creek War of 1814. Mrs. Peggie (Soni-
cooie) Sanders was the daughter of Susan-
nah and step-daughter of Thomas Cordery.

Carlile, Mrs. Stephen (See Ghigau and
Hildebrand) — Sadie, daughter of S. P. Luna
and Sarah (Butler) Luna, born July 10,
1S8S in the Ozark County, Missouri. Mar-
ried at Tahlequah, September 29, 1909
Stephen Foreman, son of Thomas Holmes
and Levannah Elizabeth (Catron) Carlile,
born January 5, 1873 in Tahlequah District,
educated in Tahlequah District and Male
Seminary. They are the parents of: Hazel,
born August 1. 1910; Helen, born May 2i.
1912; Stephen, born January 12, 19 18; and
Leo, born February 22, 1920. Stephen
Foreman Carlile died September 5, 19i9,
Carlile is farming near Park Hill.

Carlile, William A. (See Ghigau and
Hildebrand) — William Andrew, son ol
Stephen Foreman and Emma (Carter)
Carlile. born October l, 1S93, educated in

Tahlequah District and Male Seminary. Mar-
ried at Tahlequah, April 2, 19 12, Alma,
daughter of S. P. Luna and Sarah (Bullet),
Luna, born November 4, 1894 in Ozark
County, Missouri. They are the parents of
Jewell Carlile, born September 25, 1912.

Thomas Holmes Carlile married Elizabeth,
daughter of John and Margaret (Flildebrand)
Catron and they were the parents of Stephen
Foreman Carlile.

Carman, Daniel (See Ward) — Daniel
Young (-'arman, born Aug. 11, 1895, educat-
ed at Adair. Married at Pryor, Oct. 9, 1914,
Grace, daughter of James Madison and Jessie
Floyd, born October 12, 1896 in Scotland
County, Missouri. They are the parents of
Ermel, born September 28, 1915; Revis
Goodwin, born March 5, 1917 and Loyce
Carmen, born May 24, 1919. Mr. Carmen
is a farmer near Adair and is a member of
the I. O. O. F.

Louisa Maria Clark, born March 18, 1848.
Married April 8, 1869 Daniel Young, born
June 14, 1844 in Waldmore, Bavaria. He
served in Company K. 107 Ohio Volunteer
Infantry during the Civil War. They were
the parents of Catherine Jane Young, born
February 15, 1873. Married July 19, 1891,
Joshua Thomas Carman, born March 2 5th,
185 5 in Dade County, Missouri. He died
April 15, I9i8. They were the parents of
Daniel Young Carman, the subject of this
sketch.

Coats, Mrs- Susie D. (See Grant and
Hildebrand) — Susie Dora, daughter of
James and Emily (Harlin) Sunday was
born in Cooweescoowee District, Sep-
tember 12, 1876, educated in Female Sem-
inary Married September 11, 1893 James,
son of James McKenzie and Annie C-
(Spears) Coats, born April 1, 1866. They
are the parents of: Jennie Bessie, born Jan-
uary 2 5, 1894; James McKenzie, born Sep-
tember 20, 1896; Elmer Earl, born Sep-
tember 4, 1901; Capitola Wyly, born Feb-
ruary 15, 1903; Lulu May, born January 20,
1906; Eugene ,born October 15, 1908;
Belva Lockwood, born June 8, 1910 and
David Coats, born .March 3, 1912. Mr. Coats,
died December l5, I0i5. Mrs. Coats man-
ages a farm near Pryor. Miss Jennie Bessie
Coats was elected Court Clerk of Mayes
County November 5, I9l8 and November 2,
1920. James McKenzie was educated in
Prvor and Agricultural College at Stillwater
and served in the World War over seas IS

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

555

months. Capitola Wyly is ;i iiieniber of tlic
1422 High School class at Pryor.

Lucinda, daughter of Samuel and Cather-
ine (Hildebrand) Martin married Joseph
Spears and tliey were the parents of Annie
C- Spears wife I'f James iMcKenzie Coats.

Cochran, Mrs. Ned A. (See Grant) — Wil-
liam Penii Adair .Martin, born at Greenbriar,
Aug. 1, 1879, educated locally and Female
Seminary. Married at Pryor, July 24, 1915,
Ned Adair Cochran, son of Richard and Mary
Cochran, born August 20, iSSo, educated at
Orphan Asylum. They are the parents ol
Mary Virginia, born July 26, 19 10; Chero-
kee Adair, born January 5, 1912; Joseph
Martin, born February 28, 19 1 5 and Fobert
Edward, born March 4, ru;. Mis. Cocharn
belongs to the Deer Clan-
Joseph Lynch Martin, b^rn in Georgia,
August 20, 1820. Married July 21, 1870
Jennie Harlin, born April 8, 1849 at Tahle-
quah. He died November 9, 1891. They
were the parents of Mrs. Ned A Cochran

Corna'tzer — Cyrus Cicero Cornatzer, whose
Shawne name is See-tah-way-see-cah, and
who belongs to the Rabbit Clan, was born
February 11, 1853 on One Hundred and Ten
Mile Creek in Kansas Territory. He is the
son of Sainuel M. and Caroline Cornatzer.
the former was born May 6, 1824 in Cxford,
North Carolina, and the latter was born in
December 1834. Cyrus C- Cornatzer mar-
ried Lydia J. Boggan March 23, lS7l. Sev-
eral years after her death he married on
October 11, 1911 Miss Kate, daughter of
Joseph Tyson and Martha Jane Zimmermar.-
Cyrus C. Cornatzer was educated in the
Johnson county Kansas schools; is a master
Mason, and , elected Solicitor of the Delaware
District August 4. IS79, and a member of
the Council from Cooweescoowee District
August 5, 1895 and August 7, 1899 Four
were born to the first marriage: Cornelia B.
born February 18, 1872; Ninia Jane, born
May 22, 1873; one boy, early deceased,
Walter Cyrus, born April 24, 1878. Ninia
Jane married R. L Madison, Big Cabin, Ok-
lahoma; Caroline B. married Earl Galbreath,
Big Cabin. Oklahoma. Mrs. Kate Cornatzei
is a sister of Mrs. J. C. Starr, Vinita, Okla-
homa. Has two brothers H. Zimmerman,
Salt Lake City, Utah, and Joseph Clarence
Zimmerman, St. Joseph, Missouri.

Chamberlain. (See Oo-Ioof-sa) — William
Clifford Chamberlain was born April 2 3.
in Flint Dist. He was educated at Neosho,

Mo. He settled in Vinita and married Sept.
10, 1875, Lydia Ann Ward, born August 1.
1850. Se died June 28, 1SS2, and he mar-
ried September 24, 1885 Madge, daughter
(jf Hamilton W. and Margaret Goodykoonl.r,
born August 7, 1859. Mrs. Madge Cham-
berlain taught school for seven years be-
fore her marriage, the last two being al
Worcester Academy at Vinita.

William C. Chamberlain's children by l:is
first marriage were; Flora Htiyt, born .March
6, 1877 and died August 13, 1896; Edith
Ursa deceased; Clara Emily Chamberlain,
born August 2, 1881. By his second mar-
riage his children were: Winfred Clark, bo;'n
April 3, 1888, married October 20, 1897
Ethel O'Neil; Lois Margaret born February
27, 1893; Milo Reu born March 8, 1S"5,
married October S, TMc Lulu Scarborough;
Cline Lowry born May 30, 1897; Quatie
Eulalia born ,Mav 13, 1899. Two soni^
William Clifford and Lucian B. died in in-
fancy-
William C Chanilierlain's Cherokee name
is Su-Sen-Kee and he belongs to the Holly
Clan. He is a member of the Congregational
cluirch and has been twice elected Mavcr
of Vinita.

Amory Nelson, son of William and Flora
(Hoyt) Chamberlain was born November 29,
1821 at Brainard .Mission. He married De-
cember 2, 1846 Eunice Dolly, daughter of
.Milo and Lydia (Lowry) Hoyt, born Decem-
ber 14, 1820. Rev. Amory Chamberlain was
one of the best Cherokee interpreters for
the Council and he was also Superintendent
of both the male and female Seminary. Rev.
A. N. Chamberlain died July 4. 1894 and
his wife died seventeen days later. William
C. was his second son.

Duncan, Mrs. John C. (See Grant, Dun-
can and Sanders) — Joanna Coody Rogers
daughter of Charles Rogers Coody and
Nancy (Patton) Rogers was born in
Cooweescoowee District in 1861. Educat-
ed in the Cherokee Nation Schools, gradu-
ating from the Female Seminary, June 30.
18S1. Taught school and in 1885 she mar-
ried at Fort Gibson, John Clinton, son of
John Thompson and Elizabeth Ann (San
ders) Duncan, born in 1859 in Flint District,
Cherokee Nation. He was educated in the
Cherokee Public Schools and Male Seminary.
Fortunate in having splendid educations,
.discriminative and appreciative minds. M'
and Mrs- Duncan have always been unobtrus-

556

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

ive leaders in their community. Mrs. Dun-
can is tlie grand-daughter of Captain John
Rogers, last chief of the Western Chero-
kees and a sister of William Charles Rogers,
the last chief of the Cherokees. While the
Duncan family has furnished many of the
finest minds and characters, one of their
peculiarities is the fact that they generally
refused public offices.

Dannenberg, Robert C. (See Grant and
Oolootsa) — Robert Carter, son of John
Henry and Annie E. (Ferguson) Dannen-
berg, was born in Missouri, April 12,
1877, educated in Flint District and Male
Seminary. Married at Tahlequah June 16,
1902, Mary, daughter of John and Jennie
(Lowrey) Hubbard, horn in Tahlequah Dis-
trict, November 28, 1878, and educated at
Tahlequah and Muskogee. They are the
parents of John Henry Dannenburg, born
October 16, 1908, and Genie Dannenberg,
born Mar. 5, I9l5. Mr. Dannenberg is a
farmer and stock raiser near Tahlequah.

Henry, son of Anderson Pierce and Mary
(Nave) Lowrey, married Mary Parris and
they were the parents of Jennie Lowrey who
married John Hubbard.

Christine, daughter of John and Susie
(McCoy) McPherson, married Nathan Baron
Dannenberg, and they were the parents of
John Henry Dannenberg. who married Annie
E. Ferguson.

Dykes, Mrs. Julius C. (See Foreman) —
Cora Evelyn Mizer, born at Chelsea, Nov. 28,
1895, educated at Chelsea and Female Semi-
nary. Married at Galena, Kas., April 16, 1918.
Julius Otto Dykes, born February 11, 1896.
They are the parents of: Julius Otto, born
Jan. 14, 1919, and Evelyn Jane Dykes, born
March 31, 1921. Mr. Dykes, who is the
maternal grandson of Julius and Jennie (Big-
by) Henchoz, saw service in the World war
in Company C, 49th Infantry, which he
joined August 26. 1918, sailed for France,
October 31, 191S, returned January 16,
1919 and was discharged at Ft. Leavenworth,
February 11. 1919.

DeLozier, Manford E. (See Adair) — Man-
ford E. DeLozier, born Sept. 25, 1891. at
Adair, educated locally. Married at Mus-
kogee, October 4, 1914, Amanda F., daugh-
ter of John B. and Bettie J. Gibson, born
January 5th, 1895, in Missouri. They
are the parents of Vivian Marie, born Feb-
ruary 20, 1916, and Reuben Edward De-Lo-

zier, Jr., born August 18, 1819. After clerk-
ing in the Bank of Adair for some time,
Mr. DeLozier gave up that place to assume
the more congenial occupation of farming
and stock raising.

Edward, the son of John and Gahoga
Adair, was born February 7, 1789. Married
June 17, 1809, Martha Richie, born Febru-
ary 10, 1790. She died July 7, 1857, and
he died December 21, 1864. They were the
parents of John Adair, born May l, I8l2,
Married March 20, 1832, Anna Berry Gra-
ham, born October 12, 1816. He died March
15, 1877, and she died November 1, 1900.
Their son, Edward Alexander Adair, was
born February 25, 184 7. Married October
1867, Narcissa Malissa Harrison, born De-
ecniher 25, 1846, in Murray County, Geor-
gia. He died December 3, 1901, and she is
still living. They were the parents of:
Georgia Virginia Adair, born at Dalton,
Georgia, January 29, 1869. Married Jan-
uary S, 1888, Reuben Edward DeLozier, born
June 20, 1855, at Osceola, Missouri. Elect-
ed County Commissioner of Mayes County
September 17, 1907. He died April 23,
1>)21. They were the parents of Manford
E. DeLozier, the subject of this sketch.

Dobkins (See Duncan) — Benjamin Dustin
Dobkins, born Aug. 6, 187^, was educated at
Vinita, the Male Seminary, and graduated
from the Ontario, Canada, Veterinary Col-
lege. He married June 3, 1903, Gertrude,
daughter of J. M. and Gertrude Ragland of
Lebanon. Mo. Dr. Benjamin D. and Mrs.
Dobkins, have one daughter, Miss Jaunita
Cherokee, born July 5, 1904.

Dr. Dobkins has been State Veterinary
for ten consecutive years, is the author of
the Oklahoma State Veterinary Laws and
was President of the State Veterinary Asso-
ciation in 1912-13-14 and 15. He is a Mason,
Odd Fellow and is President of the State
Bank at Welch, Oklahoma.

Emma, daughter of Benjamin Franklin and
Mary (Berry) Landrum. was born June l5,
lS5 2, at Beattie's Prairie in Delaware Dis-
trict. She married October 6, 1875, John
Robert Dobkins, born May 8, 185 7, in
Te.xas. Mrs. Emma Dobkins died August 17,
1SS6. John Robert Dobkins died August
15, 1914. They were the parents of: Dr.
Benjamin D. and his twin sister, Ada Bertha,
who married B. H. Duvall and lives at Welch.
Nora, born October 1, 1881 and married, is

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

557

now Mrs. Hampton of Welch, and Hugh C.
Dobkins, born October 23, 1S.S4, and died
August 6, 191 1.

Benjamin Franklin, son of James and Re-
becca (Duncan) Landruni, was born in 1S22.
He was elected Senator from Delaware Dis-
trict August 4, 1873, August 2, 1875, and
August 5, 1877. He died February 19,
1879. It was one of his educated slaves
that composed and plaved the celebrated
violin piece, "I'll Tell Vou, Marsa Ben, Yo
N'iggers Gwine to Leave Yo," just previous
to the wholesale escape of Landrum's and
other slaves in 1842.

Deitrick, Mrs. J. R. (See Grant and Down-
ing)— Lillie Belle Beck, born September 16,
1883, educated at Delaware District. Mar-
ried Dec. 7, 1902, J. R., son of Jacob and
Eliza Deitrick. They are the parents of: Beu-
la Elizabeth, born Oct. 6, 1903; Addie
Eveline, born August 10, 1905; Annie Lu-
cile, born June 23, 1907; Aubrey Haskell,
born January 26, I9i0; Loil Wilson, born
January 23, I9i3; Robert Willard, born
April 5, 1915, and Jaunita May Detrick, born
September 1, 1920. Mr. Deitrick is a farm-
er near Ketchum.

Jeffrey Beck, an Englishman, married Sal-
lie Downing, a Cherokee. Their son. Ezekial,
married Martha Sturdivant, and they were the
parents of Geoge W. Beck. who married
Sarah Elizabeth Davis. Thev were the par-
ents of Mrs. Lillie Belle (Beck) Deitrick.

Drew, George E. — George E.. son of Charles
and Martha (Lee) Drew, was born at Webber
Falls, Dec. 12, 1872, educated at the Orphan
Asylum. Married near Pryor Nov. S, 1S94,
Susie, daughter of Zachariah and Eunice
(Bledsoe) Putnam. They are the parents of
Eugene H., born April 30, 1896, married
Billie Coats; Richard E., born Oct. 18, 1899;
Eunice P., born May 23, 1902; Paula E.,
born Feb. 14, 19 lo, and Howard L. Drew,
born Nov. 22, l^il2.

Elliott, Hiram T. (See Foreman) — Hiram
Thomas, son of Hiram Thomas, and Callie
(Whatenberger) Elliott, born in Delaware
Dist , Nov. 26, 1892, educated locallv and in
Male Seminary. Married at Vinita, April 1,
1914. Minnie J., daughter of Drewey and
Margaret Trickey. They are the parents of:
Rella, born May 17, 1915; Engen. born
Mar. 20. 1917. and Maxine, born Feb, 10,
1918; Leroy Elliott, born Oct. 2. 1920. Mr.
Elliott is a farmer near Big Cabin.

Elliott, James E. (See Foreman) — James
H., son of George and Rachel (Henson) El-
liott, was born in Vinita, Mar. 16, 1875, edu-
cated in Delaware Dist. Married at Adair Apr.
4, 1SS9, Eva, daughter of Joseph S. and
Nancy Wickham, born Dec. 8. 1S75, Schuy-
ler County. Missouri. They are the parents
of Sadie .Marie, born April 1, l''o3; .luanita
Josephine, born October 2S, I'M 3. James
Howard Elliott, born November 2 2. 19 16.
Mr. Elliott is a farmer and stock raiser,
and is a member of the Independent Order
of I. O. O. F His Cherokee name is Oo-ch-la-ta.

Elliott, Mrs. Callie (See Foreman) — Cal-
lie, daughter of Samuel and Annie (Edwards)
Whatenberger, born .March 15, 1S68. in
Springfield. Mo. Educated in Texas. Married
at Vinita Jan. 7, 1892. Hiram Thompson El-
liott, son of Archibald and Rachel (Smith)
Elliott, born May 22, 1858. They were the
parents of Hiram Thompson Elliott, Jr., born
November 2 6, 1892; Samuel Talbert, born
Julv 5 th. 1894. married Genevieve Black-
ford, Vera Mav, born February 26, 1896,
married Guy L. Junes, and has one son, Ray-
mond Jones, born April 4, 1914; Lucullus,
born August 25, 1899, is in the United States
.Marine Corps in Haiti; Lucien Bell, born
July 27, 1901; Flossie, born Jan. 2, 1904;
Ruth, born May 24, 1905; Robert, born
August 21, I'Mo, and Glenn, born .March 6,
l'il3. .Mr. Ellir.tt died .lulv 1, 1915.

Edmondson, Mrs. Jefferson D. (See Grant
and Ward) — Lulu Eugenia, daughter of Sam-
uel Taylor and Catherine Jane (Lear) Ward
was born in Ark. Feb 28, lS64, educated in
Delaware District. .Married on Beattie's
Prairie October 6, 1887, Jefferson Davis,
son of .Augusta Van and Laura Edmonson,
born April 2 1, 1861, in Washington County,
Arkansas. Thev are the parents of: Olive
Estella, born April 3, 1889, graduated from
Female Seminary, .May 29, 1907, married
("icero J. Howard; Laura Helen, born June
8, 1893, and Doda Kate Edmondson, born
.lanuarv 16, 1896, married Peter Ware. Mr.
Edmondson is fanning near Pryor.

George Ward, born March 17. 1787. mar-
ried December 15, 1805, Lucy Mayes, born
■March 5, 1S79. She was the aunt of Chiefs
Joel B. and Samuel H. Maves. George Ward
was assassinated, and his widow died
November 1, 1867. Thev were the parents
of: James Ward, born Jan. 17. 1815, mar-
ried Louisa M. Williams, born June 30,

558

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

1825. He died July 2u, 1S68 and she died
October 16, 1844. Their son Samuel Taylor
Ward, born June 13, 184 7, married in 1862
•'atherine Jane Lear, born in 1844 in .Mor-
gan County, Mo. He died Tebruary 25,
1864 and she is still livins.

Epperson, Benjamin F. (See Grant and
Foreman) — Benjamin F., son of William H.
and Margaret Epperson was born Oct- 3,
18 78 in Bradley Co., Tenn. Married at Pryor
July 12, 1904, Dora May, daughter of Wil-
liam and Eliza Jane (Proctor) Horn, born
June 1, 1880 and educated in Delaware Dist.
They were the parents of: Arthur R. born
Feb. 2, 1905; Louisa, born July 8, 1907;
Robert L., born Feb. 5, 1910; Nannie Ruth,
born Sept. 16, 1912 and Maggie May Ep-
person, born November 9, 1917. Mrs. Dora
May Epperson died August 18, 1920. Mr.
Epperson is a fainier near Big Cabin and is
a member of the Independent Order of Odd
Fellows.

Anthony Foreman, a Scotchman, married
Susie, a full Cherokee. Their son Thoma^
married Susannah Brown nee Fields and they
were the parents of Elizabeth Foreman who
married Johnson Proctor. They were the
parents of Mrs. Eliza Jane (Proctor) Horn.

Epper.'.on, Mrs- Joseph (See Grant and
Downing) — Bettie, daughter of Columbus
and Amanda (Ross) Phipps was born July
6, 1882. Married at Wagoner, July 29,
1902 Joseph Epperson, born in 18S2 in
Cleaburn ''ounty Arkansas. They are the
parents of: William C, born December II,
1903; Columbus P-, born March S, 1908;
Lela Pearl, born April 7, l9ii; Zulma Inez,
born March 27, I9i3, and Garrett Epperson,
born September 16. 19 1 5.

Epperson, Mrs. J- O- (See Grant and
Downing) — Mary, daughter of John and
Susan (Gentry) Wood was born in Tahle-
quah District, June 16, 1883, educated in
Female Seminary. Married at Tahlequah
January 16, 1899, J. O., son of Willian'
H- and Margaret Epperson- They are the
parents of: Oscar L., born December 3i,
1900; Benjamin F-, born August 13, 1902:
Lola May, born November 29, 1905; He"-
dietta, born April 17, 1907; Eugene, bcrp
December 12, 190S; Bessie Marie, born June
10, 1911; Susie, born July 30, 1912; Waltei
Floyd, born May 21, l9i4 and Mattie M,
born December 30, 19i8. Mr. and Mis.
Epperson are farming near Big Cabin.

Eaton, Ellis M. (See Grant and Downing)

— Ellis Menchcll, son of Richard aiid Eliza-
beth (Alberty) Eaton born Jan. 18, 1861.
married Jan. 3, IS86, Mary, daughter 01
.Moses and Elizabeth (Buffington Alberty)
born Dec. 19, 1865. They are the parents of:
Lelia, born Apr- 7, 188 7 and graduated from
Female Seminary May 29, l9o7; Richard,
born Oct. 7, l89o, married Esther Gardner;
William M,. born March 25, 1898 married
<'orn Thompson and Edgar W. Eaton born
Aug. 29, 1899- Mr- and Mrs. Ellis M. Eaton
are members of the Methodist church and he
belongs to both of the Woodmen Orders.

Ellis Menchall Eaton was elected to the
Council from Cooweescoowee District on
August 7, 1899, and August 5, l9oi. Moses
Alberty, father of Mrs. Eaton was born April
22, 1820. He was Justice ol the Middle
Circuit of the Cherokee Nation .'rom 185 3
to 1859 and was elected Executive Council-
or in 1S67. He was the chief attorney for
Ezekial Proctor who was charged with the
murder at the time of the Going Siake court
house fight in 1872 and during the fight he
was shot and killed by what was supposed
to have been an accidental stray shot.

Fields, Henry F. (See Grant) — Henry
Franklin, son of Henry Clay and Amanda
Jane (Rogers) Fields was born Aug. 31,
1876 at Pryor July 15, 1900, Nettie B.
daughter of Richard Watson and Mary Stokes
born Nov. 4, 1880 in Ky- They are the
parents of: Mabel, born L)ecember 4, 1901.
Graduated from Pryor High School 1920 and
is teaching at Bristow; Owen G., born May
6, 1904 and Haward Franklin Fields, born
April 6, 1910. Mr- Fields is a farmer near
Pryor. He is a member of the Masonic
lodge in Pryor, himself, wife and daughter
Miss Mabel are Eastern Stars.

Richard Fields, Chief of the Te.xas Chero-
kees was the father of George Fields who
married Sallie Daniel- Their son, Henry Clay
Fields, born October 21, 1844, married Feb-
ruary 1861 Amanda Jane Rogers, born July
17, 184 7 in Johnson County, Missouri. They
were the parents of Henry Franklin Fields.

Faulkner, Benjamin F. (See Grant. Down-
ing and Halfbreed) — Benjamin Faulkner, born
Oct. 14, 1874, educated at the Male Semi-
nary; married in Sept. 1893, Susie J. Humph-
rey, born in 1877 in Tenn. They are the
parents of: Lelia Beatrice, born June 18,
1894; John Shatter, born March 1, 1899;
Robert, born August 12. 1901. Beulah B.,
born September 20, 1907; Owen born Aug-

HISTORY OF THE CIIHROKEH INDIANS

ust 26, 1910 ;iiid Beulah Clarice born Jan-
uary 25, 19 1.5.

Benjamin F. Faulkner was elected Sheriff
of Sequoyah county in Nov. 191S. Rob-
ert Faulkner was appointed Sheriff of Se-
quoyah District in .May 1S82, Franklin Faull;-
ner was elected Judge of Sequoyah District
in 1S71-77-79-S1 and 1SS3.

James T. Stewart was elected Solicitor oi
Sequoyah District in 1891. Alexander .Mc-
Coy was Secretary of the Council ,\lay 6,
1S17; clerk of the Senate from 1819 to
May 1827. excepting 1822, and he was
secretary of the Constitutional Conventi;'n
of .May, 1827.

Faulkner, Mrs. D. J. (See Foreman, Riley,
Adair, Grant and Ghigau) — David Jesse, son
of assistant Chief David JVlcNair and Rachel
Louvenia (Adair) Faulkner was born Jan. 2,
1S74, educated in the Cherokee public
schouls and Male Seminary, married Octob-
er 31, 1900 Jennie McClellan Foreman, born
at Oowala November 12, 1878, she was
educated at Oowala and graduated from Fe-
male Seminary June l, 1898. They are the
parents of Tiana, born September ll. i9oi;
Oolootsa, bcirn July 12, 1903; Frank Fore-
man born December 23, 19o5; Ada .Mc-
Clellen, born March 2, 1910; David Famlyn.
born January 3 0, 1912; Taylor Adiiir, born
February 8. 191 5 and Ahniwake, born De-
cember 23, 1920. David L. Faulkner's
Cherokee name is Te-quen-yoste, he belongs
to the Odd Fellow and Knights of Pythias
lodges and is engaged in stock raising north
of Claremore. He was elected a meinber of
Council from Sequoyah District August 7,
iS99 and elected County Commissioner of
Rogers county November 5, 1812.

.Mrs. David J- Faulkner is the daughter or
Stephen Tavlor Foreman born at Park Hill,
September 2 1, lS4S married at Cane HiU
rtrkansas April 28, 1874 Ada Carter McClell-
an, born October 23, 185 3. Stephen Tayhir
Foreman died January 30, 1891.

John Thompson Adair, born December 22,
1812, married January 30, 1840 Penelope
Mavfield, born May 12, 1824. He was del-
egate to Washington, Chairman of the Citi-
zenship Court and Chief Justice of the
Cherokee Nation. Their daughter Rachel
Louvinia Adair, born January 6. 1844, mar-
ried April 28. 1867. David McNair Faulkner,
born May 12, 1841. He was First Lieuten-
ant in Captain Bluford West Alberty's com-
pany of the Second Cherokee Mounted Vol-

unteers. Fleeted Councilor (r..ii,
District in 1809 and is;;^ „...,j,,
same district 1S79, is.si.
1901; Delegate I.. Washi. .

ant Chief of the Chemkce Nai. \.

ust 3, 1903 retaining his office until lunc
30, 1914. He died on Augusi :. i'<h

Foreman, Mri. Nannie (See Grant. t>i.»ii
ing. Foreman, Walie, Conrad and MiUbr.r.li
— Return, son of Ellis and Sarah
Foreman was educated in the Ch
tional Schools. .Married at .Muskos.-,- \,
daughter of Thomas Jeffersi.n and Suwnmh
(Watie) Bean, born March 25, ism if,, ,
are the parents of Joseph, burn < '.
1917 and Samuel Foreman, burn I.
1911.

John Alexander Walie married tli/a Field*
and they were the parents of .Mrs. Sutannid
(Watie) Bean.

Ellis (commonly called "Tyler") jon <.l
Samuel and Sallie (Guurd) Foreman mirrlej
Sarah, daughter of Elijah and Sidney Chi-
tenden) Phillips and they were the pirenl-.
of Return Foreman.

Flournoy, Mrs. Anna (See Grant) — Anna
Wilson, born June 3, 1855. married in WimkI
Co., Texas Sept. 12, 1871, De Hardimin
Flournoy, born .Mar. 1, 1S4S in Nacdochet
Co. Tex. He served the confederacy in < om.
pany G- Texas Portison RanRcrs. undei
Captain John Thompson and Colonel Wjliei
P. Lane. He died March 7. t')oS. .Mr. and
.Mrs. Flournoy were the r">;"'* "' ^"'''
■Minerva, born August ■>. i.S72; Lillle John.
born April 5. 1874; Raleigh t)c. horn Jul>
15, 1876; Walter Gray, born February ;.
1881 and Clara iMay Llourn"v.bi>rn Septeir
ber 2, 1884

John W. Wilson, bi«rn Seplemher I •.
1824, in Jasper, .Marion Countv. Tenneix.*
married July 6, 1S?4 in Rusk Cunly. Tei .
Ellen E. Thompson born April 12, 18'« »'-
died January 28, 1867 and she died lu.-.r
2 5, 1867. They were the parenH <«r Anm
(Wilson) Flournov.

Grant, G. O- (See Grant. HaUhrced «n<l
Duncan)— George Owen, son o( Edward
and Susannah (Paden) Grant b«rn De-
cember 25, 18S3, graduated (fom .Male
Seminary May 28, 1902. Married Dec »o
1906, Lillie May. daughter of leter L>nc««
and Keziah (Moore) Cunningham, horn Mit
23, 1879. They are the parents ..I <>«'n
C. Grant, born September 25. r" > -•• '
Elizabeth Grant, born September

560

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

Victor Monnet Grant, born Feb. 26. 1917.

George Owen Grant was elected Register
of Deeds of Adair County in 1910. Gradu-
ated from the Law Department of the Uni-
versity of Oklahoma in June, 1914. Elected
County Attorney of Adair County 1918 and
1920. Delegate to Republican National
Convention at Chicago 1916 and 1920.

Ghormley, William H. (See Foreman and
Conrad) — William Charles, son of .Michael
Orlando and Nancy (David) Ghormley,
born Jan. 22, 1876, educated in the Chero-
kee Public Schools and Male Seminary, from
which he graduated June 25, 1897. He
married at Tahlequah, Sept. 19, 1899, Eliz-
abeth Emily, daughter of William H. and Le-
titia (Woodward) Foreman, born Dec. 2 7,
1897. They are the parents of: Stella, born
April 24. 1901; Maurice, born Jan. 13,
1903; Connell Rogers, born Sept. 23, 1904;
Dwight, born Dec. 21, 1907; Roberta, born
April 29, 1909; Una Jane, born January 9,
1912, and Pauline Irma Ghormley, born July
11, I9i5. .Mr. Ghormley is a member of
the Methodist church and belongs to the
Masonic, Odd Fellow, Woodmen of the
World, Modern Woodmen and Anti-Horse-
thief fraternities.

Gibbs, Mrs. Andrew J. — Caroline, daug-
ter of Pleas and Martha (Carnes) Tidwell,
was born in Georgia, Dec. 25, 1853, and
educated in that state. Married February
1884, Andrew J., son of William and Eliza-
beth Gibbs. They are the parents of Lillie
O., born December 23, 1887, married Er-
nest McLaughlin, and died in October 1907;
William P., born August 22, 1889; Hattie E.,
born .March 3, 1892; Allen D., born March
30, 189-4; Louanna, born February 3, 1895,
married Hosea Chidester, and has one daugh-
ter, Nona, born January 21. I9i5; Mary G.,
born December 9, 1807, married Owen
Washam; Leonard Andrew, born October 15,
1902; Ezra F., born November 28, 1903 and
Samuel B. Gibbs, born October 28, 1908.
Mr. and Mrs. Gibbs have reared Everett Mc-
Laughlin, their grandson, born May 8, 1907.

Gwartney, Walter E. (See Ward) — Walter
Edward Gwartney, born near Pryor, Aug. 20,
18'3 5. educated at Pryor. Married at Pryor,
Mav .10, i9i3, Bessie, daughter of Joseph
and Sallie McWaters, born April 7, 1896, in
Gainsville, Cook County, Texas. They are
the parents of: Walter Eugene, born Sep-
tember 5. 1914; Muriel Marguerite, born

June 2, 1916; Edward Russell, born August
13, 1917, and Susie Irene Gwartney, born
November 21, 1919.

Bryan Ward married Temerance Stansil.
Their son, John S. Ward, married Jennie
Loveless, and they were the parents of Susie
Ward, wife of Edward Gwartney, and mother
of Walter Edward Gwartney.

Garvin, Ben F. (See Oolootsa and Blair) —
Benjamin Franklin Garvin, born May 1, I861.
Married August 8, 1882, Sarah Benge, born
September 15, 1862. She died. He mar-
ried Eliza J. Baldridge, born June 6, 1864.
He is the father of Margaret Nannie, married
Nov. 8, 1901; Walter Agnew; Ada Cornelia,
married James Hail; Benjamin Franklin, mar-
ried Goode; Mary Ellen, married Benjamin
Franklin Bradley. Elizabeth Caroline, mar-
ried James McCullough; Edward Frye, mar-
ried Jessie Amos, and Elmer C. Garvin.
Benjamin Franklin Garvin, Sr., is a Mason,
Odd Fellow and Woodman of the World.

Gunter (See Grant, Oolootsa, Adair, Ghi-
gau and Ross) — Nancy E. Gunter was born
Feb. iq, 1S67, in Ft. Smith, Arkansas. She
was educated in the public scliools of the
Cherokee Nation and at the Female Semi-
nary. She married at Vinita on April 4,
1886. Lucien Webster Buffington, born
April 15, 185 7, on Beattie's Prairie, Delaware
District. He was educated in the Public
Schools of that vicinity. He came as a boy
to Vinita, shortly after it was established
and lived there until his death, which oc-
curred on December 3, 1919. Quite unos-
tentatious and gentlemanly, he accumulated
an extra compensation and for several years
preceding his death had been president of
the Vinita National bank. He was elected
Town Lot Commissioner in 1886 and 1888.
He was the son of William Wirt and Joseph-
ine (Bell) Buffington and his paternal grand-
parents were John Adair and Jennie (Mar-
tin) Bell.

Nancy E. Buffington is the daughter of
Samuel and Fannie (Daniel) Gunter. Sam-
uel Gunter was born March 16, 1840. in
Skin Bayou District. He was the most in-
trepid and daring of Watie's captains. He
married in 1864 at Spencer Academy, Choc-
taw Nation, Fannie, the daughter of Robert
Buffington and Ann (Taylor) Daniel. Rob-
ert B. Daniel was elected Senator from Dele-
ware District in 1847, Clerk of the Senate in
1S49 and Assistant Chief of the Cherokee

HISTORY OF THE ClIbROKHb INDIANS

Jt;renii;ili Hi.rn.

1872.
ere

>;immie. born Jul>
Andrew Bell Cunninj;-

Kansas. He
nuirried Jan-

Nation in lS7l. He died January l

Captain Samuel and Fannie Giinte

tlie parents of Nannie E., Jolin Edward, born

November 12, 1S69, and S;:

3 1, 1873, and married

ham.

Galbreath, Mrs. Earl. — Carrie Ciloteau
Cornatzer was born in Delaware District,
February 18, US 72, educated at Vinita and
Lawrence, Kansas. Married November 27,
1900, Benjamin F. Choteau, born February
18, 1861, in Johnson Couiitv
died January 20, l9o3, and sh
uary 20. V>\A, Earl, son of Edward and
Anna Galbreath, born July 23, lS<)a, in
Boone County, .Missouri. Her son by her
first marriage, Walter Choteau, was born
August 4, 1902, Mr. Galbreath is a farmer
near Big Cabin.

Marie Therese Bourgeois, an orphan
Creole of New Orleans, married Auguste
Rene Choteau, a native of Southeastern
France, Her son, Jean Pierre Choteau,
founded St. Louis, Missouri, when he was less
than fifteen years of age. His second wife
was Bridget Sancier and their youngest son,
Frederick Bates Choteau, together with his
elder brother, founded Kansas City. Mis-
souri. Frederick Bates Choteau married
Elizabeth Tooley. a Shawnee, and they were
the parents of William Myers Choteau who
married Mary Silverheel and they were the
parents of Benjamin F. Choteau. who mar-
ried Caroline Cornatzer and is the father of
Walter Choteau.

Gentry, Mrs- William M. (See Hicks) —
Margaret, daughter of Robert Pay and Cyn-
thia Jane (Horn) Taylor, was born Nov. 10,
187 3, educated at Worcester Academy, and
Willie Halsell College, Vinita. Married at
Weston, Texas, April 18, 1891. William M.
son of W. J. and Nancy A. Gentry, born
August 10, 1S7I, in Ray County, Missouri.
They are the parents of: Ralph Ray. born
July 7. 1893; Blanche Sunbeam, born Oct.
15, 1896; Christopher Robert, born March
23, 1900; Winnie Gertrude, born April 7,
1902; Hearst T.. born May 6, 1904: William
Lee, born April 30, 1908; Annie Audrey,
born January 28, 1910; Ruth, born Dec.
28, 1912, and Juna Gentry, born March
2, 19 16. True to the family custom. Wil-
liam M. Gentry is a farmer and raiser of
thoroughbred saddle stock at his splendidly
equipped Rose Valley Farm.

. - while man, mifirj
Elsie, the daughter ot Clud Chirlci K M.a.
and their son.

\\illiain Horn, mirrifd Mi
garel Le:idbetter. and ihev were ih« rtt, u
of Cynthia J. H.-rn. bom In Trwv N..>rm
ber 2'). IS4 7. .Marric-J in ,Mirch. isri. H-*
en Pay T:iylor. born in Tennc««. S-setn
ber 20, tS4 7.

Chief Charles R. Hicks, on whom jn n
tended sketch is given in ihe hliloncii ir.j
was the son of Nathjn ind Hiiibrth
(Broom) Hicks, his mother beinrt i aiucbtrr
of Chief Broom of Bro..mln»n. where bit
first printed Cherokee law was entHcd <.n
September 1 !. ISOS.

Goss, Benjamin F. (See Grant. (>o»nin(.
Ghigau, Oolootsa and Adair) — Ben)imin
Franklin, son of George Washington a^id
.Mary Alice (.Mayes) Goss, horn .Mav l*.
1884. married Jan. 10. t<'n6. Flora Etia.
daughter of .lacob Udolphus and Annie t'.hir-
lotte (Towers) Alberty, born April *. is^v
They are the parents of John Thomrf -n.
born Jan. 27, 1907; William Clarence. Kirn
September 22, 1909; George Washincion.
horn January 3. 1912. and .Mary Charl«>lle
Goss. born May 4, 19 1 5,

George Washington Goss Is (he son of
Benjamin F. and Sarah Emily (Bean) GoJt

Jacob Udolphus Albertv is the win <>(
John D. and Jennie (Buffington) Albert*

Gotl, A. M. (See Corderv)— Sue T .
daughter of Charles, a native •<( Sparlenberc
Dist., S- Car., and Jane (Collins) Harrtv *n
born July 6. IS46. and married N"» ».
1869. Alfred Mason Gotl. born Sept 2*.
18 14, in Logan County. Illinois. He w»« »
member of Company A, Terry's Texas Rant-
ers before and during the Civil war. Mn
Gott died March 'n, i^lft.

George. Mrs. Etielle (See Grant)— Ada.
daughter of Joseph L%nch and Alice (Tuck-
er) Thompson, born Jan. 2f>. l.tSI, educii<J
at Vinita and Female Seminary VarrirJ il
Vinit.a. December S. I'mo. to F^t '
born Nov. 26. l.S.SI. in O^^tr
souri. Thev are the rif'"" ' ■
George born November 12. fM. Mr and
Mrs George are farming near Bit CaNn

Graham, Mr.. T. O. (See Granl)-UJ-
Vic Grant was a trader among Ihe r^^(t■^.fr^
in 173 5. He married a member «>t Ihr *■ '■'
Clan. Their only a child, a dauthier. m.ff 'd
William Emorv. an Englishman. From lh-«
unir.n there were three dauthlers. Ihe »"««€•

562

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

est of whom was Susannah whose third hus-
band was General Joseph Martin of the Revo-
lutionary army and later U. S. agent for the
Cherokees. General and Susannah Martin's
daughter Nannie married Jeter Lynch an
Irishman. Maria, daughter of Jeter and Su-
sannah Lynch married Johnson Thompson
and later Andrew Brown Cunningham. From
this union were born the following chil-
dren: James Franklin Thompson who mar-
ried Caroline Elizabeth McCord; Joseph
Lynch Thompson, married Frances Kell;
Alice Tucker; and Miranda King, nee Riley:
Sabra Anne Cunningham married Lucien
Burr Bell and Jeter Thompson Cunningham,
born Dec. 1, 1843, was 1st Lieut, of Co. A,
First Cherokee Mounted Volunteers in the
Confederate service, under Captain Hugh
Tinnon and Colonel Stand Watie. He mar-
ried on June 13, 1S86 Camille Moore, born
Feb. 12, 1S49. He was elected to the
Council from Delaware District August 2,
1869 and August 4, 1873; Elected Clerk of
the same district August 2, 1875. Mrs.
Keziah Camille Cunningham was the daugh-
ter of Elijah and Jamima (Landrum) Moore,
and the grand-daughter of James and Re-
becca (Duncan) Landrum.

Jeter Thompson and Keziah Camille Cun-
ningham were parents of Andrew Bell Cun-
ningham, Principal Chief of the Cherokee
Nation; Catherine Aurora born February 17,
1871, married Connell Rogers; Jeter Thomp-
son born January 12, 1873, married Mar-
garet ElliS; Keziah Elizabeth, born January
14, 1875, married Oliver Lynch Wyly, and
Hugh Morgan Rogers Lily .May, born May
23, 1879, married George Owen Grant;
Belle, born April 26, 1881, graduated from
the Female Seminary May 25, 1900, married
Dec- 21, 1910; Thomas Oscar Graham, born
December 4, 1875. Albert Sidney Johnson
born February 19, 18S3, married Margaret
Daugherty; Roxana born March 8, 1885 mar-
ried Dr. E. B. Reed.

Humphreys, Margaret nee Woodall (See
Hendricks)' — Margaret Woodall, born July
18, 1866. Married at Tahlequah Nov. 24,
1909. James Humphreys, born in Monroe
County, Tennessee in 1867. They are the
parents of Ro.xis, born August 30, 19i0;
Harrison, born March 16, 1912; Eula, born
June 10, 1914; and Virgil, born May 3,
1916. James Humphreys is a Mason ana
an Odd Fellow.

Hendrickc, Thomas Sr. (See Hendricks)

Thomas Hendricks was born Aug. 29, 1839.
He served during the Civil War in the Indian
Home Guards under Captain Blunt. Married
at Park Hill in 1869, Nellie Ragsdale, born
September 22, 1839. They were the par-
ents of Rufus. Thomas, Susie and Janana
Hendricks. Thomas Hendricks was elected
Councilor from Tahlequah District August 3,
188 5.

Hendricks, Thomas Jr. (See Hendricks) —
Thomas Hendricks, Jr. born at Tahlequah
Jan. 14, 1S7 7. Educated at Tahlequah. Mar-
ried at Tahlequah Jan. 11, 1899, Maud Stan-
ley, born April 25, 1888- She died Mar. 6,
1910. They were the parents of: Robert E.
born Dec. 9, 1899; Clara M. born May 2,
1900; Viola, born October 21, 1902; Thelma
G. born October 16, 1904; Wirt, born April
4, 1906 ;and Maude Hendricks, born Feb-
ruary 25, 1908. Mrs Hendricks died March
6, 1910 and he married at Muskogee Sept-
tember 29, 1910, Bessie Bagley born Feb-
ruary 19, 1895 in Missouri. They are the
parents of Hazel, born September 16, 1912;
Poss, born February 2, 1915; Pauline, born
June 9. 1918, and Thomas Franklin Hen-
dricks born March 13, 1921. Mr. Hendricks
Cherokee name is Teeseeyauke, he is a mem-
ber of the A. H. T. A.

HefHn, D. G. (See Grant and Ghigau) —
Elizabeth Christine, daughter of Dr. Jeter
Lvnch and Mary Jane (Taylor) Thomp-
son, born Jan. 28, 1854, in Delaware Dist.
Married Oct. 17, 1871. William, son of Wil-
liam and (Timberlake) Eubanks. born in Go-
ing Snake District, Dec. 3, 1S41. He enlisted
in 1861 in Captain George Harlan Starr's Co.
of the First Cherokee Mounted Rifles. Was
First Lieutenant of Captain William Taylor's
Company and upon the decease of Taylor he
became Captain. He was elected Executive
Councilor in November 1887. .Mrs. Eubanks
died March 29. in 12. Thev were the par-
ents of Ada Archer Eubanks, born at Tahle-
quah June 25, 1884, educated at Tahlequah
and Female Seminary. Married at Table
quah July 30, 1905, Dessis Garfield, son of
Rachel and J. Barto Heflin, born February
10, 1882 in Harrison, Boon County, Arkan-
sas. She died February 21, 1913. The>
were the parents of Dennis Garfield born at
Tahlequah May 24, 1906 and Rachel Eliza-
beth Heflin, born at Tahlequah April 18,
1^)09.

HISTORY OF THE CHHROKb.i INhlANs

S(,\

Harlan, William Lee (See Ghisau a„d
Grant)— William Lee. son oi George Wash-
ington and Sarah Jane (Cecil)' Harlan
was born in Delaware District, Septem-
ber 12, iSM. Married March 2y, i9o-t
Lucinda, daughter of William and Charlotte
(Mayes) Ballard, born near Carey's Terry
on Grand River .hine II, 1S79. She gradu-
ated from the Female Seminary June 2'),
1S99. They are the parents of: Grace Le-
Ota, born July 4, 1905; Vanney, born Julv
27. 1907; Jewell Bernice. born .March 12,
1913 and William Lee Harlan, born July 20,
19 2U.

Mr. and .Mrs. Harlan are members of the
Methodist Church. He is a farmer and
stockraiser near White Oak.

William, son of Archibald and Anni-,
(Fields) Ballard born in Delaware District
May 29, 1S52 and educated in that District.
Married December 26, 1S71 Charlotte
Mayes, born August 6, 1S5I. They are the
parents of .Mrs. Lucinda (Ballard) Harlan

Hawkins, Roswell Drake (See Ghigau) —
Roswell Drake, son of Adison Gregory and
Ruth (Parks) Hawkins was born in Vinita
March 27, 1891. Educated at Vinita and
Kemper Military College. Married at Los An-
geles, Calif. Aug. 2 1, 1911 La Donne Helen,
daughter of Joseph and Mabel Paulet, born
Aug. 15, in Centralis. Cook Co. 111. They
are the parents of Rfiswell Drake, Jr., born
March 5, I9l8 and Beverly Joyce Hawkins,
born March 18, 192 1. Mr. Hawkins is onj
of the prosperous young cattlemen of Crai^
County.

Mrs. Ruth Hawkins is the daughter of
Supreme Judge George Washington and
Louise (Spriggs) Parks.

Hajres, Mrs. Eliza (See Griffin) — Eliza,
daughter of William and Eliza Griffin was
born Sept- 25, 1S61. Educated in the Chero-
kee public schools and Female Seminary.
Taught school for some time and married at
Webbers Falls on Jan. 11, lSS3 Richard, son
of John and Rebecca Hayes, born Sept.
3, 1859 in Cherokee Nation, Indian Terri-
tory. They are the parents nf Emma Hays,
born Dec. 13, 1SS4.

.Mrs. Haves is a member of the .Methodist
church. Her Cherokee name is Lesi Sal-
nava and she belongs to the Holly clan

Horrell, Mrs. Louise H. (See England) —

Louisa n. diuiihUT „r William jnj M«.

■lain; (England) llahiNh. |...,„ i.,

Educated In the iJur.iLif ,

and W. . I Chester Acjdenu. \

at Oswego, Kansas .March .s.

T.. son of Benjamin and .Mi'.

rel. They are the parenn ,.| Mjr. h

born February ", mo6 and Allen •: II •

burn Clclober M, \')oS.

.Mr. Horrell is i stillman *Hh the S:
Kefining Cumpanv.

Hickey, George H. (See (irinl. AJi

Ghigau)— Gecrue lleiir\. s..n <.) I
Preston and Lucinda (Gull) Hickn.
November 2 1, l.SSo. educalird In i ,.
coowee District. Married at i"
5. l')04, Saliie, daughter . f L,
Annie (Foster) .Maves, bi.rn '•
They are the parents n( Be
burn April 0, 1>>0U: Lulu .M\r-
tember 2i, l')o4; Susie Alu
ary 6. 1907; Georgia .Margmr •

tember 13. l'»10 and Thomas .,. , ,, .

ev, horn November 20, 19«I.

Hickey, John Walter. (See Grant. Oh'ti

and Adair) — John Walter, son o( Th
Preston and Lucinda (Goti) ]Ucke\ '• ■
.May 22. 1892. .Married at IndepenJ.-.u.
Kansas. .March 15, t">16. Maude Almi.
daughter of William and .Mir\ I uv' J»
(Adair) Gott. born .March 4. l.S'i') m M ■
District. They are the parents of V»":in'
born August 5. I''17 and William Br>anl
Hickey. horn August 2 5. 1 020.

Ludovic Grant, 1 Scotch trader mi' -if J 1
full blood Cherokee woman of the 'A f
Clan. Their daughter married W '! j •■
Emory an Englishman and thev «er,- if"
parents of Susannah who married P cHi-i
Fields, a while man. Their son Th 1
Fields, married Nancy Rogers nee fi..'
and thev were the parenls o( Pachel '1- •
Fields, born in LSI?, married llenr^ Mui-
born March 15. I.Sl5 in Tennf^^ee Thr •
son. Thomas Preston llicke*. horn Se^^—
ber 15. 1S53. Married Mav 26. !.<"• I j
cinda Gott. born AujuM 12. 1 "" « Th-'
are the parents of John Waller HIcke*. I«i •
subject of this sketch.

Harrir., Mrt. J. W. (See England) — 1 s
sephine. daughter of Eiias II and ^
(England) Jenkins was N>rn in '
coowee District, lulv 4. i.im and c!
at the Cherokee National schoolt Marnrd

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

at Siloam Spring, Arkansas, July 10, 1886,
John Wesley Harris, born June 23. 1867, in
Winebago County, Illinois. They are the par-
ents of: Flora May, born July 25, 1887;
Gertrude N., born January 13, 1889; Ulalah
S., born September 5, 1890; Roy C, born
April 20, 1892, and John Wesley Harris, born
June 3, 1897. Mr. Harris is a farmer and
stock raiser near Vinita. He was elected
County Commissioner of Craig County, Sep-
tember 17, 1907.

Joseph Roswell Harris was born in Du-
rant, Illinois, Nov. 17, 183 7. Served in the
Civil war in Company H, 74th Illinois In-
fantry; married Aug. 27, 1866, Rachel Put-
ney. She died November 23, 191 1, and he
died May 23, 1921. They were the parents
of: John Wesley and Ulalah Harris.

Arminda England was born November 25.
1831; married William England, Isaac Sch-
rimsher and Elias H. Jenkins. She died De-
cember 27, 1879.

Harris, Colonel Johnson (See Grant, Cord-
ery and Adair) — Colonel Johnson Harris,
named for his father's friend, Colonel John-
son, was born April 19, i856, in Georgia;
died at Muskogee, Sept. 25. 1921. Educated
in Canadian District and Male Seminary.
Married August 12, 1877, Nannie E., daugh-
ter of Richard F., and Rachel Elizabeth
(Goss) Fields, born October 7, 1849. She
died November 14, 1887, and he married
March 4, 1891, Mary Elizabeth, daughter of
William Peiin and Sarah Ann (Adair) Adair,
horn June 12, 1864. She died Nov. U,
1902, and he married Caroline Alice Collins
nee Hall. Colonel Johnson Harris is the
father of: Benna Vista, born October 26,
1877; William Richard, born January 23,
1880. Graduated from Male Seminary, May
24, 1900. Died October 24, l9i7; Colonel
Johnson, born March 22, 1882, married Feb-
ruary 22, 19 10. Caroline Elizabeth Ghormley,
born June 3. 1888. Graduated from Female
Seminary June 1, 1905. They are the par-
ents of Ewing Johnson, born December 14,
1910; Russell Fields, born July 27, l9l2;
Buena W-, born May 6, I9l4; Jocarey, born
October 6, 191 6; Nannie, born September 6,
19 IS. and William Richard Harris, born
April 12. 1^21. Joel Adair, born June 22,
1894 and died June 30, I9i5, Caroline
Ellen, born November 8, 1896. Married
September 24, 1919, W. A. Robertson; and
Charles Hasting Harris, born August 15,

1899. Colonel Johnson Harris was elected
Senator from Canadian District in ISSI,
1883 and 1885. He was President of the
Senate from 1883 to 1885. Elected dele-
gate to Washington in 1886 and 1895.
Elected Treasurer November 6, 1891, and
on the 23rd of the succeeding month was
elected Principal Chief. Elected Senator
from Tahlequah District in 1S99.

Hendricks, Rufus — (See Hendricks) —
Rufus, son of Thomas and Nellie Hendricks
was born October 25, 1869, educated in the
Cherokee National schools. Married at
Tahlequah December 22, 1895 to Susie,
daughter of Joseph and Almeda Stanley,
born March 22, 1876 in Jasper County,
Missouri. They are the parents of: Joseph
born September 29, i896; Jajiies, born No-
vember 12, 1897; Willdie, born January 6,
1899; Marcus A. born July 26, 1901; Har-
vey, born March 29, 1903; Edna, born Aug-
ust 2, 1906; Herchell, born July 13, 1908;
Herbert, born April 17, 1910; Ethel, born
November 4, l9ii; Iva, born May 16, 1913;
Elva born November 3, 1915, and Dolora,
born January 4, 417, Mr. Hendricks is
one of the representative farmers of his com-
munity and has been a member of the dis-
trict school board for seven years.

Henry, Mrs. W. G. — (See Downing, Dan-
iel and Foreman) — Nannie Catherine Dan-
iel, born January 12, 183 5, married Decem-
ber 23. 185 7 Anderson Springton Wilson,
born in 1830. They were the parents of
DeWitt, born January 7. 1860; James Daniel
born February 2, 1S61 and May Wilson,
born May 1, 1862. Anderson Springston
Wilson died December 26, 1865 and his wid-
ow married Henry Clay Barnes in 1872;
Henry Clay Barnes was born at Dwight
Mission, Cherokee Nation, August 29, i84 5.
They were the parents of Myrtle, born July
25. 1874, educated at Tahlequah Female
Seminary, married May 14, 1891 Wallace
Gibbs Henry, born April 6, 1872.

W. G. and Myrtle Henry are the parents
of DeWitt CUnton, born April 11, 1892;
Roy Wilson, born July 22, 1897 and Myra
May born Dec. 8, 1903. Nancy Catherine
Barnes died Dec. 10, 1889.

Hammett, James W. — (See Mills and
Grant) — Mary Mills, Cherokee name Gau-
le-tsa, born December 25, 1875 near Sal-
iisaw, is the daughter of Charles and Mar-
garet (Johnson) Mills. Educated at Chero-

HISTORY OF THH ClIliROKlfE INDIANS

kee public schools ;iiul Female Semiiuiry.
Married James W. Haniniett. They are tlie
parents of: Richard L., born January 3,
1S9 5, married Ruby Landruiii; Mary Eliza-
beth, born AuRiist 3, US6') Hthel Christine,
biirn December 2 5, IS'IS and James 1;.
Hammett, born September S. I'loi.

Hallum, Mrs| William O. — Alary Hlla
daughter of R. L. and Hliza Jane (Morris)
England, born in Delaware District, February
11, 1SS2, educated in the Cherokee National
Schools. Married February 12, I'Juo Wil-
liam O.. son of Wm. B. burn October 17,
1821, died October 25, 1S45, and Micca
(England) Hallum, born June S, 1S25, died
November 14, 1887 in Georgia. They are
the parents of Maude Evelyn, born January
10, IQOI, married Marion B. Carico and has
one son, Jock Caricu, born September 5.
1919; Eliza Mav, born April '), i')o3; Susie
Leona, born October 3, 1907 and Sadie
Floris Hallum. born January 2, 1914.

Houston, Mrs. Lee — (See Ward)— Stel-
la Lenora, daughter of Lovell Peabody and
Johnanna (Powell) Ballard. b(irn in Dela-
ware District, August 23, 1')00. Educated
at Ketchum. Married at Siloam Springs,
Arkansas, September 2, 1916, Lee. son of
A. P. and Mary Houston, born July 26, 1892
in Berry County. Missouri. They are the
parents of: Lillie May, born July 15, 19 17
and Mary Ann Houston, born .March 31,
1920. Mr. Houston is a farmer near Ket-
chum.

Nancy, daughter of James and Sidney
(Redding) Ward was born Jan. 29, 1830.
Married Sept. 21, 1845, Cal Dean Gun-
ter, born March 30, 1818. He died March
27, 189S. They were the parents of Anna
Eliza Gunter, born May 4, 1848 and married
John Powell. Their daughter, Johnanna
Powell was born February 15. 1869 and
married February 2S, 1S99, Lovell Peabody
Ballard, born January 27, 1S79 in Benton
County. Arkansas. She died August 20.
1920.

Howell, Mrs. C W.— (See Hildebrand) —
Sena B., daughter of John T. and Laura
(Hildebrand) Davis was born in Delaware
District, September 20, 1SS7, educated m
the Cherokee National Schools. Married at
Vinita, February 11, i906, C. W., son of
Lemuel and Elizabeth Howell. They are the
parents of Nora Mav, born May 31, 191-';
Woodrow Wilson, born November 5, 1916;

and Luuis C. 1I..WCII, born .ScplonKr .
1919. Mr. Howell is a farmer ncjf KcUh.r

Hendricki, Mr». Jamet B ll<-ii„,f | I

daughter i.f James A. una .Mir- '
Hibbs, was horn in the Oh,
Alarch IS, tSSi, educated In ;
National Schools. .Married N..,. <. i . ,.
James B., son of KIkanah and .Mjrciffi tlf>
dricks. They are the p-irenlj «i Zilph, t- i •
Nov. 2, 1901; Lonnie, b..rn lune 11,1-
is at present in the U. S. Coj\l Ati.lhf.
in California; ALimie, burn AucutI 15. I ■ ••
married Harry Cook; Ray. born JuU W
1906; Jessie, horn February 26. \'>i>S. Ij<
born April 25. I909., .Marie, b<>rn .Mi> i.
1910; Lawrence, horn .lanuarv 26. fJiJ.
Nina, born May 1, 19H; (.ecii h-irn Ser-
tember 9, I9i5; Elkana. N.rn Septemh^t
11, 1917, and .Margaret Hendrick*. Sfn
February 1, 1919.

Hogue, Mrs. Joseph S. — (See l><i|<»i!i»
and Ghigau) — Marv Erskine Clirk. h<.fn
December 12, iSSo. educated at Jackton.
Tennessee. .Married at Chelsea June ^.
IS9S Joseph Sterling Hogue. horn Januart
2S. 1867 in Granger County. Tenneitee
They are the parents of Joseph Clarke, N>rn
January 7, 1900; Condroy Lea. horn June
20. 1903 and Sarah Erskine Ho(ue. N>rn
April 7, 1906.

.Mr. Hogue is a live slock dealer al Chel-
sea. Mrs. Hogue is the daughter o( Hich-
ard and Emma (Lea) Clark and the trand-
daughter of Armstrong and .Minerva Jane
(Walker) Lea.

Jones, Mrs. George W.— Annie 0<J«llt.
daughter of L. Ba.xter and France* P. (Mc-
Gee) Prather was horn in Cowikin I'tjine.
Delaware District. November 17, I.S5", »rd
educated in Female Seminary Marr cJ »<
Vinita September 25, r'05. Georte W « ~-
of Winfield Scott and Lillie t' (f.'hf^'
Jones, horn December r'. ISSI, in Se-.f.»
.Missouri. They arc the patenli ■■( fi- •
Lillie, born August 5. I'»06; SW»u • i > •
born February 9. 1908; Tracv Fd»f •■ ■'-
.Mav 29, 1909; Opal Fthel. b"rn I.j ■ ■
1911: Othoe Harold, born April I "•
Bertha Evelyn. b"rn February I. I''
Gejrge Henry .tones, bom Ffbr.n
1920. Mr. Jones is a Urwer • .
Cabin.

Journeyculce, Mr.. Eli" *
ing)— Eliza Ann. d.'ughter .■< ''"'tfr i-j
Catherine (Benge) Daniel «a» N-rn JuN i-.

566

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

1860. educated at the Cherokee Orphan
As>luni, married December 23, ISSI Isaac
Newton Journeycake, born February, 1859
and died in 1916. They were the parents
of; Robert Joseph, born October 26, 1882
and died April 1-t, 1903; Jesse Daniel, born
March 21, 1890 , married Georgia Shamblin;
Isaac Newton, born October 23, 1892, mar-
ried Tanna Crisp, and Bender Journeycake,
born May 23, 1895.

Mrs. Journeycake's Cherokee name i^
Chiouke.

Jones, Mrr. Dr. J. S.— (See Foreman).—
Mary Elizabeth Dege, born in Atlanta,
Georgia, October 30, 18S1, educated at
Pryor and Female Seminary. Married Oct-
ober 5, 1907, J. S. Jones, D. D. S. They
are the parents of James Staunton, born
January 5, 1909; Mary Pauline, born Julv
7. 19 11 and Helen Mercedes Jones, bo.n
September 13. 1913.

Dr. Jones is a graduate of the Southern
Dental College of Atlanta, Georgia. He was
a volunteer in the World War and was
stationed at Camp Greenleaf, was commis-
sioned a First Lieutenant and transferred t(j
Camp Mills, N. Y. Received his discharge
on January 21, 1919. He is at present the
Commander of the American Legion camp
at Pryor. Mrs. Dr. Jones belongs to the
Baptist church, is an Eastern Star and White
Shriner.

Anthony Foreman, a Scotchman married
Susie, a full blood Cherokee of the Savan-
nah Clan and their daughter Catherine mar-
ried James Bigby. They were the parents
of Mary Anna Bigby, born August 9, 1802,
she married David Taylor, born in Orange
County, Virginia, December 16, 1791. Their
son James Taylor was the father of Laura
Alice Taylor, born June 10, 1846, in North
Carolina, married at Walhalla, South Caro-
lina, October 13, 1867, John Henry Dege
born February 4, lS4 5 in Bassum, Hanover
Germany and they were the parents of Mrs-
Mary Elizabeth Jones.

Johnston, John Edward.— (See Ross, Oo
lotsa and Wilson) — John Edward Johnston,
born March 21, 1881. Married December
25, 1906 at Muldrow, Oklahoma, Ida, daugh-
ter of Alexander F. and Nannie (Ridding)
McKinney, born June 10, 1SS7. Mrs. John-
ston died April 21, -1915. They were the
parents of Albert Sidney, born December
23. 1907; John Edward, born August 2,
1909; William Alexander, born November

28, 19 10; and Joseph Franklin Johnston,
born January 28, I'M 3. Mr. Johnston mar-
ried Mrs- Anne Bruton Levy, February 25.
1921 .

John Edward Johnston was elected Sheriff
of Sequoyah County, September 17, 1907;
November 8, 1910 and Navember 5, 1912

Catherine, a full blood Cherokee married
John Gunter, said to have been a Welshman.
Their son, Samuel, married Ayoka and their
son, George Washington Gunter, married
Eliza Nave. He was elected Senator from
Sequoyah District, August 6, 1849. Their
daughter Susan Catherine Gunter married
Robert Johnston and James Choate and
was the mother of Albert Main Johnson who
married Uelilah Baldridge and they are the
parents of John E. Johnston, the subject of
this sketch. Albert M- Johnston was
elected Sheriff of Sequoyah District August
4, 1879 and August 1, 1881.

Riggs, William G.— (See Sanders, Grant
^i,jj Ross)— Juliette Scrimsher Chambers,
born November 25, 1873 near Claremore,
educated in the Cherokee National schools
and graduated from the Fort Worth Business
College, married at Claremore June 22,
1902 William Grant Riggs, born January
14, 1869 in Missouri . They are the par-
ents of; Lee Grant, born June 21, 1908
and Joseph Vann Riggs born November 27,
1914- Mr. Riggs is a substantial stockhold-
er in the Farmers Bank and Trust Co., ot
Claremore. Bv a former marriage Mr- Riggs
has three thildren; Martha Mary, born
June 14, 1S')6; William Edgar, born No-
vember 8, 1898 and Rolla L. Riggs, born
August 31, 1900. Mrs. Juliette S. Riggs'
Cherokee name is. Wuti and she belongs
to the Bird Clan.

Henry Chambers, son of Maxwell and
Elsie (Sanders) Chambers, was born April
21 1823, married Nancy Hendricks, born
September 4, 1825. He was elected Senator
from Cooweescoowee District August 2,
1875 and August 5, 1877- Mrs- Nancy
Chambers died November 26, 1879. He was
elected Treasurer of the Cherokee Nation
in 1883 and Assistant Chief on August 3,
iS9i. He died of infuenza at Tahlequab
on December 10, iS9l. His son Vann
Chambers was born on February 15, 1850
married Julv 28, lS7l Jennie D. McCoy,
born April 25. 1854- Thev are the parents
of: Juliette Schrimsher, Elizabeth. Louis R.,

HISTORY OF THH ClIEKOKHL' IM

'lANS

Vanu Sanders. Claience, Guru u,ul )„•,„„■.
Rogers Cliajiibers.

Keith, James G— James G., son of Joel
M. and Susan Ann (McClure) Keith was
born in Georgia, March 4, 1874, and edu-
cated in that State. He married at Clare-
more, .March 4, lyoo, Lottie, dauijhter of A
L. and Abigal Knox, born April 2, 1880 in
Concordia, Kansas and was educated in that
state. They are the parents of; Joel a"
born May 2 7, i9ui; Viola R., born Jan-
uary 7, 1903; James R., born October 27
1905; Mary A., born August 2, 1907; Susaii
E., born November 7, 1916; Sarah Charlotte
born February 25, 1919; and LaVaughn
Keith, born July 26, 192 1, .Mr. Keith is a
member of the A. H. T. A. and of the Bap-
tist church.

Kerr, Mrs. Robert— Anna Marie, daughter
of John and Jane (Daugherty) Greenfeather
was born in Delaware District, February ,>,
1S.S5. Educated at Ketchum. .Married at
Vinita. in January i<)05. Robert, son of
Ale.xander and Tilda Kerr, born August 30,
1S90. They are the parents of: Cora, bor:i
August 3 0, 1901 married Clyde Bosley:
Tilda, born June 30, 1904; Robert, born July
23, 1906; Lee Allen, born September 17,
1910; Lora May, born October 2S, 1912
and Irene Elizabeth Kerr, born January 16,
1917. .Mr. Kerr is a farmer near Ketchum.

Keys, Elizabeth (See Grant, Ghigau. Fore-
man, Adair and Riley) — James .Mcintosh
Keys, born near the jiiouth of Fourteen Mile
Creek in Tahlequah District, March 25,
1843. Educated in that District. He en-
listed at the beginning of the war under his
cousin Captain O. H. P. Brewer and served
four years in the Confederacy. Naturally
kind, considerate and of much more than
ordinary native ability. He married

in March 16, 1869 Nancy Jane Mayes,
born April 29, iS50 near Baptist, Going
Snake District. She was educated at Baptisi
.Mission. He was elected Solicitor of Coo-
weescoowee District August 4. 1S79 and
August 6, 18S3. Elected senator from the
same District August 3. 1891. Elected a
member of the townsite commission in ISSI
and Chief Justice of the Cherokee Nation in
November 1885. On the inception of state-
hood he was elected Senator from the twen-
ty-ninth District.

James .McDaniel and Nancy Jane (.Maves)
Keys were the parents of; Dennis Bushyhead.

t'>

'-n- .lulv ,5. ,S7.S; „,„,..,j ^,^
February ,2, I S.S2 ,„j Eii^t,,^ ,...,„ ^^^ ^
-rnsep,.„,,,r,2. KS85 a„4 .h. cr.du.., a
from lemale Sen>injry .lune 1 ,.,o4

.Mrs. Nancv J.„e Kevs 1, ,he j,„,hu, . ,
tie.rse WashinRfn a„j ,:hir|..ii, („,,„
head) Mayes.

Kelley, Mr,. W. P.-|a„„i, Vi..U d.u,..
ter of George and Lucindj (J.,„c„ w,.,
■eld, born December S. iS7i ,\u„i.d „
Viniia, November 25. tSS'i. William !■ , ,
of John and Elinbelh Kcllcv. born lu„, ■
1S64 in Texas Co. ,M„. Thcv itc lh< fif-
ents of Lizzie Lucinda Kellev. N.rn AujuU
= . 18S6. Married I'MO Stephen Edward
Landrum. born July IS, 189 5. He .erred
in the World War from Novemher l')i: |.,
February 27, ruo. They are the r"'n,x
of Willie Steve (girl) Landrum, N.rn Mj.
12. 1020. The Kelleys and Landrumt ir.-
farmers near Big Cabin in Craij Counl>.

King, Richard W. (Ward)— Richard Wil-
ley, son of Judce Benjamin Cooper and /»!•-
bie (Kadle) King was born August t. I.fi.
educated at Tahlequah and .Male Semina-*.
Married July 20, 1890 .Melvin Holland. N.rn
May 26, 1871. They were the parenii r.|
Benjamin Cooper born December 23, 1S<>:.
married at Tahlequah August 30, till lo
Peggy Balleau born in IS94. Has one f».
Richard Chester King, born Nov. i5, ni,
Clifford Willey, born Dec. 27, t902 anJ
John King, born April 1, lOIo.

Benjamin Cooper King was elected Judc
of Tahlequah District. August 5, tsS''.
Richard Willey King was elected County
Commissioner of the Third District of Cher-
okee County on November 5. t9J2. He i»
an Odd Fellow and Knight of Pylhlii. Ben
jamin fooper King. Jr.. is a Mas^n and • >dd
Fellow.

Letteer, Mrs. Roy (See Grant) — LabomJ
Lucile. daughter of Chief William <'hir'.-»
and Nannie (Haynie) Rogers, nas N-m ii
Skiatook, .May 4. lloo Fducaled al SI i
took and married in OkUhnma Cil>. ".ri
19, 1920, Roy. Son r.f .Mr. and Mr* W .'i
Letteer. They are the parenlj nl Janf '.
Letteer, born September II. I"'21

Mrs. Letteer is the daughter <i| Wlll.jm
Charels Rogers the last chief of the Chef'
kees and the great grand-daurhler •■( i'.>:
tain John Rogers, the lait chief of the Old
Settler Cherokees.

Lightle, J«ine» (See Thompson)— J»me«
son of Edward and Sarah Llfhlle »m b"fa

568

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

Tuesday, August 22, 1SS9 in Scanimon,
Cherokee County, Kansas. Educated at
Talala. Married at Talala, November 6th,
•1910, Nettie, daughter of Lawson and Mary
Jane (Merrill) Runyar, born Nov. 6, 1SS6.
They are the parents of Elsie Florence
Lightle, born April 23, 1913.

Mr. Lightle is a pharmacist at Talala.

Little, Mrs. Joseph (See Grant) — Joseph
Carter, son of William and Theresa Lane
(Davis) Little was born at Vinita, Monday
May 19, 1879. Educated in Worchester
Academy, Vinita. Married at Chelsea Oct.
23, 1904, Myrtle, daughter of E. M. and Vic-
toria (Powell) Arnold, born Oct. 23, 1884,
and educated at Chelsea, Cherokee Nation.
They are the parents of: Joseph, born April
5, 1907; William, born Sept. 30, 1909; Rob-
ert, born Aug. 31, 1911; Mary, born Nov.
12, 1913; Ruth, born March 9, 1918; James,
born March 3, 1920. Mr. Little is one of
the largest range and feeding cattle men in
Oklahoma owning and leasing an extensive
acreage for that purpose west of Ramona.

Lane, Rosa Gazelle — Rosa Gazelle, daugh-
ter of Dr. Andrew Jackson Lane born
March 27, 1851 in Giles County, Tennessee
graduated from the University of Louisiana
in 1874. married December 25, 1877, Lu-
cinda E. Journeycake nee Elliott, born April
14, 1852 at Leavenworth Kas. He died Oct.
31, 1896; Lane born Jan. 31, 1882 near
Oowala, Cherokee Nation. She was educated
at the Oowala public school, Female Semi-
nary, graduating June 9, 1903, Lexington,
Mo. and Petersburg, Virginia. Taught school
several years and elected City Clerk of
Claremore in 1921. She is a member of the
Claremore Eastern Star Chapter and P. E. O.
Sisterhood, chapter K. at Tulsa.

Lee, David M. (See Downing) — David
Marshall, son of John and Mary (Faulkner)
Lee, was born in Sequoyah District July 9,
1861, educated in Male Seminary. Married
March 12, 1881, Mary Elmira. daughter of
James Franklin and Elmire (Simcoe) Bethel,
born September 10, 1858 in Sebastian
County, Arkansas. They are the parents of
Florence Ada, deceased; Lizzie May, born
Jan. 16, 1883, married W. F. Wasson; Lou
Emma, born December 15, 18S6. married
James A. Jackson and died ,Iuly 28, 1920;
Flossie Edna, born February 13, 1889, mar-
ried James B. Galloway and Frank Enimett
Lee, born October 23, 1S9 1 and married

Mary Daugherty. David Marshall Lee is a
Mason, Odd Fellow and Knight of Pythias.
He was elected to council from Sequoyah
District, August 1, 1887. Mr. and Mrs. Lee
have gratuitously adopted and reared the
following orphans: James Sanderrs, Florence
Emma Lackey, Mary Jane Lee, Wash Lee,
Maudie May Lee, Carnell Overtaker, Alfred
Andrews. David Bates Jackson, Flossie May
Jackson and James P. Jackson, Jr.

Benjamin, son of Thomas and Catherine
Pettit, married Peggy Cunningan and their
daughter Nannie married Franklin Faulkner
and they were the parents of Mary Faulkner
who married John Lee.

Lipe, John Casper (See Grant, Thornton,
Thompson, Oolootsa and Ross) — John Cas-
per, son of Clark Charlesworth and Margaret
Emma (Thompson) Lipe was born Novem-
ber 27, 1878, educated at the Cherokee pub-
lic school, graduated from Male Seminary
June 30, 1899 and from Spauldings Com-
mercial College of Kansas City in July 13,
1906 Anna Belle Price, born Jan. 2, 1887 in
Gonzales, Texas. She was educated at Oola-
gah and graduated from Female Seminary
June 1, 1905. They have one daughter;
Muriel Joy Lipe born March 2 1, 1908. Mr.
Lipe's Cherokee name is Tauaneesie, he is
an Elk, Woodman of the World, Knight
Templar and Shriner.

Looney Price was born in February 1799,
married December 28, 183 7 Lititia Coady.
Tills talented and cultivated family moved
to Texas before the Civil War. Their son
Daniel Coady Price, born January 31, 1844
was a member of Co. A., Terry's Texas Ran-
ger regiment during the Civil War, elected
sheriff of Gonzales Co., Texas November 4,
1882 he married Mary Anna Jones and they
were the parents of: Anna Belle (Price)
Lipe.

Oliver Wack Lipe born January 20, 1914
at Fort Plains, N. Y.. he was elected Captain
in the New York State Guards in 1833. He
married in 1839, Catherine Vaught nee
Gunter, born at Gunter's Landing in Alabama
in May iSll. He was Commissary in Stand
Watie's regiment. His son Clark Charles-
worth Lipe was Adjutant in Captain John
Scrimsher's company in the Confederate
Cherokee service. Adjutant Lipe always
ended up his roll call wifh the names of
three of the full blood Cherokee soldiers:
"Runabout, Turnover and Kickup." John

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKHE INDIANS

5f.«)

Casper Lipe has served one year in the Mis-
souri National Guards and was Captain nf
the first Home Guard compan\ organized in
the state of Oklahoma receiving Iiis commis-
sion from Gov. Robert L. Williams.

Lamon, Mrs. William A. (See Grant and
Cordery) — Martha I:valine Clingan, born at
Gibson Station Cherokee Nation, Marcli 21,
1874, educated at the Female Seminary and
Sedalia, Missouri, taught at Harrell Institute
at Muskogee, and married at Gibson Station
February 1, iS'i'l William .Archibald, S(hi of
Robert A. and Melvina Lamon, born March
15, 1869 in Granada, Miss. They are the
parents of: Mary E., born October 29, 1899;
Melvina, born April 17, 1901; Catherine
Wise, born October 27, 1902; Helen Martha,
April 22, 1904; William Archibald, born
February 4, 1910; Robert Edward, born
February 4, 1^)12, and John Clingan Lamon,
born May 3, 1913.

William Archibald Lamon is engaged in
the realty and cotton business and owns the
Farmers and Merchants gin at Wagoner. Mrs.
Lamon is a Methodist, Eastern Star and
White Shriner, a member of the Twentieth
Century Club and the Home Mission Society.
William Davidson, son of Ale,xander and
Martha (Blythe) Clingan was born Novem-
ber 25, 1833 in Bradley county Tennessee;
served the Confederate army as First Lieu-
tenant Company K, l5th Texas Cavalrv
Married at Perryville, Choctaw Nation Feb-
ruary 6, 1870 Mary Jane, daughter of Sam-
uel and Margaret (Vickerv) Bumgarner.
born January 18, 184 5 on the Grand river
Going Snake District. William Davidson
Clingan died March 3 1, 1912. They were
the parents of Mrs. Martha Lamon. The
name Baumgarner is derived from the Ger-
Lipe, Lulu (See Oolootsa. Ross, Foreman
and Riley)— Sarah Lulu Foreman, born
March l5, 1875, educated at Oowala pubhc
school and the Female Seminary, from which
she graduated in 1895. Married January 4.
1899 John Gunter Lipe, born December 16,
1864 He was educated at the Male Semi-
nary and the University of Arkansas; en-
gaged in the farming and cattle business;
was a Mason, Elk, and Woodman of the
World; he died Mav 20, 1')13. Mr. and
Mrs. Lipe were the parents of: Flora Fore-
man, born November 14, 1899; Ada Cather-
ine, horn August 27, f^Ol; Dewitf. born
January 26, 1904: Lucv Campbell, born

March 2S, I'niS and Lulu Viclorii Lip*. l~-''i
August 27, t'M2.

Stephen Taylor F.iremin. »<..rn it f,,^,
Hill, Tahleq«.,h liislricl, Scpumhrr jl.
ISI". married April ;.s, \su Ada r.tfu,
McClellan. born at Cine Hill. Arkintj.. . ..
tober 25. 1S54. They were Ihr pjreni. ,(
Airs. Sarah Lipe.

Landrum, Johnron {See OuncJn. Ohmn
and Conrad) — Johnson Landrum. br-i
1860. Married April 2, 18S0. Cjlhf -•
Isabel, daughter of Stephen Gray and Sinh
Abigal (Hopkins) Garbarini. horn June Jl.
1868. They were the parents c.r: Ndllr Jr-
sephine, born .May 6. l,S<JO; Clirmn Law-
rence, born .May 12, l.S'it; Stephen Ed»ard.
Iwrn July 18, 1 80 5; Marv Isabel. N.rn Janu-
ary 21, 1898; Ada ,M., Jaunita T.. and Helena
B. Landrum died November t"), 1<»06.

James Landrum. a white man, married
Rebecca Duncan, a half-blond Scotch-Chero-
kee. Their son. John, married Nellie Oller-
lifter and they were the parents o( l.ihns^n
Landrum.

Lowry, Andrew Nave (Ross and < hitoiltl )
— Andrew Nave Lowry. born March 6. I.s5t.
married .March 26, 18S2 Dora Pinkner ntt
Bruton, born February 16. 186 J in Barrv
County. Missouri. They are the parents of
James Bruton, Mary, married Levi Clark.
Daniel Valentine; Charles Anderson; Jeanelle
Starr; Andrew; George Henry; Lucv and SHu
C. Lowry. Andrew N. Lowrv belonts I"
the Wolf Clan and his Cherokee name u
Wahvaneet.

Lawrence, (See Grant. Adair and (V>-««-
(iii-i-sira) — Sarah Jane Adair, b«'rn March «r>.
1875 at Salina; educated in the Cherokee
National schools; Female Seminarv. (rom
which she graduated June I'. IS'J. »>»<•
Howard Payne College. Favelle, Min-.ori
June 9. 1896. She married December :'
1899. James Aueustus Lawrence. N-m ">'
18, 1856 in Te.xas. Thev are the piff^M ■ f
two sons: Augustus Adair, born Apf ! :<
1001 and Gilbert Shelmn. born N'« '

1903.

Mr. Lawrence is the principal mer.s.

Tahlequah, and thev have a beaolit:'
just east of the citv.

Mrs. Lawrence is a descendant o« ihr

Martin family "f Virginia

William Mifl'"
f thi\ tim.U »»'

the first known member •■!

a wealthv merchant oi Brisi-I. I "dand "«

570

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

was the father of three children: George,
Nannie and Joseph. He furnished Joseph
with a ship, the Brice, and sent him to Vir-
ginia in the first quarter of the eighteenth
century to Iceep him from contracting a
marriage in England to which the father ob-
jected. Joseph married in Virginia, Susan-
nah Childs, a member of a prominent Co-
lonial family. They settled near Charlotte-
ville, Albermarle county in that state where
their third son Joseph Jr., was born in 1740.
Joseph Jr. became a fur trader and planter,
amassing a great deal of wealth. He was
elected Captain of the Transylvania Militia in
1776, became Major February 17, 1779,
Lieutenant Colonel in March 1781. His ac-
tivities were directed against the loyalist
(Tory) English, Cherokees and others of
the allies in the country west of the Alle-
ghany Mountains, they havijig been stirred
to violence by a letter of May 9, 17 76, from
the British Superintendent of Southern In-
dian Affairs, calling on them for concerted
action in killing men, women and children
of the Revolutionists and their sympathizers.
The South had been practically subjugated
by the summer of 17 80, and it was only by
the efforts of such transmountain patriots as
Colonel Joseph Martin that it was possible
for a part of the soldiers to strike and de-
stroy Ferguson at King's Mountain October
7. 1780 and thereby turn the tide in favor
of the Americans- Colonel Martin was not
at King's Mountain, as he was busy holdint;
the British allies of the West at bay. He
was elected Brigadier General of the North
'■arolina Militia by legislature on December
l5, 1787 and was commissioned Brigadier
General of the Twentieth Brigade of Virginia
Militia by Governor Henry Lee of Virginia
on December 11, 1793.

Martinsville, county seat of Henry county
Virginia, and the place of his residence was
named for him. He visited the Cherokee
Nation in 1808, shortly after his visit and
return hojne died on December IS, 1808,
and was buried with military and Masonic
honors. His biuther Brice, named for his
father's ship, was a Major in the Creek
War. His nephew Brice Hammack was u
resident of Warren county, Missouri.

General Joseph Martin married Susannah
Fields, nee Emory, and their children were:
John, bom October 20, 17SI, first Treasur-
er of the Cherokee Nation ISI^', and the
first Supreme Judge 1821. His wives Nel-

lie and Lucy McDaniel were sisters. John
Martin was elected Town Site Commissioner
of New Echota November 12, 1825. He
was a member of the Constitutional Conven-
tion of 1827 from Coosweescoowee District.
He came west in the spring of 183 8 and lo-
cated on Grand River, near the Grand Sa-
line. He died October 17, 1840 and is
buried at Ft- Gibson. Nancy Martin, second
child of General Joseph and Susannah Mar-
tin, married Jeter Lynch, and Sabra, the
third daughter of General and Mrs. Martin
married Daniel Davis who was born in 1785
in North Carolina, and he died in June 1866.

Judge John, and Nellie (McDaniel) Mar-
tin's oldest child was Martha, called "Patsy"
born April 7, l8l5, married June 25, 1829
George Washington Adair, born December
1 1, 1806. He was one of the leaders of the
Treaty party and died April 22, 1862. Mrs.
Martha Adair died January 24, 1825.
George Washington and Martha Adair weie
the parents of: William Penn, born April IS,
1830; Brice Martin, named for his maternal
uncle, born November 5, 1830; Dr. Walter
Thompson, born March 13, 1838, married
Rev- Joseph Franklin Thompson; Benjamin
Franklin, born September 22, 1842, served
four years in the Confederate service, mar-
ried April 4, 1869 Mary Delilah McNair,
died April 1885; Benjamin Franklin Adair
died September 21, 1894; Rachael Jane,
born December 20, 184 5 and married Milton
Howard McCullough; Cherokee Cornelia
Adair, born June 16, 1848, married Jesse
Bushyhead Mayes-

Benjamin Franklin and Mary Delihh
(McNair) Adair were the parents of: Brice
Martin, born February l7, 1870, and died
May 27, 1898; Sarah Jane (Bluie) and
Cherokee Cornelia, born January 11, 1881;
graduated from the Female Seminary, 1899,
graduated from Howard Payne College, Fay-
ette, Mo., 1901. Married Junius Brutus
Moore, January 10, 1904.

Lipe, Clarke ChaVlesworth, (See Thorn-
ton, Oolootsa and Thompson) — Clarke
Charlesworth Lipe was born November 15,
1887, married at Tulsa July 19, 1914 Lucy
V. daughter of John and Sarah Sellers born
Nov. 22, 1888 near Stilwell, Cherokee Na-
tion. They are the parents of Clarke
Charlesworth Lipe born January 4, 1916.
Mr. Lipe's Cherokee name is, Oolasanl.
Mrs. Lipe is a member of the Baptist church.

John Gunter married Catherine a full

HISTORY OF THH ClIEROKlflf IM

)l.\\,s

blood Cherokee of the Paint Clan
settled on the Tennessee River in n,
bama, where he made powder and
a ferry. Their daufihter Catherine
as her second husband Oliver
born January 20, ISH at |-..rt
York. He was a merchant at
the first mayor of that town.
children of whoji

S7l

aiut the
'rlh Ala
oiH-rate,
marriec
Wack Lip,'
I'hiiiis, Nev
Tt Gihsnn and
He had fiv.^
Clarke Charlesworth was
the youngest. ()„e of Clark Charlesworth's
older brothers was John Gunter Lipe bo-,
Januarv 1, 184 4. Though ordinarilv happv

and pleasant he wrote the f< win,!; lines ii,

the autograph album of .Miss Vict(jria Su-
san Hicks on February 27, i,S6I:
"I stand at the portal and knock,
And tearfully, prayerfully wait,
O! who will unfasten the lock.
And open the beautiful gate?

Forever and ever and ever.

Must I linger and suffer alone?

Are there none that are able to sever.

The fetters that keep me from home? '

My spirit is lonely and weary.

I long for the beautiful streets.

The world is so chilly and dreary,

And bleeding and torn are my feet."
John Gunter Lipe.

He was killed in a skirmish on Bayou .Mon-
ard on July 27, 181.2,

McSpadden, Oscar Lyle, (See Grant and
Oolootsa) — Oscar Lyle ,McSpadden. born
November 2, 1SO2 educated at Chelsea;
married September 1920, Georgia Craig.

Mr. McSpadden is engaged in stock rais-
ing for the firm of Milam & McSpadden near
Magdalejia New Me.xico, where he has taken
active part in the upbuilding of the com-
nuinity: he is a 3 2nd degree Mason and
Shriner. Attended Business College in Cof-
feyville, Kas. Was in the stock business
prior to going to New Me.xico.

Mcintosh, Mrs. John R. — Maria L. Seg-
uichy, born in Salina District of the Chero-
kee Nation, educated at the Female Seminary
and Bacone University; taught school in
Cooweescoowee and Delaware Districts; mar-
ried at Chelsea, January 25, 1891 John
Ross Mcintosh, born Feb. 26, 1866. They
are the parents of. Beatrice N.. born Decem-
ber U .1891, married Paul \V. Fry, and
Ethel R.. born December 21, 1902. married
Roy Johnson.

' "KS. B„, as i,s .,f,,„ „., ,,„_ ,,, ^2Z
\'' "f"n. was univeruih u«d ,M,
i"foshs malernal Rrandljiher
I'l'weM, brother

-'f the U„,ted Stales Ar.nv (,,si.., „
brother Joseph K, Se.uichv ,„ ,.„•„„
The Cherokee Advnca.e t,s.)7.,s, „, .,
August 4, |<i2(i. Mrs M-l„i .K'
Waleeah.

of the Council frum Co..weesaH.*« |>i„r,cl
August 2, ,897 and w« elected bv ,h.,
body as Speaker. Me was elecled Treasurer
of Rogers county in November )'>20 Hh
Father, John .Mcintosh, wh.. died Jul> 1'
lOlC was the last Chief Justice ,.( ih,'
Cherokee Nation.

Mr. and Mrs. .Mclntnsh spejk b.,lh the
English and Cherokee Unguage with more
than ordinary proficiency.

McSpadden, J. T. (See Oolootsa. [,.,»r
ing and Cordery)— Sallie Clementine V„t
ers, born in Bonham. Te,\as. December to.
1863. Educated in the 'herokee public
schools, and Cherokee Urphin Asvlum; mjr-
ried December 16, 18S5 John Thomij Mc-
Spadden, born March 15. 1852 in UeKnb
county ALnbama. They are the Fitena ..I
Clement .Mayes, born December 20, J.ii'
graduated from Kemper .Military Sch...
Boonville, iMissouri .May 2'>, 1002. died 1 •
Califor-iia August 20, i<>t2; .May. horn Juh
21, 1891, graduated from the Female Semi
inary May 29. 1907. married Charles Wall-m
Poole; Herbert Thomas, burn Ocinber 1
1893. graduated from the .Male Seminar*
May 31, l9io, served durins the W..rld W»i
in the Rainbow Division; .Maude Irene, Nth
April 5, 1896, graduated fmrn Chelsea lllcb
School I9I6, married William Walker Mi
lam; Helen, born April II, I S"»'), jradualfJ
from the Chelsea hiijh school class of l<)f
Pauline Elizabeth, born September 1 1. f'i'i.
Graduate Chelsea High School class «l I''::
and .Maurice Rogers .McSpadden. born Ap''
10, 190 5.

John Thomas McSpadden. a success!, I
stockman and farmer is the son ••( KesermJ
T. K. B. and Elizabeth (Green) McSpadJr ■
.Mrs. Sallie Clementine McSpadden it ih-
daughter of Clement Vann and Vi-
ica (Scrimsher) RoRers. Clemc
was a Captain in the ConleJcrjti-
service, senator and District ludte «•! t>»-

572

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

wescoowee District and a member of the
Olclahoma Constitutional convention wliicti
najned Rogers county in his honor.

McLaughlin, Mrs. William C. (See Grant,
Ghigau, Foreman, Conrad, Duncan and Half
breed) — William Cecil McLaughlin, born
September 22, 1893, educated at Grove
Stilwell and Muskogee, graduating in a busi-
ness course from the latter. Married at
Vinita, March 28, 1919, Lelia Leone, daugh-
ter of Richard Fields and Martha Adair
(Brewer) Benge, born on Lynch's Prairie
December 16, 1892. They are the parents
of Cecil Benge McLaughlin, born May lo.
102 1. Mr. McLaughlin is fanning near
Adair.

Elizabeth, daughter of Andrew and Cath-
erine (Hicks) Miller married Philip Inlow a
native of South Carolina and their son, Syl-
vester Inlow, born June 24, 183 7, married
December 28, 1861 Susannah Paden, born
November i, 18-44. He died June 13, 1878
and she died February 13, 1889. Their
daughter Margaret Caroline Inlow. born
August 6, 1879 married September 20, 1890
Joshua Ezekial McLaughlin, born February
\A. 1853.

Samuel, Mrs. P. W. (See Grant and Ghi-
gau)— Florence Wilson McSpadden, born
June 26, 1873 at Tahlequah. Educated at the
Tahlequah City Schools and graduated from
Female Seminary, June 23, 1892. Married
at Tahlequah in January 1895 Philip Whar-
ton Samuel born September 19, 1867 in
Calloway County, Missouri and graduated
from Spaulding's Business College May 2,
1888. They are the parents of Vance Ray,
born November 21, 1897 and Maurine Sam-
uel born October 22, 1902.

Philip Wharton Samuel is very prominent
in ihe banking circles of the State, having
been Cashier of the First National Bank at
Pryor, President of First State Bank of Vin-
ita for seven years. Cashier and late Presi-
dent of the Oklahoma State of Muskogee,
which was changed under his management
to the Exchange National Bank.

Mrs. Samuel is a member of the Metho-
dist Church and was a tireless worker in
World War Auxiliary activities.

James Walker, son of Reverend J. K. B.
McSpadden, was born October 25, 1848 in
Alabama, married April 18, 1872 Annie,
daughter of Dr. Jeter Lynch and Mary Jane
(Taylor) Thompson born May 4, 1852 in

Delaware District, Cherokee Nation. They
were the parents of Florence Wilson; Rich-
ard Vance, Mary Jane, who married Thomas
R. Crookshank and James Walker McSpad-
den, Jr.

Mrs. Samuel's grandfather, Rev. Thomas
K. B. McSpadden joined the Methodist In-
dian Conference October 30, 1879. He was
from the Van Buren circuit of north Ala-
bama. The rest of life work of this truly
consecrated Missionary was among the
Cherokees. He died in 1878 while in charge
of the Fort Gibson Circuit.

McKisick, Mrs. J. H. (See Ghigau, Con-
rad and Duncan) — Nellie Josephine, daugh-
ter of Johnson Thompson and Catherine
Isabel (Garbarine) Landrum, was born in
Delaware District, May 6, 1890 and educat-
ed locally. Married at Vinita, August 8,
1910, James Houston, son of Charles D.,
and Lydia Elizabeth McKisick, born May 30,
1SS2 in Benton County, Ark. They are the
parents of Stephen Dean, born June 14,
1912 and Clark Douglas McKisick, born
August 6, 1919. Mr. McKisick is a mill
owner and operator at Big Cabin. Mrs. Kis-
ick is a member of the United Brethren
Church.

John, son of James and Rebecca (Dun-
can) Landrum married Nellie Otterlefter and
they were the parents of Johnson Thomp-
son Landrum.

Samuel Candy, a white man, married
Catherine, a full blood of the Wolf Clan.
Their son, Samuel Candy, married Elizabeth
West, a white woman. They were the par-
ents of OUie Candy who married Hair Con-
rad and their daughter Elizabeth married
Daniel Hopkins. Daniel Hopkins and Eliza-
beth Hopkins were the parents of Sarah Abi-
gal Hopkins, born Jan. 7, 1839 married Sep-
tember 9, 1860, Stephen Gray Garbarini,
born September 8, 1827 in Tureila, Italy.
They were the parents of Catherine Isabel,
born June 23, 1868, married April 1889,
.Johnson Thompson Landrum. born in 1860.
The word Garbarine in Italian, is. one who
pleases by graciousness.

McLain, Mrs. Pleas L. (See Mayes)

Martha A., daughter of W. R. Wayburn
born August 14, 183 5 in North Carolina,
married in Rusk Countv, Texas November
23, 1854, Mary Ann Gage, born Nov. 7,
1835 in Georgia. Mrs. Wayburn died U4-
toher 4, 1878 and Mr. Wayburn died July

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKliH INDIANS

571

29, 1S79; born in Montague, Texas Janu-
ary 27. 1873, married near Pryor, August
23, IS^M Pleas L. son of Levi and Reliecca
McLain. Mr. and .Mrs. .Mcl.ain are tlie par-
ents of: Floy R. born October 5, I8'i2 and
died Oct. 2 7, 1891; Lloyd L. born .lanuary
11, 1894; Cora N. born December 12, 1846;
Nannie R. born September -1. IS')'); Clierry
born November S, 1903 and died January 19.
1904 and Watt .Mayes .McLain. born April
16, 1905.

Mayturn, Mrs. Walter, (See Gosaduesga)
— .Minnie Eveline daughter of Charles A. and
Minerva (Nelms) Roberson, was born .Mon-
day September 22, 18S4. Educated in the
Cherokee Public Schools. Married at Chel-
sea Oct. 15, 1901 Walter M., son of John
and Esther Mayturn, born Nov, 7, 1874 in
Iowa. They are the parents of Amos, born
August 28, 1902; Minerva C, born October
28, 1904; Zona Belle, born October 1, 1906;
Florence, born Sept. l, 1909; Glenn, born
Feb. 19 1913 and Alto, born June S, 1915.
Mr. Mayturn who is a progressive farmer
near Bushyhead, is a member of the Wood-
men of the World and has been a member
of the District School Board for over seven
years-
Minerva, daughter of Lewis and .Mary
(Denton) Nelms was born in the Cherokee
Nation in July 1858. .Married .May 6, 1878
Charles A., son of Samuel and Elizabeth Rob-
erson, born May 27, 1859 in Muscatine, Iowa.
Mayes, Hall, (See Grant, Downing, Fore-
man, Oolootsa, Adair. Ross, Conrad and
Duncan) — Hall, son of Walter Adair and
Nannie Riley (McCoy) .Mayes was born near
Pryor September 26, l89l. educated at .Male
Seminary, Bacone University and Agricultur-
al College at Stillwater. .Married at .Musko-
gee, September I, 1915, Sallie Pearl, daugh-
ter of Henry Clay and Nannie Vinita (West)
Cochran, born October IS, 1893. Educat-
ed at Female Seminary and Northeastern
State Normal. Tahlequah. They are the par-
ents of Virginia Lee, born September 26,
19 16; .Mary Hall, born July 22, 1918 and
Lucile Cochran Mayes, born July f. 1920.
Samuel Mayes, born April il, 1S03, in
Tennessee. Married January 27, 1824 Nancy
Adair, born October 7, iSoS. He died De-
cember 30, 185 8 and she died March IS.
1876. They were the parents of George
Washington Mayes born November 5. iS24.
Married .May 21. 1S46, Charlotte Bushvhead

bor:. March u,. ,,SU, she died .linu.-> Jl
1S,S and he died (id. .her ;,s. is-,, xfc,,'
were the parents of Wa|,,, Adi.r Mj.<-» h-.,.,
December •>. iSoo. Mir,u-d l-cvomlrr : ■
1890 Nannie Rider .McCv b..rn .Mirch :
1S6S. Thev were (he r"'nis r.( ll.il
.Mayes.

John Rogers married Tiini t..M,-r Tlir,
were the parents of hliziheih K.,Kcr» »li..
married Jesse Cochran jiij iheir «.n U^^t
the parents of Henry Clav Cochran »h<i
married Nannie Vinita West and thev were
the parents of Sallie Pearl (Cochrjn) ,Mi»o.
Mounts, Mri, John T. (See Thomrvm ii.J
Thornton) — Evaline, daughter ..( |.i»v.n
and Elsie Jane .Martin Runvan. b-Tn nei-
Fort Gibson in tSS2. Educated In the
Cherokee Public Schools and lemile Semi-
nary. .Married at Fort Gibson in l')i:. John
Thompson, son of David Albert and i^if.-
line Harriette (Thompson) .Mounts, born
Thursday February 26, iSSo. They ire the
parents of Thelnia J. .Mounts.

Mitchell, William D. (See Hildebrand jnd
Ghigau) — William U., son of Reese T and
Rachel (Hildebrand) .Mitchell wis born dc-
tober 5. 185 4. Educated in the Cherokee
Public Schools and is a blacksmith. He mar-
ried in Delaware District .March 7. 187 5.
Elizabeth, daughter of George jnd Elizabeth
Newton, born June 1. IS55 in .Marion Cnun-
the masonic fraternity. He was elected a
ty, Missouri. jMr. .Mitchell is a member >>l
member of council from Goine Snake Dl»-
trict, August I. 1SS7 and August 5. I88">
and was one of the "Immortal fourteen"
that sustained Chief Joel B Mives in hi*
figlit against the cattle men «i the Cherokee
outlet for a higher grazing lease rental.

Merritt, L. L. — Lucas Leslie, son or Tlmo-
thv Carpenter and Rosella (llolloway) .Mer-
ritt, was born in Indiana .Mav to. IHSS and
educated in that State. Married al Tilala
Nov. 6, 1910. .Mary lane, daughter ■•»
Charles and Cynthia (Bible) Pobinv.n. K.m
October 4. 1890. Mr. Merritt i» the ford
agent at Talala.

Mayes, Dr. Joseph F- (See Adair McNilr
and Downing)— Dr. .loseph F. Maves. b."n
December 21, tS77, educated at Male Sem-
inarv. Central College. Favelte. Missouri and
the Medical Department of Washlntlon Vnl-
versitv. St. Louis. Missouri. He triduiled
from the two latter institutions Me located
in St. Louis in his profession and rapldlt

574

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

built up a large practice. He married there
on June 14, 1909 Miss Esmeralda Berry,
born November 4, 18S7. They are the par-
ents of Esmeralda Mary, born January 21,
1913 and Samuel Houston Mayes, born
August 11, 1917. Dr. Mayes is a thirty-
second degree Mason and a Shriner.

.John Adair, a Scotchman married Ga-
hoga, a full blood Cherkoee of the Deer
Clan. They were the parents of: Walter
Adair, called "Black Watt" born December
11, 1783, married May 15, 1804 Rachel
Thompson born December 24, 1786. He
died January 20, 1835 and she died April
22, 1876. They were the parents of: Nancv
Adair, born October 7, 1808, married Jaiv
uary 22, 1S24 Samuel Mayes born April 11,
1803, in Tennessee. He died December 30,
1858 and she died March IS, 1876. They
were the parents of: George Washington,
John Thompson, Frank A., James Allen,
Joel Bryan, Rachel, William Henry, Samuel
Houston, and Wiley B. Mayes. John Thomp-
son Mayes was a Captain in the Confederate
service. Joel Bryan and Samuel Houston
Mayes were Principal Cliiefs of the Cherokee
Nation the latter was born May 11, 1845
married November 9, 1871 Martha Elizabeth
Vann, born October 4, 1852 and she died
December 27, 1907. They were the par-
ents of the subject of this sketch.

Mayes, Mrs- Tip C — (See Grant, Foreman,
England, and Adair). — Flora May, daughter
of John Wesley and Ida Josephine (Jenkinsj
Harris, born at Vinita, July 25, 1887, mar-
ried at Vinita March 3, 1908, Tip Cicero,
son of George Washington and Susie E.
(Martin) Mayes, born June 1, 1874. Edu-
cated at Male Seminary and Bacone Univer-
sity, Muskogee. He is a member of the
Masonic lodge at Pryor.

George Washington, son of Samuel and
Nancy (Adair) Mayes, born November 5.
1824, married May 21, 1846 Charlotte
Bushyhead, born March 16, 1830. She died
January 23, 1878 and he died October 28,
1894. They were the parents of George
Washington Mayes, the father of Tip Cicero.

Joseph Boswell Harris, born in Durand.
Winnebago County, lillinois, November 1",
183 7, served during the civil war in Co. H,
Seventy-fourth Illinois Infantry. Married
August 27, 1866, Rachel Putney. She died
November 23, 191 i and he died May 23,
1921. Thev were the parents of Jnhn Wes-
ley and Ulalah Mav (Harris) Lukenbill, wh^i

died in 1S8'). John Wesley Harris was
elected County Commissioner of Craig
County, September 17, 1907.

Manifee, Mrs. Victoria Belle — Victoria
Belle Manifee. born August 14, 1881, edu-
cated at Chelsea, married July 29, 1900
John L. Manifee. Mr. Manifee died Feb. 13,
1905. From this union was born the follow-
ing children: Leah, born May 20, 1901 and
George, born Septeinber 2, 1904.

Mrs. Manifee's father John G. Mcintosh,
last executive chief of the Cherokee Nation
died July 17, 1916. Her brother John R.
Mcintosh is the Treasurer of Rogers county.

Moore, Cora A. — (See Grant and Down-
ing— Francis Milton Musgrove borji Decem-
ber 6, 1847 at Baptist Mission, Going Snake
Disctrict, educated at Baptist Mission. Mar-
ried June 2, 1865 Clara Elizabeth Alberty,
born June 11, 1845 near Baptist Mission.
Frank M. who was always known as Frank
was elected a member of Council from Coo-
weescoowee District August l. l88l; Sen-
ator May 5, 1887 and Councilor January
24, 1888. He died January 17. 1895.

Francis M. and Clara E. Musgrove were
the parents of: Elizabeth H., born November
21, 1867, and married Edward D. Hicks;
James Tandy .born August 5, 1869 gradu-
ated from Male Seminary June 28, 188S
elected sheriff of Cooweescoowee District
August 1, 1803. He was killed June 3, 1895
while in performance of the duties of his
office. Sallie S., born January 9, i87l, mar-
ried Charles M. Cox and .1. A. Martin; Wil-
liam Alberty, born September 13, 1873;
Margaret May, born January 4, 1876 mar-
ried Walter R. Eaton and died October 7,
l<^\6; Cora Archer, born February 26, 1879.
graduated from Female Seminary June 25,
1897, married February 22, 1899 James
Herbert Moore, born Jan. 14, 1876. Clem-
ent Rogers born February 14, 1882, appoint-
ed County Clerk of Rogers County in 1919
and elected to the same office in 1920;
Frank F.. born January IS, 1885 and An-
drew Lane Musgrove, born August 19, 1889.

James Herbert and Cora Archer Moore
are the parents of: William, born January
13, 1900; Foreman, born Sept. 1 3, 1902;
Veta Clara, born April 20, 1905, Nellie,
boiii January 6, 1907; Marjorie born No-
vember 25, 1'313, died January 23, 19i4;
James Herbert Jr., born February 26 1914;
Linn Ross, burii November 21. I'MS; Joseph

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

srs

and Sanniel, twins, bom JuK 3i, i<i-><i

Moore, Mrr.. Henry V/. (See Adair, Gl.igau
and Sanders) — Ina Lee, daughter of Joli.i
Harrell and Emma (Clioate) Adair, was born
July 13. 1SS4, educated at Dwiglit Mission
and the Teniaie Seminary. Married at Sai-
lisaw, July 20, 1902 Henry W. Moore, born
in 1S7S. They are the parents of: Horace
Adair, horn September S, 1903; Emmet
Togo, born June 6, 1905; Alma, born May
21, 1907; John Alonzo, born April 21, I9ii;
Samuel A. Hartman, born October 25, 191-;;
Henry W. Jr., born December 9, I9i6, Ed-
ward McDonald, born March 26, 19 19 and
Billy Wood Moore, born August 29, 1921.

Moore, Mrs. J. G. — (See Cordery and
Daniel). — Stonewall Jackson Rogers, born
March 2 1, 1,S07, married in July 1890 Mary
Kelly, born June 30, 1S70 in Tennessee. She
died in February 1907, and he died Septem-
ber 13. 1907. They were the parents of
Frances Leeper. born in Cleveland. Tenn-
essee, September l, 1S92, educated at Chel-
sea. Northeastern State Normal, and the
University of Tennessee; married at Sapulpa,
Oklahoma, November 4, 1916 Joseph Gar-
land Moore; Robert Kelly, born January 26,
1895; Mary Louisa, graduate of Chelsea
High School, 1919; Henry Curtis, born Jan-
uary 30, 1903, graduate of the Chelsea
High School May 192 1, and Rebecca .Mc-
Nally Rogers born June 19. lOO-l.

Joseph Garland and Frances Leeper .\looro
are the parents of Eugenia Graeme, born
August 4. 19 IS and Joseph Garland Moore,
born September 4, 1920.

Milam, J. B — (See Oolootsa and Grant)
— Elizabeth Peach McSpadden, born August
2 7. 1883 at Chelsea, Cherokee Nation, edu-
cated at Chelsea and the Female Seminary
at Tahlequah. from which she graduated
June 9, 1903. .Married April 6, 1904 Jesse
Hartley .Milam, born March 10, 1S84, grad-
uated from the Metropolitan Business Col-
lege, Dallas, Te.xas, May 24, 1902; President
of the Bank of Chelsea, and was appointed
as one of the three members of the Sta'e
Banking Board in 1920.

.Mr. and Mrs. .Milam are the parents ot;
Hindman Stuart, born April 16, 1907; .Mil-
dred Elizabeth, born .May 10. 1910. and
Mary Ellen, born May 16, I9l6. .Mrs. .Milam
belongs to the .Methodist church, is :>'i
Eastern Star, and a member of the Delphian
Club.

Florence Ellen Hi.yt. bom N..,r,nhrf :
IS5S in Penns>lvanij. nurricd April *. M" •
Joel Cowan McSpadden bum April «.. I Mo
in DeKalb county, Ala. He difd il Albcr
^luerque, N. M.. June 10. 18'<». inlttmc ■
at Chelsea cemetery June 2 4. \S'n. The.
are the parents of Elizibelh Hejch (.McSpiJ
den) .Milam.

Joel Cowan .McSpadden »is ili
Reverend T. K. B. md Elizibeih
McSpadden.

Jesse Barlley is the s..n i.| \\ill
.Milan and Sarah E. (C.uch) .MiIj

Milam, Mm. G- W.— (See Grant) Sji»,

Ellen Couch, born near llilv. Tcx«. Oi\>\
er 17. 1S63. educated in Texas and at Ih.-
Fenuale Seminary of the Chemkee Sail"-,
married October 2o. is.si. William Guif
.Milam, burn .March 12. l,S60 in Mnull- ■
Lawrence county. Alabama. He i» the v -
of .1. B. and Sallie J. Milam. William Ouu n
and Sarah E. .Milam are the parents <•( I<«m-
Bartley, born .March to. i.ssi; AH" >■
November 26. 1SS5; NiMilie. burn "
16. ISSS; Viola, born February i
Charles, born July 23. 1S94, enlijtej i;, :h.-
90th Division Headquarters Signal Corpyc.
3 5Sth. Infantry: was killed in action i;
Argonne. France. October 24. 1')|S. pac-
ing the supreme sacrifice that the •■•rlJ
might live: William Walker, burn July 2'
1896; Annie Wheeler, born September I-
1S98. and Gladys .May. born October t «.
1"01.

Nancy Ellen Adair, born October tS. IS'
married June 15. 1S56 Samuel Mllchrl
Couch, born January 5, tS38 in Alahanu
She died November I. 1S7 3. and he dif.1
September 25. i;i77. Thev were the p''-
ents of Sarah E. (Couch) Milam

William Guinn .Milam was elect :
Commissioner of Roqers count) i.-i ;
He is an active and broadmlnded ciiu-
taking interest in everv movement ("f P'lt-
lie welfare, supp'Ttin? the variou> cmc
movements, and roundini; out the iile i>l a
useful citizen.

Milam, Walker Mrr. (See I •..l.-tJi. < .,rj
ery. Downing and Grant) — Maude Irene M.-
Spadden, born April 5. |S'»(.. educated ii
Chelsea, and A- & M- C.llece at Slillmatc .
gr.iduated from the CheUea lli«h Sch.-.l In
1916. married at Chelsea .Ma> I". I'M?
William Walker .Milam, born luN 2>: I*''''.
educated at Chelsea. Kemper Mihia-'. Sch-J.

576

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

Booiiville, Missouri and Oklalioma Univer-
sity. He served in tiie army during the
Wdrid War; he is president of the Milam
Oil ompany, is a 32nd degree Mason and
Shriner. Mr. and Mrs. Milam are the pare-
ents of: William Thomas, born June 19,
Ids, and Walker .Mortlock, born January
2-t. 1421.

Robert Rogers, a quarter-blood Cherokee
married Sallie Vann, an eighth-blood Chero-
kee, born January 28, I8l8. He died July
4, 1842 and she died May 28, 1882. They
were the parents of Clement Vann Rogers,
born January 11, 1839, married Mary Ameri-
ca Schrimsher, born October 9, 1839. She
died May 28, 1890 and he died October 28,
1911. He was the oldest member of the
Oklahoma State Constitutional Convention,
and Rogers county was named in his honor.

Clement Vann, and Mary America Rogers
were the parents of: Sally Clementine,
married John Thomas McSpadden; Robert
Martin, died aged seventeen; Maude Ethel,
married Captain Lane Lane; May, married
John Matthews Yocan, and Frank Stine; Wil-
liam Penn Rogers, the celebrated comedian
and movie actor.

John Thomas and Sallie Clementine Mc-
Spadden are the parents of the subject of
this sketch.

Musgrove, Clem R. (See Grant and
Downing) — Clement Rogers, son of Francis
and Clara Elizabeth (Alberty) Musgrove,
born February 14, 1882 near Oowala. Edu-
cated at Oowala and Male Seminary, mar-
ried at Claremore December 25, 1905 Veta
L., daughter of Jonas F. and Rosa L. Harris.
They are the parents of: Dorothy L., born
July 1, 1909 and Edwin H. Musgrove born
September 16, 19 12. Clement R. Musgrove
is an Elk. He was appointed County Clerk
of Rogers County, May 3, 1920, and elect-
ed to the same position in November 1920.

Matheson, Mrs. A. R. — (See Thompson,
Thornton and Oolootsa) — Maudie, daughter
of Henry and Susan E. (Thompson) Eiffert
was born January 1. 1872 at Ft. Gibson, ed-
ucated at Vinita and in the Female Seminary;
married at .Muskogee, October 1, 1889 Al-
exander Ross Mathewson, born March 28,
1867 in St. Louis, Missouri. From this
union the following children were born:
Floyd, born October 9, 1894, married Lola
Beaubean; Richard Thomson, born January
13, 1897, married Erin Forsyth; Ross, born

May 24, 1899, married Grace Parrish and
Helen Matheson, born October 24, 1902,
married LaFayette Parrish.

Martin, Mrs. Granville — (See Grant and
Adair) — Granville, son of Joseph Lynch
and Jennie (Harlin) Martin born at Green-
brier, January 14, 1S76. Married November
2, 1902, Lala, daughter of Wiley and Mar-
garet (McLaughlin) Mayes, born January
11, ISSO, educated in Female Seminary.
They are the parents of: Clarence Markham,
born August 19, 1903; Alice Marie, born
December 12, 1904; Joseph, born June 7,
1907; Mayes, born September 23, 1909;
Marguerite, born November 6, 1912; Cun-
nie Jr., born March 16, 191 5 and Jennie
Louise Martin, born April 30, 1920. Mr.
Martin is a farmer and stockman. Mrs. Mar-
tin is a niece of the Chiefs, Joel M. and
Samuel H. Mayes.

Miller, Mrs. Robert — Nellie Anderson,
born Feb- 9, 1884, educated locally. Mar-
ried at Pryor April 21, 1903 Robert Miller,
born January IS, 1879 in Mayes County,
Oklahoma. They are the parents of: Tip
Bluford, born December 3 1, 1905; Martha
LaVaughn, born April 29, i9o8, and Roberta
M. Miller, born June 2, 1912.

Rufus Anderson, born February 27, 1853,
in Illinois. Married in 1877, Melvina Way-
burn, born January 27, lS59.

Mayes, George W. — (See Adair, Gant and
Foreman) — George Washington Mayes, born
in Going Snake District, November 21, 1848
educated in the Cherokee National schools,
married April 18, 1872 Susie Emory Martin,
born July 25, 1854. They were the parents
of: Tip Cicero, born June l, 1873; Carrie
B., born June 16, 1875; Pixie A., born Jan-
uary 31, 1879; Edward T., born July 15,
18S4 and Richard C. Mayes, born April 20,
1887. Mr. Mayes is a successful farmer
and stockman. He lives on the location of
tTie Captain Nathaniel Pryor farm which was
settled before 1S20 and is the oldest farm
in Oklahoma. George W. Mayes is a sturdy
representative citizen and an ideal Ameri-
can. He was elected Councilor from Coo-
weescoowee District August 3, 1893 and
5, 1901. He was elected sheriff of Mayes
County November 8, 1910 and November 5,
1912. Mr. Mayes Cheroke name is, Tou-
uneetor Youngbeaver. He is a Baptist and
belongs to the Odd Fellows and is a Scottish
Rite of the eighteenth degree.

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKHK INDIANS

George Washington Mayes, born Novem-
ber 5. 1S24. married May 21, iS46 Char-
lotte, daughter of Rev. Jesse and Irlizabeth
(Wilkerson) Bushyhead, born March 16,
1830. She died January 23, 1S7S and he
. died October 28, 1S04. Thev were the
parents of: Jesse Bushyhead. born Febru-
ary 13, 1847; George Washington, subject
of this sketch; Nancy Jane, wife of Judge
James M. Keys; Elizabeth, wife of John
Henry Covel; Edward Bushyhead, born June
8, 1853 and died in March 1S74; Walter
Adair, born December 10. 1860; Joh;i
Thompson, born June 6. 1S63 and Sanuiel
Houston, born October 1, 1866.

Murphy, Looney Looney Murphy, born

April 16, 1803. Married at Tahlei|uah,
March l5, 1018 Stella Stevens, born March
22. 180 7. They are the parents of Thomas
Murphv, born January 5, lOio. Looney
was in service in France fur four months
during the World War.

Murphy, Mrs. Ama'nda. — Amanda Terrell,
born June 14, lS7l. Married at Tahlequah.
June 23, 1888 Thomas Murphy. b(]rn Sep-
tember 13, 1863, died October 17, 1020.
They were the parents of Sallie, married
Benjamin Riggs and has four children:
Theodora, Ruby. Madeline and Jewell Rigg^;
Looney; Thomas and Herbert.

Mayes, S. H. Jr. — (See Grant. Forema:i
and Adair). — Samuel Houston, son o!
George Washington and Charlotte (Bush-.-
head) Mayes was born in the Choctaw Na-
tion. October 11, 1866, educated in Saline
District and Male Seminary, from which he
graduated May 14, 1886. Married on Mark-
hams Prairie, August 2, 1802, Florence,
daughter of Frank and Sarah Nicodemus.
horn at Tahlequah. November 20. 1871.
They are the parents of Charlotte E., bom
May 6, 1 803, married Robert Sanders; Pearl
Christine, born November 10. 1804, mar-
ried Robert Langston; Ruth, born July 15,
1896, and Sarah, born June 10. lOol. Air.
Mayes is a farmer near Pryor. His Cheroke.!
name is Sa-moo-sti. He was elected to
Council from Coowuscoowee District, Aug-
ust 5, 1901. He is the nephew of Principal
Chiefs: Dennis W. Bushyhead. Joel B. and
Samuel H. Mayes.

John Stuart was born in Scotland during
the first quarter of the eighteenth century
and was sent to Fort London on the Tenn-
essee River as a Captain of a British Com-
pany of highland Scotch in 1754 . He mar-

ried Susannah tmcrv a quirlcrbl.».a Chu .
kee and was knuwn on accounl ..( hit m. r
of hair as i),.-n..-dul nr Hu^h>hod Hr i •
Susannah had ..ne s.,n, »h.. nf.cc h.J .
other name than 0..-n...dul jna (f..m !h,:
time forward the Sluirli in Ihr rhrt-i.
Nation have in\ariabl\ bc-n t
Bushvhead.

Madison, Mr>. Robrrt L
daughter of Cvrus and l.\du 0' ^,.
Cornatzer was burn in Iielcwarc |.,it .■
May 22, 1874 and educated In Kin»jt. Mi-
ried at Vinita. Nnvember Id. IS'<2, K"h' i
L., son of Isaac Gray and Elizabeth Madn.. ■
born October S, ISiM in Hickorv i:<.uni.
A\issouri. They are the pirenlt n( l\Jty
born April 6, 1804; Oabnv Lee, b..rn Ap' '
28, 1002 and Joseph Farris .Madn"n. b..fn
May 22, 1004. Mr. .Madis.m is a tarnif
and orchardist near Bis Cabin.

Cyrus Cornatzer. born in Johntnn i^.-unt.
Kansas, February 10. |,S52. married ii
March 1870. Lydia Boggan, born in Wadei.
borough. North Carolina. Utcember I J.
1852. She died September 4. jgoq.

Cyrus C. Cornatzer lives in VInll*. He
was the last Chief the Shawnee Trib« baJ
before allotment.

Merritt, Mrs. Leon C. — (S«< Grant and
Halfbreed). — Hope Eva Bowman. N-rn l>t
cember 20, ISS", educated at Pryr>f and
Female Seminary. .Married July 8. I<>0>.
Leon C. .Merritt. They are the parcntt .«(
Fern Aileen, born September 20. f'""
Naomi Leon, born June II. I''I0; Tim.'th>
Clarence, born October 20. I'>1' and Alic*
Inez .Merritt. born December I.?. \'n'K

Leon C Merritt is an autom-'bile deal.-f
at Chelsea. .Mrs. Merriit is a member ..( ihr
Christian church and the Wrnidmen's I'i'cl'
Eastern Star and Rebecca orders ll<-f r»-
ents were James Earl and lane Ida (Wilvn,
Bowman, the latter is the dauithier ■■< '■
bert and Eleanur Ophelia (Micks) Wil"">

Mitchell, Robert Lee (See Ohlc" and
Rogers)— Robert Lee .Mitchell, N.'n Ar"i
10, 1S76 in Cherokee Nali^m llts < hfr..krf
name is Quaqua. Educated in the Ct>cfi.t<
Public Schools and Male SemlnaM Ir.-n
which he graduated lune 2.^, i»''5 He •«
an instructor at the Cherokee "rpban Au
lum from IS05 to ISOO and al Ibe Male
Seminary fr-m f'oo to I"o: (-.rad«.ie4
from the Medical Deparlnient "t the fnUef-
Mtv of Ark. in l"04. He Waled .« hi'

578

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

present home in Viiiita in the practice of
medicine. He is an Episcopalian and has ad-
vanced as far as the shrine in Masonry- He
has lieen a member of the city school board.
He married at Muskogee, Okla., on June i,
1915 Josephine G- Barker, born September
19, iSSl in Cooweescoowee District. She is
the daughter of Artemus Andrew and Mary
A. (Rogers) Barker. Artemus A. Barker
was born December 4, lS5l in Morton,
Scott County, Mississippi, married Febru-
ary 20, 1878 Mary A. Rogers, born Febru-
ary 7, 1860 in Chico, Butte County, Cali-
fornia- Mary A. Rogers was the daughter
of Thomas and Susan (Cochran) Rogers.
Josephine G. Barker graduated from the
Female Seminary May 25, 1900 and did posi
graduate work at Forest Park University, St.
Louis, Missouri. She belongs to the
Episcopal church and is a member of the
Sachem Club. Dr- and Mrs. Robert Lee
Mitchell are the parents of one son, Robert
Thurston Mitchell, born at Vinita. May 28,
1916- They were very active in world war
work, Mrs- Mitchell in the Red Cross and
allied services and Dr. Mitchell entered th-".
service on May 18, 1918 in the Medical
Corps, was in France and Germany for 18
months, during which time he was advanc-
ed to a Captaincy, and is now a member of
the medical reserve corps with rank of
Major.

Ma'tney, Mrs. D. B Mamie, daughter of

Barney and Susie Tucker was born March
8, 1S68, in Johnson County, Kansas, edu-
cated in that county. Married in Kansas City,
Kansas, May l, 188 7, David B-, son of John
R- and Missouri Matney, born October 8,
1862 in Jackson County, Missouri. They
are the parents of Albert J., born March -1,
1888, married Jennie Connel, had two
children, Albert Eugene, born November 1,
1911 and Geneva Matney, born December
14, 1913- Albert J. died at Roswell, New
Me.xico, January 21, 1915 and Lewis
Franklin Matney, born August 2 7, 1SS9
Mr. Matney is a farmer near Vinita.

Lewis Franklin Matney married Bessie
Roberts nee Hale at Vinita, Craig County,
Oklahoma, August 30, I9l9. Served in
World War from July 1918 to Decembc-r
21, 1918.

Moore, Mrs. A. J. — (See Ga-sa-du-e-sge)
— Bessie Shutt, born at Springfield, Missouri
February 4, 1874, educated at Springfield
and the Female Seminary. She married at

Wagoner, December 12, 1900, A. J., son of
J. W. and Elizabeth Moore. A. J. and Bes-
sie (Shutt) Moore are the parents of: How-
ard W., born October 17, 1901 and Mal-
colm, born January 2, 1904. Mr. Moore is
a pharmacist and Mrs. Moore is a member of
the Christian Scientist cluirch and is a Re-
becca-
Delilah Amelia, daughter of James and
Elizabeth Vann was born in 1795, married
David McNair, born 17 74. He died August
15, 1836 and she died November 30, 1838.
Their daughter Elizabeth married .John Bean
and John Weir. Her children were: Amelia,
David, Talbert, Augustus, William E. and
Almira Neely Bean; Susan Virginia and Clem-
entine Weir. The latter was born May 15,
1848 and married at Springfield, Missouri,
February 9, 1865 Augustus A. Shutt, a
native of Virginia. He died April 8, 1875.
They were the parents of Ella Virginia, John
Weir and Bessie Shutt. The latter the sub-
ject of this sketch.

Benjamin Gold of Litchfield, Connecticut,
the father-in-law of Elias Boudinot stopped
at the home of David and Delilah Amelia Mc-
Nair in October 1829 and in a letter to his
brother Hezekiah wrote. "He had a beauti-
ful white house, and about six or seven
hundred acres of the best land you ever saw
and negroes enough to tend it and clear as
much more as he pleased. He raised this
year about five thousand bushels of corn
and it would make you feel small to see his
situation."

Patterson, M. L. — (See Berry and Ghigau)
— M. L., son of Thomas and Adeline (Berry)
Patterson, was born December 21,1856, in
South Carolina. Married July 14, 1890
Zona, daughter of Albert and Sarah Dawson,
born February 5, 1870 in Tarrant County,
Texas. They are the parents of Sarah, born
April 21, 1891; Martha, born January 1,
1893; Claude A., born .March 6. 1895, serv-
ed in the A. E. F. for two years in France
as sniper; Edgar Dawson, born July 3,
189 7, served for two years and six month.s
on the battleship South Carolina in the navy;
Thomas, born June 9, 1899; Roscoe, born
December 24, 1893; Ola born July 17, 1907
Fredrick, born October 12, 1909, and Virgil
V. born August 29, 1901.

Mr. Patterson is a farmer near Talala.
Post, Mrs. Caroline — (See Hendricks). —
Caroline Woodall born November 29, 185 5.
Married .it Tahlequah, July 3 0, 1881, John

HISTORY OF THE CHHKOKHi; INDlANs

S7'>

Beaver Post, born Julv I6. is 4'). They are
the parents of: Williain, Margaret. Andrew,
Addielee, Charles and Daniel Post. Charles
Post served through the World War.

Padgett, Mrs. T. R — Rena Anderson,
born near Pryor, November 5, 1SS7. Edn-
cated locally. Married August 2<i, t<)06 T.
R. Padgett, born November 2. 1SS5 in
Morgan County, Missouri. They are the
parents of: Jessie Bluford, born June 21
1907; Nolan Floyd, born December 29, 191 i;
Nellie Edith, born July 5, 1917 and Alma
Rena Padgett, born September 7, 1920.

Mrs. Padgett is the daughter of Rufus
Anderson, born February 27, 1S53 in Ill-
inois and Melvina (Wayburn) Anderson born
January 17, 1S5 9 in Texas.

Poplin, Mrs. George W.— (See Ward) —
Catherine O. Chandler, born at Siloam, Ar-
kansas, January 26, 1873 and educated at
Vinita- Married at Vinita, January 18, 189l
George Washington, son of William H. and
Sarah Jane Poplin, born December 10. 1872
in Stodard County, Missouri. They are the
parents of Anna Jane, born November 2S.
1891; Ora Adelia, born March 18, 1893;
Gaithor Oliver, born July 23, 1895; Mar-
guerite, born October 9, 1897; Rosebud,
born September 24, 1899; Nellie, born
March 29, 1902; Van and Nan, twins, born
April 16, 1^06; Loren Ross, born June 11.
1908 and Ray Poplin, born December 20.
1910.

Gaithor Oliver Poplin enlisted in th>
World War at Pryor, September 22, 1917.
Was made Corporal Company A, 344th ^\■
G. B. N. Promoted to Sergeant October l,
1918. Was in the offensive at Villa en Have
August 24 to September 11, 1918 and St-
Mihiel, Preverenville. Meuse. Argonne and
Breussey from Sept 12 to November i;.
1918. He was gassed on September i~.
1918 at St. Mihiel. Was in the Armv of
Occupation at Gillenfeld, Germany from
December 19, 191S to May 19, 1919. Sailed
for America May 2 8,1918 and was discharg-
ed at Camp Pike, Arkansas, June 23, 1919.
George W. Poplin is a bridge carpenter
for the M. K. & T. K. R. with headquarters
at Adair. Mrs. Poplin is a sister of Con-
gressman Chandler of the First District ol
Oklahoma

Anna Eliza, daughter of Calde.an and
Nancy (Ward) Gunter married Burgess
Gaithor Chandler and they are the parents

of ,MiS. Catherine t> (Chanjltr) l'<.phii

Parkinion, Mary T«rTy. — (<

Addie M.iliiula Cbl*. b,,rn v

lS7u, cduc.ilfd in the rhff.i .

schools and leinile Scmkiuiv. mtim-J ji

Wagoner, June 4, i,S'»t Jetr\ \ !•)•» ■

born .May 12, iSdO in (:ii||i'< ,

sas. They are the pirriil\ ..|

born iMay 1, I.S'i; who niifr...! ■.

Williamson, and ihev hive {hire dlut^^ ■

.Mary June, Helen Isabel ind P.-ll ■■ i'

Rulh, born August 28. 18'i.».

Roy Cunningham; Joseph T*t:

ruary '', l8'>;. married Looli

bel Jane, born Oclnber ;o, i

lames I'avid Garrison and ha.!

ter, Lotta Jane, born Sepleir

.Mrs. Garrison died [)ecembi-

Addie Florence, born Januir> !■.

married March 6, loi') Aiexinder (..•»•

and have one child. K\ex firkmjn. b-r i

February 6. 1<)20; Bruce Cobb, b<>rn ^^■^

30, I'^Ol; Evie, born July l'». I'>"J »'J

James Parkinson, born July 27, T'm

Terry A. Parkinson is entued In (irr
ing, stock raising and has extensive ml tnd
realty holdings. .Mrs. Parkinson Is i h-n <•
woman, a Presbyterian, Enlern Slir. n-l
President of the Arts and Crilts Club Vr
Parkinson is a Democrat and »it t\t<uS
County Clerk of WiRoner cnunly In I'M 5-
16, from which office he reslrned In Oclo
ber 1917 and was elected to the lower fcou»<
(.f the Legisualure from Wajoner count* In
1'>1S.

Evaline, daughter of Mextnict jnd S\t>
tha (Blythe) Clingin. »is born in HmJ:.
county Tennessee April I *<, IS15.
December 15, lS57 Joseph Bcnv.n
born July 26, lS28 in Blount C"unt^
essee. He died March 22, IS'".. i
died November 17. 1918. Thev »
parents of Mrs. Addie M. I'arkinv^n
Prater, Mr.. Henry L D.— (See I
Ghigau and llildebrand)— llenf> '
Dawes, son of Henry Sheridan and
Celeste (Thompson) Prater. N-rn t
t3 1900. Married December >••
Martha, daughter of John and B<lt.e
Ham. born April 27. i""" The^
parents of William Eugene VixU'
April 23. l"20. Mr. and Mr^ Pra.c, »■'
farming near Adair-
Clara, daughter o( Thomaa U.l« iV

580

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

Amelia (Alberty) Rider married David
George Thompson and they were the par-
ents of Mattie Celeste (Thompson) Prater.
Jennie, daughter of Stephen and Mary
(Pi)tts) Hildebrand married William Lucas
and they were the parents of Bettie (Lucas)
Ham.

Prater, David George. — (See Downing and
Ghigau) — David George Prater, liorn Aug-
ust 10, 1SS9. Married December IS, 1907
Clennie B., daughter of Thomas and Susan
C. Jackson, born in 1890 in Carroll County.
Arkansas. They are the parents of: Lelanrt
Stanford, born March 7, 1909; George Sher-
idan, born April 18, 1911; Guy Thomas,
burn February 1, 191 3; William Granville,
born February 4, 191 5; Beatrice, born
October 2, I9l7 and Celeste Prater born
February 6, 1920. Mr. Prater is a farmer
near Adair. He is an Odd Fellow and
Ancient Order of United Workman. Mrs.
Prater belongs to the Rebeccas.

Moses Alberty, born April 18, 1788 in
Surry County, North Carolina. Married Sal-
lie Wright. Their daughter Amelia, born
January 2, 1839 married Thomas Lewis
Kider and they were the parents of Clarissa
("aniline who married David George Thomp-
son and their daughter Martha Celeste mar-
ried Henry Sheridan Prater and they were
the parents of David George Prater.

Propp, Mrs. F. W. (See Ghigau) — Mary
Eleanor, daughter of David and Lucinda Anji
(Harlan) Archer, born in Kansas, May 2,
1867, and educated in Cherokee County,
Kansas. Married at Baxter Springs in that
state, January 2, 1888 Frederick William,
son of Carl and Henrietta (Stabnow) Propp,
born July 22, 1859 in Germany. They are
the parents of: Carl Williard, born August
21, 1906 and Elva Carlene Propp, born De-
cember 30, 1910. Mr. Propp is a farmer
and stock raiser near Adair. Mrs. Propp is
a Presbyterian and a member of the Grange
and Rebeccas.

David M., son of Ezekial and Hannah
(Lewis) Harlan married Lucinda Tucker and
they were the parents of Lucinda Ann (Har-
lan) Archer.

William Harlan of Durham County, Eng-
land was the father of James Harlan of Monk,
wearmouth, England and he was the father
of George Harlan born about 1649, who to-
gether with his wife Elizabeth came to
American in 1887 and settled in Chester

County, Pennsylvania. Their son, Ezekial
Harlan, married Mary Beyer and they were
the parents of Ezekial Harlan who married
Hannah Obern. All of the above named
were 0"'il^>?rs and from George forward they
lived in Chester County, where also was
born Ellis, born about 1733, the son of
Ezekial and Hannah (Obern) Harlan who
married Catherine, a full blood Cherokee and
they were the parents of Ezekial Harlan who
niariied Hannah Lewis.

Roberts, Charles D. — (See Grant.
Downing, Foreman and Sanders). — Essi:-
Elizabeth Foreman, whose Cherokee name is
Chiuka, was born at Chelsea, December 1,
1886. Graduated from Cottey College, Ne-
vada, Missouri in 1908. Was Art teacher in
Chelsea, Oklahoma. Married at Tulsa, July
29, 1916 Charles D. Robarts. He is a thirty-
second degree Mason and entered the marine
service in the World War on August 3, l91.'i
and was awarded a medal of honor. Mrs.
Robarts is an Episcopalian and Eastern Star.

Nelson B., son of Ellis and Margaret
(Richardson) Foreman was born in Going
Snake District, November 20, 1860. Mar-
ried November 8, 1882 Nannie C Williams,
born November 26, 1862 in Te,xas.

Robertson, Judge A. E. (See Ghigau,
Foreman, Riley and Conrad).. — Arthur Evans
son of Evans Price and Sarah Ellen (Spears)
Robertson was born at Hulbert, Cherokee
Nation, Tuesday, September 18, 1888. He
was educated in the Cherokee National
Schools, Henry Kendall College of Muskogee,
graduating from the preparatory depart-
ment; St. Charles Military College, St.
Charles, Missouri; University of Tulsa, from
which he graduated; University of Okla-
homa, Norman, Oklahoma and University of
Paris, Paris, France. He served in the A. E.
F. in France with the 143rd Infantry, 36th
Division. His Cherokee name is Wah-la-see
and he belongs to the Bird Clan. He is a
member of the Presbyterian church and th.;
Knights of Pythias fraternity.

Reverend Evans Price, son of Wade Hamp-
ton, and Diana (Hair) Robertson was born
at Tahlequah, October 10, 1855. Married
at Tahlequah, June 24, 1883 Sarah Ellen,
daughter of Eli and Elizabeth (Hall) Spears,
born at Catchertown, Tahlequah District,
April 3, 1855. Wade Hampton Robertson
a native of McMinn County, Tennessee. A
member of Company E. Second Indian Home

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKHE INDIANS

SS\

Guards. He \v;\s killed in a skirmish at
Tahlequali on March 28, 1863. orisiiially
buried in the Chemkee Capiti'l Stjiiare but
later removed to the city cemetery.

Arthur Evans Kobertson was elected
County Judge of Cherokee County, Ndveni-
ber 2, iq20.

Odle, Mrs- Marvin (See Ward). — Luiu

Brown, born near Pryor. I'ecenilvr 10,
ISSI, educated at Pryor. Married at Adair,
January 22, I'lOO George Southerland.
They were the parents of Sequoyah Vann,
born June 16, 1901; Mary Helen, horn Jan-
uary 27, 1904. and Maurine Southerland,
born August 3, 1908. Mrs. Lulu Souther-
land married July 21. l9o8 Marvin, son ol
John and Mary Odle, born April 5, 1SS5 in
Henry County, Missouri- They are the
parents of: Alma Beatrice, born March 11,
1911; Charles Eugene, born June IS, 191'
and Virginia Lee Odle, born October 25,
1917. Mr. Odle is farming near Pryor.

Charles Ward married Rutt Hollingsworth
Their daughter Mary Adeline Ward married
Joseph Brown and they were the parents < I
Charles Brown, born in Texas, March i:,
185 4. He married at Salina, Cherokee
Nation, July 30, ISSO Mary Coker, born ii,
Boone County, Arkansas, January 2i, iSh:

Reagan, Austin.— (See Foreman)— Austin
Greely, son of Meriweather G- and Lydia A.
(Hicks) Keagan. born September 25, 1SS8,
educated in Male Seminary from which he
graduated May 29, 1907. He married at
Tahlequah, September 17, I9l/, Gra.e,
daughter of John Robert and Nancy J. Wade,
born May iS, 1896. They are the parents
of: Knowlton, born March 3u, 1918; Ru-h-
l,en. born December 30. un9. a..d the
twins Woodrow and Warren Reagan, boin
March 4 1921. Mr. Regan is a farmer and
school teacher in Cher.^kee Ccounty, Okla-
homa.

Renfro, Mrs- William D.-(See RUey)^-
Betty Sutherlin, born September 19 ISJ/,
educated at the Cherokee Orphan Asylum
Married December 2S, 1897 Wiinan,Dav,,

son of Dave K. and Alef (TUlman) R -.
born August 29. 1S70 in Brown C^u -
Texas. They are the parents of. Will an
David, born January 26. '""f ^"'f .'V .'o,
entin tthe 1922 class in the UmverOo,

Oklahoma, where he is a '-if'^^J^^
A,phaKappa^P.;;.ten,ity, H^^«.

Ser'a:d:m;:^HaTheta;AlefAde-

laide. born rebruirv 2.1, \'io*, and lm« ittn
Renfro, burn October lo, t")o7.

Adelaide .McOuilliinis nrr llridt mirfl«d
in Novenit>er IS7S KichirJ l.iliNrlU South
eriin, born May I. IS4I. in llr»jn (".••unH.
Kentucky. He served during Ih* i:i»ll * *»
in the First Tennessee Civilrv, ('.<>n(fdrr>i.'
Army. .Mrs. Southcrlln died Fcbruir* 1 .
1SS7. and he died in IS.S'I, They *et( Ih'
parents of .Mrs. William !>• H«nCro. Mr.
Renfro is a retired rinchnun.

Reed, Mary Thrroa — (Sec Griiit) — Ml"
Theresa Flippin daughter ..(, J F. ind .Mi'>
Lane (Little) Fliprin >">! Kf»"'l-<liu«'"*' "'
William and Theresa Lane (OivIM LIUU «n
born at Verdigris. June 2''. IS'Xi, married Jl
Clareniore September ?. t'»l5 A. f ti*ei
born April lo, 1S'>3 in Arkaniav Th«v arr
the parents of: Klizabelh Ann. h<«rn ncl<>h-
er 26. 1916 and lames Franklin K**d. S«rii
November 24. l9i<). .Mr. Reed it »»jt»i»tii
cashier of the Farmers Bank »nd Truti < ■
of Claremore.

Ross. Nellie K.— (See Grant. Sandec
Ross and Ghigau) — Nellie Kalhenne Mc-
Leod, born February S. 1ST 2 at Tahle^ujh
Educated in the Cherokee Public Sch.-.'v
Female Seminary and Drury O'llefe. Sr""t
field. .Missouri. She married April !'>. I' '
George Starr Ross, born June ::. l»o5. >U
was educated in the Cherokee Sat)..nii
Schools and Male Seminary. He died No*em
ber 24, 1894. They were the r»f«"" ''
Wayne McLeod born February 27. |S'>1 and
Roy Vivian Ross, born January 1 5. I*'»»
and died October •). i02o. .Mrs f""
Cherokee name is lyuka. She l» i ?'*♦•
bvterian and a member o( the Oueit CluC
Wavne McLeod Ross is a b.-.k-keer«r i"
the Farmers Bank and Trust .:..mr*n> il
Claremore.

Mrs Ross' parents were Murd-xk Mc
Leod, born January 2S. tSM a. .-.ar' '•»«•
Picton County, Nova Scotia, he nwrr
Februarv 10. 1868 Annie Henr. Uf..^.
born August 5. ,8 5. at Tah.equah. he d -J
December 31. 1R"' and he d-ed Mav IV

' Ro... Shorr, W.-Amon, .He CoUeC.;-
„f papers and charters ..( .he rel.n..<Ale.^

4.r II Kine of Scolland 1» » "•»'»"" "'
Ferquhard Ross, of the larldom o, H.at 1

58;

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

whom the Highland Clan Aindreas took its
name. Firquhard, Earl of Ross founded ths
abbey of Fearn in Rosshire. His son Wil-
liam was one of the Scottish nobles who, un-
der Alexander HI, bound themselves to make
no peace with England in which the Prince
and chiefs of Wales were not included-

John, Earl of Ross was also Earl of Buchan
and later Hugh became Laird of Balnagowan.
His grandson Hugh, the third Laird of Balna-
gowan married Lady Janet, the daughter of
the Earl of Sutherland, suzereign of Suther-
landshire.

The Ross coat of arms, granted in 16S1
bears the motto; "Floret Qui Laborat."

Daniel Ross was born in 1760 in Suth-
erlandshire, Scotland. He married at Chick-
amauga in 17S6 Mollie McDonald born No-
vember 1, 17 70- She died October 5, 1808
and Daniel Ross died May 22, 1830. Eliza
Ross was born May 25, 1789, married John
Golden Ross, born Dec. 22. 1878, died June
2, 1858.

Daniel and Mollie Ross were the parents
of: Jennie, born March 25, 1789 and mar-
ried Joseph Cordey, born Feb. 19, 17 79.
Died Oct. u, 1859. John Ross, Principal
chief of the Cherokee Nation from 1828 to
1866; Susannah, born December 10. 1793
and married Henry Nave; Lewis, born Feb-
ruary 20, 1795; Andrew, born December 19
1798; Annie, born November 15, 1800 and
married William Nave; Margaret, born July
5, 1803 and married Elijah Hicks; Marie,
born January 13, 1806 and married Jonathan
Mulkey.

John Golden and Elizabeth Ross were the
parents of: William Potter, Principal Chief
of the Cherokee Nation; Daniel Hughes, Miss
E. Jane, John Andrew, Miss EInora. and
Lewis Anderson Ross. The latter was born
July 2, 183 4. Elected Senator from Table-
quah District in 1867, 1869 and 1873. He
married on January 29, 1868 Miss Nellie
Potts. He was elected auditor of the Chero-
kee Nation in 1869 and 1884. He died
April 12. 1885.

Lewis Anderson and Nellie Ross were
the parents of: McDonald, born August 19.
186'); Shorey W., born March 9, 1871; Eliza,
born December 15, 1872; William, born
January 5, 1875; Lewis, Wirt, born March
7, 1880 and Daniel Ross, February 17, l8S.-i.

Shorey W. Ross is the ablest literary indi-
vidual fif the Cherokee Nation and an un-

conscious follower of the old Ross motto of
"He prospers who labors." He depends for
most of his material on the legend and folk-
lore indigenous to his locality and the only
instances of errors in his articles are attri-
butable to some few of the stories that are
told to him, but with a true Scotch canniness
he is generally able to sift the true from the
false. The literature of the Cherokees and
the State lose many gems because of the
natural reticence of one of Nature's noble-
men; Shorey W- Ross.

Robinson, Juliette M. (See Oolootsa, Ghe
gau, Adair and Grant) — John Gunter Scrim-
sher, born August 17, 183 5 in Alabama.
Educated in the Cherokee public schools and
Male Seminary. Taught school one term at
Greenleaf and married September 15, 1859
Juliette Melvina Scrimsher, born August 7,
1841. He was a Captain in the Confederate
Service and a Senator in the Southern Cher-
okee Council during the Civil war. He was
elected sheriff of Cooweescoowee District
August 5, 1867 and August 5, 1877; Sena-
tor August 4, 1879 and August 6, 1883; De-
lagate to Washington 1883 and 1885, Sena-
tor August 1, 1877; District Judge August
1, 1893 and Senator August 2, 1897. He
was killed by a lightning stroke on July 5,
i')05.

John Gunter and Juliette Melvina (Can-
dy) Scrimsher were the parents of Sarah
Catherine, born July 27, 1866 married
March 2, 1890 William Edward Sanders and
died January 28, 1892; Elizabeth Bell born
September 3, 1873 and married Stephen
Riley Lewis; Ernest Vivian born July 24,
1875 and married Susie Philips and Juliette
Melvina born January 12, 1878. Graduated
from Female Seminary June 1, 1898- Mar-
ried May 10. 1002 Abraham Vandyke Robin-
son born April IS, 18 78-

A. V. and Juliette Melvina Robinson are
the parents of: Hubert Spencer, born April
2.1903; Lulu Elizabeth born March 18, 1906
Abraham Vandyke born August 9, 1911 and
Juliette Melvina Robinson born January 26.
1914. Abraham Vandyke Robinson wa^
elected Court Clerk of Rogers County, Okla-
homa in 1918 and 1920. Mrs. Robinson's
Cherokee name is, Cowana and she belongs
to the Deer Clan.

Smith, George W — George Washington
Smith, born in Flint District, July IS, 1878,
educated locally and in Male Seminary. Mar-

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKlfH INDIANS

SH\

ried Nov. 24, 19U"1. Jennie May Paden. burn
Sept. 24, 1SS5. They are the parents of
Grover Paden, born Aug. ooth, \'H\y: and
George Washington Smith, Jr, bom April 14.
190 7. George Washington is a Royal Arch
Mason. He was a member of the legislatu-e
from Adair County in l'>10 and 1911.

Chief Charles R. Hicks married Nanc;.
Broom and their daughter Elsie married
Jeremiah Horn, they are the parents of John
Horn who married Nellie Miller and their
daughter, Elizabeth, married Charles Smi'h
and they were the parents of George Wash-
ington Smith, the subject of the sketch.
Mrs. Smith is the daughter of Benjamni 1".
and Lucv Paden and the grand-daughter of
Benjamin and Elmire (.Miller) Paden.

Sanders, Mrs. Benjamin F. (See England,
Hildebrand and Ghigau) — Martha Jane,
daughter of James Franklin and .Mary Jane
(England) Williams was born in Cherokee
Nation, April 9, 1S70. Educated in the
Cherokee Nation. Married at Vinita. AuKu,^t
7, 1887, Benjamin Franklin Sanders, born
June 30, iSbl in Clay County, Te.xas. They
are the parents of Alartha Leoma Sanders,
born August 18, 1890. Educated in Female
Seminary, Hardin College, Me.xico, Missouri
and the Southern Seminary. Beuna Vist.i.
Virginia, graduating from the latter institu-
tion. She married James H- Thigpin, a
graduate of the Alabama State Agricultural
College. They are now living at Fort Worth
Texas, where he is the Superintendent of
the Refrigerating Department of the Swift
Packing Plant. He is a thirty second degree
Mason and Shriner.

Mr. Sanders is one of the most successful
farmers and stockraisers of Craig County.

Sanders, Mrs. Bryan E. (See Grant and
Ward)— Adda LaDavIe, daughter of John
Lowrev and Laura Ann (Edmondson) Ward
was born Wednesday August 8, 1895. Bdu-
cited in the Cherokee public schools and
Female Seminary. Married at Tulsa Nov
29, 1917 Bryan Elton son of William^ Henry
and Rose Marv Sanders, born .Julv 2 5, 1S9:
in Benton County, Ark. They are the par-
ents of Mariann Josephine Sanders, born
Julv 6 19^1. Mrs. Sanders is a member o.
the Christian church. Mr. Sanders served
six months in the World's War as secretarv
to Captain Martin K. Rohn at Camp Pike. He
is a member of the American Legion. _

John Lowrey, son of James and Lou. a
M. (Williams) Ward was born July 20, i»3 ,

married January .;, i.-irs l.aufj Ann. diuct'
ter of Augustus Viii and Ljun Ann (t>*o
man) (Edmondson. N.rn brcrmbct l«. I til
in G'lrdon ('uunlv. (irorcia.

Laura Ann (HJnmndson) Wjid »a» h-'-
near Atlanta. GeorRia, Dec. ts. i«<(l vs.
was the daughter o( Auku>Ius Vj
son and Laura Ann rienniaii »hir !
two of the must pruminenl (aniiLc
Georgia. Her grandfather I'.ol. Fcllj (i I'r
juan was one o( the weallhietl planKrt ir>J
slave holders prior to the ("Ivil War. Mr-
father Augustus Vann Edmondion cam« !••
this country from Texas in Ihc earlv %t\f
ties. Locating in what is now IXljKir.-
County and was a power in lh<r C">mmuni'i
in which he lived. On account i>l hit p.'*
erful and sterling character the Chetnktfi
named him Kluntutchy meaning in Enclith i
"Lion". She was married to Juhn Li>«rr»
Ward at Baties Prairie Jan. 3, is:.s. To
this union there were seven children born
Mrs. Dora Olive Cunningham. Tahlequah.
Okla.. Mrs. Lura Loux, Maysville, Ark . .Mn
Leola Faye Newton, Maysville. Ark., Mr^
Cornelia Josephine Taylor. Wichita fall..
Texas, Mrs. Adda LaDayle Sanders, Tulti.
Okla., John Dennian Ward. Tulsa. <>kla., anj
Winnie Davis who died while itlendlni
school at Cherokee National Female Semi-
nary .March 21. 1908.

.Mrs. Ward passed away in the .Morninf
Side hospital at Tulsa. Okla.. Dec. S, «<M '
and was laid to rest in Edmondscm cemeter*
near her home. The passing awav <>« Mrv
Ward has been the removal o( one o{ lb.-
landmarks in Delaware Counlv. She hi4
lived in this community for nearly hill c-n-
tury. She was a member >•! the I'.hr.it.j i
church, a good neighbor, wife and m.lh.-
A woman who loved her home ind "nr »h -
considered no crown higher than l^ •■ '
queen of that home. lookinR up'-n iit r"*'*
vation as the greatest ambition of »omir
hood. She was Aunt f- Mrs Richard 'tf-i
er (Beulah Benton Ldmond»..n) k....»n *•
the Indian princess.

Samuel. Mr. Clarence U (See Adl^r «•
Nair and Downing)— Carrie M V,— ►■ '
January 27. ISSO. Graduated ■
Pavne College. ra>ette. Ml^^
Married January 2". «V0" '.1*'^ -^ ■ ^
uel, born arch 2>. .8^6. Thev are .h r-
ents of: Clarence L born December 3^.
^90- Martha .•li.abe.h bo,„ March !«.

584

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

1914 and Samuel Charles Samuel, born Feb.
22, 1916 and died May 9, 1917.

David Vann, born January 1, iSoo,
married Martha McNair, born September 1.
IS 12. He was murdered on December 23,
1863 and his widow died in March 1875.
They were the parents of: Clement Neeley
brilliant attorney. Lieutenant Colonel in the
Confederate service and Treasurer of the
Cherokee Nation; Nicholas Byers; David Lu-
cuUus; Mary Delilah graduated in the second
class (1S56) from Female Seminary, married
George W- Drew and Joel Bryan Mayes twice
elected Principal Chief of the Cherokee Na-
tion; Charles Avoy; Joseph Lewis and
Martha Elizabeth Vann born at New Hope
October 4, 1852, married Nov., 9, 1871
Samuel Houston Mayes, born May 11, 1S45.
She died Dec. 27, 1907. Samuel Houston
the youngest brother of Chief Joel Bryan
Mayes was elected Principal Chief of the
Cherokee Nation August 5, 1895.

Chief Samuel Houston and Martha Eliza-
beth (Vann) Mayes were the parents of Wil-
liam Lucullus, Dr. Joseph F. and Carrie M.
Mayes, the subject of this sketch.

Snodgrass, Mrs. T. L- (See Grant, Down-
ing and Ghigau) — Lydia Beatrice Wilder,
b(irn Jan, 28, 1883, in Choteau, educated at
lluirell Institute, Muskogee. Married at
Cluiteau Ncjvember 4, l9oo, Thomas Leon-
ard, son of E. C. and Nora Snodgrass, born
Nov. 16, 1873 in Washington County, Va
Thev are the parents of: Carlotta Marie
Snodgrass, born May 17, 1912.

Charlotte Belle, daughter of Ellis and
Clara (Buffington) West, born August in,
1847, married March 1870 Jacob West
.Markham, born .Inly 2, 1843. He died April
27, 1S77 and she married March 1878, Wil-
li:un Lavesque Wilder, born .March 24, 1839
in Lafayette County, Tennessee, served dur-
ing the Civil War in Co. "A" Twelfth Ar-
kansas Infantry, Confederate army. H-
died Aug. 6, 1916. Mr. and Mrs. Wilder
were the parents of Mrs. Tlmmas L. Simd-
grass. Mr. Snodgrass is in the hardware
business in Choteau.

Sleeper, Mrs. Minnie, (See Cordery) — •
Minnie Lucile Jackson, born at Tanglewood.
tlie country home of her parents, August ■?,
lS7l, educated in the public schools and
Female Sejiiinary, married June 27, 189-1,
Gideon Daniels Sleeper, born October 5.
185 8 in Liberty, .Miss. He died August 7,

1916. They are parents of the following
children: Julia Virginia, born April 22,
1895; Gideon Daniels, born June 10, 1897;
Walter Jackson, born March 17, 1899;
Martha Elizabeth, born January 19, 1901,
married A. J. Rawlins; Minnie Louisa, born
August 23, 1906. Gideon Daniels Sleeper
Sr. was appointed Commissioner in 1909
and elected to the same office in 1910-12.

Martha Elizabeth Harris an eighth blood
Cherokee of the Blind Savannah Clan was
born January 3 1, 1844 in Georgia. She
married in November 1862 William .lackson,
born May 4, 183 5 in Mortonhamstead, Dev-
onshire, England. He was Captain of Com-
pany B Scantling's Squadron, Te.xas Con-
federate Cavalry. He was elected a member
of the council from Cooweescowee District
on August 5, 1889.

Mrs. Jackson died March 17, 1902 and
O.aptain Jackson died March 2. l9ii. They
were the parents of Walter Hampton, An-
drew and Minnie Lueile Jackson the subject
of this sketch.

Mrs. Sleeper is in the fifth generation
from Thomas Cordery, who married Susan-
nah, a full blood Cherokee of the Blind Sa-
vannah Clan. The first known Cordery was
Souchville-Cordery who came across from
Normandy to England with William, The
Conqueror in 1066.

Smith, Mrs- Richard Lafayette, (See Grant
and Ward) — Richard Lafayette, son of Fred-
erick David and Charlotte Elizabeth (Fields)
Smith, born September 7, 1899, educated at
Big Cabin- Married at Big Cabin May 3l.
1919, Minnie Carrie, daughter of Robert
Louis and Caroline Emma (Schmidt) Steig-
leder, born March 11, 1900, in Booneville,
Missouri. They are the parents of Louis
Richard Smith, born March 2, 1920 and Mil-
ton Eldo Smith born Nov. 5, 1921. Mr.
Smith is a farmer and breeder of Purebreed
Hereford cattle and is a member of the 1.
(). O. F. Fraternity. Mr. Steigleder was
born July 10, 1862. in Iowa. Mrs. Steig-
leder was born in Missouri April 2, 1871
and they were married in Booneville, .Mis-
souri, September 9, 18S8.

Sunday, Andrew, (See Conrad) — Andrew
Sunday, born Aug. 13, 1877, educated in
Cherokee Public Schools and Male Semi-
nary. Married Sept. 27, 1897, Sallie Davis,
born Feb. 23, 1879, in Cumberland County.
Kv.

HISTORY OF THE CilEROKlfl-: INDIANS

They are the parents of: Mary, born April
4, 1898; Elva, born May 11; 1900; Lois,
born Dec. 29, 1902: Jessie, born April li,
1907; Clarence, born April 15, 1911; Rob-
ert Owen, born Feb. 6, I'M 4; Alice, born
July 31, 1916; and Percy Sunday, born Mav
28, 1919. Mr. Sunday is a Baptist and
Mason-
Hair Conrad was a half breed Cherokee,
one quarter Scotch and one quarter Hollan-
der. He was Captain of a company of the
Cherokee allies to the United States in ISH,
was a member of the Constitutional conve"-
*ion of 182 7, was captain of the first de-
tachment of emigrants to leave the Old Na-
tion for the west in 18.^8, was elected a
member of council from Tahlequah LMstrict
August 7, 1S43. He died November 2. 1S44.
He married Melvina McGhee and they were
the parents of James, who as well as all ol
the descendents of Hair Conrad was called
Hair instead of Conrad- This James Hair
was the father of Nicholas Hair who marri^-d
Lucinda Roberson and they were the pareiils
of Andrew Sunday, the subject of this
sketch.

Stiles, Cha.'.. W. (See Adair)— Chariot'.'
Elizalvth Vann, born February 7, 1868, mar-
ried September 10, 1885 Charles William
Stiles, born December 4, 1866 in Iroquois
county, Illinois. They are the parents of:
William, born June 5, 1894; Emma Jessie,
born July 17, 1895, graduated from the Law
Department University. Oklahoma, and
married Gordon Fryer; Clarinda Ermiiu,
born June 25, 1897, and married J. F- Sulli-
van; Elsie Josephine Stiles was born Novem-
ber 17, 1902.

Mr. Stiles is K'oadmaster on the M. K. &
T. raihoad, is a thirty second degree Mason
and Shriner; Mrs. Stiles is an Eastern Star
and White Shriner.

Rev. James Jenkins Trott, a Methodist
missionary married Rachel Ponds Adair, a
quarter-blood Cherokee and their daughter
Nancv A. Trott, born March Id, 1835, mar-
ried October 20, lSt.0 Joseph George Wash-
ington Vann born February l5, 1832. She
died January 29, 1876 and he died February
15, ISSS. They were the parents of; .lames,
born August l5, 1861; Joseph Webstei.
born April 13. 1865; Charlotte Eliz;ibeth,
born February 7, 1868; Joseph Harding,
born December l5, 1869, and Emma Ann
Vann, born October 7. lS73.

Stewart, James O.— .lames O. Son of Wil-

liam and Mai ion (bn.KherlN) SU.i,i N.f-,
December 3, t,S7,S. Married jl Adi.r Au
gust 29, i,s.|.. ,v,„dj dauchic, .., II ,
and Lean Hieronymus, b..rn Mj» i. ^^•,
They are the parents .,( Halph Vi
born January 17, iwoi, married S.-,tm-
her 4. i'i20, ,Myrtle Martin. I'aulln*
born October 4, l'>(,2: Grace iincij*. N^n
December 31 !')(,!; Ruth, born (>fv»mb»f
31. 1905; and .Limes Carl Ste»ar|. b..rn
April IS. |9|.|. Mr. .Stc«arl (» a (armcf
and a member of i|ie Mi>derii W.«.dnun ..t
America

Shade, Henry (See Grant and <lii|iN>Ua) —
Henry, son nf Isaac and Luc* (Smilh)
Shade was born in Tahleiiuah DMricI, Jul<
15, 1875, married Feb. t>>. i'>02 .Mact'e Bell
born July l>i. lS,So. .Mr- Shade t» ■•:>( .f
the progressive farmers ol ClieroVr.- i..un
ty and is a firm believer in if">d ciliteiithir.

Susie, the daughter o( Idniond and Nellie
(Lowrey) Fawling married Thnma* Smllk
and they were the parents o( Lucy Smttb.
wife of Isaac Shade and ninther of llenrt
Shade, the subiect of this sketch

Sloan, James E- (See Ghi^au) — lainet t<
lis, son of Edward E. and Naomi (i..!.-)
Sloan, born January 7, ISOJ. educated "
rJelaware Dislricis and .Male Seminar* Mar
ried at Claremore December I. fi:. ('iilli.-
May. daughter of John .\L and Mary (. (K"r
er) Carroll, born .March 2t. I,S'<.S in liela-
ware District, educated al Bic Cabin Thei
are the parents of: Percilla Mav. Sirn Au-
gust 25. 1918; Naomi Caroline, born March
1. 1920; and Dorris Louise, born June \2,
1921. iMr. Sloan enlisted in the World War
September 3, I'M.S, and »a* muNlered "U^
January 7, 1919.

Thomas .Martin Paper married Mariella
Ferandes Townseiid. their dauchler Maf»
Caroline Raper married John M. Carroll and
thev were the parents nf \\r\ Oillie Ma»
Sloan.

Sanders, Madison, (Paper. Sander* and
Ghigau)— -Madison, s.m of .)e«e arid Caro-
line (Catron) Sanders born In I8«.< Mar-
ried in IS75. Louisa, dauchler o( Jame* and
Nancy (Raper) Ibilland. b-rn February J*.
1859. Thev are the p'"^"'* "' Cirollni-
married Ellis P. Alberlv; CynlhU. married
William Isaac Johnson: Jesw; J»rae» S :
Thomas Blair; Eliiabelh; .lohn Menu. O.'-
neva, married Thomas l..hnvo.i and l'a.n»ll.
Carl and .Maggie I'ee Sander*.
Madison Sanders was elected .sheriK •>•

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

Tahlequah District in 1879 and 1881. Carl
D. Sanders was in the World War 7 months
and 17 days, Co- K. 12th Inf.

Austin, Mrs. Sue (See Cordery) — Sue,
daughter of Charles Harris and Pearl Vic-
toria (Haas) Sisson, born December l^,
1898 at Ft. Gibson; educated at Ft- Gibson,
Muskogee and Claremore- Married at Clare-
more June 5, 1920 Ervin F- son of Henry
and Sallie Austin. Mr. Austin is engaged in
the wholesale dry goods business at Clar^^-
more.

Thomas Cordery, an Irishman married
Susannah, a full blood Cherokee of the Blind
Savannah Clan- Their daughter Nannie mar-
ried Parker Collins and they were the par-
ents of Jennie Collins who married Charles
Harris of Spartanberg district, S. Carolina
Charles and Jennie Harris were the parents
of Narcissa, born in 1841, married George
Sisson and Jesse Wolf- She died October
IS, 1898. Maltha Elizabeth married Captain
William Jackson; Sue F. married Alfred M.
Gott; Charles Joseph and Truste Bird.

George and Narcissa Sisson were the par-
ents of Charles Harris Sisson, born Decem-
ber 26, 1859, educated in the Cherokee Na-
tional schools and married at Ft. Gibson, De-
cember 4, 1H93 Pearl Victoria Haas, born
August 29, 1879 in Tupelo, Lee county,
Mississippi. They are the parents of Charles
Hairis, born Novejnber 5, 1894: Jessie May,
born July 31, 1896; Sue, born December
14, 1898; Mary, horn January 13, 1900 and
Emma Pauline, born May 8, 1902-

Charles Harris Sisson was appointed Cir-
cuit Judge of the Cherokee Nation in May
189 7, and was elected a member of the
Council from Illinois District in Aug. 1903.

Starr, Bluford W. (See Ghigau) — Bluford
West Starr, born September 1, 1858 near
Fort Gibson is the son of Bluford West Starr
born March 5, 1826 and died April 7, 185.S
and his wife Margaret Ann (McDanie!)
Starr who died July 4, 1866. Bluford W
having been left an orphan at such an earlv
age struggled against adverse conditions and
gained a creditable education. His dominant
characteristics are honesty and integrity. He
is a farmer, stockman and Mason. He mar-
ried on November 10, IS87 Jessie Adel th-;
daughter of Charles and Marion M- Hutch-
ins, born Aug. 29, 1865 in Dane Co., Wis-
consin. Thev are the parents of Charles
i;!aienc>', born October 1. ISSS; Orange

Walter b,,rn April 22, 1890; Glenn W. born
July 6. 1892 and Jessie Alarion, born De-
cember 24, 1894. Bluford W. Starr's Cher-
okee name is Yona and he belongs to the
Wolf Clan. He was elected a member of
Council from Cooweescoowee District on
August 7, 1899.

Sisson, Mrs. Pearl V. (See Cordery) Pearl
Victoria, daughter of J. F. and Cecilia (Gib-
son) Haas was born at Tupelo, Lee County
Mississippi on August 29, 1879. She mar-
ried at Fort Gibson, Indian Territory Decem-
ber 4, 1893 Charles Harris Sisson, bor;i
November 26, 1859. They are the parents
(if: Charles Harris born November 5, 1894;
.lessie May born July 2, 1896; Sue born De-
cember 14, 1898; Mary born January 13,
I'lOO and Emma Pauline burn May 8, 1902.
Charles Harris Sisson was appointed Circuit
Judge of the Cherokee Nation on May 1,
IS" 7 and elected to Council from Illinois
District on August 3, 1903.

Sandifer, Bert E., (See Sanders) — Celia
Margaret Walkley born March 29, ISS2 mar-
ried November 30, 1902 Bert E- Sandifer,
born Sept. 1, 1881. They are the parents
of: William Franklin, born September 17,
1903; Robert Lee, born January 23, 1905;
Owen Haskell born August 18, 1907; Alice
Catherine born November 11, 1912 and
Margaret Elizabeth Sandifer born August 31.
1914.

James Chambers, born June 11, 183 1
married April 12, 185 1 Catherine Hendricks
bniM May 3, 1829. He was elected to Coun-
cil from Cooweescoowee District August 1.
1887. He died December 16. 1S97. Mrs.
Catherine Chambers died Feb. 8, 1912.
Their daughter Alice Jane was born June 5.
1852, she mairied August 18, 1872 Willian:
Walkley, borji March 14, 183 5 in Gloucester,
England. He died October 7, ISSl. Wil-
liam and Alice Jane (Chambers) Walkley
were the parents of Mrs. Celia Margaret
Sandifer.

Smith, Fred, (See Grant and Ward) —
Frederick David, son of Samuel and Louisa
.lane (Ward) Smith was born on Spavinaw
Creek, .Marcli 2 t, 1S65, educated in Dela
ware District. Married on Lynch's Prairie
May 26, ISSS, Charlotte Elizabeth, daugh-
ter of John Jefferson and Mary Pauline
(Adair) Fields, born August 27, 1872, edn-
cated in Delaware District. They are the
parents of: Frederick Eldo, born June 18,
1894, graduated from the Northeastern State

HISTORY OF THE CHlfKOklflf INDIANS

5X7

Normal at Tahl.-qii',|, i„ ri,^ .j,,^, i,r.u,j.i„,i„
Business College ami married Miss Hud
Hubbard Nov. 27, i')i7; Richard Lafayetle
boru September 7, i899; Charles .luliin
born September 24, igni, married Opal
Pearl Long; Samuel P. Smith, born August
4, 1910. Mr. Smith is a farmer near'iMs
Cabin and is a juember of the IndependeiU
Order of Odd Fellows and Mrs. Smith is a
Rebecca.

Richard, son of Ezekial and ,Marv An.i
(Sexton) Fields married Elizabeth Bla.gg ami
they were the parents of John .lefferson
Fields who married Mary Pauline Adair.

Smith, Mrs. A. J. (See Grant and Duncan;
— Clearcy, daughter of Ezekial and Sabra
Elizabeth (Ward) Fields, was borii March 2S,
lS7l, educated in Delaware District. Mar-
ried in the Seneca Nation, Andrew Jackson,
son of James and Margaret E. Smith, born
in Indiana in Monroe County. They are tlu'
parents of: Cora Pearl, born September .To,
1888, married April 20, 1908 Benjamin .Mor-
ris, son of John Johnson and Caroline .Mari.i
(Thompson) Caldwell born near Big Cabin
August ", 1889, two children Bertram Stan-
ley, born June 13, l9o9 and Janice Clearcv
Caldwell, born April 1, 1917; Ruth Lavonia,
born June 18, lS9o, married McLeod LanJ-
rum Adair; Bertha Belle, born April 18, 1893
married Edward Davis. They have two sons,
Preston Edward and Roger Elmo Davis;
James Lafavette, born June 27, 1899; Claud-
ius Edgar, born October 1. 1906 and Maci:
Andrew Smith, born June 28. 1909. .Mr
and Mrs. Smith belong to the Christian
Church. He is a member of the I. C 0. F.
and she is a Rebecca. They own and opei
ate a fine farm near Vinita.

Richard Fields, Chief of the Texas Chero-
kees married Jennie Baffin gton and they
were the parents of Ezekial who married
Mary Ann Sexton. Their son Richard mar-
ried Elizabeth Jane Blagg and they were the
parents of Ezekial Fields who married Sabra
Elizabeth Ward.

Sevier, William Penn — William Penn. soii
of John and Eliza (Potts) Sevier, born Aug.
7. 1874, educated at the Orphan Asylum.
Married at Tahlequah, Ida E.. daughter of
Robin and Darky Emily Penn, born May 1,
18 75. They are the parents of Alma E.
Sevier, born March 25. 19D3.

Mr. Sevier, who is at present a salesman,
is one of the best interpreters among th-;
Cherokees and is one of the few Cherokee

<>P«etters. 1, is .h.,uKht .ha. ih„c .r, n..,

more than three in the Irlbe. i( ■

His ancestors, his Rrcal urandli

Scotch descent wh.. ciinc |.. \

early days. In his line .,( chr..n.,i.,c, ,^„.

that of Seviers, .Morsans ind Klnj*.

Sander., W. E. (See Sandrrv S.rjp,f ..
lootsa, Ghigau, Adair and Dutuan)—* ill„-
Edward Sanders, horn in G..inr Snakf I'l
trict, April 2, t.soi. tducilcd in Ihr ■ h. •
okee Public Schools. Marrlfd .March :
1S90, Sarah Catherine Scrlmsher. b-.rn l«i.
27, 1866. She died January 2S. i.s.;
They were the parents o( John Ounlcr Sn
ders, born April 23. I89t. Mr. Sand<f.
married at Adair in 1894 Etta Jane, diuch
ter of Henry Harrison and Narcitta >ir
(Duncan) Scraper born in isrt in Salmi
District. She was educated at V,-.tie\Ut
Academy, Vinita and Female Seminif>.
They are the parents of: William Ed»afd.
born October 24, 1896; Dewilt Clirk. born
June 30, 1898; Henry K- bnrn October I
1902; Connelly, born Aui;ust 16, 1906 and
Owen Bates Sanders, born Sept. 25, fit*
Mr. and Mrs. Sanders are Baptists. He U a
.Modern Woodman and a .Masim. Rltwi
with a splendid earnest, honest perionalilv
he has been chosen by Rood mainritlet by
his fellow citizens for the fojlowinc po^lilupt
Sheriff of Cooweescoowee District elected
August 3, 1885, August 1, IS.S7, and Aututi
3, lS9t; Senator from the same district,
August 1. 1893; Sheriff of Rojers Cnunlt.
November S. 1910; County Commisjioner ol
the same county. November 5, lOiS and
November 2, 1920. .Mrs. Sanders' (alher »n
the son of George W. Scraper and was <i'.
derlv Sergeant of Company I). Second Ir.
dian Home Guards, U. S. A.

Strange, Cicero, J. (See Grant, Ohica >
Oolootsa and Adair — Cicero .(ames, vn ■■<
William and Samanthi (Boss) Siranie mi\
born February S, IS74 in Georgia and cJu
cated in that slate. .Married at ("helsea t^t
cember 24, 1S94, Mary BriRhl, dautbler "I
John Polk and Emilv Jane (Walker) r>rak'
born January 2S. 1 878. Thev are Ibe p''
ents of: Mary Emma, born September •
1895; John Drake horn February 1 5. I*'
Janie Anna, born April '\ l'">f>: fHa. b--'
Feb. 11. I<i02; Lulu Fuphemia N-rn !«'■<■
26. 1904; Frank J. born February 2'. I'""',
Charles, born Jan. 4. too-i; rio'fnce. b-ifn
Sept. 1". 1916 and Mirjaret Si 'ante N>rB
Julv 3. 1919.

588

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

Emily Jane, daughter of Timothy Meigs
Polk Drake and they were the parents of
Mary Bright (Drake) Strange-

Worsham, Mrs. Wm. A. (See Adair) —
Mabel Maud Hogan born April 15, iSyo,
educated at Pryor and William Woods Col-
lege, Fulton, Missouri. She married Octo.
ber 9, l9o9 William A. Worsham- They are
the parents of Mary Margaret, born April
1, 1911 and Gay Nell Worsham born July
20, 1913.

Vann, D. W. (See Downing) — Daniel
Webster, son of James and Elizabeth (Heat-
on) Vann was born October 12, 1845 in
Cherokee Nation. Enlisted in Company M
First Cherokee Mounted Volunteers, Con-
federate service July 12, 1862 and on re-
organization in 1863 he joined company C
of the First Cherokee Mounted Rifles in
which he served until the end of the war.
He married Nancy Jane Riley, born Nov. 27,
1847. She died soon after their marriage
and he married October 6, 1870 Clarinrla
Vann Rowe, born January 16, 185 1. She
died July 28, 1903. They were the par-
ents of: Joseph Rowe, born June 1, 187 1
and died April 13, 1890; Ada Archer born
December 7, 1879 married Thomas Jackson
McPherson, David Webster born January 24,
1883 married Mary Beatrice Alberty; Clar-
inda Alice born January 24, 1886 and Wil-
liam Claude Vann born August 23, 1888.
Daniel Webster Vann was elected Councilor
from Cooweescoowee District August 1,
1885, August 5, 1887 and August 5, 1895.
His life has been characterized by fidelity to
his ideals and unswerving earnest honesty.

Avery Vann a white man married Peggy
McSwain a quarter blood Cherokee and their
daughter Elizabeth born November 2, 1820
married David Rowe, born April 2, 1820.
He was elected judge of the Northern Cir~
cult of the Cherokee Nation, August 2, 187 5.
He died April 27, 1891 and she died Decem-
ber 11, 1896. They were the parents of:
Clarinda Vann Rowe who married Daniel
Webster Vann.

Wyly, Percy (See Lynch, Bufifngton, Wy-
ly). — While yet the harp twanged in Tara's
Hall and the pride and pomp of feudal Ire-
land vied in the jousts of their own king-
dom; one of their proudest and noblest fam-
ilies were the Lynches, and their great Cas-
tle was a salon of patriotism and pleasure.
Today the castle stands an ivy covered ruin

about which you will be told long before you
reach its home country and the mystic leg-
ends recounted about it would fill a goodly
set of quarto volumes.

But where are the Lynches, the proud and
self contained race that would never bend
a free born neck to prince or tyrant? They
are dispersed over the world and if you
could segrate them you would find them
high and low in the governments of the
world, earnestly, honestly doing their duties
at it presented to them.

Jeter Lynch, a scion of this distinguish-
ed family married Nancy, the eldest daugh-
ter of General Joseph and Mrs. Susannah
Martin in 1799.

Mr. and Mrs. Lynch's fifth child was
John Adair Bell. The family of Joshua and
Sabra, who married Joshua Buffington and
Sabra Buffington, were: WilUam Wirt, Johtv
Ross. Daniel Webster, Eliza and Mary Jane
Buffington, the latter was born in l84o.
She married February 11, 1858 Robert
Fletcher Wyley born September l5, 1827
in Habersham County, Georgia. He was
elected judge of Delaware District in 1877,
1879, 1881 and 1883- Elected Editor ol
the Cherokee Advocate in 1889 and At
torney General of the Cherokee Nation ir,
1897. He died November 5, 1903. Mrs.
Wyly died June 4, 1902. Judge Wyly was
an extraordinary handsome type of thft
gentlemen of the old south, standing over
six feet in height with a benignant and in-
telligent countenance, well poised, he seem
ed to always have the proper courtly ex-
pression tempered by a gallant kindness of
heart that commanded admiration and re-
spect.

Judge Robert F. and Mrs. Wyly were the
parents of Percy, married December 10,
1885; Ida Frances Harmon, born March U,
1869; Robert Lee; Julia who married James
Bluford Johnston; Capitola Virginia who
married Mangnus Allen McSpadden; Albert
Sidney who married Lillian Alexander; Wil-
liam Buffington who married Cora Archer
.McNair and Zoe Augustus who married
Thomas Jefferson Watts-
Percy Wyly was born February 8, 1861.
He was elected sheriff of Delaware District
in 1889- He was chosen as delegate to
Washington in 1890 and when the time
came to negotiate for the final dissolution
of their tribal rights the Nation felt the
necessity of choosing some of their most

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEI:

INDIANS

Sh>

trustworthy men f,,r that diitv and Percv
Wyly was one of the six men honored with
this trust.

Percy and Ida Frances Wyly are the par-
ents of: James Robert, born July 26, ISSC-,
Leah, horn October 13, ISSS and Thurman
Wyly born July 19, IS'M.

Whisenhunt, Andrew Bell. — (See Down-
ing— Andrew Bell, son of Noah and Nancy
Jane (Phillips) Whisenhunt was born Dec.
27, 1S73. Educated in the Cherokee Pub-
lic Schools and Male Seminary. Married
November 15, 1896, Cora Ann, daughter nf
John and Emily H. Cooper, born .March 29,
1S7S in Cook County, Te.xas. They are
the parents of: Jefferson Bryan, born Oct-
ober 5, 1S97. He is also a Mason: Emily
Helen, born September 14, 1S99; Winifreil,
born June 7, l9oi, married December 23,
1919, Vernon Hurd and their son, Verna
Lee Hurd, was born July 16, 1921; Cooper
born October 26. 1903; Ruth, born March
3, 1906; Claude, burn August 3. 190S; Ros-,,
born September 24. l9io; j, E.. born No-
vember 10, 1914; Robert Bruce Whisenhunt,
born June 30, 1917. .Mr. and .Mrs. Wiseii
hunt are Methodists and he is a Mason.
They are farmers near Oolagah.

Sidney Crittenden married Elijah Phillip;;
and they \yere the parents of Nancy Jan.-
Phillips, born February 19, iS39. .Married
December 2S, 1S59 Noah Whisenhunt. bcjrn
in Carroll County, Georgia, October 27,
1832. He served the confederacy in Co. H.
24th Arkansas Infantry. Mrs. Nancy Jan;
Whisenhunt died November I'Ml. and he
died in 19i4.

Emily Helen jiiarried Benjamin H. Dike-
]iia!i, April 27, l^i21. Their son Darrel
Phillips born September 9. 192I.

Whisenhunt, Mrs. T. J. — See FJowning) —
Eliza, daughter of Isaac Peter and Rebecca
(Woods) Howell, was born in 1869, educat-
ed in the Cherokee Public Schools. Married
at Fishertown in 1SS6, Thomas Jefferson,
son of Noah and Nancy Jane (Phillips Wisen-
hunt. born February 25, 1864. They are
the parents of: Lilliam Audie, born in 1889,
William Walter, born in 1896; Andrew Jay,
born in 1897; Robert Lee, born in 1900 and
Clint Whisenhunt. born in 1909. Andrew J.
Whisenhunt volunteered for service in the
World War. and was fifteen months in train-
ing camp but did nut go over seas. Lillian
Audie attended the Female Seminary during

n WhUrnhunI » ii

l906-'>. Thi.mjs Jeller

elected to c.iuncil (rum

August 5. I,S95 ,„d AutuM 2. H'l: ),.

was elected Counly Commi»»|..tifr ..f »..(,.,

County, November ,S. vno ind No„mhr

5. 1912. Mr. Whisenhunt is i %U.u.n inj .,

a farmer near Oi.hgah.

Sidney Crittenden married l:ll/ibclh fh I
lips and they were the pjr<nl» ..) N,^,
Jane Phillips Whisenhunt.

Edith Ouinton married Thom« W.»<1»
and they were the parents of fttba.t
Woods who married Issac Pelcr H<iw«tl

Woodward, Mrs. C- E. — (See Km* it
Holland) — Florence Ella, dauehtrr ..( |.n
iei L. and Ruth Caroline (Ilnllind) !*..«,
was born November 30, |87'>. Educaird i-
the Cherokee Public School v Female S«m
inary and North Eastern Slate Normal. .Mii-
ried at Parsons. Kansas. February 6. loio,
Charles Earl, son of John W. and Nancv I.
Woodward, born July 1 5. I8811 in ttfnt
County. Missouri. Educated in Salem HIrN
School and Draughon's Busineim Collrc'

Mr. Woodward taught schcMil four stn\
before their marriage and .Mrs. Wi>>d»jr>l
taught ten years. He was poilma*li-r al
Vera under President WiUon.

Ward. — (See Ward and Grant) —Gt»ttt
De Shields Ward, born June 4. tS4: <■<
Beatties Prairie. Delaware PIslricI He he
longed to Captain C. C- Waters' Compan-
Second Cherokee .Mounted Volunteers. M-
married December 26, 1.S6'). Ellia F Phil-
lips, born December 10, lS5o in B<nl"i
ounty, Arkansas. Thev are the parenn • !
Leia Aimer, born December 18. is:i. Jim.-i
Osman. born .March 3l. 1871; John Flm.-r
born December 7. 1 876 and ElheUnn v»
W^ard. born Mav 2o. 1SS7.

Whitmire, William W. (See Ghicau and
Downing). — William Walter, son n( Willfr
Samuel and Nancy Bushvhead (Wilken"'
Whitmire was born in Goinit Snake (•iunci
May 2S, 187", educated in .Vale Seminars
.Married Sept. 10. I'M 3. Narciiu Ta>l<.f.
born April 9, 1S7S. Thev are the parenM "I
Walter Samuel Jr., and Stand Walie >* h •
mire, twins, born June f. I "J" ^''
Whitmire. whose Cherokee name It Wee !
is a splendid interpreter of the Chefi'kf-
English language and is a Mav-n

WiU, Mr.. Harry J.— (See Daniel)— )ui»
Inez Scudder. born January 21. «»'>2. edu.
cated at Chelsea. Married October 25. |01«.

590

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

Henry J., son of Albert and May Witz. She
belongs to the Methodist church and is an
Eastern Star- Mr. Witz is connected with
the Chelsea Oil Refinery- Mrs- Witz is the
daughter of W. H. H. and Margaret Joseph-
ine Scudder.

Wallace, Sue Adair (See Adair, Grant, Mc-
Nair. Halfbreed, Cordery and Duncan) — Sue
Adair, born January 17, 1S8 7 at Vinita,
Cherokee Nation. Educated at Female Sem-
inary, married December 7, 1909 Robert
Wilson Wallace- They are the parents of-.
Helen Adair Wallace born June 7, 1914.
Mrs. Wallace's Cherokee name is Susonia.
Mr. Wallace is an oil producer in the Wesl
Verginia and Texas oil fields.

Hutchins, Lew Wofford (See Ghigau and
Sanders) — Lew Wofford Hutchins born May
17, lS'i2 educated at Claremore. Married at
Chelsea, June 6, 19i6 Emma Lea Clarke,
born July 26, 1892 in Jackson, Tennessee
They are the parents of: Lew Wofford, born
April 13, l"^'!" and Jetnette Lea Hutchins,
born July 14, 1918.

Lew Wofford Hutchins is the son of Wil-
lard Edward and Nettie (Smith) Hutchins.
The former born June 12, 1857 in Marion,
Nebraska and married May 10, 1891 Nettie
Smith, born February l5, 1872.

Emma Lea Clarke is the daughter of Rich-
ard and Emma( Lea) Clarke, the former
born April 26, 1848 and married February
24, 1879 Emma Lea, born January 19,
1846. Richard Clarke is deceased and his
wife died in 1920.

WalWey, William S — (See Sanders, Ghig-
au and C'onral) — William Spencer Walkley,
born Aug. 3, 1898 married Jan. l5, 1920,
Buell Shelton and they have one son, Wil-
liam George Walkley born February ?.">,
1921. Mr. Walkley's Cherokee name is
Atowayne and he belongs to the Wolf Clan.
He is a member of the Presbyterian church,
is an Elk and .Modern Woodman. He en-
listed in the navy April 10, 1917, was a first
class seaman on the U- S- S. Antigone and
a Cockswain on the Pasadena. Mustered
out July 5, I'M').

Walkley, George W. — (See Sanders, Con-
rad and Ghigau) — George Washington
Walkley, born February 21, 1868, married
January 8, 1888 Margaret O- Spencer, born
October 14, 1896. They were the parents
of: Mary Alice, Ruby Lucile and William
Spencer Walklfi"

White, Mrf,. Dr. L. C — (See Ward).—
Nancy Louisa, daughter of Burges Gaither
and Ann Eliza (Gunter) Chandler was born
in Delaware District, July 30, 1884, and was
educated in Willie Halsell College, Vinita,
graduating in 1900. Married at Vinita, May
22, 1907, Dr. Lee Carl, son of Dr. George
W. and Georgia A. (Adair) White, born
December 25, 1873 in Warren County,
Kentucky. He graduated from Kentucky
University in 1905 and is an alumni of the
Louisville University. He is a Mason and an
Odd Fellow.

They are the parents of Carl Chandler
White, born March 9, 19 19. Mrs. White is
a member of the Methodist church and is a
Rebecca. She is the youngest sister of Hon.
T. A. Chandler, Congressman from the First
District of Oklahoma. Dr. White enjoys u
lucrative practice at Adair.

Waller, Mrs. George W Susie L. Hayes,

born in the Salina District, Cherokee Nation,
April 17, 1879, educated at Worchester
Academy, Vinita. married February 26, 189 5
George W. Waller, a successful farmer and
stock raiser, who died August 28, 1915.
They are the parents of: Goldie Jane, born
September 3, 1897, married Frederick V.
Taylor; William T. H., born February 5,
1899, married Delia Price; Bertha M., born
February 13, 1901; Bessie O- W., born Sep-
tember 21, 1905; Cricket Ruby, born July
4, 1907; BIynn Eldred, born September 20,
1909, and George Clifford, born February
14, 1912.

Mrs. Waller's Cherokee name is Su-saun-e.
She is a member of the Methodist church.

Watts, Mrs. Charles G. — (See Downing).
— Flora Elvina Lindsay, born at Chouteau,
February 9, 1879, educated at Chouteau and
Female Seminary from which she graduated
in June 1897. She taught in the Female
Seminary and the Orphan Asylum; married
at Bryan's Chapel, November 4, 1906
Charles Colston, son of Jefferson and Cath-
erine Watts, born February 8, 187 5.

They are the parents of: Clyde Jefferson,
born December 3 0, 190 7, and Charles Gor-
don Watts, born November 10, 1911.
Charles Gholson Watts was twice elected
District Judge of the Third Judicial District
of Oklahoma and was one of the most pop-
ular members of the bench. He resigned in
the spring of I9i8 to reassume his law
practic-'

HISTORY OF THh- ClilfROK!:li IM.IaN.s

VI I

Mrs. Charles G. Watts is a ,\U-thodis, an
Eastern Star, member uf the .Arts and Craft,
Club, and the United Daughters ,,f the Co.;-
federacy.

Rebecca Wright a quarter-hl,„,d Cherokee
of the Wolf Clan married Joel Mayes Bryan.
Their daughter Marie Louise married Rilev
Wise Lindsey, and they were the parents uf
Mrs. Charles Colston Watts.

The complete British peerage, which ;■;
the authority on the subject, says in Volume
111, page 507 in reference to the Lindseys,
as the name is spelled in Scotland, no famil,.-
in Scotland "can in genealogical importance
equal that of Lindsey, not onlv as tu an-
tiquity in the male line, but in all probabil-
ity to the number of parliamentary sittings,
such sittings beginning at the earliest
period of which records e.xist.

David Lindsey of Glenesk. the Chief of
that house was created Earl of Crawford be-
tween April 21, and May 2, l3')S. The
highlands of Crawfijrd in Clydesdale were
the ancient possessions of the Lindseys."

Weinberger, Henry. — Henry, son of Jacob
and Rachel (Foreman) Weinberger, was
born in the Cherokee Nation, June 12, ISO 5
and his sister, Susan Frances, was born
October 10, I'lOO. They live near Big
Cabin. Henry enlisted May 25. I'MS. was
a first class private in the .\Wdical Depart-
ment and is entitled to wear a bronze victorv
medal. He was discharged July S, 19!').
Their mother died December 20. ril2 anil
their father died November S, 1^)15.

Catherine Nellie Weinberger, born Sep-
teinber 22, I803, is residing near Eldorado,
Kansas.

Rebecca Josephine Weinberger. born
March 3 1, 1897, died Julv 18, 1899.

Warner, Mrs. John L (See Duncan and

Grant) — Dora Ella, daughter of Basil Las-
kin and Joella (Thompson) Nail, was born
in Delaware District, December 8, lS93,
educated at Pensacola. Married December
10, 1911 John Lewis, son of William T. aand
Elizabeth Warner, born in Clemmons, Fo:-
syth Countv, North Carolina. Educated at
Blackburn and Booneville, North Carolina.

They are the parents of: Raymond, bc-n
September 5, 1912, died July 24, 1914 and
Basil Bert Warner, born November 28
1914. Mr. Warner is agent at Pensacola
on the M. O. & G. R. R.

Nannie, daughter of Brigadier General

''>seph .Ma.lin „urried If,,, 1.,,,,.^ , „„.,
per uf an Irish faniilv ihii im-fj hia ■
royalty and they were the pircnii ..( \\,, ,
Lynch wife nf J.,hns,.„ Th..mp,..„ ,nj m..;
er of Joseph Lynch Thomrvm .h.. mjr- 1
Frances B. Kell. Their dauchlor JrlU rw:
ried Basil Laskin Nail.

Walkabout, John.— (See Cnnrid ind • r
dery)— John, son o( Menr» and J,n ,•
(Hevdricks) Walkiboi.t *l^ !<„,„ <k,., .
II, ISS7,. .Married leinettr Cordcrv. b
August 6, 18S-). Thev are the i«»t<nl» ■ 1
Johnnie, born August 4, 1910; L»»l. b,<i
October 29, 1012, i„j Ouinlr.n K. h-.r ,
July 24, 19 IS. John Wjlklh..ul I* (he i\r .
of School District No i; n( i:brri,l^-
count\ .

Woods, Mrs. R. C— Lehi LfVinder Mi». .
born at Chelsea, April 14, t.H<)o, rducitcd it
Chelsea and Female Seniinits. Married
October 19. nno. Ravmond Charlfs W.«^«v
born December 15. 1SS5, in Labellc r,.upi,
Kansas. They are the parents of: (".harlfj
Edwin, born April 26, 1912; Lolj Evtl^n.
born August 29. i9i4 and Ravmund W«>Ji.
born February 13, 1921.

Mr. Woods is the son of Oscar E. and
Clara Woods, and .Mrs. Leiia L<Vind<r
Woods is the daughter of John LeVandiT
and Susan Lillie (.Mcintosh) .Mizer; the lat-
ter, the daughter of John Ross Mclnimh.
the last Chief Justice of the Cherokee Na-
tion.

Walkingstick, Simon Ralph. Jr. — Simon
Ralph, son of Simon Ridcc and Viola (<>»•
borne) Walkingstick was born at Tahlequah
Aug. 17, 1S96. Educated at Bacone and t)arl-
.mouth Colleges, Rradualine (fom the lailcr
with B. S -degree. .Married at Swacu*e. N
Y. December l5. I'M 7, .MarRarel E. daufb-
ter of C- H. McKaig. Thev are the parent*
of Syvertsen Ralph Walkincsllck. N.rr. Julr
3, 1920.

Simon Ralph Walkinuslick iJ a Pre»»l*»-
ian. In Dartmouth, he was one of the eleve-
members of the students (overnlnj NJv
President of the College Y. M C. A.. Prfi
dent of the ColieKJate (:o*mop«lltjn 'luV.
originator of one of the t»t> princtpal < ■■.
lege yells. Secretary of the New fncUnd
College Prohibition Association. Secretifr "<
the Army Y. M- C. A- work on the Me«ic«n
border in TMo transferred !■• ffpt »■■••
then to India and later became Senior Sr*
retarv of the V. M. C. A- activities •Hh ih»

592

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

British Army of Base Area in Mesopotamia
with rank of Captain and on returning to
the United States he was assigned to the
Oklahoma Y. M. C- A. work as Secretary of
the State Indian Department.

Woodall, William C. (See Woodall and
Grant) — William Coffee Woodall born in
Delaware District, April 20, 1870, educated
in the Cherokee National Schools. Married
June 10, 1892 Sarah Ellen, daughter of John
D. and Mary Jane Marker, born March i.
1877, and educated in Delaware District.
They are the parents of: Lydia Wilson, born
December 14, 1895, married Everett Tip
ton; Stand Watie, born March 19, 1898, edu-
cated in Craig County and Haskell Institute.
Married at Lawrence, Kansas June 19, 1920,
Agnes, daughter of Henry Mortimer and
Clara Etta Lesuer, born May 5. 1901 in Raiii
Bow Camp, Siskiyou County, Calif.; Vera
Marguerite, born March 9, i900; Charles
Washington, born December 28, 1902; Ha-
zel T., born February 21, 1907; and Alm.i
Rathie, born October 25, 1909. William C
and his son Stand Watie are farmers near
Vinita. William C. is a member of tiie
Masonic order.

George Caruth Woodall, a white man,
born April 27, iS04, married in December
1827 Ellen Moore, a Cherokee. He died
June 1, 1880. They were the parents ot
William Coffee Woodall, born July 4, 1S3 5.
married April 28, 1857, Margaret A. Ruse,
born March 24, 1838. She died May 30,
1889 and he died November 7, 1915. Thev
were the parents of William Coffee Woodall
who married Sarah Ellen Marker. William
Coffee Woodall, Sr., was elected Councilor
from Delaware District, August 2, 1875 and
August 5, 1877 and elected Senator from
the same district August 6, 1883. He was,
a man noted for his sterling integrity and
honesty and was a true representative of the
Woodall family.

Whitaker, W. T — Elizabeth Taylor,
daughter of David and Mary Ann (Bigby)
Taylor was born in Cherokee County, North
Carolina Oct. l8th, 1819, Married April 2,
183 4 to Stephen Whitaker who was born in
the same County and State on February 9,
1814.

They were the parents of William Thomas
Whitaker, born February 14, 185 4 in same
County and State. William Thomas came to
the Indian Territory in 187 1. remaining 4

years, returned to his native state and on
April 25, 1875 married Stacy L. Hood who
was born in the same county and State on
May 25, i860. They removed to the In-
dian Territory under the supervision of the
Government over the Cherokee's in 1881,
living about 6 months in Muskogee, moved
to Chouteau living there for 5 years an.l
moved to Pryor, Okla. in 188 7. To this
Union was horn James Edward, Dec. 25,
1878, William Jerry, Sept. 8, 1881, Emma
D, June 11, 1883, Maggie R. June 1, 188;,
J. Charles, July 4, 1888, Ella O. August 8,
1890, Claude, February 9, 1893, Clarence
Mjv 7, 1895, Edna Mae, July 26, 1901.

James E. and William J. received their
education at Male Seminary, Tahlequah, Wil-
lie Halsell College, Vinita, and Henry Ken-
dall College, Muskogee, Okla.

William J. is also a graduate of the Univer-
sity Medical College of Kansas City, Mo. and
was First Lieutenant M. R. C. and present
County Physician.

James E. was a member of Co. D, 1st
Territorial Regiment in 1898 during the
Spanish American War.

James E. and Wm. J. are both 3 2nd degree
Masons and Nobles of the Mystic Shrine.

James E. married Myrtle L. Ellis on Oct.
7, 1908 and to this union was born James
Ellis, Sept 1, 1909, William Thomas, May 8,
1911, Lois Mae, April 2, 1913, Fleeta Eloise,
Sept. 22, 1915, George Edward and Georgia
Elizabeth (twins) April 10, 1917 and
Myrtle Lorine. December 12, l')20.

William J. married L(iis Waldrup August
4, 1911.

Emma D. married December 13, 1904,
Geo. W. Collipriest and the following chil-
dren were born to this union. Gertrude
Ruby, Helen, Fay and Fern (twins) and
James.

Maggie D. married in 190 7 to James R.
Lawson and to this union a son was born
namely Byron.

J- Charles married on December 10, 1909
to Curtis E. Bush and to this union a son
was born, name John C.

■Ella O. married June 6, 190S Dr. L. B.
Barnes.

William Thomas Whitaker founded the
Whitaker Orphans Home for White Orphan
children of the Indian Territory in 1897 and
maintained said home and cared for hundreds
of Orphan children and at the time of State-

HISTORY OF THH CHEROKEE INDIANS

S'M

hood he gave the Home tu the State of
Oklahoma and the Institution is now known
as the East Oklahoma State School, a bles-
sed Heritage.

Wright, E. B. (See Grant and Downing)

Ellis Buffington Wright, born in Going Snake
District, October 2'-i, iS5 4. .Married Mav
29, 1881, Elizabeth, daughter of Eli We.>i
and Jennie Chinosa (Vann) Dougherty, born
July 6, 1862 and graduated from Female
Seminary June 27, 1S7'). Thev were the
parents of: William Ellis, Francis Otto,
Mayes, Bryan, Lydia, John Lindsav and Kuth
Wright.

Ellis Buffington Wright is a quiet, reserv-
ed man of more than ordinary ability and he
has always been noted for his unswerving in-
tegrity and reliability. He was elected
Townsite Commissioner in 18^2, member of
Council from Cooweescoowee District Au-
gust 2, 184 7 and Senator from the same Dis-
trict on August 7, 1899. Was appointed ".o
fill the unexpired term of Sheriff of Coo-
weescoowee District at the death of James
Musgrove by Chief C- J. Harris.

Barrett, (See Downing, Oolootsa and Half-
breed) — John Crutchfield Barrett, b(irn De-
cember 2 2, 18 72 in Corsicana, Te.xas, edu-
cated at Willie Halsell College, Vinita; mar-
ried at Claremore October 5, 189S Victori.i
Lipe, born February 1, 1874 at Oowala.
Cherokee Nation; educated at the Female
Seminary and the Oswego Female College,
Oswego, Kansas. Tht'y are Hie parents of
Flavius, born October 7, 1900: Jack, born
September 3, 1903; Mary Bessie, born Oc-
tober 21, 1906. Mr. and Mrs. Barrett are
Presbyterians; he is a Mason and member of
the Deer clan; she is a member of the Wolf
Clan Cherokees.

John C Barrett, son of Flavius Josepheus
Barrett, born October 22. 183 5 in Giles
County Tennessee; captain Co. B. I5th Te.x-
as Cavalry in the Confederate service; he
married Aug. 18, 1865 Saphronia J. Crutch-
field, born November 16, 1851; he was
elected to the Texas legislature from Wise
county in 1866, He now lives at Vinita-

DeWitt Clinton Lipe, born February 17,
1840, attended the .Male Seminary in 185 4,
married March l, lS7l Mary Elizabeth Arch-
er, horn October 19, 184 7. She died March
18. 1894, and he died December 6, 1916-
They were the parents of Nannie E-, Vic-
toria and Lola V. Lipe. Bv a previous mar-

riage Mr. Lipe had a s.,„ |,,hn Ounirr Liff
DeWitt Clinton Lire held ihr )(.l|..«|n( ..(
lices:; Clerk ..f (:.»)»cc«.H.»cf t)l»lric(
Senator August 5, 1877; Nillonil Trrtiurc
Nov. 11. 1S7<>; Seiiit-.r from «blch ht ft
signed and was elected member Cbrrt.l-/
Citizenship court Nnv. iSSfi. He ■>« jp
pointed on Chen.kee Oullel Bond*. t!l''l.
National Treas. Nov. |4. |8'i5 tni etrclrti
County Clerk Rogers counlv. ilkUh<>m« (■•
the first term ..f that ..((ice-
Bryan, Dr. W. W. (See Grant anil AJiin
—William Wear, sun of Charle* S. and M.i
dred (Wear) Bryan born September *. \y< ^
in Cooper County. .Missouri. Qriduii'J
from Western Dental College o( Kama* 'm>.
.Mo. Married at Vinila August it. l.*'>3,
Rachel Bell, daughter .>f William Henr> and
Eliza Jane (Bell) Mayes, born September n.
1868. They were the parents o(; OhariM S
born July 14. IS<)6, and died Nov. <J «( Ike
same year; Frances, born .May 17. IS**} and
died June 21, iS'ij; William .Mayet born
July 14, 1S')6 and died Nov. t. 1S<>6: Jo«
Cullus, born February 10, IQOJ. and Mamie
Alexander Bryan born October 2!, I'Hii.

Dr. Bryan's ability in his cho«en rr"(e>-
sion was recognized by his beinj app-iinied
by Governor Haskell as President •)( ih;
State Board of Dental Examiners, a r<>»ill..n
in which he was retained (.>r nine >ear» lit
is the Vice-President of the Fir»l National
Bank of Claremore, the oldest banking e»-
tablishment in Rogers f'ounly. chartered m
1895. Dr. Bryan is the owner <•( a m<»lel
ranch of three hundred and l»enl» ac^ev
adjacent to the City "f Claremore. »hf - •
he maintains a splendid and commodi^m
country seat and specializes in pedlfreeii
live* stock. His shorthorn herd U "ne "t
the best in northeastern Oklahoma- With
his gracious wife and charmint children H*
dispenses an open hospitality that render* i
visit to his home a memorable occuion *'■>
the fortunate guest.

Mrs. Bryan is the neice o( Chief J'vel B
Mayes and Samuel Houston .Mave»

Brannon. Mr.. O. O. (See foreman) —
Lucile Sarah, daughter o( Owen Henf» »n4
Ida Lorena (Stephens) Haworlh »a» N>rn at
Tulsa, Monday, October «. l!<** tducauJ
in the Public Scho<.ls and Scarred C.llece
Married at Tulsa in l'>06, Or»al O. Branw.n.
born Oct. 28. IS.S? in Marlin 0>unl». Ii»4
Thev are the parents of Marv, Njrn S<n '.

594

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

l9o7 and Thomas Brannoii, horn Jan 30,
1910.

Ida Lorena, daughter of Spencer Scago
and Sarah (Hicks) Stephens was born March
13, 1865- Graduated from Northfield Aca-
demy, Northfield, Connecticut in 1884. Was
an instructor in the first school opened in
Tulsa. She married June 11, 1886 Owen
Henry Haworth born April 27, 1858 in
Kankakee County, 111.

Bible, John Adam — John Adam, son of
William Henry and Mary E- (Locker) Bible
was born October 13, 1872. Married at
Claremore July 1, 1895 Ella, daughter of
Freedom E, and Louisa (Hill) Brinker, born
Nov. 1, 1877 in Shelby County, Illinois.
They are the parents of: Katie, born in Ta-
lala March 30, 1896 and Maude Bible, born
May 8, 1900, married at Nowata, Charles A.
Carter and is now living in Kansas City. Mo.

Mr. and Mrs. Bible are members of the
Church of God and are progressive farmers
near Talala, Oklahoma.

Boling, Mrs. Julia M. (See Grant) — Julia
Matilda daughter of John and Ruth (Hall)
Davis was born Tuesday June 22, 1869 in
Georgia- Married at the Martin Davis home-
stead on the Chickamauga battle ground,
Georgia, December 3, 1891 James Madison,
son of Reuben and Marguerite Boling born
Jan. 31, 1856.

He graduated from University of Georgia,
Post Graduate of Missouri Medical Collegr,
St. Louis and University of Pennsylvania.
Dr. Boling, who was a thirty second degree
Mason died June 6, 1916. A pioneer phy-
sician and friend to the Cherokee and did
much good- Reserved, talented and gra-
cious; Mrs .Boling being possessed of ample
means maintains a home in Tulsa, but spends
much of her time, traveling.

Joseph, sun of Joseph and Susannali
(Childs) Martin was born on his father':,
plantation near Charlotteville, Virginia in
1740. He was elected Captain of the Tran-
sylvania Militia in 17 76 became Major, Feb-
ruary 17, 17 79 and Lieutenant Colonel in
March 1781. His activities were directed
against the Tories and their Indian Allies
west of the Allegheny Mountains, they hav-
ing been stirred to violence by a letter of
.May 9, 1776 from the British Superintend-
ent of Southern Indian affairs, calling on
them for concerted action in surprising and
killing the men, women and children of the

revolutionists and their sympathizers. The
south had been practically subjugated by the
summer of 1780 and it was only by the ef-
forts of such a patriot as Major Joseph
Martin that it was possible for a part of the
soldiers of the Western frontier to strike and
destroy Ferguson at Kings Mountain on Oc-
tober 7, 1780 and turn the tide in favoi
of the Americans. Major Martin was not
at Kings Mountain, as he was busy hold-
ing the Indians of the southwest at hay. In
recognition of his patriotic services he was
advanced to the lieutenant colonelcy, five
months later. He was elected Brigadier Gen-
eral of the North Carolina Militia by legisla-
ture on December 14, 1787 and was com-
missioned Brigadier General of the Twelfth
Brigade of Virginia Militia by Governor
Henry Lee on December 11, 1793.

Martinsville, county seat of Henry Coun-
ty, Virginia and the place of his residence
was named for him. He died there on De-
cember 18, 1808 and was buried with Mili-
tary and .Masonic honors.

He married Susannah Fields near Emory
and their third and youngest child was Sa-
bra Martin who married Daniel Davis, born
in 1785 in North Carolina and died in June
1S66. Their son Martin Davis was born
August 27, 1809. Married April 29, 1840
Julia Ann Fate, born January 5, 1823 in
Georgia. He died November 11, 1850 and
she died September 28, 1882. They were
the parents of John Davis born September
8, 1846. Married September 5, 1868 Ruth
Hall born in Walker County, Georgia. They
were the parents of .Mrs. Julia M. Boling.

.Martine was one of the Norman Knights
who accompanied William the Conqueror in
the conquest of England in October 1065
and the family later changed the name to
Martin.

Garrett, R. B. (See Grant and Ward)^
Robert Bruce Garrett, born December 2.
1876 near Baptist Mission, Going Snake Dis-
trict educated in the Cherokee Public
Schools and graduated from Male Seminary
May 31, l9oi. Appointed principal of the
Cherokee Orphan Asylum in 1902. Mar-
ried October 3, 1903, Cherokee Dora Ed-
mondson, born October 23, 1879 in Dela-
ware District, educated in the National
Schools and graduated from Female Semi-
nary June 23, 1897. They are the parents

HISTORY OF THl^: ClIEROKKl-; INDIANS

of Kathleen Butler Garrett, born .lanuaiv 22

James Robert Garrett, born June 2<), isSd
in Carroll County, Tennessee married March
17, IS" 5, Elizabeth Greer, born August 30,
185 4. He was appointed Clerk of GoinR
Snake District, July 29, iS90 and elected to
the same office, August 3, 1891. .Mrs. J.
R. Garrett died in 1903 and he died in Janu-
ary 1918. They were the parents of Robert
Bruce, horn Dec 2, 1876; Simeon, born
January 24. 1878 and died Oct. 1902; Mary
E. born .Mav 3o, ISSI; Allie R. born March
3, 1885; Lola born November 29, 18S9;
Captain J. W. born January 20, lS9o and
Thomas B. Garrett, born April 16, 1892.

Robert Bruce Garrett's Cherokee name 's
Oochalata and that of his wife is Cherokee.
They are members of the Methodist church.
He is a Mason and Knight of Pythias and
she is an Eastern Star.

Carroll, Mrs. John M. (See Raper, Town-
send) — Mary C. daughter of Thomas Mar-
tin and Marcella Fernandas (Townsend) Ra-
per, was born in Georgia June 5, 1876, edu-
cated in Georgia, Indian Territory and North
Carolina. Married January 8, 1893. John
M. son of Jesse R. and Mary Jane Carroll,
born Nov. 24, 1870 in Cherokee County, N.
Carolina. They are the parents of: Myrtle .I-
born March 3 1, 1894. Married J. L. Na'l,
has one daughter Ella Clementine Nail, born
April 20, 1914; Clem, born February 13,
1896; Gillie .May, born .March 24, 1S98,
married to James Ellis Sloan, Dec. 1. 1917;
Jesse L. born July 11, 1900; Juli;i„ bor:i
February 2, 1904; Edith, born February II,
1907; Olive Marie, born March 7, 1909;
Thomas Grant, born August 23, 1911; Clin-
ton Hoolie, born March 5, 1914; Leona, born
January 22, 1919; and Warren G-, born
March 31. 1921- Mr. and Mrs. Carrol are
farmers and belong to the Church of God.

Clem Carrol 1st. Sgt. of 3 58 Inf. 90 Div.
was married to Nina Bryant May 7, 1921 at
Muskogee, Okla. He was educated in Okla-
and Missouri. Graduated from Rude's Busi-
ness College in Carthage, .Missouri.

Thomas M. Raper and family also his
grandmother and grandfather. Holly and Je''-
sie Raper immigrated from the state of
Georgia to this country in iSSl and were
admitted to citizenship in the same year.
The daughter Mary went back to Georgia
and North Carolina for a short time and

later returned i,, i|,c iorfi|..r-.
Bard, Thomat D. Jr., (Sci- i ■

man and Blackburn)— Th..nii\ bu.i.,. i..

Thomas Uunn and Ljuri (Ki.jcm) Bjfj. .j,

born Oct. 4. l.S.Su in l)il|..n. C,e

cated in the Cherokee Nili.>n»;

Willie Halsell ColleRc. .lolncd ■

Riders" but mustered out on jccouni • r d-

fective vision. .Married it CAtt fn^"f<- U

ary 2, lOio. lilijibeth llellc. ,i

Joseph and Elizabeth r.heroli,

Prather, born July 2'", l.S.H'i. ;

parents of: Jennie .Mav. born N

Jackson Rogers, bom June -M

Thomas Dunn Bard III, bntn ,Mi> ; i. : ;

Elizabeth Belle was educiled H the femlf
Seminary and was a member i>( the c'JJi
ating class of the last term of ichi«i| Jt \he
old Male Seminary which burni-J A; ; ; ■
1910.

James Holmes, son of Thor
.Maryland, married Elizabeth lb .lulu i .
and they were the parents of Thonm I'un ■
Bard who married Lauri Ronerj

Benjamin B. Wisncr married Ifnu-
daughter of John and Elizabeth (Foremjii
Elliott and they were the parent? <■( H /i
beth Cherokee Wisner, born April 2«. M' ■
.Married Joseph Prather in I.SSl and ihe dirJ
September 12, t8')4.

Mr. and Mrs. Bard are PresbylerUni He
is an Elk and an Eagle

Cook, Mri. Henry N. (See Grin!)— Al Vf
daughter of Joseph Lvnch and Alice (Tuci
er) Thompson was b<irn Jan- :'•. I-S.si. fJ
cated at Vinita and Female Seminar* Vi-
ried at Vinita September t8. I "do Henr. '■
born Dec. 21, lS(i<. son of Henrv and Mi-
garet Cook, born Aug- l7. tSH in .Miiv.u-
They are the pj""'* °' Eveirn 1.. a <

and Lucille .Marie, twins, born t '■ -

1907; Ellen Jaunita. born L
190S; Joseph Lewis, born Ap'
Henry Ernest, born AukusI ;f>. l'ii:<i' .
Robert, born July 2.S. i"t'.; and Aluv '•
vian. born Julv 4. I"!''. Mr. r.-^'<s < •''
wife was Lila N. Foreman, a Cherokee ^h
he married Nov. 20. ISO.S. died I'f.
1905. Mr. C.K.k is a farmer near fv-'i
cola.

Conner, Mr.. Cr.wfonJ l^cc Orant. uh
gau and Duncan)— Anna, daujhle' -t '*
liam Charlotte (.Mavcs) Ballard «a. »•• ' •
July 4. IS""- Educated In the i.her.A.-
public schools and Femal* Semlnarv If.-

506

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

which she graduated June 25, 1897. Shj
married at Fairland July 10, 1901 Crawford,
son of Francis Marion and Rebecca (Dun-
can) Conner, born October 31, iSSl. Edu-
cated in the Cherolcee public schools and
Bacone Indian University. They are the par-
ents of: Francis William born June 16, 1902
now deceased; Marvin Rogers, born July 24,
1903; Millard, born May 9, 1905; Ruth, born
Feb- 1", 1907; Lois, born August I3th, 190S
and Rebecca Conner, born April 26, 1914.
Miss Conner's Cherokee name is Ahniwake.
Mr. Conner is a carpenter at Miami. They
are mejnbers of the Latter Day Saints
church.

William, son (jf Archibald and Annie
(Fields) Ballard married Charlotte Mayes
and they are the parents of Mrs. Anna Conner

Curtsinger, Mrs- Richard N- (See Hicks)
— Louise Fannie Horn, born in Texas June
8, 1S6S and educated in that State. She
married December 15, 1886, Richard N., soo
ujoq 'jaSuisjJno uuy KjEW puK pjojung ^o
Sept. 22, 1860, in Kentucky. He died Oc-
tober 16, 1918, They were the parents of:
Frederick, born October 10, 1889, enlisted
in the World War September 22, 1917, as-
signed to Co. A. nth Battalion, United Sta-
tes Guards and was honorably discharged
December 12, I9l8; Etta, born June 1, 1892
married Gilbert West. They have one child
Sylvia Etta, born March 1, 1912; Eva Len;\,
born June 1, 1918. Married Ben Head.
She died Sept. 1900; they were the parents
of twins Etta and Gilbert West; Clifford,
born March 16, 1901 and .Millard Curtsing-
er was born March 5, 1907.

Broom of Broomtown, where the first
printed law of the Cherokee Nation was en-
acted on September 11, 1808, was a sub-
chief of the tribe- His daughter Nancy mar-
ried Nathan Hicks and they were the par-
ents of Charles R. Hicks, second chief of
this nation. Charles R. Hicks was one cf
the most talented and remarkable characteis
of the extreme frontier from 1790 to 1827
and during this period conducted practically
all of the business of the nation with the
United States. His daughter, Elsie married
Jeremiah Horn, a white man and they were
the parents of William Horn, who married
Margaret Ledbetter and they were the par-
ents of Mrs. Louise Fannie Curtsinger.

Copeland, Mrs- Walter (See Ghigau) —
Tennessee Almyra, daughter of Garrett and

Jane (Harlan) Lane was born February 16,
1849 in Tennessee. Married October 16,
1866 David Solon James, born January 5,
184 2 in Stone County, Missouri. He serv-
ed the union in Co. E, 14th Kansas Cavalry.
They are the parents of Clara Delia James,
born in the Cherokee Nation, near Miami
June 16 .1875. Educated in the Female
Seminary and Worcester Academy, Vinita,
graduating from the latter institution in
1893. Taught school in the Cherokee Na-
tion for twenty years and married at Miami,
May 12, 1915 Walter, son of George O-,
born in 1841 and Amanda Copeland born in
1842 in Indiana.

Mrs. Copeland is a member of the Metho-
dist Church and Eastern Star Chaper. Mr.
Copeland is a merchant at Welch.

Cearley, John G. (See Ghigau and Eng-
land)— John Gordon, son of Edmond Jeptha
and Sarah Letitia (Thompson) Cearley, born
in Georgia May 19, 1880, educated in that
State and in the Cherokee Nation. Married
at Neosho, Missouri, January 15, 1908,
Gertrude N., daughter of John Wesley and
Ida Josephine (Jenkins) Harris, born near
Vinita, January 13, 1899. They are the
parents of Howard Luther, born October 8,
190S; Kenneth Raymond, born November
16, 1910 and John Gordon Cearley, born
June 28. 1914. Mr. Cearley is a farmer
near Big Cabin.

Nannie Rider married David Thompson.
Their son, Caleb Starr Thompson, married
Matilda Cordill and they were the parents of
Sarah Letitia Thompson who married Ed-
mond Jeptha Cearley.

Arminda England married Elias H. Jenkins
and they were the parents of Ida Josephine
Jenkins who married John Wesley Harris.

Donnelly, James H. (See Grant and Dan-
iel)— James Henry, son of Henry and Emma
Jane (Daniel) was born August 29, 187 1.
Educated in William Halsell College, Vinita.
Married at Vinita January 5, 1896 Bertha
Alice, daughter of Jasper and Lucy Claussen,
born March 18, 18S0, Christian County, III.

They are the parents of: Mattie Agnes,
born November 2, 1896, married William
Beeman and has one son, William Stanton
Beeman, born March 20, 1920; James Or-
ville, born August 20, 1899; Ray Edgar,
born February 20, 1903 and Bernice Mildred
Donnelly, born March 6, 1906. Mr. and
Mrs. Donnelly are members of the Presby-

HISTORY OF THH CHKROKhK INDIANS

^•);

* a farmer, near Vi-
lie Haisell College and

teriaii Cliurch. He
iiita. Educated at Wi
Worcester Academy.

Fields, William Lee (See Grant)_William

Lee Fields, born in Cooweescoowee District
November 29. 1S75, educated at Willie Hal-
sell College and Male Seminary. Married
in June 1902 Dora E. Johnson. They were
the parents of Bertha Helena, born AuRust
29, 1903, married Jesse McCreary June .S,
1921; Violet Fern, born October 17, 1908^
Apple Dor<]thy Fields, born June 20, l9ioJ
William Lee. born March 20, I'lij; Jesse'
Thomas, born April l ", \'nS: Franklin
Chester born August 15. UM; and Fredonia
Ellen Fields, born December 22, 1920.

Henry Clay, son of Richard and Mary
(Wilds) Fields born October 21, 1844
Married in February 1S61 Amanda Jane
Rogers, born July 17, 1S4 7, in Johnson
County, Missouri. They were the parents
of William Lee Fields, who is alscj the great
great grandson of Richard Fields, Chief of
Texas Cherokees.

Foreman, Thomas Watie (See Grant, Fore-
man, Hildebrand, Seabolt anad Duncan) —
Thomas Watie, son of Thotnas Leroy and
Susan M. (Wolf) Foreman was born ai
Tahlequah January 12, i860. Educated at
Tahlequah. Married at Tahlequah, March
28, 1886. Cherokee Duncan daughter o''
George Washington and .Mary (McLaughlin)
Hughes, born February 11, 18 70. They are
the parents of: William Evarts. born Dec.
IS, 1886, was in officers training camp dur-
ing World War and is practicing law at
Tulsa; Watie Cornelius, born Feb. 3, l89l
was in railroad service during the war and
is the auditor of an oil company in Rogers,
Arkansas, and Thomas Hughie Foreman, the
youngest son was born May 9, i894 was in
the aerial service during the war and is a
deputy sheriff in Miami, Florida. In Nov.
1921 was commissioned U. S. Prohibition
agent for Miami Dist. .Mr. Foreman's Cher-
okee name is Takatoka. He has been a
member of the Masonic fraternity sinci
1884. Has been a law enforcement officer
since statehood. He entered the Cherokee
Advocate office at the age of fifteen and
served on its staff until its discontinuance,
being for a quarter of a century its busines
manager and for a good part of the time

Annie (Seabolt) For^min

Susan (Wulfe) Forenur, m.„hc, ..f T *
Foreman was a dau,ht„ .., Th..mi. r
^^olfe the (,rst settler ..( T^hlrquih }-..'.<
irst house in LSt; bWnr*. „m..„l ..( . -.
kees from Genrsii. Waj ,„ ..^ »cf
Western Cherokee. Whrn rhc.i
Keneral council met and ad..rt,j ,h,
tution and Act ..f L„l»n and ^circled !
cation for the Cherokee capilil T (1 a •.
don,ated the ground which »a, cill,J i,h.,.
quah and ever afterward was kno.n « ihc
capital of the Cherokees.

Graves. Clarence— Clarencf. »■ - ' ■■
and Ahbie (Guthrie) Grase.
Wyandotte, Kas., Sept- 20. t.S "■ •

at Talala. Effie. daughter of Mr. and Mt. *
A. Griffith. .\U. Graves has a splendid rduci-
tion especially along commercial llnct H<
has been prominent in the mercantile u-
tivities of Talala since almost the btfinnmc
of the town. His father was a native o| H*n-
cock. Washington Co., .Mo., he heln( the w.n
of a prominent attorney who died while on
legal business in Washington. D. C

Mrs. Abbie (Guthrie) Graves »a» of W%.
andotte and Shawnee extraction.

Harnage, C- L (See Ghigau and Sandrrs)
— Custis Lee. .son of John Griffith and Em'l.
Walker (.Vlayfield) Harnage was N.rn Junf
30, 1867. Educated in Texas. .Married jl
Vinita Jan. 29. i.S"'» Frances Cnhtttnr.
daughter of Joseph Henry ind Rulh line
(Harlan) Hunt, born Aueust J. IS:4 Sh.-
was educated in Vinita. Thev were the pr-
ents of: Emma Ruth, horn .March 2<, i '
James Hall, born Jan. lo. t'>02: Ni ■ ■
Pauline, born Dec- 4. 1004. died t>ec ;'■.
19 1 8; Lucile Dixie, born lulv l.s. foi. and
Curtis Le Harnage. horn Jan M. f'M
Mr. Harnage is a farmer and M-'Ckrilter at

Talala. He is a member ■•f the Vj .• '

O. O- F. and Knights of Pvlhij
Henry, Jetse (See Grant) —
ried Love and Muskrat. All »
Cherokees. Her children bv :'
riage were: Celia. married Me»-
Lucy, married Jesse, son o( Williaiit li. ■;
Tahnee, married Thomas Henry A\tttnJf
Nannie, married Rock rrulchfield Jnd A"- -
Love married Whirlwind. Her Ihrcc diuc^
ters. OIkinev. Ailsev and Alee MusJiral. JcJ
without descent.

Jesse and Lucv (L-ive) Henri »efe lh»

actual but not nominal Editor. j>..---.. -..- >--^. » > ,-

;on of Charles andparents of J.isiah Henr>. hirn Jangart I

Thomas Leroy was the so

598

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

1S50 married December 26, 1871, Laura
Alice, daughter of Ellis and Martha (Cope-
land) Buffington, born September 22, 1852.
They were the parents of Jesse Henry, born
July 16, 1875, educated in the Cherokee Na-
tional Schools. Married Margaret Jeanette
Allen nee Toole and they had two sons: Jo-
siah, born Jan. 3, 1898 and William E. Henrv
born Feb. 3, 1901. Mr. Henry's second wife
Vernie Ream Crittenden is now deceased and
they had no children. .Mr. Henry is a farn;-
er near Claremore.

Highland, James (See Ghigau) — James
Highland born February 19. 1S77 is the son
of Michael and Nellie (Smith) Highland, the
former a native of Dublin, Ireland and the
latter born at Webber's Falls, Cherokee Na-
tion. James Highland was educated in the
Cherokee public schools and Willie Halsell
College, Vinita, he married at Vinita, Sep-
tember 8, 19 10 Belle, daughter of William
and Alma Robbins. Mr. Highland was a
member of Battery D, Heavy Artillery in thi
Spanish-American war. He is a Knight ni
Pythias. He has been in the meat business
in Vinita as cutter since 1894.

Henry, Laura Alice (See Grant) — Laura
Alice, daughter of Ellis and Martha (Cope-
land) Buffington was born September 22,
1852. Married December 26, 1871, Josiah.
son of Jesse and Lucy (Love) Henry, born
January 1, 1850. He was elected in Novem-
ber 1869, Solicitor of Cooweescoowee Dis-
trict and appointed to the same office in
1876 by the Chief. Elected Councilor from
Cooweescoowee District August 1, 1881 and
August 2, 1897. He died Oct. 4, 1904 and
she died Nov. 12, 1906. They were the
parents of Rosa Jane Henry, born August
10, 1883, educated in the Cherokee Public
Schools and Female Seminary and E. E. Rec-
tor, born Feb. 27, 1873 Butler County,Kan-
sas. They are the parents of Edna May, born
Dec. 19, 1899; James Emmett, born Oct.
29 1906; Josiah, born June 28, 1908
and Frances Rector born July 5. 1910. They
are farmers near Claremore. They belong
to the Methodist Church and he is a Mason.
Mrs. Rector's Cherokee name is Ay-ni. Jo-
siah Henry son of Jess Henry was married
May 19, 1918 to Marie Potts and there was
born to them two children, Frances N. Henry
born March 11, 1919 and Beman L. Henr\
born Oct. 22, 1920.

Haddan, Mrs. Barney D. (See Grant) —

Elizabeth Jane Fields, born February 13,
1880, educated at Hogan Institute. Married
August 9, 1894, David Barney Haddan, born
Jan. 28, 1866, in Neoshoe County, Mo- They
are the parents of Thomas Elmer Franklin,
born Jan. 19, 1S9S. Married Sept. 7, 1919,
Lena May Williams, born Jan. 7, 1897 in
Colon County, Texas and Marie Susan Had-
dan, born January 2, 1903, graduated from
Pryor High Schol 192 1 and married at Mi-
ami, Okla., June 29, 1921 Orum R. Garner
born May 1, 1899 in Benton Co. Arkansas.
Thos. E. F. Hadden, Jr., son of Thomas E. F
and Lena Mae was born Aug. 1, 192 1 at
Pryor, Okla. Mrs. Haddan is a member of
the Eastern Star Chapter No. 5 0 of Pryor.
Mrs. Garner is a member of this chapter also.

David Barney Haddan is a successful farm-
er and stock raiser, a member of the Ma-
sonic lodge and I. O- O. F. of Pryor. He was
elected County Commissioner of Mayes
County, November 8, 1910.

Henry Clay, son of Richard and Mary
(Wilds) Fields was born October 21, 184^.
Married in February 1861, Amanda Jane
Rogers, born July 17, 1847 in Johnson
County, Missouri. They were the parents
of Mrs. David Barney Haddan, who is also
the great, great grand-daughter of Richard
Fields, Chief of the Texas Cherokees.

Carrie R. Fields born March 31, 1886, ed-
ucated at Pryor, Indian Territory. Married
to Joseph S. Butler Sept. 27, 1903, born
Nov. 13, l8Sl. Mr. Butler is a farmer and
stockman, member of A. O- U. W of Pryor
and Mrs. Butler is a member of Eastern Star
chapter No. 5 0 of Pryor.

Roland F. Butler, born Oct. 31, 1904 at
Pryor a Pryor High School Student-

Margaret Marie Butler born March 21,
1912 .

Hail, Mrs. Cleo (See Ghigau and Sanders)
— Margaret, daughter of John Bell and De-
lilah (Roach) Smith was born at Tahlequah
Oct. 4, 1895, educated in Tahlequah District
and Haskell Institute, Lawrence, Kansas.
Married at Tahlequah March 9, 1918, A.
Cleo, son of John and Mary Hall, born near
Tahlequah in 1S97. They are the parents
of Morris Hail, born Jan. 26,^)20. Mr.
Hail is a farmer near Tahlequah.

George ,son of Joshua and Almira (Har-
lan) Roach married Nannie Pritchett and
they were the parents of Delilah (Roach)
Smith. George Roach was elected Sheriff

HISTORY OF THE CHl£R(,Kl-,i 1M„aNs

of Tahlequah District August 1 1SS7 Rev
^rend Samuel Smith, the paternal grandfath-
er of Mrs. Marsaret Hail was elected Execu-
tive Councilor in iS67; Delegate to Wash-
ington, 1867, 1868, 1869 and 1870- Sena-
tor from Saline District August 5 187"
^ugust 1, ISSI, August 6, 1883; LshtM
Chief August 1, 1887, Senator from Saline
District August 1, 1^893 and August 5 1895
He was President of the Senatl- during the
latter term.

Hicks, E. D.-lf you were fortunate
enough to he able to see a copy of the
Laws of the Cherokee Nation published in
1S5 2 you could find ..n pages three and
four, the first printed law of the Cherokee
Tribe, promulgated on Sept. ii, isos at
Broom's Town. It has the approval of Enola
or Blackfox as Princip.al Chief and Pathkiller
as Second Chief. It bears the signature of
Charles Hicks as "Sec'y. to Council."

Broom's Town was the home of Chief
Broom whose daughter Nancy, a mejnber of
the Wolf clan marrried Nathan Hicks, a white
man. Nathan and Nancy Hicks were the
parents of Charles, William and Elizabeth
Hicks who married James Vann, Richard
Fields, Eliphas Holt and WilMam Campbell.
There were possibly other brothers and sis-
ters, but their names are unknown. Charles
Hicks was probably born in the decade be-
tween 1760 and 17 70. It is not known
when he was educated as there were no
schools among the Cherokees during his
boyhood. He joined the Church of the Uni-
ted Brethren at Spring Place and was bap-
tized on April 10. 1S13, at which time the
iTiissionaries, as was their wont, conferred
upon him the middle name of Renatus, o-
the Renewed; Charles Renatus Hicks.

When the constitutional act of May 6,
1817 was passed at Amoch it was signed by
Second Chief Charles Hicks, but he failed as
he did in practically every instance to ap-
pend his official title. ^

In October IS 17 he was described as fol-
lows: "He is a half-breed Cherokee, about
fifty years of age. He has very pleasant
features and an intelligent countenance. He
speaks the English language with utmost fa-
cility and with gre.at propriety — I was ex-
ceedingly surprised that a Cherokee should
be able to obtain so extensive a knowledge
of English as he possessed: He reads better
than one-half of the white people and writes

an easy hand, F.,r ihirtv ,r„. h, ,.
as occasions required, an m,.
United States. As a nun . ,
Perance and inlellii:ence he
tained a most reputable chiraclVr '

He was Treasurer-' „f ihc |-.h<T.,k.
'n IS2 5 as well as Sccnd .-.hicf, i
dence was In Chickamausa lii.irUi
tober 12, 18263.

His last knuwn siRnalure wa, ,(,,
a Council Bill .,| November 3H. |*v
probably died shortiv after Ihl. Jai.' .
ing 1 827 his brother William Hici-.
Principal Chief, which otflce he hr :
October 1828.

Chief Charles R. Hicks wav ih .
Elijah Hicks wh.. was born '
He was Clerk of Council in i-
afterward married .Miss Man:
July 5, 1803. He was living;
District in October 1S;(.'. lie »j. ,.,-,.,.
of the National Committee durint ihf war
of 182 7. He was appointed tdilor o| the
Cherokee Phoenix on Aurum i, isi:" inj
retained that position until .Mav t|. mh
The press was confiscated and denr.
ter that date.

Elijah Hicks was a Captain of „n
Emigrant Cherokee delachmenlv !:
tachment, according to Chief p.
ment embraced eight hundred •
dividuals, fifty four of whun:
They were the second conir
the date of same being Sepu
and arrived in the Western t h
in advance of the other Irainj nn Jinuar
I S3 9.

He was a signer of the < ■
1S39 and settled on the dl •
present site of Claremore. .<
ducted a general store and cj
Echota or as he spelled il an.l
nounced "Sauty." He »»» elected t J.-
gate to Washington in ISV and t'l
Elected Clerk of the (:herol,ff Scnitf
1845 and having been chl■^fn a« S.- »:
from Saline District which at thai limr ■
braced over ten million acres i>f land «• J <■

tended west to the one hundredth ^ r

he was elected president «( Ih
died on August 6. tS56 and I'
cemetery at Claremore- HI* »i. .a.
1862.

The children <>( Mijah and Mitif
Hicks were: Senora; Jane who marnrd !•*"

600

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

"^^ «6-~.-*l,«2^<>-5

HOME OF CHIEF LEVI GRITTS, MUSKOGEE

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIWs

ftUI

Warden Stapler; Daniel Ross who married
Nancy Jane Rider and Evaline Under; .Mary
A. Chambers and Mary Eliz;ibeth Rockwell;
and Victoria Susan who married DeWitt
Clinton Lipe.

Daniel Ross Hicks was born August 26,
1827 in Chickaniauga District. Cherokee
District and (Cherokee Nation. He married
Nancy Jaiu Rider born June 6, 1S39. She
was the daughter of Amelia (Alberty) Kider
and the grand daughter of Austin and .Mar\
Pauline (Starr) Rider. She was also the
grand daughter of Moses and Sallie (Wright)
Alberty. She graduated from the Female
Seminary in February lS5 5. She was teach-
ing the National school near Clareniore
Mound in 1858 and 1859 and at the e.xpira-
tion of the latter term she married Mr.
Hicks, who was at that time sheriff of Coo-
weescoowee District with a jurisdiction e.\-
tending west to the hundredth meridian.
She died January 9, 1866. He was elected
judge of Cooweescoowee District in 1S67
and 1869. E.xecutive Councilor on Novem-
ber 13. 18 72, Clerk of Tahlequah District
in 1875, Clerk of Council in 1S7S and 1S79
and Clerk of the Senate in ISSI. He died
February 12, 1SS3.

Daniel Ross and Nancy Jane Hicks were
the parents of Edward Daniel Hicks, born
January 1. I8i)6. He was educated in the
National scho.)! and at the University of Ar-
kansas. Was bookkeeper for Stapler and
Sons at Tahlequah for several years and
later purchased this business. While at
Oowala he married on September 27, ISS^
Miss Elizabeth Henrietta born November 21,
1867, daughter of Hon. Frank Musgrove. a
wealthy farmer of that neighborhood. They
are the parents of a family that does credit
to their community, namely; Janie Stapler,
born September iu, 1886, graduated from
the Female Seminary June 9, 1903 and mar-
ried John Griffith Harnage, now deceased;
Joseph Daniel, born March 27, 1888, mar-
ried Francis J- Lindsey who graduated from
the Female Seminary May 27, 1908; Clara
Eva born February 10, 1890 and married
John Reed Alley; William Pendleton, born
Sept. 2, 1840 and married Margaret Kay
Roil; Edward, born March 29, 1898 and
Margaret Enola Hicks. The latter a beauti-
ful and popular young lady is now deceased.
Teter, Mrs. Lewis (See Grant)— Alice
Fields, born February 2(), 1869, educated at

Bryans Chapel on Grind Kl„r. ,h<' mii,„4
January IS. ISSS. Lewij Trl,r. N.f„ tt>-
ru.iry 22. IS54 in W. Va. Th« ,r, ihf r»-
ents of: Clara Jane. l<„rn Artll li. ivt
married T. .1. Kini..,,; .Myrtlr. N>rn ffh !•■
IS'M, married John L. V. Th..m«. W.Hrt
born Feb. 12. i.S'X,. married .Mahrl «iM<-.
Edna, born September 2i. |S'»S. mart. f J
Bryan Jones; Goldie K. Nirn .March I J. r-"-
graduated from frvi.r IliRh Sch.-.l i':t
Jnd Lewis Leon Teter. born April \*. f..-.

jMrs. Teter is the qreal great ^randdamb-
ter of Richard Fields, Chief <•( the Ttttx
Cherokees. The Fields" have (or the latl
hundred years been one of the mmt illui-
trious families of the Cherokees

Tyner, Thomat J. (See Tyn«r) — Th'>m»t
.lefferson son of Carter BUckJIone and
Esther Jane (Piblow) Tyner was born .March

I. 1878. Educated in the Cherokee f'uhlic
Schools and Friends .Mission at Skialook
Married April 2 7, I'M 4 Carrie. dau(hler •■(
Geo. W. Willits and Rachel (Connor) Willin
born Dec. 23. 1SS3 in Wise County. Teiav

Thompson, Lewis Kell (See Grant anj
Duncan) — Lewis Kell, son fif Joseph L»nch
and Frances (Kell) Thompson, was born In
Delaware District October 10. «.S73. edu-
cated in the Cherokee Naliimal Schoult and
at Vinita. .Married December 25, I8'*S to
Nellie H. Stilley. daui;hler of Samuel and
Lucy F .Stilley. born Nov. 16, IS.So In Or'i
ware District now .Mayes County, fiklahomi
They are the parents of: James Robert, N>rn
October 24. 1901; Lewis Lerov. b-rn V»»

II, 1905; Nellie Glennis. born '
1913 and Dainie Jaunila Thon;;

December 12. 1"16. Mr. Thon.j

farmer near Pensacola, Okla.

Emily Duncan married Alexander Kell and
their son, James, married Eliiabelh Kdc^f
ton and they were the parents o( Fra"c->
Kell who married Joscrh Lvnch Th..nir»"

Tuton, Mrs. Thom«s Henry (See <i'a I
and Cordery)— Ethel M Rosers. b".»n
.March 23, 1S'>9 educated at l'r»or. i>kl»..

and Boulder University,
ing from the Pryor High

i.loraJ-. (ri.i.>-
Sch... :

She married at Guth.-ie March
Thomas Henry Tuton. a druejul n *•-'-
Okla.. Mrs- Tuton is a member ••( ^^■■
.Methodist Church and Is an Eastern Stir

Samuel Martin married Catherine IMJ.-
brand and their son William A- Martin mir
ried Nannie Lucas nee Gulnn. The» •*'<

602

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

the parents of Almoii Martin, born Novem-
ber 14, 1842. He was a member of Com-
pany M, First Cherokee Mounted Volun-
teers, Confederate Service. After the war
he married Sarah Jane Cordery, both are
now deceased. They were the parents of
Sallie Martin, born January 3 0, 1S69, edu-
cated in the Cherokee National Schools and
Female Seminary. She married August 22.
1888, John Cicero Rogers, born September
9, 1861 in Washington County, Arkansas
and they are the parents of Mrs. Ethel M.
Tuton.

Thomas Cordery, an Irishman married
Susannah, a full blood Cherokee of the
Blind Savannah Clan. They were the par-
ents of David Cordery who married Char-
lotte Goss and they in turn were the par-
ents of Thomas Cordery who married his
first cousin Sallie Vickery and they were the
parents of Jane Cordery who married Almon
Martin.

Thompson, Robert J. (See Grant and Ghi-
gau) — Robert Jefferson, son of Johnson and
Eliza Christine (Taylor) Thompson was born
October 29, i860, educated at Tahlequah,
Male Seminary and Bacone College, graduat-
ing from the latter. Alarried in 1892, Rosa
Gritts, born July 16, 1863 and died Feb.
25, 1910. They were the parents of:
Eloise, born June 9, 189 7; Ida Frances,
born Nov 29, 1899; Susie Taylor, born Feb.
19, 1902; Thomas Fox, born Oct. 4, 1905
and Sammie Cunningham Thompson, born
May 6, l9oS. James J- Thompson born
1893, died in 1897. Rose Jessie Thomp-
son, born Aug 16, 1895, died in 1897. Mr.
Thompson is a member of the Knights of
Pythias.

Trout, Mrs. Isaac (See Ghigau and Ward)
— Eva Lena, daughter of Edward Estel and
Naomi Ann (Cole) Sloan was born near Big
Cabin, May 7, 1890, was educated in Dela-
ware District and Female Seminary. Mar-
ried at Big Cabin April 16, 1908, Isaac Day.
son of George Washington and Martha Aim
(Parks) Trout, born at Big Cabin. February
16, 1888, educated locally and at Male Semi-
nary. They were the parents of: Eugene
Albert, born May 11, 1909; Sue Gale, born
October 2 7, 1914; Gay Nell Groves, born
January 7, 1917 and Creed Pershing, born
October 16, 1918. Mr. Trout is a prosper-
ous live stock dealer at Big Cabin.

Louisa Jane, daughter of George Howard
and Mary (Carroll) Ward married Samuel

Trout and they were the parents of George
Washington Trout.

Taylor, Richard L. (Halfbreed and Ghi-
gau)— Richard Lee, son of William and
Elizabeth (Grimmett) Taylor was born in
1854. Married in 1880 Margaret Elmir.i
Paden, born in 185 6. They are the parents
of: Nannie C- married Feli.K N. Holland;
Annie Almira. married W. A. Corley; .Mary
Amelia, married Thomas E. Holland; Susie
Bunch, married Claude Doherty; Richard
Lee; William Benjamin, deceased, and
Martha Catherine living, married Tiny Hill,
deceased. Richard Lee Taylor was elected
Sheriff of Flint District August 1, 1887;
August 5, 1889 and August 1, 1893.
Elected Senator from the same district Aug-
ust 3, 1903. Elected County Commission-
er of Adair County November 3, 1914.

Taylor, James L. (See Foreman) — James
Lincoln Taylor, born on the Cherokee reser-
vation in North Carolina, September 7, 1860.
educated locally. Married at Pryor April
21, 1895, Dora B. Carty, daughter of Charles
and Marie Carty, born Feb. 21, 1872, in
Benton County, Ark. They are the parents
of: Nellie B., born Feb. 10, 1896, married
C. F. Conner; Alice, born March 9, 1899,
Marguerite, born Oct. 5, 1902, married L.
N. Logsden; William, born August 1, 1905
and Charles Henry, born August 7, 191 5.
Mr. Taylor is a member of the Independent
Order of Odd Fellows and Knights of Py-
thias. He was postmaster of Pryor from
1894 to 1898 and was elected Solicitor ot
Cooweescoowee District August 2, 1897.

James Madison, son of David and Mary
Ann (Bigby) Taylor married Addie Man-
chester and they were the parents of James
Lincoln Taylor.

Tadpole, Eli — Dorcas, daughter of Wil-
liam and Amanda (Fish) Foreman was boi n
in Tahlequah District, January 9, 1871, edu-
cated at Eureka in above named District.
Married January 1885, Eli, son of John and
Lucinda Tadpole, born in Tahlequah Dis-
trict, March IS, 1865 and educated in the
Cherokee National Schools- They are the
parents of. Lelia, born Apr. 10, 1890, mar-
ried Emmet Shewbart and J. A. Wilson; they
are the parents of Belle Christine born in
1921; Emma born May 15, 1892 married W.
T. Gardner; they are the parents of Herbert,
born Mar. 12, 1911, Wilford, born Apr. 5,
1917, Percy born Feb. 15, 1920; Wm. H-

HISTORY OF THE CHEROK

l:'li INDIANS

born July 6. 1S97; Anna B., born Ja„. ,,
1900, nKirried Feb. 3, 190S Albert Merry;
and Herman Tadpole born Oct. 10, igo'ol
they have two daughters, Doris Catherine,'
born in 1920 and Nellie Wanda born Aug. 2!
1921. Mr. Tadpole is a farmer near Pryor.
Mrs. Tadpole belongs to the Wolf Clan and
her Cherokee name is Dar-ki.

Terrell, Samuel (See Grant. Conrad and
Hendricks) — Samuel, son of John and S.l-
mantha (Gourd) Terrell, was born in Tahle-
quah District No. 1". 1S7,S. educated at
Eureka and .Male Seminary. .Married Sept.
4, 1910, Rachel, daughter of Benjamin an.i
Cynthia (Lillard) Talley, born March 7,
1886 and educated in Tahlequah District.
They are the parents of: Susie, born June
20, 1921 and Samuel Terrell, born Sept 1,
1913. Mr. Terrell is a farmer near Tahle-
quah and .Mrs. Terrell is a vocal music teach-
er.

Susie Martin married Noah Lillard and
their daughter Cynthia married Benjamin
Talley.

Jackson R. Gourd married Elsie Wilson
and their son, Ellis, married Susan Riley.
They were the parents of Samantha Gourd
who married .Inhn and was the mother of
Samuel Terrell.

Tanner, Robert T. (See Adair and Grant)
— .Mary Elizabeth daughter of William Peters
and Rachel Louisa (Adair) .McClellan, born
April 7, 1S79. Educated in the Cherokee
public schools and Feinale Seminary. .Mar-
ried December 26, 1906 Robert Tanner son
of Benjamin N. born in Boone County, Kv.,
Jan 6, 1842 and Nannie V. Tanner, born
March 10. 1S4S in Chariton County, Mis-
souri. They are the parents of Pearl Edith,
born September 28, 1910; .Mary Louisa born
.May 15, 1912 and Robert Turner Tannet
born January 14, 1917. Mr. and Mrs. Tan-
ner are members of the Presbyterian Churcl.
and she is an Eastern Star. Mr. Tanner is a
furniture dealer and conducts a splendid
farm.

Ludovic Grant a Scotchman married a full
blood Cherokee woman. Their daughte.-
married William Emory, an Englishman and
they in turn were the parents of Susannah
Emory, whose third husband was Joseph
Martin, born about 1740 near Charlotte-
ville, Albermarle County, Virginia. He held
the following revolutionary offices: elected

Captain of the Transylvinli .Mii

became .Major lebruiry t:, ir: - . j

tenant Colonel in Mirch i:si hV ..1

elected Brigadier General .i( Ihf v -•'-

lina militia by legislaluff ..n I

1"S7 and was coniniissinncd Hr .

eral of (he Twentieth Hrljad* M \.(,, ..

Militia by Governor llenrv lee <>l Vir,,., ,

on Dec. tl. 17'I5. .Marl

seat of Henry Countv, \

for him. His daughter Nj

Lynch and they were the pjrtnu o| Kavhd

Lynch who married Thomai Benijr-^i \s •

and their only son J..hn Lvnch

ried .Mary Jane Jeffreys, a naln.

and their daughter Rachel Loui^ >

ried William Peters .McClellan •

Arkansas and they were the par,

.Marv Elizabeth Tanner.

Thompson, Thomu Fox (Set- i>> ■ > 1

Ghigau) — Thomas Fox Thomp
Tahlequah District, .Mav .1, l8^^
ed at Pea Ridge. Ark. .Married Dec. l.^. : ■
Susan C. Parks and after her death marn.- 1
on .May 19. 1914 Lillie .McBrlde. nee Sfharr.
his Cherokee name is Chisgua-kvah and h»
belongs to the Deer Clan. He i^ a M^ih. ■
dist and had retired after havini; been in '.h
dry goods and grocery bu$ine>n in Vimn
for twenty years. .Mr. Thompson wt» elect
ed member of the Council (mm Delaware
District in IS79.

Tinker, Mri. Minnie — Minnie, ihe dauth
ter of Henrv and Marv (Walker) Sp.
buck was born in Bird Creek, a (e» mile»
south of Skiatook. She waj educated al Ihf
Quaker Mission, two miles north <■( Sklai'-A
and is a member "f that church. She roafi.-d
at Hill Side. Okla. in l"o5 FIchafJ
Tinker who is a member of one •>• Ihe moM
prominent Osage families. They ire IN'
parents of Henry Franklin, N'fn Feb '■
1907; George Fdward. Nth Aoc ''. '''•
and Thnnijs Jefferson Tinker. N>rn Auc- 1 '•
1917. ^

Mr. Tinker is a farmer and a memK' '
Ihe .Modern Woodman of America- Vf
Tinker is a Shawnee, a member "f <»■• ■
the most prominent families of thai tr'>'
as the Walkers have been i« noled In ''
histnry and councils of the Irtbc J« •«« I*'
SpN bucks.

The

Vcl- (See I)uncan 1 1

604

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

Grant) — Louisa Tabitha West, born March 8
1S62, educated in Female Seminary. Mar.
ried September 28, 1880, John Rogers Mar-
tin, born February 25, 1885. They were
the parents of Hernando, born August l i.
18S2; Birdie May, born March 26, 1884; Jo-
hanna R, born July 18, 1886, and DeWitt
T .Martin, born May 12, 18S8. John Rog-
ers Martin died November 10, 1887, and
she married January 27, 1890, Vet Thomp-
son, born September 8, 1861, in Macon
County, Missouri. They are the parents of
James W., horn April 11, 1891; Lewis, born
February 2, 1893, and Carrie, born Novem-
ber 13, 1898. Mr. Thompson is a farmer.
Mrs. Thompson's Cherokee name is Takie.
She is a member of the Methodist church.
Charles Duncan, a Scotchman, married
about 1784 Dorcas, a full blood Cherokee
of the Derr Clan. Their son, John, mar-
ried Elizabeth Abercromby, a native of Ten—
essee. The Abercrombys belong to the an-
cient nobility of Stirling County in Great
Britain. Airthey Castle was their ancestral
county seat. As late as 1883 the family
owned 15,264 acres. The head of the fam-
ily in 1916 was Lord George Abercromby
John and Elizabeth (Abercromby) Duncan
were the parents of Mahala Duncan, borii
June 21, 1821. Married July IS, 1838
James Smith West, born May 24, 1S17, in
Alabama. He died Sept. 22, 1865, and she
died November 27. 187'). They were the
parents <<{ Mrs. Louisa Tabitha Thompson.

Trout, Logan. (See Ward) — Logan, son of
George Washington and Mary (Eaton) Trout,
was born in Delaware District, April 8, 18 76.
and educated at Big Cabin and Male Sem-
inary. Married near Grove October 8, 1894,
Jennie, daughter of William and Sallie Walls,
born March 22, 18 7"^), in Berry County,
Missouri. They are the parents of: George
Washington, born January 1, 1898; Buford
Lee, born April 2, 1899; Edith M.. born
September 23. 1902, married J. F. Daniel;
Thomas L., born Nov. 8, 1904; Veachel, born
Dec. 25, mo?; Clinton, born May 6, 19o9;
Samuel, born February 16, 19 16, and War-
ren Harding Trout, born May 6, 1921 Mr.
Trout has conducted a mill and elevator at
Big Cabin for fourteen years. He belongs
to the Christian church and is a Woodman
of the World.

George Howard, son of Samuel and Sallie
(Earwood) Ward, was born in January,

1801, married Mary Carroll, born in 1792 in
Burke County, North Carolina. He died
March 15, 1866. They were the parents
of Louisa Ward, who married Samuel Trout
and she was the mother of George Wash-
ington Trout, who married Mary Eaton.

Trout, Mrs. Samuel L. (See Duncan,
Ward and Downing) — Samuel Lee, son of
Andrew M. and Sarah A. (Reed) Trout,
born January 27, 1878, educated in Del-
aware District and Male Seminary. Married
June 29, 1898, Cornelia Eliza, daughter of
Walter Adair and Sallie Elizabeth (Wright)
West, horn September 5, 1879, at Spavi-
naw and educated in Female Seminary. They
are the parents of Viola Velena, born July
13, 1899; Mary Irene, born September 2,
1901; Veda Jessie, horn May l, 1905; Loyd
Newton, born December 27, 1908; Lovise
Velma, born September 13, 1913, and Pearl
LeVonne Trout, born August 1, 1916; Sam-
uel L. Trout, Jr., born August l5, 1921. Mr.
Trout is a farmer and stockraiser near
Adair. Mrs. Trout is a Baptist.

Andrew M., son of Samuel and Louisa
Jane (Ward) Trout, was born November 5.
1855- Married March 1877, Sarah A. Reed,
horn in Towns County, Georgia.

Taylor, John M- (See Foreman) — John
Manchester, son of James Madison, horn
April 18, 1818, and died January 7, 1907,
and Addie (Manchester) Taylor was born
Aug. 14, 1860, in Cherokee County, North
Carolina, and was educated in the Cumber-
land Presbyterian College, Louden, Tennes-
see, and at Atlanta, Georgia. Married at
Claremore, Thursday, February 23, 1893,
Bertha E. McCutchan. daughter of Samuel
and Margaret McCutchan, born November
2«. 1872, at ■ Redoak, Charlotte County,
Virginia and was educated in Missouri.
They are the parents of Blaine Samuel,
born June 25, 1894; Robert Clinton,
hiirii July 24, 1897; served during the
World war in the Medical Corps; Florence
Thelma, born August 17, 1902; McCutchan,
born November 28, 1904; Oklahoma, born
November 6, 1906, and John Manchester
Taylor, born November 8, 19o9.

David Taylor, born December 16. 1791,
in Orange County, Virginia, married Mary
Ann Bigby, horn August 9, 1802, and they
were the parents of James Madison Taylor,
who married Addie Manchester, a native of
Providence, R. L.

HISTORY OHTHlf CllHR()Ki:i; INDIANS

64i$

J"l>n Manchester T.vl„r. whose Cherok-e
name is Katahya, is a thirty-second deRre ■
Mason, Shriner and tilk. Attorney for' the
Cherokees, Creeks and Seminoles." Was U
S. Deputy Marshal for the Fort Smith Court
for twenty-three years; Indian Police twelve
years; Deputy Sheriff five years; Postal In-
spector three years; Assistant Solicitor of
Cooweescoowee District eight years; United
States Commissioner 4 years and Master in
Chancery.

Thompson, Mi-£. Bert F. (See England)
— Maggie L., daughter of William Garrett
and Eliza (Scrimsher) Williamson, was
born May 1. ISSO. Educated in Worcester
Academy, Vinita. and Female Seminary.
Married near White Oak June 13, 1S9S,
Bert F., son of Nathaniel and Zerilda Thomp-
son. They are the parents of: Albert Louis,
born Aug. 13. 1900; Harley C, born Nov.
22, 1904; Mabel Aline, born Oct. 15, i^ioS;
Velnia Viola, born Jan. 13, I'Ml, and Jaunita
Thompson, born Sept. 2, I'll 3. .Mr. Thomp-
son is a farmer and stockman, near Cen-
tralia.

Maurice, born February 1'), miS. Babv,
born Nov. S, 192 1.

Taylor, Mrs. Louisa J. Taylor. (See
Foreman) — Louisa Jane, daughter of William
and Elizabeth (Moon) Dinsmore, was born
in Tenn. in 1863. Married in 1878, James
Elbert, son of Thomas Jefferson and .Martha
Ann (Bradley) Taylor, born Sept. 10, 1855.
He died in 19 iS. They were the parents
of. Lenora May, born May 17, 1883, mar-
ried Robert F. Auten; Dora Jessie, born No-
vember 17, 1884, married John Julian Bus-
ter; Samuel Cornelius, born December 25,
1886, married Beulah Wynatt; Clyde Eliz-
abeth, born September 13, 18SS, married
Robert .1. Rogers; .Xenaphon Elbert, born
February 13, 1890; Bertha Belle, born No-
vember 3, iSOl; Emma lola, born August
18, 1893, married Daniel Henry Bell; Wal-
ter A., born August 19, 1897; Mary Imo,
born January 4, 1900, and Bernard Dinsmore
Taylor, born March 3, 1904.

Mary Ann, daughter of James and Cath-
erine (Foreman) Bigby, was born August 9,
1802. Married David Taylor, born in
Orange County, Virginia, December 16.
1791. They were the parents of Thomas
Jefferson Tavlor, who married Martha Ann
Bradley.

Tell, Mrs. W. W. (See Adair and Ghi-

gau)— Willi,im Wjrrcn. \„n ..f .!,,.:,., w
and Jennie I;. Tell. *j, h,rn Af
i'l llie Province of New llrun»» .
Married June 1. i.so.). sarih tm,;
of Richard and Smjniuh Deb. •
Welch, born Februirv 25. |S:«, .- ;
the Orphan Asylum. Thev irr ih; fxic^^
of: Alice Carey, born .Mjrch to. i'>'.t i>-
ianiin Gnss, born .Mav 1 7. i'>o4. ;
gueritc. born November 3. I'lot.

lahoma, born January 17, i"0'>. j

Owen Tell born October 7. I')i5. v.
TelPs Cherokee name is t:ha-ka-wa. She
a member of the Baptist Church.

Without pretentions. William W Tell n .
.arely gifted and useful ciliien, hit »!..>.
of general and e.xaci informallon would r,. t
suffer in comparison with that <>( mint In,
versify Professors and degree men. He •■■
elected County Commissioner o( .Wn<%
County, November 5. t')!;, and Novemb.-r
2, 1920, and was appointed to that ..(lie;
in 1915- He is a farmer.

Trott, W. L.- (See Adair)— John Adai-.
a Scotchman, married Gahoki, a full hkxKl
Cherokee woman of the Deer Clan. Tbcif
son, Samuel, married Edith, a white somin,
and they were the parents of Rachel
Pounds Adair, who married ReverenJ
James Jenkins Trott, who, as earl> a* i%2*.
was the "general missionary" o( the .Melb.>-
dist church among the Cherokee* In G<"r-
gia, Tennesse, Alabama and North Cirollni.
Their son, William Lafavelle Trotl. born
.March 10, 1844, married .Malindi Stover.
born September 20. 184.S. and died Sep
tember 20, 1S68, He then married L..ul<«
J. .Moore in 186". She died Julv •'. fi-
They were the parents of: William Henf.
and Dot Fanny, born Dec 4. I.s:r. He mil
ried Doney Crumby and hi» one »<>n. Henr.
.Moore Trott, born April 2". fo*

Dot Fay Trotl. daughter of W. I »- I
Louisa Trott, was b<.rn March I'. «»*'
and never married.

James J. Trott was arrested by G«or»<»
authorities because he refused to take ib<
oath of allegiance to the Slile or G«>rc>>.
as he already had taken the "ilh "« »ll»-
giance to the Cherokee Nali-m. Tber re-
leased him on condition that he lei»e Ibe
state. He moved to Tennessee, wbefe b*
remained until 1S5 7. when he moved I" lb«
Cherokee Nati<in.

Adair. Arthur (See Adair)— Arthur. *■.«

606

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

of William Penii and Julia (Allisuii) Adair
was born August 13, 1SS2, educated local-
ly. Married July 23, 1905, Ida, daughter
of W. C. and Nancy Jane Freeman, born in
Missouri. They are the parents of:
Selena Marie, born January 21, 1908; Beu-
lah Belle, born September 12, 1909; Nor-
man Lee, born June 29, 1914; Edith Mae,
born September 15, I9l7 and Wilma Adel-
Adair, born February 24, 1919.

Allcott, A. B. (See Ward and Ghigau) —
Henrietta Evaline Nidiffer, born January 10,
1883 near Nudmore, Delaware District. She
was educated in the Cherokee National
schools, and graduated from St • Johns
Training School of Nursing in 1915.
Married July 26, 1920 A. B . Allcott
son of Jonathan P. and Anna Allcott,
A. B. Allcott was born May 27th, 1886, in
McDowell, Barry County, Missouri. He is
an expert electrician and has been Superin-
tendent of the electric light plant at Afton
and has recently accepted a like position a*
at Pauls Valley.

George Ward was born March 17, 17S7.
Had a splendid education and his handwrit-
ing was extraordinarily good. He married
December 15, 1805, Lucy Mayes, born Mar.
5, 1789 in Tennessee. Lucy was a sister
of Samuel Mayes and aunt of Chiefs Joel B.
and Samuel H. Mayes. She died November
11, 1867 and George Ward was killed by
"Pin" Indians in 1863. George and Lucy
(.Mayes). Ward's eldest child, Savina, was
bnrn Mav 1807 in Warren County, Tennes-
see. She married Felix Arthur and her
death nccurred on April 16, 1883. Feli.<L
and Savina Arthur's daughter, Lucy, born
April 6, 1828, married Isaac Nidiffer born
July 18, 1818. She died April 2, 1886 an J
he died February 2, 1890. They were the
parents of Samuel, Freeman, Sabrina, mar-
ried Robert K. Nix; Sarah, married Isaac
Mode; Felix Grundy, burn Mrch 16, 1853,
married April 23, 1876 Joanna Ruth Linden,
born February 8, 1861. He died October
16, 1896 and she died July 2, 1919; Marth.i
Jane, married George Monroe Ward; Nancy
married Ross T. Carey and John F. Miller;
George; Rachel, married Joh)i S. Thomason
and Lucy Nidiffer married Joseph Kelly.

Felix Grundy and Joanna Ruth Nidiffer
were the parents of Emma Josephine, Ann.i
Lulu, Henrietta Evaline (Sub.iect of this
sketch ) Martha .Minnie, John Ross, George

William, Freeman Edward and Mary Lucile
Nidiffer- George W. and Freeman E. are
deceased.

Adair, Timothy M. (See Grant, Adair,
Saunders, Downing and Ghigau) — Timothy
Meigs, son of Hugh Montgomery and Martha
L. (Johnson) Adair was born at Stillwell
September 2, 1882. Educated in the Cher-
okee Public Schools. Married at Nowata
April 16, 1906. Martha daughter of Thom-
as Didymas and Joanna (Pitt) Saunders,
born at Braggs December 28, 1885. She
died Feb. 10, 1913. They were the parents
of: Cleburne, born Feb. 17, 1908. There-
on, born June 30, 1921 and Velma Adair,
born Jan. 11, 1913. Mr. Adair married June
22, 1917 Katie E., daughter of John and
Mary Nunallee born at Bragg, Okla. 1891.
Their children are Warren, born Dec. 26,
1919 and Eugene Adair, born Aug. 6, 1921.
Mr. Adair's Cherokee name is Skiya and he
belongs to the Long Hair Clan. He is a
farmer near Centralia, and is a member of
the Independent Order of Odd Fellows Fra-
ternity. He was elected County Commis-
sioner of Nowata County November 7, 1916.

Frank Pettie married Mary Beck and they
were the parents of Mrs. Joanna Saunders.

Boudinot, Frank J. (See Watie, Grant and
Ross) — Frank Josiah, son of William Penn
and Caroline (Fields) Boudinot, was born
August 20, 1866, in the Cherokee Nation.
Educated in Bacone College or Indian Uni-
versity (near Muskogee), Flint High School
(Michigan) and University of Michigan- He
took a course in law at the University cf
Michigan in 1S94-5-6. He is a member of
the Knights of Pythias fraternity. His Cher-
okee name is Kaw-la-nah (Raven) and he
belongs to the Cherokee Holly clan. He has
been the attorney, counselor and adviser of
the Kee-too-wah Society of Cherokees since
1899 and was elected Principal Chief of the
Cherokee Nation by a Joint session of the
National Council on November 21, 1895.
He was one of Chief Bushyhead's Executive
Secretaries in 1887, clerk of the Cherokee
Supreme Court 1887-89 and was one of the
attorneys for the Cherokee Nation before
the Dawes Commission in 1896. Under his
advice and direction the Eastern Cherokees
were organized in 1900 by the Keetoowah
Society, which resulted ultimately in the col-
lection of the five million dollar Emigrant
Cherokee claim — paid in 1910. Was, by

HISTORY OF THE C11EROKEI-: INDIANS

:ict Of Congress. Mar. 3. I'M-), made special
attorney for the Cherokee Nation to prose-
cute a claim against the United States for
interest on the funds which arose out of the
judgment in the Emigrant case, the amount
claimed being alwut four million dollars, Uz
married at Fort Gibson, July 2.3, 1S97, Annie
Stapler, daughter of Judge Henry Clay and
Josephine (Bigelow) Meigs and great-great-
giand daughter of Colonel Return Jonatha.i
Meigs, personal friend and aide to General
George Washington; she is also a great-
grand daughter of Chief Ji.hn Ross. They
are the parents of: Frank Josiah, Jr., born
January 16, 1S')0 (2nd. Lieutenant Air Serv-
ice Aeronautics in the World War) and
Henry .Meigs Boudinot. born July 27, 1907.

Gul-la-gee-nah (Buck Deer), son of Oo-
wa-tie, was born in the old Cherokee Nation
in Georgia in 1802. Out of gratitude for
f.avors he adopted the name of his benefac-
tor, Elias Boudinot. Having received a
splendid classical education he devoted his
entire life and energies for the Cherokeei
and at his death on June 2 1, 1S3C), he was
a poor man, regardless of the fact that at
that time he was one of the best known,
ablest and greatest citizens the Cherokee
Nation had.

Billings, Mrs. E. C. (See Ward and Cord-
ery) — Jessie Lee, daughter of James Lovely
and Charlotte (Ward) Bumgarner, born Julv
2, 1884, educated at Female Seminary and
Lawrence, Kansas. Married at Spavinaw
.March 30, lt)02, K. C- Billings, son of John
C. and America Billings, born Aug. 10, iSlS
in Te.xas. They are the parents of Beatrice
T., born April 16, 1906; Love, born August
17, 1908; Charlotte Ameiica, born August
3 1, 1910; Edith Belle, born April 22, 1912;
Mvrtle Ceaphine, bom November 10, 1916
and Iva Dell Billings, born October 25, 1918.

Cobb, PhiL H. (.See Grant)— Alexander
Adam Clingan. born Februarv 20. 1801.
.Married in ,May 1S2S .Martha Jane Blvthe;
born January 3 1, 1812 in Tennessee. Their
daughter Evaline Clingan, born April 13,
183 5 married December l5, 185 7, Joseph
Benson Cobb, born Julv 26, 1828 in Blount
County, Tennessee. He died March 22,
1S96 and she died Nov. 17, 1918. Their
son, Samuel Sylvester Cobb married Carrie
Kennedy Hunter and thev are the parents of
Phil Hunter Cobb, born Mav 3 1. 1895. Edu-
cated in Wagoner, where he married October

1. I"1S M.,z,l Kulh. dauKhlcr .'.

Naomi Best, born .lunc' ::. tool.

the parents of Dnmihv i„n\\( ,..}■'■ -

Oct. 2 5 .l-)2o. ,\,r ,-.,,,^ i, ^ ,^,^^, ^^^

Wagoner.

Ellis, Mrs. Thomas J. Csee Adiir j J
Grant— .Mary Mas. dauKhlrr ,.( l<..t-,-f ;.
lor and Sue Krebs (.McC«.v) M.-
April 12, ISSI in Sequoyah tiU-
cated in the Chemliee ".
.Married in Bartlesville lin

Jefferson, son ..f Thomas '

Ellis, born Dec- 16. 1S8| in Sifdi
qua County. Kansas. Thry ire !
of Gladys, burn .Mav lo, \i«'y; i .
June 23, 1007 and Judsun KMi^.
29, 1909. Thomas Je(fer.s..n I li-
ber of the .Masonic (ralcrniu in.i
the substantial cattlemen and 1- . ■
Washington Countv. One <i| ihc teidi' <
democrats of Washingt-m t^ountv. hf »>•
appointed as the first ci<unt\ j
1911 and elected to the same ..(i .

Ellen, daughter of Andrew and '
ler) Adair married Richard Ma
Alexander and Sarah Elizabeth (I
Coy and they were the parents if .V.i; i,;.-
Krebs (AlcCoy) .Morrison.

Edmondson, Mrs. Florence E. {Ste Ward
and Grant) — Florence Fugenia Willimn.
born Aug. 3. 1S60 in Delaware |ii>' ■■'•■ ■•
ed in the Cherokee Public Sch.-
male Seminary. She married Feb.
Beatties Prairie. .Michael Smith tdii>...ij--.
born September 9. t,S5 1 in Georcia. Tho
are the parents of: Cherry I), born f>cltib-f
23. 1879; Gonia L. b"rn January I. I < < :
and Bula B. born Februarv 1 7. ISSt Mr-
Edmondsiin's Cherokee tiamc \s Oalrll. *''.•
is a member of the .MethmliM church " •■
Eastern Star and belMngs m the W

George Ward, biirn March 1 7.

ried December 15. 1S05 Lucy v,

Aunt of Chiefs ,Ioel Bryan and Samuel II- ro
ton .Mayes. She «as b'Tn March ' '■''
George Ward was killed durint lli
and his widow died N.ivembcr I. i
daughter Charlotte was born .lul> •■ •< '-
in Tennessee, she married lanuars I', l«:
John H. Stover, b. rn )une 2. \^ -
Stover died August I', lS5" a
March 31, iSo5, Lnuiw I .1
John and CharMte (Ward) Sl..sf
August S, IS 10. She married
1859 Joseph Lvnch Williams (»b

608

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

kee name was Oscexjia) born August l,
183 7. They were the parents of Florence
Eugenia, Joseph L. Williams, died November
5, 1860. Mrs. Louisa J- (Stover) Williams
married February 2, 1864, William Archibald
Yell Hastings, born March 8, 1842 in Ben-
ton County, Arkansas, and they were the
parents of: John Rogers, William, Writ and
Charlotte Delilah Hastings. Mrs. Louisa J
Hastings died February 7, imS and W- A.
Y. Hastings, died at the residence of his soi.
John Rogers-
Evans, Mrs. Lester (See Ghigau, Adair,
Cordery and Halfbreed) — Susannah Deborah,
daughter of Ephriam Martin and Sallie
(Starr) Adair was born in Flint District
September 4, i860. Educated in the Chero-
kee Public schools and Female Seniinarv.
Married Alexander, son of Andrew Vann
and Sallie Ann (Williams) Jordan. He died
April 1884. They were the parents of:
Belle Leslie, Myrtle and the twins, Alexan-
der and Vannie Jordan. Mrs. Jordan mar-
ried March 16, 1SS6, Lester, son of Benoni
and Mary E. Evans, born January 3, 1860
in Michigan. They are the parents of Min-
nie Evans who married Harry Stanley. Mrs.
Evans is a member of the Wolf Clan and
her Cherokee name is Susanie. Mr. Evans
is a member of the Masonic fraternity. Thev
are members of the Methodist Church and
are farmers, near Centralia.

File, Mrs. F. B. (See Grant) — Julia
Theresa, daughter of William Columbus and
Jane (Davis) Patton was born December 2«,
1867 in Walker County, Georgia- Educat-
ed at Drury College, Springfield, Missouri,
and Vassar College. She married at Vinita
November 13, 1889 Francis Bartow, son of
Dr. H. W. and Sarah (Denman) Fite, born
October 17, 1861 in Bartow County, Geor-
gia, He graduated in 1886 from the South-
ern Medical College at Atlanta, Georgia,
having received the medal for highest effi-
ciency in his class. He is a leader in Okla-
homa in surgery and civic progress. Dr.
and Mrs. Fite, whose home is in Muskogee,
are the parents of William aPtton, born Aug-
ust 3 1, 1890; Frances, Ixjrn September 24,
1893; Francis Bartow, born December 20,
1895: Edward Halsell, born December 27,
1898 and Julian Bixby Fite, born September
30, 1906. William Patton Fite graduated
from Shattuck Military School, Faribault,
.Minnesota, from University of Virginia in

1913 with the A. B. degree and in 1916
from the Medical Department. He married
June 1, 1918 Miss Maurine Mitchell of Fort
Worth, Texas. Their daughter Jane Fite
was born October 7, 1920. He served in
the World War as Captain in the Medical
Corps 3 6th Division. Is now practicing sur-
gery in partnership with his father at Mus-
kogee. Francis Fite graduated from Vassar
College in l^'l6. Married July 7, 1920, Hu-
bert Ambrister, an attorney in Oklahoma
Citv- Francis Bartow Fite Jr. graduated
from Shattuck Military School, from Univer-
sity of Virginia in 1920 with honors in the
A. B. degree and is in the 1922 law class of
that institution. He served on the staff of
Aide de camp to Major General Sturgis, SOth
Division rank as First Lieutenant. Edward
Halsell Fite graduated from Shattuck Military
School, entered the University of Virginia
and enlisted for service in the world war.
was assigned to the officers Training Camp
at Camp Lee, Virginia- At the signing of
the armistice he returned to the University
where he is now a member of the Medical
Class of 1923. Julian Bi.xby Fite is a stu-
dent in Shattuck Military School.

Ludovic Grant, a Scotch trader settled at
Tellico, on the Tennessee River in 1720 and
married a full blood Cherokee of the Wolf
Clan. Their daughter married William Em-
ory, an Englishman and their daughter, Su-
sannah Emory married Captain John Stuart
of the British army- Her second husband
was Brigadier General Joseph and Susannah
(Childs) Martin, born in 1740 near Char-
lotteville, Virginia. He was elected Captain
of the Transylvania Militia in 17 76, became
Major on February 17, 17 79 and was pro-
moted to the lieutenant colonelcy in March
1781- He was elected Brigadier General of
the North Carolina Militia by legislature on
December 15, 1787, and was commissioned
Brigadier General of the Twelfth Brigadier
of Virginia Militia by Governor "Light Hors^
Harry" Lee on December 11, 1783. He died
at Martinsville, County seat of Henry county,
Virginia, which had been named for him, on
December 18, 1808- He was buried with
military and masonic honors. His daughter,
Rachel married Daniel Davis and their son
Martin Davis married Julia Tate. Their
daughter Jane married William Columbus
Patton-

Joseph, the father of Brigadier General

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKHH INDIANS

Joseph Marti,,, was a son (,f William jVlartin
a wealthv merchant (,f Bristol, England
who gave his son a ship and sent him to
Virgin,:!, sumetime in the first quarter of the
eighteenth centurv to keep him from marry-
ing a gill to whom the father objected. .Mar-
tin was one of the Norman Knights who ac-
companied William the Conqueror in the
battle of Hastings and conquest of Kngland
in 1066. The family later dropped th.-
terminal and spelled the name, Martain,

Foreman, William W. (See Grant. Ghigau,
Foreman, Cordery, .Adair, Duncan and Half-
breed) — William Wilburn, son of Daniel C.
and Elizabeth (Beck) Foreman was born
March 17, 187 1. Educated in the Cherokee
Public Schools. Married in Canadian Dis-
trict March It, 1S96 Belle Leslie, daughter
of Ale.xander and Susan Deborah (Adair)
Jordan, born in Canadian District June 27,
1881. They are the parents of: James An-
drew, born July 28, ISOS; married Edn.i
Richardson; Bessie J. born April 3, 1900;
Jesse, born March 21, 1903; Samuel, born
Dec. 4, 1907; Perry born Oct. 12, 1911 and
Hooley Foreman, born Feb. 28, 1915. .Mr.
Foreman is a farmer, near Centralia.

Fry, Cullie (See Sanders and Seabolt) —
Lettie, daughter of John and Catherine
(Seabolt) Chambers, was born in January
1843. Educated in the Cherokee National
Schools. Married William Fry, born Sep-
tember 15, 1S34. He was a stone mason,
having served his apprenticeship in England,
of which he was a native. Mrs. Lettie Fry
died June 3, 1883 and he died Feb. 7, I9l5.
They were the parents of Cullie Fry, born
Sept. 3, 1878, educated in the Cherokee
Public Schools and Male Seminary. Mar-
ried at Independence, Kansas October 12.
1897, Irene, daughter of Edward and Nancy
Trout, born Nov. 22, 1874 in Barton Coun-
ty, Missouri. They are the parents of:
Gertrude, born Dec. 18. 1S9S; Cecil Ray-
mond, born Aug. 3. 1900; Lettie Marie, born
May 12, 1902; and Wahneta Fry, born Sept.
3, 1908.

Mr. Fry is one of the farmers and stock-
men of Rogers County. He is a member cf
the Woodmen of the World and .Masonic
fr.aternities at Claremore. Is a member of
Oklahoma Consistory No. 1 Guthrie, Okla.

Glass, John (See Grant)— John Drake,
son of John and Samantha Glass was born
June 16, 1891. Educated in the Cherokf;

Public Sch.H.I, ind Mai, Sft.
ried .It Grove. nkU . f,,,,. i
ter of Georse \Va5hinKt.,n ,n,i
born Sept. 20. is-); m Mo:.
Kentucky. Thev jte the f„
Kenneth Glass, h,>rn Stpi. 'i
and .Mrs. Glass arc fariiu'
ers. He belongs lo th,
Kenneth Glass' Chcrokc.
goh.

Harlan, Grorge W. (Si-e til,
Washington, son of luvid M
(Vannoy) Harlan was Nin, ir
Nation August lo. i^U> anj ,,;
Cherokee Public Schools. Mi
ware District .May ^o. is:;
daughter of Whitlen and Nan
former a native of Kenluck\ ..
of Virginia) born .lulv 1. IS = -. •»,

ford County. Illinois. Thcv ar* th<- r'ff'*

of: William Lee, born Seplenit- " '

married Lucinda Ballard and
born September I. tS77 and ;
J. Trotter.

.Mr. Harlan is a farmer near While '>ii

The Harlans, who in lh« sfvrnlh jn4
eighth centuries were known in itit Bjrd't
sons as Herelincas and Harlunci «rr( Ixa*
ed in Brisacli Castle in Alsatia.

Harris, Mrs. Reuben (See Foreman! — »-i
drew Taylor, a native of firan([f i"-.unt..
Virginia married Jennie Bijtbv and ih.-<
were the parents of .Minerva Jane Tj>''>f
who married Robert Wesley Walker, a ni
five of North Carolina. Thrir .!j :'"
Senora Adelaide Walker born 1
1859, in Tennessee, married '
Morgan Lemuel Pyealt born in >* j -■ >i
County, Arkansas December 2'', «»'i I'f
died April 2'', ISSO. Their dauthtn. Ret
sie Lee Pyealt was born at Tihleijuah I-
1SS3. Educated in the Female S*"-^")'
Married at Collinsville in t'Joi
of .Mr. and .Mrs. AnderKin IIj
the parents of; Georee. Nt" ' "■ ■ ■
Violet, born April (.. I'">«: Beunih f- '•
Aug. t. 1912 and Arthur HarrI*. N^rn Mirck
28. 1919. .Mr. and .Mr» Harri* afe r-^m
bers of the .Melhodiil Church He » >
Odd Fellow and Knithi o( IMhu* Thf»
are farmers, near Kamona. oiti

Judge Walker. Mrs Harrn' ttindl,\h,t
was Supreme Judte <•( Indian Teffil'T-

Hutchins, Nelti. (See Ghiciu •"•! *""
d,.rs)— Nellie, daughter ol R..bin and Stmi,

610

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

Jane (Starr) Smith was born February IS,
1S72 near Claremore. She was educated at
West Point public school on Dog Creek and
Female Seminary. She married May ic,

1591, Willard Edward Hutchins, born June
12, 185 7 in Marion, Nebraska. They were
the parents of: Lew Wofford, born May 1",

1592, Blueford Ralph, born Nov. 25th, 1893:
Ual Ross, horn October 11, 1895: Ethel
Dane, born October 14, 1897: WillarJ
Beatrice Hutchins, born October 19, 1902.
Nettie Hutchins Cherokee name is Chauouki
and she belongs to the Wolf Clan. Her
father Robin Smith was elected Councilo;
from Coowees'coowee District on August 5.
1867 and August 2, 1869. He died Decem-
ber 6, 1872.

Holloway, Mrs. Allen D. (See Rogers) —
Eva, daughter of Artemus Andrews and Mary
A. (Rogers) Barker, born near Kinnison,
June 20, 1886. Educated in Female Semi-
nary, St. Teresa Academy, Kansas City and
Forest Park University, St. Louis, Missouri.
Married at Vinita May 10, 1906 Allen D.
Holloway, son of William and Cordelia Hollo-
way, born 1879 in Cass County, Mo.

They are the parents of: Mary Dee, born
May 1, 1910 and William Andrew Holloway,
born July 11, 1917. Mrs. Holloway is a
member of the Methodist Church and tlie
Eastern Star Chapter. Mr. Holloway is the
cashier of the Oklahoma State Bank at
Welch, Okla.

McSpadden, Mrs. W. F. (See Carter and
Riley) — Serena Carter Parrott, born at Sil-
verlake in Cooweescoowee District March
25, 1870, educated at the Cherokee Orphan
Asylum from which she graduated June 17,
1886. Married February 17, 1889 William
Fair (son of Rev. T. K. B. and Elizabeth
(Green) McSpadden) born December 2S,
1856 in Dalton, Georgia. They are the
parents of: Zoe, born November 15, 1889,
educated at Chelsea and Female Serainarv,
from which she graduated May 29, 1907,
married December 26, 1911 Earl Preston
Whitehill; Floyd Carter, horn August 19,
1891; Roscoe Conklin, born September 19,
1893; Zella Christine, born September 21,
1897; Alma, born March 8, 1900; William
Fair, born December 9, 1902; Clinton, born
June 10, 1905; Roger, born June 26, 1907
and Clarence Allen .McSpadden. born De-
cember 11, 1913.

Earl Preston and Zoe Whitehill are the

parents of Christine May, born September

18, 1915 and Earl Preston Whitehill born
March 14, 1920.

William Fair McSpadden is a farmer and
Vice-President of the Bank of Chelsea. Earl
Preston Whitehill is the Field Superintend-
ent of the Lyons Petroleum Company. Mrs.
William Fair McSpadden is the daughter of
William P. and Diana (Carter) Parrott and
first cousin to Congressman Charles D. Car-
ter.

McSpadden, R. V. (See Foreman, Riley,
Grant and Ghigau) — Richard Vance McSpad-
den born July 30, 1879 at Tahlequah. Edu-
cated at Tahlequah Public School and gradu-
■•ited from Male Seminary June 29, 1S9S. He
married April 27. 1904 Ermina Essie Fore-
man, born February 23, 1879 in Vinita. She
was educated in Vinita, Jackson, Tenn. and
Cincinnati, Ohio. They are both members
of the Methodist Church but do not belong
to any fraternal orders or clubs. Mr. Mc-
Spadden is an oil producer and his wife was
very energetic in World War work, especial-
ly in Fed Cross work and as the directing
officer of the Surgical Dressing rooms.

James Walker McSpadden, the son of
Reverend T. K. B. McSpadden, was born Oc-
tober 25, 1848 in Alabama. Married April
IS, 18 72 Annie Thompson, born May 4,
1852. He was for many years one of the
stable business men of Tahlequah, as mer-
chant and miller. Mrs. McSpadden died
Sept. 20, 1891. Mr. McSpadden died April

19, 1905. Mr. and Mrs. McSpadden were
the parents of Florence Wilson, married
Philip Wharton Samuel; Richard Vance;
Mary Jane, married Thomas R. Crookshank,
and James Walker McSpadden, Jr.

Ermina Essie Foreman was the only child
of Dr. Austin Worcester Foreman, born at
Park Hill, August IS, 1855. Graduated from
the Louisville Medical College and located
at Vinita, where he married on February 2 3,
Emma Josephine Ridenhour, born May 1?,
1858, in Vienna, Mo. Mrs, Foreman died
January 23, 1899. He died December 18,

19 10.

Mrs. Ermina E. McSpadden's paternal
Grandfather was Rev. Stephen Foreman,
born February 22, 1807. He graduated
from Princeton University. Was elected as,
sistant Editor of the Cherokee Phoeni.x No-
vember 4, 1S29. Married Sallie W. Riley,
March 27, 1834. Ordained as a Presbyter-

HISTORY OF THE CllbROKtli INDIANS

lan Minister, September 25, 183 5. He wa>
elected as the first superintendent of Cher.,,
kee National Schools in 18-11. Elected 'o
the Supreme Court Bench on October li
lS-1-1, Hxecutive Councilor in 1847 and
1S55 and Clerk of the Senate in 1S67. H-
died December 8, iS8l. He also, with th'
Rev. Dr. Worcester, translated the Bible inh.
Cherokee and established the first Presby-
terian Church in Tahlequah.

Mayes, Wiley B. (See Adair and Downing)
Wiley B. .Mayes, born April 15, 1848, in
Flint District, married in May 1872 Emma
Bombrake, born in 185 4. They were the
parents of Thompson, born July 6, 1873
and Sinie B. Mayes, born Oct. 20, 18 76.
Mrs. Emma Mayes died April 18, 1877. Mr.
Mayes married February 11, 1879, Margaret
Gillis nee McLaughlin born July 13, 185':.
They were the parents of Lola Mayes, born
January 11, ISSO. Mrs. Margaret .Mayes
died January 19, 1SS3 and Mr. .Mayes mar-
ried July 22, 1885 Ermina Cherokee Vann
born February 26. 1856.

James Vann married September 17, lS2')
Elizabeth Heaton, a native of Georgia. H;
died January 20, 185 7 and she died .May 6,
i860. They were the parents of Ermina
Cherokee (Vann) Mayes.

Walter Adair, called "Black Watt' to dis-
tinguish him from his cousin, Walter Scott
Adair, who was called "Red Walt' was born
December 11, 1783. married May 13, 1804
Rachel Thompson, born December 24, 1786.
He died January 20, 1835 and she died
April 22, 1876. They were the parents i>.
Nancy Adair, born October 7, 1808, mar-
ried January 22, IS24, Samuel Mayes, born
November 11, 1803 in Tennessee. He died
December 3 0. 1858 and she died .March 18,
1876. Thev were the parents of Wiley B.
Mayes.

Martin, Mrs. William H. (See Ross and
Oolootsa) — Jennie, daughter of Henry and
Mary (Parris) Lowrey was born August 1,
1S5S. educated in the Cherokee National
Schools. .Married in 1 85 5 John Hubbard-
They were the parents of: Joanna, born No-
vember 26, 1876 and Mary Hubbard, born
November 28, 1878. Mrs. Jennie Hubbard
married Sept. 9, 1883, William Hercules, son
of Hercules T, and Permelia Martin. They
are the parents of: Frank Garland, born Au-
gust 9, 1884; Eugene Warren, born Janu-
ary 30, 1886; William Henry, born Januarv
28, ISSS; Susie Lowrey. born December !.

l.SS<); Tercsi .K.MrhiiK- l

lS"2;Ellen Crdi-lii N.rn i

IS"3; Jennie, horn l>i:c«rmb,r : |.
Sequoyah Kavim.nd .Mirlin N.rn '|,:
1SI9 and died .May 16, f<jr f,,
land (in world war).

Anderson Pierce, joti ..( ^
George and Lucy (Bene*)
ill IS 11 married .Mirv Siw.
10, IS13- He died .lulv 12. t.M!
died July 3. l.S'.o. Thcv *f,. th
of Henry Lowrev. born Oecr
and married Mary Parrij.

Henry Lowrey and .Mary »
of George Guess born Feb.
born Aug. l, iS5S; Daniel I-
1S60 Dollie Eunice born l>e<
derson born isoo; .Malllda l
1870 and Henry Beechcr bo-
McNair, Nicholas B. (See
ery and .McNaIr) — Nicholas I.
May 1, lS5'i, educated in ihe
Cherokee Nation, married in l'e,.r;::i
Rachel, daughter of Thomas and
(Sonicooie) Sander,s, born in t.St'
were the parents of: Oscar. N.rn
12, 1878; Clement, born Januart :■
and Etta .McNair, born Auicu.sl i;. l^'
Rachel .McNair died Ueccmher ;:. i-
married December 25. I8'»4, .Mjriba .
ter of William McDonald and Nanci
born .March 12, 1866 in L'nl<>n •
Georgia. Thev are the pirenlt ••( "
born August 28, ISO?; William Gun!.-
July 15, 189": Benjamin Franll.
September 9, iS'i'i; James p.-i-f >
cember 30. t">oi and Philip 1
October 23. 1905. ,Mr. McS"-
the Wolf Clan, is a farmer and a mr
the .Masonic and Odd Fello»» (riifr
David McNair. o( Scotch a«tnt. )■
1744. married Delilah Amelti rfi-^r'-
"Pich" Joseph and Flirabelh
1795. He died Aucust I '.
died November 'o. IS'S Tii
las Byers McNair, married Mi-
ter of .John and Sarah ('"o^ '
John Rogers, of Enjlish and "^
was born in 17 7'1 in Burke
gia. He was called "Nolich'i>«
differentiate him (r..m m-.thf ii!'-
Citizen of the Nati..ii a* that
other one wa?

called 'Hell 1"t J*<lk ^"i

612

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

ers. Nicholas Byers and Mary (Rogers) Mc-
Kair were the parents of Nicholas B. McNair,
the subject of this sketch.

Moore, Mrs. J. E. (See Grant, Daniel,
Adair and Gnsodiiesga) — Cherokee Cornelii,
daughter of Benjamin Franklin and .Mary De-
lilah (McNair) Adair, was born at Salina,
January 11, iSSl. Graduated from the
Cherokee Female Seminary. She married
Jan. 10, 1904 James Brutus, son of Alexan-
der Moore, born Nov. S, 1874. They are the
parents of: William Adair, born Dec. 25,
l'-)04; James, B. born March 15, 1907; Law-
rence, born June 9, 1910; Mary Eleanor,
born May 1, 191 3 and Cherokee Adair
Moore, born June l, I9l5.

On account of a love affair, to which his
father objected, Joseph the son of William
.Martin, a wealthy merchant of Bristol, was
given a ship, the Brice, during the first
quarter of the eighteenth century and sent
to Virginia, when shortly after his arrival be
married Susannah Childs, a member of a
prominent family and established a planta-
ti'in near Charlotteville. Their son, Joseph
was born there in 1740. The bl.ood of the
pioneer, Norman Knight, Martine, who was
with William the Conqueror at the fateful
battle of Hastings in October 1066, impelled
young Joseph to cross the southern Alle-
ghenvs where he became a prosperous fur
trader and planter. In 17 76, one year after
the battle of Le.xington, John Martin was
elected captain of the Transylvania .Militia,
the almost unknown but indispensable guard
(if the revolution that enabled the Americans
to send Ferguson back and turned the
tide against the hitherto successful Britons.
Martin had already, on February 17, 17 79
been made a Major and five months after
the battle of Kings Mountain, he was pro-
moted to a lieutenant colonelcy. He died at
Martinsville, Henry County, Virginia on De-
cember IS, ISOS where he was buried with
military and masonic honors.

His son John Martin was born October
20, 1781. Was the first Chief Justice and
first Treasurer of the Cherokee Nation.
He died in 1836 and was hurled at Ft. Gib-
son. He marrier Nellie McDaniel. and their
eldest child Martha, called "Patsy" Martin
married George Washington Adair, and thev
were the parents of Benjamin Franklin Adair,
who married Delilah McNair.

Mayes, Hall (See Grant, Downing, Fore-

man, Ooolootsa, Adair, Ross, Conrad and
Duncan) — Hall, son of Walter and Nannie
Filey (McCoy) Mayes was born near Pryor
September 26, 1891, educated at Male Semi-
nary, Bacone University and Agricultural
College at Stillwater. Married at Muskogee,
September 1, 1915, Sallie Pearl, daughter of
Henry Clay and Nannie Vinita (West) Coch-
ran Mayes, born July 19, 1920.

Samuel Mayes, born April 11, 1803, .:i
Tennessee. Married January 27, 1824 Nan-
cv Adair, born October 7, 180S. He died
December 30, 1858 and she died March IS,
1876. They were the parents of George
Washington Mayes born November 5, 1S2 4.
Married May 21, 1846, Charlotte Bushyhead
born March 16, 1830. She died January
23, 1878 and he died October 28, 1894
They were the parents of Walter Adair
Mayes born December 9, 1S60. Married
December 25, 1890 Nannie Rider McCoy
born March 25, 1866. They were the par-
ents of Hall Mayes.

John Rogers married Tiana Foster. They
were the parents of Elizabeth Rogers who
married Jesse Cochran and their son Jesse
Cochran married Susie Ross. They were
the parents of Henry Clay Cochran who
married Nannie Vinita West and they were
the parents of Sallie Pearl (Cochran) Mayes.

Nail, Mrs. Basil (See Grant and Dnucan)
— Joella, daughter of Joseph Lynch Thomp-
son and Frances B. Kell was born in Texas
November 27, 1866, educated at Vinita.
Married February 1, 1893, Basil Laskin Nail,
son of Larkin and Rebecca Nail, born in
Washington County, Arkansas. February 1,
185 7. They are the parents of Dora Ella,
born December S, 1893; Josie Esther, born
December 22, 1895, married at Vinita. Sep-
tember 22, 1915 N. B. Kerr; Georgia A.
born February 14, 1902, and Mary Alice Nail,
born April 3, 1906. The Nails and Kerrs
are farmers and live near Pensacola.

Nannie, the daughter of Brigadier Gener-
al Joseph Martin married Jeter Lynch a
member of the Irish nobility and they were
the parents of Maria Lynch who married
Jeter Thompson and they were the parents
of Joseph Lynch Thompson who married
Frances B. Kell.

Basil L. and Joella Noll's oldest daughter,
Dora Ella was married to John Lewis Warn-
er December 10, 191 1 and had two chil-

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKHH INDIANS

dreii, Herchel Ray, boni Sept. 5, 1912 and
Basil Bert was burn Nov. 2S, 1914.

Odle, Mrs. Grover C (See Ward) — Caro-
line Jane Gwatney, born Nov. 23, 1884, edu-
cated at Pryor and Female Seminary. Ma'-
ried Marcli IS, 1906, Grover Cleveland, son
of John and Mary Odle, born March 29,
1879 in Henry County. Mo. They are the
parents uf: Burdelte, born November 8,
1906; John Edward, born August 4, 1911;
Ruth, born June 20, l9ii and Mary Odle,
born October 3 1, 1910. AU. Odle is a
farmer near Pryor.

Edward Gwartney, born in Indiana .March
16, 1860. Married December 29, 18Si
Susie, daughter of John S. and Jane (Love-
less) Ward, born July 29. lS65. She died
Jan. 21, 1898. They were the r^irents oi
Mrs. Caroline Jane Odle.

Pace, Mrs. William H. (See Downing and
Adair) — Annie Lydia, daughter of John and
Rosella (Adair) Downing was born in Saline
District September 10, 1871. Educated in
Female Seminary and Harrell Institute, .Mus.
kogee. Married at Locust Grove December
22, 1S9S, William Hayden, son of William
and Loretta Pace, born in 1868 in Benton
County, Ark. They are the parents of: El-
bert Edward, born November 21, 1899 was
in the S- A- T. C. at Oklahoma University
and is at present attending the A. and .M.
College at Stillwater; Hayden Adair, born
February 19, 1901; Clyde Lewis, born No-
vember 3 0, 1902; Joe Sheldon, born June
14, 1904; Loretta Lucile. born January 15,
1906; Howard, born October 5, 1907 and
Alfred Collins Pace born August 7, 1909.

Mr. and Mrs. Pace are members of the
Methodist Church. He is a farmer and
stockraiser. near Welch; specializing in pure
bred Short Hnrn cattle and Poland Chi.ia
Hogs.

Sparlin, Benjamin F. (See Grant, Palmour)
—Benjamin, son of Oliver and Mattie Spar-
lin was born in Oklahoma Nov. 17, I8S3.
Married at Claremore, Okla. November 9,
I'M 4. Mary L. Sparlin, daughter of B. r.
and Amandie Palmour born Oct. 23, lS87
in Georgia. They are the parents of Amy
Gazelle, born March 12, 1917 and William
Sparlin, born June 10, 1920. Mr. Sparl.n is
a farmer near Chelsea.

Rogers, James F. (See Kogers)— James
Foster, son of Lewis and Elizabeth J. (Lisen-
be) Rogers was born in September ISSI.

Educated Iti the Chrr>.Lf« puMic «»h.»li i 1

.Male Seminary. .MjrticJ it Vimu i*.

sephine. daughter nt J.ihii l'.

Marker, born June 'i. \i::.

parents of: Flora t. b.-rn fcbe^

James Foster, born July IJ,

Bell, born June 9, t')uo; .Mir»

5. 1902; Annie L., b«rn March \i, i . i 4

Lewis T. born AurujI 8. I'MiT Mr i 4

.Mrs. Rogers liavc adop- '

Talala Buchanan Rogl■r^

a Cherokee girl. .Mr K. .

farmer :ina stipcknuii.

Phillips. Mrs. Woodlejr, (See Gfjnl «b4

Oulootsa) — .Maude lloyl .McSpidd^n, !-■ f .
at Chelsea, Cherokee Nation, .March 1
1885, educated at Chelsea and ihr }trH-
Seminary, from which she Kradualrd ivre
1903. She married April J. l.- a - •
Gail Phillips, born in (^rawl. ■
May 15, 1877. They are li
Joel Arthur, born February
died Dec. 13. 19 H; Donald v
Oct. 12, 1908; Ross .Marvin.
1912; Lawrence Gail, burn "■'
Paul iMcSpadden. burn .March

Woodley Gail Phillips •>( !
was among oil operators cm'
homa from Pennsylvania
1902.- Connected «ilh I'.h.'
Gas Co.. line ••! ihc pioneer . ,-
the state.

Phillips, Mr.. W. p. (See Grant, t 1- "
Ghigau and Adair) — Jane Anna, diu,
James Allen and Johnanna Dell (Bu!
Thompson was born Noveml
Educated in the Chen^kee '•
and Female Seminary, from »!
ated June 29. 1893. She nw
quah January ", I8"'5 Willla:
.M. H. and Josephine I'hillip'
14, 1869. Educated i" I'-
and .Male Seminary. Thev ai> ■
of: Lulu Bell. b.>rn ficlober I ♦. I»"
cated in Kendall Cllege. Chicac- '
York, graduating from the lorm^r
born March 27. 1S"8 and had Ihf m
cational advantages as did bff »
William Penn PhillipV 'r ^"> *»«
served si.x m.mths in the United S-
rines. receiving a medal for merilor
duct. The Phillipi- are member;
Methodist church. He l» »" H^ ' «
belongs to the Daujhlert of the Amer.c-
Revolution.

614

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

Joseph, the son of William Martin, a
wealthy merchant of Bristol, England settled
near Charlotteville, Virginia in the first quar-
ter of the eighteenth century- His son
Joseph was born on this plantation in 1740.
Joseph Jr. became a fur trader and plantei',
amassing wealth- He was elected Captain
of the Transylvania Militia in 17 76 became
Major. February 17, 17 7') and Lieutenant
Colonel in March 1781. His services were
incited against the Tories and their Indian
allies west of the Allegheny Mountains, they
having been stirred to violence by a letter
from the British Superintendent of Southern
Indian affairs, dated May 9, 1776 calling on
them for concerted action in surprising and
killing the men, women and children of thi
revolutionists and their sympathizers. The
south had been practically subjugated by the
summer of 17 80 and it was only by the ef-
forts of such transmontane patriots as Ma-
jor Joseph Martin that it was possible for a
part of the soldiers of the Mustmer foun-
tain to strike and destroy Ferguson at Kings
Mountain on October 7, 1780 and therebv
turn the tide in favor of the Americans.
Major Martin was not at Kings Mountain as
he was busy holding the British allies of thi
southwest at bay. In further recognition ot
his patriotic services, he was advanced to the
lieutenant colonelcy, five months later. He
was elected Brigadier General of the North
Carolina Militia by legislature on December
15, 1787 and was commissioned Brigadier
General of the Twelfth Brigade of Virginia
Militia by Governor "Light Horse Harry" Lee
on December 1 1, 1 793.

He died at Martinsville, Henry County,
Virginia on December 8, 1808 and was bur-
ied with military and masonic honors. He
married Susan Fields nee Emory and their
second child was Nancy Martin who married
Peter Lynch. The eldest of their eight
children was Martha Lynch born in March
ISOI. Married in 1816, James Allen
Thompson born July 4, 1795 in Pendleton
District, South Carolina. She died Septem-
ber 19, 1861 and he died February, 10,
Johnson Thompson married January 5, 1843
Eliza Christine Taylor born October 6, 1826-
Ile died April 7, 1900 and she died February
111, I ''02. Their son James Allen Thomp-
son born in 1851, married Johnanna Bell
Buffington, born February 13, 1854. She
died October 12, iSSl and he died in Oc-

tober 191 5. They were the parents of
Mrs. William Penn Phillips.

Fletcher, C. L. — C. L. Fletcher, son of B.
G- and M. H. (Guthrie) Fletcher was born
Jan. 25, 1885. Educated at the Male Semi-
nary and Commercial College, Ft. Smith,
Ark.; married Dec. 23, 1906 to Margaret M.
daughter of Alford B. and America (John-
son) Holland. Born July 24, 1886, died
Nov. 21, 1911. Two children were born to
this union, Loren born Feb. 23, 1909 and
Maggie H. born Nov. 7, 1911, died Aug. 27.
1912.

Married Lillian Blake Dec 6, 1913, daugh-
ter of B. W. and Sarah H. Blake, born in
the state of West Virginia March 24, 189^.
Two children were born to this union Jack,
born Mar. 12, 1916 and Joe R. born April
13, 1920. Mr. Fletcher was elected County
Commissioner of Adair County in 1918.

Griffin, George W. (See Conrad and Hen-
dricks)— George W., son of Isaiah and Katie
(Rich) Griffin was born in Rutherford Coun-
ty, Tennessee March 4, 1861; married at
Tahlequah Aug. 8, 1899 Jenetta, daughter
of James R. and Elizabeth (Hendricks)
Gourd, born Jan. 24, 1868- They are the
parents of Alice, born Oct- 15, 1901; Ira,
born Oct. 3, 1908, and Blanche Griffin born
Oct. 25, 1911. Mr. Griffin is a farmer near
Hulbert, Oklahoma.

Harris, Mrs. J. W. Jr- (See England) —
Lydia, daughter of Robert L. and Nynia Jane
(Cornatzer) Madison was born in Craig
County, April 6, 1894 and graduated ia
1917 from the Vinita High School- Mar-
ried at Vinita May 10, 1919, John Wesley,
son of John Wesley and Ida Josephine Har-
ris, born near Vinita, June 3, 1897. They
are the parents of Grace Cornelia Harris,
born March 19, 1920.

Mr. Harris enlisted for the World War at
Vinita, August 29, 1917. Sent to Camp
Pike , Arkansas where he was assigned to Co.
K. 166 Reg., 83rd Division. Sailed for France
September 1, I9i7. Transferred to Co. 1,
l52 Regiment 40th Divisions.

Hildebrand, Mrs. Samuel (See Hildebrand)
— Fannie, daughter of Frank and Agnes (Fos-
ter) Fritz was born in Cooweescoowee Dis-
trict October 8, 1879. Educated at Carlyl.'
and Haskell Institutes. Married at Vinita
February 24, 1900 Samuel, son of Benjamin
and Delilah (O'Fields) Hildebrand. born
February 14, ISSO. Educated in the Male

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKHE

INDIANS

Seminary. Thev are the parems uf Asne'.
born February 2 5, 1902; Lura, born March
2 7, 1904; Edward, Wirn May 3. 1906; Aarrm
born Arril 19, 19(,S; Glenn, born October
23. 1911; Floyd, horn .laniiary 17, 1911;
Georsia, born February 22, I9is and Melvin
Hildebrand, born January 31. 1920. .Mrs.
Hildebrand is a Metliodist and a Rebekah.
Mr. Hildebrand is a member of tlie Inde-
pendent Order of Odd Fellows. Thev ar.;
farmers near Vinita.

Pennel, Mrs. Henry C. (See Grant and Dun
can) — Dora Fannie, daughter of Thomas Fo-;
and Helen Alice (Kell) French, born .lulv
17, 1874. Educated at Fort Gibson and
Female Seminary. .Married December 6.
1893 Henry Camillius son of William and
Caroline Pennel, born January IS. 1S73 in
Washingtrin County, Ark. They are the
parents of: Thomas William born October 5.
1895; Charles Columbus, born December 9.
1S97; James Kell, born January 19. 1900;
Bernice, born Feb. 27, 1904 and Thelda Pen-
nel. born March 3. 1915. Mr. and Mrs.
Pennel are member of the Holiness Church.
They are farmers, near Hulbert, Okla.

Rogers, Miss Mary K. (See Cordery and
Daniel) — Henry Curtis Rogers, born in
1825. .Married Louisa Jane Thompson nee
Blackburn, born in 1823. She died No-
vember 30, 1SS3 and he died February 3,
1896. They were the parents of; Mary Kin-
ney; Catherine who married Isaac Newton
Strickland; Lucy P. who married William
Ridge Rogers; Eugene Overbv whu married
William Rufus Greer; William Henry, elected
Treasurer of Rogers County 1907 and 1910
and County Commissioner of the same coun-
ty; and Stonewall Jackson Rogers.

Miss Mary Kinney Rogers is a graduate
from the Moravian School of Salem, N. C-
.Mrs. Eugenia Oglesby Greer was President
of the East Oklahoma Woman's Missionary
Society for three years. She is still .ictive-
Iv engaged in missionary work.

McCuUough, Mrs. Peter (See Grant and
Adair) — Sarah Penelope Fields, born April
I 2, 1842. Married October 20, 1S59. John

Jackson Smith, born December 22, 1836 in
Mc.Minn County, Tennessee- They were
the parents of Magenia Jane Smith, born
October 24, 187 1. Educated in the Chero-
kee Public Schools and Female Seminary
Married March 4. 189 5 Peter, son of Milton
Howard and Rachel Jane (Adair) McCu!-

lough, born ,\la\ 2'>. is";
parents of: Winnie I>jm», j,,
Ret J. burn in i')oi; (;|jj»,
I'HM; William I'enn. N„„ ,„ ,
M. born in I'mo. .Mr ,„j ■
lough are members o( ihr i:hr
He is a merchant in MUmi •
been City Treasurer.

Re.x J. McOullouRh stt\cd i
during the World War. «jt I,
charged with meritorious cila:

.Minnie Davis McCull.iuKh t:j.:.....
the .Miami High School in nir. A«vt .j
to special stenoRriphic work In lb »i- ; ;
Treasury Department at WJ^|■
.McCullough is a composer i :.
verse.

Smith, Fred, (See Cr*nt utd WiJ> -

Frederick David, son o( Samur' ■ ' '

Jane (Ward) Smith was horn

Creek, .March 24. iSf.5. educr

ware District. Married -m Ln n Ji , jm :

May 26, I88S. Charlotte Eli/abrth. diuthifi

of John Jefferson and .Marv Pauline (Adiifi

Fields, born August 27. )S72. rducitrd '

Delaware District. Thev are the pirenn . •

Frederick Eldo. born Jun< 19. IS04, c'lJj

ated from the Northeastern Stale Nofmii •!

Tahlequah in r>i5 and Draugh

College; Richard Lafavelle, Nr

7. 1899; Charles Julian, born S

1903, married Opal Pearl Vour.

Smith, born August 4. 19 lo.

a farmer near Big Cabin and ii a ii•.l^l^^.•.■

the Independent Order o( Odd Fello»\ »- ;

.Mrs. Smith is a Rebecca.

Richard, son of Ezekial and .Man v
(Sexton) Fields married fc'll/abrlh Blac< ' J
they were the parents of John JelL-f
Fields who married .Mar\ Pauline Adu

Snider, (See Grant and Duncan) — H^.-
. Jacob, son of Andrew Johnson (N.rn Mj '
1867 in Davis County. .Mo) and <> '■
(Muskrat) Snider, horn Mas «. I*''
Delaware District and married No,rc!-
1SS6 and died Julv 2, fo:, ■•
tember 29, l.SSS at Grove. Dela
He was educated at Grose and Vi
narv. He married Seplemher 3'-.. I '
.Martha Elizabeth, daughler of J..hn M» ■
r:)aniel (born October 2. is 41 marrifd »
ust 31, 1876 and died ocl.iher I". I"
and Alice R. (Smith) t>anicls (h-.f i
10, 1854 at Fayeltesllle. Arkansas irJ J'1
November to. |io5). N'rn Apfil I'. i»'»

616

HISTORY OF THE C HEROKEE INDIANS

and married September 26, 1912 at Vinita.
Elbert J. and Martha E. Snider are tfie par-
ents of Genevieve M. born October 27, 191j
and Elbert Jacob Snider, born November 22.
1915.

John Martin Daniel was elected Sheriff of
Delaware District August 4, 1873 and mem-
ber of council from same district August 6,
1883 and his son, James Henry, the eldest
brother of Mrs. Martha E. Snider was elected
a member of the Council in 1902.

Elbert Jacob Snider is the grandson of Ja-
cob and Martha (Fields) Muskrat; great
grandson of Ezekial and Polly Ann (Sexton)
Fields and the great great grandson of Rich-
ard Fields. Chief of the Texas Cherokee from
1S22 until his death in 1827. Elbert J.
Snider, has three brothers, James Floyd,
born January 1, 1890; Roy Clinton, born
May 3. 1892 and Cecil Freeman Snider born
May 3, 1897.

Mrs. Martha E. Snider's brothers and sit-
ters are Marmaduke, born October 9, 1877;
James Henry, born April 9, 1879 and died
May 5, Robert John born May 9, 1S81; Lulu
May, born January 21, 1884; Eliza J. born
March 25, 1886; Emma E. born February 19,
1880; WiMiam A. born August 26, 1892;
Edgar Jackson, born February 14, 1895 and
Walter Scott Daniel, born Dec. 12, 1898.
Elbert J. Snider had one sister, born Nov.
16, 1900 and died July 7, 1902.

Thompson, John F. (See Ghigau) — John
Franklin, son of Caleb Starr and Matilda
(Cordill) Thompson, was born November
20, 1853 in Union County, Georgia and
educated in that State. Married in Georgia
Aug. 13, 1876, Amanda C, daughter of
Lewis and Catherine Little born Sept. 12,
1813 in N. C. They are the parents of:
Lewis Caleb, born June 13, 1877 and died
Dec. 4, 1899; David Elihu, born Aug. 4.
1878 and died Nov. 7, 1920; William La-
fayette, born Nov. 13, 1879; Annie M. born
July 19, ISSI, died Jan. 30, 1903; John
Nelson, born April 10, 1883; Mary S. born
Oct. 29, 1884 and married James G. Trapp;
Nellie, born Aug. 1, 1886 and married L. F
Johnson; Margaret Latitia, born Aug. 24,
1889 and married E. B. Edwards; Pearly,
born April 2, 1891, died April 26, l89i,
Jesse Clayhorn, born June 5, 1895. Mr.
Thompson is a farmer near Tahlequah. Hi
affiliated with Cherokee Lodge No- 10 ci
Tahlequah on November 9, 1883 and was

Master of the Masonic Lodge from 1896 to
1900 and was again chosen for that position
in 1902. He was elected County Commis-
sioner of Cherokee County, November 7,
1916.

Reid, James Walker (See Thompson) — A
minister of the Presbyterian Church does not
draw a large salary. Ordinarily he can by
careful saving give his children a common
school, high school or more rarely a univer-
sity education, but it requires rare ability for
a man to stay in the ministry through a long
and useful life, generally stationed in the
smaller cities, to give not only one but sever-
al of his sons and daughter extra American
and European university educations, such as
are generally at the behest of families of
opulence, hut this was one of the distin-
guished abilities of Reverend and Mrs- Gil-
bert Taylor Thompson.

Gilbert Taylor Thompson, son of Matthew
and Sallie Turner (Denman) Thompson, was
born April 15, 1847. Graduated from So-
nora Masonic Institute in 1868. Married
February 2, 1865 Josephine Amanda King,
born April 10, 184 7 in Cass County Geor-
gia. He was ordained a minister in the
Presbyterian Church in April 1874, at Re-
saca, Georgia. He died at Tahlequah April
20, 1901.

The sons and daughters of Reverend an..i
Mrs. Thompson are the most highly educated
family among the Cherokees, several of them
having been educated abroad. They are:
Allison Denman, Ernest, Milton King, James
Kidd, Cleo, Gilbert Taylor and Matthew As-
ter.

Cleo Thompson graduated from the Pres-
byterian College of Upper Missouri in 1893
and Ward Seminary, Nashville in 1896, mar-
ried on Dec. 25, 1899 to James Walker Reid,
born May 31, 1870 in Mecklinburg Co., N.
Car. Mr. Reid is a graduate of Erskine Col-
lege, Due West, S. C. Mr. and Mrs. Reid
live at Tahlequah, where he has been in
business for several years.

They are the parents of children of whom
they will ever have reason to be proud:
Thompson Reid, born January 26, 1901;
Mary Cleo born April 6, 1904; James Wa'k-
er, Jr., born Aug 30, 1906 and Marjorie.
born July 14, 1910.

Sullivan, Frank R. (See Grant and Cord-
ery) — Frank Robert, son of James and Mary
.Ann, (AlcPherson) Sullivan was born near

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEK INDIANS

6!.'

Claremore April 5. 1S78. Hdueated at Yel-
low Springs, Cooweescoowee District. iMar-
ried Daisy Bishop. They were the parents
of James Biadshaw Sullivan, born June 10,
189 7. Mr- Sullivan married June 2, 1900,
Peggy Stop born in 1875 and educated ?.t
Catoosa. They are the parents of: Andrew
Leerskov, born February S, 1914, and .Mary
Belle Sullivan, born June 24, 1916. Mr.
Sullivan is a farmer near Claremore.

James, son of George and Elizabeth Ann
(Rogers) Sullivan was born in Georgia April
23, 1849. .Married .Mary Ann, daughter of
George Washington and Elmira (Gardinhier)
.McPherson, born November 19, 1846. She
died in 1SS3 and he died June 25, 1901.

Susan, daughter of John and Nannie
(Fields) Crutchfield married James Stopp
and they were the parents of .Mrs. Frank Sul-
livan.

Smith, Richard M. (See Grant) — Elh.
daughter cf Wirt and Sarah (Woodward)
Fields, born April 17, 185 3, married at Fort
Gibson Frank N- Smith, born in 1845- .Mrs.
Smith died November 6, l89l. They were
the parents of Richard Martin Smith, born
Jan. 28, 18S1, educated in the Chercjkee
Public School, and Male Seminary. .Married
at Wagoner Aug. 10, 1903, Carrie, daugh-
ter of Columbus and Amanda Phipps, born
.March 4, ISS". They are the parents of
Gide..n. born Sept. 25, 1906 and Theron
Smith, born Feb. 3, 1910. Mr. and Mrs.
Smith are members of the Methodist Church-
He is a member of the 1- O. 0. F. and is a
farmer, near Wagoner.

Susannah Wolf married Henrv Woodard
and their son Thomas Woodard married Nan-
nie Morning. They were the parents of
Sarah Woodard who married Wirt Fields.

Thornton, OrviUe E. (See Ward)— Or-
ville Elihu, son of George Washington and
Emilv Jane (Austin) Thornton was born
May 29, 1876, in Iowa and educated in that
state; married in Iowa April 2, i89S Uru-
cilla A., daughter of Reuben ^"1 J^'-f;""
Ann Conley. Their adopted daughter Geor-
gia Myrtle Martin was born at Centralia Feb-
ruarv ^^ 1910 and has been with them since
he waV5 days old- She is generalb^ known
as Georgia Myrtle Thornton, ^r. Thornton
is Justice of the Peace at Centralia and is
engaged in farming.

George Washington Thornton was born on
Beatties Prairie on February 2, 1836.

Ad«ir, SkRiuel (S<e Adjlf )— Sjmufl. iSr

son iif Kuivix and Ifiini* (llcMt) AJ... , ,.

born in (he » hcr.iltcc Niii..n v

1S69; was educilfd ll Ihe < her .

Asylum. He marrlrj Mirih o. ! . .

the daughter of l)ick Welch. b«.rn Mi> ■

1S77. They were the p^rentt ■■• »■

born November 2S, 1892; tdnj

27, IS97; Levi, burn December

Griffin born April .UJ, I'lOS. Si.

ceniber S. 1900; and Uenjiniin

December 15, l'>lo. .Mr j .1

are members of the l'r>-

He was a deputy U. S. '.'

officer for the Frisco Kii;.\j

Their son Levi, enlisted and »i

ing line in France during the ri--

Adair, A. Frank (S«e Cram
Frank. s>>n of J"hn L\nch an J
(Jeffreys) Adair was born AuKuti i.-i. »i".
educated in .Male Seminary. Virrifd i'
Tahlequah September t, lS86 v
beth .Miller, born February 22. '.
were the parents of: Arthur L. ».., . •
.May 11. iS'M and ("»\ven Lewis Adair, b-wn
March 18, 1S93.

Rachel, daughter ..f Jeter and yt'^i'-
(.Martin) Lynch married Thoma* Beniawa
Adair and they were the parenU <>l J-hn
Lynch Adair who married Mary Jane J*(-
frevs a native of Virginia.

Burges., Mr.. T. H- (S«. W«J) — M.r.
Ann Gwartney born December 10, ISS: edu-
cated at Prvor and Female Seminarj. Mar-
ried at Prvor. December 17. foi. T. It,
son of Robert and Sarah Burj*". N>rn Sep!
26. ISSO in WashinRton Counlt. Art
They are the parents "f Br ■ •
March H. f^oS; Lucille. b..f
lOiO; Thomas Henry, born ^
1911; Jack, born November l>. !''> *^
Leonard Burgess, born June «:. '"JO .M»
Burgess is farming near Prvor ^

John S. Ward, born October ■■ «».«>^
Married July 27. 1857 Jennie Lo^ele- S-
.Mav 1. tS42. She died Unuarj «
and he died June .5. 'S^' ^he'r •
ter Susie married td.ard G.|r-
thev are the parents of ,Mrv T. H. 1

Downing. Cor,. B. (V- 0--
George Brewer. s..n ■■( P-.d .^nd^.
(Faught) Downing, born >»" ;
cated in Going ^nake fMtr.t
February 30, 1S7 7 ArabdU *«

618

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

in 1S60 ill Wasliingtoii County, Arkansas.
Tliey are tlie parents of: David Monroe, burn
Decemlier 2, 1S77; Tininiie Jane, born Oc-
tober 28, 1S79; Catlierine Mahala, James
Lewis, Effie Ola, born September 20, 1893;
William Alexander; and Jessie Downing, born
August 22, 1902. George Brewer is a Ma-
son. He was appointed Sheriff of Saline
District, September 23, 1897.

Dupree, William E. (See Adai;) — Dr.
William J. Dupree. born December 25, 1S24,
in Alabama, married in 1851 Charlotte,
daughter of John and Charlotte (Adair)
Bell. They were the parents of William E.
Dupree, born November 9, 185 7 in Wood
Co. Texas and he was educated at James-
town, 5 miles north of Overton, Texas. He
married at Quitman, Tex. on Jan. ll, 1SS3,
Fannie L., daughter of Dr. W. E. H. and
Fannie (Aycok) Wright, born Jan. 14, 1S61,
in Wood County, Texas. They are the par-
ents of Elmer, born October 24, 1883; Her-
bert, born April 2, 1887, died April 2, 1918;
Emma, born December 13, 1888; Wright,
born October 8, 1890; Bessie, born May 29,
1892; Fred, born August 20, 1895; Annie,
born July 4, 1899; Eleanor Dupree. born
August 2, 1904.

Bessie Dupree married Dorsey E. Hall, and
thev are the parents of Dorsey E. Hall, Jr.,
born April 30, 1916; Wright Dupree and
Eleanor Elizabeth, twins, born July 20,
1917. Wright Dupree Hall died January

16, 1920; Alonzo Carter Hall, born July
19. 1920. Mr. and Mrs. Hall are living in
Fort Collins, Colorado.

Mr. and Mrs. Dupree are members of the
Baptist Church, and he is a successful farm-
er near Vinita.

Jamestown, Smith Co. Texas was noted
for its good school. In the fall of 1866 Dr.
Dupree moved there from his farm in Wood
Co., Tex. to educate his children. In 1S7 7
he moved back to his farm in Wood Co.

Mitchell, Clay Albion (See Oolootsa and
Foreman) — George W. Mitchell, born De-
cember 26, 185 2 at Bloomfield, Arkansas;
married June 13, 1886, in Going Snake Dis-
trict, Martha .1. Horn, who was born March

17, 1862. They are the parents of Clay
Albion Mitchell, born April 1, 1894, who
was educated at Vinita, Oklahoma, and mar-
ried at Vinita on December 23, 1916, Martha
Eunice, daughter of Sarah (Nazworthy)

.. iv/

Chamberlain, born February 5, 1899, and
was educated at Vinita, Oklahoma. They are
the parents of Robert Clay, born October
30, 1917 and Hazel Maurine Mitchell, born
February 14, 1919.

Mr. and Mrs. Mitchell are members of the
Christian Church, and he is a farmer near
Bluejacket, Oklahoma.

John Horn married Susan Louella Fore-
man, and they were the parents of Mrs.
Martha J. (Horn) Mitchell.

Reverend Amory Nelson Chamberlain mar-
ried Dollie Eunice Hoyt, and they were the
parents of Edward Warner Chamberlain.

Meek, William A. (See England, Grant
and Daniels) — David England married Susan
A. Conner. Their daughter Arminda Eng-
land married William England, Isaac Scrim-
sher and Elias H. Jenkins. Her daughter,
Alta Berilla Scrimsher, born November 24,
185 5, died Sept. 8, 1S85; married January
20, 1873 Abram Meek born September 27,
1851 in Vandalia, Illinois. Died April 15,
1907. Their son William Alvin Meek was
born November 7, 1880. Educated in Male
Seminary at Tahlequah and Draughon's Busi-
ness College, Oklahoma City, graduating
from the latter July 21, 1904. Married
August 8, 1909, Ada, daughter of Henry and
Emma Jane Donelly, born June 24, 1890,
educated in Willie Halsell College and Sac-
red Heart Academy at Vinita. They are the
parents of Ada Fay Meek, born April 29,
1912. Mr. and Mrs. Meek are members oi
the Methodist Church. He is a merchant
and is postmaster at Miles.

Merrell, Mrs. William — Corintha C. daugh-
ter of Pleas and Sarah Cheek was born
March 2, 1875. Educated at Grove. Mar-
ried at Vinita October l5, 1893 William, son
of Asa C. and Emeline Merrell, born May 9,
1865 in Saline County, Mo. They are the
parents of Luvena, born May 5, 1897, mar-
ried July 20, 19 IS, John Robinson and has
one daughter Audra May, born May 7, 1920.
Lola, born March 2, 1900, married July 5.
1920 Bee Garrison; Pleasant Chandler, born
February 17, 1904; Jewell, born February
15, 1909 and Euphaetta Merrell, born Feb-
ruary 24, 1912. Mr. and Mrs. .Merrell are
residents of Welch.

Mitchell, Mrs. George W. (See Grant,
Downing, and Foreman) — George W., son of
George W. and Mary A. Mitchell, was born

HISTORY OF THE CHHROKElf IN[)IANS

in Bloomfield, Arkansas, Dtfcemher 20, 1S5 2-
married Susan Cherokee, daughter of Ste-
phen and Pollv c. (Beck) Hildebrand. They
were the r^nents of Dr. Robert L., born
April 10, 1S76; Levia L.. born July 7, 1S7S;
Savohi L.. born April 5. LSSi; chuul S..'
born May Ki. 1883. After the death „t
Mrs. Susan Cherokee Mitchell, .Mr. .Mitchell
married, on June 13, 1S86, Martha J. Horn,
born March 17, 1862. They are the par-
ents <jf Lee R. .Mitchell, burn Liecember 11,
1888; .loseph F. Mitchell, born February 10.
1891; Clay A. Mitchell, born April l, 1895;
Beulah V. Mitchell, born (October 7, 1897-'
George W. Mitchell, Jr., bnrn June 2 5,
1S99; Ross B. Mitchell, born January lo!
1902; and Foreman Drew .Mitchell, born
September 7, 1904.

Mrs. Martha J. Mitchell is the daughter of
John Horn, born August 3, 1823, and died
in 1888. Her maternal grandmother. Elsie
Hicks, who married Jeremiah Horn, a white
man, was the daughter of "Chief" Charles
R. Hicks.

George W. .Mitchell was a member of the
Cherokee National Board of Education from
189 5 to 1897.

Stephen Hildebrand married Mary, daugh-
ter of Jeffrey and Sallie (Downing) Beck
and they were the parents of Mrs. Susan
Cherokee (Hildebrand) Mitcliell.

Martha .1. Mitchell was a grand daughter
of Dr. Bark and Rachel Foreman and a
daughter of Susan Horn.

Rambo, Mrs. Lola M. (See Grant, Oolootsa
and Adair) — Lola M., daughter of Marshall
and Pauline (McCoy) Mann, was born Sep-
tember 6, 188 5 at Vinita, Oklahoma. She
was educated at Kidd-Key College at Sher-
man, Te.xas, and Willie Halsell College at
Vinita. Cklahcniia. She graduated from the
latter institution; and also took a steno-
graphic course at this school. She was mar-
ried at Muskogee December 4, 1907, to
Walter A., son of James J. and Alary A.
Rambii. They are the parents of Alma El-
sine, born Sept. 12, 1908; Marshall J., born
Oct. 3 1, 1910; Kenneth, born Aug. 17, I9l3
and Pauline Louise R.imbo. born January 6,
1916.

Mrs. Rambo is private secretary to the
Superintendent for the Five Civilized Tribes
at Muskogee. She is a member of the
Saint Paul Methodist Church of .Muskogee;

Eastern Sur and KiiiKht* jrij Lidi<« ..i

curity traleriMllcs. .Mr* Kjint-.. r.>: ;

the pi.silicMis nf Sccrcljr* I..,

vis Assl. Creek Njliunil At|..f

C. Allen. Creek Nitii.nil All.

same uftice under Willuin M !

eminent I'mbaie Allurnn

.Marshall .Mann, hi.fn Mirvl.
Ohio, married, at Wchbcrt fj
21. 1873, Pauline J. .McC...\, .
July 24. l,S53, in Ihe r,her..k.r.

Pauline Jane, daughter ..( i
and Lucy Jane (Adair) Mv
jMarshall .Mann. .March 2 1, l,s

Swain, Mr». Rebecca M. (See [h"ni[-i ..
and Riley) — Joseph Pi>lslrc.m. N.rn ffbfj
ary 11, 1S34, in Birmirinhim, Aijbimi. i-)-
ried Novemher 16. 1863 in Bi>r.u Mtr » j.
Susan Rebecca Wilsnn, who » •' 1 •
19, 1846, at Fort Gibson. T
parents of Rebecca .McNiir !■■
August 19, IS64 on Bivnu MeHjtJ. j^.J -i^
educated in the Female Seminir* it Tjhif
quah. She married December 27. \%' ■
John, son of George and Nanc* (I'fjm/r)
Swain, born October 5. 1S3 5 in Wmnr'te
land County, Peniisvlvania- He »er<ej i"
the Union Army durinR the Civil Wif -
Company E, Fourth California lnfantr> He
died April 6, 1920. Mr. Swain w« 1 chf
ter member of the Vinita Lode- •- < > '
& A. M. and a 32nd decree '
Swain is a member of ihr >
Church; and Grand .Matron of the <»iJcf ■■'■
the Eastern Star of the Indian Terril"r<. hi»
ing held that position in t.S''5-'j Shf ■<•
also a member of Ihe Wnmani Civic Inc^r
Delphian and Premier Worthwhile riu»-<

.Mrs. Swain's Cherokee name i« Oui d i
and she is a member of Ihe "'I * "■ -
clan.

Skinner, Mr.. R.y N. (<■:■:
Duncan) — Jemima Winnie (u
of Robert Ray and Cvnihia '
Taylor was born TuesJi*. !
ISOS. Educated at Willie H:
and Sacred Heart Institute,
ried at Carthage. .Missouri. Au.
Rav Nathaniel, son of Nathini<-
(Kell) Skinner, born Seplembf
Vinita. Thev are the pireni
Skinner, born March I. «"!'
Arizona.

Nannie, daughter of Lewi* V
(Chambers) Kell wM hot"

620

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

1861. Married in March IS 79 Nathanial
Skinner, born April S, 185 1 in Harrison
Cdunty, Kentucl^y. She died January 28,
1889.

Nancy Elizabeth, daughter of Broom, Chief
of Broomstown, a full blood Cherokee of the
Wolf Clan married Nathan Hicks, a white
man. They were the parents of Charles R.
Hicks, born in 1760 and died in 1826.
Elsie, daughter of Charles R. Hicks, born
in 17 60 and died in 1826. Elsie, daugh-
ter of Charles K. Hicks, married Jeremiah
Horn, a white man and they were the par-
ents of William Horn who married Margaret
Ledbetter. Their daughter Cynthia Jane
Horn was born November 29, 1847 in Col-
lin County, Te.xas. Married in Collin Coun-
ty, March 14, l87l, Robert Ray Taylor,
born November 25, 1832 in Wilson County,
Tennessee. He died February 12, 1920. Mr.
Skinner is a farmer and stockraiser near Vi-
nifa. Mrs. Skinner's Cherokee name is
Walleah.

Weir, Joseph Harris (See Ward) — Joseph
Harris, son of Webster Wayne and Sabra
(England) Weir was born January 7, 1889,
educated at Vinita. Married near Ketchum,
April 10, 1910, Leona, daughter of John and
Jessie Williams June 25, 1893. They are
the parents of Jessie Lucile born May 6,
1913; Joe Lee Wayne, born May 14, 19i6
and Billie J. born February 18, 1921.

Joseph, son of William and Susie (Ward)
England married Sabra Cooper and they
were the parents of Sabra England who mar-
ried Webster Wayne Weir.

Smith, Mrs. Ford (See Ghigau and Hilde-
brand) — Eliza, daughter of Henry and Mar-
garet (Patrick) Fry, born February 15,
1866. Educated in the Cherokee Public
Schools and Female Seminary. Married at
Tahlequah February 15, 1882 to Warren Al-
onzo, son of Alonzo and Sarah Westover,
born March 22, 1844 in Illinois. He died
November 28, 1896. They were the par-
ents of: Willard W. born February 14, 1883;
Thomas H. born December 11, 1885; Lelia
Etta, born August 23, 1887; Josephine M.
horn January 2 7, 1890; Warren Ferdinand,
born May 28, 1892 and died Feb. 28, I9l3.
Mrs. Eliza Westover married at Oolagah Au-
gust 6, 189 7 to Ford Clement, son of James
G- and Amelia Smith born April 10, 1866, in
Armstrong County, Pennsylvania. They are
the parents of: Lewis Clement, born .May 4,

1898 and James Reagar Smith, born Feb-
ruary 12, 1901. Mr. and Mrs. Smith are
farmers near Wann, Okla. Their three sons
were in service in the World War.

Andrews, Mrs. Homer A. (See England) —
Sarah Caldonia, daughter of Abram and Alta
Berilla (Scrimsher) Meek, born October 26,
1876. Married near Vinita August 10, 1892
Homer A. son of Homer Francis and Mary
E. Andrews, born Jan. 10, 1874 in Chero-
kee County, Kan. They are the parents of:
Mary, born September 17, 1893; Alvin Frank-
lin born March 27, 1896; Clyde Edward,
born March 14, 1900; Bethel Loraine, born
October 5, 1902, graduated from Bacone
College, Muskogee, May 23, 1921; Mable
Clare, born September 23, 1904; Alice
Jaunita born October 13, 1906; Zenobia
Ruth, born April 18, 1910; Homer Allen
born December 18, I9l4 and George Wayne
Andrews born Sept. 12, 1917. Alvin Frank-
lin Andrews enlisted for World War Septem-
ber 26, 1916 at Oklahoma City was assign-
ed to Coast Artillery, Battery 6, 62nd Regi-
ment, was in France from August 1918 to
February 1919, advanced to corporal and
sergeant. Discharged in September, 1920.

Campbell, Mrs. H. B. (See Ghigau) —
Laura Craig born at Welch December 16,
1889. Graduated from the Welch High
School. Married at Welch December 23,
1912 to Harvey Brooks, son of Jacob A.
and Anna Campbell, born Nov. 13, 1875 in
Saline County, Mo. They are the parents
of: Harvey Craig born December 17, 1915;
Laura Kathryn, born September 27, 1918
and Mary Eugenia Campbell, born March 8,
1^2 1. Mrs. Campbell is a member of the
Christian Church. He is a wholesale hay
and grain dealer and President of the Okla-
homa State Bank of Welch.

Mrs. Campbell is the daughter of Frank-
lin Wallace and Catherine (Tetrick) Craig.
Craig County was named for her Uncle,
Granville C. Craig.

Cox, Mrs. Zeno M. (See Grant, Cordery
and Duncan) — Emma J., daughter of David
McLaughlin and Mary J. (Vickery) Beck was
born August 17, 1874. Educated in tlie
Cherokee Public Schools. Married in 1893
W. J. Elledge. They were the parents of
Roy P. born November 4, 1894 and Cena
Belle Elledge, born June 20, 1896. Mrs.
Elledge married in December 1899 Zeno M.
son of Aaron and Sarah Cox, born January

HISTORY OF THE CHHROKHE 1M)1AN>

Oil

were the parents of: Zeno I'n

on, November 24, i9oi, Sarah Vinita.

6, 185 2. Thev
M. b

bor Septe,„ber 27. ,9,,; MeMn. born
September 12, ,9,2 and Clinton Clark Gov
born October 4 10 1„ ,,,, ,,

,; ' ■ -"f- ^"•■< IS a farmer

near Estella Okla., Craig Countv.

Hill, Mrs. Henry J. (See Adair)_Emma,
the d.auKhter of William E. and Fannie L.
(Wright) Dupree, was born in Tex Dec l>
1888; educated at Willie Halsell College ai
Vin.ta, and the Northeastern State Normal at
Tahlequah, Okla. She married at Vinita on
Dec. 22, 1915, Henry J., son of Frederick W
and Catherine Hill. He was born .May 5
188 5. in Asherville, Mitchell Countv, Kan'
sas. They are the parents of Frederick Wil-
liam, born October 2, l9lo, in Birmingham,
Alabama; Anna Catherine, born December 25,
iyi7. in Memphis. Tennessee, and Henry
Marion Hill, born January 28, 1920, in Vi-
nita, Oklahoma.

Mr. and Mrs. Hill are members of the
Presbyterian church. He is a boilermaker,
and is officiated with the .Masonic fraternity.
Klau.',, William H. (See Sanders and Ward)
— William Henry, son of Robert and Polly
(Sanders) Klaus, was born on Grand
Fiver, opposite the mouth of Horse Creek,
on February 28, 1874. Educated in
Worcester Academy. Vinita. .Married at Vi-
nita November 17, 189 5. Charlotte, daugh-
ter of Isaac Marshall and Sarah Elizabeth
(Nidiffer) .Mode, born .March IS, 1877,
in Delaware District, and educated at
Willie Halsell College, Vinita. They are
the parents of: Jesse Henrv. born Oct.
4. 1896. and Anna .Mae Klaus, born Sep-
tember 12, 1005.

Mr. and Mrs. Klaus are farmers, near Vi-
nita. Isaac Nidiffer married Lucy Arthur and
they were the parents of .Mrs- Elizabeth
.Mode.

Le Force, Mrs. James A. (See Riley and
Oolootsa) — Fannie Myrtle, daughter of Mon-
roe Calvin and Lucv Lowrey (Hoyt)
Keys, was born in the Choctaw Na-
tion, November 5. 1862. Educated in the
Female Seminary and Northfield Seminary in
Massachusetts. Married at Vinita September
11. 1892. .lames Andy, son of John B.
and Amanda (Blankenship) LeForce, born
December 26, 1859. They are the parents
of Flossie Mae, born October 14, 1S93,
graduated from Vinita High School, 1914,

ivers.ty of Oklihunu. .„h . . ,■ ..
sree in \'i2u; lamci l...«rf».
■'». IS"5. enlisted („r the <*,
tember 2S, lo,:, a„ij,„.j ,„ ^
company i„ 3;.s .v,chinc (i .
C-'ivision. .ind wis in Ihr -
September 12, i'm.S, ,,
the armistice, and wjs 11^
of occupation, was dischirt.- ;
Pike June 21. I9i.). suttuA
1920. Lois Rachel Britlon; the, A.,,...,,
was born March .i, |921. Sarih L..in» K„,
November 21, 1.S..7. RriduiteJ '
High School i„ i.),7_ ,„j i^ ^
University of Oklahomi; and
liam Leforce. born November '
Mr. and .Mrs. LeForce arc
the Presbyterian church, her i.,h<(..t«
name is Au-nah-hee. .Mr. LeForce i» > luc
eessful farmer and stockman.

Roberts, Mr.. Walter E, (See (>i|,i<,l*i)
— Edward Warner, sc^n ..( Amnrv E and
Dollie Eunicia (Hoyt) Chamherlin. N.m < -^
tober 10, 1S5 3. .Married Auruil :. mi.
Sarah E. Nazw.irthy. born .Mav :o, \S,^, ,„
Illinois. He died .March 21, \s->'i Thf.
were the parents of Laura IIi.m '
born at Vinita, .March II. I ,s ■
in Female Seminary. .Married 1; .

vember 25, 1906, Walton E.. son o( ttdliam
F. and Nancy Francis Roberls. horn Sepl i'<,
188 7. They are the parenl5 >.f Loult Wil-
ton, born October 19i)7; Donald Ed**r4.
born October }0. I"i?. and E«a iHinllj
Roberts, born November 22. I'>16 Mr.
Roberts is with the St. CUIr Reflnen «l
Vinita.

Wimer, Mr.. J. H. (See Grant )— Herbe-r
son of John .Martin, and Corinne E (Waih
burn) Thompson, married Clirkle A lee.
and they were the parent* o( Hallie
Thompson, born AucuJI 2S. lA''. »'
Goodie's Bluff in C'X'weeiCoomee t>iitf.v'
She was educated it Little P.><k. *'
kansas, and taught s\x veir« In the r*'"
lie schools at Vinita. and !»<• >ejrt <n *tl.
lie Halsell College of the »ime place, to*
was associate reporler ••( the Vlmli t>ii''
Chieftain for seven vearv She married »(
Vinita Julv 17. l')(.?. I H, »-r. ••! He""
and Rebecca Wimer. .Mr ind .Mri Wimer
are members of the Chritllan church He
is a prominent farmer and *l<xkniin nrtr
Vinita, and owner of the Cabin Vilfei fari-

622

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

Mrs. Wimer's half sister, Uthel Thompson,
married J. F. Nolan, and lives in New Mexico.
Mr. Wimer's first wife was Ella Frank-
lin and their three children were as fol-
lows: Rebecca D., born March 5, 1S95,
and married Clyde C. Thompson; Jacob F.,
born March 15, 1897, and married Bettie
Lomax; Parmelia Ellen Wimer, born Septem-
ber 5, 1900, and makes her home with her
parents.

French, Joseph M. (See Grant and Riley)
—Joseph Mason, son of Robert Mosby and
Margaret (Fields) French, was born near
Stillwell Sept. 22, 1856, and was educated in
the Cherokee National schools. He married
at Fort Gibson on July 19, 1876, Sallie,
daughter of John McNary and Nancy (Ivy)
Riley, born Oct. 9, 1860. Mrs. French died
Nov." II. 1901. They were the parents
of Frances Abigail born July 27, 1879,
Jennie Myrtle, born February 7, 1881;
Lewis, born July 28, 1SS3; Gypsy, born No-
vember 24. 1886; George Yarborough, born
March 12, 1889; Beulah, born July 8. 1891;
Cabal Vaughan, born Dec. 6, 1893; Jos-
eph Mason, born July 24, 1898; and John
Foreman, born October 22, 1901.

Mr. French's second wife. E. May (Elliott)
French, is the mother of Nina, (born Feb.
12, 1904, and Walter French, born Feb. S,
1906. Mr. French is a member of the Meth-
odist church, Knights of Pythias, and the
Redman fraternities- He was elected super-
intendent of the Female Seminary in 1895.

Russell, Connie— Martha Ann Shinn, born
June 12, 1870, married February 5, 1890,
Campbell Russell, born October 22, 1863, in
Morgan County, Alabama,

Mrs. Russell died October 9, 1894. They
were the parents of Connie, born Novem-
ber 24, 1890; Carl, born June 8, 1892, and
Christopher Russell, born November 25,
1893.

Campbell Russell has represented his dis-
trict in the Oklahoma senate, and is at pres-
ent a member of the State Corporation
Commission.

Martin, Robert Lee, (See Grant and
Woodall).— John Peter, the son of George
Caruth and Ellen (Moore) Woodall, was
born Januurv 11. 1841. He married Janu-
ary 1, 1871, .Maver M. Cecil, nee Saunders,
born M.iy 9, 1842. They were the parents

of Maver Woodall, Born Feb. 7, 1881; ed-
ucated in the public schools of the Cherokee
Nation, and married at Adair on July 25,
1897, Robert Lee, the son of Richard Lewis
and Nancy Ellen (Rogers) Martin born Aug.
23, 1876. They were the parents of Dane,
born July 9, 1898; Edgar, born August 12,
1901; Linnie, born June 25, 1904 and Aena,
born July 11, 1907.

Mr. Martin, who is an oil man. and one
of the most prominent men of the Osage
tribe of Indians, is a member of the Ma-
sonic fraternity. Mrs. Martin is a Presby-
terian, and a member of the United Daugh-
ters of the Confederacy.

Garrett, Susan Frances (See Foreman) —
Rachel Catherine, daughter of John and Su-
san Louella (Foreman) Horn, was born June
7 1860. was educated in the Female Semi-
nary. She married Oct. 21, 1883, Joseph
Monroe Garett, who was born Oct. 23, 1859
in Green Co., Ark. He died April 8, 1899.
They were the parents of Mattie Bell, born
Sept. 27, 1884; Robert Monroe, born Feb-
ruary 7, 1886; Frank Pierson, born Septem-
ber 1 6. 1889; Susan Frances, born July 8.
1891; Eva, born February 13, 1896; and
Joseph Bruce Garrett, born March 28, 1899.
Miss Susan Frances, whose Cherokee
name is Khawk, is a member of the Metho-
dist church. She was educated in the Cher-
okee Female Seminary, and the Northeast-
ern Oklahoma State Normal School, and has,
been teaching in the schools of Oklahoma
since 1911.

The children of Rachel Katherine and Joe
M. Garrett are Claude Stephen Garrett, born
Aug. 29, 1887, and Henry Edgar Garrett,
born Jan. 21, 1893.

Hurst, Mrs. John R. (See Grant)— John
Randolph, son of Christopher Columbus and
Mary Ann (Blythe) Hurst was born Monday,
April 18, 1853. Educated in the Cherokee
National Schools. Married December 8,
1879, Sarah Elizabeth, daughter of John and
Elizabeth (Hogan) Brown, born November
14, 185 4 in Newton County, Missouri. They
we're the parents of Christopher Columbus,
born September 30, 1880; Mary Ellen, born
Mav 24. 1885; Winema Rachel, born Sep-
tember 30, 1891 and Albert J. Hurst, born
Januarv 7, 1894.

John, son of William and Nannie (Fields)
Blvthe married Justin Cadle and thev were

HISTORY OH THE CHEROKlil: INDl.Ws

t'2\

thi parents (.f Mrs. Mary Ann (Blvllio)
Hurst.

Meeker, George Weigand (See Ghisau and
Foreman) — .losepliine, the dauRliter of Jo-
seph Martin and Lucy (Starr) Hildebrand.
married John Meeker, and they were the
parents of George Weigand Meeker, born
March l, 1S7 7. He was educated in the
Cherokee public schools and the Male Semi-
nary. He married on Nov. 26, iyo6. Bertha
Bell, daughter of John J. Patrick, born Au-
gust 2, iSAi. They are the parents of Fos-
ter born November 4, 1907, and Robert Lee
Meeker, born September 2S, 1912.

Mr. Meeker served from July 29, 1899 to
May 8, 1901 in Co. H, 32nd U. S. Vol. Inf.
of which IS months was spent in actual field
service on Luzon Island-
Meigs, Henry C. (See Grant and Ross) —
Henrv Clav Meigs, born at Park Hill, Tahle-
quah fjistrict November 16, 1S41, married
Januarv 11, 186S, Josephine L. Bigelow.
born August 27, 1843. in Flint District. Mrs.
Meigs died January 15. 1S95. They were
the parents of Caroline Few, Annie Stapler.
Robert Henry. James McDonald, Alice .Maud,
and Josephine L. Meigs.

Mr. Meigs who served in the Confederate
Service in 1S61-2, is a grandson of Chief
John Ross, has many of the amiable traits of
his distinguished ancestor. He was elected
clerk of Illinois District August 1. 1803,
and Judge of the same District on August
5. 1S95. .Mr. .Meigs has for the last fifty
years lived at Fort Gibson

Cochran, Jessie E. (See Foreman and Go-
sa-du-i-sga) — Jesse Edward Cochran was
born March 28, 1895. Educated in the
Cherokee Public Schools. Married at Tahle-
quah Mav I5, 1915 Carrie, daughter of
George and Addie Dawson, born Aug. 9,
1895. Thev are the parents of .Maurice,
born .March 3, 1916; Frances born Oct. 5,
19 18 and Willard Cochran, born ,Mav 9.
1921. Mr. Cochran is a farmer near Grand
River. Amos Thornton married Minerva
Foreman and they were the parents of .Mary
Ellen (Thornton) Cochran born February
14, 185 7. She died Februarv 16, 1899.
She was the mother of Jesse Edward Coch-
ran.

David.'on, Mrs- Ermine Josephine (See
Ward and Ghigau)— Felix Grundy, son of

Isaac and Lucv (Arthur) .Sijillcr •»» K.f«

.March lo, IS^?. Mjtrifd Apf"

Joanna Ruth. diUKhlrr <>( ImH'

Annie (Hildebrand) Lcnd^i, N.

S, 1S61. Felix Orund* Nldillcr d.fd • •.

ber U), isot). She died liil> ' •■ ; ! "

were the pjrents of trinlr-

fer, born Seplemher 3, I -

the Fem.ile Semiiur>.

.March 21. IS'<". Th..iiu

William and .Une I>j\iJ«'

1871. in Bates Counl\. M

the parents of Aniu Lai-

ber 21, ISIQ. married l.vfreli

Jane, born June 2.1, I102, mi-

E. Andrews; Athclene, born lul

married Hillet Peace; t'.eiil Kit

November >'. 1906; Thonus 1-

June 26, 1910; Freeman UdwirJ
23, 1912; .Mary Elizabeth, Wt'
18, 1914 and Olive Louise Da\

June 24, 1918.

Everett and Anna Lura H"ll arc :tu fi'
ents of: Kenneth Eugene. Nth fchruar» 3".
1918; Evelyn .Marie, bonm Septemhtr **.
1919 and Maurice Clvde Hereford H"t«.
born .May 21. r>21.

Balentine, M.ry Eunice. (S<« <1.il'-'t»»
and Riley) — .M<>nr..e Calvin Kevi. N«rn Srr
tember l5, 1826. .Married al Park H.tl.
jMav 31, 1855 Lucy Lowrev H«»t. Nth S»r-
tember 16, I S3 1. She Rradualed rr..m tht
Female Seminary in 1854. He wa» » mem-
ber of Captain Benjamin Wisner C«rt«f'»
Company in the confederate ««rrlc«. He
died March 3. 1 88 1 and she died Aut- :«.
1912. They were the r"""'' "' ^''"
Eunice, born Mav 3t. 18"-: Lvd.a tmr-i.
born September 16. I85S: Unnie Mwtir
born November 5, 1862: Sarah Ann b- m
October 6, 1865; Elizabeth Pilev, N"" '•"'
ary 13. 1868; Monroe Amorv. N-rri feb'u.r.
21, 1870 and Lucy D. Kevv b<>'
1872. .Mary Eunice married I
187 5. Hamilton Balentine. v>n • •
ilton Balentine and Anna »'.>! BJi^"''
born April IS. lS5o. He J'-.l r .^'-M-■
1900. She died April :'
the parents of Marv F;
1899 and Ellen Stella Bj!
5. 1892. Marv Eunice Rale^iine »n 'J-
cated in Vinita and Ih.- "^ '•*■■
Normal and is a teacher

iWB'

624

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

tine was educated in Vinita (Valentine's
Business College Graduate) and is a steno-
grapher. Both of the sisters live with their
maternal Aunt: Sarah Ann, who married on
October 26, 1887 John Samuel, son of John
Bradley and Amanda (Blankeiiship) LeForce,
born Jan. 27, 1864 in Indiana. Mrs. Le-
Force, was educated in Worcester Academy
and Female Seminary. Mr. and Mrs. Le-
Force are Methodists. He is a prosperous
farmer and stockman at Vinita.

Glenn, Franklin C- (See Foreman and
Saunders) — Franklin Clyde, son of Jesse
Edward and Margaret (Cowan) Glenn, born
July 17, 1890, educated in the Cherokee
Public Schools and Male Seminary. Mar-
ried at Vinita June 22, 19 13 Marcella Car-
rie, daughter of Jefferson and Nannie E.
(Saunders) Tyner, born September 23, 1893
educated in Female Seminary and Northeast-
ern Oklahoma State Normal. They are the
parents of: Kenneth Edward, born July 3,
1914 and Lavance Arnold Glenn born May
29, 1916. Mr. and Mrs. Glenn are farmers
near Miles.

Jesse Edward Glenn was the son of Henry
Glenn and Jennie Foreman.

Nannie E. Saunders was the daughter of
George O. Saunders and Jennie Lale.

McCorkle, DaVid (See Ross) — Emma,
daughter of John Thompson and Charlotte
Gordon (Scales) Drew, was born October
29, 1856, and married May, 1876, William
Green Robinson, born Jan. 1856 and died
Nov. 8, 1886.

Mrs. Emma Robinson married April 28,
1891, Joseph Loren McCorkle, born Sept.
19, 183 7, in Louisa County, Virginia. She
died Jan. 8, 1906, and Mr. McCorkle died
Jan 3, 1916.

William G- and Emma Robinson were the
parents of Mary Charlotte Robinson, born
August 7, 1S77, and married January 28,
1898, David Wisel, son of Joseph Loren
McCorkle, born March 17, 1867, in Musko-
gee County, Okla. They were the parents
of Joseph Loren, born October 28, 1899,
and James Milton McCorkle, born May 18,'
1902; Catherine Elizabeth born August 4,
1906; David Wisel born July 12, 1909; Mary
Louisa, born Nov. 2 7, 1911; Drew Holt', born
Dec. 3 1, 1913 and William Thomas born
Sept. 23, 1916, on day first troop train left

Muskogee to world's war.

Lewis, Mrs. Albert (See Hendricks) —
Hettie, daughter of Henry and Mary (Hen-
dricks) Walkabout was born at Tahlequah
Oct. 19, 1S79. Educated at Park Hill Mis-
sion. .Married at Inola May 29, 1902, Albert,
son of Ira H. and Sarah E. Lewis, born Aug.
14, 1879 in Washington County, Ark.

They are the parents of Grace E. Lewis
born Aug. 21, 1903; Ira A. born June 2,
1905; Beatrice, born Oct. 17, 1906; Velma,
born April 28, 1909; Mildred born Feb. 18,
1913; Edgarita, born Jan. 3, 1916; Hilda,
born Sept. 13, 1916; and Vernon, born April
10, 1919.

Mrs. Lewis' Cherokee name is Ahniwake.
They are Methodists and Mr. Lewis is an
oil producer and farmer and a member of the
Yeoman fraternity.

Thomas, Mrs. James H. (See Foreman and
Riley)- — Eugenia, the daughter of Eugene
and Jane (Riley) Triplett, was born at Fort
Gibson in 1844; was educated in the Chero-
kee public schools, and the Cherokee Na-
tional Female Seminary. She married at
Wagoner on Dec. 25, 1892; James H. Thom-
as, born in Oklahoma in 1874. They
are the parents of George H., born April 5,
1897; Arvol V., born June 10, 1899; Theron
T., born July 8, l9oi; Gladys M., born
January 16, 1905; Helen, born January 3,
1909; Celia and Lewis Thomas, born June
20, 1911.

Mr. Thomas is a member of the Knights
of Pythias; and is a prominent business man
in Tulsa, Oklahoma.

Crowell, Mrs. Francis M. (See Sanders
and Duncan) — John Thomason Duncan mar-
ried Elizabeth S. Sanders, and they were the
parents of Mary Elizabeth Duncan, born Feb-
ruary 8, 1858; and was educated in the
Cherokee Nation and at the University of
Arkansas. She taught school for six years
among the full-bloods; and married at Van
Buren, Arkansas, January 15, 1883, Francis
Marion, son of Dr. M. and Nancy A. Crowell,
born March 14, 1859 in Tallapoosa County,
Alabama. They are the parents of Erda
Victor, born December 25, 1884; Alvin By-
ron, born September I, 1886; Frank M. born
September 7, 1S90, and Hunter K. Crowell,
born April 17. 1893.

Mr. and Mrs. Crowell are members of the

HISTORY (JF THE CHliK( )kl:l-; INDIANS

'■?<

Meth.idist cluirch. Ik- is the rrurrieU.r of
a flourisliiiis niercuntik' business :il Aftun,
Oklahoiiui. Mrs. Cn.well is a member of
the Eastern Star SisterhiK,d. Her Cherokee
name is Ka-ha-yii-ka.

Alvin B. Crowell saw service in Trance in
the Rainbow Division, beini; at the front at
Chateau Thierry, Argonne Forest and other
offensives, during which time he was promo-
ted to the rank of sergeant and was retain-
ed in the Army of Occupation in Germany.
H. K. Crnwell was in the Commissary De-
partment at Camp Travis at the time of the
signing of the Armistice. Frank .M. (:rowell
married Miss l:vel\n iJooley and has two
hoys Frank Marion Jr., the ^rd and 12 years
old and Master Ted Crowell -1 years. They
live in Tulsa. E. V. and A. B. Crowell are
now located in Los Angeles, t'al. in the maga-
zine business. H. Kent Crowell located in
New York, being a professional designer in
ladies headware, making trips in Paris to
study the stvlfs.

George, Mtj' Earnest (See Giant) — Ada,
daughter of Joseph Lvnch and Alice (Tuck-
er) Thompson, born January 20, iSSl, edu-
cated at Vinita and Female Seminary. Mar-
ried at Vinita, December S. iqo<). Earnest
George, born Nov. 26, l.SSl, in Cooper Co..
Missouri. They are the parents of .Marv El-
len George, born Novenibr 12, I'Ml. .Mr.
and Mrs. George are farming near Big Cabin.

Mrs. Harriet .M. Thompson wife of Joseph
Lynch Thompson died Nov. 27, l')21. Step-
mother of Ada Thonips(m, wife of Earnest
E .George.

r.onzales, Frank (See frowning and Adair)
— Andrew Franklin. son of Dennis and
Rachel (Pettit) Gonzales, was born January
26, 1S7J. His first wife, Catherine Young,
died April 22, 1S')2. He married again on
August 23, 1S17, Bessie Stewart, born Feb-
ruary 22, 1889 in Scott CounTv, Arkansas.
He was elected a member of the Cherokee
Council from Illinois District in 1903.

Rachel, daughter of Charles and Charlotte
(Adair) Pettit. married Dennis Gonzales, and
was the mother of Andrew Franklin Gon-
zales.

Rogers, Mrs. Andrew L. (See Oolootsa,
Duncan and Halfbreed-)— Andrew Lewis, son
of Andrew Lewis and Cherokee America
(Morgan) Rogers, was born July 3, lS60;

and W.1S educjtej m ih<- . •■
schools juj (I,, Slilo Scmlnjr
May l'>, i.,„.(, .lufphtnc li
ter of Frank and loifph' ^ >
ard. Nth November :
ated Ironi (he Icnul.
1''01. The\ are the i-jrv..i.
ing children; Andrea lr»n
I'MU; Paul Sevier, burn S^pl
June 27. 1>M>); Patricia, t-
I'Mj; Josephine Landrum. b
1"I7 aTid Kennelh llo»ard. i

1910.

Elliott, Mr>. Emcrioa (Srr tnt

Nelle Blackwell. daushiet ••( Abram i
Berrilla (Schrlmsher) Meek aat b
gust 10, 1884. fducaled In remik
nary from which she Rraduv '
.Married at Vinita Hdnber '>. •
son of Silas and Belle hlliotl. :
Dubois Counlv, Ind. Thev are the
of: Cleela Rhea, bc^rn .Mav .»<), r'o»
Wayne, born .luly .'0. totO; (■".IIH.itJ
born August 13. 1012; Kalph Hnn-
,Iune 15. 19 II. and Cirl Vincent I
born Julv 21. I'>t6. .Mr- and M-
are members of ihe ("hrlMian chii.-... . -
his business interests are In VInila.

Hicki, Herbert W. (See Foreman)— *b
jah Hicks, born March 2. t8l<). ma»r •
30, lS52. Hannah Worceiter. Nifn 'i
29, iS34 in New Echota. Oeoritti lie i.ti
June -1. 1862. Mrs. Hannah Hick* died
Feb. 3. 191 7. Thev were Ihr r''
Percv \V., Emma I., Edith II. 'Iin
Herbert Worcester llick\. Percv W
Elma Garrett and live* at F"rl
Edith married ("harje* W- Smith and ^
.M. \\alker. Clara A married Nieh-lai «.
Nair Thornton and Georte I. Hor»""

Herbert Worcester Hick* »a» K^m »'
Park Hill Mav IS. I.S61: and married at
Favetteville, Arkanuv. on liecer-*"-
tSS6. Rachel, the daughter >'i lar^
Sarah Cardwell, who «a( b •
1S69, in Washinjion di,
They are the parent* "i Flhf!
cember 24. ISS*)-. Homer W
tober 22. 1 891; CIKlon A .
16, 1894: Vera Clare. b«rn
died Nf'v. 28. |ioO; Ralph
March 30. l9ol. and Herber:
June 3. 1907. Flhel Inei mirrl^ * *

626

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

Buster, and Homer Wilton married Ferrel
Thompson.

Mr. Hicks Cherokee name is E-no-li. His
mother was a daughter of Reverend Samuel
A. Worcester, one of the first .Missionaries
to the Cherokees, coming with them from
Tennessee and Georgia, in 1S3S; his father
was a descendant of Charles Hicks, a Chero-
kee Chief in the old Cherokee Nation.

Chumley, Elizabeth K. (See Oolootsa and
Piley) — Elizabeth Riley Keys was born Janu-
ary 13, 1869. Educated at Worcester Acade-
my and Female Seminary. Married at Centra-
lia Sept. 12, 1912, John M., son of Robert
and Fannie Chumley. Mr. and Mrs. Chum-
ley are members of the Presbyterian church.

Lydia Emma Keys, a sister of Mrs. Chum-
ley's married Charles J. Taylor, now deceas-
ed. Their daughter Alma Lane Taylor, born
January 26, I'riOO, married March 24, 1918
J. E. Bennett. They have one daughter,
Bettie Bennett, born February 8, 1919.

Monroe Calvin Keys married Lucy Lowrey
Hoyt and they were the parents of Lydia
Emma and Elizabeth Riley Keys.

Hastings, John R. (See Grant, Foreman
and Ward) — William Archibald Yell Hastings
was born March S, 1842 in Benton County,
Arkansas. He served in Company H, First
Cherokee Mounted Rifles, under Captain
John Thompson Mayes, during the Civil
War. He married February 2, 1864, Louisa
J. Williams, nee Stover, born April 8, 1840.
Mrs. Hastings died Feb. 7, 1918. Mr.
Hastings died April 28, 1919. They were
the parents of John Rogers, William Wert,
and Charlotte Delilah Hastings. Charlotte
Delilah Hastings married Samuel Grant Vic
for, and is now deceased. John Rogers
Hastings was born on Beattys Prairie August
1, 1865, and was educated in the Cherokee
Public Schools, and the .Male Seminary,
from which he graduated Mav 4, 1886. He
married at Tahleauah Feb. 20 1901 Eliza-
beth Victoria, daughter of Spencer and
Marearette (Proctor) Shelton, born Dec. 9,
1S72. at Tahlequah. Mrs. Elizabeth V.
Hastings died Ian. 23. 19i6. Thev were
the parents of William Wert Hastings, born
Januarv 20. I0n2: Suwavne Hastings, born
September 9. i903: John Rogers Hastings,
born Februarv 24, 19o5 and Robert Owen
Hastines va^ b-i-n Jan. 27. IQO^- Ed"ar

Hastings was born October 2 7, 19 lO. Mr.
Hastings was elected Clerk of Delaware
District in 1891, and again in 1895, and
Senator from the same District in 1897-99
and 1901.

Pete Hastings, as he is generally known,
is one of nature's noblemen, rugged, honest
and a true friend.

.lohnson Proctor married Elizabeth Fore-
man, and they were the parents of Margar-
ette. who married Spencer Shelton.

Adair, T. J. — Though not of the royal
line, Harold, the son of the great Earl God-
win, had been elected and served for forty
weeks as King of England, until on the fated
fourteenth of October 1066 he was over-
thrown by the victorious legions of William,
Duke of Normandy. Thenceforward known
as William I, King of England and popularly
called The Conqueror. The polish and ele-
gance of the world at that time was best
exeniplififd by the Norm.in Knights ana
Nobles, many of whom accnmpanied Arlotta's
son. settled in and directed the destinies of
England.

Among the proud cavaliers was d'Heanage.
Hundreds of years later his more democratic
descendants dismantled the orthography and
pronunciation and called themselves Harn-
age; became roundheads, ironsides, noncon-
formists, presbyterians and emigrated to
America to swell the tide of hardy pioneers
that was sweeping to and over the southern
Appalachians, to make the world safer for
civilization.

They came, to another race of people,
they saw a pride and energy equal to their
own and many of them married among the
Cherokees. Ambrose Harnage. one of these
Englishmen, married in about 1810 Nancy
Harlan nee Sanders, born in 17S2, the daugh-
ter of Mitchell Sanders, an English trader
from Virginia and his wife Susie, a full
blood Cherokee of the Long Hair clan.

Ambrose and Nancy Harnage's children
were: William, born June 5, 1811 and mar-
ried Patsy Snow; George married Nancy
Mayfield; John Griffith born January 16,
1817, married February 20, 183 7 Ruth Starr
born December 25, 1820, she died July 5,
1843. He married January 12, 1844 Emily
Walker Mayfield born August 20, 1830. He
died Januarv 12. lS9i. She died .March 29,

HISTORY OF THE CHEKOKlfH INDIANS

1S99; Andrew .lackson. born .lune 20, iSlS
and died Miu 2 7, i,S4 7; Klizabetli llariUKe
born AuRust 20, 1S20 and married John
Adair Bell. She died .May 27, 1S47,

Emily Mayfield was the daughter of Jesse
and Sallie (Starr) .Mayfield.

John Griffith and Emily Walker Harnage
were the parents of: William -Thomas born
July 27, lS-47; .Mary Victoria, born October
23, 185 1, married William Lucullus Carr;
Ida Eugenia, born (ictober IS, 1S5 3, married
John Taylor Ewers and .lohn ,M. .Morse;
Loretta Beldora, born October lo, 1855.
married John Stringer Scott; Nannie Ethel,
born September 19, 185S, married William
Boone; John Custis Lee, born June 30,
1S67, married Francis Catherine Hunt and
Lena born November 1, 1S69, Graduate from
Alexander Institute. Kilgore, Te.xas, June 7.
1SS7, married January I, 1893 Thomas
James Adair, born January 4, 1856.

Thomas James Adair is the son of John
Lynch Adair, born April 12, 1828 and Mary
Jane Jeffries, born September 9, lS3l in
Virginia, married February 22. lS55- John
Lynch Adair served four years in the con-
federate army, was clerk of the Cherokee
senate in 1869-70. Elected Editor of the
Cherokee Advocate in 1873 and elected as
one of the committee to superintend the
erection of the Cherokee national jail in the
same year. Elected member of the Board of
Education in 187 5. Elected Town lot Com-
missioner in 1878. Elected delegate to
Washington November 2S. 1S79. Appoint-
ed a member of the Board of Education June
6, iSSi. He was for several years execu-
tive secretary to the Principal Chief and
died at T.ahleQuah on October 21, 1S96.
Mrs. .Marv J. Adai died .May 8, 1897

Andrews, Mrs. George P. (See Grant,
Foreman and Riley)— Susie Catherine,
daughter of Jasper Newton and .Mary Jane
(Riley) Schrimsher, was born in IS 78; edu-
cated at Wagoner and the Cherokee Female
Seminary. She married at W^agoner in
1899, George P. Andrews. They are the
parents of Howard and Hazel.

Mr. and Mrs- Andrews are members of
the Presbyterian Church, and he is a .Mason
and a prominent ijil producer.

Allton, Chas. J. (See Cordery and Carter)
—Thomas Corderv, an Irishman, marned
Susannah, a full blood Cherokee of the Blmd

Savannah Clan. Their daushur. Su«.f. mi'

ried John Moslev. Ji.hn mJ Su-

were the parents <i( Sjrjh Kulh W

in 1S4 1, married dcl'+cr «'•. i

Clark Ramsey, who served dunn.

War in Captain BenUmIn W>" ■

company. After his deal'

married January 5, tS7 7 ;
Lewis Clark and Sirah K

the parents of Susan HIijab

December 7, tSoiv She

tlie Cherokee Orphan Aivlum i

Seminary. .Married at Dowali Ju'

Joseph .Morgan Alton, son '■( I<i* '
(Billingsley) Alt-.n. born .luU • '■

West Virginia. Thev are the :

Percy Samuel, born .Ma% 2\ is

Cherokee Jones: Percv Charles

Iton born Dec 2'). 18<»". .Married Au<. .

1919, Pearl Jane Hansen Nth in l«'>S

Abbott, Mrs- John H. ('><( •'
Foreman) — Martha Alice. Jauch-
Wesley and .Marv HIvira (War J. - • •
was born Januarv 2S, IS<.2: married al V.
well June 21, 1884; Robert Firl*. Nt" I'"
ruary 16, 18 58. in Gilmer O.unlv. 0«..r< >
He died August 27. f)06. Thev .ere rh.
parents of D,.ra. born .Mirch I'.. '^
John William, born June 22. «**•_""
Angeline. born February t. I"""
Lou, born September l7, IS''!, -
vember 7, 1<>1 1: Robert P-^v b ' _

,4 iS'i^: Ida Belle, born Februarv ■. .
and died September 2^ ."I'M M-m* ' ^
mira, born October 2.. i"-. •">>
Early, bom November •. i '"

Ida Belle Earlv marned Herb • '
,hev had two children J-hn •
^,j,. ,. ,.)is. and NUriha l.'"''

'Mrs. Martha Alice Earlv maf
Abbott, born in lS47 in FlonJ. •
'ife was Fllen Isabel, aauch.er .-.; _

Earlv and Minerva la"' '

born in IS^". and died

and Ellen Isabel Abb-K >

P.hel Louisa, born Oct..be,^v •

Michael, born November ■

Weslev. born September

Minerva, b'.rn Lccenibc-

Julia, born N'--"" ';,, „., , , ,

Edith, born February K. 1"^

born September 20. , SH' . BuHcr 1 ...w

born lulv 2«. iS.S- W.lbam Oh-fmU.. I<"

628

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

October 20, 1S93, and Jennie Ellen Abbott,
born November 13, 1S95.

Adkirson, Jasper (See Hendricks and
Gliigau) — Jasper Newton, son of Jasper and
Susan Jane (Schrimsher) Adkirson, was born
in Tahleqnah District in 1869, educated at
Menard and Male Seminary. Married Susie
Hendricks. They were the parents of: Clar-
ence, Thomas, Catherine, Paralee. P(]|lie.
Susie and Nellie Adkirson. Mr. Adkirson
married Nancy Jane Phillips nee Stephens.
They are the parents of Jasper Adkirson.
Mr. Adkirson is a farmer, an A. H. T. A. and
a justice of the peace.

Allen, John Randolph — • John Randolph
Allen a pioneer of Tennessee was the father
of John Randolph Allen, born in 1836, who
married in 1876, Nora Martin, born in 1858,
both were natives of Tennessee. John Ran-
dolph and Nora (Martin) Allen were the par-
ents of John Randolph Allen, born February
17, IS77 in Chicago. Illinois. Married at
Fort Smith, Arkansas December 25, 1916,
Lulu, daughter of George and Mary Vaughn,
born May 8, 1892 in Arkansas City, Kansas.

Mr. Allen organized and directed the first
exclusively Indian agricultural and art fair
among the Seminole and Creek Indians at
Wetunika, Hughes County.

Ambrisler, Mrs. Hubert (See Grant) —
Julia Theresa daughter of William Columbus
and Jane (Davis) Patton, married Dr. Fran-
cis Bartow Fife; and they were the parents
of Frances Fife, born Sept. 24, 1893, in
Muskogee. She was educated in National
Cathedral School, Washington, D. C-. and
graduated from Vassar College- She jiiar-
ried at Muskogee July 7, 1920, Hubert, son
of Samuel A. Ambrister, born Feb- 1891, in
Norman County, Oklahoma. Mr. Ambrister
was educated in Norman HigTi School and is
a graduate of University of Okla. He is
practicing law in Oklahoma City. He served
two years in the Aviation Corps during the
World War.

Thomas James Adair is the grand son of
Thomas Benjamin Adair was a iiaiive of
"lomas Benjamin and Rachel (Lynch) A(^-"-
Georgia and the son of John and Jennie
(Kilgore) Adair. Jennie Kilgore was said
to have been a paternal aunt of Congress-
man "Buck" Kilgore of Te.\as.

Thomas James Adair was elected a mem-
ber of the Board of Education in 188 3 and
chosen as Secretary of that body- He has

for many years been one of the leading mer-
chants r)f Tahlequah.

Mr. and Mrs. Adair have only one daugh-
ter; Miss Emily, a talented and accomplished
young lady who is a graduate from the
Northeastern Oklahoma State Normal. She
was born December 9, 1893.

Adair, Virgil H. (See Adair) — Virgil Har-
vey Adair, born April 15, 1869, married Oc-
tober 2. 1892, Dorinda, daughter of Jesse
and Hariette Calloway, born April 9, 1874
in Missouri. They are the parents of: Viola,
born June 15, 1893, married A. B. Jordan;
.Millard Herron, born July 16, 1898, mar-
ried Minnie Thompson; Winnie, born De-
cember 23, 1900; Virgil, born March 27,
1903; Velma born November 15. 1904; Del-
phia, born February 28, 1907; Gladys, born
December 23, 1909; Francis, born June 27,
1913 and Neva Marie, born July 31, I9l5.
Mr. Adair belongs to the Wolf Clan and is a
.Mason- He was elected a member of Coun-
cil from Cooweescoowee District, August 3,
1903-

Edward Alexander, son of John and Ann
Berry (Graham) Adair was horn August 25.
184 7, was a member of Company C of Ed-
iiiondson's Georgia Batallion, Confederate
service. Married in October 1867 Narcissa
Malissa Harrison, born December 25, 1846
in Murray County Georgia. He died De-
cember 3, 1901. They were the parents of
Virgil Harvey Adair, the subject of this
sketch.

Addington, Cicero W. (See Foreman, Ghi-
gau and Adair) — Cicero White Addington,
born in Goingsnake District .lune 7, 1875,
educated at the Male Seminary; married
September 13, 1899 Mary Lowenia, daugh-
ter of Oscar F. and Mary Catherine (Rider)
Adair, born December 19, 1875. They are
the parents of: Clarence Grady, born April
24, 1901; Frederick Earl, born April 13,
1902; and Jennings Mayes. Mr. Addington
was elected Clerk of Adair county in 1918.

.Minerva Isabel, daughter of Abijah and
Isiibelle (Taylor) Akin was born June 7,
1852; married September 3, 1874, Henry
Newton Addington. They were the parents
of Cicero White Addington.

Adair, Mrs- Joseph W. (See Ross) — Cora
Ann Savers, born near Pryor, February 28,
1890. Married at Big Cabin, July 2. I9i6,
Joseph William, son of Allen and Kittie

HISTORV OF THE CHEUOKI:

b' IMJIANS

:ire the p.,r>
1 August 22,
burn jMaich
■ar Piv(

iits I, I Virginia
'•".'^ and Allen
-(>■ I '1 19. Mr.

Adair. They
Elizaheth, bm
Sa\'ers Adair,
Adair is a farnie

Henrv Drew, son ,_,f Ahne, and Nanc^
Jane (Coody) Sayers was hor„ March 9
1S62. Married October 5, iS92, Dora
Thompson, born March u, i,S69 i„ Macon
County, Missouri.

Archer, Edwin (See D„wninj;)-Edwin
Archer, born Septejnber l'), ksi; i,, ^^w
Vork City. Married February 26, 1S4 5 Mary
Francis Vann, b..rn September 21, lS25'in
Georgia. He died May 15, lsd;. '

They were the parents of: Mary Klizabeth
married DeWitt Clinton Lipe; Lnui.sa Cather-
ine, married Freeland Mcintosh; Ada. born
March to, iSou, educated in the Cherokee
public scho.ils and the Kirkwcid (Missouri)
Seminary, fmni which she graduated lune S,
1SS2, married February 2S, ISSS, Daniel
Vincent Jones, born December 2S, 1.S58 in
Grayson county, Texas; Cora, married Wil-
liam Ross Shackelford; Carlotta Archer,
graduated fr.mi the Cherokee Female Semi-
nary June 28, KSS3, appointed member of
the Cherokee Board I'f Educatiun; appointed
County Superintendent of Public Instruction
of Mayes county in Julv I'los. elected to
that office in 1 9 lo-l 2-1 6-1 8 and 1920.

Daniel Vincent and Ada (Archer) Jones
were the parents of: Vera, born December
10, 1895, graduated frcun the Female Semi-
nary May 29, 1907; Jean, born December 2,
1895, and Mary Jones, born Julv 15, 1899.
Joseph Vann, born February 11, 1798,
married Catherine Kuwe- Fie was elected a
member of the Cherokee Constitutional Con-
vention of 1827 from Coosawatee District;
elected Senator from the Salina District
August 20, IS-II, and elected President of
the Senate; elected a^ain to the same office
August o, 184'); elected Associate Justice of
the Supreme court in 1847, Delegate to
Washington 185 1, E.xecutive Councilor 1853-
5 5-5 7; Assistant Chief of the Cherokee Na-
tion August 1, 1859. He was the father of
Mrs. Mary Francis Vsnn. He died May 3,
1877.

Aldrich, Mrs. Augustus W Ara, daughter

of Goren and Eliza (Wheatlev) Thomas was
born in Kentuckv, June 2^. 1886 and edu-
cated in that State. Married at Muskogee.
October 22, 1905 Augustus William, son of

oa*)

Andrewr. Mrs. Homer A. (.V.
Sarah Caldunia. dauRhtc- -r Ahrim inJA,'-,
lierniila (Scrimshcr) .\W.k. N.,„ ,,i,..^,,
26, 1S76. Married near Vlnlti Aucuti |..
'S"2 Homer A., s-n ..» Humrr Frjnm ,nj
Mary b. Andrews. The> ,u (he P4„„„ „,
Mary, horn Septemher i: . is'»l; *),,„
Franklin burn .March 27, ig.io; ' ' •- • ■
ward, born March 14, |>)00; B«lh,
born (October 5. I'loj; Mable . *
September 23. 1904; Alice Juanlli. N.rn ...-.
tober 13, 1906: Zenohia Kulh. |v.,n Apr!
IS, 19 10; Homer Allen b..rn Decfmbrr \s
I'MO; Homer Allen born December I.S. fM«
and George Wayne Andrews griduiled (r.m
Bacone College. Muskogee, itkla.. Mi> :)
1921. Alvln Franklin Andrews enlitled t.-t
World War September 2o, |0i6 ^i lUUhomi
City was assigned to Cast Arllller*. Bj|lrr<
6, 62nd Regiment, was in France (rom Ac
gust l9is to February l')\'). advanced !•
corporal and sergeant. Discharred in Sep
tember, 1920.

Samuel, Mr*. Williun R. (See iHiwninc) —
.Minnie L.. daughter of Clement and Kebecci
Caroline (Bryan) Havden. was b»fn »i
Chouteau April 5, lS7'i. She »»$ educated
in Liberty, .Mo and married on Ar'll :<
1901, William Ruben Samuel, bnr- '■•'-- -

2, 1860 in Callnwiv Counts, Mi<
graduated May 28. 1''02, fr<'m
College, Columbia. .Missouri. Thr
parents of Rebecca Ann Samuel.

3. 1917. .Mr. Samuel is Secrelaf> ' '•-
State Bankers Association, and i* a Miv-i
and Odd Fellow. Me was lor l"uf «eifs
State Insurance Commissioner. Mr «mj
.Mrs. Samuel are members of iti^ MelboJ>ti
church, and residents .«( Oklahoma « -ti

Rebecca Wright, born lanuar» I, l«l»
married Joel Maves Brvan. Kurn «i»l"bef ;J
1809, She died April '. lis;, tnd he JieJ

August 7. IS'"'. Thes »f- ■' " •'

Rebecca Caroline Brvan, b

18 50, who married March

Hayden. born March 2t>. |S«*. ,n ll»!rf>v«

County. Arkansas. Mrs llisd<-n d>rd l»l'

11. l'M6 and Mr linden died Ma» I. I'M*

630

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

Beamer, Samuel. (See Gusodiiesga and
Foreman)- — Samuel Beamer, horn August
14, 1S73. Educated locally. Married Mary
Nelson.

Nancy, a full-blood Cheidkee, married
a Mr. Drunigoole, and their daughter,
Ruth, married John Foreman. They were
the parents of t:lizabeth Foreman, who
married Eddy Springston, and they were the
parents of Mary Springston, who married
John Henry and George Beamer, and was
the mother of Rev. William Beamer, who
married Alice Towie, and they are the pa-
rents of Samuel Beamer, the subject of this
sketch.

Elake, Mrr.. J. K. (See Grant and Ross).
— Henry Clay, son of Return Jonathan and
Jennie (Ross) Meigs, was born November
16, 1841. He married January 11, 1868,
Josephine L- Bigelow, born August 27, 1843.
Mrs. Meigs is deceased. They were the pa-
rents of Caroline F., who married Richard
C. Adams; Anna Stapler, who married Frank
J. Boudinot; Robert Henry; James McDon-
ald; Alice Maude, who married E. A. Hill;
and Josephine L., who married James K.
Blake.

Mrs. .lames K. Blake graduated from the
Female Seminary May 3 1, 1906. Henry
Clay Meigs, father of Mrs. Blake, was elect-
ed clerk of Illinois District in 1893, and
Judge of the same District in 1895.

Brown, Albert. — Albert, son of John T.
and Lou (Griggs) Brown, was born in Mus-
kogee in 1887. Educated in the public
schools. Married at Claremore in 190S.
Mary, daughter of Mr. and Mrs. Frederick
Carter.

They are the parents of : Juanita and Gab-
riel. Mr. Brown is a farmer and a member
of the A. H. T. A.

Burr, Mrs. Margaret (See Gardner) — Mar-
garet Bumgarner, born November 7, 185 7,
married May 12, 1877. Dr. Rollin A. Burr,
born August 29, 1854. He died October 3,
1S95. Their children were: James Wal-
ter. John William, Jesse E., Margaret Etta,
Nina Alice, Harris E., and Robert Emmett
Burr. Mrs. Burr is the daughter of Samuel
and Margaret (Vickery) Bumgarner.

Boudinot, Richard F. (See Grant, Watie
and Adiar.) — Richard Fields, son of William
Penn and Caroline M. (Fields) Boudinot,
was born June 7, 1S56. He married June
S, 1896, Marv Catherine, daughter of James
Roe and Rachel Ann (Adair) Treppard. born

August 28, 1873. They are the parents of
Caroline Mary, born March 22, 1891; Eli-
nor Margaret, born October 25, 1893; Har-
riet Gold, born November 25, 1897; Wil-
liam Penn, born Nov. 23, 1900; and Rachel
Catharine, born Sept. 24, 1903.

Mr. and Mrs. Boudinot are residents of
Braggs, Okla.

Benge, Mrs. Samuel, Jr. (See Hildebrand,
Ghigan. Oolootsa and Grant.) — Samuel
Houston, siui of Samuel Houston and Jos-
ephine J. (Walker) Benge, was born at Fort
Gibson in 1898. Educated at Fort Gobson.
Married in 1918, Margaret, daughter of Mr-
and Mrs. John Hildebrand. They are the
parents of Samuel Houston Benge. Mr.
Benge is a farmer near Fort Gibson.

Samuel Houston, son of Martin and Eliza
(Lowrey) Benge was born January 28, 183 2.
Elected Councilor from Sequoyah District
Aug. 3, 185 7, and elected solicitor of the
same District in 1859. He was First Lieu-
tenant of Company A, Third Indian Home
Guards, and a signer of the treaty of 1866.
He married October 15, 1866, Nannie,
daughter of Theodore Brewster, born in Oc-
tober, 1845. He was elected senator from
Illinois District in 1869, 1871, 1873, 1875,
1879 and 1883. Elected delegate to Wash-
ington December 16, 1869, and November
25, 1871. Samuel Houston and Nannie
(Brewster) Benge were the parents of Sam-
uel Houston Benge, who married Josephine
J. Walker.

Cochran, Jesse. (See Foreman and Go-
sa-du-i-sga.) — Jesse Edward Cochran was
born March 28, 1895. Educated in the
Cherokee public schools. Married at Tah-
lequah in l9l5, Carrie, daughter of George
Dawson. They are the parents of Morris,
Francis, and Willard Cachran. Mr. Cochran
is a farmer.

Amos Thornton married Minerva Foreman
and they were the parents of Mary Ellen
(Thornton) Cochran, born February 14,
1857. She died February 16, 1899. She
was the mother of Jesse Edward Cochran.

Cansdel, Mrs. Arthur E. (See Ghigau and
Rojrers) — Sarah, daughter of George Wash-
ington and Rachel (Rogers) Walker, born
April 13, 1858. Married March 13, 1873,
William Martin, born June 17, 1S30, in
Frankfort, Kentucky. Their daughter. Ar-
manda Nelia, was born August 28. 1882.
She was educated in the Cherokee public

HISTORY OF THE CHLKOKKE INDIANS

ScllOcils

s-nn, Mr. „u, .Mrs. Thomas Anderson. Thev
were the parents of: Nevin Thomas. Slanle'v
Quay, and Lucille Lannie Ander.son. Mrs
Anderson's second hushand is Arthur mis'
mere Cansdell. Thev are the parents of-
Cay Marguerite and Jewell Cansdell.

Chamberlin, Arthur F. (See Oolootsa) —
Arthur Fanshaw, son of Rev. Armory N and
Eunice Uolly (Hoyt) Chaml^erlain, was born
October 9, 185 7 in Flint District, lie was
educated in the public schools and .Male Sem-
inary, and married June '), 1SS3, at Neosho
Missouri, Letitia, daughter of Hamilton W.',
and Margaret Goodykoontz, born .March is!
1S6I, in Newton County, Missouri. They
located in Vinila, and are the parents ot:
Dolly Edith (Cherokee name Oo-loo-tsa)
born August f), is,s7; cducatea in the
schools of Vinita, and Henry Kendal! Col-
lege; married ,Iune 22, 1907, William Rob-
inson; Catherine Brown, born December 25.
1S93; educated at Vinita and Miami Uni-
versity, O.xford, Ohio; married December 22.
191 0. James W. Dunnington, son of \V. G.
and India Knight Dunnington; Arthur Fan-
shaw Chamberlain, born March S. 19()0. He
was in school in Haiiipton Sidney College in
Virginia at the beginning of the war; he en-
listed and was mustered out of service at
the close of the war. He is superintendent
of a tobacco factory at Danville, Virginia.

Reverend Armory Nelson, son of Kcv.
William and Fern (Hoyt) Chamberlain, was
born Nov. 29, 1S21, at Brainard .Mission.
He married F>ecember 3, 1S46, Eunice Dolly,
daughter of Milo and Lvdia (Lowry) Hoyt,
born Dec. 14. l,S2n, on Chickamaugua
river. Rev. A. N. Chamberlain, although a
white man, spoke the Cherokee language
perfectlv. He died July 4, 1S94, and his
widow died on the 21st of the same month.
Their children were, Abijal Eunice, born
May IS, 1849; Nelson Bucher, born Sept.
<), 1850; William Clifford, born April 23,
1S52; Edward Warren, born October 10,
1S53; Arthur Fanshaw, born Oct. 9, 1857;
Henru Eugene, born Feb. 24, 1860; Robt.
Lee Chamberlain, born Oct. 28, 1865.

Arthur F. Chamberlain is a Mason. He
belongs to the Holly Clan of the Cherokees.
His Indian name is Se^iuoyah.

Chamberlain, Nelson B- (See Oolootsa).
— Nelson Beecher, son of Reverend Armory
Nelson and Dollie (Hovt )Chamberlain, was

t^'Tn M I'ark Hill Scplfmb*:
•■■■•ted In Iho i-.hctuict S>
-'line 12, i.s:;, |.,„„,j ^,^.
". IS5S. She dic-a .Unuif,
were the rirrntj ..r. In-,
April 7. is.Sl. mm.cd .
LeForce, horn Li<rctfmb*r 1 1
bitte CouiitN. Kiiisij, Thr-
dren. ( tra U., b.,rn April
r>-, born (iclobor (,. |.iio. •
born January 22. I'MI; 1
born January 19, i>>i7_ ,„j
born liecenibiT 20. I'M.H.
born September 2'(, \i»2,
Fdward M.\; and William N
lain, born November ;;, is
berlain married .March Zu, •
ola, daughter o( |,,hn |
(Blankenship) LeForce, h...
1866, in Indiana. They arc llu- i-
Abigal Olelia, born iicl"h*r is. i~
ried Thomas Cognl; hra^li;
November 7, |,S<)2 .Mary 1
23, 1894, married William ■
Clarence Eugene Chamberlain, (vt
25, 1896. .Mr. Chamberlain 1» a ■•
the Deer Clan and his i;hi:
See yah. He is a farmer nej

Clark, Lucy. (See Ward j .„ .
Lucy A. Clark, horn February 7. ;
Beattie's Prairie. Delaware I>i«trlc!
December 25. I So'). Joshua Berth
can. horn December I.'. 1815. lU
cember 14, l,S75. She niarr " ■
187 7, James Ahercr-^mhie
June 3, I.S25, and died lieci-:
Mrs. Duncan's children arc i>cd
crans. born .March 25, IS74: Ar,
April 7, 1876; Jimmie A . b- ■
1879; Lucv Elizabelh. born '■'
and l^harles DeWiii Duncan. .
1886.

Clarlc. Wm. N. (Sec Scrapcf. •'
Grant) — William N,, v-n •<! ludcf
Washington and Lidia A. (Scraf'
was horn April ?. l-S'-o. rducair '
public schools of Ihc Cherokee Ni
graduated from .Male Seminar* '
1SS5- He married Sepleniber ;
Lilla -l"hn. daushtcr •■( I'c !'■•'
Anna (Wilson) Flourn..*, v
1S74. W. H. Clark* ■ h.
no-law-hul. Me I* a Meih--^!
W. M and l.illar I- H'iurni.«
,,f: lames Wilson, born f el : -

63:

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

Mabel Clyde, born December IS, 1898; Ra-
leigh Phillips, bom January 5, 1900; Rosa
Blanche, born January 5, 1902; William
Henry, born May 4, 1904; E. W.., born
August 15, 1906; C. F-, horn February 22,
1908; L. B. Clark, born September 9, 1913,
and Clifford Clark, born March 12, I9i6.

Coast, Mrs. Frank (See Grant) — Alice
May. daughter ai Andrew Elijah and Clarin-
da (Bagsett) Tucker, was born in 1880. Ed-
ucated at the Friends Mission at Skiatouk.
Married at Nowata, Frank Croft Coast.

They are the parents of Waller, Clara, Al-
bert, Margaret and Verna Coast. Mr. Coast
is a farmer and stockman and is a member
of the Masonic fraternity. Mrs. Coast is a
member of the Friends church.

Andrew Elijah, the son of Andrew Jack-
son and Mary (Blythe) Tucker, was born
in the Neutral Land, now Cherokee County,
Kansas, in 1857. Married April 16, 1878,
Clarinda Baggett, a native of Illinois. He
died April 16, 1897.

Couch, Herbert F. (See Grant)— Her-
bert Franklin, son of James C, and Eliza-
beth (Collier) Couch, was born February
7, 1875, in Italy, Texas. Received a colle-
giate education in his native town. Mar-
ried at Goody's Bluff, March 1, 1896, Ida
May, daughter of Calvin and Elizabeth (Bul-
lette) Coker, born April 28, lS7'i, at
Goody's Bluff. Educated in the Cherokee
National Schools. They are the parents of:
Victor Clark, born January 15, 1897; El-
mer, born August 3 1st, 1900 Leola, born
December 29, 1902; Curtis Foreman, born
November 24, 1905; Herbert Franklin, born
January 23, 1908; Randolph Penn, born
February 22, l9io, Wanda Wanette, born
Feb. 14, 1912 and, Vivian Lane Couch, born
October 6, 1916. Mr. Couch is a member
of the Knights of Pythias fraternity. He is
a wealthy oil and gas producer, living at
present in Nowata.

Calvin Coker was the son of John Rog-
ers and Annie (Hogan) Coker-

Cook, Mrs. Lee. —Nannie, daughter of
Clark and Lydia (Smith) Swimmer, was
born in the Cherokee Nation. Educated in
the Cherokee National schools. Married at
Webbers Falls in 1898 Lee Cook.

They are the parents of: Andrew, who
served three months in the World war;
Glenn, and Evaline Cook. Mr. Cook is a
farmer.

Coyn, Jeter J- (See Grant) — Peter Jos-
eph Coyn, born of Irish parentage, in Eng-
land October 19, iS69, married at Vinita,
March 11, 1893 Margaret Shanahan, born
May 3 1, 1874. They are the parents of:
Mary Ellen, born March 27, 1894, married
F. M. Gleason; Agnes Mary, born January
5, 1896; Patrick William, born March 16,
1898, served in the World war overseas
fourteen months in the Aerial Corps;
Peter Joseph, born March 12, 1900; Caro-
line, born March '), 1904; Emmett Charles,
born January 5, 1907; Joseph L., born
June 8, 1910; Woodrow Riley, born Feb-
ruary 10, 1913, and Marguerite Ambrosia
Coyne, born November 13, 1916. Mr. and
Mrs. Coyne are members of the Catholic
church and are successful farmers near Es-
tella. Straightforward, honest and logical
Peter J. Coyne has been chosen by his fel-
low citizens as flotorial representative of
Craig and Rogers Counties on November
3, 1908; representative of Craig County on
November 8, 19 lO, and November 5, 1912,
and state senator from the twenty-ninth dis-
trict on November 7, 1916.

Patrick Shanahan, born Mar. 11, 1833, in
Tipperary, Ireland, and married Charlotte
daughter of Nelson and Margaret (Scrim-
sher) Rogers, born January 27, 1858.

Cowan, Felix G- — Richard Cowan was
born October 9, iS39, in Georgia, and mar-
ried in April, 1S65, in Illinois, Elzada Allen,
born November 22, 1840, in Tennessee.
They were the parents of Felix G. Cowan,
born July 22, 1866, in Illinois; and Sarah
Cowan, who married James A. Thompson,
and is now deceased. Mr. Cowan was ed-
ucated in the Cherokee Nation, and married
on June 1, 1886, Lulu Murry, and on March
22, 1909, he married at Indianoola, Iowa,
Rebecca Blair, daughter of Calvin C, and
Cinthia Blair.

Mrs. Cowan had three brothers and one
sister as follows: William E., Jane A., Al-
mus C-. and Joel 0„ Blair. Only the lat-
ter is now living-
Mr- Cowan was in the mercantile busi-
ness in Vinita for twenty-seven years. He
was elected County Commissioner of Craig
County on November 5, 1918, but resigned
from this office and was appointed steward
of the State Hospital at Vinita. Pleasant,
urbane and gentlemanly, Mr. Cowan has a
host of friends. He is a member of the

HISTORY OF THE C

Me.h..dis, clunch, I,i„ Cres. Cluh, Mas..,,.
Shr,„ers. 0.1j p,„,„,,, ^^^,^^,_ Wood,ne ,i
Amer,ca, F,a..n,al Aid. and H,., ,,ater , ie
He uas a ,„e,nber .,f the ,::„. r,-,,,,,,;. , ,

of which he acted as „„.," '"""^

Countryrnan, John A. (See Ward a„d
H,id bra„d)-I..l,„ Anderson, son of Geor.e
Wush,nst„„ and Minerva (Ballu,d) Coun.rv-
man, was born in Delaware District M-.rch
1-*. IS 72, and educated in the Cherokee Na-
tional schools. Married at Atton August l
1900, Jane O., daushter of Dennis and Lucv
H,ldebrand, born May 7, 1SS2. Thev ire
the parents of W. T.. born .lulv 14.1901
Velva Irene. b„rn June 23, 1903. married
B. F. Fr,shie and has ,,ne daus;hter. Hthel
Irene Frisbie. born Septe,nber 24 fj^o-
Ned. born March l-l. io„-, and Houston!
Countryman, born August IS. i<)i().

Crowell, Mrs. Francis M. (See Sanders
and Duncan) — J,,hn Toniason Duncan mar-
ried Elizabeth S. Sanders, and they were the
parents of Mary Elizabeth Duncan, born Feb-
ruary S. IS5S; and was educated in the
Cherokee Nation and at the University of
Arkansas. She tausht schnni for six years
anions the full-blnods. and married at Van
Buren. Arkansas. January 15. ISS!. Francis
Marion, son of Dr. M. and Nancv A. Crow-
ell. born March 15. 185", in Tallapoosa
County, Alabama- Thev are the parents of
Erda Victor, born December 24. l,S,S4; Al-
vin Byron. b(irn September 1. 1SS6; Frank
M.. born September 7. IS'H), ai,d Hunt.''
K. Crowell, born April t 7, iS'i.i.

Mr. and Mrs. Crowell are me„,bers of the
Methodist church. He is the proprietor of a
flourishing mercantile business at Afton. Ok-
lahoma. Airs. Crowell is a member of the
Eastern Star Sisterhooij. Her Cherokee
name is Ka-ha-vu-ka.

Alviii B. Crowell saw service in France
in the Kainbow Division, being at the front
at Chateau Thierry, Argonne Forest and
other offensives, during which time he was
promoted to the rank of sergeant and was
retained in the Army of Occupation in Ger-
many. H. K. Crowell was in the Commis-
sary Departnient at Camp Travis at the lin'e
of the signing of the ar,nistice. Frank .M.
Crowell married .Miss Evelyn Dooley and
has two boys. Frank Marion Jr. the 3rd. 12
years old and Master Ted Crowell, 4 years
old. E. V. and A. B. Crowell are now lo-

hkhokit; im)|.\\s ^,

cated in L.n Aiigclcv
(acturiiig busliifj,. || .
ed in New V,,r|,. (,.-,.,( 4 ;
Sinner in ladu> hfjj.cj,. „, . ,
Haris i„ studN the MnI,,

Calvert, Mrt. Sarah (s,<- . , ., , j,
Sarah A. CriitenJen «i, h-t,
kee Nation .March :S. Ifio.s ,,
the Cherokee Nalli.nil ^h.^
near Alluwee ,laiiuir\ t, i.s.S'i
if l.owrev and AnijiiJi \iUc-
11. ISi.i in Oearh .rn Cuniv
are the parents of Aniandi A •
gust 'I. l.S'K,; Charles hUnct
2. l.S'i;, married at Tucunujr
teinher 2S. l<i||. .Minnie Ml*
children are Charles Kichar.l
24, l'lt3: Vivian .Mav. hc.rn '■
Anna Mildred bum Nov. ir., r •.
tola born Apr. to. \<>\'} xni Lucilr Ifii
Calvert born Feb. 3. t'OO; l.rlj r'^'<i
born .May 13. l'»oi married j-
tember 24. I'M 6 W. F. son 01

cinda Lay born .May 10. tSM''

dren are Jaunila Fern, born AiiKUtt Ifc. I 'i«
and Clara .Marie Lay, born lulv I J. I 'I"
.Mildred Loree, born November Jo. t''"< ,-
Quay Co. N. .M. and Clara Mwlle <jl..-'>
born January 27. I'M 1.

The Calverts and Li\% are larmer*. -fi-
Hstella.

Cunningham, Thoma» F. (See fo**. *•
ders and Ghigau) — Thomai Frincl*. »••■>
William Ross Cunningham and > li/a i'..lc ,,
was born at Fort Gibson on April 21. I'"-
He was educated al Fort G,bvn »nj <ti
cone University. He married Imuiri :
1002. Emilv Marnaee. daushlef "I ' ^■
Stringer Scott and Loretia B<ldi>r* lli't.f
born August Ui. ISS2, and *i* tj»n<'.'. -
Fort Gibson anad Racone Vn^^-'
ar" the parents of lohn I'alh.
2. l"'o4, and Frances Manor
born October 2S. l"oS.

Mr. and Mrs- «:unnintham are •<-".l-
Fort Gibson. 1 iklahoma.

Alley, Mr.. John R- (See Or;
Ghigau and Hoss) Clara E>a.
Edward Daniel and Eliiab.-
(iMusgrove) Hick* ••• ^^■
on February I",
in the Female ^.
graduated. She ma:!...:
l5, I'ldS. Ji>hn Peed. ^
Sarah Dameron Alley, born ^^v - '■ •

634

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

ill Yell Cuunty, Ark. They are the parents
of Lawrence Alley, born May 21, 19lO.

Mr. Alley is a contractor in Oklahoma
City, and a member of the Masonic fratern-
ity. They are members of the Presbyterian
church.

Francis Marion Mush.i;iove married
Clara Eva Alberty, and they weie the parents
of Mrs. Edward Daniel Hicks.

Daniel Ross Hicks married Nancy Jane
Rider, and they were the parents of Edward
Daniel Hicks.

Mrs. James K. Blake graduated from the
Female Seminary May 31, 1906. Henry
Clay Meigs, father of Mrs. Blake, was elected
clerk of Illinois District in 1S'^)3, and Judge
of the same District in 1S95.

Donnelly, Thomas A. (See Grant, Daniel
and Foreman) — Thomas Austin, son of
Henry and Emma Jane (Daniel) Donnelly,
born in Delaware District March 18, 1878,
educated in Vinita. Married at Vinita No-
vember 1, 1900 Mary Ella, daughter of Jesse
Edward and Margaret L. (Cowan) Glenn,
born December 13, 1877, educated in the
Cherokee Public Schools and Female Semi-
nary. They are the parents of: Gladys Aus-
tin born November 10, 1901; Glessie Ada,
born October 29, 1906, Thomas Winton,
born December 26, 1909. Fleeta Avis, born
September 11, 1911 and Betty Jean Donnel-
ly, born July 26, 1921. Mr. and Mrs. Don-
nelly are farmers, near Vinita. They are
members of the Baptist Church and he is a
member of the I. O. O- F. fraternity. They
are always active in all social and welfare
activities in their community, and were local
leaders in Red Cross and war work.

Henry and Jennie (Foreman) Glenn were
the parents of Jesse Edward Glenn.

Duncan, Mrs- Lucy (See Grant, Ward and
Duncan) — Lucy A., daughter of Joseph H.
and Polly (Ward) Clark, was born February
7, 1848 on Beatty's Prairie in Delaware Dis-
trict. She was educated in the Cherokee
National Schools, and married December 25,
1869 Joshua B. Duncan, born December 13,
1835; and he died December H, 1S75. They
were the parents of Helen Rosencrantz, born
March 25, 1874, and Annie Ellen Duncan,
born April 7, 1876- Mrs. Lucy A. Duncan
■on August 30, 1877, married James A. Dun-
can, the brother of her first husband, and
Tie was born June 3, 1825. He died Decem-
ber 26, 1898. They were the parents of

Jimniie Abercrombie, born October 3 0,
1879; Lucy Elizabeth, born March 14, 1884,
and Charles DeWitt Duncan, born April 10,
1886.

Delen R. Duncan is a very accomplished
artist and makes her home in Columbia, Mo.

.Mrs. Duncan is the owner and proprietor
of large farming interests near Afton. She
is a member of the Methodist church.

Di;pree, Fred Lee (See Adair) — William
E. Dupree was born November 9, 185 7, in
Te.\as; married January 11, 1883, at Whit-
man, Te.xas, to Fannie L. Wright, who was
born January 14, 1860 in Te.xas. They are
the parents of Emma Dupree, born December
13, 1888; and Fred Lee Dupree, born Au-
gust 20, 1895 at Vinita. Emma Dupree was
educated at Willie Halsell College at Vinita,
and the Northeastern State Normal at Tahle-
quah, Oklahoma. She married on December
22, 1915, at Vinita, Henry J., the son of
Frederick W. and Catherine Hill. They are
the parents of Frederick William, born Octo-
ber 2, 1916; Anna Catherine, born Decem-
ber 25, 1917; Henry Marion Hill, born Janu-
ary 28, 1920.

Mr. and Mrs. Hill are members of the
Baptist Church. He is a Mason and employ-
ed as a boilermaker at Tulsa, Oklahoma.

Fred Lee Dupree married at Vinita Novem-
ber 26, 19 17, Winnie M., daughter of Lil-
burn P. and Helena (Marrs) Scott. They
are the parents iif Robert Morris Dupree,
born October 24, 1918, at Vinita. Mr. and
Mrs. Dupree are members of the Baptist
Church, and he is a successful farmer near
Vinita. Mrs. Dupree is a member of the
Ward family of Cherokees.

Dupree, Wright (See Adair) — Wright Du-
pree, born August S, 1890 in Te.xas, was
educated at Vinita, Oklahoma, and Sedalia,
Missouri Business College. He married at
Centralia, Oklahoma, July 12, 1914, Rosa,
daughter of I. J. and Emma Wright, born
January 12, 1894. They are the parents of
Louis Wright Dupree, horn June 9, I9l5,
and Francis Elizabeth Dupree. born April 1,
19 17. Mr. Dupree is the son of William
E. Dupree, born November 9, 185 7 in Texas,
who married Anna L. Wright on January 11,
1883. They are members of the talented
Bell and Adair families. Mr. and Mrs. Du-
pree are members of the Baptist Church,
and he is a rural mail carrier at Vinita,
Oklahoma.

HISTORY OF THE C

Durall, Mrs. Be

\^orld War assis„ed to the reserves l.-ce
sta ,oned at Pelham Bay, N. V. fro,,, Mav 2..
IS to February 1, 1919. Married" Ahv
15, 1J2I Florence L. Rodant; Huiih Alle,,
born November i,„ ,902; George Alarvin.'
born March 2. ,o„5; Ada Leah, born Mav
-V 1 ''(./, and Charles Ivan Durall, born
.March 10. I'Mj. ^,,,. B^„„,,^ ^^ ,j^__.^|| ,^

a member of the Methodist Church Rebecca
and Eastern Star orders. Mr. Durall is en-
Caeed in the insurance and loan business in
\\ elch.

Durall, Mrs. George W. (See Ghisau) —
Franklin Wallace, son (,f Samuel and Eliz,-,
(Harlan) Craii; born in .Missouri. .March 15.
1X54. Married November S, 1S78 Cather-
ine Fetrick, born .lanuarv 15, 1S54 in Shelby
County, .Missouri. He died February 23.
1S94. They were the parents of Edna Earl
Craig, born June S, iSSo, educated in Fe-
male Seminary. .Married at Clareitiore Au-
gust 5. 1S9 7 George Wesbroford, son of
Benoni S- and Anna Durall, born October 23.
IS 78. They are the parents of: Benoni
Franklin, born June 3, 1S9S, married Oc-
tober 6, 1918 Georgia Ann Brown, has one
daughter, Mary Joe Durall, born June 20,
1920: George Raymond born July 14, 1900
married October 4. l')is Corna Cass and
their daughter, Marjorie Ann was born Oc-
tober 13, 1920; Jack Leroy, born January
15, 19 10; Harvey Robert, born September
II, 1915 and Edna Virginia Durall, born
July 14, 1918. Benoni Franklin Durall en-
listed and was at the officers training camp.
■Mr. and Mrs. Durall are members of the
Methodist Church. He is a jMason and she
is an Eastern Star. .Mr. Durall is in the loan
and insurance business at Welch.

Elliott, Samuel T. (See Foreman) — Sam-
uel Talbert, son of Hiram and Callie (Whai-
eiiberger) Elliott was born in Delaware Dis-
trict July 5, 1894 and was educated in that
district. Married at Big Cabin September
2 5. 1916 Geneva, daughter of A. W. and
.Minnie Blackford. They are the parents of:

^HKIv'OKI:h IM)|.\Ns

Magdelene I en.„. ,..„„ „„^., ,
'^arth |)alni..na lllh.it s.,- s.
'"2"- Mr. till..,, „ , ,,
cabin. l:liMh,,h. j,„^h,
'"an nurrleU .l..hn llli,.., ,
They were ,hc pjrenl, ..( At^h
whn married Rjchel Sm„h . ,i
the parents ..f Hirim Th
M.i\ 22. iSjl nurrifj tt
lii^ \\lulenberKtr

England. Mrt. John
Jaughter ..| |.,s,.ph We.
(ferf\) Da\is wis b,.,,, (..
Georiiia and educalcd tn
married in Ge.ireij V
o( Joseph and Su-.i
the parents of Fred .■ .,
ber o, iS'tS: Pauline. h..rn !
married July 16, \->i'> Di.
has one daughter. Hubv Uc .^
April 19. ,.)2o: [),.c l|,rrnn. h,,,
l''04: Willie May. bi.rn l>;'
san .Maude, born Jjnujrv
Preston, b^rn .Mav i.S. i
Lou. born Fehruir,* 2(>. |'M>. ^•
is an employee of (he .M, K ii.J
and lives at Adair.

Gibb.s, Joseph L (See O'mrjJ
Lewis Gibbs burn April 2'i. i- ■
Illinois and married Aucuv
Gourd born December 2S, :
more. Thev are the pireri
born January •'. l.S'M jnj
Gibbs burn Mav 6. I,S')6.
is the pruprietf'r •>( one •
stores of the soulhweit. »
specializes in Americin miJ
and Navajo blinkeli.

Mrs. J.iseph L. Olbbi n
.Ii>hn P. and Arleml»« (
The former now deceived
5, !S5o married in is:; A-
burn .lanuarv I. 185 7 l..h
elected AucuM '. IS'''

Onai a full bl'xxJ Cheflcc -'
Clan married llanilll<'n (:.>nf.
was a lli'llander and hit r-
woman. Their i.ldeM fn »
Ciinrad. but all ••( hit det^ ■
line was alwivt kiv«T it f ■■
Giiurds. inslead ••! '■■•iriJ
and Pollv (T..i).-t) '■ -nrij .
of: JackS'm and Danif:
former wi» Htp in I ■
son. born In t8o8. I'

636

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

and his wife had died on the fourth day of
October of the previous year. He was elect-
ed Judge of Tahlequah District August 5,
1807 and August 7, 1871. Their daughter
Charlotte born July 3, 1829 married Larkin
Beavert and they were the parents of: Ar-
tejiiissa Beavert who married John Rattling-
gourd the son of the above mentioned Dan-
iel Rattliiiggourd whose wife was Eliza
Lacey.

Chas. A. Gibbs married April 22, 1920 to
Sylvia Augusta Griswold born February 21,
1896, the daughter of Mr. and Mrs. F- G.
Griswold of Chiremure. Okla.

Lauchner, Mrs. Clarence M Mary A.

daughter of Chester and Etta (Nair) Taylor
was born January 3 1. 1896 in the Chero-
kee Nation. Educated in the Cherokee
national schools. Married at Claremore
April 22, 1912 Clarence M. son of Wil-
liam and Mary Lauchner, born Nov. ll,
1890 in Craig County, Okla. They are the
parents of Chester Francis, born August 26,
1915; and Evelyn Talita Lauchner, horn
May 10, 1919. Mr. and Mrs. Lauchner are
farmers, near Vinita. They are members of
the Baptist church. Mrs. Lauchner has one
sister: Miss Emma Cynthia Taylor, born De-
cember 2, 1898.

Jones, Mrs. George L. (See Sanders and
Grant) — Lorena, daughter of Daniel Boone
and Nannie (Vann) Cole, was born nea/
Pryor, July 24, 1881, educated at Pryor an.l
the Female Seminary. .Married Dec 16
I'Mjl. George L. born April 15, 1877 \r.
Te.xas, son of .Mack, born July 29, 1844 and
Nannie Jones, born Jan. 9, 1S42. They are
the parents of: Mabel Lee, burn Nuveniber
30, l')02; Otta May, born March 26, 1904-
Cornelius. born September 17, l9o5; Has-
kell born September 19, i'io7; Willie, born
October 9, 19 12 and Carl Jones, born Feb-
ruary 23, 1915.

Johnson Vann, the grandson of John and
Elizabeth (Wickett) Fields, married Margar-
et Winters and was the father of Mrs. Nan-
nie Cole. Margaret or "Peggy" Winters
was the daughter of John and Jennie (San-
ders) Winters and the granddaughter .if
Captain Ale.xander and Peggy (Sonicooie)
Sanders.

Lipe, Mrs. Margaret (See Thdmpson,
Thorntnn and Ooolootsa) — .Margaret Emma,

daughter of Richard and Elizabeth (Thorn-
ton) Thompson was born at Fort Gibson.
January 2, 1849. Married at Fort Gibson
August 29, 1873, to Clark Charlesworth,
son of Oliver Wack and Catherine (Gunter)
Lipe, born near Tahlequah, March 10, 1847.
He died May 25, 1901. They were thi
the parents of Howard, born May 19. 1873.
Died September 19, 1875. Herman Vann,
born February 19, 1876, married Mary Iris
Smith. John Caspar, born November 2^,
1878 , married Annabel Price. DeWitt Clin-
ton born November 22, 1881 and died Au-
gust 19, 1901; Beulah, born May 25, 188 1
married George Smith. Clark Charlesworth,
Jr., born November 15, 1887, married Lucy
Sellers; Clarence Lipe born July 9, 1891.

Clark Charlesworth Sr. was a member of
Captain Benjamin Weisner Carter's Com-
pany. He was elected Clerk of Coowees-
coowee District, August 6, 187 7 and August
4, 1879. Elected Clerk of the Council in
November 1885- Mrs. Lipe conducts a suc-
cessful stock farm near Sageeyah, on the
old Homestead settled in 1876.

Morgan, Gideon (See Oolootsa) — Gideon
Morgan, born April 3, 1851. Married June
25, 1874 Mary Llewellyn Payne, born Oc-
tober 1, 1855 in Sebastian County, Arkan-
sas. They are the parents of: Houston
Mayo, born May 4, 1875; Mary Llewellyn
born June 23, 1877; Martha Lelia, born No-
vember 13, 1879; Margaret Elizabeth, borji
October 25, 1882; Amanda Payne, born
Aug. 25, 1885; Sallie Mayo born April 15,
1888 and Ellen Payne Morris Morgan, born
March 4, 1896. Gideon Morgan was elected
Senator from Tahlequah District, Aug. 5,
1901. Elected a member of the legislature
from Mayes County, November 5, 1912 and
November 5, 1918.

Joseph, the son of General John Sevier
married Elizabeth Lowry, a half blood Chero-
kee and their daughter Margaret, born Oc-
tober 8, 17 99. .Married October 2 7, 1815,
Gideon Morgan, born at Ramorga, Connecti-
cut, August 6, 17 76. He died September
IS, 1851 and was buried at Calhoun, Ten-
neesee. Mrs. Morgan died March 25, 1862.
Gideon Morgan organized and was Major of
the Cherokee batallion that were allies of
the Americans in the Creek war of 1814.
Gideon and .Margaret (Sevier) Morgan were
the parents of George Morgan, born De-
cember 1, 1817. Married October 26, 1848

HISTORY OF THE C.„H(.KliliIN,„ANS

Martha Kt

UM.U1U, Tennessee June 16, 1826 He
was a Captain in the Mexican war and \U
)- ot the Third Tennessee Volunteer .

jc.r of 2nd Kentucl<y Cavalry (.Murgan's re,-
"'lent) until his death. Oct. 2S 1S6-' He
was mortally wounded at Ashland Kv.' Oc
It^. 1802 and died Oct. 27, iS62 ' He ,s
buried ,n Le.xington, Ky. Airs. Morgan died
June , ,871. They were the parents of
Gideon Morgan, the subject of this sketch.
Foreman. Mrs. Ada C (See Foreman and
R, ley)— Reverend Stephen Foreman was
burn October 22, 1S0 7, married March ->7
1.S.M, Sallie W. Riley. He was ordained a
Presbyterian Minister September 25, isl-
and was elected .lustice of the Supreme
Court of the Cherokee Nation, October li,
1844; E.xecutive Councilor in 1S47 and 1855
and was clerk of the Senate in 186 7. Mrs.
Foreman died August 6, I86I; and he died
December 8. iS8l. They were the parents
of Stephen Taylor Foreman, born at Park
Hill Septemlvr 24. 1S4S; and married April
2S. IS 74 Ada Carter, daughter of Sarah and
White .McClellan. born at Cane ilill, Arkan-
sas on October 25. 1853. He died Janu-
ary 1. 1891. Mrs. Foreman is now a resi-
dent of Clarenicire. Oklahoma.

.Mr. and .Mrs. Tavlor Foreman were the
parents of Sarah Lula, who married John
Gunter Lipe; Jennie McClelland, who mar-
ried David Jesse Faulkner; Ada Laura; Vic-
toria Lipe. who married Stephenson Ken-
nedy; Taylor Worcester and Perry Ashbrook
Foreman. Ada Laura and Perry Ashbrook
Foreman are now deceased. Taylor Wor-
cester Foreman was born near Oowala, Coo-
weescoowee District on July 6, ISSS; w^as
educated at Oowala and the .Male Seminary.
He enlisted in the U- S. Army as a private in
1909; was commissioned Captain of Infan-
try August 15, 1917 and assigned to the
327th Field Artillery, detailed as Instructor
in Infantry School of Arms of the S4th Di-
vision; assigned to the 301st Division in
July I9l8, with which he went to France,
commanding Company E; was promoted Au-
gust 26, l9lS, to Major and assigned to the
command of the 2nd Battalion of the 301st
Division, and was commander of this regi-
fent from November 10, 1918 to the latter
part of the succeeding month. Was detailed

"'<!nl js insesiHaiuis .,»,.,-- •
lanezan. France. »hich p..,
•lis return lo Amrrui >
leniber. \Sjs c'.nin
Ihe Regular Amu ,,
signed to Camp llcnn,:,; .,
present an Instructor ui ih ,
tain Forenun married ji In.l
May 2!, I'M? Hhfl Iren.
son, Ta>l..r Wtirc*Mcr T--
at Indianap.jis ,,ri lul> i. ;
Gamble, Jamei M. F.-
Flelcher, 5,,n ..( Willun
(Plunkell) Gimble. »j« ■
May 31, lS5(i. .Mjrnrd '
Julia Ann, daughter ..( s.
Ann (Fish) Wheeler The
of Verdie Ansell, bi.rn Apr
Mason and Wondnun ..( ih,
Fthel Suttiin: Bernice G'-rd
1SS5; Dudley .Martin, b..
iSSS, married Fl" Wavbrith
Gamble, bom March II, I'lui.

Goforlh, Mri. Albert P. (See f. ■
Elizabeth, daughter o( Andres j
(Bigby) Taylor was N'rn In Ihf
Nation, east of the .Ml»»i**'rr
ried William Covinglim ij
.March 2 5, ISi:. He died
1S96. Their daughter Isjbel .la:..
ley married Feli.x Nelson Will

Rachel Matilda, dauthlrr •>( Ttl
and Isabel .lane Will was h^rn
Snake District Scplember 2«, \S'i
cated in that [)islricl. Sbr mar'
.luly 24, IS90 Albert Hcrr*. vn
son and Catherine Gol-Tlh, b'-rn
H, 1S64 in Georgia- Thtv arc ih
of: Eulelma Pearl, born Janujri
married Philander B. I>1> ; tuPelij ' ■
born .lanuarv 20, IS')'; LuU B<-
May 26, iS'ir married Julv I', I"':'
C. Melton; Alta, horn June 6. !*'»•
ta, born January I, I
tember 21, |9(.:; Be^
tember 15. fio and '
born April 2. I'M; Mr uotorth n i
er. near Viinta-

CodiUyd. William P ($tt Grinl
Ghigau and Ward)— 'Jtherine, dJ.- ,
William and Flirabelh (Harli-
bnrn November 11, IS«<. •■■
ber 2', tS».'' I.arkin. \»n <■!
belh (BMhe) G-KJdard He d<ri W*»
for duty with the Inspector Generals depart- is7? and she died rebruar» 21, i""':!

638

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

were the parents of William Penn Goddard,
born November 3, 1870. Educated in the
Male Seminary. Married at Bluejacket, April
15, 1S94 Nora, daughter of Gabriel and
Cynthia Endicott born March 8, 187 5 in
Bourbon County, Kansas. They are the par-
ents of Fleming Larkin Goddard, born June
17, 1896. Married May 4, 1918 Ethel Pen-
nington. They are the parents of Erma
Gine Goddard born at Welch, July 14, 1920.
Greece, Thomas — Thomas, son of George
Greece, was born in the Cherokee Nation,
educated in Male Seminary- Married at
Welling in 1907 Nannie Walker- Mr. Grease
is a farmer and belongs to the Presbyterian
church.

Grimes, Ethel Ray Green— Ethel Ray
Green, born near Vinita. November 25,
1892, was a daughter of Joseph and Mar-
garette A. (Scrimsher) Green. She was
educated at the Female Seminary at Tahle-
quah; married at McAlester, Oklahoma De-
cember 23, 1917, Grady L. Grimes. They
are now members of the Methodist Church.
Mr. Grimes is a Mason, and is an automobile
mechanic.

Gulager, Mary (See Oolootsa)— Martha
Lucretia Scrimsher was born December 9,
1S45, and married January 27, 1869, Fred-
erick William Gulager, who was born March
14, 1844, in Washington, District of Colum-
bia- They are the parents of William Mar-
tin Christian; Mary Elizabeth; Henry Gun-
ter; and John Delaney Gulager.

Mary Elizabeth Gulager was born April
2 7, 1880, and graduated from the Cherokee
National Female Seminary May 25, i900.

GatUn. Mrs. Emma Nora (See Grant and
Oolootsa)— Emma Nora, daughter of Frank
and .May (Hanks) Fhomer, was born Feb-
ruary 2, 1889, and educated at Webbers
Falls, and the Cherokee National Female
Seminary. She married Samuel Bell Maxey,
son of James and Matilda (Yearby) Gatlin,
born May 25, 1SS7. Mr. and Mrs. Gatlin
are residents of Webbers Falls.

James, son of James and Lucy (McCoy)
Gatlin, married Matilda Yearby and they
were the parents of Samuel Bell Maxey
Gatlin.

Calvin Jones Hanks married Emma Walker
the daughter of John Lowery and Charlotte
(Ratliff) McCoy, and they were the parents
of .Mrs. May Rhomer.

Fair, Jake (See Grant and Ghigau)— Jake
Fair, born July 3, 1896. Married at Pryor

May I'll 3 Hazel, daughter of James and
Flora Stamper. They are the parents of:
James Louis, born June 3, 1916; Flora El-
len, born July 23, 191S and Junior David
Fair, born August 3, 1919.

Ellen Wilkerson, born February 18, 1870.
Married Lewis Kelly Fair, born January 25,
1864. They are the parents of Jake Fair.

Fields, Ezekial (See Grant and Ward) —
Ezekial, son of Richard and Elizabeth Jane
(Blagg) Fields was born in Delaware District
November 16, 1859, educated in the Chero-
kee National schools. Married Sabra Eliza-
beth, daughter of George Howard and Mary
Carroll Ward. Their children are: Clarissa
Eliza, born Mar 28, 18 70; Richard, born
Nov. 17, 1873; Belle, born in 1875; Luvonia
born in 1877; and Cora Fields born in 1884.
Mr- and Mrs. Ezekial Fields separated and
he married December 6, 1899 Lennie Mar-
shall born July 30. 1877 in McDonald Coun-
ty. Missouri. They are the parents of:
Inez L., born September 18. 1900; Edna Ann,
born January IS. 1902; James E., born Au-
gust 21, 190 5 and John J. Fields, born
March 21, 190".

Ezekial, son of Richard Fields, Chief of
the Texas Cherokees married Mary Ann Sex-
ton and they were the parents of Richard
wTio married Elizabeth Jane Blagg.

Franklin, Mrs. Oscar (See Adair and Ghi-
gau)— Frankie May Adair, born February 25,
1874. Married at Chouteau, December l8,
1912 Oscar, son of Marion and Jennie
Franklin. They are the parents of Hogan
Christopher, born September 4. 1913; Oscar
George, born December 4, 19 17 and Owen
Adair Franklin born June l5, 1920. Mr.
Franklin is a farmer and their residence is
six miles north east of Chouteau-

Benjamin Franklin Goss married Sarah
Emily Bean- Their daughter Susannah De-
borah married Richard Welch and they were
the parents of Sarah Emily who is the moth-
er of Mrs. Frankie May Franklin.

Frazier, Mrs- Samuel (See Ward)— Sarah
Ann, daughter of Cal Dean and Nancy
(Ward) Gunter was born at Siloam Springs,
Arkansas January 31, 1867 and was educat-
ed in the Cherokee national schools. Mar-
ried April 10, 1S8S Samuel, son of William
Thomas and Nancy Frazier, born October
29, 1864 in Texas. They are the parents
of- Cal Dean, born February 26, 1889; Lela
Jessie born July 13, 1892; Grace, born No-

HISTORY OF THE CMbKOKlil-: IM.lANs

veniber 6, 1S')7- Lillim K,.r„ m i

and, wi,n.„ T,,;::^';;::: ::;::'■,;;;,;'-' ;;;;::", ']^ 7'-- '• T.M,.

raiser near A^'^ '■""'" "'' ^"■^•'^ '!"= '^^'-"^ •■< ^•"'-" 'U'«,c.

T Gfiltilll SCntl Kifn I.. < i >.

I:i mp'^ ^( 111 . .t I I 1 > . '■»*■"'»», I'll! n in I '•*"

V ; f ; ^'''■^' ^^••^^•^ '"<•' Pa'-^»'S uf William Thnnu. Il.r

Nancy Ward, born .lanuarv 29 i,S30 mir ->" I'^a- ..,/..
ned September 2,. ,845 Cal Dean Gunter, .850 i„ AUrslull C..„„u v

born March 30, ,8.8 i„ Warren County, was elected Sen.,.. ,"

Tennessee. He died March 27, ,898. trie, August 7 l.S'..,

Freeman, Mr... George H. (See Grant)- ents nf William CusUs 1!
Ruth Jane, daughter of Ellis and Marv HawUin.. Pe.rl D. (See ..,.

(Fields) Dick was born in Delaware District —Ruth ,l.,ne, djudner ..( K

Januarv S, 1870, and was educated in the (Fields) Dick wa-i b..rn in |.,-

Cherokee National Schools. Married Oc- January S. l.S7o. Married

tober 17, ISS4, Charles Henry, Hawkins. ISS-I, Charles Henr> llawkiin

born in Lewis Countv, Missouri, October County. Missouri. Ocoher |.,.

16. ,800. They are the parents of Hmma are the parents nf Pearl I'. :

Lee Hawkins, born near Catale, February IS, near Catale. Julv 31. I.S'M. v

1.S9S. .Married at Claremore. September 12, nita October 27. lo'i;. ,Mvrll,

I'MO. Georee H. son of John and .Martha of Andrew Oliver and Cra Ho

Freeman, born February ,5, ,896. Harlan, born Julv 26. i.S'ii

Thev are the parents of Paul Lawrence for the World War at Vinlli V

Freeman, bom August 2. ,920. W'as Sergeant of Base Hotpiijl S... ■> :

Mr. Freeman served in the World War in Sailed for France AurusI 'I. «*>l.1 W i.

Company H. 5 6th Infantry. Honorably dis- on the Toul front nine m-nih*. Li^JeJ

charged at Fort Sheridan, February 28. 19,9. the United Stales June s. I'M' r^J .»^ J >

Hall, Frederick — Frederick, son cjf William charced at Camp fike lui lun • •
and Martha (Childers) Hall, born in the .Mr. Hawkins Is a farmer n>

Cherokee Nation in 187?. Married in 1896 He is a member ..f the Modcr . .■■

Katie Burgin. They are the parents of: An:erica.

Martha May, Arthur, ha Jane and Alvina Heady, Mr.. Franklc F- (Srr Ghirjji -

Hall. Mr. and .Mrs, Hall are members of Frankie Folsom, dauenier ■•( ' '

the Baptist church and are farmers. Lulu (Bnvnton) Kendall «a» '

Hamilton, M-.-.. Henry J — Neppie, daugh- sea August II. l *!"*■. 1 .! . i

ter of Pleasant Napoleon Blackstone and High and Cincin;

Mary Barr was born at Muskogee July 9, from the former

ISSI, educated in Bacone College, Musko- I90S. .Married at I-J;.- !

gee. She married .March S. ,906, Henry J. .March 17. lOH Frank vn

Hamilton. They are the parents of Ollle, Headv, born at Wal"va ri,.

born October 24, ,906; Maude, born Janu- ents of J. B., b.'rn lebr

ary 17, ,908: Lillian, brjrn May 20, 1909; Leroy. b.irn Ocli^be' :. •

Henry .1. born June 27. 19,,; Nellie, born born February -t. I"t7 jnj J..-.1

November ,3, ,9,2; George, born August l9i,S; James Ewinir, b"f'> ^

4, ,9,4; Jacob Clark, born January 12. 19 iS and leanne tiileon "

19,0 and Neppie Leona Hamilton, born Au- her 2 5, r'2o. Mr>. M.-

gust ,5, 19,8. Mrs. Hamilton's Cherokee the Presb\lefian church

name is Utiva. foreman of the St. Vli.r • -i

Harna^je, William Cuslis (See Ghigau and Vinila.
Sanders) — William Curtis Harnage was born Henry, Mr.. W. C ( •■

April 15, ISSI. and was educated in the and F..re>.i.i'i) — Na'o.u-

Male Seminary and Henry Kendall College in born. lanuarv 12. •• ^^

.Muskogee, graduating from the latter insti- 2-. IS5: Ander*.

640

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

in 1S30. They were the parents of DeWitt,
bom JaiuKiry 7, lS59; James Daniel, born
February 2, lS61 and May Wilson. born
Mav 1, 1S62. Anderson Springstoii Wilson
died December 26, 1865 and his widow mar-
ried December 14, 1S72 Henry Clay Barnes,
born August 29, lS-15 at Dwight Mission,
Cherokee Nation and they were the parents
of Myrtle Barnes, born in Flint District July
25, 1S74, educated at Tahlequah and Female
Seminary. Married May H, ISOI Wallace
Gibbs Henry, born April 6, 1872. W. G-
and Myrtle Henry are the parents of DeWitt
Cllinton, born April 4, 1892; Roy Wilson,
born July 22, 1897 and Myra May Henry,
born December 8, 1903. Nancy Catherine
Barnes died December 10, 1889.

Hollaind, Richard S. (See Paper. Ghi«au
a)id Oolootsa) — Richard Spencer Holland,
born November 2. 1872. Married Laura,
daughter of Daniel and Cynthia (Pack)
Harmon. They are the parents of; Flora
L. and Grace Holland. Richard Spencer Hol-
land was elected Court Clerk of Adair Coun-
ty in 1918 and 1920.

Howard, Frank S. (See Adair and Ghigau)
— Frank Stapler, son of Frank and Sallie
(Starr) Howard, was born January 30, 1873.
Married Caroline Allen, born May 30, 1873,
and died February 8, 1899. He married
Ella Clyne, born April 26, 1870. His child-
ren are: Catherine, born November 7,
1896; Dewey, born April 22, 1898; Sallie
Emma; Ella May; Grover Franklin and Ed-
gar Starr Howard.

Frank S. Howard was elected County
Commissioner of Adair in U'lO and 1912.

HubbaVd, Thomas — Thomas, son of
Wilkerson and Harriette (Thomas) Hubbard,
was born in the Cherokee Natiiin in 1S52.
Mr. Hubbard, who is a successful farmer
near Tahlequah, has never married.

Jordan, Mrs. Luther — Victoria, daughter
of Robert and Ivy Ann (Taylor) Powell,
born in North Carolina, September 17, 1880-
.Married at Adair, November 6, 1902. Luther,
son of John and Mary Jordan. They are the
parents of. Myrtle Marie, born September
25, 1903; William L., born October 4, 1904,
and Florence Jordan, born December 14,
I'MO. Mr. Jordan is a farmer and lives near
Adair. They are members of the Methodist
church.

Jordan, Mrs. Arthur R. (See Adair) —
Viola Adair, born June 15, 1S93, educated
at Adair. .Married at Adair October 28.

1911, Arthur Basil Jordan. They are the par-
ents of: Anna Mae, born Aug. 17, 1912; Basil
Franklin, born February 4, 1914; Ruby La
Von, born October 30, 1915; Carl Hubert,
born March 4. li^MS, and Virgil Lawrence
Jordan, born December 23, 1919. Mrs. Jor-
dan belongs to the Deer Clan. Mr. Jordan
is farming near Adair.

Virgil Harry Adair married Dorinda Cal-
loway and thev are the parents of .Mrs. Ar-
thur B. .lordan.

Jones, Mrs. Thomas P. (See Downing)
— Rachel, daughter of Nicholas and Martha
(Shirley) Byers, was born August 24, 1875.
.Married at Tahlequah March l. 1896,
Thomas Pinckney, son of William M- and
Nancy Jones. They are the parents of;
Bryan, born May 22. 1S97; Polk, born Oc-
tober 3 0, 1S9S; Granville, born December
31, 1900; Nannie, born September 9, 1902;
Margaret, born August 22, 1904; Ruth, born
March 22, 1906; Cherokee, born March IS,
1908; Buena, born February 18, 1911; Lu-
cullus, born August 3 1, I9l3; Eldee, born
October 15, I'M 5; and Mary Joe Jones, born
July 13, 1918.

Elizabeth, daughter of James and Ka-ta-
ka-ya Crittenden, married Lord Wellington
Shirley, born May 27, 1825. He was elect-
ed Judge of Tahlequah District August l,
1881, and August 3, l89i. He died June
9, 1894. They were the parents of Mar-
tha Shirley.

Johnson, Isaac Isaac, son of Milo and

Adeline (Payne) Johnson, was born in 1883,
educated at Tahlequah. Married at Mus-
kogee in I'M 3. His children are :Jessie,
Ma.xine and Willard JohnJon. Mr. John-
son is an efficient state enforcement officer.

Jackson, Mrs. Fred L. — Rosa A., daughter
of John H. and Mary Malisson (Frantz) Mor-
ris, born February 24, 1893, near Welch.
Educated in the Cherokee National schools.
Married at Centralia, June 2, 1912, Fred L.,
son of Robert Lee and Lulu Jackson.

They are the parents of: Carwel Lee,
born April 2 1, I'M 4, and Norma Jennie,
born Mar. 3, I9i9. Mrs. Jackson is a Meth-
odist and a member of the Eastern Star. Mr.
Jackson has been a banker in Welch for
nine years and is at present interested in
oil production.

.Mrs. Jackson is the great-great grand-
daughter of Pathkiller, who was Principal
Chief of the Cherokees at the beginning of
the nineteenth century. His daughter, Elsie,

HISTORY OF THfci CIlEROKIili IMHANv

'■II

married Eldrise, and their eldest child, Mar-
garet, generally called I'essy, married .lesse
Morris, and they were the great grandpa-
rents of Mrs. Rosa A. Jackson

Jordan, Robert Lee. (See Riley) — Rob-
ert E. Lee. son cil John W. and Sallie (Bean)
Jordan, born in 1S67 in Texas- Educated
in the Male Seminary. .Warried in the CJier-
okee Outlet in 1S')0. llarriette A., daughter
of Richard A. and Mary A. (Simkins) Riley.
They are the parents of: Lee Owen, born
February S, lS')l; William Penn Adair, born
December 15, 1S':)2, and Dennis Bushyhead
Jordan, born November 2-1, IS'M, who was
in the navy fur twn vears during the war,
during which time he crossed the ocean
thirtv-four times and was im watch twice
when German submarines were sighted and
sunk.

Mr. Jordan is a member of the Knights
of Pythias fraternity and is a farmer, near
Collinsville.

Kelley, Lulu N- (See Sanders and Ghi-
gau) — Lulu Nannie, daughter of John and
Sallie Matilla (Harlan) Poole, was born
March 22, 1862, in Delaware District, Cher-
okee Nation- She was educated in the Cher-
okee public schools and Female Seminary.
She married at Vinita, August 27. 1S87,
Frederick Lincoln Kellev. He died at Vinita
November 2, mil- Mr. Kelley was one of
the best posted and successful hay and grain
dealers in northeast Oklahoma. Frederick
L. and Lulu N- Kellev were the parents of
Pauline Gazelle, born February 16, 1889, and
married Charles W. Flint; Frederick Lincoln,
born July .'i. IS').', and George Samuel Kel-
ley. born August 2 1. 1815.

Lulu N. Kellev's Cherokee name is Salala.
She is a member of the Methodist church
and belongs tu the Eastern Star Chapter in
Vinita She was deeply interested in the
World war work and did efficient service
in the Red Cross and other activities.

John and Sallie Matilla (Harlan) Poole
were the parents of Fannie, who marr.ed
James Henry Akin; Charles Walton, and Lulu
Nannie Poole.

Lnlu N Poole's maternal grandparents
were Ellis Sanders, son of George and Nancy
(Sanders) Harlan, born March 4, lS04, mar-
.Ved 182S Nancy Barnett, born September
,8 1800, in ()n.slow County, ^°'^\ ^f']
li,,; Ellis Sanders Harlan was a clerk o
lection at the Court House Prec.nc.
Hickorv Log District, Cherokee Kat.on, U.

the selectlmi o| dclctil.
Constitutionil ("niivrnth-
was elccltfd li> CmuiiciI li..n.
in 1,S55- lie died lij;cf mb^i

Kerr, Mr*. Thoma*.
Grant). — Susan Ti'lbcr:
Tolbert and Anuiidi i !;.
Scott, was b'Tii III l>eU»irf l>r
187.<, educated in thai l>ltl
at Seneca, .Missnuri. ,Mi% !». i
son of Ale.xandcr and Malildi >
the parents nl nllif Ma\ K<f. .
ber 22, 1S')1, married N^^emhcr :" l
.]. C. Carr, and has ^ne diushur 1 • i
Carr. burn Seplenibcr :', f'
is a farmer, neat Vinila.
Charles Duncan, a ^
about 17S4, Dorcas, a :
of the Deer Clan. Thru
ried Elizabeth Abercr"mb>. i
the parents of Charles G'-rdaii
June .', IS25, and married Sinu 111--.
February ', 1825. Thev were thr r»
of Amanda Cherokee Duncan, i
Snake District. July ;o, \S<,>
cember I6, IS'-". John Tolbf

Key5, Monroe A. (See Grant. ■ '
Daniel and Rilev.)— .Monroe Am-rv >
Monroe Calvin and Lucy l-^y '
Keys, was born February II. «»"" '
ed'in the Male Seminar*. Married
-i; rioj, .Martha Ann daujhter i>( H.-
Emma Jane (Daniel) tN.nnclU, N.t
11 1874, educated in the Chefok'
schools and Worcester Aciaem. T
the parents of; Wahnie. S-rn '•'
Emma, born December i".
born January >6. fM2. J*"'- '
, 1..14. and Clun Ke»«. N"" ►""
,"(M7. Mr. Keys is i member "I '■'■
Clan. His Cherokee name i» ' >>•
He is a farmer near Vinita

Kincia. Edw.nl C. (^
ward .■- Kincaid- >-'"";
Married at I'rvor ""f "
daughter o( David and I- J-
are the parents of lubi
April 2'.. .'H-S «' •
belongs to the BiP"-
,,f ihe Ancient ""J" •'
and Mutual Aid S.^.etv

Collins .McDonald- *• ^ ' '■■ "
,So7. .Married Ma-.
Adair born Sertemb- _

April 2s. ts'.i. >"a •>, -.-.: •

642

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

1S95. Their daughter, Nancy Missouri Mc-
Donald, born November 3 1, 1849, married
Joseph Kincaid, a native of Georgia and they
were the parents of Edward C. Kincaid, the
subject of this sketch.

Lane, Mrs. C. L. (See Downing, Cordu-
roy and Oolootsa.) — Maude Ethel Rogers,
born November 28, 1869, educated at Fe-
male Seminary, and Howard P.ayne College.
Fayette, Missouri. Married October 4, 1891,
Captain Lane Lane, born November 26,
1867, in Red River County, Texas. He
graduated from "Kemper Family School,"
Booneville, Missouri, June 8, 1887, and
conducted a drug store in Chelsea for thirty
years. They were the parents of: Estelle,
born September 20, 1892; Ethel Lindsay,
born October 19, 1894, graduate of Chelsea
High School and Northwestern State Normal
at Tahlequah in 1918; James Gunter, born
May 12, l8'i7; and Lasca Gazelle Lane, born
June l'>, I'JOS.

Clement Vann Rogers, born in the West-
ern Cherokee Nation, January 11, 1839, ed-
ucated at Baptist Mission, Going Snake Dis-
trict, and Male Seminary. Married in 1858
Mary America Scrimsher, born October 9,
1839, and settled on Caney River in Coo-
weescoowee District. Was Captain of Co. C
First Cherokee Mounted Volunteers and sen-
ator from Cooweescoowee District in the
Confederate Cherokee Council from 1862 to
1865. Settled on the Verdigris River after
the Civil war. Elected Judge of Coowees-
coowee Dist- Aug. 5, 1877; senator from the
same District August 4, 1879, August l,
1883, August 7, 1899. and August 3, 1903.
Elected as a member of the Cherokee Com-
mission to negotiate with the "Dawes" Com-
mission for the final disposition of the Cher-
okee Nation. Elected a member of the Ok-
lahoma Constitutional Convention from the
Si.xty-fourth District on November 6, 1906.
Rogers County, Oklahoma, was named for
him. Mrs. Mary America (Scrimsher) Rog-
ers died May 28, 1890, and he died October
28, 19 11. They were the parents of: Sallie
Clemantin, Robert Martin. Maude Ethel, sub-
ject of this sketch, May and William Penn
Rogers.

Leafer, Mrs. John. (See Conrad and
Foreman) — Floren Frances, daughter of Wil-
liani II. and Letitia (Woodard) Foreman,
bnrn April 2, 1881, educated in the Cher-
iikee Natitinal schools in Tahlequah District.
Married at Tahlequah in 1903 John Leafer.

They are the parents of John ajid Lawrence
Leafer. Mr. Leafer is a farmer near Tah-
lequah.

Lowrey, Daniel W. (See Oolootsa, Ross,
Conrad and Hildebrand.) — Daniel Webster,
son of Henry and Mary (Parris) Lowrey,
born October 2, i860. Educated in the
Cherokee National Schools; married July 19,
1885, Ellen, daughter of James and Eliza-
beth (Hendricks) Gourd, born May 1, 1862,
educated in the Cherokee Public Schools and
Female Seminary. They are the parents of:
Florence, born May 23, 1886; George, born
August 15, 1887; Richard Walker, born
September 8, 1890; James, born October
13, 1892; John, born September 4, 1894,
and Dora Lowrey, born August 21, 1898.
James and John Lowrey each served a year
in the American Expeditionary Forces in
France. Mr. and Mrs. Lowrey are members
of the Methodist Church and he is a Mod-
ern Woodman of America. They are farm-
ers, near Wann.

Lynch, Joseph Martin. (See Grant and
Adair) — Joseph Martin Lynch, born July 30,
1881, educated in Male Seminary and Cum- '
berland University, Lebanon, Tennessee,
graduating from the Law Department of the
latter, but refused to take the Tenneessee
bar examination because negroes were in-
cluded in the class. Elected Register of
Deeds of Adair County, September 17, 1807.
He married Hazel Capitola Mason. He serv-
ed for several years as attorney for the
Interior Department and on November 8,
1919, refused the appointment of Register
of the United States Treasury, because it
would be impossible for him to take his
aged father from his home and friends and
he would not leave him.

Mr- Lynch's great-great-grandfather, Jos-
eph Martin, a native of Alberniarle County,
Virginia, was elected Major in the Revolu-
tionary Army, February 17, 17 79, and pro-
moted to a Lieutenant Colonelcy in Mardh,
1781. He was elected Brigadier General of
the N<]rth Carolina militia, December 15,
1787, and was commissioned Brigadier Gen-
eral of the 20th Brigade of Virginia Jiiilitia
by Governor "Light Horse Harry" Lee on
December II, 1793. His son John Martin,
was a member of the Constitutional Con-
vention of 1S27, and was the first Chief
Justice and first treasurer of the Cherokee
Nation. Mr. Lynch's grandfather, Joseph
Martin Lynch, was a delegate I'r'^ni tU'

HISTORY OF TUB CntROKI:!-: INDIANS

Cherokee Nation tu Wasliinstn,, in ISV), and
was elected Senator from Delaware District
August 2, lS-12. iMr. Lynch's father, Cic-
ero Leonidas Lynch, was elected sheriff of
Flint District August 2, 1S75, and August
5, 1.S77, elected senator from the same dis-
trict August 1, iSSi. Elected Circuit Judge
August 6, 1,SS3, and August 1, 1S87, the
terms being for four years. He was elected
Associate Justice of the Cherokee Nation,
November 13, 1S97.

Lynch, Mrs- Georgia, (See Grant and
Foreman) — Joseph Vann generally called
Joe) married Polly Black, and they were the
parents of William, David, Sofia, Johnson
Sallie and iJelilah Vann. David Vann mar-
ried Nancy Tally, nee Mackey, and they were
the paients of William, Joseph, George B.,
Robert P., and Maud May Vann.

William Vann was the father of Georgia
Eulalia Vann, born September 17, 1.S76. She
was educated in Canadian District and the
Female Seminary. She married .March 2u,
IT'^'S, Joseph Johnson, son of Joseph .Mar-
tin and Susan Francis (Foreman) Lynch,
born September 2^, 1S75. He graduated
from the Male Seminary in 1S')6. and died
June 1, l')2 1. They were the parents of
Cherokee Rose Lynch, and Jess Vann Lynch,

Lowrey, Mrs. Myrtle (See Ghigau, Grant,
Adair and Oolootsa) — Luther .Martin, son of
Captain Ephriam Martin, and Sallie (Starr)
Adair, married Lillie M- Waldrop and their
daughter, .Myrtle Lucinda Adair, born in
18^)1, was educated in the Cherokee Public
Schools. Married in 1910, Randolph, son
of Austin and Sallie (Choker) Lowrey, born
February 6, ISSO. They were the parents
of Wesley Lowrey. Mrs. Lowrey is a mem-
ber of the Baptist church.

McKisick, Mrs. J. H, (See Ghigau, Con-
rad and Duncan)— Nellie Josephine, daugh-
ter of Johnson Thompson and Catherine Is-
abel (Garbarine) Landrum, was born in Del-
aware District, May 6, 1890, and educated
locally- Married at Vinita, August 8, 1910,
James Houston, son of Charles D., and Ly-
dia Elizabeth McKisick. They are the pa-
rents o- Stephen Dean, horn July H, I'"--
and Clark Douglas McKisick, born August
6 19 10, Mr. McKisick is a mill owner and
operator at Big Cabin. Mrs. McK.sick is a
member of the United Brethren Church.

John son of James and Rebecca (Dun-
can) Landrum married Nellie Otterlefter, and

they were the pifnH ..f J..h
son Landrum.

Samuel Cindv, a while nun. nuffir4 • iv
erine, a full-blood Chcr.4« ..t ih<- a '
Clan. Their son. Samuel TjuJv mt'i .|
Elizabeth West, i while »..mjn Th,. - .
the parents ot n||ir Cind>.
Hair Conrad and their daucif
married Daniel llo^l.ill^ l^j
abeth Hopkins were the par-
Abigal Hopkins, born linuir
married September '». l.SMi,
Garbarini, born September .s. ■
relia, Italy. Thev were the pa-
erine ls,ibel, born June 2'. :
April 2, ISSO. Johnson Tti
drum, born t.Sf.o,

McUughlin, Willi.ni C. ( ~
gau. Foreman, t'onrad. I'uncn i .1 Mi-
breed). — William Cecil .Mclauchlin. b- m
September 22, 1S"3, educated at ••f..w.
Stilwell and .Muskogee, KndualinK in a hn*
iness course from the latter. .Married H Vi-
nita, .March 28. 19i'i. i,e|ia Leone. dau(hlrr
of Richard Fields and .Martha Adair (Hre«er)
Benge. horn on Lvnch's Prairie |iei.eniber
16, 1892. Thev are the parenH ••( i <-cil
Benge .McLaughlin, born .May Id, I'': I Mr
McLaughlin is (arming near Adair,

Elizabeth, daughter of Andrew and Cnh
erine (Hicks) .Miller, married Philip l^''»
a native of South (Carolina, and Iher i -
Sylvester Inlow. born lune 2 1. IHt". ."-if
ried December 2S, iSftl, Su<annah I'jJ.-i
born November 1, IS44. He died lunf i >.
1878, and she died Februar\ I'. «<*'
Their daughter, Margaret I'.aroline lnl-.»
born August 6. IS"'), married Seri<-mb«r
20, 1890, loshua Ezekial Mcl.authlm. b---.
February 1-1, IS^V Thev worv ih- p.-- -
of William Cecil McLaughlin

Ma-«in, Mri. Jr»»e. C^<"
Ghigau) — .Margaret, dJughler .! -i
Houston and Nannie (hrewMer) ll<n<.-
Wednesday. .March 2. is:-' Uu..' : ^'
Fort Gibson and Female Seminar> "•' • '
July 17. 1SS5. lesjc. ^on ■■• ' ' ■
Charlotte (Alarlin) .McLiln. t
arv, 1855. educated in the ' !•
Schools and Male Seminar> rh.. >
parents of: Nannie I.ee, Samuel H
Calvin Cross, lib" 'm'- 'i''-' ''
ton and Charl..lte Ben«e. ' "
the A, E. F. in France l--r %e»
his younger br..lher. Oe..f«« *•• «J' r'

644

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

paring to ejiibark at the time tlie Armistice
was signed-

McLain, James (See Gliigau) — James,
son of Calvin and Charlotte (Martin) McLain
married Elizabeth J. Kennedy, born June 22,
1875, and Lulu Breeden. By the first mar-
riage there was born: Heiiriette J. and Sa-
rah Vivian McLain, and by the second mar-
riage, Haskell, Etta, Cora, Woodrow, Calvin,
Charlotte and Lucy McLain.

Mr. .McLain was educated at the Orphan
Asvluni. He is a member of the A. F. T. A.,
which is one of the best indications of a
man's respectability and responsibility. He
is a farmer near Claremore.

Martin, Mrs. DeWitt (See Grant and Dun-
can)— DeWitt T. Martin, born May 12, ISSS
Enlisted in the World war Nov. 22, 1917.
Assigned to the 17th Co. of the 2nd Regi-
ment as an air service mechanic January 27,
19 IS. Sailed for France March l-t, 1918,
where his service entitled him to two gold
chevrons. Returned to the United States
May 29, I9i9. Honorably discharged at
Camp Pike June 13, 19 19. Married at Car-
thage. Missouri. May 1. 1920, Mary Ethel
daughter of I. D. and Rachel A. Boston.
They are the parents of Caroline Louise
Martin, born March 24, 1S21.

Joseph Martin of Bristol, England, settled
on a plantation near Charlotteville, Alber-
marle County, Virginia, in the first quarter
of the eighteenth century. He married Su-
sannah Childs and they were the parents of
Joseph Martin, born about 17 40. He was
a Lieutenant Colonel in the American service
in the Revolutionary war. He married Su-
sannah Fields, nee Emory, a quarter-blood
Cherokee, and they were the parents of John
Martin, who was the first Chief Justice and
first Treasurer of the Cherokee Nation.
Judge John Martin was the father of Joseph
Lynch Martin, whose son, John Rogers Mar-
tin was the father of DeWitt T. Martin.

Martin, Joel T. (See Ghigau and Rogers)
— Joel Thomas, son of William and Sarah
Martin, born August 21, 1S76. educated in
the Cherokee Public Schools. Married Oc-
tober 26, 1896, Myrtle Stephens, nee Steph-
enson, born April 19, 1S7S, in Nodaway
County, Missouri. One son, William A.
Martin, married in 1899, Stella, daughter
of Mr. and Mrs. Argentine Causdell. They
are the parents of: Pauline. May and George
Martin.

Mr. Martin is a member of the Owls fra-
ternity. He is a farmer near Ruby.

George Washington Walker married Rach-
el Rogers and they were the parents of Mrs.
Sarah Marlins.

Mayes, Watt A. (See Adair, Foreman, Ross
and Grant) — Walter Adair Mayes, born
December 10, i860, educated in the Chero-
kee public schools and Male Seminary, mar-
ried December 31, 1890, Nannie Rider Mc-
Coy, born March 25, 1865. She was edu-
cated in the National schools and Female
Seminary. They are the parents of: Hall,
born September, 23, l89i; Washington E.,
born September 8, 1893; Clarence, born
October 23, 1895; Mayme Lucile, born No-
vember 14, 1897; Jesse Lamar, born May l,
1900; and Joseph McCoy Mayes, born June
9, 1903.

Walter Adair Mayes is the son of George
Washington Mayes, born November 11,
1824, married May 21, 1846, Charlotte
Bushyhead, born March 16, 1830. She died
January 23, 1878, and he died October 28,
1894. George Washington was the son of
Samuel and Nancy (Adair) Mayes- Char-
lotte was the daughter of Rev. Jesse and
Eliza (Wilkerson) Bushyhead. Walter Adair
Mayes is the nephew of Chiefs Dennis Wolf
Bushyhead, Joel Bryan and Samuel Houston
Mayes and Miss Nannie Mayes is the grand-
niece of Chief John Ross and great grand-
daughter of Chief Charles Renatus Hicks.

Mrs Walter Adair Mayes is the daughter
of Joseph Rogers McCoy, who married on
December 16, 1851, Nancy Hicks, born Sep-
tember 16. 1830. He died July 4, 1866.

Walter A. Mayes' Cherokee name is Oga-
nostota and he belongs to the Deer Clan.
Mrs. Mayes' Cherokee name is Walliah and
she belongs to the bird clan.

Meeks, William — William, son of George
and Minerva (Fleetwood) Meeks, was born
March 5, 1880 in Sequoyah District, edu-
cated in Cherokee public schools and Male
Seminary, married September 11. 1905
Goldie May Perry. They are the parents
of Sylvia Pauline, born September 7, 1905;
Mary Louise, born June 3, 1909; Delia
Ruth, born September 19, 1912 and Wyllie
Burtis, born June 1, 19 19. William Meeks
was left an orphan while a small child and
through adverse circumstances has struggled
to a competence and the respect of his com-
munity. A Methodist in church affiliation

HISTORY OF THE CHHKOKliE INDI.Ws

u*S

he has ascended in masonry to the Thirty
second degree and Shriner. He served in
Company K, First Infantry fdr two and a
half years in the Phillipines during the
Spanish-American war a)id was verv active
in U'orld War work. His l>ii.tlier Lewis
Samuel was a mtmlier of the Thirteenth
Marines in the World War.

Mitchell, Mrs. Claud W. (See Grant and
Duncan) — Emma E., daughter of John Mar-
tin and Alice R. (Smith) Daniel, was born
at Vinita. February 1'). tS"2; was educated
at the Female Seminary ai Tahlequah. She
married at Vinita July 3 1, I'Ul, Claud W.,
son of William W. and Hmma Mitchell. .Mr.
Mitchell died October 2.i, frMS. Thev were
the parents of Mary Nadine, born .March .!.
Julv ,S, im,S.

John Martin Daniel was born October 2,
1S4-1, and married August t, 1S76, Alice
R. Smith, born June to, 1S5S. They were
the parents of Marnia D., James Henry, Ro-
bert John, Lula Mav. Eliza E.. .Martha I..
Emma E., William, Edgar Jacksun and Wal-
ter Scott Daniel.

I.ula May Daniel married R. F. Parker, ami
lives at Welch, Oklahoma. Eliza E. Daniel
married Samuel Nidiffer and Jeff Blevins.
Martha J. Daniel married Elbert Snider and
lives at Vinita, Oklahoma.
Miller, Mrs. James (See Ward) — Mary,
daughter nf Robert and .Martha Alice (Hol-
land) Early, was horn in 18.S9 at Stilwell-
Educated in the Cherokee public schools,
Female Seminary and Hill's Business College,
Oklahoma Citv, graduating from the latter
institution. Married at Joplin, Missouri in
1912 James, son of Mr. and Mrs. James C.
Miller. She taught in the public schools for
ten years prior to her marriage. Mr. and
Mrs. Miller are members of the Baptist
church. He is a farmer, near Foyil and she
is a member of the Ladies Home Demonstra-
tion Club.

Milton, Annie Leola (See Adair)— Annie
Leola, daughter of William Penn and Julia
(Allison) Adair, was born June l, iSS3, at
Stilwell. She married December 17, IS''''.
Alvin Hendrex, and thev were the parents
of Virgil Felix, born September 7, fot:
William Harrison, Ix.rn Julv 2 7, fO^; Or-
vill Lee, born August 5, foe; Paul Lyman,
born Februarv IS, lOoO, and Ralph Herald
Hendrex, born Januarv 20, ,013. Her sec-
ond and present husband is Curt M.Uon.

Thev arc the pirenn >•( <",jr| luir

21, I'MS; lUrve* 1li%k<ll Mill..,,

10, fi2l. Mts .Milion t» i mcnit<i u ^k^

Christian Church.

Milei, Mr». John B. (Sec n '
RiUy)— Luc\ li. daujhUr ..( V
vin and Lucv l..iwrcv (M-.»l) '
born .March M, 1S"2. I.Ju(Jtr.l
Seminary. Married it (Mdtini I'
ber 20, l.S'H Ji.hn Benejicl, »••>'
■Mrs. Benedict Milev The jtc ■
of: Benedict Franklin, b.irii (ict>.l
Elizabeth, born .linuiry 16. I
born ay 31, I'Hil and Lvdia I ■■
born ,May 12, r'uo,

Benedict Franklin .Milet »it i
F. He is a prosperous (irmcr "
James Herbert and t'ori Arch.-
the parents ol: William. b..rn '
1000; Foreman, born Septembe-
Veta Clara, born April 20, f'ov •
January 6, t'>07; James Herbert, b r:. :."
ruary 26, I'lH; Len Kojs, b>.rn \>-\cn:t-rf
21, IOkS; biseph and Samuel. N<rn lul> '• i
1920.

Morris, Mrs. ET»n» — Fliii, dluchf '
Richard and Polly (lloKshoolcr) OFidJ xi
born in 1S64. Educated in the t'},,t^\,t
National Schools, .Married V-
They were the parents o( Beliir
ary 10, 1SS3: Cynthia, marr.i.;
Heard.

Mrs. Cynthia Heard died <><l<*fr :i
1918 and Charles Heard died Ocl<*ef :'
19 iS. Their children LouUe. N.rn lf^
ruary 2, I'M 2: Helen b->rn Pt<tmUt i.
lOH and Laura Maxine Heard N>rn Mmh
IS, 1917. were adopted and are beini tritti
K Mr. and Mrs. .Morris. a» U »I*'n f"'"'
Hildebrand, bom March ». .J""" f "■ '
Colston, the third dauchler of Mri- !•»
Morris was born AukuU J**. '*'"•
Eliza Colston married March ;'. !«'''» ''•"
son of William and I lean.. r M..rrl»
" Thev are the r"enl^ -.« William V M..e
ris. born April 0. foo Ble«ed .re l*/'
that gratuilouslv ore (or offhani

MounU, Mr.. T«J R. (See T"^
busoduesKJ)— Ada, dauchler ■ :
Elizabeth (Cbb) Br..»n «a« b- ■
Educated in the Cher-kee Pubbc ^•'' '
and Female Seminars. Mirr.ed ii f-n ■< ^
son in 1911. Ted Vis. vn ..( In.M K*"^
and Caroline Harrielie (Th-mr"") «"-™"
b„r., at F..rt Gibvn. Samrda> Mir.k . ».

646

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

18S4. They are the parents of Mary,
Cherokee, Okla. ; Billie Brown, Louise Ra-
niona and Ted Ray Mounts.

Mr. and Mrs. Mounts are representative
citizens of Fort Gibson and are well known
for their public spirited citizenship.

Muskrat, Joseph D. — Joseph D. Muskrat,
born October 30, 1850, near .Mayesville, in
Delaware District. Elected Sheriff of Dela-
ware District in 1883. Married August 10,
1884 Florence Roseborough. They are the
parents of: Nina Pearl, born May 27, 1885;
Ira D., born April 20, 1887; Ruby E., born
December 26, 1898 and Frank B. Muskrat,
born June 11, 1<502. Joseph D. Muskrat
was elected Solicitor in 1893.

Muskrat, Jacob J. (See Duncan) — Jacob
Jackson Muskrat, born in Delaware District
September 30, 1885 and educated in Saline
District. Married at Southwest City, Mis-
souri August 8, 1908 Perry Lee, daughter
of Mosley and Ellen Stratton.

They are the parents of: Howard M., born
November 20, 1909 and Lottie T Muskrat,
born October 30, l9i9. .Mr. Muskrat is a
farmer, near Bernice.

Jacob Jackson Muskrat is the son of Jacob
Muskrat horn in 183 8 and died October 5,
1888 and Elizabeth Emily, daughter of Peter
and Rebecca (Rolston) McAllister.

Martin, Eugene Warren (See Oolootsa
and Ross) — Eugene Warren, son of William
Henry and Sarah Jane (Lowrey) Martin,
born January 30, 1886, was educated in
Tahlequah District and the Male Seminary.
He married at Oklahoma City, April l, 19 1 5
Neva, daughter of Hosea Claude and Alice I.
Frizielle, born Dec- 19, 1889 in Polk Qiuiitv
Missouri. She was educated in the Public
schools in Oklahoma City. They are the
parents of Pauline Mae, born Dec. 22, l9i7
and Harold Leroy Martin, born May 24,
1919. Mr. .Martin is a business man in
Oklahoma Citv.

William Henry Martin is a grand son of
Hercules Martin a fullblood Cherokee, and
his Cherokee name was Clogase. Hercules
Martin was one of the best known and most
proficient interpreters and clerical inan of
his day in the Cherokee Nation,

Nichols, Mr. Charles — Fannie, daughter
of David and Sarah (Easley) Humphrey was
born May l, ISS6 in the Cherokee Nation.
Educated at Vinita and married at Vinita
May 4, l9iS Charles, son of Mr. and Mrs.

Nichols. They are members of the Metho-
dist church and are farmers near Vinita.

Nidiffer, John R. (See Ward and Ghigau)
— John Ross Nidiffer, horn November 22,
1886, educated in Cherokee Public Schools
and Male Seminary. He is a railroader and
enteied the Navy on September 7, 1917,
served on the U. S- S. St. Louis, discharged
August 8, 1919. Married June 28, 1920,
Ethel Cora Culley nee Courtney-
Newman, Mrs. Charles N. (See Downing)
— Thomas, son of Joel and Nellie (Quinton)
Kelly was born in Polk County, Arkansas
December 26, 184 5. Married in November
1867 Valera Arkansas Britton, born in 1847
in Sebastian County, Arkansas. They were
the parents of Bessie Kelly born at Westville,
December 23, l89l. Educated at Centralia.
Married at Centralia December 24, 1912,
Charles N. son of William and Nancy New-
man. They are the parents of Howard Lee,
born February 22, 1914; Delias Wayne, born
June 12, 1916 and Charles Kelly Newman,
born March 13, 1920. Mr. and Mrs. New-
man are farmers, near Centralia.

Nicholson, Richard E. (See Oolootsa)

Rory McCoy, son of John R. and Sarah
(Gunter) Nicholson, was born March 14,
1S48, and married Margaret Elizabeth Bibles,
born December 15, 185 7, and died April l,
1890. He died January 8, 1891. They
were the parents of Richard Edward Nichol-
son, born August U, 1878, and married No-
vember 4, 1900, Annie Pearson, born Janu-
ary 20, 1881, in Schuyler County, Illinois.

Mr. and Mrs. Richard E. Nicholson are
the parents of Roy Preston born July IS,
1903; Edgar Russel born December 7, 1905,
and Hattie Nicholson born September 15,
190 7.

Parks — Jennie Taylor, a Scotch girl
married an Englishman named Charles Fo.x.
Two sons were born of this union. In later
years the parents were divorced. The fath-
er kept the eldest son, who according to the
English law of primogeniture was to suc-
ceed to his titles and estate, but allowed his
wife to keep Charles, the younger son who
had no vested prospects and his mother ad-
ded her maiden name to his, and thencefor-
ward he was known as Charles Fox-Taylor.
Charles Fox-Taylor married Jennie Walker,
the granddaughter of the Ghigau, or Beloved
Woman of the Cherokees. This was the
supreme title and was granted only on ac-

HISTORY OF THE CHHROKb-h- INDIANS

count of extreme n,eri, ,,ui w:,s so r..relv
conferred that no other instance of it. i„-
vokenient was known.

Charles and Jennie Fox-Tavlor\ third
child and onlv danuhter. Susan was born in
February 1798 and married in April iSM
Samuel Parks, born January 12. 17S<>. He
was fiscal agent for John Ross" in lS5S-'i,
securing wagons and teams for him. Parks
died on June 3, lS4i and his widow died
December 12. 18 76. Samuel and Susan
Parks children were, consecutively: Ruth
married Dickson Price; Almira married
James Price; Jennie married John Langdon
and Joseph Collyr; George W. married
Louisa Spriggs; Thomas Jefferson born Nov.
18, 1821 married Maria Annie Thompson,
born September II, 1830; Thomas Jeffer-
son Parks died .May 6. 1883; Calvin. William,
.Mary Ann married William C. Day; Lieuten-
ant Colonel Robert C, Jnhn Ross and Sam-
uel.

Maria Annie Parks nee Thompson was the
daughter of James Allen and .Martha
(Lynch) Thompson; the granddaughter of
Jeter and Nannie (Martin) Lynch; the great
granddaughter of General and Susannah
(Emory) .Martin.

Thomas Jefferson Parks was born in the
Eastern Cherokee Nation on October 18,
1821. Emigrated with his parents to the
Western Chen^kee Nation in 1838-9. He
married February 10. 1S4S .Miss Thompson
and settled in Delaware District where he
was a prosperous farmer and merchant until
the civil war. Returning in poverty to his
desolated home after the war. he by hard
work and close application, soon acquired
another competence. He was a master
mason and while always having a wholesome
interest in politics, he on account of his
business interests never allowed his name to
be used as an aspirant for f)ffice. He died
on May 6, 1 883.

Thomas Jefferson and .Maria Annie Parks
were the parents of Susan Martha born De-
cember 1, 1848, married Edwin E. Carr;
lohnson Calvin, born December 2, 185 1,
married Minerva Williams; .Mary Jane, born
.March 28, 1856, married Robert Franklin
Browning; Emma Josephine born May 8.
185 8, married Robert Samuels; Anna ;Medora
born March 5, 1860 married James Bona-
parte Woodall; Jefferson Thompson born
.March 13. 1862, married Ruth Etta Duncan;

N^ncv Almifi N.rn Mj
Henrv C\i\ nallird. Kr.
•March :n, isr,- ,„„,
blodd and rinnu- h..r.
married l)lvi^ Hill

Rulh lilj (liiincin) I
of Inhn Tnniinjsnn jik!
ders) Duncan; the tu ,! •
and tliiibeth (Abcrcr.
Robert and .\Urv (Mc •
great grand diiichlrt
Duncan, a Scnlchnun a .: ..
a full blood Chcmkee „t ihr I ,
cas was a full sister (•> Of ti
ried John Adair.

Jefferson ThumpM.n
January 13. i.S(.2 He
Cherokee National MiL-
1SS4. Was elected a n-.
of Education in l.S'iS, Alic^
ducted a large mrrchintile e»; .
Tahlequah he closed out ihit
commenced praclicing jjw. H.
demiicrat, he at the id>ent .■( .:.
elected judge of cheroke Ci.ni
reelected.

The home life of Jud^e ind '
ideal, pleasant and cultured, i!?
blessed with five children Olirfu
is deceased. Ruth Anna \s the »i
erick Halhawav; Mildred lo^rr''
Thomas L. Ballinger o( Park H
lelle. and Jefferson Thnmpvin '
of the pleasures and atlrac!
Park's home.

Parker, Mr*. Willi.m A. (So-
,Mary Ellen Chamberlin horn i'
23. 1S03, educated in Vinlli
Nowata Julv 5. I'HO Willlan'
They are the firenti "f Sntr
born April I. |ii:; Bill
1014; Viola Mav. born '
.Mary Jane Parker, b^Tn
.Mrs. Marv Ellen Parker u lh<- d
Nelson Bucher and Sinh \' '1
Chamberlin.

Pierce, Mr». Jamn M.
Nancy Jane, daughter of *!^f-
(Corderv) Anderson. «»i N"
I.SS2; and married Aucutt 3'.
Madison Pierce. b"rn Dtcembe'
Hall County. Ge«rri». Thc» •
enis of Gertrude limo '"!»>
B. Pierce

.Mr. Pierce i* "ne "I Ibe •»*■■"

648

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

farmers of the Muskogee-Fort Gibson sec-
tion, owning and operating hundreds of acres
of valuable land, and several cotton gins.

Peterson, Mrs. Chris B. (See Hildebrand)
— Lucinda, daughter of Benjamin J. and De-
lilah (O'Field) Hildebrand was born Septem-
ber 9, 1882. Educated in the Cherokee pub-
lic schools and Female Seminary. Married at
Vinita July 23, 1909 Pigeon Hanson and her
present husband is Christ B. son of Peter
and Anna Mary Peterson.

Her children bv her first husband, are:
John, burn June 23, 1910, Woodrow, born
June 2, 19 13 and Loretta Hanson born July
2, 1916. By the present husband she has
one daughter, Anna Laura Peterson, born
May 12, 1920. Mrs. Peterson belongs to
the Wolf Clan and her Cherokee name is
Luski. Mr. Peterson is a farmer, near White
Oak.

Prater, Mrs. Henry S. (See Downing and
Ghigau) — Martha Celeste Thompson, born
.March 16, 186S, married February 1, 1887,
Henry Sheridan, son of Thomas D, and Mary
Elizabeth Prater, born June 13, 1866 in
Camden County, Tennessee- They are the
parents of David George, born August 10,
1891, and married Nancy May Youngblood,
born in March 1895, and their three chil-
dren are John F.. born September 8, 1911,
Benjamin Hester Prater, born March 28,
I'M 3, and Pansy May Prater, born May 16,
101 5; Mary Caroline Prater, born September
30, 1896, married September 23, 1915, Guy
P. Holmes. She died November 26, 1918,
and left two children: Mary Lorena, born
October 19, 10 16. and Helen Pauline Holmes
burn May 17, l<)i8; Henry L. Dawes, born
February 25, looo; Mable Clara, born Au-
gust 26, 1902; Robbie, born September 1,
1904; Nellie Maude, born September 27,
1006, and Rcillie Austin Prater, born Feb-
ruarv 7. lOOO.

Clara Rider, born June 20, 1842, married
July 5, 1865, David George Thompson, born
November 10, 1840, in Newton County,
Georgia. He served during the Civil War
in Captain Jonathan Nail's company of the
First Chickasaw Cavalry, Confederate serv-
ice. Mrs. Thompson died August 6, I9i6.
They were the parents of Mrs. Mattie Ce-
leste Prater-
Pointer, Mrs. Patsy (See Grant. Adair and
Foreman) — .Martha Adair, daughter of Jesse
Bushyhead and Cherokee Cornelia (Adair)
Mayes was born lanuarv 10. 187 5 and edu-

cated in the Female Seminary, from which
she graduated in l892. She married De-
cember 16, 1900, Edwin Mooring Pointer,
born June 17, 1868, in Monroe County,
Arkansas. He graduated frojn Cumberland
University at Lebanon, Tennessee, and in
Law Course in the same institution in 1897;
was appointed District Clerk of Sequoyah
County after Statehood. He died January
5, 1910.

The following children were born from
this union: Samuel Jesse, born November
15. I'lOl, and James David Pointer, born
January 11, 1900.

Pettitt, Mrs. William P. (See Grant, Tyner,
Adair and Riley) — William Percival, son of
William and Nannie (Tyner) Pettitt, was
born Sept. 20, 1867; educated at Fort Gib-
son and the Male Seminary. He married
March IS, 1S94, Mary Jane, daughter of
Benjamin and Sallie (Guerin) Adair, born
Thursday, January 1, 1874, in Illinois Dis-
trict. She was educated in the Female Sem-
inary. They moved on April 17, 1894, from
Illinois District to Cooweescoowee District,
settling three-fourths cf a mile north of the
Cherokee and Creek line, where they lived
until January 19, 1903, when they moved
to their present residence at Inola. Mr.
and Mrs. Pettitt are the parents of Pearl
Olive born Oct. 7, 1895; Bertha Talala, horn
October 27, 1897; Floyd Henry, born March
1, 1900; William Percival. born November
15, 1902; Mazie Opal, born April l5, 1905;
Mary Elizabeth, born November 1, l9o7, and
Elnora Cherokee Pettitt, born October 16,
1913.

Puryear, Mrs. Lucy (See Riley) — Lucy,
daughter of John and Nannie (Perdue)
Robinson, was born February 8th, 8 7 6, and
married in the year 1894, Homer Puryear,
who was born August 16, 1862, in Lawrence
County, Alabama. They were the parents
of Ernest Homer Puryear, who was born
December 18, 1896.

Robinson, Mrs. Leroy S. (See Grant) —
George Ella, daughter of R. A. and Edith
Caroline (Rogers) Prather, was born on
Beatties Prairie, January 15, 1869; was edu-
cated in Delaware District and the Female
Seminary, graduating June 28, 1894. She
married at Vinita October 29, 1895, Leroy
S., son of William and Malinda Robinson.
They are the parents of LeEIla, born in April
1900; Carleton, born February 15, 1902,
and Lerov Prather Rogers, born April 5,

HISTORY OF THE CHEHOKEl-: INDIANS

j5. Leroy S. R.,bi„s„n dial April 20,
M. Mrs. Robinson is a member of the

190:
191^
Methodist church.

LeElhi Robinson graduated from the Vinita
High School and the Northeastern State Nor-
mal at Tahlequah. She attended the Col-
lins Agricultural College at Fort Collins,
Colorado, where she was a member of the
Kappa Delta Sorority. She married on De-
cember 24, 1919, Chesley H. Harr

Nancy Downin

g married Charles Rogers

and they had two children; Pleasant and Eliza
Rogers who married .lohn Seaboll. Nancy's
second husband was Thomas Fields and their
seven children were, consecutively: Sallie
Elizabeth, who married James Hildebrand;
Rachel Jane, married William Stiff and Henry
Richard Fields married Rachel Goss; .Mar-
garet Wilson married Robert Mosby French;
Jnsiah Foreman died in California. December
13, 185 2, and Caroline .Matilda Rogers Fields
married William Penn Boudinot. Pleasant
Rogers was the father of Mrs. Edith Caro-
line (Rogers) Prather.

Rector, Mrs. Ed. (See Grant) — Laura
Alice, daughter of Ellis and Martha (Cope-
land) Biiffington wai born September 22,
1S52. Married December 26, 1S71 Josiah.
son of Jesse and Lucy (Love) Henry, born
January 1, 1S50. He was elected in Novem-
ber 1.S69 Solicitor of Cooweescoowee Dis-
trict and appointed to the same office in
1S76 by the Chief. Elected Councilor from
Cooweescoowee District August 1, iSSl and
August 2, 189 7. Thev were the parents of
Rosa Jane Henry, born August 10, 1883,
educated in the Cherokee public schools and
Female Seminary. Married at Claremore in
1905 Edward, son of Mr. and Mrs. Sylvanus
Rector. They are the parents of Edna May,
James Emmet, born October 29, 1906 and
Frances Rector. Mr. and Mrs. Rector are
farmers, near Claremore, they belong to the
Methodist church and he is a Mason. .Mrs.
Rector's Cherokee name is Ay-ni.

Rhomer, Mrs. May (See Grant and Ooloot-
s;,) — May, the daughter of Calvin Jones and
Emma Walker (McCoy) Hanks, was born at
Webbers Falls .March 2. 1869; was educated
at Webbers Falls and the Female Seminary-
She married April I 'v 1887. Frank Rhomer.
Thev are the parents of Emma Nora, born
February 2, 1889; May Frances, born Novem-
ber 17, 1891; Margaret Bell, born April 2,
1894; and Fannie Charlotte Rhomer, born

M..rch 2ii, i,s.)„. ih, Khom*M »„ ■.

ers near Webberi Ijlj*.

Calviii Jones, •,,,» ■>) H"h<--

Margaret Ann Wjird (.Mor^j

born February s. \s\i, md

II, 1861. Eninu Wjlkcr M.

born April !. is II Mr ,,

Captain John S Vjnn

Capiain Samuel Ciunti:

Confederate Arni> Mr . j»

selor Iron) r.anadian |ii»l!iol \

and Senator (rmn Ihe \tni<

6, 187 7. lie died Mi» I-.. •
Mrs. Emma Hanks, net M.
ruary S. looii. They were :
.Mrs. May Rhomer.

Riley, Mm. SIcIU (See
daughter of .Milt..n jnd I,-
.Moore born in l,S7t in Mn
in IS04 John H.. s..n uf Ku'
A. (Simkins) Riley. Thev »
of; Ruth Pearl, born Febr.
.Mamie A., born June 2?. I'l.
M;iy 13, I "02 and Prentice (-
ruary 22. 1904. .Mrs. Riles
ber of the Latter Day Siini^
farmer, near Vera.

Roach, Thomas S. (See Ghi()u and Stn.
ders) — George Roach married Nioi^t*
I'ritchett, and they v ere the pjrcnis '1
Thomas Suake Roach who mirrieJ -i
McDaniel.

Mr. Roach who his been tor m^c ^
Special Field Man for Ihe V. S Indu '
cy at .Muskogee, is one of the moti r
ent fullbloods of the tribe BesiJr
cautious and diplomatic, he »r'i'-»
English and (Cherokee Uncuites
and is of inestimable value to hl« tr
Rogers, Conned (See Granl. '»"l-
Duncan) — Connell. son o( Andre* It » ■
and Cherokee America (.Morem) H^tr's
born September 1". l.SSo in Tf
Married February \ isrs riof»n>
born August 2'^. I84.S. She died
21. 1SS6. Thev were Ihe pif^
Gertrude Whitman, born fulv «l, 1
Ella Coffin Rogers, born March '
Mr. Rogers married June t'. I*'! '
Aurora daughter of Jeter Thomf
Keziat (Moore) Cunningham. K>rn
17, |S7|. Fducit'd tn W-r.-'"
demv. VInila and Female ^
are the parents of .Marion ^r
8, |S12; Lewis Byrne, bnrn ir.rr--. . .

650

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

1895 served in France during tlie World
War; Howard Cunningham, born December
31, 1S99 and Connell, born June 22, 1909.
Mr. and Mrs. Rogers are members of the
Presbyterian church. She belongs to the
Eastern Star, American Legion Au.xilliary,
Adelphian and Women's Democratic clubs.
Her Cherokee name is Walleat.

Reliable, agreeable and efficient Mr. Rog-
ers has been the preference by his constitu-
e?icy as Auditor of the Cherokee Nation in
1S79; Senator from. Illinois Dist. in 1885 and
1897; Secretary of the Cherokee National
Board of Education 1898; Treasurer of Mus-
kogee County 1907, 1913 and 1914. He
is a planter and banker at Fort Gibson.

Rogers, William P. A. (See Downing, Cor-
dery and Oolootsa) — William Penn Adair,
son of Clejnent Vann and Mary America
(Scrimsher) Rogers was born at the Rogers
homestead near Oolagah November 4, 1879.
Educated at Kemper Military School, Boone-
ville, Missouri. Married at Rogers, Arkan-
sas November 25, 1908 Betty, daughter of
Mr. and Mrs. J. W. Blake. They are the par-
ents of: William Vann, born October 20,
1911; Mary Amelia, born May 18, 1913 and
James Blake Rogers, born July 25, 19 1 5.
Mr. Rogers is a member of the Shrine and
Elk fraternities. He is a member of two
clubs, the Lambs and Friars. Commencing
in the theatrical profession as an expert
roper, while traveling in South Africa, he
has had a remarkably successful career as a
comedian, monologist and scenario artist.

Rogers, Mrs. J. C. (See Grant and Cord-
ery) — Sallie Martin, born January 30, 1869,
educated in the Cherokee public schools and
Female Seminary. Married August 22, 1888
John Cicero Rogers, born September 9,
1861 in Washington County, Arkansas.
They are the parents of Pearl Lottie, born
July 18, 1889, Frank, born April 27, 1892;
Hugh E. born June 5. 1894; Terry P., born
J.iii'aiy 14. 1897. Ethel M , bor.i Aljrch 2',.
1S99; Eula Mav, born September 30, 1901
and Ruth Martin, born June 25, 1914.

Samuel Martin married Catherine Hilde-
biand and their son William A. Martin mar-
ried Nannie Lucas nee Guinn. They were
the parents of: John Brice, who married Lu-
cinda Still; Sarah Jane, married Samuel Bry-
ant; Almon born November 4, 1842. He
was a member of Company .M, First Chero-
kee Mounted Volunteers Confederate serv-

ice under Captain O. H. P. Brewer. He
married Sarah Jane Cordery. She died
February 23, 1874.

They were the parents of: Andrew Jack-
son, married Anna Belle Morrow; Sallie, the
subject of this sketch; Nannie, married Riley
Barnett a)id Mary Ann Martin, married Wil-
liam E. Curtis.

Rogers, Lewis (See Grant, Ghigau, Dun-
can and Halfbreed) — Lewis, the son of Nel-
son and Rosa (West) Rogers, was born in
Saline District Novxember 14, 1840. His
first wife was Josephine Landrum, and the
second was Helen Ross. Lewis and Helen
Rogers were the parents of Rosa, who mar-
ried Benjamin Avant; and of Lewis Rogers,
Junior.

Mr. Rogers is a wealthy retired business
man and a member of the Methodist church.

Rogers, Thomas (See Grant and Down-
ing)— Thomas Lewis, son of Thomas Lewis
and Najicy C. (Martin) Rogers, was born
near Pawhuska, September 2, 1885. He
was educated in that city. He married in
191 7 at Joplin, Missouri, Bessie Barrett- He
is the father of Thomas Lewis, born July 28,
1911; and Nancy Rogers, born April 24,

19 14.

Mr. Rogers is a member of the Christian
church, and a merchant at Pawhuska.

Rogers, Jasper (See Grant) — Jasper, the
son of Joseph and Elizabeth (Carpenter)
Rogers, was born January 13, l87l, in Sa-
line District. He married November 4. 1900,
Rosa Bell, daughter of David and ,\1ary Elleji
(Chouteau) Fronkier, and she was born
July 11, 1880, in the Osage Nation. Mr.
and Mrs. Rogers are the parents of Cecilia
M., Emmet Jasper, Maud, Flora Thadine. and
Josephine Rogers.

Mr. Rogers is in business at Pawhuska;
and he and his wife are both members of
the Osage Nation.

Jean Pierre Chouteau, the ftiunder of the
City of Saint Louis, Missouri, married Pele-
gie Kiersereau, and they were the parents
of Colonel August Pierre Chouteau who
lived at Grand Saline on Grand River, and
he was the father of Gesseau Chouteau,
born in 1822.

Gesseau Chouteau served four years in
the Confederate Army, and was a brilliant
interpreter and an eloquent orator. Gesseau
and Mary Ann Chouteau were the parents

of Mar\ Ellen Cli.
Fronkier.

Ross, Mrs. Lila

HISTORY OF THE CHEKOKEH IM,lAN>
■Mr. Sanders i\ .,„c ,,

uteau win

iiiarric-a UiiviA

J- (See Grant, Downinc
«oss and Co„rad)-r3ema L. Jane, dau.hte;
of Carter and Katie (Benge) Daniel, was
-n, L.ecen,ber S, ,85 7. and educated in
tl'<^ Female Seminary at Tahlequah. She
marned December 23, ,S75 at Tahleqnah,
^^.Iham Wallace, son of Allen and Jennie
(Fields) Ross, who was born July -1 ,s5i
at Tahlequah. Mr. Ross ^yas educated in
the Male Seminary at Tahlequah, and was a
grandson of Chief John Ross. Mr. and
Mrs. Ross were the parents of Allen C
born Ju.ie 27, tSS2; and was educated at
the Male Seminary; Elizabeth Vann born Apr.
11. 1S,SJ; Jane Stapler, born June 20, 1SS7,
and Wallace Carter Ross, born October 2.
i.S"-l. William Wallace Ross died October

11. i'M5. He had been Superintendent of
the .Male Seminary and of the Orphan Asy-
lum for terms of four years each.

■Mrs. Lila Ross' Cherokee name is Ki-na-
lu-ga. Elizabeth Vann Ross married Carl
E. Mills, and lives at Okmulgee. Mr. and
Mrs. Mills were the parents of Arnetah Eliza-
beth born June 25. I90S; Mary Alice, born
Aug. 22, i'i,o and Wahleah Jane, born Jan.

12, I'M 5. Janie Stapler Ross married Wil-
liam Dayid. the son of Rollin K. and Rachel
(Landrum) Adair, and they are living at
Drumright, Okla. Wallace Carter Ross was
a member of the A. E. F. from .May 29,
I'^M.S until June IS, 1Q19, having served on
the clfensive at .Mejs-: Arg ini'r> and orh^r
front lines.

Sanders, Mrs. Benjamin (See England. Hil-
debrand and Ghigau) — .Martha Jane, daugh-
ter of James Franklin and Mary Jane (Eng-
land) Williams was born in Cherokee Nation.
Apr. 7, 1870. Educated in the Cherokee Na-
tion. .Married at Vinita, Aug. 1SS7, Benjamin
Franklin Sanders, born June 30, 1861 in
Clay County, Te.xas. They are the parents
of Martha Leona Sanders, born August IS.
1890. Educated in Female Seminary. Hardin
College, Me.xico, Missouri and the Southern
Seminary, Beuna Vista, Virginia, graduating
from the latter institution. She married
James H, Thigpin, a graduate of the Ala-
bama State Agricultural College- They are
now living at Fort Worth, Te.xas. where he
is the Superintendent of Refrigerating De-
partment of the Swift Packing Plant. He is
a thirty second degree .Mason and Shriner.

lul farnie
t.v.

Sorlorc. Mr.. John- I
I'ink and .Sunk- Allen »jv
more .March i. iss.s fducj;
li>: schncl. .Married « >, • ■■
of .lohn and .Mar> V
are the pirenis c.f: \'
!•<. l'•0^ and .Mitmic ij.,,
September -t. i<)or.

Mr. and Mrs. SiTI'-re ir,-
Christian Church and ire
Clareniore. .Mr. Sorl..re «
sion an engineer Is a nienii
men of the World rrilernii

Schrimther, ErnrtI V
lootsa and Adair) — l■^n,•^•
-lohn Gunter and lulielle "
Schrimsher was born lul.
Clareniore. Educated in ih
lie schools and Male Seminar*
Nowata in 1 902. Susie, dauKbtrr
Mrs. Hugh Phillirs.

Educated in the Cherokee pub
and Female Seminary, (roni which
ated June 27. IS05. Thev ire O
of: Ma.xine and ( ileta. twins: t' '•
Grace. Stephen ajid Virjinu

.Mr. Schrimsher is a Mas- 1.

postmaster of CollinsviHe dn: ,
bency of President Wilson

Schuih, Mrs. Williani J. (v
Eva Stella, daughter ''f Fra^ ■
Catherine (Felrick) Crait
ary 7. I,S,S> and educated i
ried at Welch March :S. •
Son of .Mr. and Mrs. FranV
They are the parents ■•(
July 1, 1903: William Craic
6, 1910. Elzv Ivan, horn Ju
Gyneth Wasne Schuih. *•»'
.Mr. and .Mrs. Schuih are
Christian Church IK- in
supervisor. She is a Keb-
the war. was President .>( 1
ley Red Cross Assccilllon 11

Scott, Richard J (See Th'-m;
Sanders)— Richard I-hn. s..n ■■< <•
Jennie (Thompson) Scoii. ^
Gibson .March 20. IS>:. r
Cherokee Nallonal S,-^
Vian July 26, IS'". ^
ter of George WesI,
beth (Sanders) Ch-.jle. b-r.i N..w,si*^: ::.

652

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

1872. They are the parents of Caroline
Early, born July 12, 1896; Susie J-. born
August 3, 1899, Arthur Lee, born April 21,
1903; George Sanders, born December 20,
1906; Perry Owen, born .May 8, 1909, and
Richard John Scott, Jr., born October 26,
19 15.

■Mr. Scott's Cherokee name is No,\ie, and
he belongs to the Bird Clan. He is a farm-
er near Sallisaw. He has the peculiar qual-
ity of being able to acquire any ordinary
piece of property and by living on it for a
short time, transform it into the semblance
of a park. He is a member of the Metho-
dist Church, South; the Ancient Order of
United Workmen, and Woodmen of the
World fraternities. He organized the Eas-
tern Emigrant and Western Cherokees, and
is their attorney in fact in their suit for the
removal of restrictions and other incum-
brances upon the allotted lands of the tribe,
and is still prosecuting this case. He is a
teetotaler in regard to the non-use of intoxi-
cants and tobacco.

Scudder, Nellie V. (See Daniel) — Wil-
liam Henry Harrison Scudder, born in
Georgia iMarch 8, 1841. Served the con-
federacy in Co. B, Cobb's Legion, Georgia
Cavalry. He married Februaiy 16, 1869
Margaret Josephine Garmany born in For-
sythe County, Georgia September 25. 1850.
He died August 2, l^ll. They were the
parents of Ida Josephine, deceased; Addie
Elizabeth married Thomas .McKinney Price;
Laura Kinney, married Dr. Oliver W- Farrar
and James Jasper Gaskey; Mary Emma mar-
ried David Clinton Hall and William Sher-
man Moore; Gordon Hampton; Newton Gar-
many; Margaret Lillian married J. W. Bish-
op; Nellie Vinita; Annie Clark married C.
Earl Woodward; William Henry Harrison;
Julia Inez, married Henry J. Witz and Lewis
Blackburn Scudder.

Shoemake, Mrs. Nannie B. (See Grant and
Foreman) — Nannie B., daughter of Joseph
Martin and Susan Francis (Foreman) Lynch,
was born at Webbers Falls, and in the Fe-
male Seminary at Tahlequah, Oklahoma.
She married Thomas H. Shoemake.

Susan Francis, daughter of Johnson and
Elizabeth B. (.Mann) Foreman, was born
August 26, 1S47; married May 23, 1866
John Raymond, a native of Cuyahoga Coun-
ty, Ohio. He died November 27, 1873. She
married December 23, 1S74, Joseph Martin

Lynch, born February 2, 1839. He was first
lieutenant of Company "D", First Cherokee
Mounted Rifles, under Captain James M.
Bell and Colonel Stand Watie. He was af-
terwards first lieutenant in Captain Clement
Vann Roger's Company. He was elected
Senator from Canadian District on August 6,
1877, and again on August l, 1887; and was
elected Circuit Judge of the Southern Judi-
cial Circuit of the Cherokee Nation August
6, 1SS3. And in 1SS9 he was elected to
the Supreme Bench. He died January 14,
1890. He was the father of Mrs. Nannie B.
Shoemake.

Shanahan, Mrs. Jennie (See Ghigau. Eng-
land and Hildebrand) — Genevieve, daughter
of James Franklin and Mary Jane (England)
Williams was born in Delaware District De-
cember IS, 1868. Educated in the Cherokee
Public Schools and Female Seminary. She
married February 17, 1885 Timothy Deneen,
son of Patrick and Mai-garet (Deneen)
Shanahan, horn April 21, 1863 in Minne-
sota. Mr. Shanahan is a well to do farmer
in Craig County, his post office being Vi-
nita. He is a first cousin to Governor Den-
een of Illinois.

Mrs. Shanahan has one full brother, Jo-
seph Lowrey Williams; one full sister, Mrs.
Martha Jane Sanders. Mr. and Mrs. Shana-
han have six living children: Margaret Chris-
tine Johnson, born May 26, 1888; Jennie
Josephine Couch, born May 16. 1896; Timo-
thy Lloyd, born .March 2 7, 1902, Lenora
Catherine, born September 1, 1907; Benja-
min Tillman, born November 24, 19 lo and
John Doran Shanahan, born October 21,
1912.

Sharp, Mary Elizabeth (See Grant) —
Mary Elizabeth Sharp, born at Chelsea April
2, 1892. Educated at Chelsea and Female
Seminary.

Calvin Coker, born July 16, 1S50. Mar-
ried Elizabeth Bullett. She died May 14,
1891 and he married November 22, 1891
Mary Eliza Wimley nee Couch, born Janu-
ary 30, 1861. Calvin and Elizabeth (Bul-
lette) Coker were the parents of Nancy Ann
Coker, born at Coody Bluff April 16, 1873,
educated in that vicinity. She married Sep-
tember 30, 1888 John M. Sharp, born Janu-
ary 13, 1862 in Ellis County, Texas. She
died January 26, I9l7. They were the par-
ents of Mary Elizabeth, Burr Wilson and
William Calvin Sharp.

HISTORY OF THE CHlfHOKl:.; IN,„ans

l^lizubetli Sharr

Sreat granddaushter <,i J„lin

Principal Chiet

Skinner, Mrs

Miss Mar\ ,.y,^sv^uy ^h.,,„ :. ,.

i!' the i;reat

Kiigers, last
'I the Western Cherokees.
Heber (See Grant and
and Gh,sa.)-Joh„ Brewer married Elizabeth
Tavlor, and their son Ge„r,e Washington
Brewer married Cherokee Katliff. and they
were the parents of Nannie l:thel Brewer
born lehrnary 20, 1859. She married Feb-
ruary IS, 18S3. .John Martin, son of Joseph
and Martha (Fields) Riley, born January
16, lSj,l. Mrs. Riley died April 22. 1909
They were the parents of Mattie Riley, born
July 2 5, IS80, at Tahlequah and she was
educated at the Female Seminary and Howard
Payne College, of Fayette. Missouri, grad-
uating from the latter institution. She mar-
ried at Vinita March 11, 1902, Heber Skin-
ner, and they are the parents of .Mary Paul-
ine, born October 5. 1905; and Louis Farley
Skinner born July 23. 1907. .Mary Pauline
Skinner is attending Lenox Hall School in
St. Louis, Missouri.

Mr .and Mrs. Skinner are members of the
Methodist church, and he is one of the most
prominent of cattle men in northeastern Ok-
hilionui.

Sloan, James E. (See Ghigau) — .Jaines El-
lis, son of Edward E. and Nacjmi (Cole)
Sloan born January 7. 1894, educated in
Delaware District and .Male Seminary. .Mar-
ried at Claremore December 1, 1917 Gillie
May, daughter of John .M. and Mary C.
(Roper) Carroll, born .March 24, 1898 in
Delaware District, educated at Big Cabin.
They are the parents of: Percilla .May, horn
August 25, 1918; Naomi Caroline, born
March 1, 1920 and Dorris Louise, born June
12, 1921. Mr. Sloan enlisted in the world
war September 3, 19iS and was mustered
out .lanuary 7, 1919.

Thomas Martin Roper married .Marcella
Fernandes Townsend, their daughter. Mary
Caroline Roper married John M. Carroll and
they were the parents of Mrs. Gillie May
Sloan.

Sloan, Samuel J. (See Ghigau) — Samuel
John, son of Edward Estei and Naomi Ann
(Cole) Sloan, born .March 1, 1889, educated
at Vinita. .Married at Vinita October 13,
1908 Ruth, daughter of Charles and Eliza-
beth .McKissick. They are the parents of;
Samuel Floyd, born .luly 3, 1909 and Char-
les Herbert Sloan, born March 3, 1916. iMr.
Sloan is an electrician, but is at present
farming near Big Cabin.

irrnlt ■>( Sji

l^eb.Tjh Starr, mjrrlod Kjihirj
•ind William ll«>ev Sl..j„ h,
«ard Lsiel SL.in marriej Sj.,m. ^
and ihcy are the
Sl...in.

Smith, Mr. W F._|.uc,, i,u.
Louis and lljrnell,( Thorpe) i .
I'orn in J,,hMs.,n Coum,. Kin.», A .
«S59. 'Married Febraury 2:, ,5'
S"U of J. J. a„d |,n, 5^,,^

They are the parents c.r HtXUe I,
July 23. i.S7r; Lucy f.. b..rn !>«<■
1SS2; William L., burn JuU 8. !.<*■
E.. born December t. IS*!!. ii
private in Co. K, Soih Inlinirv 1

l'>. I"IS In July 4, |.,|-) tJ!»v

Camp Pike Julv o, lOn and Iij,,.i
February 25. I9„|. ,\u. and Mrv
farmers, near Adair.

Smith, Mrt. R. A. (See Duncan
Downing) — Nannie Vinita We»l. t-
tember 20. t87i. was educated i-
male Seminary. She married Jj
lS9t. Henry Clay Cochran, born lict.ut'ti
12. 1 872. They were the parenn ..( s»lli»
Pearl Cochran, born September ! ■
and Henry Clay i>a-hran. Ntm ^
21. 1901; he married «n April ;
Willie Louise Ross, born Januarv ;
They are the parents of Keller
Cochran, born August 16. toil.

.Mr. and .Mrs. Henry C. Cochran mttt d>
vorced and .Mrs. Cochran married ■ •• ' •
cember 24. 1 904. P. A., son <>( Ji
Rachel Smith, born .Mly JO, l^
Scotch County, Indiana. Thev are lh<- {ts
ents of Luvenia N., Kirn .Mav 1'. !•>«'"
Robert West, born April •. i"oq. j •
Carlton Smith, born April l.t. l')!:

Smith's Cherokee name l« Wai»

member of the Baptist church f> A. >mii«

was elected County Cummiitloner ••( Mj<<-i

County on Noyember 5, l'>IS. and ■ "•

vember 2. 1920.

Charles Duncan, a Scnichman. ■

about IS74. Dorcas, a full b\u>^ ' '

woman of the Deer Clan. The r ■

married Elizabeth Abercronit-

Tennessee. The Ahe^crom^^

the ancient nobility <•( Stirling

Britain, where their C">unl> <■•-

Ca<tle. and even as late a» I ■

owned l?.2'i> acres ■>( lanJ

The head of the (amiN in ;

Georce Abercromb\ r'hn i:.J [ : .-i." i ^

(.\bercrombv) Duncan »fre the pa'cc '

654

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

Mahala Duncan, born June 2 1, 1821; and
married July IS. 1.S3S James Smith West,
born May 24, 1S17 in Alabama. He died in
1865, and she died November 27, 1879.
Their son, Walter Adair West, born April
29, 1841, married August 15, 1863 Sallie
Elizabeth Wright, horn April 1, 1844. She
died Tebruary 5, 1890. They were the par-
ents of .Mrs. Nannie Vinita (West) Smith.

Southerland, Arabella (See England) —
David England married Susan A. Conner, and
they were the parents of Arminda England,
born November 25, 183 1. She married Wil-
liam England, Isaac Scrimsher, and Elias
Jenkins. She died Decembe)- 27, 1879.
Her children by her first husband were as
follows: Mary Arabella and Abram Meek.
Arabella was born September 9, 1857 in
Delaware District; educated in the Cherokee
National schools; and married in March 1874
on Beatty's Prairie. Enoch S. Southerland

Their children all died in infancy. Her
sister, Sophronia, married Zan Main, Lewis
Rogers, and Dr. J. A. Nolan. Her half sis-
ter, Ida J. Jenkins, married John Wesley
Harris and her half brother Henry, married
Delilah Arms. Mrs. Southerland's father,
Isaac Schrimsher, was first married to Ruth
Fields.

Mrs. Southerland is a member of the Pres-
byterian Church. Her Cherokee name is
Okewat.

Sunday, Edward — Edward, son of William
and Mary Sunday, was horn in 1856 and on
account of the Civil war he was not able to
attend school but being a Jiian of more than
ordinary natural intelligence he has not
onlv made a splendid citizen but has accum-
ulated a comfortable competency. He mar-
ried in 1872 Nancy, daughter of Mr. and
Mrs. Thomas Wilkerson. They were the
parents of: Jennie, born September 5, 1875;
William E.. Lulu, married John Asa Poison;
Edwaid A., married Rebecca Bible. Edward
Sunday's second wife was Margaret Sanders
nee Garner and their daughter Ellen Sunday
was born October 2, 1888 and married
Charles P. Morgan. Not having had the
opportunity of gaining an education himself,
Mr. Sunday has given each of his children
a splendid education; all being graduates.
His son, William E., is one of the most sub-
stantial business men in Rogers County.
Edward Sunday was elected a member of the
Cherokee National Council, August 1, 1887

and was later the first Mayor of Oolagah in
which town he now resides.

Stokes, Elizabeth Thatcher (See Foreman)
Herschael Vetran, son of Jeremiah Young
and Mary .Malinda (Walker) Stokes, born
Sept. 21. 1882 educated in Cooweeescoo-
wee District. Married at Muskogee June 28,
1909 Elizabeth, daughter of Joel T. and
.Mary L. (Kitchum) Thatcher, born in Dela-
ware District November 12, 1883 and edu-
cated at Vinita. They are the parents of:
Herschael Owen, born April 2, 1910 and
Darwin Clark Stokes, horn September 13,

1911.

Minerva Jane Tavlor married Robert Wes-
ley Walker and they were the parents of
Mary Malinda (Walker) Stokes. Robert
Wesley Walker was elected Judge of Going
Snake District March 24, 1879, appointed
Attorney General of Cherokee Nation De-
cember 20, 1892 and elected Chief Justice
of Cherokee Nation in November 1893.

Joel Mayes Thatcher, brother of Mrs. H.
V. Stokes was a soldier in the world war.

Starr, Mrs. Fannie (See Grant and Ghi-
gau) — Ellis Bean, son of Thomas and Cath-
erine (Reese) Starr, was born May 10, 1843.
He served the Confederacy in Captain John
Poruni Davis' company, and later in Captain
Ephriam Martin Adair's companv. He mar-
ried February 28, 1877, Fannie Griffin, born
January 1, 1855. He died April 24, 1896.
They were the parents of Thomas Bruce,
horn September 15, 1885; Mary Bunch, born
November 3, 1888; Eliza Cherokee, born
December 15, 1S90, and Margaret Bird Starr,
born February 5, 1895.

Mr. Starr was at the time of his death,
credited with being one of the wealthiest
cattle men among the Cherokees. One of
his odd habits was that if he met and stop-
ped to talk with anyone for any length of
time, he invariably got off his horse, often
saying that the horse needed rest.

Sixkiller, Samuel (See Grant, Foreman
and Si.xkiller) — Gu-o-tsa Smith, a half breed
Cherokee woman of the Paint Clan, married
Sixkiller, a full blooded Cherokee. Their
son. Red Bird Sixkiller, married Pamelia
Whaley, a White woman, and they in turn
were the parents of Samuel Sixkiller who
married Fannie Foreman; and Lucas Sixkil-
ler who married Emma Blythe.

Samuel and Fannie (Foreman) Sixkiller
were the parents of Samuel Rasmus Sixkil-

HISTORY OH THH CHLKOKliL

INhlANS

ler. born Hehruary U, ,S7r. and uruduuted
trnni Carlisle University in 1S95,

Lucas and Emma (Blylhe) Sixkiller were
the parents of Mattie B. Sixkiller. born De-
cember 14, 1874, in Delaware District: and
she married o„ June 26, ,.,,,. Samuel Si.x-
killer.

Absalom Blylhe married Marv J. MilUap
and thev were the parents of Emma Blvthe
who married Lucas Sixkiller.

Thomas Foreman married Elizabeth Chick-
en and thev were the parents of Fannie
Foreman, who married Samuel Sixkiller.

Fed Bird Sixkiller was a man of sterlinR
personalitv; he was born in the old Chero-
kee Nation. When he was about eleven
vears old he attended a school some seven
miles from his home and had to go over a
point of Lookout Mountain to get to
school. It was necessary for him to start
bef.ne daylight to get to school before it
opened. One morning he was .going over
this point of Lookout Mountain when he
heard a panther scream in a nearby thicket;
no habitation w'as near and having heard that
panthers would not come near fire, he
gathered some pine knots and struck a fire
with a piece of flint and steel, made a fire
and stood around it until daylight when he
deemed that he would be secure from the
panther. He was a First Lieutenant, and
generally commander of Troop L of the
Third Indian Home Guard, in which his son
Samuel was also a member. After the
Civil War Red Bird Sixkiller became, on
■June 6. 18 72, Judge of Saline District and
on the succeeding November was promoted
to the Supreme Bench of the State.

Samuel Sixkiller partook of many of the
traits of his father, was pleasant, agreeable
and fearless. He was elected High Sheriff
of the Cherokee Nation in November 1875,
and again in November 1877. After the
expiration of this office he was chosen on
account of his capability, Captain of the
Indian Police for the Indian Territory, and
served in this capacity until his death.

Starr, Eldee (See Ghigau and Adair) —
George Harlan Starr married Nannie Bell and
they were the parents of Ezekial Fugene
Starr who married Margaret, the daughter of
Caleb and Lucinda (Griffin) Starr. Ezekial
E. and Margaret Starr were the parents of
Charles Lucien, Eldee, .Mary Bell. Joel
Mayes. Caroline Lucinda. Trixie. and Ezekial

HIake Slarr. Chirlr, Iu.kt,
Amv liengc; .Mjr^ Itell sij,,
Aloore Caniphcll. I..cl \\,<,c
Caroline l"erKiis.,n; ind . ,.
Starr married Um<\ I
Slarr w.is educjlej In r
and Ihe loresl I'jrk I
.Missouri, gradiijlini; Ir
She is a member <.f t...
Church, and the taMrrn Slir
Cherokee name is Sr-hah-\jh '
a clerk in Ihe i'ltiit <.( Ih« -
for the Five Civiliifd Tribe
work al Tahleguah

The Starrs 1 ( i>klih..mi j
from those of Chester Counu
formerly of Oldcastle. Irelm.l
earlier from England. The 1..
Irom Ihe Norman word Slirri, .hv^
hawk.

George Harlan Slarr, Ihe ftiti.
Miss Eldee. had a peculiar h/
corn crib thai stood in Ihe
his farm, and giving general
neighborhood thai thev mith;
gratis, in case of necessilv: i-j »-
crib became depleted he relilled il
Ezekial Slarr. the father of '■' ••
was elected Senator (rom }\
August, ISS.?: and elected Tr. .
Cherokee Nation Decemher i>, l.\-
made the Strip PavnienI o( over »e»<
lion dollars lo the ("Cherokee Nj'
of the proud heritages »( ih.-
fact that no one ever accu'.oJ
priating a dollar of Ihi-
placed in his trust.

Starr, Trixie (See Adj ' •
Trixie. daughter of Ezekial Fu
garet E- Slarr. was born al T.
24, 1S<'2; and was educated
Oklahoma. Her Cherokee mr ■
Noxie. She is a member of ibc V,.-i
church and the Eastern Star "fder
a clerk in the office of ihe Commn
of the Five Civilized Tribev

Ezekial Eugene Slarr wa' •'- ■
George Harlan and Nanmr
George Harlan Slarr. Ihe Gran.1'
Trixie was the son of Kaleb a.'J :
(Harlan) Slarr.

Ezekial Eugene Slarr »i» It..
Cherokee Nation and Senal<r
District, as will be shown in Ih.
of this volume.

656

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

Springston, John L. (See Foreman) —
Anderson Sprint;ston was born October 13,
1S14, and married Sallie Elliott. He died
March 15, 1866, and Mrs. Sallie Elliott died
in December 1876. Their son John Leah
Springston was horn October Ki, 184 4. he
served in Company I, Third Indian Hojiie
Guard during the Civil War. He married
March 8, 1885 Alice Carey Springston nee
Gray, who was born December 31, 1861 in
Georgia. Their son William Boudinot
Springston was born October 28, 1886 in
Tahlequah; was educated in the National
schools of the Cherokee Nation. He mar-
ried at Fort Smith, Arkansas, December 2 5,
1915, Lula, daughter of R. M. and Mary Ida
Osborn, and was born September 29, 1886,
in Johnson County, Arkansas.

Mr. and Mrs. William B. Springston have
one son, William B. Junior, born October
15, 1918. Mr. Springston is a banker and a
member of the Presbyterian church. He is
affiliated with the Masonic fraternity.

Render, Mrs. Doctor Alonzo C. (See
Ward and Downing) — Jimmie Abercrombie,
daughter of James Abercrombie and Lucy
Ann (Clerk) Duncan, was born near Afton
October 30, 18 79. She married in Kansas
City October 22, I9i9, Dr. Alonzo C, son
of Joshawa and Martha Forsythe Render,
born August 8, 1876 in Louisville, Logans-
port Co., Ky. He was educated in Louisville
Ky. and is a graduate from Northwestern
University, Chicago. Dr. and Mrs. Render
are members of the South Methodist church,
and he belongs to the .Masonic fraternity.

Parlette, Mrs. Snowden (See Oolootsa) —
James Columbus Morris married Ellen F. Mc-
Elrath, and they were the parents of Mary
Trimble Morris, born at Fort Gibson Octo-
ber 5. 1882. and was educated at Tahle-
quah and the Female Seminary. She married
at Tahlequah May 15, 1898, Snowden, son
of Franklin and Alice Parlette, born Jan. 29,
1880 in Wamego, Kansas. He was educated
in Baker University and graduated from Har-
vard University, They are the parents of
John, born April 17, 19 u. and Snowden
Parlette, born Jan 16, 19 iS. Mr. Parlette
is in the wholesale book and stationery busi-
ness in Oklahoma City. He is a thirty-sec-
ond degree Mason and one of the most sub-
stantial business men of Oklahoma City.
Mrs. Parlette is a member of the Daughters
of Revolution and Daughters of the Con-
federacy.

Ellen F. McElrath was born March 18,
1846 in Knoxville County, Tennessee. She
married in 1865, Major James Columbus
.Morris born July 13, 1843. Major Morris
was an officer of the Confederacy in his
native State. He died in 1895.

Caldwell, B. M. (See Grant and L)uncan)
— Benjamin Morris, son of John Johnson and
Caroline Maria (Thompson) Caldwell, was
born August 9, i889. Educated in the
Cherokee Public schools, and married Cora
Bell Smith.

Caroline Maria Caldwell, nee Thompson,
was born July 18, 1860. She married Janu-
ary 12, 1879 John Johnson Caldwell, born
February 27, 1849, in Pendleton County,
Kentucky. She died February 2, 1894.
They were the parents of Benjamin Morris
Caldwell.

Barbre, Mrs. Jesse A. (See Ghigau, Fore-
man and Adair.) — Phueba Montana, daugh-
ter of Thomas Lafayette and Josephine
(Pace) Rider, was born December 28, 1885,
and educated at the Female Seminarv. She
married Jesse Albert Barbre, and they are
the parents of William Albert Barbre. Mr.
Barbre is one of the most prominent contrac-
tors and insurance men of the State, his of-
fice being at Muskogee. He was the cam-
paign manager for Governor J. B. A. Rob-
ertson and helped to pile up the largest ma-
jority that had ever been secured for any
Governor in the State of Oklahoma.

Ackley, Mrs. Levi (See Grant and Ghigau)
— Mary Jane, daughter of John Joshua and
Minerva Elizabeth (Lillard) Patrick, was born
March 12, 1868. Educated in the Chero-
kee National school, and married January 20,
1887 Levi Ackley, born June 28, 1861, in
Bruce County, Ontario, Canada. They are
the parents of Oliver Frederick, Madge
Elizabeth, Lee Etta, and Edna Almira Ackley.
Mr. and Mrs. Ackley are residents of Mus-
kogee.

Barker, William Henry (See Ghigau) — El-
vira, daughter of .Jesse and Sallie (Starr)
Mayfield, married William Henry Barker;
and they were the parents of Sallie Belle
Barker who married Henry Forney Nichol-
son. Mr. Barker was elected a member of
Council from Canadian District in 1889, and
was chosen by that body as their speaker.
He was elected Circuit Judge of the South-
ern Judicial Circuit of the Cherokee Nation
in 1891, serving for a four-year term. He

HISTORY OH THHCllHkOkLli INDIANS

f.s;

is at present . retired farmer at Musk„,ee.

JT' f- ^''^' ''''"''''■ S»"ders, Adair
and Gus:u1u,s«a)-i;dward Bruce. so„ of l„-
seph McMinn and Delilah (Adair) Starr, was
born April 2, ,S5(,. and married R.,chel
Pauline Henrv. His death occurred on Mav
lb, 1S82. They were the parents of- Ida
Martha, born Octolvr 6,
Noon, born .June

lS7t; Archibald
,., ^ ^ 'S77. and Susan De-

lilah Starr, born April 3, iSSo. The
name, Noon, in Mr| Starr':
Cherokee name

middle
name is from the
'noona", meanini; potatu
He married in ,luly, 1897, Mary Pauline Ter-
rell, born April 13, iSSO; and thev were the
parents of: Thomas Andrew, Tonev Brvan.
and Edward Bruce Starr. Mrs. Mary Pauline
Terrell, born April 13, issO; and they were
the parents of Thomas Andrew, Toney Bry-
an, and Edward Bruce Starr. Mrs. .Mary
Pauline Starr died, and Mr. Starr married
Mar.uaret Leiia Coffee, and they were the
parents of Henrv Lane, Samuel Boyd, and
Eliza Pauline Starr. Mrs. Margaret LeIia
Starr is now deceased, and Mr. Starr and his
children live near Claremore where lliey con-
duct a farm.

Crittenden, Walter S. (See Ghigau, San-

ders, Adair

Adair. daughter of C,,,,,^, w«hi„,|.„ ,^
Cherokee (Hjill(l) ii,,,,,. n„„„j ,„^.^„j
Fields Heniic. and the, «,„ ,hc r.„„,. . ,
Georgia Alma, lUcanor iixcc..:, .,
l>ora. and Sem.ra Sjinml» Br

Eleanor OsccU Kenfe. N.r
tS.S'i. married ClevcUnil lluiiha;;. .
near Adair. < )l,|aliMfni.

Keyt, Dennit B. (Se; Graiil ■ ■
man. Adair and Rllev) — 1),„
son of .lames .McDini*! inj
(Ma\es) Keys, was h.rn lujs
married Nannie Klhel. dauifht,
tin and Nannie Elhel (Bremer) F
October 15. l.S.S!. Thev »re Ibe f
Gordon Lindsav Kev».

Charlotte, dauithler of He«erend itWf
and Eliza (Wilkerson) Bu<h»heid. mtttUi
George Washincton .Ma>e4, and Ihe* ■ere
the parents of Nincv .lane Ma»e» ado mir
ried .lames .McOanlel Kevj.

George Washington, son •■( Jcihn and
Elizabeth (Taylor) Brewer, married Chrf-
kee (Ratliff) and they were (he par,-
Mrs. Nannie Ethel Riley.

GuUger, F. W. (See OolooHa) — Minhj
Lucretia. daughter of Martin Malhew and

and Gosaduisga) — Walter Starr.Elizabeth Hunt (Gunler) Scrinnher. «at

son of George Washington and Martha Jane
(Starr) Crittenden, was born in May. 1868;
educated in the Male Seminary. He married
Rachel P. Vanii. nee Henry, daughter of
Archibald and Polly (Sanders) Henry. Her
first husband was Edward Bruce Starr, born
April 2, 1850. and died April IS, 1S82. Mr.
and Mrs. Crittenden are members of the
Methodist church and are farmers near
Claremore. Oklahoma.

Cra!g, A. H. (See Ghigau and Conrad) —
Nancy Jane, daughter of Daniel and Annie
(Ballard) Ratliff. born Februarv 21, 1874,
married September .i, lS')i Anion Hale
Craig, born February l5, 1858 in Jackson
County, Tennessee. They are the parents
of Ada Starr, born August l5. 1893; Anion
Hale, born June 6, 1896; Clifford Cravens.
born August 2, 1898, and Warren Reed
Craig, born October 22. 1S99.

Evans, Marie (See Grant) — Susan Ola.
daughter of William H. and Hannah (Davis)
Corn, was born Julv 24. 1S76. and married
William E. Evans. They were the parents
of Marie, born August 5, 1894. and Leander
Kevs Evans, born April 6. 1897.

Dunham, Mrs. Elleanor O. (See Grant.
Ghigau. Foreman and Conrad) — iMartha

born December ■'. I.S4;. Ediiciled in the
Cherokee Nation, and married Januart }'.
1869, Frederick William Guiater. N.rn
March 14. 1844 In Wajhintlon. Dalrui ••«
Columbia. They are the pir""' "' *ill>am
Alartin. Chriitian. .Marv Eiiiahetb, MfOf»
Gunter. and John [)elani:> Gulacer.

.Mary Elizabeth GulaRer wa» horn April I*.
iSSO and graduated from Ihe Female Semi
nary May 23. 1"00.

Gaines, Dr. J. H. (See Ghljau and 'v P^--
sa) — Cynthia, daughter "f Thoma* Jfllen--"
and Jennie (Tavlor) Pack, married I>»^ <•!
Harmon and thev were Ihe parenli •■! tc^u
Henrietta. Jennie. Laura. Elluhelh. M.i,
bra. Beniamin Franklin, and Ler»a M.-Jnti
Harmon.

Lena .Modesia Marnvn wa» N>rn <»<l'*«r
23, 1885. and married Pr. John Harrn
Gaines, born April 2''. ISTo In Wathi-f -
County. Arkansas. He (raduaird If r" ""
Alemphis Hospital .Medical i"<'lle<e m i
and is at present practicinc mediiT -^f »'
Warner. Oklahoma. The* are •'^' '■
of Daniel Beniamin. horn S
19 10: Helen Elizabeth, h-rn -
l>M2 and I'orolhv Galne*. h--'" Af... ;•
19 K).

658

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

Dr. Gaines was Court Clerk of Muskogee
County from 1917 to 1919.

Duncan, John E. (See Grant, Downing,
Ghigau and Duncan) — John Ellis, son of
Reverend Walter Adair and Martha (Wilson)
Duncan, was born March 26, 1S61; educat-
ed in the Cherokee Nation and married Janu-
ary 1, 1890, Susan Elizabeth, daughter of
James and Catherine (Emory) Carselowry,
burn July 30, 1873. They are the parents
of: Ellis Crowell, Robert Stewart, Kathleen
Nana, Albert Carselowry, Walter Abercrom-
bie, Johnnie May, and Charles D. Duncan.

Mr. Duncan was elected Clerk of Tahle-
quah District in 1893 and was the last elect-
ed High Sheriff of the Cherokee Nation.

Cunningham, A. B. (See Grant, Ghigau,
Oolootsa, Adair and Duncan) — Andrew Bell,
son of Jeter Thompson and Keziah Camille
(Moore) Cunningham, was elected Sheriff
of Tahlequah District in 1897, and upon the
death of Chief William C. Rogers, he was
appointed by the Interior Department as
Chief of the Cherokee Nation.

Jeter Thompson, son of Andrew Brown
and Mariah (Lynch) Cunningham, was born
December 1, 1843. He was First Lieutenant
of Company A, First Cherokee Mounted
Volunteers, under Captain Hugh Tinnin and
Colonel Stand Watie. He married on June
13, 1866, Keziah Camille, daughter of Elijah
and Jamima (Landrum) Moore, born Feb-
ruary 12, 1849. He was elected Councilor
from Delaware District August 2, 1869, and
August 4, 1873; elected Clerk of the same
District August 2, 1875. He moved to
Tahlequah where he was for several years
E.xecutive Secretary to the Chief.

Croom, Elmer C. (See Grant and Ooloot-
sa)— Lorella Coleman, born March 14,
1858, married September 17, 1874 Joseph
Thomas Smith, born December 10, 1S46
were the parents of Jessie Morton Smith,
born June 22. 1S75. She married Decem-
[•■er 27. iS94. Isaac Newton Croom, born
August 12. 1867 in Madison County, Ten-
nessee. They were the parents of Joseph
Newton, .Marvin Earl, William Lee, Ebner
Clement, and Lula Irene Croom. The
Crooms are residents of Muskogee.

Cowan, Alex, Jr. (See Grant) — Ale.xander
Clingan, son of Andrew Finis and Elizabeth
Jeanette (Clingan) Sowan, was born October
7, 1861, and married December 30, 1S86,
Lillie Bone Crawford, born April 24, 1871
in Ellis County, Texas. They were the par-

ents of Stella Cherry, Terry Crawford, Louie
Ale.xa, Georgia Hardy, Ale.xander Finie, and
Andrew Jasper Cowan.

Martha Jane, daughter of William and
(Fields) Blythe, married Alexander Adam
Clingan, and they were the parents of Eliza-
beth Jeanette Clingan who married Andrew
Finis Cowan.

Martin, Frank G. (See Oolootsa and Ross)
— Frank Garland, son of William Hercules
and Jennie (Lowrey) Martin, was born in
Tahlequah District on August 9, 1884.

Jennie, daughter of Henry and Mary (Par-
ris) Lowrey, married August 6, 1875 John
Hubbard, born May 24, 1849. He died
March 11, 1880. She married on Septem-
ber 9, 1883. William Hercules Martin, born
March 9, 185 5. By her first marriage she
had two children, Joanna and Mary Hub-
bard; and by the second marriage her chil-
dren were, consecutively: Frank Garland,
Eugene Warren, William Henry, Susie Low-
rey, Teresa Josephine, Ellen Cordelia, .len-
nie, and Sequoyah Raymond Martin.

Horn Mrs. Eliza (See Grant and Foreman)
— Eliza Jane, daughter of Johnson and Eliza-
beth (Foreman) Proctor, was born April 8,
1851, and married March 18, 1878 William
H. Horn, born December 24, 1854. He died
March 6, 1897. They were the parents of
Dora May, Mary Elizabeth, Margaret, Charles
Thomas, and George Hoolie Horn. Mrs.
Horn owns and conducts a farm near Big
Cabin, Oklahoma.

Rider, Thomas L. (See Ghigau, Foreman
and Adair) — Thomas Lafayette, son of
Charles Austin Augustus and Mary Ann
(Bigby) Rider, was born April 12, 1856;
and married September 29, 1878 Josephine
Pace, born March 22 ,1861, in Cherokee
County, Georgia. They are the parents of
Ola, Mary Angeline, Ruth Belle, Phoeba
Montana, Mittie Earl, Roscoe Conklin, Mil-
ton Clark, Iva Josephine, Cherokee Augusta,
and Anna Monetta Rider.

Mary Ann, daughter of Thomas Wilson
and Margaret Catherine (Adair) Bigby, was
born November 6, 1834, married Charles
Austin Augustus Rider, born November 28,
1830. She died in 1861; and he died De-
cember 24, 1901. They were the parents
of Thomas Lafayette Rider.

.Mr. Rider was elected Representative from
Adair County in the first, second ,and fourth
Legislatures; and was elected Senator from

HISTORY OH TllH CllliKC )Ki;t-; INDIANS

the 2Stli District f,,r tlic seventh and ei>;hth
Legislatures.

Richards, R. D. (See Grant)— Marv
daughter of Jolm W. and Ellen (Thonipsun)
Wilson, was bnr„ January 2. 185 7, and mar-
ried July 1, 1S7 5 Willis T.iylor Richards,
born June 6. 184 7 in Lauderdale Countv',
Mississippi- He served in Company B, 4Cth
Texas Infantry in the Confederate Service.
He was elected a member of Council from
Tahlequah District in l')o.i. They are the
parents of Roderick Dhu Richards, born July
5, 1884, and graduated from the Male Semi-
nary June 10, 1903. He married Grace
Roper Wallace who t,'raduated from the Fe-
male Seminary on June '3, 1903.

Rogers, Mrs. Bertha (See Oolootsa, RoSS
and Gosaduissa) — Lewis Ross, son of Flor-
ian Haraden and Fannie (Vann) Nash, was
born April 15, 1864, married May 15, 1890
Emma Beck, born January 21, 1871. She
died May 5, 1896. They were the parents
of Fairy Fawn and Edgar Ross Nash. Mr.
Nash married November 24, 1897 Bertha
McSpadden, born January 16, 1877, and
they were the parents of Dorothy .Margaret
and Clarence E. Nash. .Mr. Nash died and
Mrs. Nash married Hugh Morgan Rogers,
born Sept. 16. 1S64. Thev were the par-
ents of one child and Mr. Rogers is now de-
ceased. Mrs. Rogers is a resident of Fort
Gibson, Oklahoma.

Scott, Mrs. Walter (See Grant and Ross)
— Nannie Ratliff born December 29, 1856,
nianied Thomas Fox French, and they were
the parents of Bernice .Martha French who
married James .Milner Howard: .Margaret
French who married Charles .McDonald, and
Nannie French who married Lewis G. Girtley
Sleeper. Thomas Fox French died and .Mrs.
French married Rufus Wyatt .McCracken
and they were the parents of Walter Scott
McCracken. Mr. and Mrs. McCracken were
divorced and she married Walter Scott. .Mr.
and Mrs. Scott are well-to-do farmers near
Fort Gibson, Oklahoma.

HJckey, Thomas P. (See Grant and Ghi-
gau) — Lucinda. daughter of .lohn and .Mar-
garet (Bean) Gotf. was born August 12,
185 4. Married Thomas Preston, son of
Henry H. and Rachel Jane (Fields) Hickey.
born September iS, 1S5 3. They were the
parents of Nannie Belle, Hdna EarL George
Henry, Nellie Mvrtle, Rachel Cherokee. Wil-
liam Bevelly, .John W.alter. Richard Carter,
and Mary Lucinda Hickey.

He.d, W. F. (Srr Wird)

daughter ..| K,,i,ert Andrew ;
(Ward) l|..sev, wa< b..rn S,t'
married WalUr Fi.rd Ueti •,
experienced lin.ilvpe i.p^rii
Muskogee.

Harnagc, C. D. (So.
ders and Gnsjdui^cj)-
of George and Njnnu- i .,,
married Jennie, djuclilrr ..(
and Elizabeth P. (Helds) Van
the parents of Richird Vjr.
Dana Harnage.

Hankt, Mfi, Mary E. (See
lontsa)— Robert TaNl.T. v..n
lor and .Margaret Ann Wi .1
Hanks, was born January "), 18«0 |l
ried December 22, t,S')i) Mirv II.-:
daughter of Robert and lennit (A ■ .
Wafford, born September 7. \S(,*. , ,<
were the parents of Ruberli 1- ■ "

.Mr. Hanks was appointed
for the Southern Circuit '•!
Nation. ,May J. IS78, and was
position on August 5. succe. :
elected a member of Council Ir. ni i i.t i-
District in 1870 and l.SSI: and mat *lfcl<d
Clerk of the Council in l.s.ss

Sanders, Lewis J. (See Sa' '
D., son of Andrew Sandert,
Jane Gafford and .Martha Ann lla.^.^ ::i.-.^c-
D. and Nancy Jane Sanders were Ihf rir*nl»

of Lewis Johnson Sanders, b -

12. 1872. and married Marcli
Ellen Parson, born April 5''
were the parents of Thomas '
lotte .Mable, William F., and '

Pecic, A. D. (See F..r.
Barnes, bom November 2'. '
Jenkins Whiteside .Maxficld. . .-
1S61. and he died in I-S77. Thev >
parents of .Mary .Maifield. Jvirn Sr;
1. 1856, and married October I :
James .M. Milner. b'-rn Urcembcr It • '
in Greencastle, Indiana. The'.
ents of William Jenkin.s. Flor
John Gage. Josephine Elmin
.Milner died, and .Mrs. .Vllner mjr
March 4. lS'>i Adolpha r>. IVcl. b
25. 1863 in Muhaska •"..unlv !'••;
are the parents o( Charles fserr
January 25. IS'"., and les»r Hu
Peck, born lune 2v I' 'I

Roreain H- N.iK. (See . >..!ootu)— l»«y
.Morgan, daughter >.( Andre* Le«tJ m4
CheP'kee America (Morjan) Ko<er». »t

660

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

born June 6, 1857 and married November
11, 1874, Floreain Haraden Nash, born No-
vember 28, 183 7 in New Orleans, Louisiana.
She died December 28, 1890.

Mr. Nash was Grand Master of the In-
dian Territory Grand Lodge A. F. A- .M. in
1885, 86 and 87. Mr. and Mrs. Nash were
the parents of Fannie Elizabeth, Floreain
Haraden, Frank Ayer, Lucy Morgan, Corinne,
Hilda, and Edwin Otto Nash.

Mayes, W. L. (See Downing, Oolootsa,
.Adair and Ghigoneli) — William Lucullus, son
of Samuel Houston and .Martha Elizabeth
(Vann) Mayes, was born February 6, 1874;
educated in the .Male Seminary. He married
January 8, 1901, Mary Llewellyn, daughter
of Gideon and Mary Llewellyn (Payne)
Morgan, born June 23, 1877 and graduated
from the Female Seminary June 28, 1894.
They are the parents of Martha Llewellyn
Mayes, born August 24, 1902. Mr. Mayes is
prominently identified with real estate and
oil activities in Muskogee, Oklahoma.

Morgan, Lelia (See Oolootsa) — Gideon
Morgan, born April 3, 185 1, married June
25, 1874, Mary Llewellyn Payne, born Oct.
1, 185 5 in Sebastian County, Arkansas. Mr.
Morgan was elected Senator from Tahlequah
District August 5, 1901; and was elected a
member of the State Legislature from Mayes
County in the fourth and seventh Legisla-
tures. Mr. and Mrs. Morgan were the par-
ents of Houston Mayo, Mary Llewellyn,
Martha Lelia, Margaret Elizabeth, Amanda
Payne, Sallie Mayo, and Nellie Payne Mor-
gan.

Miller, William W. (Se- Grant and Half-
breed) — Joseph Gambold, son of Avery
Vann and Nannie (Ward) Miller, was born
July 16, 1828. Married March 1, 1850,
Jennie, daughter of James and Matilda
(Benge) Buffington, born February 10,
183 3. He was a member of Company E,
First Cherokee Mounted Rifles, under Cap-
tain Joseph F. Thompson. Mr. Miller died
February 26, 1897. They were the parents
of William Walter Miller, born July 20,
1853. He married March 16, 1884 Mary
Francis Bishop, born April 7, 1863 in De-
cater County, Indiana; and they were the
parents of Charles William. Henry .Mayes.
Joseph Gambold, David Andrew, Matilda
Ann, and lohn Buffington Miller.

Tyner, Mrs- George M. (See Sanders) —
Nancy, daughter of George O. Saunders and
Jennie Tail married Jefferson Tyner and

their son George Marion Tyner was born
April 10, 1883. Graduated from Male Semi-
nary May 29, 1907. Married at Vinita June
16, 1916 Ethel, daughter of John Pleasant
and Martha J. Marshall, born March 5. 1889
in Te.xas. They are the parents of George
Marion Tyner, Jr. born August 24, 1917.

Mr. and Mrs. Tyner are members of the
Methodist Church. They taught school
several years before their marriage.

Shimoon, Dr. George (See Oolootsa) —
Gertrude Whitman, daughter of Connell and
Florence (Nash) Rogers, was born July ll,
1879. Educated in the Cherokee public
schools and Female Seminary, graduating
from the latter on June 24, 1897. Marm-
ried at Fort Gibson March 24, 1908, Dr.
George Shimoon, D. D. S., born Dec. 18,
1878, in Burmia, Persia- Educated in Mis-
sionary College and Kno.x College, Gilesbeu-
ry, Illinois and graduated from Indiana Den-
tal College. They are the parents of Miriam
Shimoon, born August 14, 1912. Mrs.
Gertrude W. Shimoon died April 11, 1906.

Alberly, Mr.'.. Charlotte (See Grant and
Downing) — Churlntte Ann, daughter of El-
lis B. and Charlotte (Eaton) Towers, was
born September 30, 1854. She married
January 1, 1872, Jacob U., son of John D-
and Jennie (Dougherty) Alberty, who was
born March 20, 1854. Mr. Alberty died
October 27. 1906. They were the parents
of John Henry, born February 20, 1874;
Nancy Jane, born March 17, 1876, and
died August 25, 1893; Joshua Homer, born
April 24, 1878; Flora Etta born April 4,
1885; William Towers, born November 25,
1887; Arthur Burr, born January 19, 1891.
Joshua Homer Alberty married Eva Henry,
and he died August 28, 1907. They were
the parents of Gladys .May Alberty, born No-
vember 20, 1905. Mrs. Eva Alberty lives
in Colorado.

Mrs. Charlotte A. Alberty's Cherokee
name is Ah-ni-wake, and she is a member of
the Presbyterian church.

One daughter, Lola Beatrice Alberty born
April 18, 1882, died Oct. 24, 1883. John
Henry Alberty died July 13, 1914. Joshua
Homer died Aug. 28. 1907.

Brown, Mrs. W. L. (See Downing) —
Leona Deen, daughter of Clement and Rebec-
ca Caroline (Bryan) Hayden, was born Au-
gust 18, 1886, at Chouteau. She was edu-
cated in her native village and Stephens Col-
lege, Columbia, Mo. She married at Chou-

teau
b

•March 5, 1905
Wifford C. Brown

HISTORY OF THE ClIb-ROKlih 1M„ans
William L

^/.l

vv.urauBr,.vn and Sarah Francis Brown
born July „ KS83, in Anderson County. Kv
He was educated in his native countV and
Danville. l„d.. and graduated iron, Vadt

College Waddy, Ky. They are the parenl^:^';
Elo, e Carohne, born Feb. S, 1906, Charles
Hayden. born Aug 5, 1907 and William L.
Jr. bnrn Sept. ,. ,909,. Mr. Brown is a
business man i„ Oklahoma Citv and thev
are members of the Methodist church.

Clement Hayden, born March 20, iS46 in
Benton County, Arkansas. Married March
7, 1869, Rebecca Caroline Bryan, born Jan.
30, 1850. She died July 9, I9i7. Thev
were the parents of Mrs. Leona D. Brown.
Clement Hayden died May 2nd. 1917.

Gilliland, Mrs. Homer F. (See Turner)

Anna Laura, daughter of William and Annie
Laurie Turner, was born October 14, 1890.
She graduated from the Female Seminary
May 2 7. 1909; and married Jan. 18, 1918,
Homer F. Gilliland. born Jan. 12, 1SS5, in
Johnson County, Ark. He was educated in
Ft. Smith Public Schools and University of
Arkansas. Mr. Gilliland is a banker in Ft.
Gibson, Okla.

William Hendricks, born August 2 5, 1795
in North Carolina. Married in September
1816 Susannah, born in 1798. He died
January 21. 1868 and she died January 25.
1S6S. They were the parents of Hendricks,
born May 24. 1819. Married George Peach-
eater and Felix Riley and they were (he par-
ents of Mrs. Susan R. Gourd.

Rhomer, Mrs. May (See Grant and Ooloot-
sa) — May, the daughter of Calvin Jones and
Emma Walker (.McCoy) Hanks, was born at
Webbers Falls July 19, 1872; was educated
at Webbers Falls and the Female Seminary.
She married April 15, 1888, Frank Rhomer,
born Jan. 6, 1863 in New Orleans, La. They
are the parents of Emma Nora, born Feb-
ruary 2, 1889; .May Frances, born November
17, 1891; Margaret Bell, born April 2, 189-1;
and Fannie Charlotte Rhomer, born March
20, 1S96. The Rhomers are farmers near
Webbers Falls.

Margaret Belle Rhomer married Robert
Preston Vann. Jr. of Webbers Falls. Mr.
Vann was killed in action Sept. 12. 191 8 in
France. His body was sent back home to
his wife Margaret Belle and w.is buried by
her in the National Cemetery at Ft. Gibson.
Aug. 10. 1921.

Russ.
childre

^'lnces Rhumer mjf,„a . h,
Krjndiun ,.( Andfc» «,...

"e Chirle» Kh-mrr f .
at Webber.s Fall,, «,u|,h Mj,
Webber.s Falls Fcbfuar* 5 ,
"elle H.,ss K.rn a. *>hh,„ ,,,
They now live In Sapulpa. < -Ua

Calvin Jonts. v,n ,,f K..h<Ti -,
Margaret Ann Ward (.M.„ca
born February 8. |8J6. and
11. l8oi Emma Walker .Mv
born April j. i,s<| ||, ^^
Captain John S. Vann's 0. :
Captain Samuel Gunler» c
Confederate arm>. He »at e
or from Canadian Dijirict A .
and Senator (rem the same i
6. 1SS7. He died May 1. is:

Mrs- Emma Hanki. nee
February S, Doo. TheN »,
of .Mrs. May Kh.muT

Shaw, Mn. W«ller W.— \ljr>. J,,,
of John and Nellie (Conkle) Bulleii,- .i
bcrn at Claremore October 24. is.^'. ^•■.,
tt-as educated in Lexinclon. .Minouri HartiU
Female ColleRe and Linden*. -k1 Semmaf..
St. Louis. .Missouri, gradualinit (r..m Ihr lit-
ter institution. She married In ro.« il
Claremore. Waller W.. son or i:barl(i mj
Ida (White) Shaw, born November j\. ■<«.>
in Owego. New Vork. Thev are the p"
ents of Walter W., Jr. born April I*. I "■".
and '.Martha Helen Shaw. b<irn Aucutl
190S. Mr. and Mrs. Shaw are r•.■v^ ■■ r
the Presbyterian church. H.-
He was elected Counlv Judc
County, November 5. fll an.! •
interested in the Excbance T-
of Tulsa.

John Bullette. the father •>( .^tri ^o,,
was elected a member of the Chrr-'kef *• i
tional Council on Februar> :.*. i»"». >it
elected Clerk of Co<i»eeSv"i«'»ff I iv.'
August 1. 1S.S1, and Solicitor .,( thr u-r
District on August 5. l«05.

Captain While Fv<$. Head V, >■
the Delawares and personal Uu
Washington was an alU of ihr
the revolutionarv war Me mj» 'V- •; -
of Nee-what-wes, who matrted Abke,>f
lung-un-a-qua and their dauch'" ' ^

married William Connor oj S
diana. and thev in turn were t
Eliza Connor who married rer.i-i.-.
George Bullette, a renowned and islrrr J

662

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

trader whose operations exteiiiled ;is far
west as the Rocky Mountains. In the first
decade of the eighteenth century he estab-
lished and was chief of Delawaretown on
Spavinaw Creel;, from which Delaware Coun-
ty, Oklahoma, derived its name. Chief Bul-
lette commanded the Delawares at the battle
of Claremore Mound in 18 IS. John, the
son of George and Eliza (Connor) Bullette,
was the father of John and George Bullette,
the latter and surviving brother is the pres-
ent Chief of the Delawares.

Adair, Oscar F. (See Adair, Ghigau and
Foreman)- — Oscar Fitzaland, son of John
Thompson and Penelope (Mayfield) Adair,
was born March S, 1848. Married February
3, 1875 Mary Catherine, daughter of Augus-
tus and Mary Ann (Bigby) Rider, born April
20, 1859. They were the parents of Mary
Louvenia; Wenona; William Penn; Sarah
Ruth; John Lafayette; Rose Ada; and Wal-
thal Corrigan Adair.

John Adair, a Scotchman, married Ga-
hoka's full-blood Cherokee of the Deer
Clan- Theit son, Walter, commonly called
"Black Watt" Adair, was born December 11,
1783, and married May 15, 1804 Rachel
Thompson, born December 24, 1776. He
died January 20, 1835; and she died April
22, 1876. Their son John Thompson Adair
was born December 22, 1812, and married
January 30, 1S40, Penelope Mayfield, born
May 12, 1S24. He died December 23, l'89l.
They were the parents of Oscar Fitzaland,
who was elected Judge of Sequoyah Dis-
trict in 1885 and 1887; and Commissioner
of Sequoyah County in 1907.

Trout, George W- (See Ward and Ghigau)
— George Washington, son of Samuel and
Louisa (Ward) Trout was born in Georgia,
September 15, 1847. He served the Con-
federacy during the Civil War under Cap-
and Joseph Franklin Thompscon. He is at
present (1921) one, of not over twenty sur-
vivors, of the Confederate Cherokee Bri-
gade of over three thousand veterans. He
married in December 1868 Mary Eaton, born
in 184 7. They were the parents of: Sallie
Emma, born May 4, 18 70, married William
Baker; Elizabeth, born December 1872; mar-
ried Charles S. McComb; Logan John, born
April S. 1876; and James Morton, born
April 21, 1883. Mrs. Mary Trout died April
25, 1883. He married July 29, 1884,
Martha Ann, daughter of Richard Taylor

and Sarah Elizabeth (Day) Parks, born
March 26, 1885 in Bradley County, Tennes-
see. They are the parents of: Henry Ward,
born July 29, 1886 Isaac Day, born Feb-
ruary 16, 1888; Georgia Ann, born Decem-
ber 24, 1890, and Creed B. Trout, born
September 27, 1892; he enlisted in the
World War at Vinita, September 22, I9l7;
was assigned to Battery A, 319th Field Ar-
tillery, 82nd Division. Was in the actions
of Tou! Sector, August 16 to 28; St. Mihiel,
September 12 to 16; Meuse-Argonne, Sep-
tember 26 to November 11, 19 18; Army of
Occupation to May 12, 1919. Was dis-
charged at Camp Pike, Arkansas, May 24,
1919. He is entitled to wear a gold service
chevron.

Henry Ward Trout married Stella Lauch-
ner and they were the parents of Leta B.
Trout. Mr. Trout's second wife was Eva
Ketchum, and they are the parents of Lu-
cile and Argyle Woodrow Trout.

George W. Trout is an Odd Fellow and
Mason, and has been for many years a mer-
chant at Big Cabin.

Pierce, Mrs. James M. (See Cordery) —
Nancy Jane, daughter of Albert and Louisa
(Cordery) Anderson, was born January 1,
1882; and married August 23, 1896, James
Madison Pierce, born December 13, 1877,
in Hall County, Georgia. They were the
parents of Gertrude, born June 3, 1897;
Mark, born November 7, 1898; James Clay-
ton, born February 7, 1902 and Earl B.
Pierce, born February 8, 1905.

Mr. Pierce is one of the wealthiest cot-
ton farmers of the Muskogee-Fort Gibson
section, owning and operating hundreds of
acres nf valuable land, and several cotton
gins.

Abbott, Mrs. John H. (See Ward and
Foreman) — Martha Alice, daughter of John
Wesley and Mary Elvira (Ward) Holland,
was horn January 28, 1S62; married at Stil-
well June 21, 1884; Robert Early, born Feb-
ruary 16, 1858, in Gilmer County, Georgia.
He died August 27, 1906. They were the
parents of Dora, born March 16, 1886; John
William, born June 22, 188 7 .Mary Ange-
line, born February 1, 1889; Martha Lou,
born September 17, 1893, and died Novem-
ber 7, 1911; Robert Ross, born October 14,
1895; Ida Belle, born February 3, 1898, and
died September 23, 1920; Alollie Elmira,

HISTORY OH THE ClIEKOKblf

INDIANS

bor„ Octobe,. 3,, ,,oo. a„a ...vie l^^.v.

corn INdveniher 3, iQ().( ■'

Ida Belle Early ',„„ned Herbert Line and

t^ey had two children: John Weslev, born

^;,;' "^'^-"''^i-ti'^. Line, born vy;

Mrs, Martha Alice Early married ,I„hn H.
Abbott, born ,n 184 7 in Florida. His fir.t
w.te was Ellen Isabel, daughter of Robert
Early and Minerva Jane (Tavlor) Walker
''■^rn ,„ isor, and died in 1 898. John h'
and LJIen Isabel Abbott were the parents of
tthel Louisa, born October 5, 1875- Eu-
Kene Michael, born November 25, is/"-
John Wesley, born September 28,' 1879;
Caroline Minerva, born December 23'. iSSoJ
Senora Julia, born November 20, 1882; Fan-
nie Edith, born February 15, 1885;' .M.ie
Lillian, born September 20, 1887; Butler La-
fayette, born July 24, 18S9; Willi,im Ghorm-
lev. born October 20. 1893. and Jennie El-
len Abbott, born November 13. 189,.

Woodall, Leander (See Woodall) — Lean-
der, son of James Tuck and Elizabeth (Per-
due) Woodall. was born in Delaware District
February S. IS 76. educated at Ketchum.
Married in Arkansas, February 22, 1906
Jessie, daughter of John L. and Malinda
Berry. Mr. Woodall is a farmer near Ketch-
nm. he is a member of the A. H. T. A. which
means that he is a supporter of s;ood citi-
zenship.

Peebles, Mrs. James L. (See Grant and Fore-
man)— Nannie, daughter of Spencer and
Margaret (Proctor) Shelton was educated
in Tahlequah District and Female Seminary.
Married at Tahlequah. James L., son of Mr.
and Mrs- Peebles.

They are the parejits of: Joseph Lawrence.
James Shelton. Charlotte May, Edgar Vann.
Vera E., Robert, Virginia and Spencer Peeb-
les. Mr. Peebles is farmer near Tahlequah,
is a member of the Woodmen of the World.
He was elected County Commissioner of
Cherokee County September 17, 1907.

Margaret, daughter of Johnson and Eliza-
beth (Foreman) Proctor was born .May 1.
18-16 and married Spencer Shelton. She
died April 14. 1S85.

Cochran, Mrs- Ned A. (See Grant)— Wil-
lie Penn Adair Martin, born at Greenbriar.
August 1. 1879, educated locally and at Fe-
male Seminary- Married at Pryor, July 2-4,
1905 Ned Adair, son of Richard and -Mary
Cochran, born August 20. ISSO. educated at

"Tlun As>lum Th---. ,,.,..

■\Lirv VirRinia. b..rn

Ad.iir. K.rn Januji,

I'orn Febiiury is, 1

l^orn March 4, vt

longs III ihc |.e»-r ^

name is Colunj.

Joseph Lvnch Vj
August 20. IS20. Marfic.i
Jennie llarlin. b..rn April s
qiiah. He died Nowmber
were the parenii ..f ,Mr» S .;

L«H«y, Margaret RiumU
-loseph Martin, ion i.( ),.hv
(Martin) La May. was b..rn ■.
at Boggy Depot in the rh .
married November In. i«-
-Missouri. Annie Pusv
IS04. at Wishaw, Sc
parents o( Margaret '. . ,
July 26. IS'IO. at Claremor,-
cated in the Claremore p„V; .
College, Springfield. '
Baldwin Seminary. .St
La Hay is a member .1
church and is at present a c:
Agency at .Muskogee.

-Joseph -Martin La May. ih
:Margarct, was a man of •;
pleasing personalitN. ,>
He held at ditlerenl
fices in both the Mj- . , ., ..
Pythias fralernilles. He i»as Olrrk anj Sent
tor ot Cooweescoowee I)|slrivi

William.. Sarah B. (See <
daughter '<i William and ^
Burgess, was born near I-
December |9. i,s57. Fducat.,:
kee Public Schools. Her fis:
John McPherson and her second •
whfim she married In !S9} »jt
son of Edward Williams. .Mr and '■'
Mams are the parents t>{ Wlltjf i:
Annie Gladvs Williami.

.John, son I'f William and M»r<
Burgess married -Mary Smith i- J t'
the parents of William Burtf
Susan Vance.

Cox, J. D- (See t)uncan) —
son of Zeno and Kebecca
born August 7, ISS». .1
Cherokee national
Vinita September 27, :
ter of William and .Ml
are the parents ■•(-■ C

664

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

1<'M4; Cora, Ixirn June 1-4, 19 15; James
Duncan, born June 17, 1917 and Lucile Cijx,
bom March 3, 19 19. Mr. Cox is a farmer.
Sanders, Sequoyah (See Grant. Downing,
Ghigau and Sanders) — Sequoyah, the son of
Thomas Didymus and Joanna (Pettit) San-
ders, was born at Braggs in 188S. He was
educated in the public schools of the Chero-
kee Nation; married at Independence, Kan-
sas Cora Wyatt. They are the parents of
Coaone and Georgia Sanders.

Mr. and Mrs. Sanders are members of the
Nazarene Church.

Wahyah, brother of Mr. Sanders, married
Willie Hawkins; and his brother Joseph Em-
met Sanders married Jennie Riley. The lat-
ter couple are the parents of Thomas Didy-
mus, Anna May and Emeline Sanders.

Frank Pettit married Mary Beck and they
were the parents of Mrs. Joanna (Pettit)
Sanders-
Chandler, Va'nn S. (See Ward) — Vann S.,
son of Burgess Gaithor and Annie Eliza
(Gunter) Chandler, born August 20, 1882,
educated at William Halsell College, Vinita.
Married at Vinita, June 1. 1912, Maude A.
daughter of L. A. and Annie E. Williams.
They are the parents of: Lawrence Stuart,
born April 20, 1913; Wilma Gawdin, born
July 25, 1915 and Burgess Chandler, born
February 12, 1920. Mr. Chandler who is
a younger brother of Hon. Thomas A.
Chandler. Congressman from the First Dis-
trict of Oklalioma. is a dealer in hay, grain
and farm machinery.

Sanders, Mrs- Dollie (See Foreman and
Go-oo-du-i-sga) — Dollie, daughter of Charles
and Mary Ellen (Thornton) Cochran, born
August 23, 1877. Married at Tahlequah in
1897, S. L. Sanders. They are the parents
of: Murrell, Charles, Haskell, and Ross
Saunders.

Mary Ellen, daughter of Amos and Minerva
(Foreman) Thornton was born February 14,
1857. Married June 15, 1876 Charles
Cochran, born in 1845. He died March 16,
1889 and she died February 16, 1899.
Thjy were the parents of Mrs. Dollie Saun-
ders.

Coats, Mrs. Susie D. (See Grant and Hilde-
brand) — Susie Dora, daughter of James and
Emily (Harlin) Sunday was born in Coo-
weescoowee District September 12, 1876,
educated in Female Seminary. Married Sep-
tember 11, 1893 James, son of James Mc-

Kenzie and Annie C. (Spears) Coats, born
April 1, 1866. They are the parents of
Jennie Bessie, born January 25, 1894
James McKeiizie, born September 20, 1896
Elmer Earl, born September t, 1901; Capi-
tola Wyly, born February 15, 1903; Lulu
May, born January 20, 1906 Eugene, born
October 15, 1908; Belva Lockwood, born
June 8, 1910 and David Coats, born March
3, 1912. Mr. Coats died December l5,
1915. Mrs. Coats manages a farm near
Pryor. Miss Jennie Bessie Coats was elect-
ed Court Clerk of Mayes County November
5, 1918 and November 2, 1920. James
McKenzie was educated in Pryor and Agri-
cultural College at Stillwater. Capitola
Wyly is a member of the 1922 High School
class at Pryor.

Lucinda, daughter of Samuel and Cather-
ine (Hildebrand) Martin married Joseph
Spears and they were the parents of Annie
C. Spears wife of James McKenzie Coats.

Alberty, Arthur (See Downing and Grant)
— Arthur Burr, son of Jacob U. and Annie
Charlotte (Towers) Alberty was born Janu-
ary 19, 189 4.

Sallie Wright married Moses Alberty and
their son John D. Alberty married Jennie
Buffington. They were the parents of Ja-
cob U. Alberty, who was the father of Ar-
thur Burr Alberty.

Wilson, Mrs. DeWitt (See Grant, Down-
ing, Adair, Daniel and Wilson) — DeWitt
Clinton, son of Anderson Springston and
Nancy Catherine (Daniel) Wilson was born
January 7, 1859. Educated in the Chero-
kee National schools. Married June 25,
1885 Mary Ellen, daughter of Dr. Walter
Thompson and Mary Buffington (Adair)
Adair, born November 1, 1864. She gradu-
ated from the Cherokee National Female
Seminary June 29, 1881 and Kirkwood
1883. They are the parents of: Lelia
Stapler, born September 26, 1889, and
Clinton Wilson, born January 5, 1893.
Lelia Stapler Wilson, who is an accomplished
musician, is the wife of Leon L. Leslie.

Nannie Catherine Daniel, born January 12,
1S35, married December 23, 1858 Anderson
Springston Wilson, born in 1830. They
were the parents of DeWitt Clinton Wilson.
Anderson Springston Wilson died December
26, 1865. Mrs. Nannie Catherine Wilson
married December 14, 1872 Henry Clay
Barnes. She died December 10, 1889.

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKlili INDIANS

Joseph Martin, horn ne.ir Charlottevillc.
Virginia in 1740. married Susannah Fields
nee Enmry, and they were the parents of
John Martin, who married Nannie McDaii-
iel. Martha, ciniinionly called "Patsy" the
eldest daughter of John and Nellie Martin,
married George Washington, son of Walter,
called "Black Watt" and Kachel Thompson
Adair. Dr. Walter Thompson Adair, son of
Walter and Rachel Adair, married .Mary
Buffington, daughter of Walter Scott, com-
monly called "Red Watt" and Nannie (Har-
ris) Adair and they were the parents of .Mrs.
DeWitt Clinton Wilson.

Garden, William T. (See Hildebrand) —
Barbara Hildehrand born in Tennessee .!anu-
ary 13, 1S2S. .Married Robert Woodard
from whom she was divorced and then mar-
ried William Longknife. Both her husbands
were Cherokees. William and Barbara Long-
knife who had been living on Honey Creek
in Delaware District joined the California
argonauts in 1850. The caravan in which
they embarked consisted of about seventy-
five persons, one-third of whom were Chero-
kees, among whom were: O. H. P. and
George W. Brewer, James S. Vann. Martin
Matthew Scrimsher, John Hildebrand, John
Wolf, John W. Candy, Buffalo, Richard R.
Keys, Thomas Fox Taylor, Return Jonathan
Meigs, Mr. and Mrs. Longknife. They start-
ed from the mouth of Verdigris, going
northwest over the old California trail until
they intercepted the Evans route which e.x-
tended westward from Westport. They
traveled six months before reaching their
destination. R. J. Meigs who was a son-in-
law of Chief John Ross died near Salt Lake,
Utah on August 6, lS5o. Mary Jane, the
eldest daughter of William and Barbara
Longknife was born while enroute on Sep-
tember l.S, 1S50. She is now living in
Honolulu. The second daughter. Anna
Diane Longknife was born in California June
-,3 iSSQ She was educated in and gradu-
ated from the Sacred Heart Convent ni
Honolulu, Hawaii, in 1S7 5. Married m
Honolulu June 24, lS,S4 John Joseph Car-
den He died September iS, l')l'- They
,vere the parents of: William Thomas born
L.ch 3, fsSS; John Joseph, boni February

OS 1S')0; Edward Walter, born October -1.
Ks'o- and Mae Mary Anna Garden, born De-
cember V\ IS-^S. William Thomas Garden
gr'a ed from the University of Cah orma
with the B. L. degree and from Harvard as a

L. L. B., and \\ jii allornr>. \» ta4 II

Brewer HUIg., IImmoIuIu, IU»J" "■

ried March ;<, I'Md Florfnir

sidy; their daughter, Florciu'r ■•

was bcirn .March i;, I'nr I

Garden graduated from Ihc '

California with the 11. S dejr

John Hiipkiiis l'nivcr*ll> McJ

nient. He is 1 Giptiin In th* \'

of the United Slites Army irnl it »ljii .J

at Carlisle Barracks. Peiinivlvmij r.l-n.l

Walter Garden graduated Ir'^m i'

of California. .Married Aujv

Hazel Hunt Vinton iiid Ihfir da..,

bars Vinton Garden wjj b"rn Mirch J*.
l')21. Mae .Mary Anna Cirdo" ri.l i>"f.1
with the A. B. degree U"m '■
living with her mother in lion

Barbara (Hildebrand) Longkrii.-- ■
was named Diane Graves instead ol Su»»nn»h
Graves, as given in the llildeb'inJ (»mil<

Tyner, A»ron (See Garter) — limf* fi<l4i,
son of Lewis and Sallie (HirrlO T»n*e.
married Quatie Charley and thev mttt lb»
parents of Delilah, born June '. !«»'.
Aaron, born December 22. t.SS'., Iimrt.
born .March 26. I.SS8; Ralph. 1""" Ffbfui"
1'). iSOl and Minnie (:hri^linf T^ner
Aaron Tyner was educated in the Male ■•<•"■
nary. He married Susie Fleldv He < 1
member of the Independent Order ••< • MJ
Fellows fraternity and is a »ub»lanlial (armet
near Sperry.

Lewis Tyner was born in I-"': Maff.#J
Sallie, daughter of Moses and M*f< (t i-C
ley) Parris. b"rn in ISSJ. Sh< died
15, 1868 and he died Ocl..b*r >•■
Thev were the parents o( James
Tvner.

M.rkh.n,. B. H. (See Ohitau.
Ann, daughter of lames Walker 1
Cordelia Skinner, was b-.rn April '
Married at Glarksville. Arkansas. I
23, I'loo Baird Mackelt Mjfkhir
March 28. 1887. in Decalur. Ten
are the parents o( lewell Mane *
gust 17. I 'Ml and Ralrd HackfH
Winston Baird and Ada Mackelt v
born April 12. fl". >" «''''
educated in the Denls-n lli.
the Texas Christian l!ni»ef
graduating tr>-m b.-lh Me
the Markham Motor r.^mri
,-\,s- Mr. and Mrs Markha; -
M the Presbvterlan church He is ...,....»i

666

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

with the Elks, Odd Fellows, Woodmen and
Knights of Pythias. Is a member of the Ki-
wanee. Golf, Automobile, Lakeside Country,
Add Centarian, National Guard, National
Highway. Oklahoina City Chamber of Com-
merce. Clubs. He has been President of tlie
Oklahoma Automobile Dealers Association,
President uf the National Guard Club and
Colonel I'f the Oklahoma National Guards by
virtue of which he was acting Adjutant Gen-
eral of Oklahoma.

Lucy Cordelia, daughter of Judge George
Washington and Louisa (Spriggs) Parks,
was born June 12, 1852. Married Sep-
tember 26, 1S76 James Walker Skinner,
burn June 15, 1S44 in Kentucky. He was
Captain of Company A, 2nd Kentucky Caval-
ry under Colonel Basil Duke. Mrs. Skinner
died July 2'). 1896 and he died July 11,
r.i2l. They were the parents of: Rosa
Louisa, Willie, Thomas Fo.x, Morgan Desha,
Galooga Theresa, Bettie Ann and .Mary Ann
Skinner. Rosa Louisa Skinner married
Elizur B. Neville. Willie Skinner married
Silas M. Meeks. Galooga Theresa Skinner
married Seth Reed. Bettie Ann Skinner
married B. H. Markhani and lives in Okla-
homa City.

Archer, Mrs. Thoma's B. (See England) —
Anna Bell daughter of Abram and Alta Beril-
la (Schrimsher) Meeks v.'as born near Vinita
November 20, iS7S. Educated in Worces-
ter Academv. Married April 22, 189 7
Thomas B. Archer son of Thomas and Fan-
nie Archer, born Aug. 29, 1873 in Vernon
County, Navada, Mo. They are the parents
of Irra, born July 10. 1898; Otto B., born
Julv 9, 1900, Fannie B., born February 13,
1902; Thomas B., born November 15, 1903;
Abram born November 4, 1905 and Morrill
Archer, born March 22, 1908. Mr. and
Mrs. Archer are members of the Baptist
Church. He is a produce merchant at Vi-
nita. Ina, Otto B. and Fannie B. Archer are
graduates from Vinita High School. Inia
married at Vinita January 17, 1920 Harold
E. Boggs. Otto Archer married at Vinita
July 19, 1921 Gertrude Braden.

Owen, Mrs. Thomas H. (See Grant) —
Louise Scott, daughter of James Orval and
Mary E. (Davis) Hall, was born near Vinita.
August 23, 1877. She was educated at
Vinita and Harrell Institute, and is a gradu-
ate from the latter institution. She married
November 2, 1898, Luman Franklin Parker,

born August 23, 1872, in Phelps County,
Missouri. He died Aug. 14, 1912. Mrs.
Parker married Thos. H. Owen March 12,
1916. They are residents of Oklahoma
City.

Eaton, Mrs. Rachel Caroline (See Ward)
— Nannie Elizabeth Williams was born April
S, 185 1. .Married May 17. 1868 George
Washington Eaton. He had served the con-
federacy in Company B, Morgan's Battalion,
Te.xas cavalry under Captain Boggs and
Lieutenant Charles Morgan. Mrs. Eaton
died September 21, 1896.

Mr. and Mrs. Eaton were the parents of:
Rachel Caroline, James Calvin, Martha Paul-
ine'and John Merrit Eaton. Rachel Caroline
Eaton graduated from the Female Seminary
in 1888 and from several other institutions
of higher education and is the possessor of
the degree of Mistress of Arts. She mar-
ried James Ale.xander Burns, from whom she
was divorced. She was the author of the
scholarly "John Ross and the Cherokee In-
dians". She was elected Superintendent of
Public Instruction of Rogers County in
1920. James Calvin Eaton is a prosperous
farmer near Oolagah. Martha Pauline Eaton
graduated from the Female Seminary in
189 7 and married James Morning York who
was elected Assessor of Rogers County in
1918. John Merrit Eaton graduated from
the Male Seminary in 1899.

Payne, Marble Lewis — Marble Lewis, Son
of William and Nancy Payne was born in
1850 in North Carolina. He married at
Tahlequah in 1904 Mahala Wilson. They
were the parents of Emma, Lula, Charles
and William Payne. Mr. Payne's children
by his second marriage are Frank, Albert
and Mary Payne.

Mr. Payne is one of the progressive farm-
ers of the Tahlequah vicinity, is a member
of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows
and has been a member of the local school
board several times. His Cherokee name is
Lu-ie-us-te-na and he belongs to the Wolf
Clan.

William Payne, the son, is a Spanish-
American war veteran.

Carter, Charles D. (See Carter and Riley)
— Charles D., son of Captain Benjamin Wis-
ner and Serena J. (Guy) Carter, was born
August 6, 1868. Married December 29,
1891 Ada Gertrude Wilson. She died Janu-
ary 19, 1901. They were the parents of:

HISTORY OF THE CIlliROKHH INDIANS

Estella LeFlore, Lena Cecil, Julia Josephine
and Benjamin Wisner Carter. AU. Carter's
second wife was .Mrs. Cecil .Junes, nee Whit-
tington.

^ Nathaniel Carter, a Virginian, came to the
Cherokee Nation and married a Cherokee.
Their son David was born in 1802. He
married in 1829 Jennie, dau.trhter of Richard
and Diana (Campbell) Riley, born in 1S07.
He was clerk of the Council in 1S39. Rleci-
ed Associate Justice of the Supreme Court
ill 1 84 2; he resigned that post and was
elected Superintendent of Schools in 1813.
Elected Editor of the Cherokee Advocate in
1849 and Chief Justice of the Cherokee Na-
tion in 1851, also a member of the board of
directors of the Cherokee Seminaries in the
same year. Elected a member of the Chero-
kee Senate (Committee) from Tahlequah
District August 6, 1855. Elected Associate
Justice of the Supreme Court in 1857. He
died February 1. lSu7 and .Mrs Carter died
.March 1, 1867.

Benjamin Wisner. son of David and Jennie
(Riley) Carter was born January 5, 183 7.
Graduated from the Male Seminary in Oc-
tober 185 6. He married Nannie Elliott and
thev had one son, John Elliott Carter. Mrs.
Carter died and when the civil w-ar began he
joined Brewer's company and later raised
and was elected captain of a company. He
married in 1865 Serena Josephine Guy, a
member of one of the most distinguished
Chick.isaw families. After the civil war he
maJe his home in the Chickasaw Nation
where he was honored with practically every
office e.xcept Chief, which could only be
held by a native Chickasaw.

Charles D. Carter, son of Benjamin Wisner
and Serena Josephine Carter has been a rep-
resentative in Congress from Oklahoma
since statehood-

Gatlin, Mrs. Emma Nora (See Grant and
Oolootsa) — Emma Nora, daughter of Frank
and Mav (Hanks) Rhomer was born Feb-
ruirv 2, 1889 and educated at Webbers
Falls and Female Seminary. She married
August t. l'^>07 Samuel Bell .Ma.xey, son of
James and Matilda (Yearby) Gatlin. born
.May 26, 1887. Thev are the parents of:
Frank Rhomer, born August 19, 1908: Helen
Charlotta, born January 23. 1910; John Mc-
Cov, born September 20. 1911 and died in
infancy: Calvin James, born Julv 16. 1913:
Virginia Mav, born June 13, I9l5: the twins.

■Muiiie and Allenc. h..rn Mi-
Allene died in inline* jtij .
Gatlin, born Nu>emher 2...
.Mrs. Gatlin are re>iiienli n| .

-lames, son o| ii„,„ mj
Gatlin married .Malilda Vcjr
the parents of Samuel Bell

Calvin Jones lUnks mjrr
er. daughter of John L..»r
(Ratliff) McCoy and the*
of Mrs. May Rhomir.
McEachen. -Mrs. Emma Br-i
Hanks and Calvin Jones Hi .

Adair, Mri. Luther H. ( ■
Adair) — Lillie .M, Jmichler
(Fisher) Waldrop »as h..f
Dec 8. 1S65. Married Nov. ■
Martin, son of Captain fcph
Sallie (Starr) Adair, born
April 30. l.Sj'i. Me died I
They were the parents o( ^
.lune 3. 1SS5; William l.ulh
1887; .Mary, born Am;. >, '.
cinda. born December I I. 1 ■
Nov. 4. 1804; Ci'llie Hessu
18)7; Emmet .Marshall b.ir
Nona Bertha, bfirn Sept. I7.
born Feb. 23. l''o4 and
Adair, born Jan. 31. I'JO.S
attended the Female Semir
was educated in Male Sen
nine months in the servicu-
V. ar. Mrs. Adjir is a memb
of God.

HefHefingcr, Mr>. Elita C
— Eliza, dauiihler ••( le>*.-
Cochran was born in the
in 1853. At the tim^ that
school the Civil War »ilh
volence broke over the I'hc:
it is only due to her njii\<-
is now widely known (-ir h. ■
gence and information S'^
1S72 Greenville \'ice UeUW.
one of the most proRreitlvf U-
communily and aiwai* kept
abreast with the period. Thci
parents of .Niseph and Finnif
.Mrs. Hefflefinger U a me^l^*r ■
b\terian church

Adair, Uri (Sec Git i^
George. M. Adair m >■
and their sop Menrv '
August 10. 1^
Caroline Buncb

668

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

was elected sheriff of Illinois District Au-
gust 5, 1S95. He died. They were the par-
ents of: Araminta. born May 10, ISS5;
George, lH)rn May 24, 1S87; John Bell, born
June 12, 1S9-I; Catherine, born August 9,
1897; Levi, born June 9, 1900 and Zola B.
Adair, born June 10, 1905.

John Adair, a Scotchman married in 1789
Ga-ho-ka, a full blood Cherokee of the Deer
Clan. Their son Samuel Adair married
Mary Hughes. He was elected sheriff of
Flint District in 185 7 and 1859. Elected
judge of the same District 1867, 1873, and
1877. He died February 17, 1879. His
wife had died in 1874. They were the par-
ents of George M. Adair who married Cath-
erine Fields. (See sketch of his brother,
George Adair)

Ogden, Mrs. D. T. (See Ward and Adair)
— Jessie Curtis Abney, born July 24, 1900
in Afton Delaware District; educated at Af-
ton and took a business course at Coffeyville
Kansas; graduate of the Afton High School.
Married Sept. 14, I9l9 at Independence,
Kansas, D. T. Ogden, son of W. A. and Julia
Ogden. Mr. Ogden is assistant cashier of
the First National Bank of Afton.

.lohn Adair, a Scotchman, married Ga-
hoga, a full blood Cherokee of the Deer
Clan. Their son Samuel married Edith
Pounds; they were the parents of: Rachael
Pounds Adair, who married Rev. James Jen-
kins Trott, a Methodist minister. Rev. and
Mrs. Trott were the parents of: James Cic-
ero Trott, who was generally known by his
Indian name of Osceola, born April 6, 1839
in Woodbury, Tennessee, married March 1,
1886 Madora Stover, born Jan. 25, 1852 in
Delaware District. She is the daughter of
John Henry Stover, died March 31, 1865.

James C. and Medora Trott are the par-
ents of: Birdie Adair, born Nov. 25, 1871;
educated in Vinita public schools and Wor-
cester Academy, from which she graduated;
she taught school several years and married
Sept. 6, 1895 Robert A. Abney, born Aug.
15, 1869 in Saline county, Illinois. Until
his death he was in the mercantile business
at Afton; he died July 16, 1906 and Mrs.
Birdie A. Abney died Sept. 3, 1919; Eugene
Homer and Willie A. Trott.

Jennings, Landrum Crittenden (See Grant.
Foreman and Conrad) — Caroline, daughter
of John and Nellie (Martin) Agnew, married
Anderson Landrum Crittenden Jennings, and

they were the parents of Landrum Critten-
den Jennings, born in 1876; he was educat-
ed in Worcester Academy and the Male Semi-
nary, being a graduate frojii the latter in-
stitution. He married in 1899 Jananna,
daughter of James Franklin and Ruth Ellen
(Martin) Benge, born in 1880. She was
educated in Vinita. They are the parents
of Clara May Jennings, born June 2 1, 1900,
at Chelsea. She graduated from the Mus-
kogee Central High School in 1919, .ind is
at present a stenographer in the office of
the Superintendent of the Five Civilized
Tribes. Miss Jennings, as well as her par-
ents, brothers and sisters, are members of
the Methodist Church.

Susan Henrietta, daughter of James and
Delilah (Fields) Foreman, married Anderson
Benge, and they were the parents of James
Franklin Benge who married Ruth Ellen Mar-
tin.

Arning, Mrs. Susan E. (See Ghigau)

Susan Ellen, daughter of James and Amanda
Walker (Martin) was born June 17, 1876.
Educated in the Cherokee Public Schools
and Female Seminary. Married January 13,
1894, William Ulyssus Hill, born October 22,
1866 in Douglas County, Kansas. They
were the parents of Harrietta Ruth Hill,
born October 8, 1897. Mrs. Hill secured
a divorce and married on January 13, 1906,
Mr. Arning. They are the parents of Floyd
horn August 22, 1912 and Ancel Arning,
born September 29, 1914.

,Mr. and Mrs. Arning are farmers and are
members of the Holiness Church.

Woodward, John S. — John S. Woodward,
son of Jackson and Lizzie (Smith) Wood-
ward, was born in Oklahoma in 1861; mar-
ried in Oklahoma in 1875, Mary Fondren.
They have one son, David 22 years old, who
spent two years in France in the World
War, where he was wounded and also gassed.
John S. Woodward is a member of the Wolf
Clan, a member of the Methodist church and
a farmer near Tahlequah.

Whiteaker, Grace E. — Grace Elizabeth
Barks, daughter of Edward and Victoria
(Fields) Barks was born January 17, 1900
at Vinita, and educated in the Cherokee
schools; she married at Vinita, May 25,
19 1 7 Robert Whiteaker, son of William and
Dorothy Whiteaker. Mrs. Whiteaker has
one sister and one brother living. The sis-
ter Hazel Willie married Floyd Edward

HISTORY OF THE CHEKOKHI-: IM.ians

Sii'ith and is living i„ Roswell. N Al

li:ive three ehikiren 1

TlUM

evina, Nanetta and Ne-
-.: lier brother is .Miles Alathew Barks
Wnght, Jesr,e E._Son of John R. and

'i-'ri"tte C. (Whitmire) Wright was horn
1S71 in Going Snake District;
ried in June 1892 in Adai

Jan. __.

niar-

conntv .Marv F

daiiRhter ,,f Walter and Sallv West. They
■n^ the parents of Willie Cornelia, born
April 3. 1S98, and Sally born July 30, lyo."!.
Mr. Wrisht was educated in the Cherokee
schools, and spent two years at the Male
Seminary. He is a farmer, successful and
takes part in all movements for public wel-
fare

Wormington, Mrr. Minerva (See Koss)

Minerva, dau.i;hter of Isaac Ale.xander and
Susannah Coody (Ross) Wilson was born at
Tahlequah on Tuesday June 1, 1886. Edu-
cated in the Cherokee Public Schools and
Female Seminary. She married in 19H at
Tulsa, Frederick Wormington and they are
the parents of Lorine Wormington. age si.x.
Mrs. Wormington's tuher was a gentleman
of more than ordinary intelligence and her
mother was a member of the distinguished
Ross family.

Williams, Sarah Burgess — Daughter of
Williajii and Susan (Vance) Burgess was
born at Pryor Creek, in 185 7. married in the
Indian Nation in 1893, William Williams, son
of Elwood Williams. They are the parents
of: Willie J. 26 years, and Annie Gladys age
twenty two years. Mr. and .Mrs. Williams
are members of the Baptist church, and he
is a member of the W. 0. W.

Washam, Mrs. Rufus O. — Gertrude .M..
daughter of A. J. and Caroline (Tidwell)
Gibbs, was born Dec. 9, 1898; educated in
the Oklahoma Public schools: married Feb-
ruary 19, 19 14 at Pryor Rufus 0. Washam,
son of John T. and Alice Washam. Thev
are the parents of: Mabel Evaline born .May
IS, 1915; Walsie Lorene, born Dec. 11,
1918. Mr. and .Mrs. Washam are engaged
in farming.

Boone, William Cecil (See Oolootsa) —
Cecil William, the son of Alexander and Ora
Cherokee (Nicholson) Boone, was born on
Spencer Creek September 6, 1900; was edu-
cated in the public schools of the State. He
is a member of Latter Day Saints Church.
and belongs to the Independent Order of
Odd Fellows.

Ora Cherokee, daughter of Richard Lee

•ind llidipher (IXulcrt) Ni,
"n >'reiicfr Cr.-ck, l„K „ i
>--i-mbcr :i. LS'i:. Alojr.J, •
born March 2>. i.s-;.

M.xficld. St.phrn C— v;i,rhr.
■^"» "i lenki:-,.. Aii!!.-^!,. i .1 ;
ings) Maxluld. «jj j
caled iii the public
Nation, lie nurriod j. • .
Ada, (he daughter ..( J.,4c, '
•ire the parents ,<{ Crtce, .
meda, and Woodrow Mijii. ■

Mr and .Mrs MiUifId ir
Methodist i-.hurch. lie m ,■
Independent order o( i ijd
Knights of Pvlhijs

Eddingi, Americua — Am^ricus
lasper and Gertrude (K..»») Ka •
born in tS60 in Arkinjji. Ed.
.Mountain Home. Arkinjij, Mjrr
ter County, Arkansjs. .Mir». di
Mr. and .Mrs. Charles .Meumcr Th
parents of Charles. Liwrenv.- v •
ed twelve months In the '■■■
Jasper Eddings. .Mr. jnd '■
low the general CheroLe,.
ing.

Ware, Mrs. David A.— Sj . iv,
Rogers was born in the Saline Innri,
1848; married in IS6'>. t>itid A
She is the mother of Bertbi t^tt-
.Martha horn in 187 7 and Thomj
Thomas L. Rogers was the firil fu.:
Osages. .Mrs. Ware is a memh.-
Christian church and l ccatclrt^
worker.

Webb. Maude Ella (See CoritI
Forrest Wehh, h<jrn Aufusl H.
Gwinnett Countv. Georria. mafn^ '
21, 1SS2 Elizabeth farkcr. di
Parker Collins and Flijaheth (L>r
and they were the pafenls ••( Mi..
Wehh. horn May 2 5. JSOo .MiM \
was educated at the F*malf S^tnt"!*
is at present cashier in a dru( »to' -
homa City.

Smith, Mr*. Jaip«r E. C
Catherine Ann. daushscr
and Sarah Eli/ahelh (Ha^
born in r)ela*are District
18S<I. educated in Iht ith
Schools Married at VInlta. i
I<i08. Jasper E. um of rharlfs »- '
Smith. Thev are the partnK ••« '* *• ■
ferin, horn Dcloher IS, «'>o'> f>-«

670

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

born September 20, I9ll; Pauline Ruth,
born August 'K l'^M4; and Betty Iniogene
Smith, born July l5, 1920. Mr. Smith is a
farmer and dealer in cattle and hogs near
Ketchum.

Thomas Cordery married Susannah a
full blood Cherokee of the Savannah Clan.
Their son, Early, married Charlotte Berry-
hill and they were the parents of Nancy
Angeline Cordrey who married Joseph Col-
lins, a white man and they were the parents
of John Parker Collins, born March 17,
1855, married November 4, ISSS, Sarah
Elizabeth Beck nee Davis, born in Kansas
March 10, 1867.

Tucker, Levi — Levi, Son of William Tuck-
er, was married at Tahlequah in 1894 to
Annie McKay, daughter of Alfred and Lu-
cinda (Ketcher) McKay. They are the par-
ents of: William, Ollie, Susie, Sallie, Eliza.
Madison, Levi, and Mary Tucker. Mr. and
Mrs. Tucker were educated in Tahlequah
District and are representative citizens of
Cherokee County-
Walkabout, Joseph — Joseph, son of Jen-
nie (Hendricks) Walkabout was born near
Tahlequah in ISSo and educated in that city.
He married in Tahlequah in 1904 Mary Cord-
ery, and they are the parents of: Jennie,
Eliza and Josephine Walkabout. Mr. Walk-
about is a splendid representative citizen,
and has been Deputy Sheriff of Cherokee
County.

Gritts, Ned — One of the prominent men
of Northeastern Oklahoma is Ned, the son
of John B. and Charlotte (Allen) Gritts, who
was born in 1877 near Stilwell. He married
Nannie Chooie, and they were the parents
of Genevieve, born August 23, 1899; Nicho-
las bcnn February 10, 190.3, and Nancy born
in 1905. Mrs. Nannie Gritts died and Mr.
Gritts married at Fort Worth, Texas in 1907,
Miss Leah, the daughter of Wallace Haney.
Mr. Gritts was educated at the Male Semi-
nary and Presbyterian Mission, graduating
from the latter institution. He is a member
of the Knights of Pythias and Independent
Order of Odd Fellows fraternities. He was
chief of police of Tahlequah from 1917 to
1919, and was deputy Marshall of Eastern
Oklahoma from 1913 to 1919. He is a
member of the Wolf Clan.
19'':i. He is a member of the Wolf Clan.
Gish, Mrs. E. W. (See Oolootsa, Cordery,

Adair and Gosaduisga) — Martin R. Brown,
born February 27, 1858 at Fort Gibson,
married May 9, 1888 Nannie C. McNair, born
in 1866. They were the parents of Catherine
Brown born in 1891 at Tahlequah, married
in Oklahoma City in 1915, Emmett W. Gish.
They are the parents of Dorothy Louise
Gish, age five years. Mr. Gish is a mer-
chant in Oklahoma City. Mr and Mrs.
Gish are members of the Presbyterian
church. Martin R. Brown, commonly called
by his Cherokee name Tuxie, was a very
prominent citizen of the Cherokee Nation.
Elected clerk of the Illinois District in 1881;
elected a member of the Board of Education
of the Cherokee Nation in November 1886,
and Superintendent of the Male Seminary in
1894. Mr. and Mrs. Brown are now de-
ceased.

Swift, Frank T. (See Carter and Sanders)
— Martha, daughter of LeRoy and Mary
(Sanders) Tyner, married Frank Boyd Swift
and they were the parents of Frank Tyner
Switf, Benjamin W. Swift, and James French
Swift.

Frank Tyner Swift was born March 5,
1867. Educated in Kansas; married Decem-
ber 3 0, 1890 Nellie Butler, born February
2 7, 1871, in Bourbon County, Kansas. They
were the parents of Chrystal, born Decem-
ber 25, 1891; Frank Butler born June 20,
1894; and Mable Swift born July 6, 1896.
Frank Boyd Swift was a Captain in the
Federal Army in Kansas, and was a pioneer
newspaper man in that State. Frank Tyner
Swift is the principal dealer in coal and ice
in Muskogee.

Trotl, Mrs. James Campbell (See Ward
and Adair) — James Campbell Trott, born
Apr. 6, at Woodburt, Tenn., educated there,
married March 1, 1868 Madora Stover, born
Jan. 2 5, 1852 on Beattie's Prairie, Delaware
District- They are the parents of Birdie
Adair, born Nov- 25, 1869; Eugene Homer,
born March l8, 1873 and Willie Trott, born
September 29, 1881. James Trott's Chero-
kee name is Osceola. He is retired from
business and he and his wife are members
of the Christian church.

Armstrong, Mrs. A. W. (See Cordery and
McNair) — Mary Elizabeth, daughter of David
McNair and Mary J. (Strickland) Rogers born
July 9, 1870. Married August 3, 1896- Alex-
andder Watson, son of J. W- and Elizabeth
Armstrong, born November 8, 1850, in

HISTORY OF Tfiif c

Sangamon Cunlv, |lli,u,i,. .|.|,^,^,

'■ "^' ■^'•listed i„ the World

"liKOKIili INDIANS

M:iv

"iistiee was signed

Unrles Hams and Pearl Victoria (Haat)
S.sson, born December h, 18»S. at F S

-". educated at rt. Gibson. .MuskoJe ad
Chren,ore. Married at Claremore June 5,
t'-O, Ervn, son of Henry and Sallie Aus-
tn.. Mr. Austin is enga.ged in the wholesale
dry goods business at Claremore

Thomas Cordery, an hishnun. married
Susannah, a full blood Cherokee of the
Blind Savannah Clan. Their daughter Nan-
nie married Parker Collins and they were
the parents of Jennie Collins who married
Charles Harris of Spartanburg district. South
Carolina. Charles and Jennie Harris were
the parents of Narcissa, born in iS^t, mar-
ried George Sisson and Jesse Wolf, she
died October IS, 1898. Martha Elizabeth
married Captain William Jackson; Sue F.
married Alfred M. Gotf; Charles Joseph and
Trustle Bird.

George and Narcissa Sisson were the par-
ents of Charles Harris Sisson, born Decem-
ber 26, 1859, educated in the Cherokee
national schools and married at Ft. Gibson,
December 4, iSQ.i, Pearl Victoria Haas, born
August 29. 1879, in Tupelo, Lee County,
Mississippi. They are the parents of Charles
Harris, born November 5, 189-1; Charles
Harris Sisson, Jr., married September 26,
192 1, to Josephine Reed, born in Ardmore,
Oklahoma, 1895. Jessie May, born July 31,
1S')6, married to John S. Matthews, April
18, I'll 7. John S. Matthews, born October
17, 189-1. Sue. born December 14. 1S98;
Mary, born January Ij, 1900 and Emma
Pauline, born May 8, l>Hi2.

Charles Harris Sisson was appointed Cir-
cuit Judge of the Cherokee Nation in .May
lS9 7. and was elected a member of the
Council from Illinois District in August,
1903.

Archer, Carlotfa (See Downing) — Edwin
Arclier. born September 19, 1817. in New
York City. Married February 26, 1845,
.Mary Francis Vann. born September 21,
1825, in Georgia. He died .May 15, iS^i.!,
and she died in l')21.

Thev were the parents of: .Mary Eliza-
beth, m;irried DeWitt Clinton Lipe; Louisa

' ■"l"'ri"o, married Irceli,,,

l'"r" M..rch K,. |.s,,o, ,ju^

••'"■■<■■ rnl'lic .school, J,,., „,,

'•""rO Seminir, f„„„ ,, f,

■'""^' **■ ISS:, nurr, ;

"•iniel Vincent Im„,

'■"i'S in Grjvso,, ^•,,;

■•i<-'J WiMiam Kos,

Archer Rradualed Ir

'"•lie Seminary June j.t ■

member of ,he Cher..k,/^

November li. lOo?. ,

erintendeni of I'ubli,

county in July. |..„.^ ,,,^,,j ,

'" l"IU.t2-l(,-l,S and 1-20.

Caniel Vincent and Ada ( \f
were the parents of: Vera
10, 18<i;, Rradualed (n.m ■
inary May 2<). i-u,;; jf,„
2. 1895, and Mary Joncv
IS'">, and died May ll. i-
■loseph Vann. born Fehrua-
ried Catherine Rowe. ||e
member of the Cherokee C-.
mention of isi" from Ch.-
elected Senator fr.mi Ihc
August 2, IS44. and elected i
Senate, elected aijaln !■ '
ust 6, IS49; elected .\
Supreme ourt in isi".
ington. tS5l, n^ecutive C,,
5 7; Assistant Chief of ihe •
on August 1, 185'». ||, »j
.Mrs. .Mary Francis Vann. |(
1877.

Adair, Rollin K. (See Adai-

Nair, llalfbreed, Corde^^ ■■<
Mil K. Adair, whose < '.
kaloka. of the Blind Sj'. '
March 17. t.s;;, al L.ku>i ■•
District. Educated In the •
and at Darlmouth 0>\\tt(
August 25, I.S.Si. Rachel I ■
November IS, l,S5'». She di ;
|i|''. Thev were (he pirer-
Bertram, born Fehruar* I ■
McLeod, h.rn Julv 5. '
November S, I.S.SS; Sue '
ISS7; Sadie K.. h-rn
Rachel L.. horn liecen'
William .Marii:-
Bristol, fngh
a love match. I
Joseph with a '■'■■

672 HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

sent him to Virginia, where Joseph married
Susannah Childs, meml^er of a prrmiinent Co-
lonial family, and settled near Charlotteville
Alberjiiarle county in that state. Their third
son Joseph, was born in 1840. He became
a fur trader and amassed a fortune. He held
the following military positions; Captain of
the Transylvania Militia, elected in 1776
became Major February 17, 17 79 and Lieut.
Col. in l7Sl. He was elected Brig. Genl.
of North Carolina by the Legislature Dec.
15, 1787 and was commissioned Brig. Gen.
of the 20th Brigade of Virginia Militia by
Gov. Henry Lee Dec. 11, 1793. He was the
father of Martha called "Patsy" Martin, who
married George Washington, the son of John
and Gahoka Adair. George Washington and
Martha Adair were the parents of Brice Mar-
tin Adair who married Sarah McNair. They
were the parents of Rollin K. Adair, Town-
site Commissioner 1888 and Superintendent
of the Male Seminary l895-9'i.

7^:^^'

Index

OIiD rAMTT.TITlf

i>a^e\i?I!"; ''"/' ""■'",''*'■ "1 'V "Sht side of ll..„.lrl,k.

446 descriptions beginning on page Hll.l.-I.rm,.

Kiitlirr

Adair ,,,, ''"r""

Bowles "..■.■,■.■." i-.-; h ;'••■" •■

Blair :::::::::; \ii ;''?

B"ti<^'- :;;::42i! u,:::

,^fr'f, 40J R....

Clusliolm 4IIU su..'.

Conrad j2fi s.-

Cordery ..'.'.'. siil s.-

Daniel ' [ 'jyg ^„ , .

Downing 335 Si-i r

Duncan 441 T|„.nu.>..i

England 4.-,4 Tlmpson

Foreman 363 Waile

Ghigau 3Sil War.l .

Grant 305 Wllkcrs..!

Gosaduisga 419 Wils.m .

Halfbreed 44S Womlull

FOBTBAITS

Red Bird Smitl 47s C-.irg.- A. lair

Red Bird Smitb and family 4S4 Davis Hill ...

The Ketowah Council 4S7 Lucit-n \V. lUiffii

Joseph B. Cobb 4SS Huston U. T.-.>

O. Lonzo Conner 41>0 Richard Kiehl

Leyi Gritts 492 Hon. Jnn. i;uni.

F. P. Flippin 493 John C. Starr

Walter S. Agnevv 493 T. .1. and 1.. i-

Lulu M. Hetfner ...494 cict- }i-i-

irrs. Lou G. Howell 496 .lanana I

D. W. Lipe *»S W. H. i;,.

Richard L. Farrar 499 .Mary Ri It-,

George Fields 500 Dr. Jarni-.-* Cr.ii

aias, W. Poole 502 Mrs. Knilly I'.i

John E. DeLozier 504 William T. \Vi

Darius E. Ward 506 Hon. Rol.t. L < '"

S. R. Lewis 50S O. H. P. Hr.

Wm. Penn Adair 510 1903 Semim.rs

Ellis R. Gourd olO D. M. laiilkii.r

Buena Vista White -51- Sequoyal:

Mrs. Emma Carey 514

GENERAL INDEX

All.,

Arii

Abbott. Mrs. J. H v ,.,l,ri.>..r Mr

Abbott. Mrs. Jno. H SoG ■:'"'"'J- -^fr,

Ackley. Mrs. Levi 662 .\rn Mn.n^ Jlr.-

Adair, Mrs. J. W ^:» , ",,!'\" ^- Vir-

Adair, Virginia H 6;^ "J" r^vs' Mr^

Adal^' T. 'm.- • : : : : s?? -i;-''":-- >^.^,t'

f^ f"r> i:::::::": Ar!^'; K..wm

Adair, A. 1- ^ .- .,,,1,,., Mr« T

iri^' i'T' ::;::;::::5« luJ^n: m^ J

1^11^ "jokepitw •;:::: ^^ Aus.m. s,„

Adair, John M .,„ Hnrhrf

Adair, Robert E i\l B-Xr.l

Adair. William P ^}il ,',„.;i, j..

Adair George j,jj r.att?< .Mr- I '■

Adair. Rollin K. ■ -gg, Hnuch. J 1.

Adair. Mrs. L. H gg, rtarK.T Wn. I

Adair, Oscar F g.,t , .,„ ,■ ,,

Addington. Cicero "U g-j , ,

Adkirson. Jasper -7^ ,

Alberty, Judge B. W .|, ,

Alberty, John W Vl^ ,.

Albertv. Wm. T -,, ,

Allton. Mrs. Joseph M g„,._ ,,

AUcott. A. B 5..; 1 ..

Allton, Chas. J g2S n.-:iii..'

Allen. Jno. R C29 Ht-nKc. ■

Aldrich. iMrs. A. V\ gjO lu-nc"-. '

Alley, Mrs. J. R

674

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

Billingslea, Jeanette 54i

Billings, Mrs. E. C °»1

Bible, John A ^"

Bird, William . |*»

Blake. Samuel C. ^*^

Blount, Mrs. Oscar ° "

Blake, Mrs. J. K »^"

Blake, John F ?■?"

Bledsoe, 1. P ill

Boling Mrs. Julia M &J«

Boudinot, Frank K o"°

Boudinot R. F 63"

Bowers, Lola Garrett •>"

Brown, Mrs. N. R °"

Brown Mrs. C. W |46

Brown, Chas. G |2"

Breedlove, Walter »^-

Brown, Albert J^"

Brown, Mrs. W. L 660

Brown, Wm. C ll'i

Brown, Mrs. Jay Paul »»"

Bryan, Dr. W. W 593

Brannon, Mrs. O. V 3»:>

Buffington, Nancy G , o^J

Buffington, Chas. Koss a4»

Buffington, Joel W •'*»

Buffington, John Ross »J»

Burr. Mrs. Margaret 63U

Burns. Mrs. S. J =■?"

Burgess, Mrs. T. H 617

Calvert, Mrs. Sarah 633

Carden Wm. T 6^o

Carter, Chas. D 66b

Carey, Mrs. Emma = J;^

Causdel. Mrs. Jas. W 5 J '

Caywood, Mrs. J. E =»^

Campbell, John R »51

Carselowey, Jas. R »»3

Carlile, Mrs. Stephen »|*

Carlile, Wm. A = = |

Carman, Daniel 55*

Carroll. Mrs. Jno. M 595

Campbell, Mrs. H. B 620

Causdel, Mrs. A. E 630

Caldwell, B. M 656

Carman, Wm. A 5 o_

Cearley, Jno. G »9b

Chamberlain. Wm. C ^■'•;

Chumley. Elizabeth K 6^6

Chamberlain. Arthur F 631

Chamberlain, N. B 631

Clark, Wm. A 55-

Clark, Lucy 631

Clark, Wm. N 631

Coach, Mrs. Frank 632

Couch, Herbert F 632

Cook, Mrs. Lee 632

Coyn, P. J 632

Conan, F. G 632

Countryman Jno. A 633

Cnwan. Alex., Jr 658

Cochran, Mrs. Ned A 663

Cox. J. D 663

Coats, Mrs. Susie D 664

Cobb. Isabel 4S9

Conner, O. Lonzo 491

Countryman, Jas. T 552

Cobb, Gilbert Benson 553

Couch, Mrs. Irwin 554

■ Cole. John M 66 4

Coats, Susie D 554

Cornatzer. C 555

Cook, Mrs. Henry N 595

Conner, Mrs. Crawford 595

Curtsinger, Mrs. R. N 596

Copeland, Mrs. Walter 59 6

Cobb Phil. H 607

Cox, Mrs. Zeno M 620

Cochran, Jessie E 6 23

Cochran, Jesse 630

Crowell. Mrs. F. M 624

Crittenden, W. S 657

Craig, A. H 657

(•room. Elmer C 65<!

Crriker, Beulah D 551

Crittenden, Richard H 552

Crittenden, Geo. \V 657

Crowell, Mrs. F. M 624

Cunningham, T. F 633

Cunningham, A. B £58

Davidson, Mrs. Ermine J 623

De Lozier, Mrs. Georgia 505

De Lozier Manford E 556

Dennenberg, Robt. C 55b

Deitrick, Mrs. J. R =5 1

Dobkins, Dr. Ben D 55b

Donnelly, Jas. H 59b

Downing. G. B 617

Donnelly, T. A 634

Drew, George 55/

Duncan. Mrs. John C 555

Dupree, Wm. E. 6i&

Duncan, Mrs. Lucy ^^'^

Dupree, F. L 634

Dupree, Wright ■ "34

Durall, Mrs. Benoni H ooa

Durall, Mrs. Geo. W 636

Dunham. Mrs. E. 0 65i

Duncan, Jno. E ■ ■ 65-<

Dykes, Mrs. Julia C 55b

Eaton Mrs. R. C 666

Eaton, Ellis M 55&

Edding, Americus ■ "»»

Edmondson, Mrs. J. D 557

Edmondson, Mrs. F. E 60_i

Elliott, Hiram T 55^

Elliott. Jas. E ^i'

Elliott. Mrs. Callie 5d7

Ellis. Mrs. T. J "O,

Elliott, S. F 635

Elliott. Mrs. Emerson '>->

England, Mrs. John 635

Epiierson, Berry F 55b

Epperson, Mrs. Joseph 65b

Epperson, Mrs. .1. 0 55b

Evans, Mrs. Lester 608

Evans, Marie °57

Farrar, Richard L *99

Faulker, Benj. F 65b

Faulkner, Mr.s. D. J 559

Fair. Jake 63S

Field, Ezekiel 638

Fite. Mrs. F. B 608

Fields, Wm. L 597

Fields. George W 501

Fields. Henry F 558

Flippin, Mrs. J. F 493

Mournov Mrs. Annie 559

Fletcher. C. L 614

Foreman, Mrs. Nannie 559

Foreman, T. W 597

Foreman, Wm. W 609

Foreman, Mrs. Ada C 637

Franklin, Mrs. Oscar 638

Frazier. Mrs. Samuel 638

Freeman, Mrs. G. H 639

French J. M 622

Fry, Cullie 609

Garvin. Benj. F 560

Galbreath, Mrs. Earl 561

Garrett. R. B 594

Garrett. Susan F 622

Gamble, .las. M. F 637

Gatlin, Mrs. Emma Nora 638

Gaines, Dr. J. H 657

Gatlin, Mrs. E. N 667

Gentry, Mrs. Wm. M 561

George. Mrs. Estella 561

George, Mrs. Earnest 625

Ohormerly, Wm. H 560

Gibbs, Jas. L 63a

Gibbs. Mrs. A. J 560

Gish. Mrs. E. W 670

Gilliland, Mrs. Homer 661

Glenn. F. C 624

Glass, John 609

Gourd, Ellis R 510

Goss Ben.i. F 561

Gott, A. M 561

Gonzales, Frank 6 25

Goforth, Mrs. A. P 637

Goddard Wm. P 637

Gritts. Ned 670

Greece Thomas 638

HISTORY OF THE CillfROKHK INDIANS

Grimes, Ethel [; (;

Grant, G. O. ..:...'.. "S lionj. C King

Graham, Mrs. T. (). [ p?» KIiiuh. Win ||

Graves, Clarence "^l ,

Griffin, Geo. \v 597 l.unp. n '*

Gunter, Nancy ]'■■ ^^^ Uiirnon \i

Gnlager. JIary " ■"'"" Ljinilriiii,'

Gulager, F. w ^^^ l.:i\vr.-ii..

Gwartney, Walter Ji "''' I'amhnrr.' .Mia» (

E •""' l-uno. AlfR (• I.

Harris, Dr. James O ..„ '-a Hay. Mat,-.-- ■

Harlan. Wni. Lee •' •' Lewis. .< i-

Hawkins. RosweU L)'r-iUe -''^ l.ette.-r. m

Hayes Mrs. Eliza J''^ '-i'''. "i'>i

Harris, Mrs J w °63 l.e |',,r.i-

Harris, Colonel J ?^'^ Lewis. .\i

Hammett. Jas. W ?;' 1-eafer. .M:

Hallum, Mrs. W. ' o \.i '-H'e. .\»i.

Hadrtan. Mrs Barnev I) - ' ''(jie. Jn..

Hail. Mrs. Cleo -.'"t '-''•••"1<'. !■

Harlan, Geo W •'"* l-lltle. .Mr- j,

Harris, Mrs.'ReuheA >?„'' H'"'- '•"'"

Hastings, Jno K ?"^ '''l'"- <'larK .'

Harris, Mrs. J. W. '.Tr J-'T. 1'''"^' ^*'^* Mart

Hall, Frederick l\i '-"wry. An.lr.n

Hamilton. Mrs H I °F I.nwrcy. I>. \V.

Harnage, Wm. C ttl '•""rc.v. Mrs. .\l

Hawkins, Pearl D.' ' .' ' .' c„ Lynch. Joseph M

Harnage. C. D „?„ Lynch. Mrs. lU-nrKIn .

Hanks, Mrs. Marv R '.'.'.". cr„ ,, „ ,, **«

Heady. Mrs. Frank F rVo" V, .-"l' ^'f '""{':

Henry, Mrs. W. G J'H M<-i."l ""k-h. Mrs ivt. r

Head, W. F . '^'■^l ^ ''•.■■•kle. l.;nM ..

Hefflefinger. Mrs. K.'c.'.':: '. 667 \ cV, 'in';;h '^Mrl i'' ,.

Heffner, Mrs. Lulu M i.,k m ,-, , ^ \. ■*"'■■'•

Hendricks. Thomas Sv. ' i:::::;:.:. 5^ M;l'.^u.ihiin Mrs-" u,

Hendricks, Thomas. Jr If, u^i al^*' Mr. r^.."/'' '

Heflin, D, G ?h „ ., ^ "• -V/Jl ' '•"' '•

Hendricks, Rufus ^r7 m.^i „ "' ," ^"""

Henry. Mrs. W. G. .,..■...■.-.■.•.■.■.■.■. %\ ?|'^^^ "• ;^^"" ^

Hendricks. Mrs. Jas. B ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! isCS Mcs/illi.,,^: ,'^,.;.r .,

Henry. Jesse 597 .McSpa.l.len. J. T. .

"f "' ^ • ^^''il ;^"^? ■"■'* McSpaddcn. Mrs W . 1

Hililebrand, Mrs. Samuel 6H K

Hill Mrs. H. J 621 Ma.vcs. Walter A

Highland, Jas 59s .Mayturn. Mrs WalKr

K'f.'^s. E. D 5S9 Mayc.-*. Hall

Hill, Davis .il9 Mayes. I>r. J..«. l"

Hickey. Geo. H 563 Maves. Mrs. Til- '

Hickey. John W 56.1 Mahlfee. Mrs. \,

Hickey, T. P 659 .Mathesun. Mrs .\

Horn Mrs. Eliza (,5S Martin, Mrs. Or

Holland. R. S 640 -Maves. ijeo W

Howard. F. S 640 Ma\es. S. H. Jr

Howell. Mrs. Lou G 497 Madison. Mm. !;■

Horrell, Mrs. Louisa H 56.1 .\Iatney. Mrs. !• 1

ll.Hi.ston Mrs. Lee 565 .Maves. Wiley It

lluHell, Mrs. C. W 565 .Martin. Mrs. Wni II

ll.i:;ue. Mrs. Jas. S 565 Marlln. II.iM. I

Ih.ll.iwav, Mrs. Allen D 61(1 Martin. Mrs. I>c\Viii

Hulihard, Thos 640 Martin, J"el T

Huniplirev. Margaret 562 .Maves Watt A

Hurst. Mrs. Jno. R 62:; .Martin. K W

Hutchins. Lou W 597 Martin. K. G.

Hutchins. Nettie 60'J Mayes. W. I...

J Mark ham. U. 11

Jackson, Mrs. Fred L 640 Maxfielil S G

Jennings Landrum C 668 .Merrltt. Mr- '■

Jones, Mrs. Geo. W 565 .Meek. Wir

Journeycake, Mrs. Eliza A 565 .\lerrell. .M

Jones. Mrs. Dr. .1. S 566 Meeker, <:■

Jolinston. Jno. E 566 Melts. Il.im •

Jones. Mrs. G. L 636 .Meeks. Wllllnm

.Jordan, Mrs. Luther 640 .Merritt. I.. 1..

Jordan, Mrs. Arthur 640 .Mitchell. Wn, P

Jones. Mrs. Thos. P 640 Milam, .1 ''

Johnson. Isaac 640 Milam. M:

Jordan Robt. L 641 .Milam. -M:

K .^tlller. .M'

Keith, Jas. G ''fij J""'''*') '

Kerr. Mrs. Rolit -'S' Mitchell.'

Kevs, Elizabetli 56, Mitchell. .^

Kelley, Jlr.s. W. P ;«• J f;''"^";, '

Kelley. Lulu X «« J "• ^\'

Kerr. Mrs. Thos 641 M Ion. Ar ■

Kevs Monroe A ••■" -MUes. Mf

Keys! Dennis B -^^- 1111 Mllnn'is " I'r, .,■•

King. Richard W 'iV, Bll "J T .- ™ i

Kincaid. Edward C 6 11 ■• M...,re, « ura A.

676

HISTORY OF THE C HEROKEE INDIANS

Jloore Mrs. Henry W 5 i u

»:oore. Mrs. J. G 575

Moore, Mrs. A. J 578

Moore. Mrs. J. D 611

Morgan, Gideon 636

Morris, Mrs. Evans 645

Mount.s, Mrs. Ted R 645

Morgan, Lelia 660

Murphy. Looney 57i^

Murphv, Mrs. Amanda 577

Muskrat, Jas. T> 646

Muskrat, Jacob J 646

Musgrove, Clem R 576

Nail, Mrs. Basil 612

Nash, Flo. H 659

Neiiman, Mrs. C. N 646

Nichols, Chas 64*

Nidifer. Jno. R 646

Nicholson, R. E 646

Odle, Mrs. Marvin 5S1

Odle, Mrs, Grover C 613

Ogden, Mrs. D. T 66S

Owen, Mrs. Thos. H 666

Patterson. M. L 578

Padgett. Mrs. T. R 579

Parkinson Mary Terry 57a

Pace, Mrs. Wm. H 613

Parks, Jennie T 646

Parker. Mrs. W. A 647

Parlette Mrs. Snowden 656

Pavne, Marble Lewis 666

Pennel, Mrs. H. C 6 J .^.

Peterson, Mrs. C. B 648

Petitt, Mrs. W. P 648

Peck. A. D 659

Peebles. Mrs. J. L 663

Phillips, Mrs. Woodley 613

Phillips, Mrs. W. P 613

Pierce. Mrs. Jas. M 647

Pierce, Mrs. J. M 662

Poole, Emma G 503

Poplin, Mrs. Geo. W 579

Pointer. Mrs. Patsy 648

Post, Mrs. Caroline 578

Prater, Mrs. H. L. D 579

Prater, David G 580

Prater, Mrs. H. S 648

Propp. Mrs. F. W 5S0

Purvear, Mrs. Lucv 648

Ramlio, Mrs. Lola M 619

Reasan, Austin 581

Renfro. Mrs. Wm. D 581

PLCed. Mary Theresa 581

Reid. J. W 616

Rector, Mrs. Ed 649

Render, Mrs. Dr. A. C 656

Rider. Thos. L 6)8

Richards, R. D 659

Riggs. Wm. G 566

Rhomar, Mrs. Mav 649

Riley. Mr.s. Stella 649

Rogers, Connell 649

Rogers, Wm. P. A 650

Rogers, Mrs. J. C 650

Rogers, Lewis 650

Rogers, Thos 650

Rogers, Jasper 650

Rogers. Mrs. Bertha 659

Roberts Mrs. W'. A 537

Roberts, Chas. D 580

Robertson. Judge A. E 580

Ros', Nellie K 581

Ross, Showy W 581

Ross, Mrs. Lila J 651

Robinson. Juliette M 582

Rogers. .las. F 613

Rogers. Mrs. Mary K 615

Roberts, Jlrs. W. E 621

Rogers Mrs. A. L G2o

itobinson. Mrs. Lerov .S 648

Roacli. Thomas S 649

Russell, Connie 622

Sanders, .John Gunter 511

Samuel. Mrs. T. W 572

Sanders, Mrs. Benj. F 651

Sandt^rs. Mrs. Bryan E 583

Samuel, Mrs. Clarence L 583

Sanders, Madison 585

Sandifer, Bert E 586

Sanders, W. E 587

Samuel, Mrs. Wm. R 629

Sanders, Mrs. Benj 651

Sartore, Mrs. Jno 651

Sanders Lewis J 659

Sanders, Sequoyah 604

Sanders, Mrs. DoUie 664

Schrimsher, John Gunter 526

Schrimsher, Ernest V , 651

Schuth, Mrs. Wm. J 651

Scott, Richard J 652

Scudder. Nellie V 652

Scott, Mrs. Walter 659

Sevier, Wm. P 587

Shade, Henry 585

Shoemake, Mrs. Nannie B 652

Shanahan, Mrs. Jennie 652

Sharp Mary E 652

Shimoon, George 660

Shaw, Mrs. Walter W 661

Sisson, Mrs. Pearl V 586

Si.xkiller, Samuel 654

Skinner, Mrs. Roy N 619

Skinner, Wm. Heber 653

Sleeper, Mrs. Minnie 584

Sloan, Jas. E 653

Sloan, Samuel J 653

Smith, Geo. W 582

Smith, Fred 586

Smith, Mrs. A. J 587

Smith Fred 615

Smith .Richard M 617

Smith, Mrs. Ford 620

Smith, W'. F 653

Smith, Mrs. R. A 65o

Smith, Mrs. Jasper E 669

Smith Mrs. R. L 584

Snodgrass, Mrs. T. L 584

Snider, E. J 615

Southerland, Anabella 654

Sparlin. Benj. F 613

Springston, Jno L 656

Starr, J. C 529

Starr, Bluford W 586

Starr. A. N 657

Starr, Eldee S55

Stan-, Mrs. Fannie 6il

Starr, Trixie 655

Stiles, Chas. W 585

Stewart. Jas. 0 585

Strange, Cicero J 587

Stokes. Elizabeth T 654

Sullivan, Frank R 616

Sunday, Andrew 584

Sunday, Ed 654

Swain, Rebecca M 619

Swift, Frank T 670

Taylor. R. L 602

Taylor, J. L 602

Tadpole Eli 602

Tanner, Robt. T 603

Taylor, John M 604

Taylor, Louisa J 605

Tehee, H. B -623

Teter, Mrs. Lewis 601

Terrell, Samuel 603

Tell, W. W 605

Thomas Mrs. Jas. H 624

Thompson, Lewis K 601

Thompson, Thos F 603

Tliompson, Mrs. A'et 603

Thompson. Mrs. Bert F 605

Thompson, Jno. F 616

Thornton, Orville E 617

Thompson, Robt. J 602

Tinker, Mrs. Minnie 603

Trott, Mrs. Jas. C 670

Trott, W. L 605

Trout, Mrs. Isaac 602

Trout, Logan 604

Trout, Mrs. Sam L 604

Trout, Geo. W 662

Tuton, Mrs. T. H 601

Tyner, Thos. J 601

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE IM,ias-

Tyn.'

tr, Jii

Aar

Tucker. Le
\'ann, I), w.

W'aici, Darius E
Ward. (Jeo. De S '
Wallace. Sue A. ' '
Walklev. \Vni S " '
Walkley, Geo. \v
Walker. Mrs. Geo V
^\■atts. Mrs. flias (
AVariier, Mr.s. Jno. L.
A\ alkabout. Jos
Walkaljout. .lohn '.'.'
\ValkinsstiPk, Simeon I{'
Washam, Mrs. Kufus O
Ware. Mrs. David .
WalkalKjut. .Tos. .
Weinberger. Henrv

A\'e

.7 a;

■660 Win,

.6es vv
.6;n V

.5SD

. r.'io

.590

.ri!i(i

.590
.690
..591
.670
.591
.591
.6«9
.669

Welili. .Maude E.'

Wiirmlnirtci
\V.,<Mlar.l. .
\V..,„lnll ■

Wrlirhi
WrlKhi
WnIv.

References

3,S — 1. Spanish Regime in Missouri Volume 2.

39 1 State Papers Indian Affairs, Vol. 2, page 11.

2, Ibid, page 31. . ,, , , .,„, „

41 X Tennessee Historical Magazine, Vol. 4, page 2il-.i.

100 — 1. H. R. Doc. No. 28S, page 5.

2. Ibid, page 6.

101 — 1. H. R. Doc. No. 2S8. page 10.

103 — 2. H. E. Doc. No. 2SS, page 3.

4. Ibid, pages 57 to 69.

2. Ibid, page 46.

116 — 1. Doc No. 129, page.s 59 and 60. „ ,, j t , o^ too

113—1. Lt. Col. Thomas Fox Taylor was killed on Bayou Menard July -7, 1S6-

2. Quartermaster George W. Adair died April 22, 1S62 and was succeeded b> his son,
Brice Martin Adair. ,, „„ iooo

3 George West was lulled at Ft. Gibson, May 20, 1SS6.

15'> 2 Rebellion Records, Series 1, Vol XIII, page 491.

3. Ibid, page 492.

4. Rebellion Records Vol. Ill, page o91.

5. Ibid, Vol. XIII. pages 595 and 598.

6. Ibid, page 489.

7. Ibid, Vol III. page 673.

S. Ibid, page 675. „,„ , „„,

159—1. Ibid Vol. XIII. pages 821. 842, 847, 849 and S61.

2. Ibid, page 431.
1. Ibid, page 473.

160 — 2. Rebellion Records, Vol. XIII. page 488.

3. Commissioner of Indian Affairs Report for 1SG5. page 286.

1. ebellion Records, Vol. XIII, page 552.

177_J- J^'narlfn, Oct. 1, 1865 in Annual Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs,

1865, page 288.

225 — 1. Early History of the Cherokees. page il.

2. Ibid, page 81.

3. Ibid, page 75.

4. Ibid page 75.

6' Unfteritates- Cherokee Treaty of December 29, 1835, article 10.

226 — 1. Laws of the Cherokee Nation, 1852, page 45.

2. Ibid, page 33.

4. Ibid, page 76.

1. Tbid, page 77.

2. Ibid, page 90.

3. Ibid, page 101.

227 — 1. Cherokee Advocate. .Tanunry 29. 1846.

1. Laws of the Cherokee Nation, 1SSd2, page 90.

2. Ibid, page 134.

3. Cherokee Advocate March 1846.

4 Cherokee Advocate, June 1845.

5 Laws of the Cherokee Nation 1852, page 141.

6. Ibid, page 165.

7. Ibid, page 136.

228— ?: Annuaflleport of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs 1858 P^Se 142_

2 Annual Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs 1859. page l.(.

1. Laws o the Cherokee Nation, 1868, page 611.

229 — 2. Ibid, page 71.

3. Ibid, page 84. „ , ^ ,0--

4 Commissioner of Indian Affairs Report for ISii.

2 Act of Council November 17, 1843.

3 Act of Council November IS, 1846 and November 3 IM.

4 Acts of Council November 11, 148 and November 19 1849.
5. Acts of Council November 6. 1851.

1 Laws of the Cherokee Nation 1875. page 15>8.

"31 — 1. Treaty of Decemher 25. 1835. article 10.

2. Laws of the Cherokee Nation 1852. page 146.
3 Annual Catalogues of the Seminaries.

I- ^'?f,rCh?roree"N?trorVr'no?-e.^^^/,ed bv any country in the inducements offered
■ the youth." Annual Catalogues of the Seminaries.
2,To— 1 Commissioner of Indian Affairs Report for 18o5. page 4ol.

•> Catherine Hastings was h full blood Cherokee girl who was gi\en that name b\

the Missionaries at Dwigbt Mission • , , „....-. „;,.-,„ t,,,t mme hv the

233—1 Martha Whiting was a full blood Cherokee girl « ho «as gI^en that name 05 tne

•■33 0 FmmrLowrey Wnitmi''r?c'eTved as a graduation gift from her grandmother
W a tlTou/and dollar mahogany piano. Miss Williams, ^'l^-? .;^,a«.,f ^"""'^'^^.n''
very brilliant girl, was dressed at her graduation m a gown which she had spun,

3. Somt of'^thTextracts from an autograph album of Victoria Susan Hicks are ap-
234-1. Isahefcobb graduated Glendale Female ColleRe. Glendale Ohio June S 1881 and

from the Woman's Jledical College of Pennsylvania May 5, 1892. r-nnntv in

:35-^l. Carlotta Archer was appointed Superintendent of Instruction of ^^f ^^^ <:7<,",V
July 1908 and was elected to the same office m 1910. 1912, 1916, 1918 and IJ-u.

HISTORY OF THH CHHRQKHK

INHlANs

' in It'OT'^amMsro" "'"■'' *'*'•"■" Si.prlni,.,.,,
3- Miss Ore-'oni-i n n

^ -s- Edw n Moorin.. r. ' ^ l»"KiTN l'..iit,..

«-4. Jame" Ti ™' ~,i^''"''','- "••■•••^ a, ",'

1. Charles Golsto " \ V n^'' •'''" «''
J- James JIor„in,"v.,;i-t''\'"''' '

1- Abraham Vamlvk-A ij„i ,

ana 1920 ""•^'^'^ Hohinson was ,.1,.,.|.. , ,

and 1910. """lamson was cleclcil i:

— 1- Aneliza Eulalia Sevioi- «■,.. i

„ of the Indian Terr .oA- Gr ,„ T!;'^, •""•^' "■ "■'

ot the First Distrirt ^r i h i i ' "^""' Atti.rniv ■
yention from District \o 7? " ""'"'

;:SisB:!Stc,r:"'

"^- ?o^°''Se Washington Fields «a-< ele...-,! i-

3. James Bascom Johnson was elect ei-,,.r,
i-ounty in 1907 and liIO ' ' »"I"rii-

*' or/hf ^- Sanders was elected Sheriff of rh.r.
1912 "°"'''"" Itallard was elected Wstri, , . ,. ■

2. Wilson Xivens Smith was elected Judeo .'

3. Samuel Jesse Starr was elected (V mtv,

1. Jarrette Bell Harlan was elected s"rw\ '
-. Henry ^ ood was elected foiiniv Ci>n

ed and Avas elected City Cominissi..

Private Secretary to Governor Rol,. •

way Commissioner.

1. John Grover Scales was elected Sum- in. i i ,>
County in 1910 and 1912 Treasurer iiV I'.IS ami '.

2. Lee Roy Mitchell was elected Mstrlc n rk of

1. Laws of the Cherokee Nation 1.S52 pace 77

2. Acts of Council December 23. 1S13 and January »

3. Laws of the Cherokee Nation 1S73, i.nKe :6-

4. Ibid, page 260.

5. Laws of the Cherokee Nation IS;2. pace 75

6. Ibid, page 182. ■ i >•

1. Ibid, page 191.

2. Ibid, page 193.

3. Laws of the Cherokee Nation lS7.i paKC •'Jl

4. Ibid, page 263. ' "

1. Cherokee Advocate. February 2, 1SS7.

2. Tahlequah Arrow. Vol. 17, No. 11 of Noveml.. r !

1. Letters written by ilrs. Cassandra I.,<.ckH.,
by Joseph B. Thohurn. pace 32.

2. Poor Lo, by Waller N. Wyelli. pace .■, i
I. Ibid, page 3S.

I. Nicholas Dalton Scales was horn In Isnj i,, i;.

I. The constitution of the Cherokee .\;iti..ii w.i> , ..n.

!. The Cherokee government nased nri .liinc- .•;", 1^.>

I. Laws of the Cherokee .\'ati..n l-:..' tr.,j, :.i

'.. Ibid, page 35.

.: Ibid, pages S2 and 97.

1. Ibid, page 155.

:. Ibid, page 167.

. Ibid page 171.

Letter of Colonel Walie in Chronicles ..f i iklali.mw

680

HISTORY OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS

2. Constitution of ISSfl. '''i'"^^* f ■,^5'='.'°^ refused to qualify and lift In-other Charles

6_?- S;iL^rMcLeo"lTndTt^mTrs'"erecte'd"'s[lte1enator%ro„. the Thirtieth District in

1907 and 1911., ^ip^t^.l Cnuntv Commissioner of Adair County in 191S.

^9=^- ilLon ISrg'Srwas^'elecTed'a^menX.^of Legislature from Mayes County :n the

,_l' j;°n"nl\\ Ro'.e'r^w":S e^Sl'd^Trels-er of MusKo.ee County in 1907 and 1914 and

• was appointed to the same °«'S<^^"i ""p„,.um Davis

l-l- ?rarres°B'Jfar\an"n ra?tlelred-'°(^o"un^t^-rom^rtiss^ of MusUo.ee County in

1 Chl'rles Oliver Frve was elected a member of Oklahoma Constitutional Convention
2. Isaac Abrahanfjacots was elected a representative from geauoyah County in the

Second Legislature. r'„„r,t^- Commissioner in Adair County in 191S.

'2-1. Richard Lee Taylor was elected a County Comm^sSK.nei in a ^^^^ ^^^^

2. DeWitt Clinton Lipe was ^'f^'^f .bounty Clerk of Rogers c y^^^^^^^^,^„„.^^ con-

3. Clenient Vann ogers was elected |^ ";|,"f ^•^^"^^/"^as named for him.

r3_l. ^i?eTw?s""Li°dtTwL°elecfed\o°regi'slature^from Mayes County in the Third

Legislature. „i„„,o^ «onntor from the Twentv-ninth District in 1907.

V ^Tl!Inf^?d1v"a'?4Va^deTs^VaV^"e!e^ofe!rX^^^^^^^ County in 1910, Commis-

sioner of the same county m "l^Ji"'! if" 'iff of Mayes County in 1910 and 1912.

- lS;,KK.,s F«?sr-1S\vilHI 'K«s s,s. rs-

1. Weatherford Beck was sen. ■rally ';'"'/'' i^i''iure from Delaware District in 1920.
I: 'AZel ^^?ey°Copela^nd^^\1tec?;V°a me-mbt'^of t'l^ Oklahoma Constitutional Con-
vention from District No. 62. r^.,,„f^ Commissioner of Mayes County in 1918.

in 1916 and 1918. ,^„j^,, , ™ovnhev of leeislature from Delaware County in 1907.

?; };ll.TAV^^.7rc^^T^l e>S^e^|Scierk of^Dela^^a^e^Cot^

.._V I&ii^ ^S^e ^ S^ l^e^r" ^^ll^'S^nt? 1^1907.

17(1 l' Tohn Benge was "generally known as "Riddle' Benge.

:;::^ S'5^^^'l^SfiS1^^c?eril^i^^?'^^M^^-'?o-?J: Oklahoma in 1907

ios-^' il^o"n,a"sM«lrso?^.^rsU"unn^ls elected County Commissioner of Rogers County

3 ^r„\^J^?„^"Blinngslea Beck was elected Representative from Mcintosh County in

.,S1 -. W?lliam Charles Dumont Patton was appointed District Clerk of Se.uoyah County

5. f Jljiam Nucholls Little^n was a m^l^c. U.^^^ Convention form

.S3-' F^slplf Benson'cibb'wis' eTe'ctlrCounty Co'mmissioner of Wagoner County in 1918.

.83-3 He'rv Cirkham Walkley was elected Register of Deeds of Tulsa County in 1907
2S7-1. John W. Brown was generally called "Scoy" Brown.

■)a5__i John T. Beamer was also known as Jack Doubletootn. tie

t' ^CeSi ^^I^ZJ^r:^^^ IVL C.-okee Nation at that time.

'-^^-}- ^i^^i ^^^!»^a^;rri^y=.^lf g?^|{| i^^, ^^^^^,^^ „, Okla-
lomas Albert Chandler was elected to Congress from the !• irst Disiiiet ui

Thoi ^-

boma in 1916 and 192

X989

-^■i

•;%./ ■:^.

\ \. :-- ^

\^*^

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Full text of "History of the Cherokee Indians and their legends and folk lore"

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